FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Bohman, M Lindsey, PJ AF Bohman, M Lindsey, PJ TI Harmonization of environmental policies for agriculture under NAFTA SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS-REVUE CANADIENNE D AGROECONOMIE LA English DT Article C1 USDA, Europe Africa Middle E Branch, Market & Trade Econ Div, Chico, CA 95929 USA. RP Bohman, M (reprint author), USDA, Europe Africa Middle E Branch, Market & Trade Econ Div, Chico, CA 95929 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU CANADIAN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS SOCIETY PI OTTAWA PA 141 LAURIER AVE WEST, SUITE 1112, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1P 5J3, CANADA SN 0008-3976 J9 CAN J AGR ECON JI Can. J. Agric. Econ.-Rev. Can. Agroecon. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 45 IS 4 BP 383 EP 391 PG 9 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA V2801 UT WOS:000168704300007 ER PT J AU Anikster, Y Bushnell, WR Eilam, T Manisterski, J Roelfs, AP AF Anikster, Y Bushnell, WR Eilam, T Manisterski, J Roelfs, AP TI Puccinia recondita causing leaf rust on cultivated wheats, wild wheats, and rye SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE aecial hosts; Aegilops; Anchusa; Echium; Hordeum; leaf rust; Lycopsis; Puccinia recondita; Puccinia triticina; Secale; Thalictrum; Triticum AB Aecial and telial host range, interfertility, teliospore dimensions, and amount of nuclear DNA were determined for Puccinia recondita collected either worldwide from species of cultivated wheats (Triticum aestivum and Triticum turgidum ssp. durum and rye (Secale cereale). or from wild emmer (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides) and four species of wild wheat (Aegilops) in Israel. The results indicate that the collections belong in two major groups: Group I (from cultivated wheats and wild emmer), which has Thalictrum speciosissimum (in the Ranunculaceae) as principal aecial host; and Group II (principally from wild wheats or rye), which has several species in the Boraginaceae, such as Anchusa aggregata, Anchusa italica, Echium glomeratum, and Lycopsis arvensis as aecial hosts. In glasshouse experiments, intercrosses could be made readily among collections within Groups I and II but not between the two groups. Group I consisted of all collections from Triticum aestivum, Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides. and most collections from Triticum turgidum ssp. durum. For Group I collections, four species of Aegilops, Hordeum maritimum, S. cereale, as well as Triticum aestivum and Triticum turgidum ssp. durum and ssp. dicoccoides could all serve as telial host in glasshouse experiments. Group II consisted of four types, all clearly different from Group I. Type A was from Triticum turgidum ssp. durum found in fields near Anchusa italica, which was its only aecial host; Triticum aestivum, Triticum turgidum ssp. durum, and Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides could serve as telial hosts. Type B was from Aegilops ovata and had E. glomeratum, Anchusa undulata, and L. arvensis as aecial hosts. Type C was from Aegilops longissima, Aegilops sharonensis, and Aegilops variabilis and had Anchusa aggregata, Anchusa undulata and L. arvensis as aecial hosts. Type D was from S. cereale and had L. arvensis and Anchusa undulata as aecial hosts. In addition to differences in host range, teliospores were wider and bigger in cross sectional area, and nuclear DNA content of pycniospores was 1.3-1.6 times greater in Group II than in Group I. The results suggest that Groups I and II have evolved separately for an extended period and are now morphologically distinct and genetically isolated from each other. Furthermore, differences in both telial and aecial host species, in teliospore dimensions, and in amount of nuclear DNA indicate that subgroups within Group II are beginning to show genetic divergence. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Cereal Rust Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Tel Aviv Univ, Inst Cereal Crops Improvement, IL-69978 Ramat Aviv, Israel. Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Bot, IL-69978 Ramat Aviv, Israel. RP Bushnell, WR (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Cereal Rust Lab, 1551 Lindig St, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 37 TC 70 Z9 80 U1 4 U2 11 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 75 IS 12 BP 2082 EP 2096 PG 15 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZA839 UT WOS:000072407200006 ER PT J AU Joley, DB Maddox, DM Mackey, BE Schoenig, SE Casanave, KA AF Joley, DB Maddox, DM Mackey, BE Schoenig, SE Casanave, KA TI Effect of light and temperature on germination of dimorphic achenes of Centaurea solstitialis in California SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE yellow starthistle; germination; light; temperature; dimorphic achenes ID STARTHISTLE AB Centaurea solstitialis L. is a winter annual weed of Eurasian origin that is widespread in the western United States. Capitula produce dimorphic achenes that are dispersed at different times. Factors investigated in the laboratory that affected germination were light, temperature, achene type (plumed and nonplumed), collection date, dormancy, and storage. The presence of large interactions among the factors affecting germination was constant throughout these studies. Although some germination occurred in the dark, a daily (8 h light : 16 h dark) photoperiod of white light produced higher germination percentages in both fresh and stored achenes. Even a single brief (10-min) exposure to light was almost comparable with a daily 8-h photoperiod. Maximum germination of nearly 100% was achieved in light under constant temperatures of 10, 15, and 20 degrees C and alternating temperatures of 15:5 and 20:10 degrees C. Broadening of temperature optima related to afterripening occurred for July achenes stored for 2 months and August-fresh achenes under alternating temperatures. Germination differences between achene types were more prevalent under dark than under light conditions. In general, germination of plumed achenes was higher than that of nonplumed achenes. In darkness, nonplumed achenes showed a shift in optimum germination temperature (from 15 to 20 degrees C) from July to September. Germination of nonplumed achenes in intact capitula was never greater than 21%, regardless of time of collection, because of the presence of the involucral bracts. C1 Calif Dept Food & Agr, Biol Control Program, Sacramento, CA 95832 USA. ARS, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Joley, DB (reprint author), Calif Dept Food & Agr, Biol Control Program, 3288 Meadowview Rd, Sacramento, CA 95832 USA. NR 16 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 75 IS 12 BP 2131 EP 2139 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZA839 UT WOS:000072407200011 ER PT J AU Samuels, GJ Barr, ME AF Samuels, GJ Barr, ME TI Notes on and additions to the Niessliaceae (Hypocreales) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE Ascomycetes; Cryptoniesslia; Melanopsamma; Niesslia; Pseudorhynchia; systematics; Taiwanascus; Trichosphaerella; Valetoniella; Valetoniellopsis ID GEN; NOV AB The ascomycete family Niessliaceae presently includes the genera Cryptoniesslia, Melanopsamma, Niesslia, Taiwanascus, Trichosphaerella, and Valetoniella. To this assemblage are added the newly described Circinoniesslia, with C. nectriae, and Valetoniellopsis, with V. laxa as their respective type species. The synonymy of Pseudorhynchia with Trichosphaeria is not accepted, and Pseudorhynchia is redescribed based on its type species. Melanopsamma pomiformis is redescribed and illustrated. Other newly described species are Melanopsamma verrucosa, Valetoniella pauciornata, and Valetoniella claviornata. The family Taiwanascaceae, described for the cleistothecial Taiwanascus tetrasporus, is placed in synonymy with the Niessliaceae. Trichosphaerella arecae is transferred to Neorehmia, and that genus is excluded from the family. C1 ARS, USDA, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Samuels, GJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Room 304,B-011A,BARC-W,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 33 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 75 IS 12 BP 2165 EP 2176 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZA839 UT WOS:000072407200015 ER PT J AU Negron, J AF Negron, J TI Estimating probabilities of infestation and extent of damage by the roundheaded pine beetle in ponderosa pine in the Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID KENAI PENINSULA; SPRUCE BEETLES; CLASSIFICATION; HAZARD; ALASKA; OUTBREAK; FOREST; ATTACK; STANDS; LUTZ AB Classification trees and linear regression analysis were used to build models to predict probabilities of infestation and amount of tree mortality in terms of basal area resulting from roundheaded pine beetle, Dendroctonus adjunctus Blandford, activity in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Laws., in the Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico. Classification trees were built for combined habitat types sampled and for each habitat type series or type sampled. Cross-validation estimates of classification accuracy ranged from 0.64 to 0.79. The data suggest that stands attacked by the roundheaded pine beetle exhibit poor growth during the last 5 years prior to attack, abundant host type, and smaller diameter than uninfested stands. Trees prone to attack by the roundheaded pine beetle within infested points also exhibited reduced growth rates and smaller diameters than uninfested trees. Linear regression analysis indicates that initial amount of ponderosa pine basal area is a good predictor variable for the amount of basal area affected. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Negron, J (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 240 W Prospect, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM jnegron@lamar.colostate.edu NR 40 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 27 IS 12 BP 1936 EP 1945 DI 10.1139/cjfr-27-12-1936 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA YY177 UT WOS:000072121000005 ER PT J AU Hennon, PE DeMars, DJ AF Hennon, PE DeMars, DJ TI Development of wood decay in wounded western hemlock and Sitka spruce in southeast Alaska SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID BARRIER; STANDS AB Sixty-eight western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) and 51 Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carriere) trees with bole wounds were selected from six locations in southeast Alaska. Each tree was dissected and measured for extent of internal stain and decay to determine wood volume losses over time caused by fungi. The margins of stain and decay associated with bole injuries that ranged from 1 to 80 years old were marked on the surface of 30 cm long hole segments of each tree and then photographed. Areas occupied by stain and decay were measured for each bole segment using AutoCAD digitizing techniques and then the amount of affected volume was computed for each tree. In regression models, original scar width, original scar area, and a transformation of scar age are significantly correlated with the In(volume of stain + decay) for hemlock; original scar length and a transformation of original scar width are significantly correlated with volume of stain + decay for spruce. Decay extended less than 1 m above wounds and consumed less than 5% of gross tree volume in all but a few trees which had large, old scars. Decay development in hemlock was less extensive than reported in Oregon and Washington; models from these areas greatly overestimate decay in wounded trees in southeast Alaska. Tangential callus growth (one side of the wound) was 2.1 and 1.7 mm/year for spruce and hemlock, respectively. Forest managers may use this information to design stands with acceptable heart rot levels by predicting the development of decay in wounds and by altering schedules of stand thinning and final harvest of wounded trees. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Hennon, PE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 2770 Sherwood Lane,Suite 2A, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM phennon/r10@fs.fed.us NR 35 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 27 IS 12 BP 1971 EP 1978 DI 10.1139/cjfr-27-12-1971 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA YY177 UT WOS:000072121000009 ER PT J AU Hornbeck, JW Martin, CW Eagar, C AF Hornbeck, JW Martin, CW Eagar, C TI Summary of water yield experiments at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID ECOSYSTEM; TRANSPIRATION; MANAGEMENT; HARVEST AB Changes in water yield are summarized for experimental treatments performed on three gaged, forested watersheds at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire. The treatments included clear-felling and herbicide applications performed on watershed 2 during 1965-1968, progressive strip-cutting performed on watershed 4 during 1970-1974, and whole-tree harvesting performed on watershed 5 during 1983-1984. Responses in annual water yield varied markedly among treatments. Clear-felling and 3 successive years of herbicide applications caused annual water yields to increase by an average of 288 mm, or 32%. The strip-cutting and whole-tree harvesting treatments caused maximum annual increases in water yield of 114 mm (8%), and 152 mm (23%), respectively. Most of the water yield increases occurred as augmentation to low flows during the growing season, although some peak flows were also increased. Volume of snowmelt runoff was relatively unaffected. increases in annual water yield diminished rapidly as forests regenerated and were undetectable within 7-9 years after treatment. Unexpected decreases in annual water yields occurred for years 13-30 after the clear-felling and herbicide treatment and for years 8-25 after the strip-cutting due to the regenerating forests having greater proportions of tree species with lower stomatal resistances. RP Hornbeck, JW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Forest Expt Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NR 35 TC 75 Z9 82 U1 3 U2 32 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 27 IS 12 BP 2043 EP 2052 DI 10.1139/cjfr-27-12-2043 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA YY177 UT WOS:000072121000017 ER PT J AU Krywult, M Bytnerowicz, A AF Krywult, M Bytnerowicz, A TI Induction of nitrate reductase activity by nitric acid vapor in California black oak (Quercus kelloggii), canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) seedlings SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID DEPOSITION; NEEDLES; FOLIAR AB Gaseous nitric acid (HNO3), one of the most abundant nitrogenous air pollutants in photochemical smog, is a major contributor to airborne N deposited in southern California forests. Mechanisms of HNO3 uptake by plants, including southern California forest trees, are not well established. In a controlled greenhouse study, California black oak (Quercus kelloggii Newberry), canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepss Liebm.), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. & C. Laws.) seedlings were exposed to HNO3 vapor at concentrations ranging between 65 and 80 ppb under light conditions. Nitrate reductase (NR) activity was measured in foliage and roots of seedlings after 24 h of exposure. Significant increase in foliar NR activity was observed in all species after exposure to HNO3 vapor, but no significant differences were observed between the species. NR activities in the exposed foliage of California black oak, canyon live oak, and ponderosa pine were significantly higher than in the control foliage. Activity of the enzyme in plant roots was low, and no evidence of differences between species or between control and fumigated plants was found. This study indicated that during episodes of high HNO3 concentrations, trees incorporated and metabolized substantial amounts of the pollutant in their foliage. This mechanism, in addition to root uptake of the dry and wet deposited N compounds, may provide plants with an ample supply of N. C1 Polish Acad Sci, Inst Bot, PL-31512 Krakow, Poland. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Krywult, M (reprint author), Polish Acad Sci, Inst Bot, Lubicz 46, PL-31512 Krakow, Poland. RI Bytnerowicz, Andrzej/A-8017-2013 NR 25 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 27 IS 12 BP 2101 EP 2104 DI 10.1139/cjfr-27-12-2101 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA YY177 UT WOS:000072121000024 ER PT J AU Costa, JM Loper, JE AF Costa, JM Loper, JE TI EcbI and EcbR: Homologs of LuxI and LuxR affecting antibiotic and exoenzyme production by Erwinia carotovora subsp. betavasculorum SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE quorum sensing; beta-lactam; gene regulation ID N-(3-OXOHEXANOYL)-L-HOMOSERINE LACTONE; PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA; EXTRACELLULAR ENZYMES; CELL-DENSITY; SOFT-ROT; DNA; AUTOINDUCER; GENES; PATHOGENICITY; BIOSYNTHESIS AB Erwinia carotovora subsp. betavasculorum Ecb168 causes vascular necrosis and root rot of sugar beet and produces an antibiotic(s) that is antagonistic against other Erwinia spp. EcbI(-) mutants of Ecb168, each containing a single transposon insertion in the ecbI gene (for Erwinia carotovora subsp. betavasculorum inducer), do not produce detectable levels of extracellular protease or antibiotic(s), and express less pectate lyase activity and virulence than the wild-type strain. A plasmid containing the cloned ecbI gene complemented the EcbI(-) mutants for these phenotypes. Protease production by EcbI(-) mutants grown on agar surfaces was restored by neighboring cells of Escherichia coli containing ecbI. Production of a diffusible N-acylhomoserine lactone autoinducer by wild-type Ecb168 was detected with indicator strains of E, coli and Agrobacterium tumefaciens. EcbI(-) mutant strains did not produce an autoinducer detected by the indicator strains. Antibiotic production by EcbI(-) mutants was restored by cell-free culture supernatants of Ecb168 or E. coli containing a cloned ecbI gene. The predicted amino acid sequence of EcbI is similar to those of Carl, ExpI, and HsII, three LuxI homologs required for production of a diffusible N-acylhomoserine lactone autoinducer in Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. A luxR homolog, termed ecbR (for Erwinia carotovora subsp. betavasculorum regulator), is convergently transcribed and overlaps with ecbI by 17 bp at their 3' ends. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that a quorum-sensing system related to the prototypic luxl-luxR gene pair controls antibiotic and exoenzyme production in Erwinia carotovora subsp. betavasculorum. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Loper, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, 3420 NW Orchard Ave, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 33 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4166 J9 CAN J MICROBIOL JI Can. J. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 43 IS 12 BP 1164 EP 1171 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology GA YW376 UT WOS:000071928800009 PM 9476353 ER PT J AU Su, CM Suarez, DL AF Su, CM Suarez, DL TI In situ infrared speciation of absorbed carbonate on aluminum and iron oxide SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared; carbonate adsorption; electrophoretic mobility; infrared; point of zero charge; point of zero net proton charge; x-ray diffraction ID ADSORBED CARBONATE; SOLUTION INTERFACE; GOETHITE; SURFACE; ADSORPTION; HYDROXIDE; CHARGE; FTIR; COMPLEXATION; BICARBONATE AB Surface adsorption mechanisms of dissolved inorganic carbon species on soil minerals are not well understood. Traditional infrared (IR) study of adsorbed species of inorganic carbon using air-dried samples may not reveal true species in the solid/water interface in suspension. The purpose of this study was to obtain information on interfacial carbonate speciation between solid and aqueous phases. The interaction of bicarbonate and carbonate ions with X-ray amorphous (am) Al and Fe oxides, gibbsite (gamma-Al(OH)(3)) and goethite ((alpha-FeOOH) was examined by electrophoresis and in sitar attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The presence of carbonate lowered the electrophoretic mobility and decreased the point of zero charge (PZC) of all minerals, implying specific adsorption. Inner-sphere complexation of bicarbonate and carbonate was supported by a lowering in the anion sym metry due to the interaction with Al and Fe oxide surfaces. Only complexed monodentate carbonate was identified in am-Al(OH)(3)/aqueous solution at pH 4.1-7.8 when the solid was reacted with either NaHCO3 or Na2CO3 solutions. Am-Al(OH)(3) was transformed to a crystalline sodium aluminum hydroxy carbonate, dawsonite [NaAl(CO3)(OH)(2)], and bayerite (alpha-Al(OH)(3)) after reacting with 1.0 M NB2CO3 for 24 h. Gibbsite adsorbed much less carbonate than am-Al(OH)(3) such that adsorbed carbonate on gibbsite gave weal; IR absorption. It is probable that monodentate carbonate is also the complexed species on gibbsite. Evidence suggesting the presence of both surface complexed bicarbonate and carbonate species in the interfacial region of am-Fe(OH)(3) in suspension and the dependence of their relative distribution on solution pH is shown. Only monodentate carbonate was found in the interfacial region of goethite in 1.0 M NaHCO3. A ligand exchange reaction was proposed to describe the interaction of bicarbonate and carbonate with the surface functional groups of Al and Fe oxides. C1 ARS, USDA, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Su, CM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Managment Res Lab, 919 Kerr Res Dr, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 34 TC 151 Z9 153 U1 5 U2 53 PU CLAY MINERALS SOCIETY PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 4416, BOULDER, CO 80306 USA SN 0009-8604 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 45 IS 6 BP 814 EP 825 DI 10.1346/CCMN.1997.0450605 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA YU369 UT WOS:000071710200005 ER PT J AU Atmowidjojo, AH Wheeler, DE Erickson, EH Cohen, AC AF Atmowidjojo, AH Wheeler, DE Erickson, EH Cohen, AC TI Temperature tolerance and water balance in feral and domestic honey bees, Apis mellifera L. SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR & INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE honey bees; Apis mellifera; critical thermal maximum; feral; domestic; temperature tolerance; water balance; temperature; humidity ID DESERT TENEBRIONID BEETLES; CUTICULAR PERMEABILITY; SENSITIVITY AB Feral and domestic honey bees were compared to determine relative levels of adaptation to the Arizona desert. Feral honey bees were more tolerant to high temperatures than domestic honey bees. Monthly critical thermal maxima (CTMs) of fetal bees were significantly different from those of domestic bees (P < 0.001). The highest mean CTM for fetal bees was 50.7 +/- 1.0 degrees C, and for domestic honey bees was 42.8 +/- 2.8 degrees C; both were recorded in June 1991. There was also a significant effect of sampling date on CTMs (P < 0.0001). Water loss increased with increasing temperature and with decreasing humidity for both feral and domestic honey bees. The rates of water loss for both types of bees were highest in dry air (0% relative humility) at 35 degrees C, with the average value of 6.82 +/- 0.33 mg/g/hr for domestic bees. At 35 degrees C, the rate of water loss of feral bees was more than twice that at 25 degrees C (5.94 compared with 2.37 mg/g/hr). Water losses for fetal and domestic honey bees were not significantly different; therefore, rates of water loss do not explain the higher temperature tolerance of feral honey bees. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 USDA, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Entomol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. USDA, Cotton Insect Pest Mgmt Biol Control, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Erickson, EH (reprint author), USDA, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 27 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1095-6433 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A-Mol. Integr. Physiol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 118 IS 4 BP 1399 EP 1403 DI 10.1016/S0300-9629(97)00031-5 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology GA YN802 UT WOS:000071209300060 ER PT J AU Doostdar, H McCollum, TG Mayer, RT AF Doostdar, H McCollum, TG Mayer, RT TI Purification and characterization of an endo-polygalacturonase from the gut of West Indies sugarcane rootstalk borer weevil (Diaprepes abbreviatus L.) larvae SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE citrus; herbivory; insect; N-terminal sequence; polygalacturonase inhibiting protein; PGIP; plant defense ID CITRUS ROOTSTOCK; ALPHA-AMYLASE; GENE; CURCULIONIDAE; COLEOPTERA; INHIBITOR; PROTEIN; POLLEN AB An endo-polygalacturonase (PG) (EC:3.2.1.15) with a pi of 9.4 and an M-r of 44,500 was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from the gut of West Indies sugarcane rootstalk borer weevil (Diaprepes abbreviatus L.) larvae. Hydrolytic activity was maximal in 150 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.5, at 30 degrees C. Kinetic determinations yielded an apparent K-m of 3.68 mg polygalacturonic acid (PGA)/ml and a V-max of 283 mu mol galacturonic acid/min/mg protein for PGA. Enzymatic activity was inhibited by a polygalacturonase inhibitor protein from "Hamlin" orange flavedo. The purified protein does nor. appear to be glycosylated, and its N-terminal sequence showed no homology to any PG protein sequences in data banks. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Res Lab, US Hort Res Lab, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. RP USDA ARS, Hort Res Lab, US Hort Res Lab, 2120 Camden Rd, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. EM rmayer@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 35 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1096-4959 EI 1879-1107 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS B JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B-Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 118 IS 4 BP 861 EP 867 DI 10.1016/S0305-0491(97)00285-X PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology GA YN900 UT WOS:000071220000019 ER PT J AU Haverty, MI Nelson, LJ AF Haverty, MI Nelson, LJ TI Cuticular hydrocarbons of Reticulitermes (Isoptera : rhinotermitidae) from northern California indicate undescribed species SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chemotaxonomy; cuticular hydrocarbons; hydrocarbon variability; Isoptera; morphological correlation; Reticulitermes; species delimitation; subterranean termites ID GENUS ZOOTERMOPSIS ISOPTERA; CHEMOTAXONOMIC CHARACTERS; COPTOTERMES ISOPTERA; DAMPWOOD TERMITES; FLAVIPES KOLLAR; TERMOPSIDAE; NASUTITERMES; RECOGNITION; PHENOTYPES; SOLDIER AB Cuticular hydrocarbon mixtures of Reticulitermes samples from disparate locations in northern California were characterized and correlated with species determinations. Literature records indicate that there are two extant species of Reticulitermes in northern California: Reticulitermes hesperus Banks and R. tibialis Banks. We identified five distinct hydrocarbon phenotypes in Reticulitermes from northern California. Termites were diagnosed morphologically as R. tibialis for all five cuticular hydrocarbon phenotypes based on available keys to soldiers. Commonly accepted distributions of Reticulitermes in northern California indicate that our primary collection sites should only produce R. hesperus. On the basis of cuticular hydrocarbons alone we suggest that there are two or more undescribed taxa of Reticulitermes in northern California, or that described species of Reticulitermes occur in northern California, but. have never been noticed before. Therefore, we conclude that the taxonomy of Reticulitermes in North America is in need of revision. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. RP Haverty, MI (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, POB 245, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. NR 34 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0305-0491 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS B JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B-Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 118 IS 4 BP 869 EP 880 DI 10.1016/S0305-0491(97)00237-X PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology GA YN900 UT WOS:000071220000020 ER PT J AU Baker, JA Anderson, NL Pilles, PJ AF Baker, JA Anderson, NL Pilles, PJ TI Ground-penetrating radar surveying in support of archeological site investigations SO COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE ground-penetrating radar; archeological investigation; coniferous forest; near shore marine environment AB In April and July of 1996, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys were conducted in support of archeological investigations at Flagstaff, Arizona and Sebastian, Florida, respectively. A GSSI SIR System 8 radar unit with a 500-MHz monostatic antenna was used for both surveys. The Flagstaff, Arizona survey was conducted at Elden Pueblo Ruins. The site is located in a coniferous forest and characterized by a myriad of surficial and subsurface features. Surficial features consisted mostly of pottery shards and the remnants of rock walled structures. The subsurface features consist mostly of rock lined pits, stone wails, and grave sites covered by a soil layer of variable thickness. The soil is derived from volcanic clastics and the underlying Kaibab Limestone bedrock. GPR profiles were acquired across various locations, some of which had been previously excavated and backfilled by archeologists. The main objectives were to determine the utility of the GPR technique with respect to locating subsurface features of archeological interest, determine the optimum field parameters in the area, and direct Further field work. The Sebastian, Florida survey was conducted along the Atlantic coastline. Data were acquired along five beaches and one coastal sand dune. The beaches and dunes of the area are composed of a medium to coarse grained sand, containing quartz grains arid carbonates. The principle objective of the Sebastian, Florida survey was to locate wreckage from a Spanish treasure fleet. A secondary objective was to determine the utility of GPR in a near shore marine environment. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Geol & Geophys, Rolla, MO 65401 USA. US Forest Serv, Coconino Natl Forest, Flagstaff, AZ 86003 USA. RP Baker, JA (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Geol & Geophys, Rolla, MO 65401 USA. NR 4 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-3004 J9 COMPUT GEOSCI JI Comput. Geosci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 23 IS 10 BP 1093 EP 1099 DI 10.1016/S0098-3004(97)00094-0 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA ZM933 UT WOS:000073590900008 ER PT J AU Mathis, JN McMillin, DE Champion, RA Hunt, PG AF Mathis, JN McMillin, DE Champion, RA Hunt, PG TI Genetic variation in two cultures of Bradyrhizobium japonicum 110 differing in their ability to impart drought tolerance to soybean SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN-FIXATION; USDA 110; PRIMERS; STRAINS; POLYMORPHISMS; SEQUENCES AB The polymerase chain reaction with arbitrary primers (RAPD) discriminated between two separately maintained cultures of Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110 differing in symbiotic performance under drought conditions. Since strain 110 is used in inoculum production, the use of RAPD to monitor inoculum cultures could help to preserve their genetic composition and prevent the loss of important symbiotic properties. The use of RAPD could also be extended to other B. japonicum strains currently used in inoculum production. C1 CLARK ATLANTA UNIV,DEPT SCI BIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30314. COLUMBUS STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,COLUMBUS,GA 31907. USDA ARS,COASTAL PLAINS RES CTR,FLORENCE,SC 29501. RP Mathis, JN (reprint author), STATE UNIV W GEORGIA,DEPT BIOL,CARROLLTON,GA 30118, USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [G12RR03062] NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 35 IS 6 BP 363 EP 366 DI 10.1007/s002849900269 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA YG682 UT WOS:A1997YG68200008 PM 9353221 ER PT J AU Gray, AN Spies, TA AF Gray, AN Spies, TA TI Microsite controls on tree seedllng establishment in conifer forest canopy gaps SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Abies amabilis; canopy gaps; disturbance; heterogeneity; microsites; old-growth forest; Pacific Northwest; Pseudotsuga menziesii; seedling establishment; succession; Tsuga heterophylla ID OLD-GROWTH FOREST; DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS; NATURAL DISTURBANCE; TSUGA-HETEROPHYLLA; SPECIES-DIVERSITY; CASCADE MOUNTAINS; DYNAMICS; SEEDLINGS; REGENERATION; SUCCESSION AB Tree seedling establishment and growth were studied in experimental canopy gaps to assess the effect of heterogeneity of regeneration microsites within and among gaps in mature conifer forests. Seedlings were studied for two years in closed-canopy areas and in recently created gaps ranging in size from 40 to 2000 m(2) in four stands of mature (90-140 yr) and old-growth (>400 yr) Douglas-fir forest in the western Cascade Range of central Oregon and southern Washington, USA. We examined the relative importance of substrate type, shade from logs and shade cloth, density of understory vegetation, gap size, and forest age on the success of Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). Seedlings originating from seed sown on experimental microsites were compared with seedlings regenerating naturally on a range of microsites. Seedling establishment was greater on decayed wood than on forest floor or mineral soil in closed-canopy areas, particularly for Tsuga. Differences in establishment among substrates declined with increasing gap size, although establishment on the forest floor tended to be low in portions of large gaps exposed to direct solar radiation. In exposed areas, shade from woody debris and shade cloth facilitated establishment for all species, while shade from understory vegetation aided the establishment of Pseudotsuga but not that of Tsuga. Establishment in shaded portions of gaps declined with vegetation and shade-cloth cover. Seedling size increased with gap size, decreased with level of shade, and tended to be greatest on forest floor and lowest on decayed wood. Establishment and growth of the different species was related to differences in seed mass and tolerance of environmental extremes. Heterogeneity at the seedling scale (<10 cm) often overrode larger-scale environmental gradients (>2 m) associated with gap size and within-gap position. Thus the gap partitioning hypothesis, which emphasizes gap size and within-gap position, may be too simple to account for the role of microsite heterogeneity and species' regeneration traits on the development of mature forests. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT FOREST SCI, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. RP Gray, AN (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, PACIFIC NW RES STN, 3200 W JEFFERSON WAY, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. NR 92 TC 151 Z9 171 U1 1 U2 30 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD DEC PY 1997 VL 78 IS 8 BP 2458 EP 2473 PG 16 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YK726 UT WOS:A1997YK72600015 ER PT J AU Martinez, A Elsasser, TH MuroCacho, C Moody, TW Miller, MJ Macri, CJ Cuttitta, F AF Martinez, A Elsasser, TH MuroCacho, C Moody, TW Miller, MJ Macri, CJ Cuttitta, F TI Expression of adrenomedullin and its receptor in normal and malignant human skin: A potential pluripotent role in the integument SO ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PEPTIDE; CELLS AB Adrenomedullin (AM) is a multifunctional peptide involved in a variety of physiological functions, including growth regulation and antimicrobial activity. We have determined by immunohistochemistry and in situ. hybridization that AM and its receptor are present in all the epithelial cells of the normal skin, including keratinocytes of the epidermis and hair follicles, as well as cells of the glands and secretory ducts. We also have detected AM in the sweat, by RIA. In addition, AM and its receptor were found in skin tumors of different histologies. The presence of AM and its receptor in normal and neoplastic skin was confirmed by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis performed on cell extracts from human skin cell lines. Radiolabeled AM bound to specific sites in cultured cells with a K-d of 9 nM. This binding was blocked by the addition of cold AM but not by related peptides such as AM 22-52, pro-AM 20 N-terminal peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide 8-37, or amylin. Finally, exposure to synthetic AM resulted in an increase of thymidine intake by skin cells. These results implicate AM as a potential player in skin defense against infectious microorganisms and as a possible autocrine growth factor in normal skin physiology and tumor development. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. H LEE MOFFITT CANC CTR,DEPT PATHOL,TAMPA,FL 33612. UNIFORMED SERV UNIV HLTH SCI,DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL,BETHESDA,MD 20814. RP Martinez, A (reprint author), NCI,CELL & CANC BIOL DEPT,DIV CLIN SCI,MED BRANCH,NIH,9610 MED CTR DR,ROOM 300,ROCKVILLE,MD 20850, USA. RI Martinez, Alfredo/A-3077-2013 OI Martinez, Alfredo/0000-0003-4882-4044 NR 25 TC 88 Z9 91 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 4350 EAST WEST HIGHWAY SUITE 500, BETHESDA, MD 20814-4110 SN 0013-7227 J9 ENDOCRINOLOGY JI Endocrinology PD DEC PY 1997 VL 138 IS 12 BP 5597 EP 5604 DI 10.1210/en.138.12.5597 PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA YH190 UT WOS:A1997YH19000065 PM 9389548 ER PT J AU Gimenez, D Perfect, E Rawls, WJ Pachepsky, Y AF Gimenez, D Perfect, E Rawls, WJ Pachepsky, Y TI Fractal models for predicting soil hydraulic properties: a review SO ENGINEERING GEOLOGY LA English DT Review DE water retention; hydraulic conductivity; pore surface roughness; pore volume; fragmentation ID PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; WATER-RETENTION CURVE; PORE SURFACE-AREA; POROUS-MEDIA; UNSATURATED SOILS; SCALE-INVARIANCE; SANDSTONE PORES; CONDUCTIVITY; DIMENSIONS; FRAGMENTATION AB Modern hydrological models require information on hydraulic conductivity and soil-water retention characteristics. The high cost and large spatial variability of measurements makes the prediction of these properties a viable alternative. Fractal models describe hierarchical systems and are suitable to model soil structure and soil hydraulic properties. Deterministic fractals are often used to model porous media in which scaling of mass, pore space, pore surface and the size-distribution of fragments are all characterized by a single fractal dimension. Experimental evidence shows fractal scaling of these properties between upper and lower limits of scale, but typically there is no coincidence in the values of the fractal dimensions characterizing different properties. This poses a problem in the evaluation of the contrasting approaches used to model soil-water retention and hydraulic conductivity. Fractal models of the soil-water retention curve that use a single fractal dimension often deviate from measurements at saturation and at dryness. More accurate models should consider scaling domains each characterized by a fractal dimension with different morphological interpretations. Models of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity incorporate fractal dimensions characterizing scaling of different properties including parameters representing connectivity. Further research is needed to clarify the morphological properties influencing the different scaling domains in the soil-water retention curve and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. Methods to functionally characterize a porous medium using fractal approaches are likely to improve: the predictability of soil hydraulic properties. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Gimenez, D (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hydrol Lab, Bldg 007,Room 104,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Gimenez, Daniel/A-6193-2013; OI Pachepsky, Yakov/0000-0003-0232-6090 NR 119 TC 114 Z9 137 U1 6 U2 46 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-7952 J9 ENG GEOL JI Eng. Geol. PD DEC 1 PY 1997 VL 48 IS 3-4 BP 161 EP 183 DI 10.1016/S0013-7952(97)00038-0 PG 23 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA YV715 UT WOS:000071855500002 ER PT J AU Daniel, JA AF Daniel, JA TI Effectiveness of animal waste containment in a Texas playa SO ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE playas; Ogalalla aquifer; contaminants; geochemistry ID SOUTHERN HIGH-PLAINS; NORTHWESTERN TEXAS; LAKE BASINS; NEW-MEXICO; MIOCENE; SOIL; CORN AB Playas on the Southern High Plains are sites of active ground-water recharge to the Ogalalla aquifer and are used in agricultural and municipal waste management systems. The effectiveness of a playa for containing effluent from a commercial dairy operation was studied. Four drill core holes, positioned in the annulus and alternating wet and dry zones of a playa, provide surface and subsurface samples where dairy surface discharge enters the playa. Chemical and physical analyses performed on the core samples include nitrate-N, ammonium-N, pH, conductivity, and soil texture. Chloride distributions on two of the core profiles were compared to nitrate. Results indicate elevated nutrient levels in the top two meters of the heavy clay floor of the alternating wet and dry playa region, but not below that depth. A comparison of nitrate-N and chloride distribution suggests that denitrification processes probably eliminate most nitrate-N in this portion of the playa, This suggests that nitrate-N, once it reaches the central region of the playa, is contained long enough to denitrify. However, movement of nitrate-N is found at the playa annulus. Another concern arises with the transport of chloride from the playa as indicated by its distribution below the playa center. C1 USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. RP Daniel, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, 7207 W Cheyenne St, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. NR 36 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 1078-7275 J9 ENVIRON ENG GEOSCI JI Environ. Eng. Geosci. PD WIN PY 1997 VL 3 IS 4 BP 563 EP 572 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA ZQ287 UT WOS:000073842500008 ER PT J AU Allen, PM Arnold, J Jakubowski, E AF Allen, PM Arnold, J Jakubowski, E TI Design and testing of a simple submerged-jet device for field determination of soil erodibility SO ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE soil erosion; soil mechanics ID SURFACE ERODIBILITY; EARTHEN CHANNELS; HIGH STRESSES; EROSION C1 Baylor Univ, Dept Geol, Waco, TX 76798 USA. USDA ARS, Temple, TX 76502 USA. Baylor Univ, Dept Geol, Waco, TX 76798 USA. RP Allen, PM (reprint author), Baylor Univ, Dept Geol, Waco, TX 76798 USA. NR 30 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 1078-7275 J9 ENVIRON ENG GEOSCI JI Environ. Eng. Geosci. PD WIN PY 1997 VL 3 IS 4 BP 579 EP 584 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA ZQ287 UT WOS:000073842500010 ER PT J AU White, RS AF White, RS TI The risk of earthen dam failure due to earthquakes SO ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE dams; dam failure; probability; risk C1 USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP White, RS (reprint author), USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, 2121-C 2nd St,Suite 102, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 1078-7275 J9 ENVIRON ENG GEOSCI JI Environ. Eng. Geosci. PD WIN PY 1997 VL 3 IS 4 BP 585 EP 587 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA ZQ287 UT WOS:000073842500011 ER PT J AU Hagstrum, DW Subramanyam, B Flinn, PW AF Hagstrum, DW Subramanyam, B Flinn, PW TI Nonlinearity of a generic variance-mean equation for stored-grain insect sampling data SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sampling statistics; stored product; precision of estimates; variance-mean equation; probe trap; sticky trap ID SIMULATED FIELD-TEST; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONS; PRODUCT INSECTS; PROBE TRAPS; WHEAT; POPULATIONS; AERATION; EFFICACY; GEORGIA; BEETLES AB Equations predicting the variance for a mean insect density have been widely used to calculate the precision of density estimates. Traditionally, the logarithm of the variance is regressed against the logarithm of the mean giving a linear equation. We fit a single nonlinear variance-mean regression equation to 4 stored-product insect sampling data sets. This generic nonlinear regression equation described the stored-product insect sampling data for 25 additional studies, 3 different sampling methods, and the 6 most commonly encountered species. The asymptotic slope of this generic nonlinear regression equation increased with insect density, and at mean densities of 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 insects per sample unit was 1.06, 1.32, 1.64, 2.05, and 2.55, respectively. This density-dependent change in the asymptotic slope explains the differences among studies in the slopes of linear regression equations. We generated a similar regression equation by randomly assigning insects to sampling units to simulate random dispersal of insects in a grain mass. This suggests that the observed insect sampling distributions could be the result of random dispersal, and that the mechanism underlying the regression equation is fairly general. Compared with the predictions of the generic nonlinear regression equation, the linear regression equation overpredicted the 95% CL within the 0.3-3 insects per sample unit density range, and underpredicted them at higher or lower insect densities. This generic nonlinear regression equation can be used to calculate the precision of mean insect density estimates over a 0.025-100 insects per sample unit density range and thus reduce the cost of developing new sampling programs. C1 ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, USDA, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Hagstrum, DW (reprint author), ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, USDA, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RI Flinn, Paul/B-9104-2013 NR 40 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 26 IS 6 BP 1213 EP 1223 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YX491 UT WOS:000072045400005 ER PT J AU Hu, GY Frank, JH AF Hu, GY Frank, JH TI Predation on the horn fly (Diptera : Muscidae) by five species of Philonthus (Coleoptera : Staphylinidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Haematobia irritans; Philonthus spp.; cattle dung; predation; pastures; Florida ID HEMATOBIA-IRRITANS L; CENTRAL TEXAS; CATTLE DROPPINGS; TREATING CATTLE; IVERMECTIN; INSECTS; DUNG; BIOLOGY; PASTURE; FLIES AB The feeding rates of adults and larvae of 5 Philonthus species were compared in the laboratory by measuring their consumption of eggs and larvae of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.). When confined in petri dishes with abundant prey, adults and larvae of Philonthus longicornis Stephens had a higher predation rate than did those of P. centralis (Gravenhorst), which in turn had a higher rate than did those of P. flavolimbatus Erichson. When given a choice, adults and larvae of P. longicornis devoured more prey eggs than prey larvae, but P. ventralis devoured more larvae than eggs; adult P. flavolimbatus, P. sericans (Gravenhorst) and P. hepaticus Erichson devoured roughly equal numbers of prey eggs and larvae. The survival of 100 horn flies from egg to the adult stage was compared in the laboratory using a substrate of cattle dung on soil in the presence of 1 adult Philonthus. Emergence of adult horn flies was reduced by 80.4, 54.8, 40.6, and 32.9% per beetle by P. longicornis, P. centralis, P. flavolimbatus, and P. hepaticus, respectively. Predation by P. longicornis increased as prey density increased. The relationship was similar to the type II functional response. The 5 species of Philonthus are frequent inhabitants of cattle dung in northern Florida, and their adults presumably contribute to mortality of horn fly eggs and larvae in the field. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Hu, GY (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 34 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 26 IS 6 BP 1240 EP 1246 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YX491 UT WOS:000072045400008 ER PT J AU Hofstetter, RW Raffa, KF AF Hofstetter, RW Raffa, KF TI Effects of host diet on the orientation, development, and subsequent generations of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) egg parasitoid Ooencyrtus kuvanae (Hymenoptera : Encyrtidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ooencyrtus kuvanae; Lymantria dispar; egg parasitoid; host location; sex ratio; fecundity ID DISPAR LEPIDOPTERA; BEHAVIOR; WASPS AB Female Ooencyrius kuranae (Howard) were attracted to odors from gypsy moth, Lynantria dispar (L.), egg masses in a 4-way olfactometer. Responses to egg mass odors varied with the difference of larval diet of the host. The number of gypsy moth generations on a particular larval diet also appeared to affect parasitoid orientation to the resulting egg masses. The plant species on which gypsy moth larvae fed affected characteristics of both the egg masses and the emerging wasps. Gypsy moth egg masses derived from plant-fed larvae had larger, but fewer, eggs than those derived from larvae fed artificial diet. The effects of host larval food on egg parasitoid emergence appeared in the 2nd generation, apparently because wasp developmental substrate affected their fecundity. O. kuvanae that developed in eggs derived from oak-fed gypsy moths produced more offspring than those that developed in eggs derived from tamarack-fed gypsy moths, regardless of subsequent ovipositional substrate. The offspring sex ratio was influenced by the ovipositional and parental substrates. The proportion of females was highest in larval treatments and egg mass sections that yielded the largest eggs. O. kuvanae generally parasitized more eggs in the section of the egg mass that was laid first by the gypsy moth. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Entomol, Russell Labs 345, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Hofstetter, RW (reprint author), ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, USDA, Wapata, WA 98951 USA. NR 28 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ANNAPOLIS PA 3 PARK PLACE, STE 307, ANNAPOLIS, MD 21401-3722 USA SN 0046-225X EI 1938-2936 J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 26 IS 6 BP 1276 EP 1282 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YX491 UT WOS:000072045400013 ER PT J AU Messina, FJ Jones, TA Nielson, DC AF Messina, FJ Jones, TA Nielson, DC TI Host-plant effects on the efficacy of two predators attacking Russian wheat aphids (Homoptera : Aphididae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Diuraphis noxia; tri-trophic interactions; ladybird beetle; lacewing; biological control ID ALTERNATE HOSTS; SEARCHING BEHAVIOR; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; REFUGE THEORY; COCCINELLIDS; POPULATIONS; PERFORMANCE; COLEOPTERA; NEUROPTERA AB We compared the effectiveness of generalist predators in reducing populations of the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), on range grasses that differ in leaf architecture. Crested wheatgrass, Agropyron desertorum, produces relatively broad leaves and, like wheat, provides aphids with rolled leaves as potential refuges from natural enemies; Indian ricegrass, Oryzopsis hymenoides, bears linear, involute leaves that are usually too narrow to permit aphid aggregations within leaf rolls. We established aphid populations on each host and then introduced either neonate larvae of the lacewing Chrysoperla plorabunda (Fitch) or adults of the ladybird beetle Propylea quatuordecimpunctata L. On seedlings, there was an interaction between the effects of predator species and host-plant species; beetles were less effective on crested wheatgrass than on Indian ricegrass, but lacewings eliminated or nearly eliminated aphid populations on both hosts. On whole plants in the field, both predators tended to be more effective on Indian ricegrass than on crested wheatgrass. In all experiments, lacewing larvae were superior to beetles in causing extinction of aphid populations. These results are consistent with behavioral observations of foraging predators, and suggest that the host-plant effects on the 3rd trophic level can depend on predator species as well as plant stage. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Biol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Messina, FJ (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Biol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 26 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 7 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 26 IS 6 BP 1398 EP 1404 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YX491 UT WOS:000072045400029 ER PT J AU Fuester, RW Sandridge, PT Dill, NH McLaughlin, JM Taylor, PB Sigmond, JOD Newlon, CJ AF Fuester, RW Sandridge, PT Dill, NH McLaughlin, JM Taylor, PB Sigmond, JOD Newlon, CJ TI Apparent fate of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) pupae stung by the introduced parasite Coccygomimus disparis (Hymenoptera : Ichneumonidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lymantria dispar; Coccygomimus disparis; parasitism; parasite-induced mortality; gender-biased mortality; biological control ID MORTALITY AB Observations on stinging behavior of Coccygomimus disparis (Viereck), an introduced pupal parasite of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), and its impact on host fate were made in a field study at 3 sites in a forested community near Hartly, DE. Incidence of ichneumonid parasitism and other mortality sources were compared in hosts known and not known to have been stung by C. disparis. Both parasitism and other mortality were higher in stung pupae. Survival of pupae, as evidenced by emergence of adult moths known to have been stung by C. disparis, was significantly lower than those not known to have been stung at 2 of the 3 study sites, and al all 3 sites when only female pupae were considered. The only site where no difference was noted had sustained heavy mortality (>80%), induced by Ether factors, especially Calosoma sycophanta (L.) and Brachymeria intermedia (Nees). Parasitization by ichneumonids and B. intermedia, as well as incidence of disease and desiccation, were higher in pupae of L. dispar experimentally stung by C. disparis than in those which were not. Attacks by C. disparis ranged from 10 s to approximate to 17 min in duration, but averaged <4 min. Host feeding by C. disparis females did not affect survival in stung hosts but did prolong attack duration. Attack duration differed among sites. C1 ARS, Beneficial Insects Introduct Res, USDA, Newark, DE 19713 USA. Delaware State Univ, Dept Agr & Nat Resources, Dover, DE 19901 USA. Delaware State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Dover, DE 19901 USA. RP Fuester, RW (reprint author), ARS, Beneficial Insects Introduct Res, USDA, Newark, DE 19713 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 26 IS 6 BP 1442 EP 1451 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YX491 UT WOS:000072045400034 ER PT J AU Lacey, LA Mesquita, ALM Mercadier, G Debire, R Kazmer, DJ Leclant, F AF Lacey, LA Mesquita, ALM Mercadier, G Debire, R Kazmer, DJ Leclant, F TI Acute and sublethal activity of the entomopathogenic fungus Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Deuteromycotina : Hyphomycetes) on adult Aphelinus asychis (Hymenoptera : Aphelinidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Paecilomyces fumosoroseus; Aphelinus asychis; foraging behavior; interaction; sublethal effects ID CEREAL APHIDS HOMOPTERA; RUSSIAN WHEAT APHID; PARASITOID ENCARSIA-FORMOSA; DIURAPHIS-NOXIA HOMOPTERA; BEAUVERIA-BASSIANA FUNGI; SOUTHWESTERN IDAHO; ASCHERSONIA-ALEYRODIS; ENTOMOPHTHORALES; ISOLATE; EPIZOOTICS AB In order to be most effective, components of integrated pest management programs should act in concert with minimal antagonistic interaction between natural enemy groups and other interventions. Entomopathogenic fungi and insect natural enemies have the potential to complement or interfere with one another, depending on environmental conditions. The acute and sublethal effects of the hyphomycete fungus, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Wize) Brown & Smith, on adult female Aphelinus asychis Walker, a common parasitoid of the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), were studied under conditions of low ( similar to 55% RH) and high (greater than or equal to 95% RH) humidity at 24 degrees C. Parasites exposed to dosages of P. fumosoroseus ranging from 3.75 to 3.75 X 10(3) conidia per square centimeter and incubated at 24 degrees C in low or high relative humidity responded with mortality ranges of 20-33% and 33-88%, respectively. The effect of treatment with P. fumosoroseus at 5.2 X 10(4) spores per square centimeter (2X LC95 for D. noxia) on foraging behavior of the parasitoid was studied with video image analysis 24-96 h after treatment with the fungus and incubation at low or high relative humidity. There was no significant difference between control and fungus-treated females that were incubated at the lower humidity in terms of percentage of time walking, turning, resting, and average walking speed. However, fungus-treated insects that were incubated at high relative humidity were significantly less active than their respective controls for percentage of time walking, walking speed, and distance covered. Also, average walking speed and distance walked by treated parasitoids incubated at low relative humidity for 96 h following treatment was significantly greater than treated insects incubated at the high relative humidity. Females treated with 2.6 X 10(4) spores per square centimeter and held in greater than or equal to 95% RH for 24 h followed by incubation at 60% RH survived for an average of 5.7 d relative to 9 d for untreated females. The number of mummies produced per female per day was not significantly different between treated and untreated females, but more aphids were parasitized by the control insects due to longer survival. The limited untoward effect of P. fumosoroseus on adult A. asychis under conditions of lower humidity indicates good potential for their combined use for control of the Russian wheat aphid. C1 ARS, European Biol Control Lab, USDA, F-34397 Montpellier 5, France. RP Lacey, LA (reprint author), ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, USDA, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapatao, WA 98951 USA. NR 40 TC 29 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 14 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 26 IS 6 BP 1452 EP 1460 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YX491 UT WOS:000072045400035 ER PT J AU Farrar, RR Ridgway, RL AF Farrar, RR Ridgway, RL TI The celery looper (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) baculovirus: Potency and enhancement by Blankophor BBH against 3 lepidopteran species SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Helicoverpa zea; Spodoptera exigua; Plutella xylostella; Anagrapha falcifera; nuclear polyhedrosis virus; enhancement ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; GYPSY-MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; AUTOGRAPHA-CALIFORNICA LEPIDOPTERA; ANAGRAPHA-FALCIFERA LEPIDOPTERA; FALL ARMYWORM LEPIDOPTERA; FLUORESCENT BRIGHTENER; OPTICAL BRIGHTENERS; LYMANTRIIDAE; INFECTIVITY; PESTS AB The potency of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the celery looper, Anagrapha falcifera (Kirby) (AfMNPV), was evaluated against 2nd instars of the corn eanworm, Helicoverpa tea (Boddie); beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner); and diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Tests included virus produced in corn earworm larvae (in vivo) and in cell culture (in vitro). Potency was highest against the corn earworm, least against the diamondback moth, and intermediate against the beet armyworm. Discovery of a bacterial contaminant, Serratia marcescens Bizio, in the in vivo virus sample limited our ability to make comparisons of in vivo versus in vitro viruses, however. An antibiotic, neomycin sulfate, was used to control the bacterium in later tests. The addition of a diaminostilbenedisulfonic acid derivative, Blankophor BBH, to AfMNPV increased the potency of the virus against all insect species tested. However, neither Blankophor BBH nor neomycin sulfate greatly affected the relative differences in potency among host species. C1 ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Entomol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Farrar, RR (reprint author), ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, USDA, Bldg 306,Room 322,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 31 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 26 IS 6 BP 1461 EP 1469 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YX491 UT WOS:000072045400036 ER PT J AU Ignoffo, CM Garcia, C Saathoff, SG AF Ignoffo, CM Garcia, C Saathoff, SG TI Sunlight stability and rain-fastness of formulations of Baculovirus heliothis SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Baculovirus heliothis; Helicoverpa (Heliothis) zea; nuclear polyhedrosis virus; sunlight-ultraviolet stability; rain-fastness ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; GYPSY-MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; SIMULATED SUNLIGHT; NUCLEOPOLYHEDROSIS VIRUS; ENVIRONMENTAL-FACTORS; LABORATORY EVALUATION; INCLUSION-BODIES; INACTIVATION; UV; PROTECTANTS AB Sunlight-Ultraviolet, with an activity spectrum from 290 to 400 nm, is the most destructive factor affecting the persistence of baculoviruses. Benzopurpurin (a disazo dye) and carbon provided the best protection when polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB) of Baculovirus heliothis were exposed to an artificial spectrum simulating sunlight-UV (UV). Greater than 75% of the original PIB activity was still present after 48 h of sunlight-UV. When sprayed on soybeans and exposed to natural sunlight, only formulations with carbon provided significant protection of PIB. The half-life of formulations were PIB-only 4.9 +/- 1.4 h (mean +/- SE), PIB + polymer (pyrrolidone-based sticker) 3.3 +/- 0.6 h, PIB + polymer + benzopurpurin 3.4 +/- 0.7 h, and PIB + polymer + carbon 27.7 +/- 5.2 h. PIB of B. heliothis tenaciously adhere to soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, leaflets after spraying and drying. Less than 6% of the PIB activity of nonformulated PIB was lost after a drenching, simulated rainfall. More than 97% of the original PIB activity of carbon formulations was still present on soybean leaflets after 10 h of exposure to sunlight-UV. In contrast, <20% was present for formulations without carbon. C1 ARS, Biol Control Insects Res Lab, USDA, Columbia, MO 65205 USA. Univ Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Ignoffo, CM (reprint author), ARS, Biol Control Insects Res Lab, USDA, Columbia, MO 65205 USA. NR 22 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 11 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 26 IS 6 BP 1470 EP 1474 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YX491 UT WOS:000072045400037 ER PT J AU Laszlo, JA AF Laszlo, JA TI Regeneration of dye-saturated quaternized cellulose by bisulfite-mediated borohydride reduction of dye azo droops: An improved process for decolorization of textile wastewaters SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MICRONUTRIENT TOXICITY; REACTIVE DYE; WATER AB Cellulosics modified to contain quaternary ammonium groups have a strong affinity for anionic dyes. Therefore, ion exchangers based on quaternized cellulose or lignocellulose can be used to remove textile dyes from wastewater. However, restoration of exchanger binding capacity is poor using conventional, low-cost regenerants. Experiments were conducted with two monoazo dyes, Orange II (Acid Orange 7) and Remazol Red F3B (Reactive Red 180), to determine whether reductive cleavage of dye azo bonds improves exchanger regenerability. Treatment with the redox couple KBH4/NaHSO3 fully restored the binding capacity of Orange It-saturated quaternized cellulose. KBH4/NaHSO3 treatment of quaternized cellulose saturated with Remazol Red F3B (hydrolyzed, unreactive form) restored 74% of the exchanger binding capacity, which increased to 95% with a subsequent wash with NaOH or NaClO4. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to confirm that KBH4/NaHSO3 reductively cleaved dye azo bonds. Bisulfite was found to form a stable adduct with Orange II but to not cleave the dye's azo bond. The efficiency of dye azo bond reduction was the same for dye in solution and exchanger-bound dye. These results indicate that reduction of monoazo dyes is an efficient method by which to regenerate the dye binding capacity of quaternized cellulosics used to decolorize textile wastewater. RP Laszlo, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,BIOMAT PROC RES UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 14 TC 22 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 31 IS 12 BP 3647 EP 3653 DI 10.1021/es970395v PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YJ882 UT WOS:A1997YJ88200067 ER PT J AU Lemme, TH Olness, A Voorhees, WB AF Lemme, TH Olness, A Voorhees, WB TI Automated procedure for extraction of metolachlor from soil SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MOBILITY; ALACHLOR; ATRAZINE AB Methods for extraction of metolachlor[2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] from soil are tedious and time-consuming. Existing robotic stations were adapted to provide an automated multistep method of metolachlor extraction from soil. The method was examined using a fine-loamy, mixed Udic Haploboroll. Duration of equilibration (0-4 h), initial soil pH (5.0-7.1), temperature of evaporation (24, 35, and 50 degrees C), and gas used for perfusion (air or N-2) were examined. Extraction efficiency was unaffected by duration of equilibration or initial soil pH. A temperature by perfusion gas interaction affected percent recovery. At 24 degrees C, N-2 provided a small but measurable advantage in recovery, 71.1-74.2%. At 35 degrees C, a clear advantage in recovery, 50.5-69.8%, was obtained using compressed air. At 50 degrees C, recovery, which averaged only about 38%, was unaffected by perfusion gas. Relative recovery was unaffected by incubation time in 90% methanol over a 4-h range. Relative to the current extraction method, the serialized robotic method increased sample output by 267%. Relative costs of extraction were also compared. Hazardous waste generation was decreased by about 67%, and reagent cost was decreased by > 75% using the robotic method. RP Lemme, TH (reprint author), USDA ARS,N CENT SOIL CONSERVAT RES LAB,803 IOWA AVE,MORRIS,MN 56267, USA. NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 31 IS 12 BP 3682 EP 3685 DI 10.1021/es970416l PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YJ882 UT WOS:A1997YJ88200072 ER PT J AU Jayasundera, S Torrents, A Schmidt, WJ AF Jayasundera, S Torrents, A Schmidt, WJ TI Noncovalent interactions between acenaphthenone and dissolved fulvic acid as determined by C-13 NMR T-1 relaxation measurements - Comment SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,ENVIRONM ENGN PROGRAM,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. USDA ARS,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,NRI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 31 IS 12 BP 3742 EP 3743 DI 10.1021/es970583l PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YJ882 UT WOS:A1997YJ88200087 ER PT J AU Seale, JL Rumpler, WV AF Seale, JL Rumpler, WV TI Comparison of energy expenditure measurements by diet records, energy intake balance, doubly labeled water and room calorimetry SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE diet records; energy intake; energy expenditure; indirect calorimetry ID VALIDATION; HUMANS; WOMEN; ACCURACY AB Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare estimates of daily energy expenditure (EE) using energy intake from self reported diet records, metabolizable energy intake balance, doubly labeled water and room calorimetry methods. Design: Cross sectional design. Setting: Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD USA. Interventions: Energy intake was measured using seven-day self reported diet records (EI), and metabolizable energy (ME) intake balance. EE was measured using doubly labeled water (TEE) and 24 h indirect room calorimetry (24 EE). Body composition was measured using stable isotope dilution and DEXA. Results: EI measured by self reported diet records was 22% less than ME intake balance, 23% less than TEE by doubly labeled water and 8% less than 24 EE by room calorimetry. 24 EE was 16% less than TEE and 16% less than ME. TEE was not significantly greater than ME (0.3%). While mean ME, TEE and 24 EE measurements were significantly lower in female compared to male subjects, mean EI and the mean percent difference between measurement methods were not. Conclusions: Direct comparison of these methods indicate self reported diet records and room calorimetry underestimate daily energy expenditure. While EI balance accurately estimates energy expenditure, EE measured by doubly labeled water is a more direct approach. C1 Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Diet & Human Performance Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Seale, JL (reprint author), BARC E, Bldg 308,Rm 212,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 29 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 7 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0954-3007 J9 EUR J CLIN NUTR JI Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 51 IS 12 BP 856 EP 863 DI 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600498 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA YP241 UT WOS:000071256800010 PM 9426361 ER PT J AU Enebak, SA Bucciarelli, B Ostry, ME Li, B AF Enebak, SA Bucciarelli, B Ostry, ME Li, B TI Histological analyses of the host response of two aspen genotypes to wounding and inoculation with Hypoxylon mammatum SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF FOREST PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POPULUS-TREMULOIDES; LEUCOSTOMA-PERSOONII; PERIDERM FORMATION; INFECTION SITES; TREMBLING ASPEN; BARK; RESISTANCE; ANATOMY; CLONES; TREES AB Ramets derived from root sprouts of two quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) parents were either mechanically wounded or wounded and inoculated with mycelium of Hypoxylon mammatum. Female aspen parents were considered either resistant or susceptible based on a 30-year field trial of their open-pollinated progenies that had 21% and 93% mortality, respectively, caused by H. mammatum. Each stem was wounded twice at the base and in the nonlignified zone. Samples were taken 5 mm above the site of wounding at 7 and 14 days. Histochemicals used were phloroglucinol-HCl and Sudan Black B to detect lignin and suberin, respectively. Thin sections of the resistant aspen ramets showed intensive staining phloroglucinol-HCl, which was localized along both sides of the wound margin. Collenchyma callus was well developed by day 7 and was derived from the phloem tissue internal to the cell walls staining positive for phloroglucinol-HCl, near the vascular cambium. In contrast, the tissues of susceptible aspen ramets were less stained, the stained cells were less scattered and less collenchyma callus had formed than on the resistant ramets. The presence of the fungus increased the amount of staining observed with phloroglucinol-HCl and delayed wound closure in both aspen genotypes. No distinguishing pattern could be identified between the two aspen genotypes with respect to suberin formation. When comparing stem response to phloroglucinol-HCl with respect to the tissue type on the same stem (succulent versus woody), the inoculation of older woody tissue resulted in more defined host response and thus were better in separating the two aspen genotypes. C1 Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. US Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Forestry, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Enebak, SA (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 29 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0300-1237 J9 EUR J FOREST PATHOL JI Eur. J. Forest Pathol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 27 IS 6 BP 337 EP 345 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA YN730 UT WOS:000071200100001 ER PT J AU Ledig, FT Jacob-Cervantes, V Hodgskiss, PD Eguiluz-Piedra, T AF Ledig, FT Jacob-Cervantes, V Hodgskiss, PD Eguiluz-Piedra, T TI Recent evolution and divergence among populations of a rare Mexican endemic, Chihuahua spruce, following Holocene climatic warming SO EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE gene flow; genetic diversity; genetic drift; inbreeding; isozymes; Picea; population decline ID ABIES L KARST; GENETIC-VARIATION; PICEA-ABIES; MATING SYSTEM; BLACK-SPRUCE; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; WHITE SPRUCE; ALLOZYME VARIATION; ENGELMANN SPRUCE; SEED PRODUCTION AB Fragmentation and reduction in population size are expected to reduce genetic diversity. However, examples from natural populations of forest trees are scarce. The range of Chihuahua spruce retreated northward and fragmented coincident with the warming climate that marked the early Holocene. The isolated populations vary from 15 to 2441 trees, which provided an opportunity to test whether census number is a good predictor of genetic diversity. Mean expected heterozygosity, H-e, based on 24 loci in 16 enzyme systems, was 0.093 for 10 sampled populations, which is within the range reported for conifers. However, estimates varied more than twofold among populations and H, was closely related to the logarithm of the number of mature trees in the population (r(He,N) = 0.93). Diversity among populations, F-ST, was 24.8% of the total diversity, which is higher than that observed In almost all conifer species studied. Nei's genetic distance, D, was nor related to geographic distance between populations, and (D) over bar was 0.033, which is higher than estimates for most wide-ranging species. Most populations had excess homozygosity and the fixation index, F-IS, was higher than that reported for all but one species of conifer. Nm, the number of migrants per generation, was 0.43 to 0.76, depending on estimation procedure, and is the smallest observed in conifers. The data suggest that populations of Chihuahua spruce have differentiated by drift and that they are effectively isolated. The results illustrate how a combination of paleontological observation and molecular markers can be used to illuminate recent evolutionary events. Multilocus estimates of outcrossing for two small populations were zero (complete selfing) and 0.153, respectively, which are in striking contrast to the near complete outcrossing observed in most conifers. The high fixation index and a high proportion of empty seeds (45%) suggest that inbreeding may be a serious problem for conservation of Chihuahua spruce. C1 US Forest Serv, Inst Forest Genet, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Placerville, CA 95667 USA. Univ Autonoma Chapingo, Ctr Genet Forestal, Mexico City 56230, DF, Mexico. RP Ledig, FT (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Inst Forest Genet, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, 2480 Carson Rd, Placerville, CA 95667 USA. EM fswa/s=t.ledig/ou=r05f03d57a@mhs.attmail.com NR 86 TC 73 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 8 PU SOC STUDY EVOLUTION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0014-3820 J9 EVOLUTION JI Evolution PD DEC PY 1997 VL 51 IS 6 BP 1815 EP 1827 DI 10.2307/2411004 PG 13 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA YT859 UT WOS:000071652200011 ER PT J AU Gilliam, M AF Gilliam, M TI Identification and roles of non-pathogenic microflora associated with honey bees (vol 155, pg 1, 1997) SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Correction C1 USDA ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Gilliam, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1097 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett. PD DEC 1 PY 1997 VL 157 IS 1 BP 219 EP 219 PG 1 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA ZA147 UT WOS:000072333600033 ER PT J AU Shepherd, BS Ron, B Burch, A Sparks, R Richman, NH Shimoda, SK Stetson, MH Lim, C Grau, EG AF Shepherd, BS Ron, B Burch, A Sparks, R Richman, NH Shimoda, SK Stetson, MH Lim, C Grau, EG TI Effects of salinity, dietary level of protein and 17 alpha-methyltestosterone on growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (tPRL(177) and tPRL(188)) levels in the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus SO FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Fish Endocrinology CY MAY 27-31, 1996 CL HAKODATE, JAPAN DE tilapia; seawater; freshwater; prolactin; growth hormone; pituitary gland; 17 alpha-methyltestosterone; diet; protein ID THYROTROPIN-RELEASING-HORMONE; EURYHALINE TILAPIA; RAINBOW-TROUT; COHO SALMON; HYPEROSMOTIC ENVIRONMENT; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; BRANCHIAL CARTILAGE; ACID-CONCENTRATIONS; 2 PROLACTINS; AMINO-ACIDS AB In the present study, we examined the long-term effects of environmental salinity, diet (35% and 25% crude protein) and 17 alpha-methyltestosterone (MT) on corresponding levels of pituitary and serum growth hormone (GH) and prolactins (tPRL177 and tPRL188) in the tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). We observed no discernible patterns in serum GH that would suggest an effect of salinity, diet or MT. However, serum GH levels in all treatments declined at 1 and 3h after first feeding. Serum tPRL177 and tPRL188 were significantly higher in freshwater (FW) than in seawater (SW) and levels were significantly affected by dietary protein. tPRL177 levels were higher in all groups fed a 35% protein diet, but tPRL188 levels were higher only in the groups fed the MT-treated 35% protein diet; only serum tPRL188 levels were affected by MT. Moreover, serum tPRL177 and tPRL188 increased throughout the sampling timecourse. Subsequent work using fasted tilapia suggests that first feeding is likely to initiate the postprandial suppression of serum GH levels. In contrast with the picture. observed in blood, pituitary glands of SW animals showed higher levels of GH than FW fish. Pituitary GH was elevated by MT in both FW and SW. We also observed that pituitary tPRL177 and tPRL188 levels were higher in FW fish than in SW fish; tPRL177 and tPRL188 levels were elevated by MT only in FW animals. To assess the somatomedin activity of plasma from FW- and SW-reared tilapia, we measured [35S]-sulfate incorporation into ceratobranchial cartilage explants in vitro. Plasma from SW-adapted tilapia showed greater activity in this assay than plasma from FW-reared tilapia, suggesting that the GH-dependent IGF bioactivity of plasma is higher in SW-reared tilapia. Collectively, these studies suggest that the growth-promoting actions of SW rearing and of MT administration in tilapia may be linked to elevations in GH and/or prolactin (tPRL177 and tPRL188) levels. C1 Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Kaneohe, HI 96744 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Zool, Kaneohe, HI USA. Univ Delaware, Sch Life & Hlth Sci, Newark, DE 19716 USA. USDA ARS, Fish Dis & Parasite Res Lab, Auburn, AL USA. RP Grau, EG (reprint author), Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, 46-007 Lilipuna Rd,POB 1346, Kaneohe, HI 96744 USA. NR 53 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-1742 J9 FISH PHYSIOL BIOCHEM JI Fish Physiol. Biochem. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 17 IS 1-6 BP 279 EP 288 DI 10.1023/A:1007770511491 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Fisheries; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Fisheries; Physiology GA YW858 UT WOS:000071981100035 ER PT J AU Shapiro, JP Bowman, KD Smith, HS AF Shapiro, JP Bowman, KD Smith, HS TI Resistance of citrus rootstocks and Glycosmis pentaphylla against larval Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in live root or diet-incorporation assays SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Diaprepes abbreviatus; citrus root weevil; rootstock resistance; larval growth; diet-incorporation assay ID COUMARINS; WEEVIL AB The growth of larval Diaprepes abbreviatus L. was measured after rearing them on roots of rutaceous seedlings for 35 or 42 days. Larvae were fed on seedlings of two common citrus rootstocks, two new hybrids that are under development as rootstocks, and one citrus relative. Live weights of larvae reared on Carrizo or Swingle rootstocks for 42 days increased an average of 10.3- and 10.2-fold, respectively; weight increases on the citrus hybrids HRS-802 and HRS-896 for 35 days averaged 7.6- and 6.1-fold, respectively; and weight increase on Glycosmis pentaphylla Retzius for 42 days averaged 2.5-fold. A bioassay to test for potential phytochemical sources of resistance against the larvae was developed by incorporating finely milled roots into larval diet. Milled root samples were incorporated into a standard semi-defined diet at 5% concentrations (w/v), and growth of larval weevils was recorded following a 32-day feeding period. Roots collected from uninfested control seedlings in the previous experiment were used. On diet containing no roots, mean larval weight increased 16.8-fold, while weights increased 13.9-fold on diet containing roots of Carrizo, 12.0-fold on Swingle, 15.1-fold on HRS-802, 12.3-fold on HRS-896, and only 5.5-fold on G. pentaphylla. Both tests indicate that G. pentaphylla may represent a source of root resistance to D. abbreviatus, and the diet-incorporation tests indicate potential phytochemical or microbial sources of resistance. RP Shapiro, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS,2120 CAMDEN RD,ORLANDO,FL 32803, USA. NR 12 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 80 IS 4 BP 471 EP 477 DI 10.2307/3495612 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YK755 UT WOS:A1997YK75500006 ER PT J AU Mitchell, ER Tingle, FC NavaseroWard, RC Kehat, M AF Mitchell, ER Tingle, FC NavaseroWard, RC Kehat, M TI Diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae): Parasitism by Cotesia plutellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in cabbage SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Plutella xylostella; biological control; integrated pest management; Diadegma insulare ID HOST-RELATED ODORS; BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; MARGINIVENTRIS CRESSON; FLORIDA; POPULATIONS; RESISTANCE; INSECTS; ECOLOGY AB Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov was evaluated as a potential biological control agent for diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus), in cabbage in spring 1993 and 1994. The parasitoids were reared in a commercial insectary in Texas, delivered overnight via air express, and released 24-48 h after receipt in cabbage fields in Northeast Florida. In 1993, only adult parasitoids were released, but adults and cocoons were released in 1994. The numbers of C. plutellae released ranged from 456 per ha per wk in 1993 to 1,334 per ha per wk in 1994. Four consecutive releases were made each year beginning in early February. Parasitism of diamondback moth larvae by C. plutellae ranged from 3.6 to 10.9%, and the level of parasitism was related to the total numbers of parasitoids released. C. plutellae parasitoids were complimentary to the naturally occurring parasitoid Diadegma insulare (Cresson), and the combined mean seasonal parasitism of diamondback moth exceeded 34% in some fields. There was no evidence that C. plutellae became established in the general area although > 124,000 parasitoids were released over the 2-year test period. RP Mitchell, ER (reprint author), USDA,AGR RES SERV,CTR MED AGR & VET ENTOMOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32608, USA. NR 19 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 1 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 80 IS 4 BP 477 EP 489 DI 10.2307/3495613 PG 13 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YK755 UT WOS:A1997YK75500007 ER PT J AU Liu, BH Brewer, JF Flaherty, JE Payne, G Bhatnagar, D Chu, FS AF Liu, BH Brewer, JF Flaherty, JE Payne, G Bhatnagar, D Chu, FS TI Immunochemical identification of AFLR, a regulatory protein, involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis SO FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aflatoxin; AFLR; antibodies; regulation; A-flavus; A-parasiticus ID ASPERGILLUS-PARASITICUS; EXPRESSION AB Polyclonal antibodies against AFLR, the aflR gene product of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, were generated by immunizing a rabbit with the Escherichia coli-expressed recombinant AFLR protein of A. flavus. Immunoblot analysis revealed that the antibodies not only reacted with the recombinant AFLR protein of A. flavus or A. parasiticus but also with native 47-kDa AFLR in A. flavus and A. parasiticus. Immunoblot analysis revealed that accumulation of the 47-kDa AFLR in cultures of A. flavus and A. parasiticus correlated well with the production of aflatoxin under various culture conditions that regulate aflatoxin formation. Neither AFLR nor aflatoxin was found when A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 was grown in peptone mineral salts (PMS) medium; however, both were detected after the culture was transferred to glucose mineral salts (GMS) medium. The AFLR protein was absent in the non-aflatoxigenic Penicillium and Fusarium species grown in GMS medium. The data indicate that the antibodies obtained in the present studies are specific for AFLR and could be used in various studies to monitor the role of AFLR in regulating aflatoxin biosynthesis. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Food Microbiol & Toxicol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Food Res Inst, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Environm Toxicol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Chu, FS (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Food Microbiol & Toxicol, 1925 Willow Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. OI LIU, BIING-HUI/0000-0002-8662-0512 NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0954-0105 EI 1465-3443 J9 FOOD AGR IMMUNOL JI Food Agric. Immunol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 9 IS 4 BP 289 EP 298 DI 10.1080/09540109709354959 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology; Immunology; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Immunology; Toxicology GA ZC328 UT WOS:000072566200006 ER PT J AU Passos, FV Fleming, HP Felder, RM Ollis, DF AF Passos, FV Fleming, HP Felder, RM Ollis, DF TI Modeling growth of Saccharomyces rosei in cucumber fermentation SO FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LACTOBACILLUS-PLANTARUM; CULTURE; YEASTS AB Objectives of this study were to assess the effects of key variables involved in cucumber fermentation on growth of the yeast, Saccharomyces rosei, and to develop a mathematical description of those effects. The growth medium for the studies was cucumber juice. Effects of concentrations of lactic, acetic, and hydrochloric acids and sodium chloride on growth at 30 degrees C were determined in batch culture. Effect of substrate concentration on the specific growth rate was also defined. The specific growth rate decreased from 0.355 h(-1) at pH 6.0 to 0.189 h(-1) at pH 3.2. The undissociated form of lactic acid was more inhibitory than that of acetic acid. A predictive equation for specific growth rate was developed for predicting growth of S. rosei in batch culture. The molar yield of ethanol was 1.75 (+/-0.07) mM ethanol per mM hexose. Malate was not utilized, and glycerol was produced. The apparent biomass yield under anaerobic condition was 12.2 (+/-1.3) g cells/mol hexose. Aerobically, the biomass yield was 30.7 g cells/mol hexose. Similar specific growth rates were observed anaerobically (0.358 h(-1)) and aerobically (0.352 h(-1)). The predictive model for growth of S. rosei in cucumber juice should prove useful in modeling the mixed culture (yeast and lactic acid bacteria) fermentation of brined, whole cucumbers. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,FOOD FERMENTAT LAB,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,N CAROLINA AGR RES SERV,DEPT FOOD SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CHEM ENGN,RALEIGH,NC 27695. UNIV FED VICOSA,DEPT FOOD SCI,BR-36570 VICOSA,MG,BRAZIL. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0740-0020 J9 FOOD MICROBIOL JI Food Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 14 IS 6 BP 533 EP 542 DI 10.1006/fmic.1997.0118 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA YL359 UT WOS:A1997YL35900003 ER PT J AU Weisburger, JH Blumberg, J Franke, WC AF Weisburger, JH Blumberg, J Franke, WC TI Tannins article draws response SO FOOD TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. RP Weisburger, JH (reprint author), AMER HLTH FDN,1 DANA RD,VALHALLA,NY 10595, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 SN 0015-6639 J9 FOOD TECHNOL-CHICAGO JI Food Technol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 51 IS 12 BP 168 EP & PG 2 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA YL530 UT WOS:A1997YL53000021 ER PT J AU Parrotta, JA Turnbull, JW Jones, N AF Parrotta, JA Turnbull, JW Jones, N TI Introduction - Catalyzing native forest regeneration on degraded tropical lands SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Editorial Material DE biodiversity; forest restoration; plantation; rehabilitation; silviculture; succession ID SUCCESSION; PLANTATIONS; AMAZONIA; RESTORATION; UNDERSTOREY; RECOVERY; PASTURES AB Forest clearing, forest degradation through human disturbance, and the deterioration of land productivity due to inappropriate agricultural practices is a major problem in the tropics. Restoration of ecosystem health and productivity has generally relied on abandonment of land and subsequent natural forest succession. In recent years there has been consideration of management options to accelerate recovery and restore productivity, biodiversity and other values. The use of tree plantations to catalyze restoration of degraded forests and lands in the tropics was addressed at a symposium in Washington DC in June 1996. The conclusions and suggestions for future research to develop appropriate management options are reported. There is strong evidence that plantations can facilitate forest succession in their understories through modification of both physical and biological site conditions. Changes in light, temperature and moisture at the soil surface enable germination and growth of seeds transported to the site by wildlife and other vectors from adjacent forest remnants. Development and design of management options to assist this process are required, taking into account socio-economic realities, development priorities and conservation goals. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 CTR INT FORESTRY RES, JAKARTA 10065, INDONESIA. RP Parrotta, JA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, INT INST TROP FORESTRY, USDA, POB 25000, RIO PIEDRAS, PR 00928 USA. NR 41 TC 294 Z9 323 U1 7 U2 71 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 99 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 7 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00190-4 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA YG716 UT WOS:A1997YG71600002 ER PT J AU Lugo, AE AF Lugo, AE TI The apparent paradox of reestablishing species richness on degraded lands with tree monocultures SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium and Workshop on Catalyzing Native Forest Regeneration on Degraded Tropical Lands CY JUN 11-14, 1996 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Int Union Forestry Res Org, Res Grp Restorat Degraded Sites, USDA, Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, World Bank, Agr & Forestry Syst Div, Ctr Int Forestry Res, Overseas Dev Adm, UK DE degraded lands; rehabilitation; succession; tree plantations; tropical forestry ID FOREST PLANTATIONS; BIOMASS PRODUCTION; SECONDARY FORESTS; PINE PLANTATION; REHABILITATION; REFORESTATION; SUCCESSION; GROWTH; SOIL; SITE AB The proliferation of degraded tropical landscapes in need of rehabilitation and the reduction of primary forest area have forced a closer collaboration between ecologists and land managers. This collaboration has led to new paradigms of forest management (combined in the term ecosystem management), new insights into forest ecology through comparative ecological research, a more objective analysis of the ecology of tree plantations and a better understanding of the ecological functioning of these ecosystems. Plantation forests can have the same functions as secondary forest stands. However, because of their species composition, structure and management history, plantations can be more susceptible to disturbances than paired secondary forest stands. Plantations can be designed for maximization of particular outputs such as timber, or for specific land rehabilitation objectives such as protection of soils from erosion. Observations of plantation understories in Puerto Rico suggest that high species richness could occur under the shade of monocultural stands. This led to the hypothesis that reestablishment of tree species richness on degraded sites with arrested succession could be facilitated through plantings of tree monocultures. This phenomena was demonstrated experimentally in small plots and through observations at the landscape scale. Restoring tree species richness by planting tree monocultures works because the manager can match species to particular site conditions and thus overcome Limiting factors that prevent the regeneration of species-rich forests on degraded sites. Once a forest canopy is established, microsite conditions change and wildlife is attracted. Animals are likely to disperse tree species from surrounding forest patches and regeneration of shade-intolerant species can be inhibited. Nine lines of research are suggested. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. RP Lugo, AE (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, INT INST TROP FORESTRY, USDA, POB 25000, RIO PIEDRAS, PR 00928 USA. NR 108 TC 184 Z9 220 U1 4 U2 30 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 99 IS 1-2 BP 9 EP 19 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00191-6 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA YG716 UT WOS:A1997YG71600003 ER PT J AU Parrotta, JA Knowles, OH Wunderle, JM AF Parrotta, JA Knowles, OH Wunderle, JM TI Development of floristic diversity in 10-year-old restoration forests on a bauxite mined site in Amazonia SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium and Workshop on Catalyzing Native Forest Regeneration on Degraded Tropical Lands CY JUN 11-14, 1996 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Int Union Forestry Res Org, Res Grp Restorat Degraded Sites, USDA, Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, World Bank, Agr & Forestry Syst Div, Ctr Int Forestry Res, Overseas Dev Adm, UK DE Brazil; forest restoration; plantations; seed dispersal; succession; wildlife ID PERUVIAN AMAZON; COSTA-RICA; SUCCESSION; BIRDS; PLANTATIONS; ECOLOGY; REGENERATION; VEGETATION; DISPERSAL; RECOVERY AB Patterns of plant and animal diversity were studied in a 10-year-old native species reforestation area at a bauxite-mined site at Porto Trombetas in western Para State, Brazil. Understorey and overstorey floristic composition and structure, understorey light conditions, forest floor development and soil properties were evaluated in a total of 3878.5-m(2) plots located in the reforestation area at varying distances up to 640 m from the boundary with the surrounding primary forest. Wildlife surveys focusing primarily on birds and bats were also conducted to assess the role of seed-dispersing animals in regeneration of woody forest species within the plantations and colonization by primary forest species not included in the original reforestation. Regeneration density, species richness and species diversity (Shannon-Wiener index) for woody perennial species, vines, herbs and grasses were strongly correlated with the diversity of planted tree species and structural development parameters, degree of forest floor development and soil pH. The better developed closed-canopy plots (>40% crown closure) were characterized by relatively well-developed litter (O1) and humus (O2) layers, more acidic soils being typical of the surrounding primary forests, and a more diverse herb, vine and woody perennial flora with a greater representation of primary forest species being characteristic of late secondary forests. In closed-canopy plots' a total of 125 tree, palm and shrub species were censused (versus 34 in the more open-canopy plots), of which 75 species are known to have been introduced by natural means from the surrounding primary forest (versus 11 species in the open-canopy plots). Among the plantation plots, there was significant colonization by primary forest woody species up to 640 m away from the primary forest edge, although both the abundance and the diversity of colonizing species declined with increasing distance into the plantations. Smaller-seeded primary forest woody species dispersed by mammals and birds represented a higher proportion of the colonizing species compared with the larger-seeded species. These data are consistent with the results of the wildlife surveys, which indicated that most animal seed dispersal is provided by bats, that the most common frugivorous bat and bird species in the plantations feed on small-seeded plant species and that birds and mammals that typically disperse larger-seeded tree species (such as toucans, trogons, tapirs, deer and primates) are still rare in the reforestation area. These results suggest that while the reforestation program has been successful in creating a favorable environment for regeneration of a native primary forest species, further management interventions, such as enrichment plantings, may be required to accelerate regeneration of large-seeded primary forest species. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. RP Parrotta, JA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, INST INST TROP FORESTRY, USDA, POB 25000, RIO PIEDRAS, PR 00928 USA. NR 64 TC 106 Z9 125 U1 4 U2 47 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 99 IS 1-2 BP 21 EP 42 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00192-8 PG 22 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA YG716 UT WOS:A1997YG71600004 ER PT J AU Harrington, RA Ewel, JJ AF Harrington, RA Ewel, JJ TI Invasibility of tree plantations by native and non-indigenous plant species in Hawaii SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium and Workshop on Catalyzing Native Forest Regeneration on Degraded Tropical Lands CY JUN 11-14, 1996 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Int Union Forestry Res Org, Res Grp Restorat Degraded Sites, USDA, Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, World Bank, Agr & Forestry Syst Div, Ctr Int Forestry Res, Overseas Dev Adm, UK DE biodiversity; Eucalyptus saligna; Flindersia brayleyana; Fraxinus uhdei; tree plantations; understory vegetation ID METROSIDEROS-POLYMORPHA; DOMINANT TREE; RAIN-FORESTS; SEEDLINGS; SOIL; GERMINATION; LITTER; GROWTH AB The Hawaiian archipelago, the most isolated on Earth, has proven to be especially vulnerable to invasions by non indigenous species. Alien species now outnumber natives and the threat they pose is in part responsible for the fact that approximately 25% of Hawaii's native flora, 90% of which is endemic, has been listed as threatened or endangered. To assess the effect of stand characteristics on the colonization of the plantations by alien and native species, we measured basal area, leaf area index (LAI), litter depth and standing litter mass in 26-to 32-year-old plantations of Eucalyptus saligna, Flindersia brayleyana and Fraxinus uhdei. The plantations are surrounded by native Hawaiian rainforest which has been invaded by numerous non-indigenous species. The basal area of the planted Flindersia was 45.2 m(2)/ha, three to four times that of the other two plantation species. Nevertheless, when colonizing species were included, total stand basal area and LAI did not differ significantly across the three plantation types. Litter depth ranged from 3.7 cm for Flindersia to 4.7 cm for Eucalyptus, and litter mass ranged from 7.4 Mg/ha for Fraxinus to 10.5 Mg/ha for Eucalyptus. Of 51 species identified in the plantation understories, 23 (45%) were common to all three plantation species. Eucalyptus plantations had 42 species, seven of which were uniquely found there, Fraxinus had 39 species, six of which were unique and Flindersia had 36 species, only one of which was unique. The most abundant understory species under Fraxinus were Cibotium glaucum and Metrosideros polymorpha, two dominant components of native Hawaiian rainforest. In contrast, the most abundant understory species in the Eucalyptus plantations was the alien tree, Psidium cattleianum and the understory of Flindersia was dominated by its own offspring. Average species richness (number of species per plot) of both native species and all species combined was significantly greater under Fraxinus than under the other two plantation species, but all plantations contained approximately equal numbers of non-indigenous species. Average density (number of individuals/m(2)) was greatest under Flindersia, although the density of native species alone was greatest under Fraxinus. Species richness and plant density were not correlated with litter depth or mass, but total species richness and density of native species did decrease with increasing LAI. In general, abundance of native plants in the understory decreased with increasing abundance of non-indigenous species and increasing basal area of plantation species. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. RP Harrington, RA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, USDA, INST PACIFIC ISL FORESTRY, 1151 PUNCHBOWL ST 323, HONOLULU, HI 96813 USA. NR 27 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 99 IS 1-2 BP 153 EP 162 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00201-6 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA YG716 UT WOS:A1997YG71600012 ER PT J AU Wunderle, JM AF Wunderle, JM TI The role of animal seed dispersal in accelerating native forest regeneration on degraded tropical lands SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium and Workshop on Catalyzing Native Forest Regeneration on Degraded Tropical Lands CY JUN 11-14, 1996 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Int Union Forestry Res Org, Res Grp Restorat Degraded Sites, USDA, Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, World Bank, Agr & Forestry Syst Div, Ctr Int Forestry Res, Overseas Dev Adm, UK DE animal seed dispersal; forest restoration; plantations; seed dispersal; wildlife ID OLD FIELD VEGETATION; RIO NEGRO REGION; AMAZON BASIN; PLANT SUCCESSION; FRUGIVOROUS BAT; WOODY-PLANTS; RAIN-FOREST; COSTA-RICA; DRY FOREST; ECOLOGY AB This paper reviews the characteristics of animal seed dispersal relevant to tropical forest restoration efforts and discusses their management implications. In many tropical regions seed dispersal by animals is the predominant form of dissemination of propagules and has the potential to facilitate recolonization of native vegetation on degraded sites. The site traits relevant for attracting seed dispersers include the availability of perches, the structural complexity of the vegetation and the presence of food resources, especially fruit, as an attractant. Tree plantations with these traits will be particularly attractive to animal seed dispersers and, therefore, will have higher rates of seed rain than plantations lacking these traits. The efficacy of animal seed dispersal to restoration sites can be limited by the degree of isolation from a seed source, absence of animal seed dispersers in the region and by large seed size. In highly degraded regions, where seed sources may be isolated and animal seed dispersers rare, restoration will require direct seeding or planting. However, even under the best of conditions with a full compliment of animal seed dispersers and a nearby seed source, large-seeded species, because of their relative immobility, should be planted if a full return to primary forest is desired. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. RP Wunderle, JM (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, INT INST TROP FORESTRY, USDA, POB 490, PALMER, PR 00721 USA. NR 103 TC 228 Z9 252 U1 13 U2 69 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 99 IS 1-2 BP 223 EP 235 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00208-9 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA YG716 UT WOS:A1997YG71600019 ER PT J AU Omaye, ST Krinsky, NI Kagan, VE Mayne, ST Liebler, DC Bidlack, WR AF Omaye, ST Krinsky, NI Kagan, VE Mayne, ST Liebler, DC Bidlack, WR TI beta-carotene: Friend or foe? SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID 9-CIS RETINOIC ACID; LUNG-CANCER; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; EPIDEMIOLOGIC EVIDENCE; ANTIOXIDANT REACTIONS; GEOMETRICAL-ISOMERS; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; SUPPLEMENTATION; PREVENTION AB This symposium focused on the research which documents benefit and toxicity in beta-carotene supplementation. Reflecting on past and current studies, the panel of experts discussed: (1) the potential harm of a high intake of beta-carotene on selected populations, (2) biochemical antioxidant/prooxidant mechanisms of beta-carotene at the cellular level, (3) potential benefits of other carotenoids and antioxidants, and (4) future directions for research in beta-carotene and other antioxidants. (C) 1997 Society of Toxicology. C1 Univ Nevada, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15238 USA. Yale Univ, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Calif State Polytech Univ Pomona, Pomona, CA 91768 USA. RP Omaye, ST (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Reno, NV 89557 USA. NR 65 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 40 IS 2 BP 163 EP 174 DI 10.1006/faat.1997.2387 PG 12 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA YT071 UT WOS:000071561100001 PM 9441712 ER PT J AU Cash, WB Holberton, RL Knight, SS AF Cash, WB Holberton, RL Knight, SS TI Corticosterone secretion in response to capture and handling in free-living red-eared slider turtles SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE corticosterone; Trachemys scripta; stress response; turtles; reptiles; glucocorticoid ID ACUTE CAPTIVITY STRESS; PLASMA-CORTICOSTERONE; SCELOPORUS-OCCIDENTALIS; ADRENOCORTICAL-RESPONSE; AMERICAN ALLIGATOR; UROSAURUS-ORNATUS; HORMONE; LIZARD; BIRDS; TESTOSTERONE AB The corticosterone response to capture and handling was measured in free-living red-eared slider turtles, Trachemys scripta elegans. To determine the ability of this species to exhibit this endocrine response, slider turtles were bled at the time of removal from hoop nets and again at 30 and 60 min following capture to create plasma profiles of acute corticosterone secretion from individuals. Plasma corticosterone concentration increased significantly with handling time. The greatest rise in corticosterone was within the first 30 min following capture and handling, with this rate of increase declining over the next 30 min of restraint. There was no correlation between corticosterone levels at the time of capture and the length of time it took to get the sample if the sample was taken within the first 10 min after capture. However, when these samples were included with those taken from other turtles sampled 11 to 25 min after capture, hormone levels were significantly correlated with handling time. This suggests that the critical time to obtain an initial sample that best represents the predisturbance level in slider turtles is within 10 min. There was no correlation between the turtles' energetic condition and initial corticosterone concentrations. Plasma corticosterone values at all sampling times were comparable to those observed in other reptile species. The results from this study may be used to investigate the effects of unpredictable resources on reproductive success and survival in freshwater turtles. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS,NATL SEDIMENTAT LAB,ECOL & WATER QUAL UNIT,OXFORD,MS 38655. RP Cash, WB (reprint author), UNIV MISSISSIPPI,DEPT BIOL,UNIVERSITY,MS 38677, USA. NR 42 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 18 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 108 IS 3 BP 427 EP 433 DI 10.1006/gcen.1997.6999 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA YL360 UT WOS:A1997YL36000010 PM 9405119 ER PT J AU Kowles, RV Yerk, GL Haas, KM Phillips, RL AF Kowles, RV Yerk, GL Haas, KM Phillips, RL TI Maternal effects influencing DNA endoreduplication in developing endosperm of Zea mays SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE endosperm; endoreduplication; maternal effect; flow cytometry; Zea mays L. ID MAIZE ENDOSPERM; BARLEY; INHERITANCE; PROTEINS; MUTANTS; CROSSES AB A large proportion of the nuclei in developing endosperm of Zea mays L. undergoes endoreduplication. Nuclear preparations of the entire endosperm from maize kernels of inbred lines, their reciprocal hybrids, and in some cases, F-2 and F-3 endosperm tissue were evaluated using flow cytometry. Data relative to DNA endoreduplication patterns, percentage of nuclei undergoing endoreduplication, and mean DNA content per nucleus were obtained. The patterns of endoreduplication and extent of DNA amplification differ among some inbreds. In all experiments, the endoreduplication patterns show that the F-1 endosperm is more similar to the maternal parent than to the paternal parent. F-2 endosperms reveal little difference in endoreduplication patterns among individuals within an F-2 family and no more variation than the F-1 endosperms. In contrast, F-3 endosperms showed greater variation among their endoreduplication patterns. These results indicate a maternal effect on endoreduplication; that is, the genotype of the maternal parent's nuclear genome exerts control over the endoreduplication activities of endosperm tissue. C1 St Marys Univ, Dept Biol, Winona, MN 55987 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Agron, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Mississippi State Univ, USDA ARS, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Immunol, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Plant Mol Genet Inst, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Kowles, RV (reprint author), St Marys Univ, Dept Biol, Winona, MN 55987 USA. EM dkowles@smumn.edu NR 24 TC 19 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD DEC PY 1997 VL 40 IS 6 BP 798 EP 805 DI 10.1139/g97-803 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA YT061 UT WOS:000071560100002 PM 18464865 ER PT J AU Diwan, N Bhagwat, AA Bauchan, GB Cregan, PB AF Diwan, N Bhagwat, AA Bauchan, GB Cregan, PB TI Simple sequence repeat DNA markers in alfalfa and perennial and annual Medicago species SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE microsatellites; SSR markers; simple sequence repeats; alfalfa; annual medics ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; CULTIVATED ALFALFA; POLYMORPHIC DNA; LINKAGE MAP; RFLP; AMPLIFICATION; MICROSATELLITES; ABUNDANCE; BRASSICA; MAIZE AB Simple sequence repeat (SSR) or microsatellite DNA markers have been shown to function well in plant and mammalian species for genetic map construction and genotype identification. The objectives of the work reported here were to search GenBank for the presence of SSR-containing sequences from the genus Medicago, to assess the presence and frequency of SSR DNA in the alfalfa (Medicago sativa (L.) L. & L.) genome, and to examine the function of selected markers in a spectrum of perennial and annual Medicago species. The screening of an alfalfa genomic DNA library and sequencing of clones putatively containing SSRs indicated approximately 19 000 (AT)(n) + (CT)(n) + (CA)(n) + (ATT)(n) SSRs in the tetraploid genome. Inheritance was consistent with Mendelian expectations at four selected SSR loci with different core motifs. Additionally, genotypes of a range of Medicago species, including 10 perennial subspecies of the M. sativa complex and other perennial and annual Medicago species, were analyzed at each of the loci to ascertain the presence, number, and size of SSR alleles at each locus in each genotype. These studies indicate that SSR markers can function in alfalfa for the construction of genetic maps and will also be useful in a range of Medicago species for purposes of assessing genetic relatedness and taxonomic relationships, and for genotype identification. C1 USDA ARS, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Cregan, PB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Bldg 011,HH-19, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM pcregan@gig.usda.gov NR 42 TC 61 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 9 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD DEC PY 1997 VL 40 IS 6 BP 887 EP 895 DI 10.1139/g97-115 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA YT061 UT WOS:000071560100014 PM 18464874 ER PT J AU Simon, A Darby, SE AF Simon, A Darby, SE TI Process-form interactions in unstable sand-bed river channels: A numerical modeling approach SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE numerical modeling; channel evolution; bank erosion; mass-wasting; energy dissipation; boundary shear stress; channel response ID EXTREMAL HYPOTHESES; DEFORMATION; ADJUSTMENT; SIMULATION; EVOLUTION AB A deterministic numerical model of bed deformation and channel widening, which accounts for specific mechanisms of bank erosion and collapse, is used to analyze morphological and flow-energy parameters in adjusting sand-bed channels, for a range of simulated fluvial environments. The model is based on a set of conservation and process equations solved in conjunction with a set of specific initial and boundary conditions. Simulated channels with a range of assumed boundary-material characteristics were subjected to identical disturbances imposed by reducing the supply of sediment from upstream. Asymptotic reductions of the rate of energy dissipation (energy slope) and boundary shear stress were found to be unifying characteristics of channel adjustment in all simulations. Morphologic responses to an identical disturbance (reduction of sediment supply from upstream), with identical bed material (d(50) = 1 mm) and channel gradient (S-b = 0.001), were diverse. The relative magnitude of simulated widening versus simulated bed-level change was greatest for sand-bank channels and least for clay-bank channels. Stable-channel dimensions were attained most rapidly for silt-bank channels, where simulated adjustments of channel width were similar to simulated vertical adjustments, because all components of total-mechanical energy (flow depth or pressure head; bed elevation and channel gradient or datum head; and flow velocity or velocity head) decrease simultaneously. Each simulated channel subjected to the baseline disturbance had an initial width-to-depth ratio (F) of 13.5. Asymptotic values of energy dissipation rate, adjusted F-values, and time taken to reach equilibrium after the disturbance are shown to vary as a function of simulated environmental boundary conditions. The importance of channel widening in controlling and reducing the flow depth of a given discharge and average boundary shear stress is highlighted for the silt-and sand-bank cases. Channel widening causes a shift from degradation to aggradation during adjustment, because of delivery of sand-sized sediments from failed bank material to the simulated channel. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. Univ Nottingham, Dept Geog, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. RP Simon, A (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, POB 1157,598 McElroy Dr, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RI Darby, Stephen/J-5799-2012 NR 33 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD DEC PY 1997 VL 21 IS 2 BP 85 EP 106 DI 10.1016/S0169-555X(97)00043-3 PG 22 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA YN910 UT WOS:000071221000001 ER PT J AU Williard, KWJ DeWalle, DR Edwards, PJ Schnabel, RR AF Williard, KWJ DeWalle, DR Edwards, PJ Schnabel, RR TI Indicators of nitrate export from forested watersheds of the mid-Appalachians, United States of America SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID SOIL-NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; FERNOW-EXPERIMENTAL-FOREST; SPRUCE-FIR FORESTS; DECIDUOUS FOREST; NEW-YORK; NITRIFICATION; ACIDIFICATION; AVAILABILITY; SATURATION; CHEMISTRY AB Soil net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification rates were studied on nine undisturbed, forested watersheds in an effort to explain large variations in nitrate export in streamflow within the mid-Appalachian region. Rates of soil net nitrogen mineralization and net nitrification were measured in the upper 10 cm of mineral soil over a 5-week summer incubation period (June-July) using nine buried bags in each of the three major soil types on each watershed. Watersheds with high, medium, and low nitrate export rates exhibited high, medium, and low mean net nitrogen mineralization and net nitrification rates, respectively. Exchangeable calcium (an index to site fertility), CM ratios, and soil moisture content together explained 63% of the variation in soil nitrogen mineralization rates, and exchangeable calcium and soil moisture content explained 61% of the variation in soil nitrification rates using multiple regression analysis. The variation in watershed nitrate export was best explained by total nitrogen in the upper 10 cm of mineral soil (explained 46%) and the percentage of mineralization due to nitrification (explained 42%). Estimated rates of wet and dry atmospheric deposition of nitrogen were not significantly correlated with watershed nitrate export. Results from this study demonstrate that soil nitrogen pools and dynamics are the most critical factors controlling nitrate export from forested watersheds in the mid-Appalachians. Long-term changes in site fertility, C/N ratios, and soil moisture, which largely control microbial nitrogen cycling, should have a significant effect on long-term trends in nitrate leaching. C1 PENN STATE UNIV,ENVIRONM RESOURCES RES INST,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. PENN STATE UNIV,SCH FOREST RESOURCES,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. USDA,FOREST SERV,TIMBER & WATERSHED LAB,PARSONS,WV. PENN STATE UNIV,PASTURE SYST & WATERSHED MANAGEMENT LAB,USDA,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. RP Williard, KWJ (reprint author), PENN STATE UNIV,ECOL PROGRAM,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802, USA. NR 54 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD DEC PY 1997 VL 11 IS 4 BP 649 EP 656 DI 10.1029/97GB01627 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YK118 UT WOS:A1997YK11800013 ER PT J AU Swank, WT Vose, JM AF Swank, WT Vose, JM TI Long-term nitrogen dynamics of Coweeta forested watersheds in the southeastern United States of America SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID PINE-HARDWOOD STANDS; SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS; BLACK LOCUST; SATURATION; ECOSYSTEMS; DEPOSITION; SOIL; RESPONSES; CHEMISTRY; NITRATE AB We analyzed long-term (23 years) data of inorganic N deposition and loss for an extensive network of mature mixed hardwood covered watersheds in the southern Appalachians of North Carolina to assess trends and dynamics of N in baseline ecosystems, We also assessed watershed N saturation in the context of altered N cycles and stream inorganic N responses associated with management practices (cutting prescriptions, species replacement, and prescribed burning) and with natural disturbances (drought and wet years, insect infestations, hurricane damage, and ozone events) on reference watersheds. Reference watersheds were characterized as highly conservative of inorganic N with deposition < 9.0 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) and stream water exports below 0.25 kg ha(-1) yr(-1). However, reference watersheds appeared to be in a transition phase between stage 0 and stage 1 of watershed N saturation as evidenced by significant time trend increases in annual flow-weighted concentrations of NO3- in stream water and increases in the seasonal amplitude and duration of NO3 concentrations during 1972-1994. These stream water chemistry trends were partially attributed to significant increases in NO3- and NH4+ concentrations in bulk precipitation over the same period and/or reduced biological demand due to forest maturation. Levels and annual patterns of stream NO3- concentrations and intra-annual seasonal patterns characteristic of latter phases of stages 1 and 2 of watershed N saturation were found for low-elevation and high-elevation clear-cut watersheds, respectively, and were related to the dynamics of microbial transformations of N and vegetation uptake. Evidence for stage 3 of N saturation, where the watershed is a net source of N rather than a N sink, was found for the most distributed watershed at Coweeta (hardwood converted to grass, fertilized,limed, treated with herbicide, and subsequently characterized by successional vegetation). Compared to other intensive management practices, prescribed burning had little effect on stream water NO3- concentrations, and stream NO3- losses associated with natural disturbances are small and short-lived. RP Swank, WT (reprint author), USDA,FOREST SERV,SO RES STN,COWEETA HYDROL LAB,3160 COWEETA LAB RD,OTTO,NC 28763, USA. NR 46 TC 72 Z9 75 U1 3 U2 20 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD DEC PY 1997 VL 11 IS 4 BP 657 EP 671 DI 10.1029/97GB01752 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YK118 UT WOS:A1997YK11800014 ER PT J AU Torbert, HA Rogers, HH Prior, SA Schlesinger, WH Runion, GB AF Torbert, HA Rogers, HH Prior, SA Schlesinger, WH Runion, GB TI Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 in agro-ecosystems on soil carbon storage SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon cycle; carbon dioxide; delta C-13; Glycine max; soil carbon dynamics; Sorghum bicolor ID ORGANIC-MATTER; RESIDUE DECOMPOSITION; PLANT-RESPONSES; ENRICHMENT; NITROGEN; COTTON; FIELD; CONSERVATION; RHIZOSPHERE; TURNOVER AB Increasing global atmospheric CO2 concentration has led to concerns regarding its potential effects on the terrestrial environment. Attempts to balance the atmospheric carbon (C) budget have met with a large shortfall in C accounting (approximate to 1.4 x 10(15) g C y(-1)) and this has led to the hypothesis that C is being stored in the soil of terrestrial ecosystems. This study examined the effects of CO2 enrichment on soil C storage in C3 soybean (Glycine max L.) Merr. and C4 grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) Moench. agroecosystems established on a Blanton loamy sand (loamy siliceous, thermic, Grossarenic Paleudults). The study was a split-plot design replicated three times with two crop species (soybean and grain sorghum) as the main plots and two CO2 concentration (ambient and twice ambient) as subplots using open top field chambers. Carbon isotopic techniques using delta(13)C were used to track the input of new C into the soil system. At the end of two years, shifts in delta(13)C content of soil organic matter carbon were observed to a depth of 30 cm. Calculated new C in soil organic matter with grain sorghum was greater for elevated CO2 vs. ambient CO2 (162 and 29 g m(-2), respectively), but with soybean the new C in soil organic matter was less for elevated CO2 vs. ambient CO2 (120 and 291 g m(-2), respectively). A significant increase in mineral associated organic C was observed in 1993 which may result in increased soil C storage over the long-term, however, little change in total soil organic C was observed under either plant species. These data indicate that elevated atmospheric CO2 resulted in changes in soil C dynamics in agro-ecosystems that are crop species dependent. C1 USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, Auburn, AL 36831 USA. Duke Univ, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Torbert, HA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, 808 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX 76502 USA. NR 40 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOB CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 3 IS 6 BP 513 EP 521 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.1997.d01-173.x PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YN906 UT WOS:000071220600005 ER PT J AU Asano, N Kato, A Matsui, K Watson, AA Nash, RJ Molyneux, RJ Hackett, L Topping, J Winchester, B AF Asano, N Kato, A Matsui, K Watson, AA Nash, RJ Molyneux, RJ Hackett, L Topping, J Winchester, B TI The effects of calystegines isolated from edible fruits and vegetables on mammalian liver glycosidases SO GLYCOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE edible plants; calystegines; glycosidase inhibitors; bovine, human, and rat liver ID INHIBITORY ACTIVITIES; CASTANOSPERMINE; MANNOSIDOSIS; DERIVATIVES; SOLANACEAE; SUGARS; SEPIUM AB The polyhydroxylated nortropane alkaloids called calystegines occur in many plants of the Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae, and Moraceae families. Certain of these alkaloids exhibit potent inhibitory activities against glycosidases and the recently demonstrated occurrence of calystegines in the leaves, skins, and sprouts of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum), and in the leaves of the eggplant (S.melongena), has raised concerns regarding the safety of these vegetables in the human diet. We have surveyed the occurrence of calystegines in edible fruits and vegetables of the families Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae, and Moraceae by GC-MS. Calystegines A3, B1, B2, and C1 were detected in all the edible fruits and vegetables tested; sweet and chili peppers, potatoes, eggplants, tomatoes, Physalis fruits, sweet potatoes, and mulberries. Calystegines B1 and C1 were potent competitive inhibitors of the bovine, human, and rat beta-glucosidase activities, with K-i values of 150, 10, and 1.9 mu M, respectively for B1 and 15, 1.5, and 1 mu M, respectively, for C1. Calystegine B2 was a strong competitive inhibitor of the alpha-galactosidase activity in all the livers. Human beta-xylosidase was inhibited by all four nortropanes, with calystegine C1 having a K-i of 0.13 mu M. Calystegines A3 and B2 selectively inhibited the rat liver beta-glucosidase activity. The potent inhibition of mammalian beta-glucosidase and alpha-galactosidase activities in vitro raises the possibility of toxicity in humans consuming large amounts of plants that contain these compounds. C1 HOKURIKU UNIV,FAC PHARMACEUT SCI,KANAZAWA,ISHIKAWA 92011,JAPAN. INST GRASSLAND & ENVIRONM RES,ABERYSTWYTH,DYFED,WALES. USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710. UNIV LONDON,INST CHILD HLTH,DIV BIOCHEM & GENET,LONDON WC1N 1EH,ENGLAND. FU Wellcome Trust NR 18 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 16 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0959-6658 J9 GLYCOBIOLOGY JI Glycobiology PD DEC PY 1997 VL 7 IS 8 BP 1085 EP 1088 DI 10.1093/glycob/7.8.1085 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA YK767 UT WOS:A1997YK76700006 PM 9455909 ER PT J AU O'Donnell, C Williams, AG Biddlestone, AJ AF O'Donnell, C Williams, AG Biddlestone, AJ TI The effects of temperature on the effluent production potential of grass silage SO GRASS AND FORAGE SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB The effects of temperature on silage effluent production were examined. In the first experiment, samples of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) underwent fermentation at 20 degrees C for between 52 and 66 d. The samples were then transferred to rooms at temperatures between 5 degrees C and 27 degrees C. Effluent production during creep consolidation was measured. Increasing temperature resulted in a significant increase in effluent production. There was a strong linear relationship between the mechanical properties of the silage and the amount of effluent produced. In the second experiment, Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) samples were ensiled at temperatures between 5 degrees C and 25 degrees C. The higher temperature treatments had faster and more extensive fermentations, and produced more effluent than the cooler temperatures. Again, there was a strong linear relationship between the mechanical properties of the silage and the amount of effluent produced. Increasing the temperature at the end of the experiment resulted in no extra effluent production from any treatment except that at 5 degrees C. This indicated that the effects of temperature were evident only while effluent was available for release. The effects of temperature will therefore be most evident in the early stages of ensilage. In both experiments, effluent was released from the higher temperature treatments earlier. This was probably due to the effects of temperature on the viscosity of the effluent and to fermentation effects in the second experiment. In both experiments, the increase in effluent production with temperature was equivalent to the effects to be expected from decreasing the herbage dry matter concentration by between 3% and 4%. C1 Silsoe Res Inst, Silsoe MK45 4HS, Beds, England. Univ Birmingham, Sch Chem Engn, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. RP O'Donnell, C (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, 1925 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. OI Williams, Adrian/0000-0003-2098-808X; O'donnell, Colm/0000-0002-8004-450X NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0142-5242 J9 GRASS FORAGE SCI JI Grass Forage Sci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 52 IS 4 BP 343 EP 349 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2494.1997.tb02366.x PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 134ZR UT WOS:000076774500002 ER PT J AU Schroder, RFW AF Schroder, RFW TI Feasibility of using cryostored Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) eggs for rearing Edovum puttleri (Hymenoptera : Eulophidoe) SO GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID HYM; COL AB Cryostored eggs of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) eggs were suitable hosts for Edovum puttleri. Parasitism rates were low, however this study was first to show that rearing the parasite on eggs stored at ultra low temperatures (-70 degrees C) is feasible. This method of storage will facilitate mass production of E. puttleri as well as prevent loss of the parasite in the event of a crash in the Colorado potato beetle colony. C1 ARS, USDA, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Schroder, RFW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Inst Plant Sci, Bldg 306,Rm 305,BARC-E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MICH ENTOMOL SOC PI E LANSING PA MICH STATE UNIV DEPT ENTOMOL, E LANSING, MI 48823 USA SN 0090-0222 J9 GREAT LAKES ENTOMOL JI Gt. Lakes Entomol. PD WIN PY 1997 VL 30 IS 4 BP 177 EP 180 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZT977 UT WOS:000074148300005 ER PT J AU Tworkoski, TJ Glenn, DM Welker, WV AF Tworkoski, TJ Glenn, DM Welker, WV TI Carbohydrate and nitrogen partitioning within one-year shoots of young peach trees grown with grass competition SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Prunus persica; Dactylis glomerata; Lolium perenne; Festuca rubra; sugars; yield; growth ID ORCHARD FLOOR MANAGEMENT; SOD PROXIMITY; ROOT RESTRICTION; APPLE-TREES; DENSITY; SYSTEM; SEEDLINGS AB Carbohydrate and. nitrogen were measured during 1992 and 1993 in shoots of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] trees that were planted in 1989 and grown in three vegetation-free areas contained within plots planted to tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreber), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), or a mixture of Lolium perenne E. and Festuca rubra L. Trees grown in 9.3-, 3.3-, and 1.5-m(2) vegetation-free areas had the greatest to the least fruit yield, respectively. Fruit number and mass were negatively correlated with stem mass. Grass type had little effect on mass, carbohydrate, or N partitioning within the tree. Individual sugars and carbohydrate partitioning were not affected by grass competition. In contrast, the proportion of shoot N partitioning into stem and leaves declined markedly as the size of the vegetation-free area increased. Proximity of peach trees to grass may have limited N uptake, which, in turn, reduced fruit yield but not stem and leaf growth. RP Tworkoski, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN,45 WILTSHIRE RD,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 25 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 1997 VL 32 IS 7 BP 1174 EP 1177 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA YJ816 UT WOS:A1997YJ81600004 ER PT J AU Wood, BW AF Wood, BW TI Source of pollen, distance from pollinizer, and time of pollination affect yields block-type pecan orchards SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE flowering; production; orchard management; temperature; age; Carya illinoinensis ID PISTILLATE FLOWER AB Inadequate cross-pollination of pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) IC. Koch] occurred in block-type orchards generally thought exempt from pollination-related crop losses because of an abundance of nearby potential pollinizers. ''Off-genotypes'' appeared to be potentially major assets in such orchards due to their role as backup pollinizers; hence, their presence insures against crop losses due to poor pollination. Fruit-set in 'Desirable' main crop rows declined sigmoidally as distance from 'Stuart' pollinizer rows increased. For 15.4-m row spacings, rate of decrease was maximum between 49 and 78 m, depending on crop year. Maximum fruit-set was in rows immediately adjacent to the pollinizer. Tree age/size and spring temperature influences an the characteristics of flower maturity windows are probably primary factors contributing to pollination-related fruit-set losses in block-type orchards relying upon pollen from a single complementary pollinizer or from neighborhood trees. For example, flower maturity was earlier in older/larger trees, and higher spring temperatures accelerated catkin development relative to that of pistillate flowers. Maximum fruit-set occurred when pistillate flowers received pollen around 1 day or less after becoming receptive, whereas no fruit-set occurred when they were pollinated around four or more days after initial receptivity. These findings indicate that many block-type orchards in the southeastern United States are exhibiting pollination-related crop reductions and that future establishment of such orchards merits caution regarding the spatial and temporal distribution of pollinizers. RP Wood, BW (reprint author), USDA ARS,SE FRUIT & TREE NUT RES LAB,BYRON,GA 31008, USA. NR 20 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 1997 VL 32 IS 7 BP 1182 EP 1185 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA YJ816 UT WOS:A1997YJ81600006 ER PT J AU AbdulBaki, AA Teasdale, JR AF AbdulBaki, AA Teasdale, JR TI Snap bean production in conventional tillage and in no-till hairy vetch mulch SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Phaseolus vulgaris; Vicia villosa; plant stand; growth; yield; sustainable agriculture; alternative farming systems ID NITROGEN-FERTILIZER; SYSTEMS; MANAGEMENT; GROWTH; CROPS; YIELD AB A 3-year study was conducted at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Md., to evaluate plant stand, growth, and yield of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars Carlo and Matador grown with conventional tillage (CT) or with no-tillage hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) (HV) mulch. Plant stand and dry mass of both cultivars in CT were similar to those in no-till HV. However, leaf area and yield with no-till HV were significantly higher than those with CT. C1 USDA ARS,INST PLANT SCI,WEED SCI LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP AbdulBaki, AA (reprint author), USDA ARS,INST PLANT SCI,VEGETABLE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 28 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 1997 VL 32 IS 7 BP 1191 EP 1193 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA YJ816 UT WOS:A1997YJ81600008 ER PT J AU Glenn, DM Welker, WV AF Glenn, DM Welker, WV TI Effects of rhizosphere carbon dioxide on the nutrition and growth of peach trees SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE root growth; nitrate; hydroponics; bicarbonate; phosphorus; Prunus persica; water use ID ATMOSPHERIC CO2 ENRICHMENT; INORGANIC CARBON; ROOT-GROWTH; SOIL; RESPONSES; PLANTS; WATER; RESPIRATION; METABOLISM; SEEDLINGS AB Our objectives in this study were to measure the effects of low levels of root system carbon dioxide on peach tree growth (Prunus persica L. Batsch) and nutrient uptake. Using soil and hydroponic systems, we found that increased root CO2: 1) increased root growth without increasing shoot growth, 2) increased leaf P concentration, 3) decreased leaf N concentration, and 4) reduced water use relative to air injection or no treatment. RP Glenn, DM (reprint author), USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN,45 WILTSHIRE RD,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 32 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 1997 VL 32 IS 7 BP 1197 EP 1199 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA YJ816 UT WOS:A1997YJ81600010 ER PT J AU McGuire, RG AF McGuire, RG TI Response of lychee fruit to cold and gamma irradiation treatments for quarantine eradication of exotic pests SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Litchi chinensis; Anastrepha suspensa; postharvest quality AB In separate treatments, fruit of Litchi chinensis Sonn. were subjected to 15 days at 1.1 degrees C or to gamma irradiation from a Co-60 source at dosages of 100, 200, or 300 Gy. Cold-treated 'Mauritius' fruit lost some color intensity externally and internally, and the pale flesh had a greener hue. The pericarp of 'Brewster' fruit was injured to a greater extent by cold treatment than that of 'Mauritius', and the pulp of treated fruit had lower concentrations of acids and soluble solids. Cold treatment increased decay susceptibility of both cultivars. 'Mauritius' fruit were also more susceptible to decay following irradiation at 300 Gy and 6 days of storage at 5 degrees C. Both cultivars lost firmness after this treatment. The pericarp of irradiated 'Mauritius' fruit became more orange, whereas the flesh of both cultivars became greener. Irradiated 'Brewster' fruit were less acidic and contained less soluble solids, but sensory evaluations could not differentiate between irradiated and nontreated fruit regardless of cultivar. Loss of quality was minimal with either cold or irradiation treatment, and both should be acceptable for lychees requiring quarantine treatment for eradication of exotic pests. RP McGuire, RG (reprint author), USDA ARS,13601 OLD CUTLER RD,MIAMI,FL 33158, USA. NR 18 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 1997 VL 32 IS 7 BP 1255 EP 1257 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA YJ816 UT WOS:A1997YJ81600026 ER PT J AU Hall, MR Draper, AD AF Hall, MR Draper, AD TI 'Austin' rabbiteye blueberry SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE fruit breeding; Vaccinium ashei; fruit size; color; firmness; ripening date C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,FRUIT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Hall, MR (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA,COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STN,DEPT HORT,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 1997 VL 32 IS 7 BP 1295 EP 1296 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA YJ816 UT WOS:A1997YJ81600040 ER PT J AU Voshell, JR Smith, EP Evans, SK Hudy, M AF Voshell, JR Smith, EP Evans, SK Hudy, M TI Effective and scientifically sound bioassessment: Opinions and corroboration from academe SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE bioassessment; rapid; macroinvertebrates; multimetric indices; statistics ID INDEXES C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Entomol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Stat, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, George Washington & Jefferson Natl Forest, Harrisonburg, VA 22801 USA. RP Voshell, JR (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Entomol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RI Hudy, Mark/D-4106-2013 NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 3 IS 6 BP 941 EP 954 PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YP705 UT WOS:000071305700004 ER PT J AU Banowetz, GM AF Banowetz, GM TI Monoclonal antibodies - DH91, DH94, DH96 against dihydrozeatin riboside SO HYBRIDOMA LA English DT Article C1 ARS, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Banowetz, GM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 3450 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 0272-457X J9 HYBRIDOMA JI Hybridoma PD DEC PY 1997 VL 16 IS 6 BP 584 EP 584 PG 1 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology GA YQ105 UT WOS:000071349000032 ER PT J AU Sawhney, APS Ruppenicker, GF AF Sawhney, APS Ruppenicker, GF TI Special purpose fabrics made with core-spun yarns SO INDIAN JOURNAL OF FIBRE & TEXTILE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE core yarns; cotton; fiberglass; fire-retardant fabrics; polyester; polyethylene AB Three fabrics Ear special technical applications have been made with uniquely engineered core-wrap yarns produced by the USDA patented, exclusively licensed(a) core-spinning technology. They am: a strong and durable, flame-retardant. fabric for military tents which has an almost 100% cotton surface and contains only 10% ultrastrong, gel-spun polyethylene staple fiber (mostly in the yam core); a flame-retardant, cotton-rich, fiberglass filament-core yam fabric for protective covering, providing an excellent fire barrier; and an absorbent, yet strong and durable foundation cloth made with cotton-covered polyester-core yam for use in industrial abrasives and sandpapers. SRRC core-spinning techniques involved and certain mechanical and functional properties of the various core-wrap yarns and fabrics produced have been discussed along with a comparison with the corresponding conventional yams and fabrics. Results indicate that the fabrics made with custom-engineered core-wrap bicomponent yams offer superior mechanical and functional properties than the traditional 100% cotton equivalents. Generally, the selected core material, usually a synthetic fiber, provides the required mechanical and functional characteristics, while the cover, which typically is cotton, provides the desired excellent aesthetic, comfort and, especially, substrate (required for application of special chemical finishes and/or adhesives) properties. Unlike the conventional partially-covered, strip-sensitive, barberpoled core-spun yarns, the core-wrap yarns produced on the ARS core-spinning systems are truly co-axial, strip-resistant and almost totally covered. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 3 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL INST SCIENCE COMMUNICATION PI NEW DELHI PA DR K S KRISHNAN MARG, NEW DELHI 110 012, INDIA SN 0971-0426 J9 INDIAN J FIBRE TEXT JI Indian J. Fibre Text. Tes. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 22 IS 4 BP 246 EP 254 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA YZ555 UT WOS:000072265800005 ER PT J AU Register, KB Ackermann, MR AF Register, KB Ackermann, MR TI A highly adherent phenotype associated with virulent Bvg(+)-phase swine isolates of Bordetella bronchiseptica grown under modulating conditions SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID NASAL EPITHELIAL-CELLS; FILAMENTOUS HEMAGGLUTININ; PASTEURELLA-MULTOCIDA; ANTIGENIC MODULATION; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; BUFFERED SALINE; PERTUSSIS; VIR; EXPRESSION; PERTACTIN AB The ability of Bvg(-)-phase and Bvg(+)-phase Bordetella bronchiseptica swine isolates, grown under modulating or nonmodulating conditions, to adhere to swine ciliated nasal epithelial cells was determined. When virulent strains were cultivated at 37 degrees C in the Bvg(+) phase, numerous adherent bacteria (approximately eight per fell, depending on the strain used) were observed, However when such strains were grown under modulating conditions (23 degrees C), a significant increase in the level of attachment was seen, suggesting that B. bronchiseptica produces a Bvg-repressed adhesin under these conditions, bvg mutant strains, including an isogenic bvgS mutant, adhered minimally, Western blots indicated that two putative B. bronchiseptica adhesins, filamentous hemagglutinin and pertactin, were not detectable in cultures displaying the highly adherent phenotype. Several proteins apparent in Western blots obtained by using bacterial extracts enriched in outer membrane proteins derived from B. bronchiseptica grown at 23 degrees C were not present in similar extracts prepared from an isogenic bvgS mutant grown at 23 degrees C or from the parent strain grown at 37 degrees C. Adherence of bacteria cultivated at 23 degrees C was almost completely abolished by pretreatment of organisms at 60 degrees C; adherence was reduced by 57% when bacteria were pretreated with pronase E, Temperature shift experiments revealed that the heightened level of adhesion that occurs following growth at 23 degrees C was maintained for up to 18 h when bacteria were subsequently incubated at 37 degrees C, We propose that a Bvg-repressed adhesin, expressed only by modulated bvg(+) strains of B. bronchiseptica, may play a key role in the initial colonization of naturally infected swine. RP Register, KB (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,SWINE RESP DIS PROJECT,AVIAN & SWINE RESP DIS RES UNIT,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 43 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 65 IS 12 BP 5295 EP 5300 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA YJ227 UT WOS:A1997YJ22700057 PM 9393829 ER PT J AU Zhu, YC Oppert, B Kramer, KJ McGaughey, WH Dowdy, AK AF Zhu, YC Oppert, B Kramer, KJ McGaughey, WH Dowdy, AK TI cDNAs for a chymotrypsinogen-like protein from two strains of Plodia interpunctella SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chymotrypsinogen; Plodia interpunctella; Bacillus thuringiensis; cDNA; gene; Indianmeal moth; gut; proteinase ID AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE; BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS TOXINS; EUROPEAN CORN-BORER; LARVAL MIDGUT; MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; AEDES-AEGYPTI; CHORISTONEURA-FUMIFERANA; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS; GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS AB Gut proteinases are involved in the solubilization and activation of insecticidal toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis and may also be involved in resistance development, Approximately threefold lower chymotrypsin-like enzyme activity was observed in a Bt(entomocidus)-resistant strain of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella, than that in the Bt-susceptible strain, Because chymotrypsin-like proteinases are involved in Bt protoxin activation in P. interpunctella, we compared cDNA sequences, mRNA expression levels, and genomic DNA for chymotrypsin-like enzymes in Bt-susceptible and Bt-resistant strains of P. interpunctella. To isolate cDNA coding for chymotrypsinogen-like proteinases, a probe was developed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a cDNA library from the Bt-susceptible strain using a vector primer and a degenerate primer corresponding to a conserved sequence in the active site of serine proteinases, This probe was used to screen cDNA libraries from resistant and susceptible strains, Predicted amino acid sequences from cDNA clones of each strain share similarity with sequences of chymotrypsin-like proteinases and are most similar to a chymotrypsin-like proteinase from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, cDNAs for putative chymotrypsinogen-like proteins from both Bt-susceptible and Bt-resistant strains of P. interpunctella share an identical open reading frame of 846 nucleotides, The encoded proteins contain amino acid sequence motifs of serine proteinase active sites, disulfide-bridge cysteine residues, and both zymogen activation and signal peptides, A difference between these cDNAs was observed only in the untranslated region where a substitution of guanine for adenine occurred in the Bt-resistant strain, Southern and Northern blotting analyses indicated that there are no major differences in chymotrypsinogen-like genomic organization and mRNA expression in the two strains, These data suggest that chymotrypsinogen-like proteinase genes and their transcription are similar in the Bt-susceptible and Bt-resistant strains of P. interpunctella. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA, ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Dowdy, AK (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 47 TC 20 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 27 IS 12 BP 1027 EP 1037 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(97)00089-1 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA ZB824 UT WOS:000072511700005 PM 9569643 ER PT J AU Hallahan, C AF Hallahan, C TI SAS/ETS(R) SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FORECASTING LA English DT Software Review RP Hallahan, C (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES SERV,RM 212,1301 NEW YORK AVE NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20005, USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-2070 J9 INT J FORECASTING JI Int. J. Forecast. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 13 IS 4 BP 578 EP 582 DI 10.1016/S0169-2070(97)00041-1 PG 5 WC Economics; Management SC Business & Economics GA YJ842 UT WOS:A1997YJ84200014 ER PT J AU Namken, JC Stuth, JW AF Namken, JC Stuth, JW TI A prototype graphic landscape analysis system .1. Predicting spatial patterns of grazing pressure using GIS SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NORTHEASTERN OREGON; CATTLE; RANGELAND; BEHAVIOR AB A prototype spatial graphic landscape system fbr use in PC-based micro-computers was developed. Spatial characteristics and attributes of a landscape were entered into a geographical information system to create a data base. A grazing pressure index was modelled using an algorithm which sequentially adjusts grazing capacity of response units for percentage lost to brush density, slope, and distance from water. The grazing pressure model was verified on a poorly watered homogeneous pasture (1302 ha) and well watered complex pasture (2959 ha). Response units were highly correlated to observed grazing (I = 0.92-0.94) in the poorly watered, homogeneous pasture. However, correlations were poor in the complex, well-watered pasture. Circular barrier effects of slopes, intermittent watering sources and relative differences in ecological condition of adjacent response units were identified as the primary factors reducing model performance. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT RANGELAND ECOL & MANAGEMENT,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. RP Namken, JC (reprint author), NAT RESOURCES CONSERVAT SERV,USDA,POB 2890,WASHINGTON,DC 20013, USA. NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND EC4A 3DE SN 1365-8816 J9 INT J GEOGR INF SCI JI Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 11 IS 8 BP 785 EP 798 DI 10.1080/136588197242086 PG 14 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Geography; Geography, Physical; Information Science & Library Science SC Computer Science; Geography; Physical Geography; Information Science & Library Science GA YG763 UT WOS:A1997YG76300004 ER PT J AU Namken, JC Stuth, JW AF Namken, JC Stuth, JW TI A prototype graphic landscape analysis system .2. A bioeconomic analysis model for grazing land development SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NORTHEASTERN OREGON; CATTLE; BEHAVIOR AB A linkage was developed between a spatial graphic landscape system and a bioeconomic analysis model:br grazingland. User interactive models were described. The first model evaluated potential water sites based on potential grazing land harvest. The second model evaluated potential water sites by comparing the annualized net present values of two different water facility developments. The third identified optimal areas of a landscape for woody brush treatment using a linear optimizing procedure. Example analyses are described and recommendations for improvements to future models made. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT RANGELAND ECOL & MANAGEMENT,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. RP Namken, JC (reprint author), NAT RESOURCES CONSERVAT SERV,USDA,POB 2890,WASHINGTON,DC 20013, USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND EC4A 3DE SN 1365-8816 J9 INT J GEOGR INF SCI JI Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 11 IS 8 BP 799 EP 812 DI 10.1080/136588197242095 PG 14 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Geography; Geography, Physical; Information Science & Library Science SC Computer Science; Geography; Physical Geography; Information Science & Library Science GA YG763 UT WOS:A1997YG76300005 ER PT J AU Chung, SY Vercellotti, JR Sanders, TH AF Chung, SY Vercellotti, JR Sanders, TH TI Increase of glycolytic enzymes in peanuts during peanut maturation and curing: Evidence of anaerobic metabolism SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE peanut maturation and curing; glycolytic enzymes; aldolase; ADH; PDC; GAPDH; color assays; anaerobic and stress conditions ID MAX L MERR; PYRUVATE DECARBOXYLASE; ALCOHOL-DEHYDROGENASE; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; GENE-EXPRESSION; SOYBEAN SEEDS; ROOT-TIPS; STRESS; PLANTS; MAIZE AB Previously, a substantial increase in the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) during peanut maturation and curing was found. It was hypothesized that the increase of ADH is primarily due to the increased activities of glycolytic enzymes preceding ADH in the alcohol fermentation pathway. To verify this hypothesis, color assays were developed for detection of the following glycolytic enzymes: (1) aldolase; (2) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; (3) pyruvate decarboxylase; and (4) ADH. Results showed that the activities of these enzymes increased significantly during peanut maturation and curing. The increased enzyme activities suggest that peanut maturation and curing are processes associated with anaerobic conditions. Enzyme activities were significantly higher in cured peanuts than in noncured peanuts, indicating that anaerobic conditions were more severe in the former. The potential contribution of water stress to the severity of anaerobic conditions is discussed. C1 ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. V Labs Inc, Covington, LA 70433 USA. N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Chung, SY (reprint author), ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, POB 19687,1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 36 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 45 IS 12 BP 4516 EP 4521 DI 10.1021/jf9706742 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA YM805 UT WOS:000071102800002 ER PT J AU Mora-Gutierrez, A Kumosinski, TF Farrell, HM AF Mora-Gutierrez, A Kumosinski, TF Farrell, HM TI Oxygen-17 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of bovine and caprine casein hydration and activity in deuterated sugar solutions SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE NMR, O-17; water binding; sucrose; lactose; bovine casein, caprine casein; alpha(s1)-casein ID CALCIUM-INDUCED ASSOCIATIONS; THERMODYNAMIC LINKAGE; PROTEIN HYDRATION; PREFERENTIAL HYDRATION; COLLOIDAL STABILITY; INDUCED SOLUBILITY; WATER MIXTURES; STABILIZATION; O-17; RELAXATION AB The hydration of bovine and genetically variable caprine caseins in D2O solutions of sucrose and lactose was investigated by oxygen-17 NMR and fitted by nonlinear regression analysis. A charge-charge interaction model was employed to analyze the transverse relaxation (1/T-2) data. Lactose caused increased hydration of the bovine casein and the caprine casein naturally low in alpha(s1)-casein, whereas sucrose led to increased hydration of the caprine casein naturally high in alpha(s1)-casein. At pD 7.20 and 21 degrees C the effect of charge-charge repulsive interactions on the native caseins generally leads to decreased protein stability in bovine and caprine caseins. However, addition of sugars causes stronger (attractive) interactions yielding more stable casein complexes with increased hydration. The calculated preferential binding term -(partial derivative g(s)/partial derivative g(p)) for casein mixtures suggests that sucrose and lactose are "preferentially" excluded from these milk proteins, yielding greater access to much of the aqueous compartment. This is consistent with the view that sugars lead to the stabilization of proteins in nonfrozen, aqueous systems. C1 Prairie View A&M Univ, Cooperat Agr Res Ctr, Prairie View, TX 77446 USA. ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Mora-Gutierrez, A (reprint author), Prairie View A&M Univ, Cooperat Agr Res Ctr, Prairie View, TX 77446 USA. NR 65 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 EI 1520-5118 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 45 IS 12 BP 4545 EP 4553 DI 10.1021/jf9703258 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA YM805 UT WOS:000071102800008 ER PT J AU Triplett, BA Timpa, JD AF Triplett, BA Timpa, JD TI beta-glucosyl and alpha-galactosyl Yariv reagents bind to cellulose and other glucans SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE arabinogalactan protein; cellulose; glucan; histochemical stain; Yariv reagent ID ARABINOGALACTAN-PROTEINS; CELLS AB Yariv reagent [1,3,5-tris(4-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxyphenylazo)-2,4,6-trihydroxybenzene] has been used in the purification/quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins and as a histochemical reagent to localize arabinogalactan-proteins in plant tissues. When developing cotton fiber cells were stained with beta-glucosyl Yariv reagent, interference from other cell wall polymers, especially cellulose, was suspected. In order to examine this potential interference, we have developed two dye-binding assays to measure the binding of Yariv reagent in the presence of various carbohydrate polymers. Reaction conditions such as pH, ionic strength, and exposure time in the standard binding assays were investigated. The results show that beta-glucosyl and alpha-galactosyl Yariv reagents bind to cellulose and several other glucans. Treatments with excess glucose in the assay to inhibit binding were only partially effective in preventing beta-glucosyl Yariv reagent from binding to cellulose. C1 ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Triplett, BA (reprint author), ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 19 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 45 IS 12 BP 4650 EP 4654 DI 10.1021/jf970390h PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA YM805 UT WOS:000071102800026 ER PT J AU Lu, FC Ralph, J AF Lu, FC Ralph, J TI DFRC method for lignin analysys. 1. New method for beta aryl ether cleavage: Lignin model studies SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE acetyl bromide; lignin; lignin model compound; beta-aryl ether; thioacidolysis; beta-bromoether; cleavage; quantitative analysis; gas chromatography; reductive elimination; acetylation; bromination ID TRIMETHYLSILYL IODIDE; SELECTIVE CLEAVAGE; THIOACIDOLYSIS; ACIDOLYSIS; CONIFERYL; PRODUCTS; SINAPYL; BONDS AB A new method for selective and efficient cleavage of arylglycerol-beta-aryl (beta-O-4) ether linkages in lignins is described and applied to several Lignin beta-ether models. The term "DFRC" was coined for derivatization followed by reductive cleavage. Derivatization, accompanied by cell wall solubilization, is accomplished with acetyl bromide (AcBr); reductive cleavage of resulting beta-bromo ethers utilizes zinc in acetic acid. Degradation monomers, 4-acetoxycinnamyl acetates, from beta-ether cleavage by the DFRC method were identified by NMR, CC-MS, and comparison of GC retention times with authentic compounds. Under the conditions used in this study, the beta-ether linkage of all models was cleaved in very high (> 92%) yield. The DFRC method produces simpler mixtures of monomers with higher yields than alternative hydrolytic methods. Because of its relative simplicity, mild conditions, and exceptional selectivity, this method should become a powerful analytical method for lignin characterization. C1 ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, USDA, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forestry, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Ralph, J (reprint author), ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, USDA, 1925 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 39 TC 119 Z9 127 U1 4 U2 38 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 45 IS 12 BP 4655 EP 4660 DI 10.1021/jf970539p PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA YM805 UT WOS:000071102800027 ER PT J AU Hansen, SL Krueger, WJ Dunn, LB Artz, WE AF Hansen, SL Krueger, WJ Dunn, LB Artz, WE TI Nuclear magnetic resonance and gas chromatography mass spectroscopy analysis of the nonvolatile components produced during heating of oleic acid esterified propoxylated glycerol, a fat substitute model compound, and trioleylglycerol SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE oleic acid esterified propoxylated glycerol; triolein; trioleylglycerol; fat substitutes ID HIGH-RESOLUTION C-13; NMR-SPECTROSCOPY; PALM OIL; POLY(PROPYLENE OXIDE); LINOLENIC ACID; WHITE MUSCLE; SOYBEAN OIL; SPECTRA; DIMERS; FISH AB Oleic acid esterified propoxylated glycerol (EPG-08 oleate) and trioleylglycerol were heated separately (192 +/- 8 degrees C for 12 h/day) until the polymer content was greater than or equal to 20% and examined. Supercritical fluid fractionation (SFF) produced a monomer fraction of 98.3% purity and a dimer fraction of 90.8% purity for heated EPG-08 oleate and comparable fractions for triolein. Carbon-13 NMR analysis of the fractionated dimer (SFF-D) oil samples indicated peaks at approximately 107-108, 67-68, and 23.8 ppm that were present in only the SFF-D samples. The presence of these peaks in both samples indicated that the presence of the oxypropylene backbone was not necessary for the formation of the bonds corresponding to these peaks. The oxypropylene backbone profile was the same for the day 0 and the SFF-D sample. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of dimeric fatty acid methyl esters indicated that the fatty acid portion of the molecule was involved in dimer formation for both oil samples. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USDA ARS, Peoria, IL USA. Coca Cola Co, Atlanta, GA USA. Cargill Analyt Serv, Minnetonka, MN USA. RP Artz, WE (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, 382 Agr Engn Sci Bldg,1304 W Penn Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 39 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 45 IS 12 BP 4730 EP 4739 DI 10.1021/jf970614w PG 10 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA YM805 UT WOS:000071102800041 ER PT J AU Peterson, JK Harrison, HF Chortyk, OT AF Peterson, JK Harrison, HF Chortyk, OT TI Effects of various synthetic sucrose esters on weed seed germination and crop growth: Structure-activity and dose-response relationships SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sucrose esters; dose-response; structure-activity; seed germination; crop growth; broccoli; bell pepper; Panicum milliaceum; Abutilon theophrasti ID NICOTIANA-GOSSEI; SURFACE-LIPIDS; LYCOPERSICON-PENNELLII; CUTICULAR COMPONENTS; WILD TOMATO; TOBACCO AB Twelve synthetic sucrose ester (SE) products with C-7-C-10 chain lengths and various degrees of esterification (DE) were tested for their influence on seed germination of prosomillet and velvetleaf and on growth of broccoli and bell pepper plants. At 100 ppm most SE caused virtually total inhibition of germination; at lower concentrations dose-response and structure-activity relationships were apparent. Sucrose esters with seven and eight carbon acyl groups were most effective, and activities decreased for nonanoyl and decanoyl esters, respectively. With respect to DE, products high in di-, tri-, and tetraacyl esters were most active. Increased DE caused decreasing activities; however, the lowest DE (higher in monoacyl esters) was also less active. The biologically most active SE product was characterized by mass spectrometric techniques. The product consisted of 7.5% monoheptanoyl and 20.7% di-, 33.5% tri-, 23.6% tetra-, 7.7% penta-and 1.3% hexaheptanoyl esters. Structure-activity relationships with respect to published insecticidal activities paralleled their germination inhibitory effects. Growth of young broccoli and bell pepper plants, the leaves of which were treated with the 12 SE samples, was not affected by concentrations far above those used for effective insecticidal action. Since the SE products are nontoxic to humans and higher animals, fully biodegradable, and not harmful to the crops tested, they appear to be good candidate insecticides. Potentials for suppression of weed seed germination need field evaluation. C1 USDA, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. USDA, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Peterson, JK (reprint author), USDA, 2875 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 27 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 45 IS 12 BP 4833 EP 4837 DI 10.1021/jf9703157 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA YM805 UT WOS:000071102800057 ER PT J AU Rosenberger, RS Walsh, RG AF Rosenberger, RS Walsh, RG TI Nonmarket value of western valley ranchland using contingent valuation SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE agricultural land; contingent valuation; nonmarket value; willingness to pay ID LAND; AMENITY; PRESERVATION; FARMLAND AB With the irreversible loss of agricultural land to development uses in certain areas, there is increased concern that land be preserved for posterity's sake. We estimate the nonmarket value of a ranchland protection program in the Yampa River Valley in Routt County, Colorado, including the Steamboat Springs resort. The case study builds on previous land preservation studies by adding several preference indicators. We find that local residents' willingness to pay is substantial, but insufficient, to justify protecting the existing quantity of valley ranchland in the study area. C1 COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT AGR & RESOURCE ECON,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. RP Rosenberger, RS (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE CORP AMER,USDA,WASHINGTON,DC, USA. NR 31 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 6 PU WESTERN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI LOGAN PA C/O E BRUCE GODFREY, UTAH STATE UNIV, ECONOMICS DEPT, LOGAN, UT 84322-3530 SN 0162-1912 J9 J AGR RESOUR ECON JI J. Agric. Resour. Econ. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 22 IS 2 BP 296 EP 309 PG 14 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA YL427 UT WOS:A1997YL42700008 ER PT J AU VanTassell, LW McNeley, SM MacNeil, MD Short, RE Grings, EE AF VanTassell, LW McNeley, SM MacNeil, MD Short, RE Grings, EE TI Retained ownership of beef cattle when considering production and price risk. SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV WYOMING,LARAMIE,WY 82071. ARS,USDA,WASHINGTON,DC. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WESTERN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI LOGAN PA C/O E BRUCE GODFREY, UTAH STATE UNIV, ECONOMICS DEPT, LOGAN, UT 84322-3530 SN 0162-1912 J9 J AGR RESOUR ECON JI J. Agric. Resour. Econ. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 22 IS 2 BP 391 EP 391 PG 1 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA YL427 UT WOS:A1997YL42700035 ER PT J AU Hunter, WJ AF Hunter, WJ TI Effect of the herbicide paraquat on the decomposition of wheat straw SO JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ACKER UND PFLANZENBAU LA English DT Article DE crop residue; 1,1 '-dimethyl-4,4 '-bipyridinium dichloride; Gramoxone; tillage; Triticum aestivum; Valent X-77 ID CROP RESIDUE; COVER; SOIL AB The effect 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipridinium dichloride (paraquat) has on wheat residue decomposition was investigated in laboratory studies. Field dried straw containing 0.30% nitrogen and 42.9% C was incubated in laboratory bioreactors for 8 weeks. Treatment combinations per gram of straw were control (no paraquat or spreader), 0.26, 2.6, and 26 ng paraquat, 0.7 nl Valent X-77, 0.26 ng paraquat plus spreader and 2.6 ng paraquat plus spreader. Decomposition was monitored by CO2 production and dry weight changes. Neither paraquat nor its spreader, alone or in combination, were found to effect CO2 production or dry weight loss. Paraquat should not increase the rate of wheat straw decomposition at field application rates. C1 USDA ARS, Crops Res Lab, Soil Plant Nutrient Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Hunter, WJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crops Res Lab, Soil Plant Nutrient Res Unit, 1701 Ctr Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-2250 J9 J AGRON CROP SCI JI J. Agron. Crop Sci.-Z. Acker Pflanzenbau PD DEC PY 1997 VL 179 IS 4 BP 235 EP 239 DI 10.1111/j.1439-037X.1997.tb00522.x PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YN628 UT WOS:000071189100006 ER PT J AU Harrell, RJ Thomas, MJ Boyd, RD Czerwinski, SM Steele, NC Bauman, DE AF Harrell, RJ Thomas, MJ Boyd, RD Czerwinski, SM Steele, NC Bauman, DE TI Effect of porcine somatotropin administration in young pigs during the growth phase from 10 to 25 kilograms SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pigs; somatotropin; chemical composition; growth; insulin-like growth factor ID FACTOR-BINDING-PROTEINS; I IGF-I; GROWING-PIGS; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; LACTATING COWS; NUTRITIONAL REGULATION; BODY-COMPOSITION; DIETARY-PROTEIN; RESTRICTED RATS; ENERGY-INTAKE AB We conducted two experiments to determine the efficacy of exogenous porcine somatotropin (pST) on enhancing performance during an early phase of growth (10 kg initial BW) when pigs are already growing efficiently and have high rates of lean deposition and low rates of lipid deposition. In Exp. 1, performance was measured on 45 barrows that received one of five daily doses (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mu g/kg BW) of recombinant pST. In Exp. 2, 27 barrows were used in a slaughter-balance study in which two groups received daily either buffer (control) or 120 mu g/kg BW of pST and the third group was slaughtered for initial body composition. In both experiments, pigs received daily i.m. injections of their respective dose for 20 d. The diet was fed for ad libitum consumption and calculated to contain 3.5 Meal DE/kg, 22.3% CP, and 1.5% lysine. Administration of pST failed to alter overall growth rate or efficiency of gain in either experiment. However, in Exp. 2 pigs treated with pST had increased deposition rates of protein and water but reduced lipid deposition rates. Furthermore, pST treatment resulted in characteristic reductions in plasma urea nitrogen and elevations in glucose and NEFA. Plasma concentrations of insulin and IGF-I were also increased, but pST reduced IGF-II and IGF binding protein-a. Overall, the data demonstrated that very young pigs respond to pST with enhanced lean tissue accretion and metabolic changes, but the response is attenuated compared with previous studies in older growing pigs. C1 CORNELL UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,ITHACA,NY 14853. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 45 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 75 IS 12 BP 3152 EP 3160 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA YL462 UT WOS:A1997YL46200009 PM 9419988 ER PT J AU Mersmann, HJ Carey, GB Smith, EO AF Mersmann, HJ Carey, GB Smith, EO TI Adipose tissue beta-adrenergic and A(1) adenosine receptors in suckling pigs SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE neonatal animals; adipocytes; beta-adrenergic receptors; adenosine; suckling; obesity ID PORCINE ADIPOCYTES; LIGAND-BINDING; MEMBRANES; SWINE; NUMBER; SIZE; FAT AB During the first few weeks after birth, major changes occur in porcine adipocyte lipid metabolism. Two of the important receptors controlling lipid metabolism in adipocytes are the beta-adrenergic receptors (beta AR) and the A(1) adenosine receptors (A(1)R). To gain insight into the role of these receptors in modulating neonatal adipocyte lipid metabolism, we measured receptor affinity and number in suckling pigs. Adipose tissue from crossbred (X-Bred) and genetically obese suckling pigs at 0, 3, 10, and 17 d of age was used to prepare crude membranes. The beta AR and A(1)R number and affinity were measured in membranes by equilibrium saturation binding with radioligands. Obese pigs were smaller than X-Bred pigs (average weight = 1.62 and 2.43 kg for obese and X-Bred, respectively; P <.01). Osmium-fixed adipocytes were larger in obese pigs than in X-Bred pigs (average cell diameter = 34.4 and 30.1 mu m for obese and X-Bred, respectively; P <.01). In the obese and X-Bred pigs, the affinity of the beta AR for iodocyanopindolol was greater (lower K-d) at 17 d than at the younger ages (average K-d = 177 pM at 17 d compared with > 330 pM at younger ages; age effect P <.01). The pattern for the beta AR number was complex; the lowest receptor number was at 10 d of age in obese and X-Bred pigs (average number = 41 at 10 d compared with > 65 fmol/mg protein at older and younger ages; age effect P =.03). The higher beta AR K-d and the lower receptor number in younger animals suggest less regulation by physiologic concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine. This would allow greater anabolic Lipid metabolism to proceed during the neonatal period, when adipocytes increase four-to sixfold in volume. There were no measurable A(1)R at any of these early ages; thus, adenosine control mechanisms to counteract the beta AR and provide negative controls to lipid accretion are not operable in suckling pigs. C1 USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,DEPT PEDIAT,BAYLOR COLL MED,HOUSTON,TX 77030. UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE,DEPT ANIM & NUTR SCI,DURHAM,NH 03824. NR 32 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 75 IS 12 BP 3161 EP 3168 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA YL462 UT WOS:A1997YL46200010 PM 9419989 ER PT J AU Guthrie, HD Pursel, VG Wall, RJ AF Guthrie, HD Pursel, VG Wall, RJ TI Porcine follicle-stimulating hormone treatment of gilts during an altrenogest-synchronized follicular phase: Effects on follicle growth, hormone secretion, ovulation, and fertilization SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE FSH; gilts; estrous cycle; synchronization; ovulation; fertilization ID LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; PREOVULATORY MATURATION; GRANULOSA-CELLS; INHIBIN IMMUNOACTIVITY; ATRETIC FOLLICLES; PREPUBERAL GILTS; GONADOTROPIN; RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE; PIGS AB Porcine FSH (SUPER OV(R)), containing .03% LH activity, and equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) were administered during an altrenogest-synchronized follicular phase to determine their effects on follicle development, estrus, ovulation, and fertilization. Treatments were made by i.m. injection starting on d 1 (24 h after the last feeding of altrenogest): 1) saline, once, n = 14; 2) eCG (1,200 to 1,500 IU) once, n = 32; 3) FSH 14 (n = 2) or 21 (n = 6) NIH-FSH-S1 units/100 kg BW, divided among six injections at 12-h intervals (FSH14/21); 4) FSH, 28 NIH-FSH-S1 units/100 kg BW, divided among six injections at 12-h intervals, n = 12; and 5) FSH, 28 NIH-FSH-S1 units/100 kg BW and 100 IU hCG, two or six injections at 12-h intervals (FSH28+hCG), n = 13. Gilts were injected with 750 IU of hCG on d 5 to ensure ovulation. Twenty-eight eCG- and FSH-injected gilts (n = 6, 8, and 11 on treatments 3, 4, and 5, respectively) were bred and laparotomized on d 7 to recover ova and record ovulation rate. The mean number of ovulations and large (6- to 10-mm) follicles, respectively, on d 7 were as follows: saline (17, .7), eCG (43, .9), FSH14/21 (15, .6), FSH28 (12, 16), and FSH28+hCG (32, 21). Plasma FSH concentrations were at least threefold higher (P < .05) in gilts treated with FSH than in gilts not treated with FSH. The percentage in estrus was higher(P < .05) for saline-and eCG-treated gilts (100 and 87%, respectively) than for FSH-treated gilts (53%). Proportion of FSH28+hCG-treated gilts with fertilized ova (27%) was lower than for other groups (79 to 100%). In summary, the 3-d high dose FSH treatment (FSH28 and FSH28+hCG) during an altrenogest-synchronized follicular phase increased the number of potentially ovulatory follicles, but this potential benefit was not realized because many follicles failed to ovulate. The co-injection of low doses of hCG (FSH28+hCG) increased the ovulation rate and estradiol secretion but reduced ova recovery and fertilization rate compared with eCG and the other FSH treatments. C1 USDA ARS,GENE EVALUAT & MAPPING LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Guthrie, HD (reprint author), USDA ARS,GERMPLASM & GAMETE PHYSIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 34 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 75 IS 12 BP 3246 EP 3254 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA YL462 UT WOS:A1997YL46200020 PM 9419999 ER PT J AU Hatfield, PG Hopkins, JA Pritchard, GT Hunt, CW AF Hatfield, PG Hopkins, JA Pritchard, GT Hunt, CW TI The effects of amount of whole barley, barley bulk density, and form of roughage on feedlot lamb performance, carcass characteristics, and digesta kinetics SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE sheep; grain; alfalfa; feeds ID CONCENTRATE DIETS; PROCESSING METHOD; VOLUME-WEIGHT; STEERS; GRAIN; STARCH; PASSAGE; LEVEL; DIGESTIBILITY; CHROMIUM AB We conducted two feedlot trials and one metabolism trial to evaluate the effect of barley level, barley bulk density, and physical form of roughage on lamb growth performance and digesta kinetics. Level of whole barley (50, 70, 90%) and type of roughage (chopped or pelleted alfalfa) were evaluated in Trial 1 (50 d period). Trial 2 (50 d) evaluated barley bulk density (heavy = 671 and light = 607 kg/m(3),) form of roughage (pelleted or chopped alfalfa), and level of barley (80 or 40%). The influence of treatments used in Trial 2 on digesta kinetics was evaluated in Trial 3. Gain:feed increased and DMI decreased (P < .10) Linearly with increasing level of barley, and ADG and DMI were greater (P < .10) for lambs fed pelleted vs chopped alfalfa in Trial 1. The 70% barley diet produced the highest yield grade and kidney-pelvic fat and the lowest leg score among barley levels (P < .10). Lambs fed pelleted alfalfa had heavier carcasses and a thicker body wall than lambs fed chopped alfalfa(P < .02). In Trial 2, DMI was less and gain:feed greater (P < .01) for lambs fed the heavy barley than for lambs fed the light barley and for the 80% barley diet compared to the 40% barley diet. Lambs fed pelleted alfalfa had greater dressing percentages than lambs fed chopped alfalfa. Backfat and body wall thickness were greater (P < .10) for lambs fed the 80% barley diet than for those fed the 40% barley diet. In Trial 3, retention time of barley was greater (P < .10) for lambs fed light rather than heavy barley, and retention time of alfalfa was greater (P < .10) for lambs fed chopped compared with pelleted alfalfa. Acetate:propionate ratio was greater (P < .10) for lambs fed light vs heavy barley and lambs fed the 40 vs 80% barley diets. Ruminal pH was lower(P = .05) and in situ barley digestion greater(P = .03) over time in lambs fed the 80% barley diet than in lambs fed the 40% barley diet. Feedlot lamb ADG was not always greatest with high levels of barley; however, gain:feed improved at the higher barley levels. The higher barley levels seemed to result in fatter lambs. C1 USDA ARS,US SHEEP EXPT STN,DUBOIS,ID 83423. UNIV IDAHO,DEPT ANIM & VET SCI,MOSCOW,ID 83843. RP Hatfield, PG (reprint author), MONTANA STATE UNIV,BOZEMAN,MT 59717, USA. NR 46 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 75 IS 12 BP 3353 EP 3366 PG 14 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA YL462 UT WOS:A1997YL46200032 PM 9420011 ER PT J AU Rice, PM Toney, JC Bedunah, DJ Carlson, CE AF Rice, PM Toney, JC Bedunah, DJ Carlson, CE TI Plant community diversity and growth form responses to herbicide applications for control of Centaurea maculosa SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE exotic weeds; fescue grassland; leaching; restoration; western Montana ID GLACIER NATIONAL-PARK; SPOTTED KNAPWEED; WEED-CONTROL; MONTANA; MANAGEMENT; VARIANCE; PRAIRIE; SCRUB; SOIL AB 1. A field experiment compared the effects of herbicide treatments (picloram, clopyralid and clopyralid + 2,4-D, each at two timings, at the recommended rates for control of the exotic forb Centaurea maculosa) on the structure and species diversity of native plant communities during an 8-year period in western Montana, USA. 2. Floristic composition of replicated treatment plots was sampled before spraying and for 3 years after the initial herbicide applications at two grassland and two early seral forest sites. Following the third year post-spray measurements, half the treatment plots were randomly selected to be resprayed and community sampling was continued for two more years. Diversity was quantified as species richness and Shannon Diversity Index. 3. Standing crops by growth form were estimated by double sampling at the conclusion of the experiment. 4. Herbicide treatments had high efficacy on the target weed, shifting the plant communities back to a grass-dominated structure. 5. Depressions in plant community diversity were small and transitory. In the third year after the initial applications, there were no significant differences among treatments and some herbicide-treated plots had begun to surpass the untreated plots in community diversity measures. With most treatments, respraying 3-4 years after the initial applications did not reduce plant diversity compared to untreated levels. 6. Late season applications, made after most herbicide-susceptible forbs had entered summer drought-induced dormancy, minimized impacts on plant community diversity. 7. The behaviour of herbicide residues in the soil is described in relation to community-level effects. 8. Implications of the results for exotic weed management in conservation settings are discussed. C1 Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Int Res Stn, Missoula, MT 59806 USA. RP Rice, PM (reprint author), Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. NR 70 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 3 U2 27 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8901 J9 J APPL ECOL JI J. Appl. Ecol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 34 IS 6 BP 1397 EP 1412 DI 10.2307/2405257 PG 16 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YT020 UT WOS:000071556000008 ER PT J AU Fletcher, DL Craig, EW Arnold, JW AF Fletcher, DL Craig, EW Arnold, JW TI An evaluation of on-line "reprocessing" on visual contamination and microbiological quality of broilers SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE food safety; microbiological quality; on-line processing; reprocessing ID CARCASSES AB Recent advances in equipment design, including more efficient inside/outside bird washers, have been proposed as being more effective in reducing visible contamination during processing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate such a system. Guidelines focused on the occurrence of visible contamination and microbiological quality of broilers identified as being visually contaminated but allowed to proceed on-line ("reprocessing") through evisceration and inside/outside bird washing as opposed to being removed for off-line reprocessing. Results indicated that based on visual scores, the on-line processing reduced the need for off-line reprocessing by 73 to 84%. The incidence for either Salmonella or Campylobacter was not affected by treatment. There were no significant effects of treatment on aerobic plate counts, Campylobacter number, or coliforms. These results indicate that on-line processing of visually contaminated carcasses could greatly reduce the number of carcasses currently being subjected to off-line reprocessing without negative effects on total bacterial counts or presence of pathogenic organisms. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Poultry Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30613 USA. RP Fletcher, DL (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Poultry Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 9 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU APPLIED POULTRY SCIENCE INC PI ATHENS PA PO BOX 80286, ATHENS, GA 30608 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD WIN PY 1997 VL 6 IS 4 BP 436 EP 442 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA YP340 UT WOS:000071267100013 ER PT J AU Whitford, WG AF Whitford, WG TI Desertification and animal biodiversity in the desert grasslands of North America SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; breeding birds; desert grasslands; desertification; exotic species; rodents ID KANGAROO RAT MOUNDS; SOUTHERN NEW-MEXICO; SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA; CHIHUAHUAN DESERT; DIVERSITY; HABITAT AB Studies of breeding birds and small mammals were conducted at a series of sites that form a gradient of severity of desertification. Desert grassland sites represented the least changed landscape units and mesquite coppice dunes represented the most severe degradation, an irreversibly degraded landscape unit. The hypothesis that desertification reduces species diversity was not supported by the data. Species richness and diversities (Shannon-Weaver H') of breeding birds were higher in the desertified areas than in the grassland with one exception. Data from a site dominated by the exotic African grass, Eragrostis lehmanniana, in south-eastern Arizona showed that breeding bird diversity was lower at that site than at a site in the same region that was dominated by native grasses. Species richness, diversity (H'), and abundance of small mammals were also higher in desertified areas than in desert grassland. Most grassland species of birds and mammals persist in the desertified habitats and species that are characteristic of shrublands colonize desertified desert grasslands. This accounts for the increases in species richness. However some species such as the banner-tailed kangaroo rat, Dipodomys spectabilis, are eliminated when grassland degrades to mesquite coppice dune or eroded creosotebush communities. These data suggest that other measures of faunal biodiversity such as Keystone species may be better measures of the impact of desertification on animal biodiversity. (C) 1997 Academic Press Limited. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Whitford, WG (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range,POB 30003,MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 37 TC 59 Z9 68 U1 4 U2 36 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 37 IS 4 BP 709 EP 720 DI 10.1006/jare.1997.0313 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YM095 UT WOS:000071027900011 ER PT J AU Shaver, TN Lingren, PD Marshall, HF AF Shaver, TN Lingren, PD Marshall, HF TI Nighttime variation in volatile content of flowers of the night blooming plant Gaura drummondii SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gaura drummondii; onagraceae; flower; odor; volatiles; 2-methylbutanal oxime; benzyl alcohol; phenylacetaldehyde; 2-phenylethanol ID CORN-EARWORM LEPIDOPTERA; FRAGRANCE EMISSION; NOCTUIDAE MOTHS; POLLEN; NECTAR AB Nighttime amounts were determined for five volatile chemicals identified in extracts of Gaura drummondii flowers. The major component (2-methylbutanal oxime, isomers 1 and 2) occurred at the highest level during the earliest sampling period (20:00-23:50 hr) in greenhouse and field-grown plants. Grime levels decreased at subsequent sampling periods. Benzyl alcohol levels were greater in the latter part of the night (03:00-06:00 hr). 2-Phenylethanol or phenylacetaldehyde amounts did not change with respect to time. Average amounts (eta g/bloom) of each chemical summed for all time periods were greater for greenhouse plants than for field grown plants. Three compounds that had not been identified previously in Gaura drummondii were identified in methylene chloride extracts. These were benzyl alcohol, (Z)-jasmone, and eugenol. C1 USDA ARS, Areawide Pest Management Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Shaver, TN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Areawide Pest Management Res Unit, 2771 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 16 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 23 IS 12 BP 2673 EP 2682 DI 10.1023/A:1022550607873 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YN217 UT WOS:000071144800003 ER PT J AU McAuslane, HJ Alborn, HT Toth, JP AF McAuslane, HJ Alborn, HT Toth, JP TI Systemic induction of terpenoid aldehydes in cotton pigment glands by feeding of larval Spodoptera exigua SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gossypium hirsutum; cotton; Spodoptera exigua; beet armyworm; gossypol; heliocides; terpenoid aldehydes; pigment glands; systemic induction; plant defense; plant-insect interactions; plant resistance ID TOBACCO BUDWORM LEPIDOPTERA; PLANTS; ALLELOCHEMICALS; RESISTANCE; NOCTUIDAE; BEHAVIOR; LEAVES AB Pigment glands in cotton contain terpenoid aldehydes that are toxic and deterrent to feeding of several generalist lepidopteran insects. We hypothesized that previously observed systemically induced feeding deterrence may be associated with pigment glands. We conducted experiments to determine the dynamics and chemical nature of inducible feeding deterrents in leaves of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L, to larvae of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. Production and/or filling of pigment glands was influenced by physiological age of Deltapine 90 cotton plants. In undamaged plants, successively formed leaves contained more pigment glands, up to the seventh or eighth true-leaf developmental stage. Feeding choice tests conducted one or seven days after initial feeding damage revealed that third instars of S. exigua consumed more of the two youngest leaves from control cotton plants than from plants whose two oldest leaves had been fed on previously for 24 hr by S. exigua. The preference for leaves from control plants was significant one day after initial damage and highly significant seven days after damage. Consumption of mature foliage (leaf immediately above initially damaged leaves) from control plants and damaged plants did not differ. More pigment glands were counted on the youngest leaf of damaged plants than on the youngest leaf of control plants one day after initial damage. HPLC analysis revealed greater amounts of hemigossypolone, heliocides 1 and 2 (H-1 and H-2), and total terpenoid aldehydes per gland in young foliage of damaged plants than control plants one day after initial injury. By seven days after initial injury, greater quantities of hemigossypolone and all heliocides except H-4 were detected in young foliage from damaged plants compared to control plants. Concentrations of H-1 per gland in young leaves from damaged plants increased the most of all terpenoid aldehydes measured (3.4x the amount found in leaves from control plants). Mature leaves from damaged plants did not contain more terpenoid aldehydes than mature leaves from control plants. We suggest that systemically induced feeding deterrence to S. exigua in young leaves of glanded cotton was due to increased amounts of terpenoid aldehydes in pigment glands. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA ARS, SEA, CMAVE, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP McAuslane, HJ (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, POB 110620, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 36 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 3 U2 20 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 23 IS 12 BP 2861 EP 2879 DI 10.1023/A:1022575313325 PG 19 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YN217 UT WOS:000071144800015 ER PT J AU Robacker, DC Bartelt, RJ AF Robacker, DC Bartelt, RJ TI Chemicals attractive to Mexican fruit fly from Klebsiella pneumoniae and Citrobacter freundii cultures sampled by solid-phase microextraction SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE attractants; Mexican fruit fly; Diptera; Tephritidae; Anastrepha ludens; bacteria; amines; solid-phase microextraction ID ANASTREPHA-LUDENS DIPTERA; APPLE MAGGOT DIPTERA; FLIES DIPTERA; TEPHRITIDAE; BACTERIA; IDENTIFICATION; FERMENTATION; METABOLITES; VOLATILES; AMMONIA AB Headspace above tryptic soy broth culture filtrates of Klebsiella pneumoniae contained greater amounts of ammonia, methylamine, 3-methylbutanamine, 1-pyrroline, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine, and two pyrazines than were found above tryptic soy broth. It also contained chemicals not found above tryptic soy broth, including dimethyldisulfide and several alcohols and ketones. Headspace above tryptic soy broth culture filtrates of Citrobacter freundii contained greater amounts of ammonia, 1-pyrroline, and several pyr azines than were found above tryptic soy broth. It also contained chemicals not found above tryptic soy broth including dimethyldisulfide, some of the same alcohols as above K. pneumoniae filtrates, a different ketone, and phenol. Additional chemicals were detected above filtrates that were saturated with sodium chloride or had their pH adjusted up or down. In laboratory bioassays with protein-starved, sugar-fed Mexican fruit flies, chemicals that did not contain protonizable nitrogen were not attractive. All chemicals containing protonizable nitrogen, except 2-methylpyrazine, were attractive. Synthetic mixtures of ammonia, trimethylamine, 1-pyrroline, 3-methylbutanamine, pyrazine, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, and trimethylpyrazine in concentrations similar to those in filtrates of the two bacteria were 73-87% as attractive as bacterial filtrates. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Qual & Fruit Insects Res, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Robacker, DC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Qual & Fruit Insects Res, 301 S Int Blvd, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 24 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 9 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 23 IS 12 BP 2897 EP 2915 DI 10.1023/A:1022579414233 PG 19 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YN217 UT WOS:000071144800017 ER PT J AU Thompson, RH AF Thompson, RH TI Simplifying fatty acid analyses using a standard set of gas-liquid chromatographic conditions .2. Equivalent chain length values for cis- and trans- isomers of monoethylenic C-18 fatty acid methyl esters for Carbowax-20M liquid phase SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID COLUMNS RP Thompson, RH (reprint author), USDA,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,FOOD COMPOSIT LAB,BLDG 161,BARC E,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU PRESTON PUBLICATIONS INC PI NILES PA 7800 MERRIMAC AVE PO BOX 48312, NILES, IL 60648 SN 0021-9665 J9 J CHROMATOGR SCI JI J. Chromatogr. Sci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 35 IS 12 BP 598 EP 602 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA YJ448 UT WOS:A1997YJ44800008 ER PT J AU Wilkerson, VA Mertens, DR Casper, DP AF Wilkerson, VA Mertens, DR Casper, DP TI Prediction of excretion of manure and nitrogen by Holstein dairy cattle SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE nitrogen; cattle; manure; environment ID COWS; LOSSES AB A compilation of N balance data (n = 1801) was partitioned into four groups to define the mean excretion of manure and N and to develop empirical equations to estimate these excretions from Holstein herds. Mean excretion of manure for cows that averaged 29 kg/d of milk production was 3 kg/d per 1000 kg of body weight (BW) more than the value for dairy cows reported by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers; N excretion was 0.09 kg/d per 1000 kg of BW higher than the value reported by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Mean excretion of manure and N for cows that averaged 14 kg/d of milk production and that for nonlactating cows were substantially lower than the values reported by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Growing and replacement cattle excreted 10 kg/d per 1000 kg of BW more manure and 0.11 kg/d per 1000 kg of BW more N than was reported by the American Society for Agricultural Engineers for beef cattle. Estimation of manure and N excretion was more accurate than mean values when using regression equations that included variables for milk production, concentration of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber in the diet, BW, days in milk, and days of pregnancy. Equations that contained intake variables did not significantly affect predictions of manure and N excretion, and the use of such equations is discouraged unless dry matter intake is measured and not estimated. Accurate estimates of excreta output could improve the planning of storage and handling systems for manure and the calculation of nutrient balances on dairy farms. C1 USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Nutrient Conservat & Metab Lab, Energy Metab Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Mertens, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 16 TC 78 Z9 79 U1 1 U2 24 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 80 IS 12 BP 3193 EP 3204 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA YM834 UT WOS:000071106100015 PM 9436099 ER PT J AU Lefcourt, AM Paul, G Mayer, H Schams, D Bruckmaier, RM AF Lefcourt, AM Paul, G Mayer, H Schams, D Bruckmaier, RM TI Response of catecholamines to manual teat stimulation or machine-milking of Lacaune and Friesen dairy ewes SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE catecholamines; ewes; milking ID OXYTOCIN; STRESS; SHEEP; PLASMA; NOREPINEPHRINE; NORADRENALINE; REMOVAL; CATTLE; COWS AB Increased sympathetic activity, including peripheral release of catecholamines, has been hypothesized to inhibit the milk ejection reflex by blocking the release of oxytocin, by blocking the effect of oxytocin at the mammary gland, or both. We attempted to relate differences in milking characteristics of Lacaune and East Friesen ewes to the degree of sympathetic arousal, responses of catecholamines and oxytocin to machine-milking and to manual teat stimulation followed by milking. Peripheral concentrations of epinephrine, 67 +/- 6 pg/ml for Lacaunes and 57 +/- 5 pg/ml for Friesens, were essentially constant. Peripheral concentrations of norepinephrine averaged 682 +/- 68 pg/ml for Lacaunes and 250 +/- 54 pg/ml for Friesens. Elevated norepinephrine concentrations during the pretreatment period were associated with the inhibition of oxytocin responses. When norepinephrine concentrations during the pretreatment period exceeded 300 pg/ml for Friesens, or were rising and exceeded 700 pg/ml at initiation of the experimental period for Lacaunes,oxytocin release was inhibited. Results from this study clearly showed that basal concentrations of norepinephrine vary with breed of ewes and provided the first direct evidence that increased sympathetic activity can result in central inhibition of the milk ejection reflex. C1 USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Tech Univ Munich, Inst Physiol, D-85354 Friesing Weihenstephan, Germany. Univ Bern, Inst Tierzuch, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. RP Lefcourt, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 19 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 80 IS 12 BP 3205 EP 3211 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA YM834 UT WOS:000071106100016 PM 9436100 ER PT J AU Basch, JJ Wickham, ED Farrell, HM AF Basch, JJ Wickham, ED Farrell, HM TI Arginase in lactating bovine mammary glands: Implications in proline synthesis SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE milk secretion; enzymes; proline ID AMINO-ACID UTILIZATION; ISOCITRATE DEHYDROGENASE; SOLUBLE FORM; PURIFICATION; ORNITHINE; PROTEIN; FAT; COW AB The occurrence and subcellular distribution of arginase have been studied in mammary glands from lactating dairy cattle. The enzyme appears to be localized in the mitochondrial fraction, although a significant amount has been found to be associated with the cytosolic fraction. Both mitochondrial and cytosolic arginase are activated by heating with Mn2+. The Michaelis constants for the two fractions, however, are different: 49.5 and 18.5 mM for the mitochondrial fraction and cytosolic fraction, respectively. Overall, the total enzyme concentration in the gland suggests that these enzymes contribute to the conversion of arginine to ornithine. Ornithine, in turn, may be converted by ornithine aminotransferase into an intermediate, L-Delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate; concurrently, alpha-keto-glutarate is transformed into glutamic acid. Finally, pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase yields proline, an important amino acid that is needed for casein synthesis. Because pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase requires NADPH, and because ornithine aminotransferase uses alpha-ketoglutarate, this, new pathway is linked to the Krebs cycle through the cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase, which is the source of both of these intermediates. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Dairy Prod Res Unit, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Farrell, HM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Dairy Prod Res Unit, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 22 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 80 IS 12 BP 3241 EP 3248 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA YM834 UT WOS:000071106100021 PM 9436105 ER PT J AU Freetly, HC Ferrell, CL AF Freetly, HC Ferrell, CL TI Relationship between the consumption of oxygen by portal-drained viscera and liver and milk production in the ewe SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE sheep; lactation; metabolism; liver ID MECHANISTIC MODEL; LACTATING COW; METABOLISM; GLUCOSE; SHEEP; PREGNANCY; TISSUES; ORGANS; CATTLE AB The objectives of this study were to determine oxygen consumption by portal-drained viscera and liver in lactating ewes and to determine the relationship between this consumption and milk production. Nine multiparous ewes were individually penned and fed for ad libitum intake a diet based on alfalfa hay, Catheters were surgically placed in the portal vein, a branch of the hepatic vein, a mesenteric vein, and the abdominal aorta. Oxygen consumption by portal-drained viscera and Liver was subsequently measured at 1, 3, 6, and 10 wk after parturition. The percentages of fat, protein, and SNF in milk decreased as milk production increased; however, yields of fat, protein, and SNF increased as milk production increased, Increased oxygen consumption by portal-drained viscera and liver was positively correlated with increased milk energy yield. These results indicated that the efficiency of milk energy secretion relative to energy expenditure by these tissues increases as milk production increases. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Freetly, HC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 31 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 80 IS 12 BP 3256 EP 3262 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA YM834 UT WOS:000071106100023 PM 9436107 ER PT J AU Ekinci, C Broderick, GA AF Ekinci, C Broderick, GA TI Effect of processing high moisture ear corn on ruminal fermentation and milk yield SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE high moisture ear corn; grain processing; milk yield ID LACTATING DAIRY-COWS; FIBER DIGESTION KINETICS; EXPELLER SOYBEAN-MEAL; ALFALFA SILAGE; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; NUTRIENT UTILIZATION; PROTEIN; STARCH; PERFORMANCE; INVITRO AB Thirty-six multiparous dairy cows (8 fitted with ruminal cannulas) and 16 primiparous dairy cows were blocked by days in milk and parity and assigned to one of four diets containing 53% alfalfa silage [dry matter (DM) basis] plus 1) high moisture ear corn, 2) high moisture ear corn plus expeller soybean meal, 3) ground high moisture ear corn, or 4) ground high moisture ear corn plus expeller soybean meal. The high moisture ear corn was rolled before ensiling at 68% DM. Ground high moisture ear corn was prepared by further grinding through a 9.5-mm screen; grinding reduced the geometric mean particle size from 4.33 to 1.66 mm. Diets contained 1.69 Mcal of net energy for lactation/kg of DM. Relative to cows fed diet 1, milk yield was 4 kg/d greater for cows fed diet 2; numerically, milk yield was about 2 kg/d greater for cows fed diets 3 and 4 than for cows fed diet 1. Yield of milk components also was greater for cows fed diets 2 and 3 but not for cows fed diet 4. Intake of DM and yield of 4% FCM were greatest for cows fed diet 3 and lowest for cows fed diet 1. Digestibilities of DM, organic matter, starch, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber were increased, and ruminal NH3 concentration was depressed, by the grinding of high moisture corn; expeller soybean meal increased ruminal NH3. Total volatile fatty acid concentration was not different among in vivo treatments, but the molar proportion of acetate decreased, and propionate increased, for cows fed diet 3. The grinding of high moisture corn significantly decreased pH, increased total volatile fatty acid concentration, and increased the rate of decline of NH3 concentration in ruminal in vitro incubations. Grinding improved the utilization of high moisture corn by lactating cows by stimulating ruminal fermentation. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Dairy Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA, Agr Res Serv, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Broderick, GA (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Dairy Sci, 1925 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 38 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 80 IS 12 BP 3298 EP 3307 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA YM834 UT WOS:000071106100028 PM 9436112 ER PT J AU Starkenburg, RJ Hansen, LB Kehrli, ME Chester-Jones, H AF Starkenburg, RJ Hansen, LB Kehrli, ME Chester-Jones, H TI Frequencies and effects of alternative DRB3.2 alleles of bovine lymphocyte antigen for Holsteins in milk selection and control lines SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bovine lymphocyte antigen; milk yield; somatic cells; genetics ID SOMATIC-CELL SCORES; DAIRY-CATTLE; GENETIC EVALUATION; ASSOCIATION; TRAITS; POPULATION; CONFORMATION; HEALTH; YIELD; BULLS AB Frequencies of alleles at the DRB3.2 locus of the bovine major histocompatibility complex for two genetic lines of Holsteins were compared, and allelic effects on yield and udder health traits were examined. The DRB3.2 genotypes of 186 cows and heifers were determined using DNA that had been extracted from blood samples. The cattle were from a designed selection experiment for milk yield. After edits, 173 cows and heifers with known alleles remained (54 from a control line and 119 from a selection line for milk yield). A total of 19 alternative DRB3.2 alleles appeared across the two lines, and frequencies ranged from 0.3 to 21.4%. Allelic frequencies differed significantly between the selection and control lines. Alleles 3, 8, 9, 10, 26, and 28 were more frequent in the control line, but alleles 16, 24, and 27 were more frequent in the selection line. An animal model was used to estimate gene substitution effects of alternative alleles on milk yield, fat yield, and protein yield, SCS, chronically elevated SCS, acutely elevated SCS, and mastitis incidence. First, second, and third lactations were analyzed separately. Allele 7 was associated with a significant increase in protein yield during first and second lactations and a significant increase in chronically elevated SCS and acutely elevated SCS during second lactation. Because of conflicting results with other studies and a limited numbers of cows, additional research is needed before specific alleles are confirmed to be associated with measures of yield and udder health. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Anim Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Metab Dis & Immunol Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Hansen, LB (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Anim Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 22 TC 54 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 80 IS 12 BP 3411 EP 3419 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA YM834 UT WOS:000071106100039 PM 9436123 ER PT J AU Stefan, G AF Stefan, G TI Food safety issues affecting the dairy beef industry SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE food safety; HACCP; Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points; cull cows and veal calves AB The ability of dairy farmers to market cull co ius and veal calves may be affected by the final rule on Pathogen Reduction and HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points) Systems, a sweeping reform of USDA food safety regulations that was published on July 25, 1996. Although the regulations apply only to slaughter and processing plants handling meat and poultry, the rule will have an impact on food animal producers, including dairy farmers. Under this regulation, plant operators are required to evaluate potential hazards and to devise and implement controls that are appropriate for each product and plant to prevent or reduce those hazards. Processing plants may need to consider the potential hazards associated with incoming animals, such as illegal drug residues, which may result in marked changes in the relationships among some producers, livestock markets, and slaughter plants. Such information may actually improve the marketability of some animal classes because documentation will help the packer ensure the safety Of products for sale to domestic and. foreign markets. Dairy scientists are in an excellent position to explain the food safety issues to dairy farmers and to help develop the appropriate strategies that are necessary to guide the changes needed. These scientists can be conduits for information, the research leaders for practical solutions to reduce public health risks, and valuable resources to help fanners adjust to the impact of these new in-plant regulatory systems. C1 USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Stefan, G (reprint author), USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 6 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 80 IS 12 BP 3458 EP 3462 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA YM834 UT WOS:000071106100047 PM 9436130 ER PT J AU Wilkerson, VA Glenn, BP McLeod, KR AF Wilkerson, VA Glenn, BP McLeod, KR TI Energy and nitrogen balance in lactating cows fed diets containing dry or high moisture corn in either rolled or ground form (vol 80, pg 2495, 1997) SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Correction C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Nutrient Conservat & Metab Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wilkerson, VA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Nutrient Conservat & Metab Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 80 IS 12 BP 3463 EP 3463 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA YM834 UT WOS:000071106100049 ER PT J AU Westover, KM Kennedy, AC Kelley, SE AF Westover, KM Kennedy, AC Kelley, SE TI Patterns of rhizosphere microbial community structure associated with co-occurring plant species SO JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE multivariate analysis of variance; perennial grasses; soil bacteria and fungi; substrate utilization assay ID SOIL; COMPETITION; FIELD; CARBON; ROOTS; WHEAT; MYCORRHIZAE; GRASSLAND; SEEDLINGS; FUNGI AB 1 Rhizosphere populations of free-living bacteria and fungi associated with particular co-occurring plants were characterized to examine patterns of microbial community structure in natural plant communities. Soil was collected from three co-occurring perennial plant pairs in an undisturbed field at Smoot Hill Biological Reserve, Pullman, Washington, USA, and from three different perennial plant pairs in an old-field community in Durham, North Carolina, USA. 2 Bacteria and fungi isolated from these rhizosphere soils were tested for their ability to utilize various carbon substrates, their tolerance of antibiotics, and their sensitivity to osmotic and metal stresses. Multivariate analysis of physiological characteristics showed that rhizosphere microbial populations associated with particular plant pairs were significantly different from one another. Plots of the first and second linear discriminative functions from a canonical analysis showed clustering of bacterial and fungal physiological characteristics according to plant pair. 3 Replicates of particular plant pairs were planted into both greenhouse and field experiments to test whether bacterial community structure was influenced by different plant pairs. Repeated profile analyses showed that initially similar rhizosphere bacterial communities differentiated in both the greenhouse and field experiments and that these differences were associated with plant pairs. 4 The data suggest structure in rhizosphere populations of free-living bacteria and fungi can be influenced by plants. They provide a first step in understanding the link between the structure and function of natural plant and microbial communities. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Bot, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Land Management & Water Conservat Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Biol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Westover, KM (reprint author), Duke Univ, Dept Bot, Box 90339, Durham, NC 27708 USA. NR 63 TC 126 Z9 128 U1 1 U2 23 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-0477 J9 J ECOL JI J. Ecol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 85 IS 6 BP 863 EP 873 DI 10.2307/2960607 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YL835 UT WOS:000070998600011 ER PT J AU Mangan, RL Frampton, ER Thomas, DB Moreno, DS AF Mangan, RL Frampton, ER Thomas, DB Moreno, DS TI Application of the maximum pest limit concept to quarantine security standards for the Mexican fruit fly (Diptera : Tephritidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Mexican fruit fly; quarantine; risk analysis; Mexico ID SAMPLE-SIZE; EFFICACY AB A maximum pest limit approach is used to determine the probability of pest introduction into the United States when commodities are hosts to the Mexican fruit np, Anastrepha ludens (Loew). Ecological parameters including proportion of fruit infested and the number of pests per infested fruit were collected. under various pest management scenarios for mangoes and citrus in regions of Mexico that are infested with Mexican fruit fly. Various calculations were performed using techniques developed by statisticians in New Zealand and the United States to determine the probability of a single reproductive pair of Mexican fruit flies surviving in a shipment of fruit, or the required post-harvest insecticidal treatment of fruit that would be required to assure that a reproductive pair did not survive. Results indicated that Mexican fruit fly host infestation levels under conditions with no pest management will frequently allow survival levels exceeding this maximum pest level following a postharvest treatment that has been shown to be at least 99.9968% effective. Standard pest management practices such as insecticide al,plication, sterile insect release, or the selective harvest of fruit reduced the predicted survival rate in treated fruit to levels below 2 flies per shipment. This approach suggests that the requirement for a postharvest quarantine treatment with demonstrated efficacy corresponding to at least 99.9968% (probit 9) mortality is effective in maintaining a predicted pest survival of < 1 reproductive pair of flies per shipment only when combined with current pest management practices. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Qual & Fruit Insects Res Subtrop Agr Res Lab, Weslaco, TX USA. RP Mangan, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Qual & Fruit Insects Res Subtrop Agr Res Lab, Weslaco, TX USA. NR 15 TC 14 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 90 IS 6 BP 1433 EP 1440 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YU545 UT WOS:000071728600001 ER PT J AU Fuester, RW Sandridge, PT Dill, NH McLaughlin, JM Peiffer, RA Taylor, PB Sigmon, JOD Newlon, CJ AF Fuester, RW Sandridge, PT Dill, NH McLaughlin, JM Peiffer, RA Taylor, PB Sigmon, JOD Newlon, CJ TI Parasitism of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) pupae on the delmarva peninsula with emphasis on Coccygomimus disparis (Hymenoptera : Ichneumonidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lymantria dispar; Coccygomimus disparis; Brachymeria intermedia; Parasetigena silvestris; biological control ID MORTALITY AB Collections of gypsy moth pupae were made on the Delmarva Peninsula during 1989-1994, for the purpose of recovering the recently introduced pupal parasite Coccygomimus disparis (Viereck). Habitats sampled included forests and woodlands, residential forest openings, parks or small woodlots within residential areas, and residences in suburban areas. This species was recovered in all regions of the peninsula, but it did not seem to be associated with any particular habitat. Parasitism was usually low, <1%, but averaged 4.5% in 1990. Levels of parasitism by this species did not seem to be affected by host density, habitat, or latitude. Discriminant analysis suggested. that sample size, minimum temperature the previous December, minimum temperature the previous February, June rainfall and site location (upper or lower peninsula) were the most important factors affecting recoveries of this species. Moth emergence was generally high, averaging 54%. Other sources of mortality (average percentages) were desiccation (16.6%), disease (11.1%), parasitism by other species (3.8%), and unknown causes (9.8%). C1 ARS, USDA, Newark, DE 19713 USA. Delaware State Univ, Dept Agr & Nat Resources, Dover, DE 19901 USA. Delaware State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Dover, DE 19901 USA. RP Fuester, RW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 501 S Chapel St, Newark, DE 19713 USA. NR 29 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 90 IS 6 BP 1551 EP 1559 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YU545 UT WOS:000071728600020 ER PT J AU Behle, RW McGuire, MR Shasha, BS AF Behle, RW McGuire, MR Shasha, BS TI Effects of sunlight and simulated rain on residual activity of Bacillus thuringiensis formulations SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bacillus thuringiensis; Trichoplusia ni; formulation; rain; sunlight AB The effect of sunlight and simulated rain on the residual insecticidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki formulations applied to field grown cabbage were measured. Leaf samples were collected 1, 2, 4 and 7 d after treatment and assayed against neonate cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner). Simulated rain applied Lv a sprinkler irrigation system washed B. thuringiensis from the plants, causing on average 20% reduction in insecticidal activity across all treatments. Sunlight intensity was manipulated by applying degrees of shade treatments consisting of no cover, clear plastic covers, and black plastic covers. Black plastic provided protection from sunlight degradation for 7 d, whereas both clear plastic and no cover treatments lost insecticidal activity equally beginning 2 d after application of B. thuringiensis. There was no interaction between simulated rain and shade treatments and thus no synergistic loss of insecticidal activity by the combination of both environmental factors. Formulations of B. thuringiensis differed in their ability to resist wash-off by simulated min and degradation by sunlight. Formulations consisting of 1% wt:vol gluten or 0.5% wt:vol casein resisted wash-off better than flour/sucrose (2% wt:vol) and Dipel 2X. Resistance to sunlight degradation was greatest with the gluten formulation and progressively less for casein, flour/sucrose and Dipel 2X formulations. Half-life of insecticidal activity in response to sunlight was calculated to be 7.1, 5.7, 4.8, and 4.3 d for gluten. casein. flour/sucrose and Dipel 2X formulations, respectively. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Behle, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 18 TC 18 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 90 IS 6 BP 1560 EP 1566 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YU545 UT WOS:000071728600021 ER PT J AU Heath, RR Epsky, ND Dueben, BD Rizzo, J Jeronimo, F AF Heath, RR Epsky, ND Dueben, BD Rizzo, J Jeronimo, F TI Adding methyl-substituted ammonia derivatives to a food-based synthetic attractant on capture of the Mediterranean and Mexican fruit flies (Diptera : tephritidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ceratitis capitata; Anastrepha ludens; trapping; ammonium acetate; putrescine; trimethylamine ID ANASTREPHA LUDENS; CERATITIS-CAPITATA; TRAPPING SYSTEMS; ATTRACTIVENESS; PUTRESCINE; MONITOR; MIXTURE; TRAPS; FLY AB Field trials were conducted in Guatemala to determine the effect of addition of methyl-substituted ammonia derivatives (methylamine, dimethylamine or trimethylamine) to a food-based synthetic attractant for the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). and the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew). Addition of trimethylamine to traps baited with ammonium acetate anti putrescine increased capture of C. capitata, but not A. ludens, over traps baited with ammonium acetate and putrescine alone, in all tests. Addition of methylamine or dimethylamine had no effect on either species, More C. capitata were captured in adhesive paper cylindrical traps baited with tested combinations of synthetic lures than in McPhail traps baited with liquid protein bait (torula yeast solution). In tests conducted during the dry season in Guatemala, more female A. ludens were captured in liquid protein-baited McPhail traps than in adhesive paper cylindrical traps baited with ammonium acetate. putrescine, and trimethylamine. However during the rainy season, adhesive paper cylindrical traps baited with ammonium acetate. putrescine, and trimethylamine captured significantly more female A. ludens than liquid protein-baited McPhail traps. No C. capitata were captured in traps baited with trimethylamine alone, indicating that trimethylamine is a potent synergist to ammonium acetate and putrescine for the capture of C. capitata. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Heath, RR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 20 TC 72 Z9 76 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 90 IS 6 BP 1584 EP 1589 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YU545 UT WOS:000071728600024 ER PT J AU Weaver, DK Zettler, JL Wells, CD Baker, JE Bertsch, W Throne, JE AF Weaver, DK Zettler, JL Wells, CD Baker, JE Bertsch, W Throne, JE TI Toxicity of fractionated and degraded Mexican marigold floral extract to adult Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera : curculionidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Sitophilus zeamais; Tagetes minuta; floral extract; degradation; natural product ID TAGETES-MINUTA; ASTERACEAE AB Floral extract of Mexican marigold, Tagetes minuta (L.), was toxic to adult male and female maize weevils. Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, under illuminated and dark conditions. The LD50 values ranged from 35 to 47 mu g per weevil across sex and photoperiod, whereas LD50 values ranged from 319 to 816 mu g per weevil. Fractionation tended to decrease toxicity. Generally. both sexes were similarly susceptible to a given treatment. Although the original extract and certain fractions probably contained photoactive thiophenes, which are toxic to certain larval Lepidoptera, there was no obvious effect of illumination on toxicity for this beetle species. Air exposure for 24 h, in the presence or absence of light, greatly reduced the toxicity of the unfractionated extract. Chromatographic profiles indicated that fractionation procedures had a significant effect on sample composition and on the amount of nonvolatile material. Air exposure for 24 h had a much more dramatic effect, with concomitant 365-nm UVA or incandescent light causing even greater degradation. Degradation under illumination is the end result of the process that causes photoactivation in susceptible species. Apparently. S. zeamais was not adversely affected by the amount of photoactivation that occurred as the extracts or fractions were degrading under our test conditions. These results are discussed in terms of of maximizing the central potential of labile material in subsistence agriculture, particularly when purification is required to remove undesired compounds. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Weaver, DK (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Entomol, 324 Leon Johnson Hall,POB 173020, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 13 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 90 IS 6 BP 1678 EP 1683 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YU545 UT WOS:000071728600039 ER PT J AU Shufran, KA Burd, JD Webster, JA AF Shufran, KA Burd, JD Webster, JA TI Biotypic status of Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera : aphididae) populations in the United States SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Diuraphis noxia; biotypes; plant resistance; random amplified polymorphic DNA ID AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA; RAPD-PCR; DIURAPHIS; REGISTRATION AB Baseline information on the biotypic status of Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov). populations in the United States prior to the commercial planting of Russian wheat aphid-resistant small grains is reported. Ten Russian wheat aphid clones, collected from 5 states, were evaluated for biotypic variation on 4 wheat, Triticum aestivum L., and 2 barley, Hordeum vulgare L., germplasm entries. Although minor statistical differences were detected in measurements of chlorosis, root weight, aphid numbers, and aphid weight among some crones, host responses to Russian wheat aphid infestation among the 10 clones were similar. No genotypic differences were detected among the aphid clones based on random amplified polymorphic DNA profiles. Ten years after its introduction to the United States and before the commercial release of resistant cultivars, the Russian wheat aphid has not exhibited biotypic variation like that found in another cereal aphid, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani). It has been previously shown that Russian wheat aphid populations from other parts of the world exhibit considerable biotypic variation. Thus, with the threat of future introductions into the United States. Russian wheat aphid should be periodically monitored for biotypic variation, before and after the deployment of resistant cultivars. C1 USDA, ARS, Plant Sci & Water Conservat Res Lab, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. RP Shufran, KA (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Plant Sci & Water Conservat Res Lab, 1301 NW St, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. NR 15 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 90 IS 6 BP 1684 EP 1689 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YU545 UT WOS:000071728600040 ER PT J AU Propst, DL Stefferud, JA AF Propst, DL Stefferud, JA TI Population dynamics of Gila trout in the Gila River drainage of the south-western United States SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Oncorhynchus gilae; population dynamics; inter- and intrapopulation comparisons ID ARIZONA AB In some small, often unstable, streams of the Gila River drainage, New Mexico, Gila trout Oncorhynchus gilae populations fluctuated numerically seasonally and annually. Few differences were noted in length-weight and size-structure comparisons, but Fulton condition index varied significantly. Time of sample and time since disturbance (natural or human-caused) were often associated with differences in condition. Other factors may include availability of prey, cannibalism and reproductive condition. The repeatedly sampled McKnight Creek population illustrated the resilience of Gila trout populations to natural disturbances. A scouring flood in 1988 caused a >90% reduction in numbers, but, by 1992, population structure was not substantially different from that of other streams. Likewise, juvenile/adult ratio, density, and per cent large specimens (greater than or equal to 200 mm total length) of most other samples were within the ranges for the McKnight Creek population. Gila trout density (no. fish min(-1) electrofishing) tended to increase with higher elevation and greater drainage density (stream km catchment(-1) km(-2)) but decreased with larger catchments. Information gained in this study demonstrates that a variety of factors must be considered when evaluating the relative well-being of Gila trout populations and illustrates the importance of larger, more hydrologically complex drainages to the long-term survival of Gila trout populations. degrees 1997 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 New Mexico Dept Game & Fish, Conservat Serv Div, Santa Fe, NM 87504 USA. USDA, Tonto Natl Forest, Phoenix, AZ 85006 USA. RP Propst, DL (reprint author), New Mexico Dept Game & Fish, Conservat Serv Div, Santa Fe, NM 87504 USA. NR 29 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 51 IS 6 BP 1137 EP 1154 DI 10.1006/jfbi.1997.0512 PG 18 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YQ380 UT WOS:000071381100005 ER PT J AU Strange, ED Konstance, RP Lu, D Smith, PW Onwulata, CI Holsinger, VH AF Strange, ED Konstance, RP Lu, D Smith, PW Onwulata, CI Holsinger, VH TI Oxidative and functional stability during storage of butter oil encapsulated with sucrose or flour SO JOURNAL OF FOOD LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID WHOLE MILK POWDER; LIPID OXIDATION; TISSUE AB Oxidative and functional stability of sucrose encapsulated butter oil (SuBO) and flour encapsulated butter oil (FIBO) was determined during six months of storage at -20, 22, and 40C. Muffins also were prepared with SuBO and FlBO. Both encapsulations resulted in highly stable powders. Oxygen content of sealed vials containing butter powder showed that FIBO was slightly more stable than SuBO. Peroxide and 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TEARS) content of butter powders and their muffins confirmed this result Functional stability, as measured by texture and specific volume of muffins, also showed little change due to storage, but differences in hardness, springiness, and cohesiveness due to encapsulant were found. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Strange, ED (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM estrange@arseerrc.gov NR 30 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1065-7258 J9 J FOOD LIPIDS JI J. Food Lipids PD DEC PY 1997 VL 4 IS 4 BP 245 EP 260 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4522.1997.tb00097.x PG 16 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA YN986 UT WOS:000071229900002 ER PT J AU Smith, JL AF Smith, JL TI Long-term consequences of foodborne toxoplasmosis: Effects on the unborn, the immunocompromised, the elderly, and the immunocompetent SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Review DE long-term effect; Toxoplasma gondii; toxoplasmosis; immunocompromised; pregnancy; congenital toxoplasmosis ID RENAL-TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS; ACQUIRED OCULAR TOXOPLASMOSIS; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; GONDII-INFECTED MICE; T-CELL CLONES; TREATED CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS; ADHERENT SUPPRESSOR CELLS; CD8+ LYMPHOCYTES-T; IFN-GAMMA; FOLLOW-UP AB In immunointact individuals, infection by the ubiquitous protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is common, but clinical disease is rare; however, fetal and immunocompromised populations are at risk for clinical toxoplasmosis. T. gondii organisms persist as quiescent tissue cysts in various tissues of the body with the possibility of tissue cysts reactivating to actively multiplying parasites if there is a decline in the infected individual's immune system. In more recent years, there has been an increase in toxoplasmosis due to a steadily increasing immunocompromised population. ?: gondii infections are controlled principally by the cellular immune system, Thus, individuals with defective cell-mediated immunity cannot control a T. gondii infection and if they have been infected previously, reactivation of a previous infection may occur. Congenital toxoplasmosis can cause severe complications in the fetuses of women who are infected with T. gondii during pregnancy. Toxoplasmosis can be serious in individuals with malignancies or AIDS. Since transplant recipients are immunosuppressed by drug treatment, they too are at risk for toxoplasmosis if they receive an organ from an infected donor. Vaccines against ?: gondii suitable for human use have not been developed. No drug is available that can eliminate the encysted stage of the parasite; thus, infected individuals are always at risk for reactivation of the parasite if there is a failure of their immune system. More emphasis should be placed on the elimination of T. gondii by development of drugs which can eliminate the cyst stage in tissues and on development of vaccines suitable for protecting humans against infection or reactivation. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Smith, JL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM JSmith@ARSERRC.GOV NR 217 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 6 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 60 IS 12 BP 1595 EP 1611 PG 17 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA YQ746 UT WOS:000071419100023 ER PT J AU Sauer, CJ Majkowski, J Green, S Eckel, R AF Sauer, CJ Majkowski, J Green, S Eckel, R TI Foodborne illness outbreak associated with a semi-dry fermented sausage product SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Review DE Salmonella typhimurium; Lebanon bologna; foodborne illness; process control AB A state department of health reported an increase in cases of human salmonellosis and found an association (odds ratio 20; 95% confidence interval 4 to 131) between Lebanon bologna consumption and 26 confirmed cases of Salmonella typhimurium. Based on this evidence, the manufacturer initiated a voluntary recall of product in commercial channels and added additional safety measures to their manufacturing processes. The USDA's Food Safety and Inspection Service promptly issued a public notification to consumers stating that the suspected product should be returned to the place of purchase. A team of federal investigators concluded that at the time of the outbreak S. typhimurium may have survived the process used by the manufacturer if present in high numbers in raw beef (greater than 10(4)/g). Additionally, the investigators concluded that other manufacturers of similar product needed to add controls to their processes used to manufacture a semi-dry fermented sausage in order to ensure the safety of the final product. C1 US Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Sauer, CJ (reprint author), US Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, USDA, 1400 Independence Ave,Room 2175-S, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 10 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 7 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 60 IS 12 BP 1612 EP 1617 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA YQ746 UT WOS:000071419100024 ER PT J AU Wang, CY Qi, L AF Wang, CY Qi, L TI Controlled atmosphere storage affects quality and chilling susceptibility of cucumbers SO JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY LA English DT Article AB Controlled atmospheres (CA) maintained the quality of cucumbers better than conventional refrigerated storage at 5C. Elevated levels of CO2 (3%) and decreased concentrations of O-2 (1 and 15%) also increased the tolerance of cucumbers to chilling exposure. The content of sugars, including fructose and glucose; and organic acids, particularly malic acid, were maintained at higher levels in CA-stored cucumbers than in air-stored samples. The respiration rates (measured as CO2 production) of cucumber fruit during storage at 5C were markedly suppressed under CA conditions. Contrary to reports in the literature, CA storage was found to be beneficial in reducing chilling injury and maintaining cucumber quality. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Plant Sci, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wang, CY (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Plant Sci, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 15 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0146-9428 J9 J FOOD QUALITY JI J. Food Qual. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 20 IS 6 BP 559 EP 566 PG 8 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA YR084 UT WOS:000071456600009 ER PT J AU Baez, LA Juneja, VK Thayer, DW Sackitey, S AF Baez, LA Juneja, VK Thayer, DW Sackitey, S TI Evaluation of PCR and DNA hybridization protocols for detection of viable enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens in irradiated beef SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SAFETY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; FOODBORNE PATHOGENS; GAMMA-IRRADIATION; RAW BEEF; RADIATION; SENSITIZATION; ENUMERATION; BACTERIAL; SPORES; HEAT AB The sensitivity of DNA hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), was evaluated in irradiated cooked and raw beef samples. A membrane-based colony hybridization assay and a PCR protocol, both with specificity for the enterotoxin A gene of Clostridium perfringens, were compared with viable plate counts. The results of the colony hybridization procedure were in agreement with viable plate counts for defection and enumeration of enterotoxigenic C. perfringens. The PCR procedure combined a 4 h enrichment followed by a nucleic acid extraction step and assessed the amplification of 183 and 750 base pair enterotoxin gene targets. Detection of C. perfringens by PCR did not show a reliable correlation with viable plate counts or the colony hybridization assay. C. perfringens killed by irradiation were not detected by the plate count or colony hybridization methods; however, killed cells were detected with the PCR technique. By relying on the growth of viable cells for detection and/or enumeration, the colony hybridization and plate count methods provided a direct correlation with the presence of viable bacteria. C1 Agr Res Serv, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Juneja, VK (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0149-6085 J9 J FOOD SAFETY JI J. Food Saf. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 17 IS 4 BP 229 EP 238 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4565.1997.tb00190.x PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA YR881 UT WOS:000071540700003 ER PT J AU Hennon, PE Shaw, CG AF Hennon, PE Shaw, CG TI The enigma of yellow-cedar decline - What is killing these long-lived, defensive trees? SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article ID CHAMAECYPARIS-NOOTKATENSIS; SOUTHEAST ALASKA; MORTALITY C1 PACIFIC NW RES STN,JUNEAU,AK 99801. RP Hennon, PE (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,2770 SHERWOOD LANE,SUITE 2A,JUNEAU,AK 99801, USA. NR 28 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 5 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 95 IS 12 BP 4 EP 10 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA YJ875 UT WOS:A1997YJ87500004 ER PT J AU Haack, RA Law, KR Mastro, VC Ossenbruggen, HS Raimo, BJ AF Haack, RA Law, KR Mastro, VC Ossenbruggen, HS Raimo, BJ TI New York's battle with the Asian long-horned beetle SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article ID FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; INVASION; INSECTS C1 APHIS,USDA,NEWBURGH,NY. APHIS,OTIS METHODS DEV CTR,USDA,OTIS,MA. US FOREST SERV,NE AREA STATE & PRIVATE FORESTRY,USDA,DURHAM,NH. RP Haack, RA (reprint author), MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,US FOREST SERV,USDA,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,1407 S HARRISON RD,E LANSING,MI 48823, USA. NR 15 TC 87 Z9 105 U1 3 U2 30 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 95 IS 12 BP 11 EP 15 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA YJ875 UT WOS:A1997YJ87500005 ER PT J AU Dombeck, M AF Dombeck, M TI Replanting the urban forest SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article RP Dombeck, M (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,POB 96090,WASHINGTON,DC 20090, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 95 IS 12 BP 14 EP 14 PG 1 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA YJ875 UT WOS:A1997YJ87500006 ER PT J AU Rader, RB Belish, TA AF Rader, RB Belish, TA TI Effects of ambient and enhanced UV-B radiation on periphyton in a mountain stream SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; LABORATORY STREAMS; CURRENT VELOCITY; LIGHT; COMMUNITY; IRRADIANCE; ECOSYSTEMS; PREDATION; NUTRIENTS; GROWTH AB We examined the influence of UVR on an open and a shaded section of a mountain stream (2,850 m a.s.l.) by comparing periphyton and grazers on clay substrates under four light regimes (UVR blocked and UV-B enhanced treatments and two controls). Neither ambient levels of UVR nor enhanced UV-B appeared to have an adverse impact on periphyton in the shaded section. However, enhanced UV-B in the open section appeared to cause a decline in periphyton biomass and diversity. Diatoms seemed particularly susceptible as twenty-eight species were absent from the UV-B enhanced treatment but were present 2 m downstream in the control. Tube-dwelling diatoms were only present at UV-B enhanced treatments (shade and open). Hydrurus foetidus (cells embedded in mucopolysaccharide) was relatively rare at all sites except the UV-B enhanced treatment in the open where it was the dominant alga. Periphyton may use mucopolysaccharide to diminish harmful UV-B effects. Grazer densities in the UV-B enhanced sites were similar to controls and treatments blocking UVR. Our results suggest that potential UV-B increases due to thinning of the ozone layer could have direct adverse effects on the periphyton assemblage in open sections of high elevation streams. RP Rader, RB (reprint author), USDA,FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT RANGE & FOREST EXPT STN,222 S 22ND ST,LARAMIE,WY 82070, USA. NR 37 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 1 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 12 IS 4 BP 615 EP 628 DI 10.1080/02705060.1997.9663576 PG 14 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YK224 UT WOS:A1997YK22400013 ER PT J AU Hammond, RW Kogel, R Ramirez, P AF Hammond, RW Kogel, R Ramirez, P TI Variability of geographically distinct isolates of maize rayado fino virus in Latin America SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID DISEASE AB We have examined the molecular epidemiology of the leafhopper-borne maize rayado fine virus (MRFV) in Latin America. The coat protein gene and 3' non-translated region of 14 isolates of MRFV collected from Latin America and the United States were sequenced and phylogenetic relationships examined. The nucleotide sequence revealed remarkable conservation, with a sequence similarity of 88-99 %. Phylogenetic analysis of sequence data obtained from a 633 bp fragment showed that MRFV has diverged into three main clusters, i.e. the geographically distinct northern and southern isolates and the Colombian isolates. Significant differences between the isolates collected from Colombia, previously named maize rayado colombiana virus, based upon differences in symptomatology and serological relationships to MRFV, and the other MRFV isolates, provides additional evidence supporting its designation as a unique strain of MRFV. C1 UNIV COSTA RICA,CTR INVEST BIOL CELULAR & MOL,SAN JOSE,COSTA RICA. UNIV COSTA RICA,ESCUELA BIOL,SAN JOSE,COSTA RICA. RP Hammond, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS,MOL PLANT PATHOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 24 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG7 1AE SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 78 BP 3153 EP 3159 PN 12 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA YJ432 UT WOS:A1997YJ43200010 PM 9400964 ER PT J AU Greene, CR Holt, PS AF Greene, CR Holt, PS TI An improved chromatographic method for the separation of egg yolk IgG into subpopulations utilizing immobilized metal ion (Fe3+) affinity chromatography SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography; yolk IgG; subpopulations ID IMMUNOGLOBULINS; PROTEIN AB An improved methodology is described for the separation of yolk IgG into subpopulations using immobilized metal ion (Fe3+) affinity chromatography. The yolk IgG was first extracted using a prechilled, pre-acidified method. After extraction, the yolk IgG was then fractionated using an Fe3+ column. Using an ascending pH gradient, four IgG containing peaks were well resolved based upon the elution pH, specific activity and the relative avidity index. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Greene, CR (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1759 J9 J IMMUNOL METHODS JI J. Immunol. Methods PD DEC 1 PY 1997 VL 209 IS 2 BP 155 EP 164 DI 10.1016/S0022-1759(97)00155-5 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Immunology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Immunology GA YQ524 UT WOS:000071396400004 PM 9461331 ER PT J AU Bolin, CA Whipple, DL Khanna, KV Risdahl, JM Peterson, PK Molitor, TW AF Bolin, CA Whipple, DL Khanna, KV Risdahl, JM Peterson, PK Molitor, TW TI Infection of swine with Mycobacterium bovis as a model of human tuberculosis SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Bovine Tuberculosis in Animals and Human Beings CY MAY 08-AUG 10, 1995 CL UNIV MARYLAND, COLLEGE PK, MD HO UNIV MARYLAND ID PIGS; MICE; PATHOGENESIS; BACILLI AB Swine were infected with Mycobacterium bovis to develop a model for pulmonary and disseminated tuberculosis in humans, Pigs were inoculated with various doses of M. bovis by intravenous (iv), intratracheal (int), or tonsillar routes. Animals were euthanized between 17 and 60 days after inoculation, and tissues were collected for culture and histopathologic examination. Lesions of disseminated tuberculosis were found in pigs given 10(4) or 10(8) cfu of M. bovis iv or int; localized pulmonary disease was found in pigs given 10(2) or 10(3) cfu of M. bovis int. Lesions ranged from well-organized tubercles with coagulative necrosis, epithelioid macrophages, and fibrosis to large expansive tubercles with liquefactive necrosis and extracellular growth of M. bovis, Tuberculous meningitis was observed in animals given M. bovis iv, Swine infected with M. bovis are a useful animal model for elucidating the mechanisms of pathogenesis and host defense to tuberculosis in humans. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,SCH VET MED,DEPT POPULAT & CLIN SCI,ST PAUL,MN 55108. HENNEPIN CTY MED CTR,DEPT MED,DIV INFECT DIS,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55415. UNIV MINNESOTA,SCH MED,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455. RP Bolin, CA (reprint author), USDA ARS,ZOONOT DIS RES UNIT,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,POB 70,2300 N DAYTON RD,AMES,IA 50010, USA. FU NIDA NIH HHS [DA-08496] NR 47 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 4 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 176 IS 6 BP 1559 EP 1566 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA YH160 UT WOS:A1997YH16000020 PM 9395368 ER PT J AU Buzby, JC Allos, BM Roberts, T AF Buzby, JC Allos, BM Roberts, T TI The economic burden of Campylobacter-associated Guillain-Barre syndrome SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT NIH Workshop on Development of Guillain-Barre Syndrome Following Campylobacter Infection CY AUG 26-27, 1996 CL BETHESDA, MD SP NIH, NIAID, NIDDS, FDA, US Dept Defense ID JEJUNI INFECTION; FEATURES; COSTS AB Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by acute neuromuscular paralysis. Of an estimated annual number of 2628-9575 US cases, 526-3830 are triggered by Campylobacter infection. Research objectives were to identify the lifetime consequences of GBS and, when possible, to quantify their economic burden. The cost-of-illness method was used to calculate annual societal resources spent on medical care and lost productivity due to illness or premature death from Campylobacter-associated GBS. Estimated total costs (in US$) of Campylobacter-associated GBS ($0.2-$1.8 billion) were added to previously estimated costs of campylobacteriosis ($1.3-$6.2 billion) for a total annual cost from Campylobacter of $1.5-$8.0 billion (1995 dollars). It is concluded that up to $8.0 billion in US human illness costs are spent annually because of Campylobacter infection. Economic evaluation of the other costs associated with GBS, such as physical and psychological costs, would increase these estimates. C1 VANDERBILT UNIV,SCH MED,DIV INFECT DIS,NASHVILLE,TN 37212. RP Buzby, JC (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES SERV,1800 M ST,ROOM 3067,WASHINGTON,DC 20036, USA. NR 36 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 176 SU 2 BP S192 EP S197 DI 10.1086/513785 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA YH506 UT WOS:A1997YH50600023 PM 9396710 ER PT J AU Giebultowicz, JM Weyda, F Erbe, EF Wergin, WP AF Giebultowicz, JM Weyda, F Erbe, EF Wergin, WP TI Circadian rhythm of sperm release in the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar: Ultrastructural study of transepithelial penetration of sperm bundles SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sperm release; testes; spermatozoa; insect reproduction; terminal epithelium ID SYSTEM CONTROLLING RELEASE; VAS-DEFERENS; LEPIDOPTERA; TESTIS; LIGHT AB Release of mature bundles of spermatozoa from the testis into the vas deferens is a critical but poorly understood step in male insect reproduction. In moths, the release of sperm bundles is controlled by a circadian clock which imposes a temporal gate on the daily exit of bundles through the terminal epithelium-a layer of specialized epithelial cells separating testis follicles from the vas deferens. The sequence of cellular events associated with the daily cycle of sperm release was investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In the hours preceding sperm release, there is a solid barrier between the testis and the vas deferens formed by the interdigitation of cytoplasmic processes of adjacent terminal epithelial cells. At the beginning of the sperm release cycle, sperm bundles protrude through this barrier while the terminal epithelial cells change their shape and position relative to the bundles. Subsequently, the cyst cells enveloping the sperm bundles break down and spermatozoa move out of the testis through the exit channels formed between the epithelial cells. Afterwards, cyst cell remnants land other cellular debris are released into the vas deferens lumen, and the epithelial barrier is reconstructed due to phagocytic activity of its cells. These data provide a foundation on which to build an understanding of the cellular mechanisms of clock-controlled sperm release in insects. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Entomol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Entomol, CR-37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic. ARS, Nematol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Giebultowicz, JM (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Entomol, 2046 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 24 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-1910 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 43 IS 12 BP 1133 EP 1147 DI 10.1016/S0022-1910(97)00061-9 PG 15 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA YP629 UT WOS:000071298000007 ER PT J AU Meola, SM Loeb, M Kochansky, JP Wagner, R Beetham, P Wright, MS Mouneimne, Y Pendleton, MW AF Meola, SM Loeb, M Kochansky, JP Wagner, R Beetham, P Wright, MS Mouneimne, Y Pendleton, MW TI Immunocytochemical localization of testis ecdysiotropin in the pupa of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE peptide; ecdysone; metamorphosis; central nervous system development; antennal lobe; optic lobe; testes development ID HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS; MANDUCA-SEXTA; PROTHORACICOTROPIC HORMONE; INVITRO; SYSTEM; SHEATHS; LARVAE; ECDYSTEROIDS; NOCTUIDAE AB Antiserum against testis ecdysiotropin isolated from the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, reacted with neurons in the protocerebrum, optic and antennal lobes, subesophageal, thoracic and abdominal ganglia, as well as in nerve tracts extending through the optic lobes, tritocerebrum, and interganglionic connectives of the pupal stage of these insects. Testis ecdysiotropin is a peptide required by immature moths to initiate production of testes ecdysteroid, which is necessary for the development of the male reproductive system and initiation of spermatogenesis. Antiserum against testis ecdysiotropin also detected an accumulation of testis ecdysiotripic-like material between the inner and outer testis sheaths of pupae. The localization of this peptide in the imaginal disks of the last larval stage, cells and nerve fibers in the optic and antennal lobes of the pupa of both sexes, as well as in the testes during development of the adult reproductive system indicates that testis ecdysiotropin has a much larger impact on adult metamorphosis than development of the reproductive system and initiation of gametogenesis. Although this peptide may have a modulatory role in the central nervous system (CNS), it may also initiate a cascade of activity required for the development of the adult nervous system, in addition to its role in reproduction. C1 USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Insect Neurobiol & Hormone Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Livestock Insect Lab, Kerrville, TX USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Entomol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Vet Physiol Pharmacol & Toxicol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Meola, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 36 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 0895-8696 J9 J MOL NEUROSCI JI J. Mol. Neurosci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 9 IS 3 BP 197 EP 210 DI 10.1007/BF02800502 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA YU389 UT WOS:000071712200006 PM 9481621 ER PT J AU Kaplan, DT Vanderspool, MC Opperman, CH AF Kaplan, DT Vanderspool, MC Opperman, CH TI Sequence tag site and host range assays demonstrate that Radopholus similis and R-citrophilus are not reproductively isolated SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE banana; citrus; Florida; genetics; hybrid; nematode; PCR; quarantine; Radopholus citrophilus; Radopholus similis; RAPD; STS; taxonomy ID BIOCHEMICAL-IDENTIFICATION; GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; 2 RACES; NEMATODES AB Males of citrus-parasitic Radopholus citrophilus (FL1) were mated with non-citrus-parasitic R. similis (FL5) females. Progeny inherited a 2.4-kb sequence tag site (DK#1) and the ability to reproduce in citrus from the paternal parent (FL1); both traits were absent in the maternal line (FL5). The hybrid progeny produced offspring in roots of citrus seedlings over an 8-month period and therefore were considered reproductively viable. Genomic DNA hybridization studies indicated that one or more copies of DK#1 were present in R. citrophilus FL1. It is not likely that DK#1 represents a citrus parasitism gene because it was amplified from some burrowing nematode isolates that did not parasitize citrus and because DK#1 contains no open reading frames. Inability to reliably test individual nematodes for their ability to parasitize citrus was a constraint to obtaining F2 data required for definitive genetic characterization of citrus parasitism in burrowing nematodes, and alternate approaches will be required. Although the physical relationship of DK#1 and the citrus parasitism locus remains undefined, results of controlled mating studies using these parameters as genetic markers enabled us to identify hybrid F(1) progeny. Therefore, R. similis and R. citrophilus are not sibling species since gene flow between the two does not appear to be restricted via geographic isolation (sympatric in Florida) or by genetics. C1 USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Genet, Raleigh, NC 27612 USA. RP Kaplan, DT (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, 2120 Camden Rd, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. EM dkaplan@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 27 TC 14 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI MARCELINE PA PO BOX 311, MARCELINE, MO 64658 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 29 IS 4 BP 421 EP 429 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA ZB969 UT WOS:000072526500001 PM 19274178 ER PT J AU Kaplan, DT Opperman, CH AF Kaplan, DT Opperman, CH TI Genome similarity implies that citrus-parasitic burrowing nematodes do not represent a unique species SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE anthurium; banana; citrus; evolution; genetics; isozymes; molecular biology; nematode; phylogeny; quarantine; Radopholus; RAPD; STS; taxonomy ID RADOPHOLUS-SIMILIS; BIOCHEMICAL-IDENTIFICATION; GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; 2 RACES; CITROPHILUS; POPULATION; DNA AB Burrowing nematodes from Central America, Dominican Republic, Florida, Guadeloupe, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico were characterized for their ability to parasitize citrus, but citrus parasites were found only in Florida Sequence tag sites originally amplified from a citrus-parasitic burrowing nematode were polymorphic among 37 burrowing nematode isolates and were not correlated with citrus parasitism, nematode isolate collection site, or amplification of a 2.4-kb sequence tag site (DK#1). Results of a RAPD analysis and characterization of the isozymes phosphoglucose isomerase, lactate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase indicated that the burrowing nematode isolates were highly similar. Citrus parasitism in Florida appears to be associated with limited changes in the burrowing nematode genome. Findings did not substantiate a previous report that R. citrophilus was present in Hawaii. Overall, these data do not support assignment of sibling species status to burrowing nematodes that differ with respect to citrus parasitism. C1 USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Genet, Raleigh, NC 27612 USA. RP Kaplan, DT (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, 2120 Camden Rd, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. EM dkaplan@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 41 TC 6 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI MARCELINE PA PO BOX 311, MARCELINE, MO 64658 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 29 IS 4 BP 430 EP 440 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA ZB969 UT WOS:000072526500002 PM 19274179 ER PT J AU Fortnum, BA Decoteau, DR Kasperbauer, MJ AF Fortnum, BA Decoteau, DR Kasperbauer, MJ TI Colored mulches affect yield of fresh-market tomato infected with Meloidogyne incognita SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE colored mulch; light quality; Lycopersicon esculentum; Meloidogyne incognita; nematode; photomorphogenesis; photospectrum; physiology; root-knot nematode; tomato ID FAR-RED LIGHT; KNOT NEMATODE DEVELOPMENT; ROOT-KNOT; PLANTS; END AB The effects of different-colored polyethylene mulches on the quantity and spectra of reflected light, earliness of fruit set, fruit yield and quality, and root-knot disease were studied in field-grown, staked tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). White mulch reflected more photosynthetic light and a lower far-red-to-red ratio than red mulch, whereas black mulch reflected less than 5 percent of any color. Soil temperatures and fruit yields were recorded for tomato plants inoculated with Meloidogyne incognita race 3 at initial populations of 0, 1,000, 10,000, 50,000, or 100,000 eggs/plant and grown over black, white, or red plastic mulch in both spring and fall. Soil temperatures were lower under white mulch than under red or black mulch. Tomato yields declined as inoculum level increased. Plants grown over red mulch in the spring and inoculated with 50,000 eggs of M. incognita had greater early marketable yields than similarly inoculated plants grown over black or white mulch. Tomato plants inoculated with 100,000 eggs and grown over white mulch or red mulch in the spring had greater total yields per plot than similar plants grown over black mulch (7.39 kg and 7.71 kg vs. 3.65 kg, respectively). C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Physiol, Pee Dee Res & Educ Ctr, Florence, SC 29501 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Hort, Clemson, SC 29631 USA. USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, Florence, SC 29501 USA. RP Fortnum, BA (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Physiol, Pee Dee Res & Educ Ctr, Florence, SC 29501 USA. NR 27 TC 8 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 29 IS 4 BP 538 EP 546 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA ZB969 UT WOS:000072526500014 PM 19274191 ER PT J AU Dickson, DW Chitwood, DJ Bernard, EC AF Dickson, DW Chitwood, DJ Bernard, EC TI What every author and reviewer should know about the publication process in the Journal of Nematology SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material DE editor; manuscript; publication; reviewer; style manual AB The Journal of Nematology is a publication of the very highest quality for communicating the most recent discoveries in the science of nematology. The authors of this Viewpoint article desire to maintain the status of the journal while lessening the burden placed on the editorial staff. A few simple steps taken by authors during the manuscript preparation phase can greatly improve the quality of their papers. Authors should carefully review the "Author's Publication Handbook and Style Manual" before and during the preparation of a manuscript intended for publication in the Journal of Nematology. In addition, authors should submit a completed "Author's Checklist for Preparation of Papers" with each manuscript submitted to the journal. Reviewers should provide thorough reviews, return manuscripts in a timely manner, and clearly define statements regarding revisions. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA ARS, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Dickson, DW (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 29 IS 4 SU S BP 619 EP 624 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA ZC413 UT WOS:000072575500001 PM 19274261 ER PT J AU Johnson, AW Burton, GW Sumner, DR Handoo, Z AF Johnson, AW Burton, GW Sumner, DR Handoo, Z TI Coastal bermudagrass rotation and fallow for management of nematodes and soilborne fungi on vegetable crops SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bermudagrass; Capsicum annuum; Cynodon dactylon; Cyperus esculentus; fenamiphos; Hibiscus esculentus; management; Meloidogyne incognito; nematicide; nematode; nutsedge; okra; pepper; Phaseolus vulgaris; resistance; root-knot nematode; snapbean; sod-based rotation ID MELOIDOGYNE-INCOGNITA; RHIZOCTONIA-SOLANI; ROOT DISEASES; SWEET-POTATO; SOIL; PEANUT; VETCH; CORN AB The efficacy of clean fallow, bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) as a rotational crop, and fenamiphos for control of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita race 1) and soilborne fungi in okra (Hibiscus esculentus), snapbean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and pepper (Capsicum annuum) production was evaluated in field tests from 1993 to 1995. Numbers of M. incognita in the sail and root-gall indices were greater on okra than on snapbean or pepper. Application of fenamiphos at 6.7 kg a.i./ha did not suppress numbers of nematodes on any sampling date when compared with untreated plots. The lack of efficacy could be the result of microbial degradation of the nematicide. Application of fenamiphos suppressed root-gall development on okra following fallow and 1-year sod in 1993, but not thereafter. A few galls were observed on roots of snapbean following 2- and 3-year fallow but none following 1-, 2-, and 3-year bermudagrass sod. Population densities of Pythium aphanidermatum, P. myriotylum, and Rhizoctonia solani in soil after planting vegetables were suppressed by 2- or 3-year sod compared with fallow but were not affected by fenamiphos. Melds of snapbean, pepper, and okra did not differ between fallow and 1-year sod. In the final year of the study, yields of all crops were greater following 3-year sod than following fallow. Application of fenamiphos prior to planting each crop following fallow or sod did not affect yields. C1 USDA ARS, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Pathol, Coastal Plain Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. USDA ARS, Inst Plant Sci, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Johnson, AW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 28 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 29 IS 4 SU S BP 710 EP 716 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA ZC413 UT WOS:000072575500013 PM 19274273 ER PT J AU Nyczepir, AP Wood, BW Reighard, GL AF Nyczepir, AP Wood, BW Reighard, GL TI Impact of Meloidogyne incognita on the incidence of peach tree short life in the presence of Criconemella xenoplax SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE concomitance; Criconemella xenoplax; disease complex; host-parasite relationship; interaction; Meloidogyne incognita; nematode; peach; peach tree short life; Prunus persica; ring nematode; rootknot nematode ID PSEUDOMONAS-SYRINGAE; PRUNING DATE; SOIL; ROOTSTOCK; SITE AB The relationship between Criconemella xenoplax alone and in combination with Meloidogyne incognita on the incidence of peach tree short life disease was studied in field microplots during 1989-96. The presence of M. incognita suppressed the population density of C. xenoplax on Lovell peach. Tree trunk diameter was significantly reduced in the presence of both nematode species prior to 1993. Soil pH was lowest in the co-infection treatment as compared with the uninoculated control on three of the four sampling dates. In 1994, 80% of the trees growing in soil infested with C. xenoplax alone developed typical disease symptoms and died. The remaining tree died in 1995. No trees died in the M. incognita alone, C. xenoplax + M. incognita, or uninoculated control treatments. Parasitism by C. xenoplax, but not by M. incognita, made Lovell peach trees more susceptible to the disease. These findings were confirmed in an orchard site naturally infested with both C. xenoplax and M. incognita where Redhaven trees budded to Lovell rootstock exhibited a reduction of 1.6 years in average tree life for every centimeter increase in trunk diameter. C1 USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. Clemson Univ, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Nyczepir, AP (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, 111 Dunbar Rd, Byron, GA 31008 USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 29 IS 4 SU S BP 725 EP 730 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA ZC413 UT WOS:000072575500016 PM 19274276 ER PT J AU Robinson, AF Percival, AE AF Robinson, AF Percival, AE TI Resistance to Meloidogyne incognita race 3 and Rotylenchulus reniformis in wild accessions of Gossypium hirsutum and G-barbadense from Mexico SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cotton; Gossypium barbadense; Gossypium hirsutum; Meloidogyne incognita; nematode; reniform nematode; resistance; root-knot nematode; Rotylenchulus reniformis ID ROOT-KNOT NEMATODES AB Forty-six accessions of G. hirsutum and two of G. barbadense were examined for resistance to Meloidogyne incognita race 3 and Rotylenchulus reniformis in environmental growth chamber experiments, with the objective of finding new sources of resistance. Only the G. barbadense accessions, TX-1347 and TX-1348, supported significantly less reproduction by R. reniformis than the susceptible control, Deltapine 16 (USDA accession SA-1186). However, they were highly susceptible to M. incognita race 3. The G. hirsutum accessions TX-1174, TX-1440, TX-2076, TX-2079, and TK2107 had levels of resistance to M. those of Clevewilt 6 and Wild Mexican Jack Jones, which are the primary sources of resistance to M. incognita race 3 in the most resistant breeding lines. No accession was as resistant as the highly resistant line Auburn 623 RNR (SA-1492). Resistant accessions were from the Mexican coastal states of Campeche, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz, and Yucatan. Populations of R. reniformis from Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, and of M. incognita race 3 from Mississippi, Texas, and California, had similar reproductive rates on resistant genotypes. Thus, new sources of resistance to M. incognita race 3 but not to R. reniformis were identified in wild accessions of G. hirsutum from southern Mexico. C1 USDA ARS, So Crops Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Robinson, AF (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Crops Res Lab, 2765 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. EM forestr@acs.tamu.edu NR 11 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 29 IS 4 SU S BP 746 EP 755 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA ZC413 UT WOS:000072575500020 PM 19274280 ER PT J AU Finley, JW Caton, JS Zhou, ZY Davison, KL AF Finley, JW Caton, JS Zhou, ZY Davison, KL TI A surgical model for determination of true absorption and biliary excretion of manganese in conscious swine fed commercial diets SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE swine; manganese; bile; absorption; surgery ID RATS; PIGS AB Some trace elements, such as Mn, Cu and Zn, are absorbed and quickly resecreted into the gut through the bile. When this occurs, the unabsorbed nutrient and the absorbed and resecreted nutrient may mix in the gut, preventing quantitative calculation of either. We have developed a surgical model that prevents this complication. Rigs (20-40 kg) were fitted with cannulas in the bile duct, lumen of the duodenum, portal vein, ileocolic vein and jugular vein. After recovery for 6-8 d, pigs were given an oral dose of 9.25 mBq of Mn-54. The flow rate of blood past the portal vein was determined by infusion of P-amino hippuric acid into the ileocolic vein. Absorption was quantified by multiplying the concentration of Mn-54 in the portal blood by the flow rate. Biliary excretion was determined by quantitative collection of bile, and previously collected bile was reinfused into the gut lumen. Urine and feces were also,quantitatively collected. A postoperative time of 6-8 d was sufficient for pigs to recover from the effects of surgery and anesthesia, as assessed by several measures of metabolic function and food and water intake. True absorption was calculated to be 0.5%. Mn-54 in the urine and bile began to increase after 4 d. When the pigs were killed after 12 d, only 0.5% of the Mn-54 remained in the carcass. Results of this study show that pigs surgically modified by the described procedure can recover fully and can serve as a model to study intestinal absorption and biliary excretion of nutrients. Furthermore, initial studies using Mn-54 showed that the model is applicable to studying Mn metabolism and suggest the need for a more detailed study of Mn absorption and biliary excretion. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Anim & Range Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Davison, KL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 37 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 127 IS 12 BP 2334 EP 2341 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA YP609 UT WOS:000071295300012 PM 9405583 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Jenkins, MC Adams, DS McAllister, MM AndersonSprecher, R Baszler, TV Kwok, OCH Lally, NC Bjorkman, C Uggla, A AF Dubey, JP Jenkins, MC Adams, DS McAllister, MM AndersonSprecher, R Baszler, TV Kwok, OCH Lally, NC Bjorkman, C Uggla, A TI Antibody responses of cows during an outbreak of neosporosis evaluated by indirect fluorescent antibody test and different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DAIRY-CATTLE; SEROLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS; PROTOZOAN INFECTION; BOVINE NEOSPOROSIS; CANINUM; ABORTION; CALIFORNIA; ELISA; HERD AB Serum samples from 70 (33 aborting and 37 non-aborting) dairy cows from a herd in California were analyzed for Neospora caninum antibodies in different laboratories by various serologic assays including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with recombinant antigens (Nc4.1 and Nc14.1), kinetic ELISA, whole tachyzoite lysate ELISA, immunostimulating complex (iscom) ELISA, antigen capture competitive inhibition ELISA, and by the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Eighteen percent of pregnant cows in this herd had aborted within 2 mo of the index case. All 70 cows had antibodies to N. caninum by at least 1 of the tests. Antibody levels to N. caninum in aborting cows as a group were higher than in nonaborting cows. However, it was concluded that no serological test could be used to establish definitively that N. caninum caused the abortion in an individual cow. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), ARS,USDA,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARSITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. RI McAllister, Milton/C-8146-2013 OI McAllister, Milton/0000-0001-5457-2678 NR 27 TC 65 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 83 IS 6 BP 1063 EP 1069 DI 10.2307/3284363 PG 7 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA YL264 UT WOS:A1997YL26400017 PM 9406780 ER PT J AU Hoberg, EP Mariaux, J Justine, JL Brooks, DR Weekes, PJ AF Hoberg, EP Mariaux, J Justine, JL Brooks, DR Weekes, PJ TI Phylogeny of the orders of the Eucestoda (Cercomeromorphae) based on comparative morphology: Historical perspectives and a new working hypothesis SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Review ID HIGH-LATITUDE SEAS; TETRABOTHRIIDAE EUCESTODA; MATURE SPERMATOZOON; TAPEWORMS CESTODA; BASIC CHARACTERS; SPECIES CESTODA; FINE-STRUCTURE; PLATYHELMINTHES; ULTRASTRUCTURE; TETRAPHYLLIDEA AB The phylogeny of the Eucestoda was evaluated based on a suite of 49 binary and multistate characters derived from comparative morphological and ontogenetic studies; attributes of adult and larval tapeworms were considered a single most parsimonious tree (MPT) (consistency index = 0.872; retention index = 0.838; and homoplasy index = 0.527) was fully resolved and is specified by the following: (Gyrocotylidea, (Amphilinidea, ((Spathebothriidea, (Pseudophyllidea. ((Diphyllidea, (Trypanorhyncha, (Tetraphyllidea, (Lecanicephalidea. ((Nippotaeniidea, (Tetrabothriidea, Cyclophyllidea)), Proteocephalidea))))), Haplobothriidea)ii, Caryophyllidea))). Monophyly for the Eucestoda was firmly corroborated. Trees derived from the primary and bootstrap analyses were congruent, but low values, particularly for relationships among the tetrafossate tapeworms, indicated additional examination is warranted. The MPT was found to be the mast efficient hypothesis for describing character evolution and in specifying relationships among the orders when compared to those concepts that had been developed for the tapeworms over the past century. Areas of congruence were shared among the current hypothesis and one or more of the prior hypotheses. Major conclusions include: (1) Caryophyllidea are basal and monozooy is ancestral; (2) difossate forms are primitive. and the Pseudophyllidea arts the sister group of the strongly polyzoic tapeworms; (3) Nippotaeniidea are highly derived. (4) the higher tapeworms (Tetraphyllidea, Lecanicephalidea. Proteocephalidea, Nippotaeniidea, Tetrabothriidea, and Cyclophyllidea) are closely related or potentially coordinate group (5) Terrabothriidea and the Cyclophyllidea are sister groups; and (6) Tetraphyllidea is paraphyletic, with the Onchobothriidae basal to the Phyllobothriidae. Character support for placement of the Tetrabothriidea continues to be contradictory, and this order may represent a kev to understanding the phylogeny of the higher cestodes. The current study constitutes a complete historical review and poses a new and robust hypothesis for the phylogeny of the Eucestoda. RP Hoberg, EP (reprint author), USDA ARS,BIOSYST & NATL PARASITE COLLECT UNIT,BARC E 1180,10300 BALTIMORE AVE,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. RI Justine, Jean-Lou/B-1298-2010; Mariaux, Jean/A-1142-2010 OI Justine, Jean-Lou/0000-0002-7155-4540; Mariaux, Jean/0000-0002-9601-855X NR 116 TC 143 Z9 146 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 83 IS 6 BP 1128 EP 1147 DI 10.2307/3284374 PG 20 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA YL264 UT WOS:A1997YL26400028 PM 9406791 ER PT J AU Durden, LA McLean, RG Oliver, JH Ubico, SR James, AM AF Durden, LA McLean, RG Oliver, JH Ubico, SR James, AM TI Ticks, Lyme disease spirochetes, trypanosomes, and antibody to encephalitis viruses in wild birds from coastal Georgia and South Carolina SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS; IXODES-DAMMINI ACARI; BORRELIA-BURGDORFERI; UNITED-STATES; NORTH-AMERICA; IXODIDAE; TRANSMISSION; ARBOVIRUSES; VECTORS; FLORIDA AB Ticks and blood samples were collected from wild birds mist-netted on St. Catherine's Island, Georgia, and at the Wedge Plantation in coastal South Carolina in 1994 and 1995, Immature stages of 5 species of ixodid ticks were recovered from 10 of 148 (7%) birds belonging to 6 species in Georgia, whereas 6 ixodid species were recovered From 45 of 259 (17%) birds representing 10 avian species in South Carolina. Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was isolated from 27 of 120 (23%) screened ticks (Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes minor) recovered from South Carolina birds, but from none of 16 screened ticks removed from Georgia birds. This spirochete was also isolated from 1 of 97 (1%) birds in South Carolina. In 1995, neither eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus nor St. Louis encephalitis ISLE) virus was isolated from any of 218 bird sera screened, but serum neutralizing antibodies were found to EEE virus in 4 of 121 (3%) sera and to SLE virus in 2 of 121 (2%) sera from South Carolina. No antibody to either virus was detected in 51 avian sera screened from Georgia. Trypanosomes (probably Trypanosoma avium were isolated from 1 of 51 (2%) birds from Georgia and from 13 of 97 (13%) birds from South Carolina. Our data suggest that some wild birds may be reservoir hosts for the Lyme disease spirochete and for encephalitis viruses in coastal Georgia and South Carolina and that migrating birds can disperse immature ticks infected with B. burgdorferi. C1 USDA,APHIS,NATL WILDLIFE DIS CTR,FT COLLINS,CO 80524. RP Durden, LA (reprint author), GEORGIA SO UNIV,INST ARTHROPODOL & PARASITOL,POB 8056,STATESBORO,GA 30460, USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI30026, AI24899]; PHS HHS [U50/CCU406614] NR 24 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 83 IS 6 BP 1178 EP 1182 DI 10.2307/3284382 PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA YL264 UT WOS:A1997YL26400036 PM 9406799 ER PT J AU RamosVara, JA Dubey, JP Watson, GL WinnElliot, M Patterson, JS Yamini, B AF RamosVara, JA Dubey, JP Watson, GL WinnElliot, M Patterson, JS Yamini, B TI Sarcocystosis in mink (Mustela vison) SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEURONA-LIKE ORGANISM; ETIOLOGIC AGENT; APICOMPLEXA AB This report describes the clinical, microscopic, and ultrastructural findings in mink with muscular sarcocystosis. Three 2-3-mo-old mink were killed because they were ill with signs of progressive neurological disease, One mink had variable numbers of sarcocysts in multiple skeletal muscles. Sarcocysts were up to 300 mu m in long and 20 mu m wide. Ultrastructurally, the sarcocyst wall had numerous elongated 1.7-2.0-mu m x 250-nm villar protrusions (VP). The VP had microtubules and irregularly distanced minute undulations. Both metrocytes and bradyzoites were present in sarcocysts. The mink with sarcocysts in muscles also had nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis and meningomyelitis. Similar brain lesions were found in other 2 mink from the same fan, but sarcocysts were not observed in the skeletal muscle of these animals. This is the first report of muscular sarcocystosis in mink. C1 USDA ARS,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI INST,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP RamosVara, JA (reprint author), MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,ANIM HLTH DIAGNOST LAB,E LANSING,MI 48824, USA. NR 7 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 83 IS 6 BP 1198 EP 1201 DI 10.2307/3284389 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA YL264 UT WOS:A1997YL26400043 PM 9406806 ER PT J AU Buta, JG Spaulding, DW AF Buta, JG Spaulding, DW TI Endogenous levels of phenolics in tomato fruit during growth and maturation SO JOURNAL OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATION LA English DT Article DE Lycopersicon esculentum; solanaceae; tomato; flavanoids; chlorogenic acid ID HYDROXYCINNAMIC ACID-DERIVATIVES; METABOLISM; ESTERS AB Changes in the metabolism of several types of phenolics in the pulp and pericarp of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruit var. Ailsa Craig and Pik-Red were related to the stage of development. The highest levels of chlorogenic acid were found in the pulp and pericarp at the earliest stage of fruit development, and quantities declined rapidly during fruit ripening. Levels of rutin, found only in the pericarp, followed a similar pattern of change, The p-coumaric acid conjugate of rutin was found in low levels through fruit growth and ripening, High levels of p-coumaric acid glucoside were detected in the pulp only as the fruit matured with no rapid decline in levels during ripening. The decline of chlorogenic acid and rutin levels during fruit ripening paralleled the decline in indole-3-acetic acid levels measured previously in the pericarp tissues of these two varieties of tomato fruit during maturation, These phenolics are among those that have been suggested as regulants of auxin metabolism. RP Buta, JG (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HORT CROPS QUAL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 14 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0721-7595 J9 J PLANT GROWTH REGUL JI J. Plant Growth Regul. PD WIN PY 1997 VL 16 IS 1 BP 43 EP 46 DI 10.1007/PL00006973 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA WP881 UT WOS:A1997WP88100007 ER PT J AU Wing, RE AF Wing, RE TI Cellulosic citrates: Preparation and ion exchange properties SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE cellulose fiber; ground corn cobs; citric acid; agricultural residue; polysaccharides; thermochemical reactions ID CITRIC-ACID; DURABLE PRESS; COTTON; PERFORMANCE; STARCH AB Cellulose fiber (CF) and ground corn cobs (GCC) were allowed to react thermochemically with citric acid (CA) to yield potentially biodegradable products possessing increased ion exchange capacity The reaction variables studied were: citric acid level (0-100g), reaction time (0-24 h), pH (1.6-6.0), particle size (10<60 mesh) and temperature (100-170 degrees C). Temperature and pH were found to be controlling factors. Reaction efficiencies approaching 100% were achieved, while minimizing crosslinking and maximizing carboxyl content. Carboxyl content (0.8-3.4 mmol/g) was determined and copper binding capacitty (0.1-1.3 mmol/g) at pH 4.5 was evaluated for the various CF-CA and GCC-CA products. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Wing, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 27 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU A A BALKEMA PI ROTTERDAM PA PO BOX 1675, 3000 ROTTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0970-0838 J9 J POLYM MATER JI J. Polym. Mater. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 14 IS 4 BP 303 EP 309 PG 7 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 134GL UT WOS:000076734700005 ER PT J AU Springer, EL AF Springer, EL TI Delignification of wood and kraft pulp with peroxymonophosphoric acid SO JOURNAL OF PULP AND PAPER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE delignification; bleaching; pulping; kraft pulps; oxygen compounds; peroxy acids; persulfuric acids; Populus; selectivity ID ASPEN WOOD; PEROXYMONOSULFATE; PEROXIDE AB Selective delignification is important to ensure that lignin is removed from wood or pulp with minimal damage to cellulose and hemicellulloses, yielding strong pulps capable of repeated recycling. In this exploratory study, finely divided aspen wood and mixed northern pine kraft pulp were delignified with dilute aqueous solutions of peroxymonophosphoric acid. For aspen, peroxymonophosphoric acid was much more selective in delignification than were peroxymonosulphuric acid and pernitric acid. For pine, peroxymonophosphoric acid delignified more rapidly and more selectively than did peroxymonosulphuric acid. The results suggest that peroxymonophosphate treatment of alkaline-pretreated chips or fiberized wood could produce a highly delignified, bright pulp. Peroxymonophosphate might also be effective as a pretreatment to oxygen delignification. C1 Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Springer, EL (reprint author), Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 12 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU CANADIAN PULP & PAPER ASSOC TECHNICAL SECTION PI MONTREAL PA 1155 METCALFE ST, SUN LIFE BLDG, STE 1900, MONTREAL, PQ H3B 4T6, CANADA SN 0826-6220 J9 J PULP PAP SCI JI J. Pulp Pap. Sci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 23 IS 12 BP J582 EP J584 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA YN421 UT WOS:000071166900006 ER PT J AU Young, KE Zwank, PJ Valdez, R Dye, JL Tarango, LA AF Young, KE Zwank, PJ Valdez, R Dye, JL Tarango, LA TI Diet of Mexican Spotted Owls in Chihuahua and Aguascalientes, Mexico SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Mexican spotted owl; Strix occidentalis lucida; diet; Chihuahua; Aguascalientes; Mexico ID ARIZONA; HABITAT AB We analyzed pellets of Mexican Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis lucida) collected at roost and nest sites in Chihuahua from 1992-94, and Aguascalientes, Mexico from 1994-95 to determine diet composition. We identified 647 prey items from 13 owl territories iii Chihuahua and four owl territories in Aguascalientes. Vertebrates constituted 64% of all prey items and 99% of total prey biomass. Woodrats (Neotoma spp.), mice (Peromyscus spp.) and cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) comprised 82% of total prey biomass in Chihuahua and 89% of total prey biomass in Aguascalientes. C1 New Mexico State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Sci, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New Mexico State Univ, US Geol Survey, Cooperat Res Unit, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Young, KE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, PSW, Redwood Sci Lab, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RI Tarango Arambula, Luis Antonio/M-7323-2013 OI Tarango Arambula, Luis Antonio/0000-0002-7662-1319 NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 24 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 31 IS 4 BP 376 EP 380 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA YU358 UT WOS:000071709100014 ER PT J AU Blumberg, J AF Blumberg, J TI Nutritional needs of seniors SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on What You Are Not Eating Can Harm You - A Conference About Ineffective Dietary Changes CY OCT 05-06, 1996 CL NAPLES, FLORIDA SP Amer Egg Board, Nutr Ctr DE aging; protein; riboflavin; vitamin B-6; vitamin B-12; folate; vitamin D; calcium; zinc; carotenoids ID CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; VITAMIN-D METABOLISM; ELDERLY SUBJECTS; PLASMA HOMOCYST(E)INE; CALCIUM-ABSORPTION; MICRONUTRIENT SUPPLEMENTS; MACULAR DEGENERATION; VASCULAR-DISEASE; BODY-COMPOSITION; NURSING-HOME AB Aging is accompanied by a variety of economic, psychologic, and social changes that can compromise nutritional status. Aging also produces physiologic changes that affect the need for several essential nutrients. While nutritional status surveys of the elderly have shown a relatively low prevalence of frank nutrient deficiencies, there is a marked increase in risk of malnutrition and evidence of subclinical deficiencies with a direct impact on function. A critical risk factor of malnutrition among older adults is their declining need for energy due to a reduction in the amount of lean body mass and a more sedentary lifestyle. Decreasing energy intake with advancing age has important implications for the diet in terms of protein and micronutrients. Dietary quality is difficult to ensure when overall energy intake is low. The gap between actual nutrient consumption common among older adults and the recommended intakes from diets associated with health promotion and prevention of chronic diseases is large. The significance of sound nutrition education and the adverse impact of consumer misinformation about the benefits of these food choices becomes clear with the recognition that nutritional status influences the rate of physiologic and functional declines with age. New dietary guidelines for the elderly should emphasize the value of high quality, nutrient-dense foods. This approach will require new efforts in consumer education sensitive to the needs and beliefs of older people. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Blumberg, J (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 76 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 USA SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 16 IS 6 BP 517 EP 523 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA YM524 UT WOS:000071073400003 PM 9430078 ER PT J AU Kennedy, E Powell, R AF Kennedy, E Powell, R TI Changing eating patterns of American children: A view from 1996 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Review DE dietary guidelines; children; dietary intake AB A major diet-related problem in the US has changed from growth retardation to childhood obesity. This paper compares the consumption patterns of children using data from nationally representative surveys conducted by the US Department of Agriculture from 1986 to 1994. Children's consumption patterns were analyzed by age groups, income groups and food security levels. From 1986 to 1994, no distinct trends of the energy intakes of children 5 years of age and under were observed. In 1994, a greater percentage of children were meeting the dietary guidelines for fat and saturated fat than in 1989-91. However, most of the children's diets in each sex/age category still exceeds the dietary guideline's recommendations. C1 USDA, Ctr Nutr Policy & Promot, Washington, DC 20007 USA. RP Kennedy, E (reprint author), USDA, Ctr Nutr Policy & Promot, 1120 20th St NW,Suite 200N, Washington, DC 20007 USA. NR 9 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 USA SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 16 IS 6 BP 524 EP 529 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA YM524 UT WOS:000071073400004 PM 9430079 ER PT J AU Hunt, JR AF Hunt, JR TI Do common sources of dietary protein increase calcium needs? SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter ID PHOSPHORUS; BALANCE; MEAT; METABOLISM; NITROGEN; WOMEN RP Hunt, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202, USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 97 IS 12 BP 1370 EP 1370 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(97)00328-3 PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA YJ872 UT WOS:A1997YJ87200003 PM 9404330 ER PT J AU Reinert, JF Kaiser, PE Seawright, JA AF Reinert, JF Kaiser, PE Seawright, JA TI Analysis of the Anopheles (Anopheles) quadrimaculatus complex of sibling species (Diptera : Culicidae) using morphological, cytological, molecular, genetic, biochemical, and ecological techniques in an integrated approach SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Review ID SUBPERIODIC BRUGIA-MALAYI; INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED SWAMPS; RIBOSOMAL DNA; MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME; LABORATORY STRAINS; MOSQUITOS DIPTERA; DIAGNOSTIC ASSAY; NORTHERN FLORIDA; PAHANGI NEMATODA; CARBON-DIOXIDE AB The Anopheles quadrimaculatus complex of 5 cryptic species (i.e., An, diluvialis Reinert, new species; An. inundatus Reinert. new species; An. maverlius Reinert, new species: API. quadrimaculatus Say; Ali. smaragdinus Reinen. new species) is analyzed using multiple techniques, including morphological, cytological, molecular, genetic. biochemical, and ecological procedures. All life stages (egg, 4th-instar larva, pupa. and female and male adults) are described using morphological features, and pertinent stages or structures are illustrated, A neotype for An. quadrimaculatus is designated, and the synonymy of An. annulimanus Van der Wulp is con firmed. Several new morphological features are described. New; and summarized data from published literature on hybridization, cytological electrophoretic, molecular, and cuticular hydrocarbon studies are included. Immature and adult bionomics are given. The geographic distribution for each species is listed and shown on maps. Procedures for collecting, processing, and rearing specimens are described. Keys using morphological characters are included or the eggs, 4th-instar larvae, pupae, adult females, and male genitalia. Also, a biochemical key for the 5 species is included. Color and pattern variations of larvae and pupae me discussed. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Reinert, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1600-1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 148 TC 61 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOC PI MOUNT LAUREL PA 15000 COMMERCE PARKWAY, SUITE C, MOUNT LAUREL, NJ 08054 USA SN 8756-971X EI 1943-6270 J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 13 SU S BP 1 EP + PG 101 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YV338 UT WOS:000071813200001 PM 9474550 ER PT J AU Carlson, DA Reinert, JF Bernier, UR Sutton, BD Seawright, JA AF Carlson, DA Reinert, JF Bernier, UR Sutton, BD Seawright, JA TI Analysis of the cuticular hydrocarbons among species of the Anopheles quadrimaculatus complex (Diptera : Culicidae) SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID TSETSE-FLIES GLOSSINA; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MACULATUS COMPLEX; IDENTIFICATION; GAMBIAE; DISCRIMINATION; ARABIENSIS; COMPONENTS; PALLIDIPES; LARVAE AB Cuticular hydrocarbons were extracted from females of 5 species of the Anopheles quadrimaculatus complex and studied by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The data were analyzed by multivariate techniques to determine the degree of divergence in hydrocarbon patterns and to develop models that allow the discrimination of these species. Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say, Anopheles smaragdinus Reinert, and Anopheles maverlius Reinert could be separated at 100% from each other and from Anopheles diluvialis Reinert and Anopheles inundatus Reinert; however, separation of An. diluvialis from An. inundatus was 80% using a 2-way model. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. Florida State Collect Arthropods, Div Plant Ind, Florida Dept Agr & Consumer Serv, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Carlson, DA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1600-1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 20 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 707-A EAST PRIEN LAKE ROAD, PO BOX 5416, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70606-5416 USA SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 13 SU S BP 103 EP 111 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YV338 UT WOS:000071813200002 PM 9474551 ER PT J AU Reinert, JF AF Reinert, JF TI Bibliography of Anopheles quadrimaculatus say Sensu lato (Diptera : Culicidae) SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Bibliography AB An extensive list of more than 1,900 citations referring to Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say sensu lato is provided. References of a synonym, Anopheles annulimanus Van der Wulp, are also included. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Reinert, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1600-1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 707-A EAST PRIEN LAKE ROAD, PO BOX 5416, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70606-5416 USA SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 13 SU S BP 112 EP 161 PG 50 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YV338 UT WOS:000071813200003 PM 9474552 ER PT J AU Tunick, MH Malin, EL AF Tunick, MH Malin, EL TI Differential scanning calorimetry of water buffalo and cow milk fat in mozzarella cheese SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE cheese; cow milk; DSC; melting profile; milk fat; mozzarella; water buffalo milk AB The thermal profiles of the fat in mozzarella cheeses made from cow milk (CM) and water buffalo milk (WBM) were obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The DSC curves of mozzarella cheese made from WBM were distinguishable from those of CM. The curves resembled those of the corresponding milk fats and could be divided into low-, medium-, and high-temperature melting regions. The valley in the curve between the low-and medium-temperature melting regions was at 10.8 degrees C in WBM cheese and below 10 degrees C in CM cheese. In the WBM cheese, the area of the low-melting region was larger than the area of the medium-temperature melting region, but the two areas were equal in the CM cheeses. Mixtures of the two cheeses exhibited temperature and area values between those of the pure cheeses. Milk-fat mixtures showed similar behavior. The contrasting DSC melting profiles provide a way of distinguishing between the two mozzarella cheese types and for detecting mixtures of the two fats in mozzarella cheese. C1 ARS, ERRC, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Tunick, MH (reprint author), ARS, ERRC, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RI Tunick, Michael/C-9761-2010 NR 14 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 74 IS 12 BP 1565 EP 1568 DI 10.1007/s11746-997-0078-0 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA YN278 UT WOS:000071150900011 ER PT J AU Ullrich, SE Han, F Jones, BL AF Ullrich, SE Han, F Jones, BL TI Genetic complexity of the malt extract trait in barley suggested by QTL analysis SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS LA English DT Article DE barley; genetics; malt extract; quantitative trait locus ID QUANTITATIVE TRAITS; HORDEUM-VULGARE; MAP; CONSTRUCTION; LOCI AB Many economically important traits of crop species are complexly inherited quantitative traits (QT). Trait expression tends to be continuous due to control by multiple genes (G), the environment (E), and G x G and G x E interactions. The development of comprehensive genome maps and quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis procedures allowed the first significant examination of the genetic control of QTs. Malt extract is a good example of a QT in barley. Heretofore, little has been known about the genetic control of malt extract. The objective of this study was to elucidate the genetic characteristics of malt extract primarily from QTL analyses of the Steptoe x Morex cross. QTL analysis of data from the Steptoe x Morex F-1-derived double haploid mapping population has revealed the location of five malt extract QTLs on three of barley's seven chromosomes. Most of the chromosome regions involved also contain QTLs for other related malting quality traits including alpha-amylase activity, diastatic power, barley and malt beta-glucan content, beta-glucanase activity, and/or seed dormancy. The overlapping QTLs indicate either linked genes or pleitropy or both. Analyses also indicated additive and G x E interactions for malt extract. Fine mapping of a critical region of chromosome 1 is in progress to elucidate the overlapping QTL situation among malt extract and the other quality traits listed above. Location of specific genes for malt extract will facilitate more precise breeding for the improvement of this important trait in barley through molecular marker assisted selection. C1 USDA ARS,CEREAL CROPS RES UNIT,MADISON,WI 53705. RP Ullrich, SE (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 26 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC BREWING CHEMISTS INC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0361-0470 J9 J AM SOC BREW CHEM JI J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem. PD WIN PY 1997 VL 55 IS 1 BP 1 EP 4 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA WW295 UT WOS:A1997WW29500001 ER PT J AU Skadsen, RW AF Skadsen, RW TI Influence of the starchy endosperm on alpha-amylase isozyme levels in barley SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS LA English DT Article DE aleurones; cell signaling; development; gene expression; hydrolytic enzymes; malting ID ALEURONE CELLS; MESSENGER-RNA; ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM; HORMONAL-REGULATION; GENE-EXPRESSION; CEREAL-GRAINS; MOBILIZATION; ISOENZYMES; SEPARATION; FAMILIES AB alpha-Amylase activity in malted barley seedlings is composed of the activities of the high-isoelectric point (pI) and low-pI alpha-amylase isozymes. In intact seedlings, the high-pI isozyme activity is roughly 10-fold greater than low-pI activity. However, in isolated aleurones treated with gibberellin (GA), low-pI activity is equal to or greater than high-pI activity. Therefore, alpha-amylase expression during malting must be controlled by factors missing from the isolated aleurone system. The objective of this study was to determine the contribution of GA and the starchy endosperm toward producing the alpha-amylase isozyme levels found in intact seedlings. The possibility that the starchy endosperm could contribute to the prolonged dominance of high-pI expression seen in intact seedlings was explored by incubating isolated aleurones with GA and crude endosperm homogenates from untreated de-embryonated half-seeds. alpha-Amylase isozyme levels were analyzed with isoelectric focusing activity gels. The levels of the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that encode them were analyzed by RNA blots. This endosperm treatment reproduced aspects of intact seedling expression by prolonging the rise in high-pI mRNA levels and increasing the secretion of high-pI enzyme. This indicates that the starchy endosperm, by virtue of a resident factor or one created during hydrolytic metabolism, contributes to the expression of the high-pI alpha-amylase genes in developing seedlings. RP Skadsen, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS,CEREAL CROPS RES UNIT,501 N WALNUT ST,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 32 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC BREWING CHEMISTS INC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0361-0470 J9 J AM SOC BREW CHEM JI J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem. PD WIN PY 1997 VL 55 IS 1 BP 5 EP 10 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA WW295 UT WOS:A1997WW29500002 ER PT J AU Thornton, CI Abt, SR Clary, WP AF Thornton, CI Abt, SR Clary, WP TI Vegetation influence on small stream siltation SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE sedimentation; simulation; sediment retention; vegetation; flushing flows, sediment entrapment AB A meandering stream channel was simulated in the Hydraulics Laboratory at Colorado State University and a series of tests was conducted using four types of vegetation to evaluate the potential effects of vegetation on sediment deposition and retention in a stream channel. The data collected included average flow velocity, flow depth, length of vegetation, density of vegetation, cross-sectional area of the vegetative stem, wetted perimeter of the vegetative stem, and injection and flushing time. The findings indicated that the vegetation could retain from 30 to 70 percent of the deposited sediments. The ability of vegetation to entrap and retain sediment is related to the length and cross-sectional area of the vegetation. The variables describing the flow and the vegetative properties were combined to form a predictive parameter, the sedimentation factor (Sd) that can be compared with the amount of sediment entrapped by vegetation in a stream system. A relation was developed correlating vegetation length to sediment retention after flushing for flexibility and rigid vegetation. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Forest Serv, Intermt Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. RP Thornton, CI (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 12 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 33 IS 6 BP 1279 EP 1288 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb03552.x PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA YR465 UT WOS:000071498000011 ER PT J AU Lutz, CG Wolters, WR Landry, WJ AF Lutz, CG Wolters, WR Landry, WJ TI Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus field trials: Economic implications SO JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB Although recent changes in coastal fisheries regulations in several Gulf states have renewed interest in the economic potential for culture of red drum S. ocellatus, few decision making tools with up-to-date information on production economics are available. From 1988 to 1995, estimates of investment costs, equipment specifications and typical input utilization in commercial-scale production were developed from field trials involving complete or partial grow-out of S. ocellatus. Operating costs and expected yields were subsequently estimated based on "best-case" data from a 70-wk production trial in which 5-7 cm fingerlings were stocked on 1 July and grown to marketable size by the following November, thus avoiding a second overwintering period and the associated risks of losses from freezing temperatures. To allow an evaluation of potential returns with earlier or staggered stocking dates, however, growth and mortality rates from the 70-wk trial were used in a computer-based simulation to estimate yields and costs associated with a hypothetical growout period beginning 1 April, deemed the earliest suitable date to avoid fingerling mortality resulting from abrupt or extreme cold temperatures. The April stocking simulation projected a preferred market size of 1.4 kg prior to a second overwintering period, with yield increasing from 3,454 kg/ha to 4,203 kg/ha and a reduction in breakeven costs from $5.97/kg to $5.53/kg. Partial budget analysis, based on a current average market price of $5.72/kg, suggested April 1 stocking could result in a positive net change of $1,679 per ha over July 1 stocking. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Louisiana Cooperat Extens Serv, Ctr Agr, Baton Rouge, LA 70894 USA. USDA ARS, Catfish Genet Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Westover Farms, Jeanerette, LA 70544 USA. RP Lutz, CG (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Louisiana Cooperat Extens Serv, Ctr Agr, POB 25100, Baton Rouge, LA 70894 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY PI BATON ROUGE PA LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, 143 J M PARKER COLISEUM, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 USA SN 0893-8849 J9 J WORLD AQUACULT SOC JI J. World Aquacult. Soc. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 28 IS 4 BP 412 EP 419 DI 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1997.tb00289.x PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA YM526 UT WOS:000071073600012 ER PT J AU Karesh, WB Rothstein, A Green, W Reuter, HO Braselton, WE Torres, A Cook, RA AF Karesh, WB Rothstein, A Green, W Reuter, HO Braselton, WE Torres, A Cook, RA TI Health evaluation of black-faced impala (Aepyceros melampus petersi) using blood chemistry and serology SO JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE Aepyceros; impala; disease; serology; Namibia ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; INFECTIOUS BOVINE-RHINOTRACHEITIS; WILD RUMINANTS; NATIONAL-PARK; VIRUS-INFECTION; VIRAL DIARRHEA; RED DEER; LEPTOSPIRA; PREVALENCE; HERPESVIRUS-1 AB As part of ongoing ecological studies of black-faced impala (Aepyceros melampus petersi) in northern Namibia, blood samples were collected and analyzed from 26 animals captured for translocation in 1992. All animals appeared to be in good condition and no abnormality was noted during physical examination. Serum chemistry and mineral levels were measured and correlated with the results of bacterial and viral serology and were within the normal ranges for domestic ruminants. Antibody titers for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhea were detected. Serological tests for bluetongue, foot-and-mouth disease, rinderpest, parainfluenza 3, brucellosis, leptospirosis, and anaplasmosis were negative. Significant differences in disease prevalence were not found between sexes. C1 Wildlife Conservat Soc, Bronx, NY 10460 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Biol, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Michigan State Univ, Anim Hlth Diagnost Lab, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. USDA, Foreign Anim Dis Diagnost Lab, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Karesh, WB (reprint author), Wildlife Conservat Soc, 185th St & So Blvd, Bronx, NY 10460 USA. NR 44 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC Z00 VETERINARIANS PI MEDIA PA 6 NORTH PENNELL ROAD, MEDIA, PA 19063 USA SN 1042-7260 J9 J ZOO WILDLIFE MED JI J. Zoo Wildl. Med. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 28 IS 4 BP 361 EP 367 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA ZA013 UT WOS:000072319000001 PM 9523628 ER PT J AU Tang, SM Gustafson, EJ AF Tang, SM Gustafson, EJ TI Perception of scale in forest management planning: Challenges and implications SO LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING LA English DT Article DE forest management planning; scale; spatial pattern; forest birds; timber harvest; fragmentation; landscape metrics ID LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY; BIRD COMMUNITIES; OLD-GROWTH; PATTERNS; BIODIVERSITY; VEGETATION; ECOSYSTEMS; RESPONSES; STATES AB Forest management practices imposed at one spatial scale may affect the patterns and processes of ecosystems at other scales. These impacts and feedbacks on the functioning of ecosystems across spatial scales are not well understood. We examined the effects of silvicultural manipulations simulated at two spatial scales of management planning on landscape pattern and assessed the implications for forest-interior bird species. Landscape context was taken into consideration in determining harvest locations in the landscape-base management planning scenario but not in the stand-base planning scenario (where the focus of planning activities was at the level of individual stands and the context in which stands were located was not considered). We also compared ecological implications of patterns created at the stand and landscape levels by even-and uneven-age silvicultural systems. We used a harvest simulator (HARVEST) to simulate even-age, uneven-age and a combination of even-and uneven-age management systems for a period of 5 decades in the two forest management planning scenarios. Clearcuts of 5 to 16 ha were simulated to represent even-age management and small openings of 0.09 to 0.22 ha scattered throughout a stand were simulated to represent uneven-age management. Forest management that considered landscape context generated greater landscape total core area compared to that of the stand-base planning. There was a difference in landscape mean patch size, interspersion index, Simpson's diversity index and total core area for patches defined by stand age between stand-and landscape-base management planning. These results indicate that different landscape patterns can be produced by management planning conducted at different spatial scales. The scale of focus should depend on the management goals. Silvicultural manipulations at the stand level can cause the creation of different patterns at the stand and landscape levels. Such differences can lead to different ecological implications at each of those levels, thereby making it difficult to simply aggregate stand-level responses to the landscape-level. Furthermore, the ecological effects of landscape patterns on processes can be highly variable as the effects depend on how patches are defined. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Bethel Coll, Dept Biol Sci, St Paul, MN 55112 USA. US Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. RP Tang, SM (reprint author), Bethel Coll, Dept Biol Sci, 3900 Bethel Dr, St Paul, MN 55112 USA. EM sm-tang@bethel.edu NR 42 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-2046 J9 LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN JI Landsc. Urban Plan. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 39 IS 1 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1016/S0169-2046(97)00072-8 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Studies; Geography; Geography, Physical; Urban Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography; Physical Geography; Urban Studies GA YT408 UT WOS:000071599900001 ER PT J AU Urtz, BE Rice, WC AF Urtz, BE Rice, WC TI RAPD-PCR characterization of Beauveria bassiana isolates from the rice water weevil Lissorhoptrus opyzophilus SO LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FUNGUS METARHIZIUM-ANISOPLIAE; ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI; GENETIC-VARIABILITY; DNA; DIVERSITY; MARKERS AB Random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) was used to examine the genetic variability among Beauveria bassiana isolates from infected rice water weevil (RWW), Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, collected in south-western Louisiana. Most-of the B. bassiana isolates tightly clustered into one or the other of two groups that diverged at the 65% similarity level. Three soil isolates also clustered within the two groups while one soil isolate did not tightly cluster (mean similarity = 65%) with any of the RWW isolates. The results suggest that certain genotypes of B. bassiana commonly infect RWW while others do not. C1 Louisiana State Univ, USDA, ARS, Rice Res Stn, Crowley, LA 70527 USA. RP Rice, WC (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, USDA, ARS, Rice Res Stn, POB 1429, Crowley, LA 70527 USA. NR 19 TC 17 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-8254 J9 LETT APPL MICROBIOL JI Lett. Appl. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 25 IS 6 BP 405 EP 409 DI 10.1111/j.1472-765X.1997.tb00006.x PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA YN881 UT WOS:000071218000006 ER PT J AU Kuykendall, LD Barnett, ME Mathis, JN AF Kuykendall, LD Barnett, ME Mathis, JN TI Duplication of DNA regions carrying repetitive sequence RS alpha in Bradyrhizobium japonicum 110 SO LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RHIZOBIUM-JAPONICUM; NITROGEN-FIXATION; GENETIC DIVERSITY; CONSERVATION; DERIVATIVES; COMPETENCE; USDA-110; STRAINS AB RS alpha is a repeated DNB sequence found within the nitrogen-fixation gene cluster of Bradyrhizobium japonicum, a symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacterium that nodulates soybean. Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain 110spc4 contains 12 repeats, each located on a separate XhoI DNA restriction fragment between 1.2 and 14 kb in length. Although Fix(+) and Fis(-) derivatives of B. japonicum USDA 110 ere first reported more than two decades ago, genotypic differentiation, on the basis of RS alpha hybridization pattern, was reported only recently. Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain USDA 110 had only single copies of the RS alpha-hybridizing bands, but a particular Fix-derivative, MSDJG1, carried doublers of two distinct XhoI fragments that carry RS alpha 3 and RS4 alpha. In this study RS alpha hybridization patterns were anal c-sed further in both Fis' and Fis-derivatives of strain 110 to test for duplication of these particular genomic regions, It was concluded that the duplication, or not, of genetic regions carrying RS alpha 3 and RS alpha 4 in strain USDA 110 derivatives is unrelated to symbiotic nitrogen-fixation ability. Like Fix-MSDJG1, Fis(+) strain 110 derivatives I-110 and MN-110 had duplications of the XhoI DNA restriction fragments carrying RS alpha 3 and RS alpha 4, but Fix-strain 110 derivative L2-110 lacked these duplications, Thus, it is new clear that Fix-derivatives MSDJG1 and L2-110 arose via distinct genetic mechanisms, Interestingly, Fis(+) derivatives of strain 110 from the laboratories of Elkan and Hennecke differed in RS hybridization profile. C1 State Univ W Georgia, Dept Biol, Carrollton, GA 30118 USA. ARS, USDA, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Mathis, JN (reprint author), State Univ W Georgia, Dept Biol, Carrollton, GA 30118 USA. EM jmathis@westga.edu NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0266-8254 J9 LETT APPL MICROBIOL JI Lett. Appl. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 25 IS 6 BP 410 EP 414 DI 10.1111/j.1472-765X.1997.tb00007.x PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA YN881 UT WOS:000071218000007 ER PT J AU Nes, WD Lopez, M Zhou, W Guo, DA Dowd, PF Norton, RA AF Nes, WD Lopez, M Zhou, W Guo, DA Dowd, PF Norton, RA TI Sterol utilization and metabolism by Heliothis zea SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th American-Oil-Chemists-Society Annual Meeting and Expo - Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Function of Steroids CY MAY 11-14, 1997 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON SP Amer Oil Chemists Soc ID MANDUCA-SEXTA; BIOSYNTHESIS; CHOLESTEROL; INSECTS; LARVAE AB Heliothis zea (corn earworm), an insect that fails to synthesize sterols de novo, was reared on an artificial diet treated with 18 different sterol supplements. Larvae did not develop on a sterol-less medium. Delta(5)-Sterols with a hydrogen atom, a methylene group, an E-or Z-ethylidene group, or an alpha- or beta-ethyl group (cholesterol, ostreasterol, isofucosterol, fucosterol, sitosterol, and clionasterol, respectively) at position C-24, and Delta(5)-sterols doubly substituted in the side chain at C-24 with an alpha-ethyl group and at C-22 with a double bond (stigmasterol) supported normal larval growth to late-sixth instar (prepupal: maturity). The major sterol isolated from each of these sterol treatments was cholesterol, suggesting that H. zea operates a typical 24-dealkylation pathway. The sterol requirement of H. tea could not be met satisfactorily by derivatives of 3 beta-cholestanol with a 9 beta, 19-cyclopropyl group, gem dimethyl group at C-4, a Delta(5,7)-bond or Delta(8)-bond, or by side-chain modi- fled sterols that possessed a Delta(25(27))-24 beta-ethyl group, Delta(23(24))-24-methyl group or 24-ethyl group, or Delta(24(25))-24-methyl or 24-ethyl group. The major sterol recovered from the larvae (albeit developmentally arrested larvae)treated with a nonutilizable sterol was the test compound. Sterol absorption was related to the degree of sterol utilization. The most effective sterols absorbed by the insect ranged from 27 to 66 mu g per insect, whereas the least effective sterols absorbed by the insect ranged from 0.6 to 6 mu g per insect. Competition experiments using different proportions of cholesterol and 24-dihydrolanosterol (from 9:1 to 1:9 mixtures) indicated that abnormal development of H. tea may be induced on less than a 1 to 1 mixture of utilizable (cholesterol) to nonutilizable (24-dihydrolanosterol) sterols. The results demonstrate new structural requirements for sterol utilization and metabolism by insects, particularly with respect to the posi- tion of double bonds in the side chain and functionalization in the nucleus. The novel sterol specificities observed in this study appear to be associated with the dual role of sterols as membrane inserts (nonmetabolic) and as precursors to the ecdysteroids (metabolic). C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. USDA, Bioact Agents Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Nes, WD (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RI ding, zuoqi/C-9271-2013 NR 19 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD DEC PY 1997 VL 32 IS 12 BP 1317 EP 1323 DI 10.1007/s11745-006-0170-5 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA YN556 UT WOS:000071180400012 PM 9438243 ER PT J AU Malayeri, M Albaugh, G Davis, R Bhathena, SJ Nair, PP AF Malayeri, M Albaugh, G Davis, R Bhathena, SJ Nair, PP TI Exfoliated human colonic epithelial cells: insulin binding and molecular cloning of the insulin receptor SO MEDICAL SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE colonic epithelial cells; insulin receptor; molecular cloning ID AMPLIFICATION; GENE AB Established, transformed colon cell lines exhibit strong insulin-binding activity. Since it is not known whether this is a characteristic of the malignant phenotype we examined the molecular expression of the insulin receptor gene in normal, exfoliated colonic cells and compared them with a reference control malignant cell line maintained in culture in relation to their insulin-binding activities. Expression of the human insulin receptor gene was established by cloning a segment of the gene using a cDNA template derived from mRNA isolated from exfoliated colonic epithelial cells. Insulin-binding studies, conducted in parallel on both normal and malignant cells (LS-180 cells, an established colon adenocarcinoma cell line) as a positive control, showed that normal exfoliated colonic cells exhibited weak activity. This study provides new evidence to show that normal terminally differentiated colonic epithelial cells carry the message for the insulin receptor but is functionally weak as compared to a reference malignant colon cell line. C1 ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Metab & Nutrient Interact Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Biochem, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Int Hlth, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Nair, PP (reprint author), ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, USDA, Bldg 308,Room 221, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0269-8951 J9 MED SCI RES JI Med. Sci. Res. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 25 IS 12 BP 801 EP 803 PG 3 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA YP864 UT WOS:000071323600003 ER PT J AU Knowles, DP Kappmeyer, LS Perryman, LE AF Knowles, DP Kappmeyer, LS Perryman, LE TI Genetic and biochemical analysis of erythrocyte-stage surface antigens belonging to a family of highly conserved proteins of Babesia equi and Theileria species SO MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Babesia equi; Theileria; immunodominant surface antigens; selection; charge analysis; protein structure ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; SERGENTI; GLYCOSYLATION; PARASITEMIA; DIVERSITY; ANTIBODY; EPITOPE AB Erythrocyte-stage Babesia equi expresses a 34-kDa immunodominant antigen recognized by antibody from persistently infected horses worldwide. This erythrocyte-stage surface protein, equi merozoite antigen-1 (EMA-1) is encoded by a single copy gene, and was previously shown to share 33% amino acid identity with similar sized proteins of Theileria sergenti and T. buffeli. A mean homology of 31% amino acid identity extends to similar sized proteins of T. parve, T. annulata and T. mutans. Genomic and cDNA copies of a second B. equi gene, ema2 were cloned. The single copy ema2 gene encodes a 30-kDa protein (EMA-2) that shares 52% amino acid identity with EMA-1. EMA-2 also shares a mean amino acid identity of 31% with proteins of similar molecular mass from Theileria species. EMA-I and EMA-2 each contain a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. These unique erythrocyte-stage surface proteins of B. equi and Theileria species lack antigenic repeats, and excluding the signal peptide, contain one or no cysteines. Consistent with the hypothesis that this family of proteins interacts with the erythrocyte surface, the T. species proteins possess a basic isoelectric point. The B. equi proteins have acidic isoelectric points, but 24-mer peptides within them have strongly basic net charges. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Inst, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Microbiol Pathol & Parasitol, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. RP Knowles, DP (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Inst, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM dknowles@vetmed.wsu.edu NR 24 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-6851 J9 MOL BIOCHEM PARASIT JI Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. PD DEC 1 PY 1997 VL 90 IS 1 BP 69 EP 79 DI 10.1016/S0166-6851(97)00150-3 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Parasitology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Parasitology GA YU428 UT WOS:000071716100007 PM 9497033 ER PT J AU Kagami, H Tagami, T Matsubara, Y Harumi, T Hanada, H Maruyama, K Sakurai, M Kuwana, T Naito, M AF Kagami, H Tagami, T Matsubara, Y Harumi, T Hanada, H Maruyama, K Sakurai, M Kuwana, T Naito, M TI The developmental origin of primordial germ cells and the transmission of the donor-derived gametes in mixed-sex germline chimeras to the offspring in the chicken SO MOLECULAR REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE blastoderm; primordial germ cells; germline development; mixed-sex chimera; chickens ID COMPLETE CULTURE SYSTEM; GALLUS-G-DOMESTICUS; BLASTODERMAL CELLS; EMBRYO; MORPHOLOGY; EXPRESSION; STAGE AB A novel system has been developed to determine the origin and development of primordial germ cells (PGCs) in avian embryos directly. Approximately 700 cells were removed from the center of the area pellucida, the outer of the area pellucida, and the area opaca of the stage X blastoderm (Eyal-Giladi and Kochav, 1976; Dev Biol 49:321-337). When the cells were removed from the center of the area pellucida, the mean number of circulating PGCs per 1 mu l of blood was significantly decreased to 13 (P < 0.05) in the embryo at stage 15 (Hamburger and Hamilton, 1951: J Morphol 88:49-92) as compared to intact embryos of 51. When the removed recipient cells from the center of the area pellucida were replenished with 500 donor cells, no reduction in the PGC number was observed. The removal of cells from the outer of area pellucida or from the area opaca had no effect on the number of PGCs. When another set of the manipulated embryos were cultured ex vivo to hatching and reared to sexual maturity, the absence of germ cells and the degeneration of seminiferous tubules were observed in resulting chickens derived from the blastoderm from which the cells were removed from the center of the area pellucida. Chimeric embryos produced by the male donor cells and the female recipient contained the female-derived cells at 97.2% in the whole embryo and 94.3% in the erythrocytes at 5 days of incubation. At 5-7 days of incubation, masculinization was observed in about one half of the mixed-sex embryos. The proportions of the female-derived cells in the whole embryo and in the erythrocytes were 76.5% and 80.2% at 7 days to 55.7% and 62.5% at 10 days of incubation, respectively. When the chimeras reached their sexual maturity, they were test mated to assess donor contribution to their germline. Five of six male chimeras (83%) and three of five female chimeras (60%) from male donor cells and a female recipient embryo from which 700 cells at the center of area pellucida were removed were germline chimeras. Three of the five male germline chimeras (60%) and one of the three female germline chimeras (33%) transmitted exclusively (100%) donor-derived gametes into the offspring. When embryonic cells were removed from the outer of area pellucida or area opaca, regardless of the sex combination of the donor and the recipient, the transmission of the donor-derived gametes was essentially null. The findings in the present studies demonstrated, both in vivo and in vitro, that the PGCs originate in the central part of the area pellucida and that the developmental fate to germ cell (PGCs) had been destined at stage X blastoderm in chickens. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 NATL INST ANIM IND,LAB GENET ENGN,IBARAKI,OSAKA 305,JAPAN. NATL INST ANIM IND,LAB GENE FUNCT,IBARAKI,OSAKA,JAPAN. ARS,GENE EVALUAT & MAPPING LAB,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD. NATL INST ANIM HLTH,IMMUNOBIOL LAB,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN. NATL INST MINAMATA DIS,PATHOL SECT,MINAMATA,KUMAMOTO,JAPAN. NR 39 TC 82 Z9 88 U1 4 U2 11 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 1040-452X J9 MOL REPROD DEV JI Mol. Reprod. Dev. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 48 IS 4 BP 501 EP 510 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2795(199712)48:4<501::AID-MRD11>3.0.CO;2-W PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology GA YE251 UT WOS:A1997YE25100011 PM 9364445 ER PT J AU Feibelman, TP Doudrick, RL Cibula, WG Bennett, JW AF Feibelman, TP Doudrick, RL Cibula, WG Bennett, JW TI Phylogenetic relationships within the Cantharellaceae inferred from sequence analysis of the nuclear large subunit rDNA SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID RIBOSOMAL DNA-SEQUENCES; IDENTIFICATION; AMPLIFICATION; SPACERS; RNA AB DNA was extracted from dried specimens of nine taxa of the Cantharellaceae. Approximately 325 bases near the 5' end of the nuclear 28S ribosomal gene were sequenced, and the sequences were compared. Sequence analyses demonstrated that Cantharellus and Craterellus should be treated as distinct genera. The phylogeny generated using parsimony suggests that Cantharellus tubaeformis and Pseudocraterellus sinuosus should be considered species of Craterellus. As a result of this study, we recognize the first placement of these two species in Craterellus by Fries and Qui let. A reassessment of the morphological characters used to separate Cantharellus and Craterellus is indicated. C1 USDA Forest Serv, So Inst Forest Genet, Saucier, MS 39575 USA. Tulane Univ, Dept Ecol Evolut & Organismal Biol, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. NASA, John C Stennis Space Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. Tulane Univ, Dept Cell & Mol Biol, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. RP Doudrick, RL (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, So Inst Forest Genet, Saucier, MS 39575 USA. NR 50 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 9 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 101 BP 1423 EP 1430 DI 10.1017/S0953756297004115 PN 12 PG 8 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA YP072 UT WOS:000071238400002 ER PT J AU Robinson, AF Inserra, RN Caswell-Chen, EP Vovlas, N Troccoli, A AF Robinson, AF Inserra, RN Caswell-Chen, EP Vovlas, N Troccoli, A TI Rotylenchulus species: Identification, distribution, host ranges, and crop plant resistance SO NEMATROPICA LA English DT Review DE biology; crop rotation; distribution; host range; quarantine; reniform nematodes; Rotylenchulus anamictus; Rotylenchulus borealis; Rotylenchulus brevitubulus; Rotylenchulus clavicaudatus; Rotylenchulus leptus; Rotylenchulus macrodoratus; Rotylenchulus macrosoma; Rotylenchulus parvus; Rotylenchulus reniformis; Roylenchulus sacchari ID MELOIDOGYNE-INCOGNITA; RENIFORM NEMATODE; SOYBEAN CULTIVARS; UPLAND COTTON; SWEET-POTATO; REGISTRATION; REPRODUCTION; PINEAPPLE; JAVANICA; GROWTH AB The ten known species of Rotylenchulus are sedentary root parasites that occur largely in tropical and subtropical latitudes. They can be distinguished with a simple dichotomous key. Hundreds of studies have examined the biology, economic impact, and management of the type species,lt reniformis. Information also is available regarding the geographical distribution, host range, and histopathology induced by R borealis R marcodoratus, R macrosoma and R parvus. Relatively little is known regarding R anamictus, R brevitubulus, R. clavicaudatus; R leptus, and R sacchari. Rotylenchulus reniformis and R parvus both appear to have a cosmopolitan distribution in warm latitudes; R. borealis, so far, has been reported primarily from Europe and Africa; R macrodoratus and R. macrosoma have been found primarily in the Mediterranean region. There are clear anatomical differences in the trophic site induced by R macrodoratus (uninucleate giant cell) compared to those induced by R. borealis, R. macrosoma, R parvus, and R reniformis (syncytia). There also are differences in the abilities of these species to parasitize various hosts. Rotylenchulus reniformis appears to have the widest host range and has been reported to reproduce on 86% of 364 plant species examined. Many common weeds are good hosts. However, more than 50 crop or ornamental plants support little or no reproduction by most populations of R reniformis. Examples include barley, maize, onion, rice, several crotalaria species, and resistant cultivars of soybean. Varying levels of resistance also have been found in cotton, olive, papaya, potato, sweet potato, tobacco, tomato, and various legumes. Most research on crop rotation and mixed cropping for management of R reniformis has been done on cotton and soybean in the United States, and on legumes in India. C1 USDA ARS, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP USDA ARS, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RI Troccoli, Alberto/C-5811-2015 OI Troccoli, Alberto/0000-0002-3582-8209 NR 268 TC 77 Z9 100 U1 1 U2 19 PU ORGANIZATION TROP AMER NEMATOLOGISTS PI AUBURN PA AUBURN UNIV DEPT PLANT PATHOLOGY, AUBURN, AL 36849 USA SN 0099-5444 EI 2220-5608 J9 NEMATROPICA JI Nematropica PD DEC PY 1997 VL 27 IS 2 BP 127 EP 180 PG 54 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 143AL UT WOS:000077232900002 ER PT J AU Runion, GB Mitchell, RJ Rogers, HH Prior, SA Counts, TK AF Runion, GB Mitchell, RJ Rogers, HH Prior, SA Counts, TK TI Effects of nitrogen and water limitation and elevated atmospheric CO(2) on ectomycorrhiza of longleaf pine SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE ectomycorrhizas; carbon dioxide; Pinus palustris (longleaf pine) ID TAEDA L SEEDLINGS; LOBLOLLY-PINE; MYCORRHIZAL COLONIZATION; CARBON-DIOXIDE; PLANT-RESPONSES; VA MYCORRHIZAL; DROUGHT STRESS; QUERCUS-ALBA; GROWTH; SOIL AB Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings were exposed to two concentrations of atmospheric CO(2) (365 or 720 mu mol mol(-1)) and two levels of N (0.02 or 0.20 mg N g(-1) soil yr(-1)) within open-top chambers for 20 months. Seedlings were adequately watered for 19 wk to ensure seedling establishment, after which two water-stress treatments (target values -0.5 or -1.5 MPa xylem pressure potential) were implemented. Fine-root samples were collected in July and November 1993, and in March and November 1994. Ectomycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal short roots per unit length of fine root were quantified. The percentage of ectomycorrhizal short roots and numbers of ectomycorrhizas per unit root length were higher for seedlings grown with elevated CO(2), low N and adequate water. Interactions among main treatment variables demonstrated higher percentages of ectomycorrhizal short roots, fine root length per seedling, and total numbers of ectomycorrhizas per seedling for plants grown with high CO(2) (compared with ambient) or adequate water (compared with water stress) only under high N conditions. Increased fine-root length and ectomycorrhizal colonization under elevated CO(2) resulted in higher (almost double) numbers of ectomycorrhizas per seedling at each sampling. C1 Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Joseph W Jones Ecol Res Ctr, Newton, GA 31770 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, Auburn, AL 36831 USA. RP Runion, GB (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry, 108 M White Smith Hall, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. EM runion@forestry.auburn.edu NR 52 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 17 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 137 IS 4 BP 681 EP 689 DI 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00865.x PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YQ593 UT WOS:000071403400014 ER PT J AU Feldstein, PA Levy, L Randles, JW Owens, RA AF Feldstein, PA Levy, L Randles, JW Owens, RA TI Synthesis and two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of mixed populations of circular and linear RNAs SO NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CADANG-CADANG DISEASE; GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; MESSENGER-RNA; SEQUENCE; VIROIDS; VIRUS; POLYACRYLAMIDE; TRANSCRIPTS; INTRON AB Spontaneous cleavage of the less abundant form of tobacco ringspot virus satellite RNA is readily reversible. Capitalizing on earlier observations by Feldstein and Bruening that small 'mini-monomer' RNAs derived from this molecule and containing little more than covalently attached ribozyme and substrate cleavage products are able to efficiently circularize, we have constructed a series of self-circularizing RNAs of precisely known size. Mixtures of linear and circular RNAs synthesized in vitro and containing 225-1132 nt could be completely resolved using a novel two-dimensional denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system. Similar analyses of a complex mixture of coconut cadang-cadang viroid RNAs revealed the presence of relatively large amounts of a previously undescribed 'fast-slow' heterodimeric RNA species in infected palms. Only a single DNA template is required to prepare each pair of circular and linear RNA markers. C1 USDA ARS,MOL PLANT PATHOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT PLANT BIOL,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. USDA ARS,NATL GERMPLASM RESOURCES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV ADELAIDE,WAITE AGR RES INST,DEPT CROP PROTECT,GLEN OSMOND,SA 5064,AUSTRALIA. NR 34 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0305-1048 J9 NUCLEIC ACIDS RES JI Nucleic Acids Res. PD DEC 1 PY 1997 VL 25 IS 23 BP 4850 EP 4854 DI 10.1093/nar/25.23.4850 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA YL589 UT WOS:A1997YL58900022 PM 9365267 ER PT J AU Haff, RP Schatzki, TF AF Haff, RP Schatzki, TF TI Image restoration of line-scanned x-ray images SO OPTICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE x-ray phosphors; photodiodes; x-ray scattering; preamplifiers; image correction ID MEAT AB Six specific defects in images captured on line-scan x-ray machines are discussed and software corrections are addressed. The corrections are intended to optimize the machine for the inspection of food products for hidden defects or contaminants. The defects include effects due to time constants in the preamplifier, decays (short and long term) of the phosphor in the detectors, gaps in the images at detector module boundaries, analog to digital converter (ADC) clipping of the photodiode signal, varying response between detectors to the low-energy end of the incident energy spectrum, and x-ray scattering. Of these, all but the long-term phosphor decay and scattering are corrected with software. While the long-term phosphor decay is of little consequence for food inspection, effects due to scattering are serious and must be addressed in the design of the detectors. The restored image is more suitable for image processing and thus for real-time sorting than the original image. (C) 1997 Society of Photo-Optical instrumentation Engineers. RP Haff, RP (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 SN 0091-3286 J9 OPT ENG JI Opt. Eng. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 36 IS 12 BP 3288 EP 3296 DI 10.1117/1.601568 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA YK902 UT WOS:A1997YK90200008 ER PT J AU Prohaska, JR Tamura, T Percy, AK Turnlund, JR AF Prohaska, JR Tamura, T Percy, AK Turnlund, JR TI In vitro copper stimulation of plasma peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase is Menkes disease variant with occipital horns SO PEDIATRIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME; SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; ZINC STIMULATION; DEFICIENT RATS; SERUM; CERULOPLASMIN; PHENOTYPE AB We determined the concentrations of copper, the activities of ceruloplasmin and peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM), and the stimulation index of PAM by the in vitro addition of copper in plasma samples obtained from three male patients with occipital hems and a milder Menkes disease phenotype, having severe copper deficiency due to the defect in copper transport. We found a decreased plasma ceruloplasmin activity and an increased copper stimulation index of plasma PAM in these patients compared with healthy control subjects. The combination of these two determinations may provide a means for the assessment of copper nutriture in humans using blood samples obtained in a single microhematocrit tube. Further investigation is warranted to evaluate whether these noninvasive measurements can be used for the diagnosis of mild copper deficiency in humans with sufficient specificity and sensitivity. C1 UNIV ALABAMA,DEPT NUTR SCI,BIRMINGHAM,AL 35294. UNIV ALABAMA,DEPT PEDIAT,BIRMINGHAM,AL 35294. USDA ARS,WESTERN HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94129. RP Prohaska, JR (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL BIOL,10 UNIV DR,DULUTH,MN 55812, USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD32901] NR 25 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0031-3998 J9 PEDIATR RES JI Pediatr. Res. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 42 IS 6 BP 862 EP 865 DI 10.1203/00006450-199712000-00023 PG 4 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA YG717 UT WOS:A1997YG71700021 PM 9396570 ER PT J AU Prabhaker, N Toscano, NC Castle, SJ Henneberry, TJ AF Prabhaker, N Toscano, NC Castle, SJ Henneberry, TJ TI Selection for imidacloprid resistance in silverleaf whiteflies from the imperial valley and development of a hydroponic bioassay for resistance monitoring SO PESTICIDE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Bemisia argentifolii; whiteflies; imidacloprid; selection of resistance; resistance monitoring; cross-resistance ID BEMISIA-TABACI; ALEYRODIDAE; HOMOPTERA; INSECTICIDE; CALIFORNIA; SYNERGISM AB A field-collected population of the silver leaf whitefly, Bemisia argenti-folii, was selected with the nicotinyl compound, imidacloprid, over 32 generations to determine if resistance would develop when maintained under continuous selection pressure in a greenhouse. Resistance was slow to increase at first with low to moderate levels of resistance (RR from 6- to 17-fold) in the first 15 generations of selection. Further selection steadily led to higher levels of resistance, with the greatest resistance ratio at 82-fold, the gradual rise suggesting the involvement of a polygenic system. At the end of the selection, slopes of probit regressions were substantially steeper than earlier, indicating increased homogeneity of imidacloprid resistance in this strain. A hydroponic bioassay featuring systemic uptake of imidacloprid through roots was developed to monitor the changes in resistance to imidacloprid in the selected whitefly strain and in seven field-collected strains from Imperial Valley, California. Six out of seven field-collected strains exhibited low LC50 values (0.002 to 0.512 mg ml(-1)) compared to the selected resistant strain, with one exception where the LC50 was 0.926 mg ml(-1) (RR=15.0). Variation in responses to imidacloprid in the field strains suggest that this technique is sufficiently sensitive to detect differences in susceptibilities of whitefly populations. The imidacloprid-resistant strain showed no cross-resistance to endosulfan, chlorpyrifos or methomyl (RR ranging from 0.4- to 15-fold). A low level of cross-resistance was observed to bifenthrin in the IM-R strain at 7-fold. The success of selection for resistance to imidacloprid has serious implications for whitefly control programs that rely heavily on imidacloprid. C1 UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT ENTOMOL,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521. USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,PHOENIX,AZ 85040. NR 27 TC 64 Z9 82 U1 2 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0031-613X J9 PESTIC SCI JI Pestic. Sci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 51 IS 4 BP 419 EP 428 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199712)51:4<419::AID-PS658>3.0.CO;2-L PG 10 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA YL606 UT WOS:A1997YL60600002 ER PT J AU Ziska, LH Bunce, JA AF Ziska, LH Bunce, JA TI Influence of increasing carbon dioxide concentration on the photosynthetic and growth stimulation of selected C-4 crops and weeds SO PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE acclimation; C-4 photosynthesis; crops; elevated CO2; leaf water potential; weeds ID CO2 ENRICHMENT; ELEVATED CO2; TEMPERATURE; RESPONSES; PLANTS; ACCLIMATION; GRASS; YIELD AB Plants of six weedy species (Amaranthus retroflexus, Echinochloa crus-galli, Panicum dichotomiflorum, Setaria faberi, Setaria viridis, Sorghum halapense) and 4 crop species (Amaranthus hypochondriacus, Saccharum officinarum, Sorghum bicolor and Zea mays) possessing the C-4 type of photosynthesis were,at-own at ambient (38 Pa) and elevated (69 Pa) carbon dioxide during early development (i.e. up to 60 days after sowing) to determine: (a) if plants possessing the C-4 photosynthetic pathway could respond photosynthetically or in biomass production to future increases in global carbon dioxide and (b) whether differences exist between weeds and crops in the degree of response. Based on observations in the response of photosynthesis (measured as A, CO2 assimilation rate) to the growth CO2 condition as well as to a range of internal CO2 (C-i) concentrations, eight of ten C-4 species showed a significant increase in photosynthesis. The largest and smallest increases observed were for A. retroflexus (+30%) and Z. mays (+5%), respectively. Weed species (+19%) showed approximately twice the degree of photosynthetic stimulation as that of crop species (+10%) at the higher CO2 concentration. Elevated carbon dioxide also resulted in significant increases in whole plant biomass for four C-4 weeds (A. retroflexus, E. crus-galli, P. dichotomiflorum, S viridis) relative to the ambient CO2 condition. Leaf water potentials for three selected species (A. retroflexus, A. hypochondriacus, Z. mays) indicated that differences in photosynthetic stimulation were not due solely to improved leaf water status. Data from this study indicate that C-4 plants may respond directly to increasing CO2 concentration, and in the case of some C-4 weeds (e.g. A. retroflexus) may show photosynthetic increases similar to those published for C-3 species. C1 USDA ARS, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Ziska, LH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Climate Stress Lab, Bldg 046A,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 25 TC 80 Z9 91 U1 2 U2 28 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-8595 J9 PHOTOSYNTH RES JI Photosynth. Res. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 54 IS 3 BP 199 EP 208 DI 10.1023/A:1005947802161 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YV067 UT WOS:000071786300004 ER PT J AU Robinson, JM Burkey, KO AF Robinson, JM Burkey, KO TI Foliar CO2 photoassimilation and chloroplast linear electron transport rates in nitrogen-sufficient and nitrogen-limited soybean plants SO PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ferredoxin; NADP photoreduction; nitrogen limitation; non cyclic electron transport; photosynthesis; Photosystem 1 and 2 ID PHOTOSYNTHETIC CARBON; LEAVES; SPINACH; METABOLISM; NUTRITION; STRESS; LEAF AB Leaflets of soybean plants which are moderately inorganic nitrogen (N)-limited exhibit either no difference in the rate of net photosynthesis or as much as a 15-23% lower net photosynthesis rate per unit area than leaflets of N-sufficient plants [Robinson JM (1996) Photosynth Res 50: 133-148; Robinson JM (1997a) Int J Plant Sci 158: 32-43]. However, mature leaflets of N-limited soybean plants have a higher CO2 photoassimilation rate per unit chlorophyll than leaflets of N-sufficient soybean plants at both moderate light intensity (approximate to 500 mu mol m(-2) s(-1)) and saturating light intensity (approximate to 1200 mu mol m(-2) s(-1)) [Robinson JM (1996) Photosynth Res 50: 133-148]. This study was undertaken to determine whether chloroplast thylakoids isolated from the leaflets of nitrogen-limited soybean plants displayed similar or higher linear electron transport rates (H2O --> ferredoxin --> NADP) per unit chlorophyll than thylakoids isolated from leaflets of N-sufficient plants. Chlorophyll concentration in reaction mixtures containing chloroplast thylakoids prepared from leaflets of N-limited plants was manipulated so that it was similar to the chlorophyll concentration in reaction mixtures of thylakoids prepared from leaflets of N-sufficient plants. Measurements of ferredoxin dependent, NADP dependent, O-2 photo-evolution in thylakoid isolates were carried out in saturating light (approximate to 1500 mu mol m(-2) s(-1)) and with NH4+ (an uncoupler) in the chloroplast reaction mixtures. Chloroplast thylakoids isolated from N-limited soybean plant leaflets routinely had a 1.5 to 1.7 times higher rate of uncoupled, whole chain electron transport per unit chlorophyll in saturating light than did chloroplast thylakoids isolated from leaflets of N-sufficient plants. The results suggest that the photosystems and photosynthetic electron transport chain components are more active per unit Chl in leaflet chloroplast thylakoids of N-limited soybean plants than in thylakoids of N-sufficient plants. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Nat Resources Inst, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Air Qual Res Program, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. RP Robinson, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Nat Resources Inst, Climate Stress Lab, Bldg 046A, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 27 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-8595 J9 PHOTOSYNTH RES JI Photosynth. Res. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 54 IS 3 BP 209 EP 217 DI 10.1023/A:1005995718710 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YV067 UT WOS:000071786300005 ER PT J AU Baker, CJ Orlandi, EW Anderson, AJ AF Baker, CJ Orlandi, EW Anderson, AJ TI Oxygen metabolism in plant cell culture bacteria interactions: role of bacterial concentration and H2O2-scavenging in survival under biological and artificial oxidative stress SO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ORYZAE PV ORYZAE; PSEUDOMONAS-SYRINGAE; SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; CATALASE ISOZYMES; ACTIVE OXYGEN; GROWTH-PHASE; RESPONSES; DEFENSE; PUTIDA AB Preliminary studies with plant cell suspensions indicated that high concentrations of bacterial inoculum can significantly reduce the H2O2 levels detected immediately following inoculation. Further investigation suggested that bacterial concentration is an important factor in H2O2-scavenging, and is often overlooked in both plant/pathogen interactions as well as in vitro survival studies. In vitro studies with Pseudomonas spp. characterized the relationship between H2O2-scavenging and culturability of bacteria. Because H2O2 permeates membranes rapidly, the intracellular scavenging activity of the bacteria could be detected as a decrease in the external H2O2 concentration. Therefore, the effective scavenging activity of a given suspension of bacteria was proportional to the bacterial concentration. The culturability of populations of bacteria exposed to H2O2 concentrations which are intolerable to individual cells (greater than or equal to 100 mu M) was also dependent on bacterial concentration. Studies with a catalase-deficient mutant of P. putida indicated that catalase, due to its high K-m, had little effect on scavenging H2O2 at the lower concentrations of H2O2 (< 100 mu M) that are likely to be encountered in suspension cells and other plant tissues. Using high concentrations of bacteria (1 x 10(9) cfu ml(-1)), there was little difference between the catalase-deficient mutant and various isolates of Pseudomonas spp. in the reduction of H2O2 levels in suspension cells. The studies indicated that an additional scavenging system other than catalase exists in bacteria and this may play an important role in scavenging H2O2 during plant/bacteria interactions. (C) 1997 Academic Press Limited. C1 ARS, Plant Mol Biol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Microbiol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Biol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Baker, CJ (reprint author), ARS, Plant Mol Biol Lab, USDA, Bldg 010,HH5, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Anderson, Anne/B-7313-2014 NR 26 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0885-5765 J9 PHYSIOL MOL PLANT P JI Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 51 IS 6 BP 401 EP 415 DI 10.1006/pmpp.1997.0132 PG 15 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZM822 UT WOS:000073579800005 ER PT J AU Schaeffer, GW Sharpe, FT Sicher, RC AF Schaeffer, GW Sharpe, FT Sicher, RC TI Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase activity in leaves of a rice mutant selected for enhanced lysine SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Oryza sativa; Gramineae; aldolase; mutant; lysine ID PROTEIN AB Unknown proteins isolated from mutant tissues of rice (Oryza sativa L.) recovered from inhibitor selections were subsequently peptide microsequenced. Database searches putatively identified one peptide as fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (EC 4; 1.2.13). Tissues of mutant rice, PI564784, and wild type (cv Calrose 76) tissues were evaluated for aldolase activity. Total enzyme activities were slightly lower in the mutant than the control but the differences were not significant. Although the mutant phenotype is for enhanced lysine and protein, we ascribe the small aldolase differences to physiological adjustments, rather than to DNA modifications of the aldolase gene(s). Homologies of rice peptides with aldolases from a range of species, as well as rice cell culture expressed sequence tags (ESTs) are presented. Some amino acids sequences are highly conserved. The mutant phenotype expressing stress proteins is not likely to be defined by a change in rice aldolases. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Schaeffer, GW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 5 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD DEC PY 1997 VL 46 IS 8 BP 1335 EP 1338 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00470-6 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA YL987 UT WOS:000071015700007 PM 9419899 ER PT J AU Nelson, AJ Elias, KS Arevalo, E Darlington, LC Bailey, BA AF Nelson, AJ Elias, KS Arevalo, E Darlington, LC Bailey, BA TI Genetic characterization by RAPD analysis of isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli associated with an emerging epidemic in Peru SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA; AMPLIFICATION; CARNATION; AUSTRALIA; STRAINS; WILT AB An epidemic of vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli is currently occurring on Erythroxylum coca var. coca in the coca-growing regions of the Huallaga Valley in Peru. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of isolates of the pathogen was undertaken to elucidate its genetic complexity, as well as to identify a specific DNA fingerprint for the pathogen. Two hundred isolates of Fusarium were collected from 10 coca-growing regions in Peru. Of these, 187 were confirmed to be F. oxysporum, and 143 of the F. oxysporum were shown to be pathogens of coca by a root-dip pathogenicity test. The pathogens could be grouped into two subpopulations based on RAPD analysis, and no polymorphism in RAPD pattern was observed among isolates of either subpopulation. Both subpopulations were present in the central Huallaga Valley, where earliest reports of the epidemic occurred, RAPD analysis could easily distinguish the isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli from the nonpathogenic isolates of F. oxysporum from E, coca var. coca, indicating its utility in DNA fingerprinting. C1 ARS,SYSTEMAT BOT & MYCOL LAB,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV NACL AGR SELVA,TINGO MARIA,PERU. ARS,WEED SCI LAB,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Nelson, AJ (reprint author), ARS,BIOCONTROL PLANT DIS LAB,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 27 TC 25 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD DEC PY 1997 VL 87 IS 12 BP 1220 EP 1225 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1997.87.12.1220 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YJ167 UT WOS:A1997YJ16700006 PM 18945021 ER PT J AU Zambino, P Groth, JV Lukens, L Garton, JR May, G AF Zambino, P Groth, JV Lukens, L Garton, JR May, G TI Variation at the b mating type locus of Ustilago maydis SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE barcode; basidiomycete; corn smut; DNA fingerprint; mating system ID SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY POLYMORPHISM; POPULATION-GENETICS; PAPAVER-RHOEAS; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; FILAMENTOUS GROWTH; U-MAYDIS; ALLELES; DIVERSITY; IDENTIFICATION; SOLANACEAE AB Population level diversity at the Ustilago maydis b mating type locus was determined in samples from four Minnesota locations using a combination of plate mating techniques and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay. The PCR method allows rapid identification of b types from samples of natural populations and utilizes the hypervariable regions of the b locus that determine mating type specificity. Results demonstrated high levels of b diversity within populations, with one population yielding 17 of the total 18 b types found in the study. Pairwise G(ST) values were in the range of 0.02 to 0.05, and common b mating types were found across broad geographic distances. These data demonstrated that very low levels of differentiation among II. maydis populations occur with respect to b locus variation. Consistent with frequency-dependent selection models, b types were represented at approximately equal frequencies within the entire Minnesota population. However, neutral evolutionary models for patterns of geographic distribution and variation at b cannot be entirely excluded. The importance to agricultural practices of understanding population genetic processes is discussed. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT PLANT BIOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,CTR COMMUNITY GENET,ST PAUL,MN 55108. US FOREST SERV,USDA,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,RHINELANDER,WI 54501. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108. NR 50 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD DEC PY 1997 VL 87 IS 12 BP 1233 EP 1239 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1997.87.12.1233 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YJ167 UT WOS:A1997YJ16700008 PM 18945023 ER PT J AU D'Ovidio, R Masci, S Porceddu, E Kasarda, DD AF D'Ovidio, R Masci, S Porceddu, E Kasarda, DD TI Duplication of the Bx7 high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit gene in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar 'Red River 68' SO PLANT BREEDING LA English DT Article DE Triticum aestivum; gene duplication; HMW glutenin subunits; PCR ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCES; QUALITY DIFFERENCES; SDS-PAGE; ELECTROPHORESIS; NUCLEOTIDE; DEFICIENT; VARIETIES; PROTEINS; LOCI AB SDS-PAGE analysis of seed proteins of the cultivar 'Red River 68' showed a considerably higher staining intensity of the band corresponding to HMW-GS Bx7 relative to the equivalent band in the cultivars 'Chinese Spring' and 'Cheyenne'. Southern blots of restriction enzyme fragments from DNA of these three cultivars were analyzed densitometrically to reveal that the band corresponding to the Bx7 gene of 'Red River 68' had a double staining intensity compared to the equivalent bands from the other two cultivars, which indicates that in 'Red River 68' a duplication of the Bx7 gene has occurred. Although the possibility of the gene copy being a pseudogene was not ruled out, the greater amount of protein corresponding to Bx7 in 'Red River 68' most likely is in accord with an increase in active gene number. SDS-PAGE analysis of the proteins showed also that the mobility of Bx7 in 'Cheyenne' was slightly different from the mobilities of the Bx7 subunits of 'Red River 68' and 'Chinese Spring'. The same difference was observed at the gene level by PCR amplification of the genes encoding these subunits. C1 Univ Tuscia, Dipartimento Agrobiol & Agrochim, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP D'Ovidio, R (reprint author), Univ Tuscia, Dipartimento Agrobiol & Agrochim, Via S Camillo de Lellis, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy. RI D'Ovidio, Renato/A-4379-2014; Masci, Stefania/B-6690-2013 OI D'Ovidio, Renato/0000-0001-8530-5898; Masci, Stefania/0000-0003-2857-4498 NR 37 TC 38 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0179-9541 J9 PLANT BREEDING JI Plant Breed. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 116 IS 6 BP 525 EP 531 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0523.1997.tb02184.x PG 7 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA YW571 UT WOS:000071949700004 ER PT J AU Tadesse, N Lay, C Dybing, CD AF Tadesse, N Lay, C Dybing, CD TI Comparative seed yield performance of high-by-high and low-by-high crosses in flax SO PLANT BREEDING LA English DT Article DE Linum usitatissimum; genetic variance; harvest index; parental performance; yield components ID HARVEST INDEX; SELECTION AB Successful identification of a desirable segregant depends partly on the parents chosen to make the crosses. This experiment was conducted to compare performance and genetic variability for seed yield, yield components, agronomic traits and harvest index of lines derived from low-and high-yielding flax (Linum usilatissimum L.) crosses, and to identify important yield components for flax seed yield improvement. The lines chosen as high yielding parents for this experiment were 'Linott' and 'Summit'; and the low yielding parents were 'Grant' and CI2395. The high-yielding lines produced significantly more seeds per boil and had a higher harvest index than the low-yielding lines. Evaluation of 161 F-2:6 lines from four crosses among these lines showed that the greatest genetic variability, highest cross average, and highest F-6 line seed yield occurred in the low x high cross,'Grant' x 'Linott'. All low x high crosses exhibited higher genetic variances for seed yield than the high x high crosses. The high x high cross 'Summit' x 'Linott' had low genetic variance for seed yield. Number of bells per area was determined by linear regression, path coefficient analysis, and stepwise multiple regression analysis to be the most important component of seed yield. This study showed that hybridization of low and high-yielding flax lines may be useful to increase genetic variability and obtain high-yielding flax lines. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. Genet Resources Inc, Champaign, IL USA. USDA ARS, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. S Dakota Agr Expt Stn, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Tadesse, N (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0179-9541 J9 PLANT BREEDING JI Plant Breed. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 116 IS 6 BP 561 EP 566 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0523.1997.tb02190.x PG 6 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA YW571 UT WOS:000071949700010 ER PT J AU Brown, CR Corsini, D Pavek, J Thomas, PE AF Brown, CR Corsini, D Pavek, J Thomas, PE TI Heritability of field resistance to potato leafroll virus in cultivated potato SO PLANT BREEDING LA English DT Article DE Solanum tuberosum; ELISA; oligogenic inheritance; PLRV; progeny test ID COAT PROTEIN GENE; ROLL VIRUS; MEDIATED RESISTANCE; LUTEOVIRUS; PLRV; MULTIPLICATION; PLANTS AB Potato progenies in a line x tester mating design and the clonal parents were screened for. field resistance to potato leafroll virus (PLRV) to determine the heritability of this trait. Twelve advanced potato clones or varieties were crossed as pistillate parents to two pollen testers. The seedling progenies and clonal parents were exposed to aphid-transmitted potato leafroll virus for two growing seasons. Cumulative infection by potato leafroll virus was determined by post-season serological indexing of foliage grown from sprouted tubers after 2 years of exposure. Narrow-sense heritability was estimated from regression of mid-parent on progeny as h(2) = 0.72. This estimate indicates a high level of useable genetic variance for PLRV resistance in advanced breeding materials. Although variation in resistance to PLRV appears to be a quantitative trait in susceptible and moderately resistant clones, performance of the most resistant parents suggests that genes with major effects may be present. These results are similar to the conclusions of other researchers who found one or two genes controlling the phenotypes of extreme resistance, resistance to infection, or suppression of virus titre. C1 USDA ARS, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. USDA ARS, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. RP Brown, CR (reprint author), USDA ARS, 24106 N Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 35 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0179-9541 J9 PLANT BREEDING JI Plant Breed. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 116 IS 6 BP 585 EP 588 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0523.1997.tb02194.x PG 4 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA YW571 UT WOS:000071949700014 ER PT J AU Fry, WE Goodwin, SB AF Fry, WE Goodwin, SB TI Re-emergence of potato and tomato late blight in the United States SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID PHYTOPHTHORA-INFESTANS POPULATIONS; EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY; GENOTYPIC DIVERSITY; SEXUAL REPRODUCTION; MATING TYPE; METALAXYL; CANADA; NETHERLANDS; RESISTANCE; MIGRATIONS C1 PURDUE UNIV,USDA ARS,DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP Fry, WE (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. NR 77 TC 219 Z9 251 U1 4 U2 30 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 81 IS 12 BP 1349 EP 1357 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.12.1349 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YJ168 UT WOS:A1997YJ16800002 ER PT J AU Bonde, MR Peterson, GL Schaad, NW Smilanick, JL AF Bonde, MR Peterson, GL Schaad, NW Smilanick, JL TI Karnal bunt of wheat. SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID INDICA MITRA MUNDKUR; TILLETIA-INDICA; TELIOSPORE GERMINATION; CAUSAL AGENT; PATHOGEN; SEED; IDENTIFICATION; INHERITANCE; ISOZYMES; DISEASE RP Bonde, MR (reprint author), USDA ARS,FDWSRU,1301 DITTO AVE,FT DETRICK,MD 21702, USA. NR 57 TC 68 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 81 IS 12 BP 1370 EP 1377 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.12.1370 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YJ168 UT WOS:A1997YJ16800004 ER PT J AU Margosan, DA Smilanick, JL Simmons, GF Henson, DJ AF Margosan, DA Smilanick, JL Simmons, GF Henson, DJ TI Combination of hot water and ethanol to control postharvest decay of peaches and nectarines SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE brown rot; ethyl alcohol; heat treatment; Prunus persica; Rhizopus rot ID TOMATO FRUIT; ETHYLENE AB Spores of Monilinia fructicola or Rhizopus stolonifer were immersed in water or 10% ethanol (EtOH) for 1, 2, 4, or 8 min at temperatures of 46 or 50 degrees C to determine exposure times that would produce 95% lethality (LT95). EtOH reduced the LT95 by about 90%. Peaches and nectarines infected with M. fructicola were immersed in hot water alone or with EtOH to control decay. EtOH significantly increased the central of brown rot compared to water alone. Immersion of fruit in water at 46 or 50 degrees C for 2.5 min reduced the incidence of decayed fruit from 82.8% to 59.3 and 38.8%, respectively Immersion of fruit in 10% ethanol at 46 or 50 degrees C for 2.5 min further reduced decay to 33.8 and 24.5%, respectively. Decay after triforine (1,000 mu g ml(-1)) treatment was 32.8%. Two treatments, 10% EtOH at 50 degrees C for 2.5 min and 20% EtOH at 46 degrees C for 1.25 min, were selected for extensive evaluation The flesh of EtOH-treated fruit was significantly firmer, approximately 4.4 N force, than that of control fruit among seven of nine cultivars evaluated. No other factor evaluated was significantly influenced by heated EtOH treatments. The EtOH content of fruit treated with 10 or 20% EtOH was approximately 520 and 100 mu g g(-1) 1 day and 14 days after treatment, respectively. RP Margosan, DA (reprint author), USDA ARS,HORT CROPS RES LAB,2021 S PEACH AVE,FRESNO,CA 93727, USA. NR 27 TC 87 Z9 95 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 81 IS 12 BP 1405 EP 1409 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.12.1405 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YJ168 UT WOS:A1997YJ16800010 ER PT J AU Holbrook, CC Wilson, DM Matheron, ME Anderson, WF AF Holbrook, CC Wilson, DM Matheron, ME Anderson, WF TI Aspergillus colonization and aflatoxin contamination in peanut genotypes with resistance to other fungal pathogens SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Aspergillus parasiticus; groundnut; mycotoxin AB Indirect selection tools would be valuable in the development of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) cultivars with resistance to aflatoxin contamination. The objective of this study was to determine whether resistance to other fungi could be used as an indirect selection tool for resistance to colonization of peanut by Aspergillus flavus group fungi or aflatoxin contamination. Nine peanut genotypes with resistance to late leaf spot (Cercosporidium personatum) or white mold (Sclerotium rolfsii) were evaluated far 2 years at Tifton, GA, and Yuma, AZ. Plots were subjected to late-season heat and drought stress. None of the genotypes exhibited less colonization of shells or kernels by A. flavus group fungi than cv. Florunner when tested in Georgia or Arizona. None of the genotypes showed a reduced level of aflatoxin contamination in comparison to Florunner at either location. These results indicate that the mechanisms of resistance to other fungi operating in these genotypes are not effective in providing resistance to colonization by A. flavus group fungi or reducing aflatoxin contamination. Therefore, resistance to these fungi cannot be used as an indirect selection tool for resistance to anatoxin contamination. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,TIFTON,GA 31793. UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,YUMA,AZ 85364. RP Holbrook, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 81 IS 12 BP 1429 EP 1431 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.12.1429 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YJ168 UT WOS:A1997YJ16800014 ER PT J AU Thomas, PE Kaniewski, WK Lawson, EC AF Thomas, PE Kaniewski, WK Lawson, EC TI Reduced field spread of potato leafroll virus in potatoes transformed with the potato leafroll virus coat protein gene SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Columbia Basin; environmental quality; food safety; genetic engineering; Myzus persicae; net necrosis ID TRANSGENIC PLANTS; RUSSET BURBANK; HOST RANGE; RESISTANCE; MULTIPLICATION; EXPRESSION; INFECTION; TRANSMISSION; LUTEOVIRUS; HOMOPTERA AB Russet Burbank potato was transformed with plant expression vectors containing the potato leafroll luteovirus (PLRV) coat protein (CP) gene. Transgenic potato lines contained a gene expression cassette with two copies of a PLRV CP gene in which the nucleotide sequence was modified to improve expression of the gene. In addition, the two copies of the PLRV CP gene were each driven by a different promoter. Field test screening for PLRV resistance identified 15 lines which showed moderate resistance to PLRV infection and virus titer build-up and a longer incubation period for systemic infection. By conducting field resistance assays during a period when the vector of PLRV was not present, it was possible to test whether the observed resistance was sufficient to restrict aphid transmission of PLRV in a field test. Two years of field testing demonstrated that PLRV-spread from an infected plant to adjacent healthy plants of the same line was severely restricted in nearly all the transgenic lines in the field. These lines have useful resistance to PLRV and could aid in managing PLRV disease in Russet Burbank potato. C1 MONSANTO CO,ST LOUIS,MO 63198. RP Thomas, PE (reprint author), USDA ARS,24106 N BUNN RD,PROSSER,WA 99350, USA. NR 38 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 81 IS 12 BP 1447 EP 1453 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.12.1447 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YJ168 UT WOS:A1997YJ16800018 ER PT J AU Ostry, ME AF Ostry, ME TI Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum on heartnut (Juglans ailantifolia var. cordiformis). SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article RP Ostry, ME (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,1992 FOLWELL AVE,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. NR 2 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 81 IS 12 BP 1461 EP 1461 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.12.1461A PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YJ168 UT WOS:A1997YJ16800021 ER PT J AU Nam, YW Jung, R Nielsen, NC AF Nam, YW Jung, R Nielsen, NC TI Adenosine 5 '-triphosphate is required for the assembly of 11S seed proglobulins in vitro SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM; POSTTRANSLATIONAL CLEAVAGE; PROTEIN TRANSLOCATION; MOLECULAR CHAPERONES; BINDING-SPECIFICITY; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; STRESS PROTEINS; PEPTIDE-BINDING; ATP HYDROLYSIS; GENE FAMILY AB Seed protein proglobulins were synthesized from cDNAs in reticulocyte lysates. Most proglobulins were recovered as trimers when translation rates were low, but mostly monomers were recovered at high translation rates. The prevalence of monomers was accompanied by elevated amounts of insoluble protein recovered at the bottom of sucrose density gradients. Apyrase treatment of translation mixtures after synthesis, but before significant assembly occurred, drastically reduced trimer assembly and increased the proportion of insoluble aggregate. These observations indicated that ATP is required for protein folding and/or trimer assembly. The appearance of insoluble aggregated protein when rates of synthesis were elevated or when ATP was absent suggested that protein misfolding had occurred. Trimer assembly was stimulated when wheat germ translation mixtures defective in supporting efficient trimer assembly were supplemented with fractions isolated from endoplasmic reticula of developing pea (Pisum sativum) seeds. Molecular chaperones are likely involved in folding and/or assembly of proglobulin trimers both in reticulocyte lysates and in seeds. Consistent with this hypothesis, trimer formation was reduced when carboxymethylated bovine albumin and cu-casein, considered to mimic proteins with extended chain and molten globular conformations and thereby compete for Hsp70- and Hsp60-type molecular chaperones, respectively, were introduced into translation mixtures. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Biochem, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Nielsen, NC (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 61 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 115 IS 4 BP 1629 EP 1639 DI 10.1104/pp.115.4.1629 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YM207 UT WOS:000071040500036 PM 9414566 ER PT J AU Agrell, D Larsson, CM Larsson, M MacKown, CT Rufty, TW AF Agrell, D Larsson, CM Larsson, M MacKown, CT Rufty, TW TI Initial kinetics of N-15-nitrate labelling of root and shoot N fractions of barley cultured at different relative addition rates of nitrate-N SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE barley; Hordeum vulgare; N-15; citrate; nitrate reduction; nitrogen; root; translocation ID HORDEUM-VULGARE-L; NITROGEN ASSIMILATION; PLANT NUTRITION; ZEA-MAYS; REDUCTION; TRANSLOCATION; SEEDLINGS; LOCALIZATION; LIMITATION; POTASSIUM AB The reduction of absorbed nitrate in the root and N transport to the shoot were studied in young barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plants growing at low external nitrate levels. Plants were grown at three relative addition rates (RA) of nitrate: 0.04, 0.09, and 0.14 d(-1), which represent different degrees of growth limiting nitrate supply. Root nitrate reduction and N transport in situ were estimated using N-15 labelled nitrate exposures ranging from 5 to 60 min. With increasing RA, nitrate uptake in absolute terms, increased, but the proportion of absorbed N-15-nitrate that was reduced in the root decreased markedly. After 10-20 min of exposure to the label, 75, 49, and 27 % of the N-15 taken up was recovered as reduced N-15 in the root at RAs 0.04, 0.09, and 0.14 d(-1), respectively. The response pattern was supported by root nitrate reductase activities and xylem sap nitrate measurements. The decreasing proportion of reduced N-15 in the root with higher nitrate supply rates was matched by a relative increase in N-15-nitrate storage anc, to some extent, an increase in N transport to the shoot. Although small amounts of N-15 were rapidly transported to the shoot, the accumulation of label in the shoot at the end of the 60 min period remained a relatively small proportion of total N-15 uptake, which indicates delayed movement of N-15 out of the root. The results clearly indicate that differing degrees of adjustment occur in important nitrate assimilation processes throughout the N deficiency range. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Univ Stockholm, Dept Bot, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Natl Chem Inspectorate, S-17127 Solna, Sweden. Swedish Environm Protect Agcy, Dept Res & Dev, S-10648 Stockholm, Sweden. ARS, USDA, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. RP Rufty, TW (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Box 7620, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM trufty@cropserv1.cropsci.ncsu.edu NR 34 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER FRANCE-EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0981-9428 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL BIOCH JI Plant Physiol. Biochem. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 35 IS 12 BP 923 EP 931 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YM768 UT WOS:000071098900003 ER PT J AU Lin, CH Xiao, L Hou, BH Ha, SB Saunders, JA AF Lin, CH Xiao, L Hou, BH Ha, SB Saunders, JA TI Optimization of electroporation conditions for expression of GUS activity in electroporated protoplasts and intact plant cells SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Agrostris palustris; gene transfer; GUS expression; Lycopersicon esculentum; tissue electroporation ID TRANSIENT GENE-EXPRESSION; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; FOREIGN GENE; TALL FESCUE; BETA-GLUCURONIDASE; RICE; REGENERATION; PROMOTER; EFFICIENT; BRASSICA AB Optimized electroporation conditions for beta-glucuronidase (GUS) expression in protoplasts from a dicot (tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Known You 301) and a monocot (creeping bentgrass, Agrostis palustric Huds) were determined using an exponential pulse-wave generator The optimum field strength of the electroporation pulse for highest efficiency of GUS expression was shown to vary with species used, but could be predicted based on simple staining techniques using trypan blue for DNA uptake and fluorescein diacetate to measure viability. Additional parameters, including plasmid DNA concentration, the protoplast or cell density, the ionic concentration of the electroporation media, and the cell type used for electroporation all had an effect on the efficiency of GUS expression. Comparative analysis of GUS expression in electroporated protoplasts and undigested mesophyll suspension cells demonstrated that electroporation procedures can incorporate plasmid DNA through the cell wall. The size of the plasmid was not a significant factor in GUS expression within the range of the plasmid sizes used for electroporation into protoplasts, however linearization of the plasmid by restriction enzyme digestion facilitated the uptake of the DNA into the cells. These results demonstrate that after optimization of electroporation conditions a variety of plant protoplasts or cells can effectively take up and express DNA. C1 ARS, Climate Stress Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Natl Chung Hsing Univ, Dept Bot, Taichung 40227, Taiwan. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Crops & Soil Environm Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA. RP Saunders, JA (reprint author), ARS, Climate Stress Lab, USDA, Bldg 9,Rm 5, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 40 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 4 PU GAUTHIER-VILLARS/EDITIONS ELSEVIER PI PARIS PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75015 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0981-9428 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL BIOCH JI Plant Physiol. Biochem. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 35 IS 12 BP 959 EP 968 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YM768 UT WOS:000071098900008 ER PT J AU Widrlechner, MP AF Widrlechner, MP TI Managerial tools for seed regeneration SO PLANT VARIETIES AND SEEDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International-Plant-Genetic-Resources-Institute Meeting on the Regeneration of Seed Crops and Their Wild Relatives CY DEC 04-07, 1995 CL HYDERABAD, INDIA SP Int Plant Genet Resources Inst ID GERMPLASM COLLECTIONS; GENETIC-MARKERS; HONEY BEES; POLLINATION; MAIZE AB This report reviews some tools that curators of ex situ plant germplasm collections can employ to manage seed regeneration. It examines the various roles of germplasm users as sources of technical expertise and advice about germplasm needs. Analysis of past demand for germplasm and forecasts of future demand trends are valuable guides to plan regeneration. Seed quantity and viability are key planning criteria, but regeneration planning should also weigh such factors as overall genetic diversity within collections, institutional duplication, and the relative quality and completeness of passport and characterization data. The North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station conducts applied research to develop effective techniques for seed multiplication of cross-pollinated crops and their wild relatives. An overview of the Station's experiences with insect pollination in field cages, high-density pot culture, and mating scheme evaluation for maize is presented. Optimal use of all these management tools relies on the development of a corps of crop-specific curators, who can gain the expertise needed to anticipate users' needs and understand the intricate patterns of genetic diversity and reproductive biology within their respective crops. C1 Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, N Cent Reg Plant Introduct Stn, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Widrlechner, MP (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, N Cent Reg Plant Introduct Stn, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 30 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL INST AGRICULTURAL BOTANY PI CAMBRIDGE PA HUNTINGDON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB3 0LE, ENGLAND SN 0952-3863 J9 PLANT VAR SEEDS JI Plant Var. Seeds PD DEC PY 1997 VL 10 IS 3 BP 185 EP 193 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA YZ676 UT WOS:000072279200006 ER PT J AU Yamauchi, N Harada, K Watada, AE AF Yamauchi, N Harada, K Watada, AE TI In vitro chlorophyll degradation in stored broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plen.) florets SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chlorophyll degradation; senescence; broccoli ID SOLUBLE-PROTEIN; PARSLEY LEAVES; STORAGE; CATABOLISM; BREAKDOWN AB In vitro chlorophyll (Chl) degradation in broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plen.) florets was studied by HPLC analysis of the degradative products. With the degradation of Chl, chlorophyllide a (Chlide a) and phaeophorbide a (Phb a) increased gradually in the reaction mixture containing the broccoli extract. This was followed by the formation of pyrophaeophorbide a (Pyro-Phb a) after 2 h of reaction time. 13(2)-hydroxychlorophyll a (Chl a-1) showed minimal change during the reaction. Chl a degradation and Chlide a formation decreased significantly in an extract of yellow broccoli florets during 4 days storage at 15 degrees C. Pyro-Phb a formation also decreased gradually, but Chl a-1 formation did not decrease during storage. Thus, in an in vitro system of extracted broccoli florets, Chl a was degraded initially to Chlide a or Chl a-1. Chlide a subsequently was degraded to Pyro-Phb a through Phb a. Chl a-1 and Pyro-Phb a could be finally degraded to colourless low molecular weight compounds. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Yamaguchi Univ, Fac Agr, Yamaguchi 753, Japan. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Yamauchi, N (reprint author), Yamaguchi Univ, Fac Agr, Yamaguchi 753, Japan. NR 20 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 12 IS 3 BP 239 EP 245 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(97)00063-X PG 7 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA YT435 UT WOS:000071603300005 ER PT J AU Mitchell, AD Rosebrough, RW Conway, JM AF Mitchell, AD Rosebrough, RW Conway, JM TI Body composition analysis of chickens by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE chicken; body composition; dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry ID PHOTON-ABSORPTIOMETRY; MASS; INVIVO AB Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was evaluated as a method for measuring the body composition of growing broiler chickens. A total of 130 chickens, ranging in weight from 400 to 3,290 g, were scanned using a DXA instrument (Lunar(TM) DPX-L). Single whole-body scans were acquired and analyzed using pediatric total body research software (neonatal mode) or small animal total body research software (detail or high resolution mode). The DXA measurements provided readings of total tissue mass, percentage fat, fat tissue mass, lean tissue mass, and bone mineral content. After scanning, the bodies of the chickens were frozen, then, after removing the feathers, homogenized for chemical determination of fat, water, and protein content. By chemical analysis, the whole body fat content of the chickens ranged from 2.8 to 27.2%, giving rise to DXA R values (ratio of attenuation coefficients) ranging from 1.415 to 1.339. The accuracy of DXA for measuring total body fat was a function of the scanning program and mode and also the size of the bird. The best agreement between DXA and chemical measurements of percentage body fat were obtained when chickens weighing more than 2,000 g were scanned using either the small animal-detail mode or neonatal mode. None of the scan modes proved to be accurate for measuring the fat content of birds weighing less than 2,000 g. The DXA measurement of lean mass of chickens was found to be highly correlated with both total body protein (R-2 = 0.90) and total body water (R-2 = 0.93), but was of Little value for predicting percentage values for either. The ratio of DXA bone mineral content to total body ash was 0.77; however, the correlation (R-2) between the two was only 0.46. These results suggest that although the DXA technique is potentially useful for measuring body composition of chickens, considerable refinement is needed prior to routine application. C1 USDA ARS, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Diet & Human Performance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Mitchell, AD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 12 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 4 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 76 IS 12 BP 1746 EP 1752 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA YN092 UT WOS:000071132300019 PM 9438291 ER PT J AU Kennedy, RE Cohen, WB Takao, G AF Kennedy, RE Cohen, WB Takao, G TI Empirical methods to compensate for a view-angle-dependent brightness gradient in AVIRIS imagery SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID REFLECTANCE FACTOR DISTRIBUTIONS; ARRAY SPECTRORADIOMETER ASAS; BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE; FOREST CANOPY; ANISOTROPY; SURFACES AB A view-angle-dependent brightness gradient was observed in an AVIRIS image of a forested region in Oregon's Cascade Mountains. A method of removing the view-angle effect was sought that would not alter the radiometric integrity of the image, and which would require minimal ancillary information. Four methods were tested and evaluated in terms of remaining brightness gradient and in terms of retention of spectral characteristics. All methods used a quadratic fitting equation to model the changes in brightness across view angles. Other descriptive coefficients were calculated to aid in interpretation. The observed view-angle effect varied with wavelength in a manner consistent with predictions of bidirectional reflectance distribution function characteristics of vegetation. View-angle effects were determined to contain both additive and multiplicative components, with multiplicative components being strong in the chlorophyll absorption region. The view-angle effect in a given pixel was a function of both an underlying view-angle response determined by surface structure and the inherent brightness of that pixel. The most successful compensation method was the one that best accounted for broad differences between pixels in these two components. Despite the simplifying assumptions necessary for empirical view-angle correction techniques, they can still be useful for hyperspectral remote-sensing data in situations where the view-angle brightness variations would mask variance useful for extracting scene information. Published by Elsevier Science Inc., 1997. C1 US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST SCI,FORESTRY SCI LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. MINIST AGR FORESTRY & FISHERIES,FORESTRY & FOREST PROD RES INST,REMOTE SENSING LAB,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI,JAPAN. NR 34 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 62 IS 3 BP 277 EP 291 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(97)00111-9 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA YD929 UT WOS:A1997YD92900007 ER PT J AU Goodwin, CN Hawkins, CP Kershner, JL AF Goodwin, CN Hawkins, CP Kershner, JL TI Riparian restoration in the western United States: Overview and perspective SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EASTERN SIERRA-NEVADA; STREAM RESTORATION; FLOW REQUIREMENTS; VEGETATION; CLASSIFICATION; GEOMORPHOLOGY; ECOSYSTEMS; CHANNELS; DOWNSTREAM; PROJECTS AB This historical and conceptual overview of riparian ecosystem restoration discusses how riparian ecosystems have been defined, describes the hydrologic, geomorphic, and biotic processes that create and maintain riparian ecosystems of the western USA, identifies the main types of anthropogenic disturbances occurring in these ecosystems, and provides an overview of restoration methods for each disturbance type. We suggest that riparian ecosystems consist of two zones: Zone I occupies the active floodplain and is frequently inundated and Zone II extends from the active floodplain to the valley wall. Successful restoration depends on understanding the physical and biological processes that influence natural riparian ecosystems and the types of disturbance that have degraded riparian areas. Thus we recommend adopting a process-based approach far riparian restoration. Disturbances to riparian ecosystems in the western USA result from streamflow modifications by dams, reservoirs, and diversions; stream channelization; direct modification of the riparian ecosystem; and watershed disturbances. Four topics should be addressed to advance the state of science for restoration of riparian ecosystems: (1) interdisciplinary approaches, (2) a unified framework, (3) a better understanding of fundamental riparian ecosystem processes, and (4) restoration potential more closely related to disturbance type. Three issues should be considered regarding the cause of the degraded environment: (1) the location of the causative disturbance with respect to the Regraded riparian area, (2) whether the disturbance is ongoing or tan be eliminated, and (3) whether or not recovery will occur naturally if the disturbance is removed. C1 Utah State Univ, Watershed Sci Unit, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Ctr Ecol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Fish Habitat Relationships Unit, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Goodwin, CN (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Watershed Sci Unit, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Logan, UT 84322 USA. EM slwzl@cc.usu.edu; hawkins@cc.usu.edu; kershner@cc.usu.edu RI Hawkins, Charles/A-4530-2008 OI Hawkins, Charles/0000-0003-1247-0248 NR 90 TC 75 Z9 83 U1 3 U2 44 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 5 IS 4 SU S BP 4 EP 14 DI 10.1111/j.1526-100X.1997.00004.x PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YQ020 UT WOS:000071339400003 ER PT J AU Kershner, JL AF Kershner, JL TI Setting riparian/aquatic restoration objectives within a watershed context SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Declines in native plant and animal communities have prompted new interest in the restoration of aquatic and riparian ecosystems. Past restoration activities typically have been site specific, with little thought to processes operating at larger scales. A watershed analysis process developed in the Pacific Northwest identifies four operating scales useful in developing restoration priorities: region, basin, watershed, and specific site. Watershed analysis provides a template for restoration practitioners to use in prioritizing restoration activities. The template identifies seven key steps necessary to understand and develop restoration priorities: (1) characterization, (2) identification of key issues and questions, (3) documentation of current conditions, (4) description of reference conditions, (5) identification of objectives, (6) summary of conditions and determination of causes, and (7) recommendations. When a similar process was used in the Uinta Mountains, Utah, and in the Siuslaw National Forest, Oregon, specialists were able to identify key habitat conditions and habitat forming processes and then to establish restoration priorities and implement the appropriate activities. Watershed analysis provides a valuable set of tools for identifying restoration activities and is currently being used throughout the Pacific Northwest to develop management strategies and restoration priorities. Although the analysis requires significant time, money, and personnel, experience suggests that watershed analysis provides valuable direction for managing aquatic and riparian resources. C1 Utah State Univ, US Forest Serv, USDA,Fish & Wildlife Dept, Fish Habitat Relationships Unit, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Kershner, JL (reprint author), Utah State Univ, US Forest Serv, USDA,Fish & Wildlife Dept, Fish Habitat Relationships Unit, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 20 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 5 IS 4 SU S BP 15 EP 24 DI 10.1111/j.1526-100X.1997.00015.x PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YQ020 UT WOS:000071339400004 ER PT J AU Montalvo, AM Williams, SL Rice, KJ Buchmann, SL Cory, C Handel, SN Nabhan, GP Primack, R Robichaux, RH AF Montalvo, AM Williams, SL Rice, KJ Buchmann, SL Cory, C Handel, SN Nabhan, GP Primack, R Robichaux, RH TI Restoration biology: A population biology perspective SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Review ID GENE FLOW; INBREEDING DEPRESSION; FOREST SUCCESSION; ENDANGERED PLANT; SIZE; CONSERVATION; CONSEQUENCES; DEMOGRAPHY; FRAGMENTATION; EVOLUTION AB A major goal of population biologists involved in restoration work is to restore populations to a level that will allow them to persist over the long term within a dynamic landscape and include the ability to undergo adaptive evolutionary change. We discuss five research areas of particular importance to restoration biology that offer potentially unique opportunities to couple basic research with the practical needs of restorationists. The five research areas are: (1) the influence of numbers of individuals and genetic variation in the initial population on population colonization, establishment, growth, and evolutionary potential; (2) the role of local adaptation and life history traits In the success of restored populations; (3) the influence of the spatial arrangement of landscape elements on metapopulation dynamics and population processes such as migration; (4) the effects of genetic drift, gene flow, and selection on population persistence within an often accelerated, successional time frame; and (5) the influence of interspecific interactions on population dynamics and community development. We also provide a sample of practical problems faced by practitioners, each of which encompasses one or more of the research areas discussed, and that may be solved by addressing fundamental research questions. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agron & Range Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Populat Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Nat Conservancy Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96817 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Biol, Nelson Lab, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA. Arizona Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson, AZ 85743 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Biol, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Montalvo, AM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 114 TC 158 Z9 171 U1 8 U2 56 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 5 IS 4 BP 277 EP 290 DI 10.1046/j.1526-100X.1997.00542.x PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YM707 UT WOS:000071092700003 ER PT J AU White, PS Walker, JL AF White, PS Walker, JL TI Approximating nature's variation: Selecting and using reference information in restoration ecology SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SCALE DEPENDENCE; FIRE; EQUILIBRIUM; ECOSYSTEM; DIVERSITY; DYNAMICS; HISTORY; AREA AB Restoration ecologists use reference information to define restoration goals, determine the restoration potential of sites, and evaluate the success of restoration efforts. Basic to the selection and use of reference information is the need to understand temporal and spatial variation in nature. This is a challenging task: variation is likely to be scale dependent; ecosystems vary in complex ways at several spatial and temporal scales; and there is an important interaction between spatial and temporal variation. The two most common forms of reference information are historical data from the site to be restored and contemporary data from reference sites (sites chosen as good analogs of the site to be restored). Among the problems of historical data are unmeasured factors that confound the interpretation of historical changes observed. Among the problems of individual reference sites is the difficulty of finding or proving a close match in all relevant ecological dimensions. Approximating and understanding ecological variation will require multiple sources of information. Restoration, by its inherently experimental nature, can further the understanding of the distribution, causes, and functions of nature's variation. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Clemson Univ, US Forest Serv, Dept Forest Resources, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP White, PS (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, CB 3280, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 51 TC 248 Z9 262 U1 8 U2 112 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 5 IS 4 BP 338 EP 349 DI 10.1046/j.1526-100X.1997.00547.x PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YM707 UT WOS:000071092700009 ER PT J AU Shatters, RG Boo, SP Neto, JBF West, SH AF Shatters, RG Boo, SP Neto, JBF West, SH TI Identification of biotinylated proteins in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] seeds and their characterization during germination and seedling growth SO SEED SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE soybean; Glycine max; biotin; proteins; germination ID PISUM-SATIVUM; CARBOXYLASE AB Biotin is an important vitamin. It is biologically active as a protein prosthetic group, where it functions in enzymatically catalysed carboxylation reactions. It has previously been shown that the ability to synthesize biotin is not necessary for germination of Arabidopsis thaliana seeds, but that this process is required for early seedling growth. This research was conducted to determine if changes in the detection of biotinylated proteins could be observed that reflect changes in the need for biotin-mediated enzyme reactions observed during early soybean seedling growth. A seed specific 75-kDa biotinylated protein present in the embryonic axes and the cotyledons was lost during the first 3 d of germination. Seed specificity, and pattern of expression during germination suggest that this protein is a homologue of the seed specific 65-kDa biotinylated protein previously identified in pea (Pisum sativum). If samples were not treated with 2-mercaptoethanol, three equally spaced proteins at approx. 85 kDa were visible. In the presence of 2-ME these proteins appeared as a single 85-kDa band. This triplet was distinct only in the embryonic axes of dry seeds and not in imbibed seeds or in other plant parts. This demonstrates that imbibitional changes do occur in the pool of biotinylated proteins present in dry soybean seeds, and that 2-ME treatment can inhibit complete identification of the biotinylated proteins present in seed tissues. C1 EMBRAPA,NATL CTR SOYBEAN RES,BR-86001970 LONDRINA,PR,BRAZIL. UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT AGRON,AGR SEED LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. RP Shatters, RG (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,USDA ARS,AGRON SEED LAB,POB 110770,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611, USA. NR 10 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX10 8DE SN 0960-2585 J9 SEED SCI RES JI Seed Sci. Res. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 7 IS 4 BP 373 EP 376 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YL532 UT WOS:A1997YL53200006 ER PT J AU Neto, JBF Shatters, RG West, SH AF Neto, JBF Shatters, RG West, SH TI Developmental pattern of biotinylated proteins during embryogenesis and maturation of soybean seed SO SEED SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE soybean; Glycine max; biotin; biotinylated protein; seed development; desiccation ID DESICCATION TOLERANCE; PISUM-SATIVUM; EMBRYO; SUGARS; PLANTS AB The developmental pattern of biotinylated proteins (BP) during embryogenesis and maturation of soybean seed was characterized. Detection of these BP was compared with the development of desiccation tolerance in seeds. Three groups of BP were detected in soybean seeds using a biotin-streptavidin detection method: the first group consisted of a set of three bands with a mean apparent MW of 85 kDa (called BP85), detected in crude extracts of embryonic axes (EA) from non-dehydrated seeds (NDS) and from artificially slow-dehydrated seeds (DS); the second one, BP75, was a single protein with an apparent MW of 75 kDa and was expressed in cotyledons (COT) and EA tissues of NDS and DS; the third group with a mean apparent MW of 35 kDa (BP35), was expressed at high levels only in COT of NDS. BP35 concentration was highest in the early stages of seed development (21 days after flowering - DAF) and decreased as seeds developed, being almost imperceptible after 47 DAF. Conversely, only traces of BP75 and BP85 extracted from EA and COT were detected at early stages of seed development (21-33 DAF). Maximum levels of accumulation of these proteins were expressed at 42-47 DAF and remained constant until harvest maturity. Desiccation-tolerant stage of the seeds was initiated at 47 DAF, which coincided with the stage of maximum accumulation of BP75 and BP85 in the seeds, however, appearance of these proteins could be stimulated by desiccation of immature seeds that had not achieved desiccation tolerance. Therefore changes in biotinylated proteins are coincident with, but not sufficient for, the development of desiccation tolerance. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,USDA ARS,AGRON SEED LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. RP Neto, JBF (reprint author), EMBRAPA,NATL CTR SOYBEAN RES,CAIXA POSTAL 231,BR-86001970 LONDRINA,PR,BRAZIL. NR 31 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX10 8DE SN 0960-2585 J9 SEED SCI RES JI Seed Sci. Res. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 7 IS 4 BP 377 EP 384 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YL532 UT WOS:A1997YL53200007 ER PT J AU Kouakou, B Goetsch, AL Patil, AR Galloway, DL Park, KK West, CP AF Kouakou, B Goetsch, AL Patil, AR Galloway, DL Park, KK West, CP TI Visceral organ mass in wethers consuming low- to moderate-quality grasses SO SMALL RUMINANT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE sheep; grass; visceral organs; splanchnic tissues ID SPLANCHNIC TISSUES; NET FLUX; SHEEP; PROTEIN; DIET; METABOLISM; NUTRIENTS; GROWTH; ENERGY; FORAGE AB Crossbred wethers (72; 31 +/- 0.5 kg) were used to determine effects of different grass sources and qualities on visceral organ mass after 42 and 84days. Wethers consumed ad libitum bermudagrass (BER; Cynodon dactylon) (H, 24-day regrowth; M, 42-day regrowth; L, full-season growth) or orchardgrass (ORC; Dactylis glomerata) (H, late vegetative to pre-anthesis; M, post-anthesis; L, seed in dough stage). DOMI averaged 730, 603, 550, 592, 514 and 387 g day(-1) (SE 32.4) for BER-H, BER-M, BER-L, ORC-H, ORC-M and ORC-L, respectively. Total gastrointestinal tract digesta mass (fresh weight) was greater(P=0.01) for EER than for ORC (8.14, 8.36, 8.00, 7.64, 7.21 and 6.71 kg for BER-H, BER-M, BER-L, ORC-H, ORC-M and ORC-L, respectively). Mass of the reticulo-rumen (722, 675, 617, 606, 577 and 512 g; SE 20.6) and small intestine (659, 620, 548, 585, 521 and 484 g; SE 25.9) were greater (P < 0.01) for EER than for ORC, and liver mass generally differed similarly (period 1: 389, 406, 318, 390, 321 and 286g (SE 10.2); period 2: 405, 392, 346, 372, 369 and 289 g (SE 10.6) for BER-H, BER-M, BER-L, ORC-K, ORC-M and ORC-L, respectively). A slightly greater proportion of variability in reticulo-ruminal mass was attributable to digesta mass than to DOMI, although DOMI but not digesta mass was related to small intestinal tissue mass. Liver mass was more highly related to gastrointestinal tract tissue mass than to DOMI. In conclusion, physical attributes of digesta that differ among law-to moderate-quality grasses may affect mass and energy consumption by splanchnic tissues. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Anim Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. USDA ARS, Dale Bumper Small Farms Res Ctr, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Agron, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Goetsch, AL (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Anim Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 33 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4488 J9 SMALL RUMINANT RES JI Small Ruminant Res. PD DEC 1 PY 1997 VL 26 IS 1-2 BP 69 EP 80 DI 10.1016/S0921-4488(97)00010-2 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA YQ570 UT WOS:000071401100010 ER PT J AU Anderson, DM Nachman, P Estell, RE Ruekgauer, T Havstad, KM Fredrickson, EL Murray, LW AF Anderson, DM Nachman, P Estell, RE Ruekgauer, T Havstad, KM Fredrickson, EL Murray, LW TI The potential of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectra of sheep feces to determine diet botanical composition (vol 21, pg 1, 1996) SO SMALL RUMINANT RESEARCH LA English DT Correction C1 New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept 3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. USA, Res Lab, White Sands Missile Rang, NM 88002 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Phys, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Expt Stat, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Anderson, DM (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept 3JER, Jornada Expt Range,Boc 30003, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4488 J9 SMALL RUMINANT RES JI Small Ruminant Res. PD DEC 1 PY 1997 VL 26 IS 1-2 BP 199 EP 199 DI 10.1016/S0921-4488(97)00015-1 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA YQ570 UT WOS:000071401100029 ER PT J AU Shaw, JN West, LT Truman, CC Radcliffe, DE AF Shaw, JN West, LT Truman, CC Radcliffe, DE TI Morphologic and hydraulic properties of soils with water restrictive horizons in the Georgia Coastal Plain SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TRANSPORT; MOVEMENT; EXCHANGE; UPLAND AB Hydraulic and morphological properties of soils from a 0.36-ha site in the Georgia Coastal Plain were evaluated. Objectives included characterizing the morphological and hydraulic properties of major horizons in soils with plinthite, determining the extent of preferential flow, and relating flow/transport parameters derived from breakthrough curve analyses to morphological properties. These soils have developed from Miocene aged sediments and are classified in fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic families of Plinthaquic, Aquic, Arenic Plinthic, Plinthic, and Typic Kandiudults. Morphological evidence indicates that BC horizons are restrictive to vertical percolation of drainage water. Methylene blue dye staining, K-sat and breakthrough curves (analyzed by two region/MIM using CXTFIT) were measured on 15-cm-diameter undisturbed cores to determine the effects of argillic horizons, argillic horizons with plinthite, and subjacent BC horizons on hydraulic properties of the soils. K-sat for seven sampled pedons averaged 1.6 x 10(-2), 1.1. x 10(-2), and 3.8 x 10(-3) mm s(-1) for Bt, Btv, and BC horizons, respectively. Dye staining and model output (MIM) indicate a greater degree of preferential flow with depth and subsequent less mobile area contributing to water flow. Analyses of the flowpaths indicate water is translocated in regions with relatively higher porosity that also contain a higher proportion of coarser pores. Micrographs indicate that flowpaths are associated with bio-pores and areas of better aggregation in the Pt horizons and structural voids in the BC horizons. BC horizons in these soils are less permeable because of increased clay content, differences in pore characteristics, and less cross-sectional area contributing to flow. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Shaw, JN (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, 3111 Miller Plant Sci Bldg, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM joeyshaw@uga.cc.uga.edu NR 18 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA TWO COMMERCE SQ, 2001 MARKET ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103 USA SN 0038-075X EI 1538-9243 J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 162 IS 12 BP 875 EP 885 DI 10.1097/00010694-199712000-00003 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA YQ232 UT WOS:000071364200003 ER PT J AU Manning, BA Goldberg, S AF Manning, BA Goldberg, S TI Arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) absorption on three California soils SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ARSENATE; ADSORPTION; SORPTION; OXIDE; SPECIATION; PHOSPHATE; CHEMISTRY; PH AB Inorganic arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) are toxic pollutants that are transported in surface and ground waters and can adsorb on soil and sediment mineral surfaces. Because of the importance of adsorption reactions in determining the overall mobility of arsenic, we investigated the adsorption of As(III) and As(V) on three soils at varying As concentration, pH, and ionic strength, The objectives were to characterize and compare As(III) and As(V) adsorption on three arid-zone soils from California (Wasco, Fallbrook, and Wyo) and to determine the relationship between soil properties and adsorption, Chromatographic speciation of As(III)/(V) revealed that the three soils contained low levels of background As(V). Oxidation of added As(III) to As(V) was not detected below pH 8 in soil suspensions during 16-h adsorption experiments; however, As(III) oxidation was detected at higher adjusted pH, The soil with the highest citrate-dithionite extractable Fe and %clay (Wyo) had the highest affinity for As(III) and As(V) and displayed adsorption behavior similar to pure ferric oxide, Adsorption isotherms indicated that As(V) species adsorb ed more strongly than As(III) under most conditions, However, a pH-dependent reversal in the relative affinity of As(III) and As(V) for the soils was observed at low As surface coverage. C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Manning, BA (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. EM bmanning@ussl.ars.usda.gov NR 45 TC 158 Z9 170 U1 3 U2 49 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 162 IS 12 BP 886 EP 895 DI 10.1097/00010694-199712000-00004 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA YQ232 UT WOS:000071364200004 ER PT J AU Nishiwaki, T Sato, T Yashima, H Ikarashi, T Ohyama, T Harper, JE Akao, S Kouchi, H AF Nishiwaki, T Sato, T Yashima, H Ikarashi, T Ohyama, T Harper, JE Akao, S Kouchi, H TI Changes in concentration of leghemoglobin components in hypernodulation mutants of soybean (Reprinted from Plant nutrition for sustainable food production and environment, 1997) SO SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT NUTRITION LA English DT Reprint CT 13th International Plant Nutrition Colloquium CY SEP 13-19, 1997 CL TOKYO UNIV AGR, TOKYO, JAPAN SP Japanese Soc Soil & Plant Nutr, Sci Council Japan, Int Council Plant Nutr HO TOKYO UNIV AGR DE Glycine max; hypernodulation mutants; leghemoglobin; nitrate; N2 fixation; nodule ID TOLERANT NODULATION MUTANTS; NITRATE; (NO3-)-N-15 AB Leghemoglobin (Lb) plays a crucial role in N-2 fixation of soybean (Glycine max. L. Merr.) nodules by facilitating O-2 supply to the bacteroids. The concentration and composition of Lb components in hypernodulation mutant lines, NOD1-3, NOD2-4, and NOD3-7 from cv. Williams, and En6500 from cv. Enrei, were compared in relation to their nodulation characteristics. Plants were hydroponically cultivated in N-free culture solution and the nodules were separated by size. Concentration and composition of Lb components in the same size nodules were analyzed by gel-electrophoresis or capillary electrophoresis. In all NOD mutants Lb concentration was about 70% of that in the parent Williams, irrespective of nodule size and growth stage. In the hypernodulating mutant En6500, the total Lb concentration was only 25% of that in the parent Enrei, irrespective of nodule size. In Enrei nodules, the relative concentration of Lba, Lbc(1), Lbc(2), and Lbc(3) was about 39, 26, 18, and 17%, respectively, and very stable irrespective of nodule size. En6500 had relatively equal amounts of each component (concentrations of Lba, Lbc(1), Lbc(2), and Lbc(3) were 30, 22, 22, and 26%, respectively). The concentrations of Lbc forms in nodules were decreased by addition of nitrate to Enrei plants, but not to En6500 plants. The observation that Lb concentration was lower in hypernodulating mutant lines than in parents indicated that hypernodulating lines could not maintain maximum nodule growth and function. This appears to be due not only to excess nodulation which may result in a shortage of nutrients and photosynthates supply, but also due to some other inherent trait from mutation. C1 Niigata Univ, Fac Agr, Niigata 95021, Japan. Natl Inst Agrobiol Resources, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. USDA ARS, Urbana, IL USA. RP Nishiwaki, T (reprint author), Niigata Univ, Fac Agr, Niigata 95021, Japan. NR 18 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0038-0768 J9 SOIL SCI PLANT NUTR JI Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 43 SI SI BP 1091 EP 1096 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences; Soil Science SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA ZB142 UT WOS:000072440600029 ER PT J AU Reddy, VR Reddy, KR Wang, Z AF Reddy, VR Reddy, KR Wang, Z TI Cotton responses to nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and temperature interactions (Reprinted from Plant nutrition for sustainable food production and environment, 1997) SO SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT NUTRITION LA English DT Reprint CT 13th International Plant Nutrition Colloquium CY SEP 13-19, 1997 CL TOKYO UNIV AGR, TOKYO, JAPAN SP Japanese Soc Soil & Plant Nutr, Sci Council Japan, Int Council Plant Nutr HO TOKYO UNIV AGR DE Co2; cotton; growth and development; leaf nitrogen; photosynthesis; temperature ID CANOPY PHOTOSYNTHESIS; WATER RELATIONS; USE EFFICIENCY; CROP YIELD; TRANSPIRATION; ENRICHMENT; DEFICIENCY AB Several studies were conducted to evaluate how increases in the global atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration [CO2] and temperature affect growth and development rates, dry matter production, photosynthesis, and water use efficiency of cotton and how these responses are influenced by leaf N levels. In one study, cotton (cv. DPL 50) plants were grown at four temperatures (20/12, 25/17, 30/22, and 35/27 degrees C day/night) until harvest at 70 days after emergence (DAE). Each temperature treatment was combined with [CO2] of 350 or 700 mu L L-1. In another study, cotton (cv. DES 119) grown at two [CO2] received five N treatments (0, 1, 2, 6, and 10 mM NO3 in Hoagland's nutrient solution) at 17 DAE and every 2 days thereafter. Canopy gross photosynthetic rates increased with increasing [CO2] and temperature. The increased photosynthesis resulted in higher plant growth and dry matter accumulation rates except at the highest temperature. At 70 DAE, the maximum canopy dry matter accumulation rate occurred in 30/22 degrees C. The 35/27 degrees C treatment induced fruit abortion, resulting in greater dry matter accumulation in vegetative structures. Increases in plant dry weights by CO2 enrichment were greater in the two high temperature regimes than in the two lower temperature regimes. Water-use efficiency increased with increased [CO2] and decreased with increased temperature. Increases in water-use efficiency were due mainly to increased photosynthesis and partly to reduced canopy transpiration. Increase in leaf N concentration increased cotton photosynthesis and vegetative growth rates, and the increases were higher at 700 mu L L-1 than at 350 mu L L-1 [CO2]. C1 USDA ARS, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Reddy, VR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 17 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 6 PU JAPANESE SOC SOIL SCIENCE PLANT NUTRITION PI TOKYO PA BUSINESS CENTER ACAD SOC JAPAN 16-9, HONKOMAGOME 5-CHOME, BUNKYO-KU, TOKYO, 113, JAPAN SN 0038-0768 J9 SOIL SCI PLANT NUTR JI Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 43 SI SI BP 1125 EP 1130 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences; Soil Science SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA ZB142 UT WOS:000072440600035 ER PT J AU Nokes, SE Fausey, NR Subler, S Blair, JM AF Nokes, SE Fausey, NR Subler, S Blair, JM TI Stand, yield, weed biomass, and surface residue cover comparisons between three cropping/tillage systems on a well-drained silt loam soil in Ohio, USA SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE cropping and tillage systems; corn; soybean; herbicides; management systems evaluation area ID RIDGE TILLAGE; CROP YIELD; SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO; MANAGEMENT-SYSTEMS; NITROGEN RATE; CORN; ROTATION; FARM AB Systems research is a departure from traditional, controlled factor experiments. Whole system experiments provide information about interactions that affect the success of the system. The objectives of this study were to compare corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] productivity, surface residue cover after planting, corn plant establishment, and weed biomass under three cropping/tillage systems. The systems were continuous corn (C/C) (chisel plowed), corn/soybean (C/S) rotation (no-tillage for corn/chisel plowed for soybeans), and corn/soybean/wheat (Triticum aestivium L.) (C/S/W) rotation (ridge tillage). All phases of each rotation were established in triplicate on 0.4 ha plots on a Huntington silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, mesic fluventic Hapludoll) soil at Piketon, Ohio, USA. The study was conducted for 5 years, from 1991-1995. No differences in yields between systems were detected, except for the first year soybeans on ridges. The 5-year average corn yield was 7815 kg ha(-1), which was 315 kg ha(-1) above the historical regional average. The 5-year average soybean yield was 2969 kg ha(-1) which was 269 kg ha(-1) above the historical regional average. The no-till corn (C/S) had significantly higher residue cover (average of 44.4%) at planting than the other two systems (average of 21.1% for C/C and 33.2% for C/S/W), however all systems had surface residue cover greater than or equal to 30% in at least half of the years studied. In the soybean phases the average surface residue was 23.8% in the C/S treatment and 35.8% in the C/S/W treatment. Differences in plant emergence were only detected in 1995 for corn, with the C/C treatment having the highest plant establishment ratio (95.7%). The C/S corn plant establishment was 83% and the C/S/W was the lowest at 60%. Note that this difference in stand did not result in a detectable difference in yield. No differences between systems were detected for early season and end of season weed biomasses. Based on 5 years of field data, any of the three cropping/tillage systems can be adopted on a well-drained silt loam soil without yield reductions in corn or soybean. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Kentucky, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. USDA ARS, Soil Drainage Res Unit, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Soil Ecol Lab, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Nokes, SE (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, 215 Agr Engn Bldg, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. RI Blair, John/I-4082-2014 OI Blair, John/0000-0003-0072-0721 NR 21 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD DEC 1 PY 1997 VL 44 IS 1-2 BP 95 EP 108 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(97)00045-7 PG 14 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA YR102 UT WOS:000071458500008 ER PT J AU Sow, AA Hossner, LR Unger, PW Stewart, BA AF Sow, AA Hossner, LR Unger, PW Stewart, BA TI Tillage and residue effects on root growth and yields of grain sorghum following wheat SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE cone index; furrow diking; conventional tillage; no-tillage ID SOIL PHYSICAL CONDITIONS; CROPS AB Crop production in the Southern Great Plains of TX (USA) is limited by insufficient precipitation. Furrow diking and residue management systems in water deficit regions can influence water infiltration, root growth and water extraction and, consequently, plant growth and yield. Field studies were conducted on a clay loam soil in unfertilized rotation systems to determine the influence of tillage and residue management practices on grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] rooting depth and changes in soil water content and cone index (CI). Treatments imposed on a wheat-sorghum-fallow (WSF) rotation system included furrow diking (FD), conventional tillage (CT), no-tillage with wheat (Triticum aestivum) residue maintained on the field (NT +), and no-tillage with wheat residue removed from the field (NT -). Furrow diking and NT + management systems increased sorghum grain yields 19 and 15%, respectively, compared to CT. Grain yields from the NT - system were not significantly different from the CT system. The FD system decreased CI and increased depth of rooting, profile water use and grain yield. Conventional tillage and NT - adversely affected these variables. Tillage operations loosened the soil and reduced the CI of the tilled layer. A decrease in CI values in the NT + treatment was related to increased root development and penetration of roots to deeper soil layers. Root length in the 40 to 60 cm depth of FD and NT + treatments was 30 to 85% greater compared to the CT and NT - treatments. Greater rooting densities, at all three growth stages (30, 60 and 90 days after emergence of sorghum), under FD and NT + were associated with higher soil profile water contents. Data from this study show that profile water content, root development and sorghum grain yield can he significantly increased in semiarid regions with limited rainfall by incorporating furrow diking or surface residues into the management system. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. W Texas State Univ, Canyon, TX 79016 USA. RP Hossner, LR (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM l.hossner@tamu.edu; punger@ag.gov; bstewart@wtamu.edu NR 18 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD DEC 1 PY 1997 VL 44 IS 1-2 BP 121 EP 129 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(97)00042-1 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA YR102 UT WOS:000071458500010 ER PT J AU Erickson, HE Keller, M AF Erickson, HE Keller, M TI Tropical land use change and soil emissions of nitrogen oxides SO SOIL USE AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE nitrogen oxides; emission; soil; deforestation; pastures; Tropics ID COSTA-RICA; COFFEE AGROECOSYSTEMS; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; N2O PRODUCTION; GAS EMISSIONS; NITRIC-OXIDE; SHADE TREES; FOREST; PASTURE; DEFORESTATION AB Increases in the emissions of globally important nitrogen (N) oxide gases have coincided with significant changes in land use in the tropics, Clearing of tropical forests and savannas for agriculture currently represents the most extensive alteration of land cover on the planet, Over the last several decades, N fertilizer use has increased globally and in China and the developing world, use has recently surpassed that in the developed world. The potential contribution of land-use change in the tropics to the increase in N oxides is great, yet only a few studies have measured N oxide emissions after tropical land conversion. Our summary of available research shows some conversions to pastures and a few management practices, especially those using N fertilizers, increase emissions beyond those found in undisturbed ecosystems. However, not all studies show unequivocal increases in emissions. Accordingly we call for a mechanistic understanding of the processes controlling trace gas fluxes to adequately predict under what conditions increased emissions may occur. More measurements are needed to build and test models that may improve management of N fertilizer use in tropical agricultural systems, Given the expected expansion of agriculture and increased use of N fertilizers in the tropics, increased emissions of N oxides from the tropics are likely. C1 US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. RP Erickson, HE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, POB 25000, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. RI Keller, Michael/A-8976-2012 OI Keller, Michael/0000-0002-0253-3359 NR 71 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 11 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0266-0032 J9 SOIL USE MANAGE JI Soil Use Manage. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 13 IS 4 SU S BP 278 EP 287 DI 10.1111/j.1475-2743.1997.tb00599.x PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA YU759 UT WOS:000071751400007 ER PT J AU Cook, BJ Pryor, NW AF Cook, BJ Pryor, NW TI Anatomy and innervation of the flexor tibialis muscle of the cockroach Leucophaea maderae (Fabricius) SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID INSECT AB The flexor tibialis is a large muscle positioned along the posterior border of the femur in the metathoracic segment of the Maderia cockroach, Leucophaea maderae (Fabricius). The large muscle consists of eight muscle groups or bundles originating on a long central apodeme in the femur and inserting on the lateral cuticular faces of the femur and along the boundary between the femur and the trochanter. This muscle is innervated by branches of the fifth nerve which arises from the metathoracic ganglion. Many flexor muscle fibers attached to the central apodeme have ultrastructural features that resemble the intercalated discs of heart muscle. The myofibrils in cross-section are bound by the distinctive fenestrations of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Although the characteristic thick and thin filaments within the myofibrils were evident, there are 11 to 12 thin filaments around each thick one instead of the 6 to 1 ratio usually found in skeletal muscle. Nerve-muscle junctions and small tracheae were detected in the intermyofibrillar spaces. C1 USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Cook, BJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 22 IS 4 BP 411 EP 418 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZR306 UT WOS:000073960900004 ER PT J AU Spurgeon, DW Raulston, JR AF Spurgeon, DW Raulston, JR TI Comparative evaluation of a tractor mounted sampler for sampling arthropods in cotton SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article AB Population estimates of selected arthropods including lepidopterous larvae, spiders, and adult and immature hemipterous and chewing predators in early season cotton, by sweep net, drop cloth, and a tractor-mounted sampler were compared. Population estimates by the tractor-mounted sampler were usually highly correlated to those provided by one or both of the other methods except for arthropods observed only at very low population levels. The tractor-mounted sampler most frequently detected presence of most arthropods at low population levels, and generally provided lower estimates of relative sample variation than sweep net or drop cloth methods. The need for modifications to the tractor-mounted sampler to improve the efficiency of collection of hemipterous nymphs is suggested. Our results indicate the tractor-mounted sampler provides an adequate means of sampling arthropods in early season cotton and may be particularly useful in monitoring arthropods occurring at low population levels. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Insects Res Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Spurgeon, DW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Insects Res Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 22 IS 4 BP 439 EP 447 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZR306 UT WOS:000073960900007 ER PT J AU Tillman, PG Lambert, L Mulrooney, JE AF Tillman, PG Lambert, L Mulrooney, JE TI Influence of soybean pubescence on abundance of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID OVIPOSITION PREFERENCE C1 USDA ARS, Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Tillman, PG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Lab, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 22 IS 4 BP 459 EP 460 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZR306 UT WOS:000073960900010 ER PT J AU Hardee, DD Mitchell, EB AF Hardee, DD Mitchell, EB TI Boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Coleoptera : Curculionidae): A summary of research on behavior as affected by chemical communication SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Review ID CONTROLLED RELEASE DISPENSERS; LONG-RANGE DISPERSAL; GREEN LEAF VOLATILES; TEXAS ROLLING PLAINS; NORTHEASTERN MEXICO; FIELD-EVALUATION; WINTER HABITAT; PHEROMONE PRODUCTION; BEAUVERIA-BASSIANA; EMERGENCE PROFILE AB A summary of 30 years of extensive research on semiochemicals as they affect the boil weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, in cotton is presented. Traps and the pheromone grandlure in particular have greatly extended our knowledge of the behavior of this economically important insect and will be key factors in eliminating this insect from the United States in the 21st century. C1 USDA ARS, So Insect Management Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Hardee, DD (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Insect Management Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 283 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 8 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 22 IS 4 BP 466 EP 491 PG 26 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZR306 UT WOS:000073960900012 ER PT J AU Brejda, JJ AF Brejda, JJ TI Soil changes following 18 years of protection from grazing in Arizona chaparral SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID RANGE; DESERTIFICATION; THRESHOLDS; VEGETATION; VIEWPOINT; NITROGEN AB Recovery of degraded semiarid rangeland is influenced by the degree of soil erosion and changes in soil physical and chemical properties that follow the loss of herbaceous cover. The objectives of this study were to compare changes in physical and chemical properties of a chaparral soil protected from grazing for 18 years, and to evaluate these changes relative to succession and threshold paradigms. Litter and soil samples were collected beneath shrub live oak (Ouercus turbinella), birchleaf mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus betuloides) and open spaces between shrubs in a livestock exclosure and the surrounding grazed area. Additional soil was collected beneath shrub live oak and from open spaces between shrubs for a bioassay of soil fertility within the exclosure and the grazed area using oats (Avena saliva) as the indicator species. Percentage silt and clay were greater and percentage sand was lower within the exclosure. Organic carbon and total nitrogen concentrations were greater in soil beneath mountain mahogany and from shrubless openings within the exclosure compared to the grazed area, but not beneath shrub live oak. Soil from shrubless openings in the exclosure produced greater oat shoot weights compared to soil from open spaces in the grazed area, but there was no difference in oat shoot weights between grazed and protected areas beneath shrub live oak. Shoot weights increased in response to nitrogen and nitrogen + phosphorus, but not phosphorus alone, indicating the site was primarily nitrogen limited. Improvements in soil physical and chemical properties within the exclosure did not result in recovery of herbaceous vegetation in open areas between shrubs. A very heterogeneous distribution pattern in soil properties, characterized by large differences between sails under shrubs compared to open areas between shrubs, was evident within the exclosure and in the grazed area, indicating the presence of a degraded ecosystem. Improvements in soil physical and chemical properties within the exclosure represent an upward trend within a stable threshold of lower productivity, rather than a slow return to climax condition. C1 USDA, NRCS, Soil Qual Inst, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Brejda, JJ (reprint author), USDA, NRCS, Soil Qual Inst, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 37 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 9 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 42 IS 4 BP 478 EP 487 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZB773 UT WOS:000072506600015 ER PT J AU Parikh, DV Calamari, TA Tao, WY Briggs, RE AF Parikh, DV Calamari, TA Tao, WY Briggs, RE TI Preventing mildew growth on cotton swabs and other products containing cotton SO TAPPI JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE biological tests; cotton; fungi; microorganism control; moisture content; preservatives; problem solving; protectants; sanitation; storage; test methods; trouble shooting AB The action of microorganisms is generally dependent on factors such as availability of organic or inorganic nutrients, sunlight, and moisture. In this study, a combination of factors occurring during manufacturing and storage were found to cause mold growth on cotton swabs. These factors included improper or inadequate sanitization, contaminated Methocel, inadequate amounts of preservative (0.1% or less) in the infested Methocel, high moisture levels (30% or more) in cotton swabs, plastic sticks/put ups, and warehousing cotton swabs under hot and humid conditions. Sealed plastic bags used for storage, essentially unventilated units, were found to provide an ideal moisture chamber for mildew development. Implementation of certain control options solved the above problems, ensuring mildew-free manufacturing of cotton swabs. C1 WYANT HLTH CARE,SOMERVILLE,NJ. RP Parikh, DV (reprint author), ARS,USDA,MID S AREA SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU TECH ASSN PULP PAPER IND INC PI NORCROSS PA 15 TECHNOLOGY PARK SOUTH, NORCROSS, GA 30092 SN 0734-1415 J9 TAPPI J JI TAPPI J. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 80 IS 12 BP 155 EP 161 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA YL404 UT WOS:A1997YL40400018 ER PT J AU Tao, WY Calamari, TA Shih, FF Cao, CY AF Tao, WY Calamari, TA Shih, FF Cao, CY TI Characterization of kenaf fiber bundles and their nonwoven mats SO TAPPI JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE composites; emulsions; fiber bonding; fiber dimensions; fiber mats; fibers; kenaf; lignins; mechanical properties; natural fibers; nonwovens; polypropylene; sodium hydroxide; stiffness; tensile strength AB Kenaf fibers are coarse, brittle, and difficult to process through textile and nonwoven equipment. The ''kenaf fibers'' of commerce are really bundles of dozens of ultimate fiber cells attached by natural binding agents to form macro fibrous composites. Treatment of kenaf fiber bundles with sodium hydroxide or oil in water emulsions helped diminish their natural stiffness. Fiber bundle strength and bending stiffness were determined. A software program was developed to determined fiber dimensions. Both treatments improved fineness, pliability, and flexibility. Nonwoven composite mats of 85/15 kenaf/polypropylene were made by air-laid batt formation followed by needle punching or by needle punching plus thermal bonding. Evaluation of the mats showed that alkali treatment improved mat strength and flexibility. Emulsion treatment only improved flexibility. C1 LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,CTR AGR,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. RP Tao, WY (reprint author), ARS,SO REG RES CTR,USDA,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU TECH ASSN PULP PAPER IND INC PI NORCROSS PA 15 TECHNOLOGY PARK SOUTH, NORCROSS, GA 30092 SN 0734-1415 J9 TAPPI J JI TAPPI J. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 80 IS 12 BP 162 EP 166 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA YL404 UT WOS:A1997YL40400019 ER PT J AU Ramaswamy, GN Soeharto, B Goynes, WR Salame, A Lambert, A Blanchard, E Parikh, DV Collier, BJ Negelescu, I Chen, Y Romanoschi, M Despa, S AF Ramaswamy, GN Soeharto, B Goynes, WR Salame, A Lambert, A Blanchard, E Parikh, DV Collier, BJ Negelescu, I Chen, Y Romanoschi, M Despa, S TI Performance of flame retardant and water repellent finishes for kenaf/cotton blend fabrics SO TEXTILE CHEMIST AND COLORIST LA English DT Article DE cotton; flame retardancy; ITPC; kenaf; water repellency ID KENAF AB To evaluate the serviceability of a new textile product made of an unconventional fiber blend, it is important to determine if the fabric meets the specific standards required for the intended end-use. The value-added textile products of interest were fabrics made of 50:50 kenaf/cotton in the filling direction and 100% cotton in the warp direction. To explore a high-value and high-volume market for these kenaf/cotton fabrics, it is predicted that tentage and awnings would be a potential product, However, to pass the specifications required for military tentage, the fabrics have to be strong, water repellent, mildew resistant, and flame resistant. Therefore, the specific objectives of this study were to impart water repellency and flame retardancy to these fabrics, evaluate the performance and durability of the finishes, and study the physical acid chemical changes that result from these finishes. It can be concluded that to achieve the most durable water repellency and flame retardancy, the finish should be applied by a one-step process, with appropriate softening agents and catalysts and ammoniation and oxidizing cycles. C1 MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762. USDA,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSN TEXT CHEM COLOR PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12215, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 SN 0040-490X J9 TEXT CHEM COLOR JI Text. Chem. Color. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 29 IS 12 BP 22 EP 27 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA YL325 UT WOS:A1997YL32500002 ER PT J AU BelBerger, P VonHoven, T AF BelBerger, P VonHoven, T TI Effects of mechanical cleaning on cotton fibers .3. Effects of card wire condition on white specks SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Combinations of gin and mill cleaning sequences have been studied to determine the best way to clean both smooth-leaf and hairy-leaf cottons. The two varieties were subjected to four different levels of lint cleaning at the gin, followed by nine different mill cleaning sequences, for a total of thirty-six samples. All samples were tested for fiber properties (Part II), yarn strength, and fabric strength and appearance. The yarn and fabric properties are reported in this paper. In the middle of the study, the card wire was damaged and subsequently replaced, which presented the opportunity to determine the impact of the card wire's condition on white specks. In addition, image analysis of the fabric samples by Optimas detected the percent white, the percentage of the area of white specks in a specified area of fabric. Because of the variability of white specks, a larger sample size was needed than was available for the mill samples, so only trends can be reported for the mill samples. In general, the more aggressive the cleaning, the higher the percent white. When comparing the effect of ginning, each additional lint cleaner produced an increase in percent white for the worn card wire. The new card wire decreased the percent white overall as compared to the worn card wire. The new card wire samples with three lint cleanings had a significantly higher white speck level than zero, one, or two lint cleaners. Similarly, the harsher the mill cleaning, the higher the percent white. The hairy-leaf variety produced percent white values similar to those for the smooth-leaf cotton for both the old and new card wires. Thus, when confronted with the possibility of a white speck problem, minimal gin cleaning and less aggressive mill cleaning are recommended. RP BelBerger, P (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 67 IS 12 BP 857 EP 865 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA YK892 UT WOS:A1997YK89200001 ER PT J AU Jellen, EN Rines, HW Fox, SL Davis, DW Phillips, RL Gill, BS AF Jellen, EN Rines, HW Fox, SL Davis, DW Phillips, RL Gill, BS TI Characterization of 'Sun II' oat monosomics through C-banding and identification of eight new 'Sun II' monosomics SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE oat (Avena sativa L.); monosomics; C-banding; oat x maize wide hybridization; translocations ID IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; AVENA-SATIVA L; COMMON WHEAT; KANOTA; CHROMOSOME; GENOME; GENUS; MAP AB Monosomics are a powerful tool for genetic mapping in allopolyploid plant species such as oat (Avena sativa L., 2n = 6x = 42). A C-banded karyotype of the oat cultivar Sun II was compared with previously described oat karyotypes and was used to identify the missing chromosome in each line of Sun II aneuploids. These included new aneuploids, isolated among derivatives of oat haploids obtained from Sun II oat x maize crosses, along with the original Sun II aneuploid set which had been obtained by cytological screening of a Sun II population for spontaneous aneuploids. Eight new Sun II monosomics were identified among the derivatives of haploids from the oat x maize crosses, to give a total of 18 unique Sun II monosomic/nullisomic lines. All seven C-genome chromosomes are represented by Sun II monosomics. Chromosomes 13, 14 and 17 are not represented by Sun II aneuploids but are found in the Kanota monosomic series. Therefore, monosomics of some form are now available for all 21 oat chromosomes, A reciprocal translocation involving chromosomes 3C and 14, found in a portion of the original set of Sun II monosomic lines, was also described. No new translocations were detected in the Sun II x maize crosses. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. ARS, USDA, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Inst Plant Mol Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Kansas State Univ, Wheat Genet Resource Ctr, Dept Plant Pathol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Jellen, EN (reprint author), Brigham Young Univ, Dept Agron & Hort, 275 WIDB, Provo, UT 84602 USA. NR 28 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 95 IS 8 BP 1190 EP 1195 DI 10.1007/s001220050680 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA YP480 UT WOS:000071281000002 ER PT J AU Seidel, GE Allen, CH Johnson, LA Holland, MD Brink, Z Welch, GR Graham, JK Cattell, MB AF Seidel, GE Allen, CH Johnson, LA Holland, MD Brink, Z Welch, GR Graham, JK Cattell, MB TI Uterine horn insemination of heifers with very low numbers of nonfrozen and sexed spermatozoa SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sexed spermatozoa; AI; liquid semen; bovine; flow cytometry ID CHROMOSOME-BEARING SPERM; CORNUAL INSEMINATION; X-CHROMOSOME; DAIRY-CATTLE; PRESELECTION; DNA; FERTILIZATION; SEPARATION; FERTILITY; SEMEN AB Experiments were conducted to determine 1) pregnancy rates of heifers inseminated with very low numbers of spermatozoa under ideal field conditions, and 2) pregnancy rates with low doses of sexed spermatozoa. In Experiment 1, semen from 3 Holstein bulls was extended to 1 x 10(5) or 2.5 x 10(5) sperm/0.1 ml, 2.5 x 10(6) total sperm/0.21 ml were used for the control. Semen was cooled to 5 degrees C, packaged into modified 0.25-ml French straws, and used 26 to 57 h after collection. Spermatozoa were inseminated 24 h after detection of estrus into the uterine horn of Holstein heifers ipsilateral to the ovary with the largest follicle, as determined by ultrasound 12 h after estrus was detected; side of ovulation was verified by detection of a corpus luteum (CL) by ultrasound 7 to 9 d post estrus. Pregnancy was determined 40 to 45 d post estrus. The side of ovulation was determined correctly in 262 of 286 heifers (92%), and pregnancy rates were nearly identical for ipsilateral and contralateral inseminations. Pregnancy rates were 48/118 (41%), 56/111 (50%), and 35/57 (61%) for 1 x 10(5), 2.5 x 10(5) and 2.5 x 10(6) sperm per insemination (P<.05 between 1 x 10(5) and 2.5 x 10(6)). There were no significant differences in pregnancy rates (P>.05) among the heifers for the 3 AI technicians or the 3 bulls. In Experiment 2, freshly collected semen was transported from Lancaster, Pennsylvania to Beltsville, Maryland, and sorted into X- and Y-sperm populations based on DNA difference using a flow cytometer/cell sorter over a 6-h period. Sorting rates were about 100 sperm/sec of each sex at similar to 90% purity. Sorted spermatozoa were shipped similar to 2600 km by air, and in most cases cooled to 5 degrees C during shipping over 6 h in an Equitainer. Heifers were inseminated with 1 to 2 x 10(5) sorted X- or Y-spermatozoa in 0.1 ml within 9 to 29 h of sorting. The inseminate was either deposited into the uterine horn ipsilateral to the ovary with the largest follicle as determined by ultrasound at the time of insemination, or half of the inseminate was deposited into each uterine hem. None of 10 heifers became pregnant when inseminated with sexed spermatozoa shipped at ambient temperature. Of the 155 heifers inseminated with sexed spermatozoa cooled to 5 degrees C, 15 of 67 females (22.4%) inseminated 9 to 13 h post sorting calved, but only 2 of 78 (2.6%) inseminated at 17 to 29 h calved. Fourteen of the 17 calves born (82%) were of the selected sex. (C) 1997 by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 ATLANTIC BREEDERS COOPERAT, LANCASTER, PA 17601 USA. USDA ARS, GERMPLASM & GAMETE PHYSIOL LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. DUO DAIRY, LOVELAND, CO 80538 USA. RP COLORADO STATE UNIV, ANIM REPROD & BIOTECHNOL LAB, FT COLLINS, CO 80523 USA. NR 24 TC 77 Z9 81 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0093-691X EI 1879-3231 J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD DEC PY 1997 VL 48 IS 8 BP 1255 EP 1264 DI 10.1016/S0093-691X(97)00368-3 PG 10 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA YH818 UT WOS:A1997YH81800002 ER PT J AU Kreutz, LC Mengeling, WL AF Kreutz, LC Mengeling, WL TI Baculovirus expression and immunological detection of the major structural proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE viruses in pigs; porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus; protein expression; recombinant baculovirus ID SYNDROME PRRS VIRUS; ISOLATE ATCC VR-2332; LELYSTAD-VIRUS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; POLYACRYLAMIDE GELS; SWINE INFERTILITY; UNITED-STATES; US ISOLATE; CELL-LINE; RNA AB Each of the three major structural proteins (envelope glycoprotein E, nonglycosylated membrane protein M, and nucleoprotein N) of an American strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) was expressed using a recombinant baculovirus expression system. Insect cells infected with the respective recombinant baculovirus synthesized five distinct forms of glycoprotein E with a molecular mass (M-r) of either 17, 20, 23, 25 or 26 K, and a single form of nonglycosylated protein M and nucleocapsid N with a M-r of approximately 21 and 15 K, respectively. Because the number of forms of the glycoprotein E was reduced from five to two (20 and 17 K) when infected cells were treated with tunicamycin, we speculate that the 23, 25 and 26 K forms represent different degrees of glycosylation of the same protein, and that the 20 and 17 K peptides represent nonglycosylated forms with and without, respectively, the N-terminal signal sequence. All the proteins were identified by immunoblot with convalescent sera from animals infected with an American strain of PRRSV, indicating that they were similar to the native proteins. The recombinant proteins were purified and used to induce monospecific antisera in rabbits. The ability to produce each protein in the baculovirus system provides an additional means for their structural and functional characterization. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Virol Swine Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Kreutz, LC (reprint author), Univ Fed Santa Maria, Dept Microbiol, Virol Lab, BR-97105900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. RI Kreutz, Luiz Carlos/A-3729-2015 OI Kreutz, Luiz Carlos/0000-0002-7685-7401 NR 32 TC 10 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 59 IS 1 BP 1 EP 13 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(97)00142-9 PG 13 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA YP315 UT WOS:000071264600001 PM 9460192 ER PT J AU Guidry, A Fattom, A Patel, A O'Brien, C AF Guidry, A Fattom, A Patel, A O'Brien, C TI Prevalence of capsular serotypes among Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cows with mastitis in the United States SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cattle-bacteria; Staphylococcus aureus; serotyping; mastitis ID HUMAN POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES; RECOMBINANT EXOPROTEIN-A; BOVINE-MILK; TYPE-8; POLYSACCHARIDES; ENCAPSULATION; PHAGOCYTOSIS; ANTIBODIES; VACCINES; IMMUNOGENICITY AB Development of an appropriate Staphylococcus aureus vaccine for bovine mastitis has eluded researchers for decades. The ability of S. aureus to form a protective exopolysaccharide capsule has posed a major obstacle because of the multiple serotypes and the poor immune response elicited by exopolysaccharides. This study characterized S. aureus serotypes isolated from cases of bovine mastitis obtained from veterinary diagnostic laboratories that service 44% of the daily cattle in the United States. Major milk producing areas of the northeast, north central, Pacific coast and southwest were proportionately represented. Sub-samples of mastitic milk that contained S. aureus were frozen and sent to our laboratory for strain serotyping. The only other regional serotyping of S. aureus from bovine mastitis to date was done in France. The primary serotypes found were types 5 (51%) and 8 (18%) and 31% were non-typeable. In the current study, serotype 5 accounted for 18% of the isolates and serotype 8 for 23%, More importantly 59% of the isolates were not typeable with either type 5 or 8 antisera. These data indicate that S. aureus vaccines employing serotypes 5 and 8 would only be marginally effective in the United States. These data also suggest that development of a S. aureus vaccine for bovine mastitis should take into account regional variation in S. aureus serotypes, (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NABI, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. RP Guidry, A (reprint author), Bldg 173,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 29 TC 27 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 59 IS 1 BP 53 EP 58 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(97)00172-7 PG 6 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA YP315 UT WOS:000071264600005 PM 9460196 ER PT J AU Butchaiah, G Morgan, DO AF Butchaiah, G Morgan, DO TI Neutralization antigenic sites on type Asia-1 foot-and-mouth disease virus defined by monoclonal antibody-resistant variants SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE FMDV type Asia-1; nMAb-resistant variants; antigenic sites ID 3-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE; CAPSID PROTEIN; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE; IDENTIFICATION; PROTECTION; POLIOVIRUS; CATTLE; CRYSTALLIZATION; IMMUNOGENICITY AB Seven neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nMAbs) produced against serotype Asia-1 foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) were used to select neutralization-resistant variants. Seven single and six multiple antibody-resistant variants were selected to identify neutralization antigenic sites on FMDV Asia-1. The variants no longer reacted with nMAbs which were used to select them when tested by microneutralization test (MNT), radioimmunoassay (RIA) and agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) assay. Based on the binding and neutralization patterns of the variants, the nMAbs could be divided into discrete groups indicating the presence of three independent antigenic sites with evidence for occurrence of possibly a fourth site on the virus surface. Site 1 was present on 140S, 12Sps and VPI and thus was conformation-independent. Sites 2 and 3 were restricted to the intact virion (140S) and thus were more conformation-dependent. Site 4 present on 140S virions and 12S protein subunits was less conformation-dependent. The site 3 nMAbs neutralized the infectivity of all the ten different Asia-1 virus isolates tested indicating that this site is conserved in Asia-1 virus serotype. Both cross-neutralization of different Asia-1 viruses with the nMAbs and cross-inhibition assays between MAbs demonstrated that the nMAbs recognized at least six different epitopes on Asia-1 virus. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Indian Vet Res Inst, Bangalore 560024, Karnataka, India. ARS, USDA, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Mol Biol Lab, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Butchaiah, G (reprint author), Indian Vet Res Inst, Natl Biotechnol Ctr, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India. NR 52 TC 10 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 52 IS 2 BP 183 EP 194 DI 10.1016/S0168-1702(97)00117-2 PG 12 WC Virology SC Virology GA YU197 UT WOS:000071692000007 PM 9495534 ER PT J AU Wang, Z Feyen, J Nielsen, DR vanGenuchten, MT AF Wang, Z Feyen, J Nielsen, DR vanGenuchten, MT TI Two-phase flow infiltration equations accounting for air entrapment effects SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID 2-PHASE NUMERICAL-MODEL; SOIL COLUMN; WATER INFILTRATION; UNSATURATED SOILS; PRESSURE; PREDICTION; MOVEMENT AB Water infiltration into the unsaturated zone is potentially affected by air compression ahead of the wetting front. Analytical infiltration equations accounting for air compression, air counterflow, and flow hysteresis in a porous medium were derived on the basis of the Green and Ampt [1911] assumptions. Air compression ahead of the wetting front was predicted using the perfect gas law. The capillary pressure at the wetting front was found to vary between the dynamic water-bubbling value and the dynamic air-bubbling value of the material. These equations, accounting also for the effects of macropores near the soil surface, turned out to be simpler than the traditional Kostiakov [1932] and the Philip [1957a, b, c, d] equations. The equation parameters are physically meaningful and can be readily obtained from field measurements of the natural saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil water retention or pressure infiltrometer data. Experimental testing showed that the equations are reasonably accurate. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS, DEPT LAND AIR & WATER RESOURCES, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA. ARS, US SALIN LAB, USDA, RIVERSIDE, CA 92507 USA. RP Wang, Z (reprint author), UNIV CATHOLIQUE LOUVAIN, INST LAND & WATER MANAGEMENT, VITAL DECOSTERSTR 102, B-3000 LOUVAIN LA NEUVE, BELGIUM. RI van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013 OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858 NR 58 TC 48 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 EI 1944-7973 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 33 IS 12 BP 2759 EP 2767 DI 10.1029/97WR01708 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA YJ964 UT WOS:A1997YJ96400012 ER PT J AU Goodrich, DC Lane, LJ Shillito, RM Miller, SN Syed, KH Woolhiser, DA AF Goodrich, DC Lane, LJ Shillito, RM Miller, SN Syed, KH Woolhiser, DA TI Linearity of basin response as a function of scale in a semiarid watershed SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Scale Problems in Hydrology CY JUN 17-20, 1996 CL KRUMBACH, AUSTRIA SP European Commun, DG-XIII, Austrian Hydroelect Power Board, Wiener Stadt Insurance Co, Austrian Natl Bank, Lower Austria State Govt, Tech Univ Vienna, Univ W Austr, Ctr Water Res ID CLIMATOLOGICAL VARIABILITY; RAINFALL VARIABILITY; HYDROLOGIC RESPONSE; RUNOFF; CATCHMENTS; SIMILARITY; MODELS; AREA AB Linearity of basin runoff and peak response as a function of watershed scale was examined for a set of 29 nested semiarid watersheds within the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, located in southeastern Arizona. Watershed drainage areas range from 1.83 x 10(3) to 1.48 x 10(8) m(2) (0.183-14800 ha), and all stream channels are ephemeral. Observations of mean annual runoff, database-derived 2- and 100-year peak runoff rates, ephemeral channel area, and areal rainfall characteristics derived from 304 events were examined to assess the nature of runoff response behavior over this range of watershed scales. Two types of distributed rainfall-runoff models of differing complexity were applied to a subset of the watersheds to further investigate the scale-dependent nature of the collected data. Contrary to the conclusions of numerous studies in more humid regions, it was found that watershed runoff response becomes more nonlinear with increasing watershed scale, with a critical transition threshold area occurring roughly around the range of 3.7 x 10(5) to 6.0 x 10(5) m(2) (37-60 ha). The primary causes of increasingly nonlinear response are the increasing importance of ephemeral channel losses and partial storm area coverage. The modeling results indicate that significant error will result in model estimates of peak runoff rates when rainfall inputs from depth area-frequency relationships are applied beyond the area of typical storm coverage. For runoff modeling in Walnut Gulch and similar semiarid environments, explicit treatment of channel routing and transmission losses from channel infiltration will be required for watersheds larger than the critical drainage area. C1 UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT HYDROL & WATER RESOURCES,TUCSON,AZ 85721. RP Goodrich, DC (reprint author), ARS,SW WATERSHED RES CTR,USDA,2000 E ALLEN RD,TUCSON,AZ 85719, USA. RI Goodrich, David/B-1763-2009 OI Goodrich, David/0000-0001-7735-1448 NR 65 TC 134 Z9 137 U1 0 U2 23 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 33 IS 12 BP 2951 EP 2965 DI 10.1029/97WR01422 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA YJ964 UT WOS:A1997YJ96400029 ER PT J AU Shackelford, CE Conner, RN AF Shackelford, CE Conner, RN TI Woodpecker abundance and habitat use in three forest types in eastern Texas SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID RED-COCKADED WOODPECKERS; CAVITY-TREE SELECTION; PILEATED WOODPECKERS; WESTERN OREGON; NORTHEASTERN OREGON; BELLIED WOODPECKERS; REQUIREMENTS; MANAGEMENT; MISSOURI; ECOLOGY AB Woodpeckers were censused in 60 fixed-radius (300 m) circular plots (divided into eight 45 degrees-arc pie-shaped sectors) in mature forests (60-80 years-old) of three forest types (20 plots per type) in eastern Texas: bottomland hardwood forest, longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) savannah, and mixed pine-hardwood forest. A total of 2242 individual woodpeckers of eight species was detected in 144 h of censusing. Vegetation characteristics in plot sectors with and without woodpeckers were compared. Woodpecker presence and abundance were primarily associated with the occurrence of large snags and logs. Red-bellied Woodpeckers (Melanerpes carolinus) were the most abundant and widespread species, especially in areas containing more hardwoods that? pines. Red-cockaded Woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) were the least abundant and most habitat-restricted woodpecker, occurring only in the longleaf pine savannah. Pileated Woodpeckers (Dryocopus pileatus) were the must evenly distributed species among the forest types, but occurred primarily in mature forests with large snags and logs. Bottomland hardwood forests were important for Northern Flickers (Colaptes auratus), Redheaded Woodpeckers (Melanerpes erythrocephalus), and Yellow-bellied Sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus varius) during the fall and winter, and for Downy Woodpeckers (Picoides pubescens) during the summer and winter. Thr Hairy Woodpecker (P. villosus) was most frequently encountered in areas of recent disturbance in the mixed pine-hardwood forests, especially in fall. Vocal imitation of a Barred Owl (Strix varia) increased the number of woodpecker detections by 71%. C1 US Forest Serv, Wildlife Habitat & Silviculture Lab, So Res Stn, USDA, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. RP Shackelford, CE (reprint author), Texas Parks & Wildlife Dept, Texas Partners Flight, 4200 Smith Sch Rd, Austin, TX 78744 USA. NR 61 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 18 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 109 IS 4 BP 614 EP 629 PG 16 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA YR373 UT WOS:000071488900003 ER PT J AU Chang, HC Bush, DR AF Chang, HC Bush, DR TI Topology of NAT2, a prototypical example of a new family of amino acid transporters SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PLASMA-MEMBRANE VESICLES; LYSINE-SPECIFIC PERMEASE; SUGAR-BEET LEAVES; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SUBSTRATE-SPECIFICITY; BAKERS-YEAST; H+-ATPASE AB Amino acids are the predominant form of nitrogen available to the heterotrophic tissues of plants. These essential organic nutrients are transported across the plasma membrane of plant cells by proton-amino acid symporters, Our lab has cloned an amino acid transporter from Arabidopsis, NAT2/AAP1, that represents the first example of a new class of membrane transporters. We are investigating the structure and function of this porter because it is a member of a large gene family in plants and because its wide expression pattern suggests it plays a central role in resource allocation. In the results reported here, we investigated the topology of NAT2 by engineering a c-myc epitope on either the N or C terminus of the protein, We then used in vitro translation, partial digestion with proteinase K, and immunoprecipitation to identify a group of oriented peptide fragments, We modeled the topology of NAT2 based on the lengths of the peptide fragments that allowed us to estimate the location of protease accessible cleavage sites. We independently identified the location of the N and C termini using immunofluorescence microscopy of NAT2 expressed in COS-1 cells, We also investigated the glycosylation status of several sites of potential N-linked glycosylation. Based on the combined data, me propose a novel 11 transmembrane domain model with the N terminus in the cytoplasm and C terminus facing outside the cell. This model of protein topology anchors our complementary investigations of porter structure and function using site-directed and random mutagenesis. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS, USDA ARS, PHOTOSYNTH RES UNIT, URBANA, IL 61801 USA. UNIV ILLINOIS, DEPT PLANT BIOL, URBANA, IL 61801 USA. NR 55 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3996 USA SN 0021-9258 EI 1083-351X J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD NOV 28 PY 1997 VL 272 IS 48 BP 30552 EP 30557 DI 10.1074/jbc.272.48.30552 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA YH613 UT WOS:A1997YH61300082 PM 9374550 ER PT J AU Chen, XL Hausman, DB Dean, RG Hausman, GJ AF Chen, XL Hausman, DB Dean, RG Hausman, GJ TI Differentiation-dependent expression of obese (ob) gene by preadipocytes and adipocytes in primary cultures of porcine stromal-vascular cells SO BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ob gene; gene expression; preadipocyte; differentiation ID PIG ADIPOSE-TISSUE; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; RATS; MICE; PRECURSORS; CLONING; INSULIN; WEIGHT; HUMANS AB The relationship between obese (ob) gene expression and preadipocyte differentiation was examined in primary cultures es of porcine stromal-vascular (S-V) cells by Northern-blot analysis using a pig ob cDNA probe, Isolated adipocytes expressed high levels of ob gene, but S-V cells did not express the ob gene, Cultures were seeded with fetal bovine serum (FBS) plus dexamethasone (Dex) for 3 days followed by ITS (insulin 5 mu g/ml, transferrin 5 mu g/ml, and selenium 5 ng/ml) treatment for 6 days. Detectable levels of ob mRNA first appeared at day 1 with very low activity of glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH). Levels of ob mRNA increased in parallel with preadipocyte number or GPDH activity at the later times in cultures. The depletion of preadipocytes by complement-mediated cytotoxicity at day 3 of culture resulted in markedly decreased ob mRNA expression. Immunocytochemical analysis showed that ob protein was localized in the cytosol of preadipocytes and adipocytes. These data indicated that the ob gene is expressed by preadipocytes and ob gene expression may be correlated with preadipocyte recruitment as well as fat cell size. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS,RUSSELL RES CTR,ANIM PHYSIOL UNIT,ATHENS,GA 30613. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT FOODS & NUTR,ATHENS,GA 30602. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT ANIM & DAIRY SCI,ATHENS,GA 30602. NR 32 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4889 J9 BBA-MOL CELL RES JI Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Mol. Cell Res. PD NOV 27 PY 1997 VL 1359 IS 2 BP 136 EP 142 DI 10.1016/S0167-4889(97)00083-9 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA YJ702 UT WOS:A1997YJ70200004 PM 9409810 ER PT J AU Gillette, DA Fryrear, DW Xiao, JB Stockton, P Ono, D Helm, PJ Gill, TE Ley, T AF Gillette, DA Fryrear, DW Xiao, JB Stockton, P Ono, D Helm, PJ Gill, TE Ley, T TI Large-scale variability of wind erosion mass flux rates at Omens Lake .1. Vertical profiles of horizontal mass fluxes of wind-eroded particles with diameter greater than 50 mu m SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID FIELD MEASUREMENT; DUST; SALTATION; AEROSOLS; SEDIMENT AB A field experiment at Owens (dry) Lake, California, tested whether and how the relative profiles of airborne horizontal mass fluxes for >50-mu m wind-eroded particles changed with friction velocity. The horizontal mass flux at almost all measured heights increased proportionally to the cube of friction velocity above an apparent threshold friction velocity for all sediment tested and increased with height except at one coarse-sand site where the relative horizontal mass flux profile did not change with friction velocity. Size distributions for long-time-averaged horizontal mass flux samples showed a saltation layer from the surface to a height between 30 and 50 cm, above which suspended particles dominate. Measurements from a large dust source area on a line parallel to the wind showed that even though the saltation flux reached equilibrium similar to 650 m downwind of the starting point of erosion, weakly suspended particles were still input into the atmosphere 1567 m downwind of the starting point; thus the saltating fraction of the total mass flux decreased after 650 m. The scale length difference and ratio of 70/30 suspended mass flux to saltation mass flux at the farthest downwind sampling site confirm that suspended particles are very important for mass budgets in large source areas and that saltation mass flux can be a variable fraction of total horizontal mass flux for soils with a substantial fraction of <100-mu m particles. C1 USDA ARS, WIND EROS & WATER CONSERVAT RES UNIT, BIG SPRING, TX 79720 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, BRANCH ASTROGEOL, FLAGSTAFF, AZ 86001 USA. GREAT BASIN UNIFIED AIR POLLUT CONTROL DIST, BISHOP, CA 93514 USA. SENSIT CO, PORTLAND, ND 58274 USA. RP Gillette, DA (reprint author), NOAA, FLUID MODELING BRANCH, ATMOSPHER SCI MODELING DIV, AIR RESOURCES LAB, MD-81, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 32 TC 44 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 27 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D22 BP 25977 EP 25987 DI 10.1029/97JD00961 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YH593 UT WOS:A1997YH59300021 ER PT J AU Gillette, DA Fryrear, DW Gill, TE Ley, T Cahill, TA Gearhart, EA AF Gillette, DA Fryrear, DW Gill, TE Ley, T Cahill, TA Gearhart, EA TI Relation of vertical flux of particles smaller than 10 mu m to total aeolian horizontal mass flux at Owens Lake SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID MINERAL AEROSOLS; DUST; SALTATION; WIND AB The vertical flux of particles smaller than 10 mu m for a saline playa surface, the particle size composition of which was classified as loam-textured, was estimated for a highly wind-erodible site on the playa of Owens (dry) Lake in California. The ratio of this vertical flux to the horizontal flux of total airborne material through a surface perpendicular to the soil and to the wind, F-a/q(tot), is 2.75 x 10(-4) m(-1). This is consistent with that ratio for sand-textured soils and suggests that the binding energy and size of saltating particles for the tested surface material at Owens Lake is of the same order as that for sandier soils. The horizontal mass flux of saltating grains, q, in the reported wind erosion event is 51.3% of the total horizontal mass flux q(tot). Therefore the ratio of F-a/q is 5.4 x 10(-4) m(-1). C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS, CROCKER NUCL LAB, AIR QUAL GRP, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA. USDA ARS, WIND EROS & WATER CONSERVAT RES UNIT, BIG SPRING FIELD STN, BIG SPRING, TX 79720 USA. USDA ARS, WIND EROS & WATER CONSERVAT UNIT, LUBBOCK, TX 79401 USA. UNIV COLORADO, COOPERAT INST RES ENVIRONM SCI, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA. RP Gillette, DA (reprint author), NOAA, ATMOSPHER SCI MODELING DIV, AIR RESOURCES LAB, MD-81, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 23 TC 76 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 27 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D22 BP 26009 EP 26015 DI 10.1029/97JD02252 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YH593 UT WOS:A1997YH59300024 ER PT J AU Russell, RM AF Russell, RM TI Gastric hypochlorhydria and achlorhydria in older adults SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter ID PROTEIN-BOUND VITAMIN-B12; ATROPHIC GASTRITIS; MALABSORPTION RP Russell, RM (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 26 PY 1997 VL 278 IS 20 BP 1659 EP 1659 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YG859 UT WOS:A1997YG85900020 PM 9388081 ER PT J AU Settles, AM Yonetani, A Baron, A Bush, DR Cline, K Martienssen, R AF Settles, AM Yonetani, A Baron, A Bush, DR Cline, K Martienssen, R TI Sec-independent protein translocation by the maize Hcf106 protein SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; THYLAKOID MEMBRANE; SIGNAL PEPTIDE; TRANSPORT; EXPORT; PATHWAY; MUTATIONS; HOMOLOG; NUCLEAR; BINDING AB The bacterial Sec and signal recognition particle (ffh-dependent) protein translocation mechanisms are conserved between prokaryotes and higher plant chloroplasts. A third translocation mechanism in chloroplasts [the proton concentration difference (Delta pH) pathway] was previously thought to be unique. The hcf106 mutation of maize disrupts the localization of proteins transported through this Delta pH pathway in isolated chloroplasts. The Hcf106 gene encodes a receptor-like thylakoid membrane protein, which shows homology to open reading frames from all completely sequenced bacterial genomes, which suggests that the Delta pH pathway has been conserved since the endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts. Thus, the third protein translocation pathway, of which HCF106 is a component, is found in both bacteria and plants. C1 COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB,COLD SPRING HARBOR,NY 11724. EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PSYCHIAT & BEHAV SCI,ATLANTA,GA 30322. UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT HORT SCI,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. USDA ARS,PHOTOSYNTHESIS RES UNIT,URBANA,IL 61801. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PLANT BIOL,URBANA,IL 61801. RI Cline, Kenneth/J-6238-2013; OI Settles, A. Mark/0000-0002-5846-0996 NR 41 TC 205 Z9 213 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD NOV 21 PY 1997 VL 278 IS 5342 BP 1467 EP 1470 DI 10.1126/science.278.5342.1467 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA YG858 UT WOS:A1997YG85800046 PM 9367960 ER PT J AU Meek, DW AF Meek, DW TI Estimation of maximum possible daily global solar radiation SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE global radiation models; solar radiation; SAMSON database; albedo; turbidity ID MODEL PERFORMANCE AB The estimation of maximum possible daily global solar radiation is important in many applied sciences. This study develops and evaluates climatic extreme based modifications of two single-atmospheric-layer broadband solar shortwave irradiance models for the purpose of estimating a dynamic upper boundary for global solar radiation at any given location. Climatic component models were developed for five rural locations in the central United States: Ames, IA, Bismarck, ND, Columbia, MO, Dodge City, KS, and Wooster, OH. Each site had long-term (30 or 31 years) records of daily global solar radiation data available. Aerosol optical depth, precipitable water, and surface albedo were the input variables. Data for the first two inputs were obtained from the SAMSON database (Solar and Meteorological Observation Network). Albedo interpolating curves were estimated from the predecessor of SAMSON. For each site, precipitable water and aerosol optical depth daily data were used to develop annual trends in the climatic lows and normals for each variable. The normals were based on median daily values. Nonlinear generalized least squares regression analyses were used to develop the interpolating curves. To evaluate the global radiation models, maximum daily global solar radiation values were selected for each day in the year from the entire period of record for each site. In either broadband model, the use of the climatic normals in each input variable either interpolated or underestimated the selected radiometer data. The use of the climatic laws, however, yielded a reasonable upper boundary for the selected data. The result may be partially due to the fact that the climatic minima curves for each turbidity variable were generally significantly different throughout the year from the climatic normals (P < 0.05). The global solar radiation models were most sensitive to aerosol optical depth. Although it is more sensitive to input variation and it is somewhat less conservative, the simpler of the two broadband models is adequate for most applications. While results are site-specific, the methodology is general and provides a climatic-based definition for maximum possible daily global solar radiation. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Meek, DW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 46 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD NOV 15 PY 1997 VL 87 IS 2-3 BP 223 EP 241 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(97)00025-7 PG 19 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YP843 UT WOS:000071321300011 ER PT J AU Lim, C Klesius, PH AF Lim, C Klesius, PH TI Responses of channel catfish (Ictaluris punctatus) fed iron-deficient and replete diets to Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE dietary iron; growth; hematology; immune response; disease resistance ID IMMUNE-RESPONSE; DISEASE; COPPER AB Juvenile channel catfish were fed egg-white-based diets with or without 20 mg supplemental iron/kg from iron methionine for 13 weeks. Subsequently, fish from each treatment were divided into two groups and fed either the iron-deficient or replete diets for another 4 weeks. Growth response, hematological values, serum iron level, nonspecific immune response and mortality after Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge were determined. At the end of week 13, fish fed the iron-deficient diet had significantly lower weight grain, feed efficiency ratio, hematocrit, total cell count, and serum iron and transferrin saturation than those fed the replete diet. These values remained consistently low or decreased for the groups that continued to receive, or were switched to the iron-deficient diet, but were improved for those fed the replete diet. The differences, however, were not always significant. Chemotactic response of peritoneal macrophages to E. ictaluri exoantigen was suppressed for fish fed the iron-deficient diet, but the abnormality was reversed by feeding the iron-replete diet. However, the challenge study showed that dietary iron did not protect channel catfish against mortality from E. ictaluri, but the onset of mortality was earlier for fish fed the iron-deficient diet, probably due to the combined effect of iron deficiency and infection. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Fish Dis & Parasites Res Lab, Auburn, AL 36831 USA. RP Lim, C (reprint author), USDA ARS, Fish Dis & Parasites Res Lab, POB 952, Auburn, AL 36831 USA. NR 30 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD NOV 15 PY 1997 VL 157 IS 1-2 BP 83 EP 93 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(97)00143-9 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YM520 UT WOS:000071073000007 ER PT J AU Perschbacher, PW Stone, N Ludwig, GM Guy, CB AF Perschbacher, PW Stone, N Ludwig, GM Guy, CB TI Evaluation of effects of common aerially-applied soybean herbicides and propanil on the plankton communities of aquaculture ponds SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE soybean herbicides; propanil; water quality ID ATRAZINE AB Eight, common, aerially-applied herbicides for soybeans and the rice herbicide propanil were tested for possible adverse impacts on pond phytoplankton productivity, zooplankton populations and critical water quality variables. Treatments simulated direct spraying of ponds and bracketed amounts of drift judged able to reach the pond at 1/10 and 1/100 direct rates. The study was conducted in 12, 500-1 outdoor pool mesocosms. Pond water was pumped from an adjacent fingerling rearing pond. Water quality measurements were made prior to application and at 24 and 48 h after application. Commercial compounds tested and full rates (kg active ha(-1)) were fomasefen, aciflourfen and glyphosate (0.43); bentazon (0.57); imazaquin (0.14); fluazifop (0.10); clethodim (0.07); chlorimuron (0.0045); and propanil (0.45 kg). Ten of 1152 soybean herbicide means significantly differed and without pattern, Thus, these herbicides were judged not to affect pond plankton or associated water quality. Propanil at the full rate reduced primary productivity and morning oxygen to critical levels for 3 days. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Arkansas Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, AR 71611 USA. USDA ARS, Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, Stuttgart, AR USA. Univ Arkansas Monticello, SE Res & Extens Ctr, Monticello, AR 71655 USA. RP Perschbacher, PW (reprint author), Univ Arkansas Pine Bluff, Box 4912, Pine Bluff, AR 71611 USA. NR 10 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD NOV 15 PY 1997 VL 157 IS 1-2 BP 117 EP 122 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(97)00147-6 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YM520 UT WOS:000071073000010 ER PT J AU Klesius, PH Shoemaker, CA AF Klesius, PH Shoemaker, CA TI Heterologous isolates challenge of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, immune to Edwardsiella ictaluri SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE live vaccination; Edwardsiella ictaluri; acquired immunity ID BRUCELLA-ABORTUS; BALB/C MICE; RAINBOW-TROUT; ENTERIC SEPTICEMIA; ROUGH STRAIN; T-CELLS; PROTECTION; VACCINES; ANTIBODY; TEMPERATURE AB It is generally believed that channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, immunized with one isolate of Edwardsiella ictaluri would be protected against different isolates of E, ictaluri. In this study six different isolates of E. ictaluri cultured from channel catfish having enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC) and one isolate from the walking catfish, Clarius batrachus, were evaluated for cross protection. Channel catfish immunized by live exposure with isolate EILO were significantly protected against ESC following challenge with E, ictaluri isolates EILO, ATCC-33202, S-94-1017, S-94-629 and AL-93-75, but not against isolate AL-93-58. Immunization with isolates AL-93-75, EILO, AL-93-58, S-94-1017 and S-94-629 induced protection against AL-93-75. Immunization with isolates ATCC-33202 and S-94-1051 did not induce protection against AL-93-75. Channel catfish immunized with two isolates EILO and AL-93-58 (together) were protected upon challenge with the isolates AL-93-75, EILO, AL-93-58 and S-94-1017. Challenge of EILO and AL-93-58 immunized fish with ATCC-33202 resulted in partial protection. These results show that differences exist between E. ictaluri isolates in their ability to induce protective immunity against ESC. Catfish immunized at 26 degrees C and held at 18 degrees C remain protected against heterologous challenge for four months. These findings are important to the development of efficacious ESC vaccines. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA, Fish Dis & Parasites Res Lab, Auburn, AL 36830 USA. RP Klesius, PH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Fish Dis & Parasites Res Lab, POB 952, Auburn, AL 36830 USA. NR 35 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD NOV 15 PY 1997 VL 157 IS 1-2 BP 147 EP 155 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(97)00076-8 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YM520 UT WOS:000071073000013 ER PT J AU McLaren, GD Lukaski, HC Johnson, PE Misek, AR Smith, MH AF McLaren, GD Lukaski, HC Johnson, PE Misek, AR Smith, MH TI Evidence for enhancement of nonheme iron absorption in beagle dogs by typical dietary levels of stearic acid in beef tallow. SO BLOOD LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 VET ADM MED CTR,FARGO,ND. UNIV N DAKOTA,SCH MED,FARGO,ND. USDA ARS,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202. N DAKOTA STATE UNIV,FARGO,ND 58105. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0006-4971 J9 BLOOD JI Blood PD NOV 15 PY 1997 VL 90 IS 10 SU 1 BP 2760 EP 2760 PN 2 PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA YG425 UT WOS:A1997YG42500070 ER PT J AU Belant, JL AF Belant, JL TI Gulls in urban environments: landscape-level management to reduce conflict SO LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING LA English DT Article DE gulls; Larus spp.; nuisance wildlife; urban planning; wildlife damage management; habitat management ID RING-BILLED GULLS; HERRING-GULLS; LARUS-ARGENTATUS; BREEDING BIOLOGY; FEEDING ECOLOGY; LAUGHING GULLS; UNITED-STATES; NORTHERN OHIO; SALMONELLA; POPULATION AB Populations of several species of gulls (Larus spp.) have increased dramatically throughout coastal areas of North America and Europe during the past several decades. These increases have been attributed generally to protection from human disturbance, reduction in environmental contaminants, availability of anthropogenic food, and the ability of gulls to adapt to human-altered environments. Gull abundance in urban areas has resulted in numerous conflicts with people including hazards to aircraft, transmission of pathogens and parasites through contamination of water sources, damage to buildings from nesting material and defecation, and general nuisance. Various architectural and habitat management approaches presently are available to reduce gull/human conflicts. For example, gull use of putrescible-waste landfills may be reduced by covering refuse, diverting anthropogenic food to covered compost facilities, erecting wire grids over exposed refuse, and manipulation of turf height in leafing areas. Nesting on roofs can be alleviated through modifications of roofing substrate, reducing the number of roof structures present, and placement of overhead wires. Also, attractiveness of airports to gulls can be reduced through drainage of temporary water and by decreasing the availability of prey and leafing sites through habitat management. Architectural design and characteristics of adjacent habitat should be considered during the planning stages of new facilities in areas where use by gulls is likely. Although control activities can be effective at the site where the gull problem occurs, uncoordinated management efforts may cause relocation of the problems to surrounding areas. Also, site-specific management will rarely solve the problem across a larger scale (e.g., city-wide). A working group comprised of the respective city or county planning commission, affected businesses and other government agencies, private citizens, and wildlife professionals could be formed to provide overall direction for gull management. This working group would define the extent and nature of the problem, develop an appropriate management strategy incorporating ecology of the nuisance species, and conduct periodic assessments of program efficacy. An integrated, landscape-level management approach is necessary to ensure an overall reduction in conflict between gulls and people in urban environments. (C) 1997 U.S. Government. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. RP Belant, JL (reprint author), USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 6100 Columbus Ave, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. NR 96 TC 70 Z9 78 U1 5 U2 49 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-2046 J9 LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN JI Landsc. Urban Plan. PD NOV 15 PY 1997 VL 38 IS 3-4 BP 245 EP 258 DI 10.1016/S0169-2046(97)00037-6 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Studies; Geography; Geography, Physical; Urban Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography; Physical Geography; Urban Studies GA YQ481 UT WOS:000071392100010 ER PT J AU Lewis, WJ vanLenteren, JC Phatak, SC Tumlinson, JH AF Lewis, WJ vanLenteren, JC Phatak, SC Tumlinson, JH TI A total system approach to sustainable pest management SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID PARASITIC WASPS; COTTON; PREDATORS; PLANTS; HOSTS; ODORS AB A fundamental shift to a total system approach for crop protection is urgently needed to resolve escalating economic and environmental consequences of combating agricultural pests, Pest management strategies have long been dominated by quests for ''silver bullet'' products to control pest outbreaks, However, managing undesired variables in ecosystems is similar to that for other systems, including the human body and social orders, Experience in these fields substantiates the fact that therapeutic interventions into any system are effective only for short term relief because these externalities are soon ''neutralized'' by countermoves within the system, Long term resolutions can be achieved only by restructuring and managing these systems in ways that maximize the array of ''built-in'' preventive strengths, with therapeutic tactics serving strictly as backups to these natural regulators, To date, we have failed to incorporate this basic principle into the mainstream of pest management science and continue to regress into a foot race with nature, In this report, we establish why a total system approach is essential as the guiding premise of pest management and provide arguments as to how earlier attempts for change and current mainstream initiatives generally fail to follow this principle, We then draw on emerging knowledge about mul titrophic level interactions and other specific findings about management of ecosystems to propose a pivotal redirection of pest management strategies that would honor this principle and, thus, be sustainable. Finally, we discuss the potential immense benefits of such a central shift in pest management philosophy. C1 AGR UNIV WAGENINGEN,DEPT ENTOMOL,NL-6700 EH WAGENINGEN,NETHERLANDS. UNIV GEORGIA,COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STN,DEPT HORT,TIFTON,GA 31793. ARS,USDA,CTR MED AGR & VET ENTOMOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604. RP Lewis, WJ (reprint author), ARS,INSECT BIOL & POPULAT MANAGEMENT RES LAB,USDA,POB 748,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. RI Tumlinson, James/G-8358-2011; van Lenteren, Joop/J-1748-2014 OI van Lenteren, Joop/0000-0003-3620-1392 NR 46 TC 233 Z9 252 U1 9 U2 56 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD NOV 11 PY 1997 VL 94 IS 23 BP 12243 EP 12248 DI 10.1073/pnas.94.23.12243 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA YF393 UT WOS:A1997YF39300001 PM 9356432 ER PT J AU Briand, JP Benkirane, N Guichard, G Newman, JFE vanRegenmortel, MHV Brown, F Muller, S AF Briand, JP Benkirane, N Guichard, G Newman, JFE vanRegenmortel, MHV Brown, F Muller, S TI A retro-inverso peptide corresponding to the GH loop of foot-and-mouth disease virus elicits high levels of long-lasting protective neutralizing antibodies SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID ANTIGENIC MIMICRY; CROSS-REACTIVITY; PEPTIDOMIMETICS; SITE; IMMUNOGENICITY; SEQUENCE; PROTEIN AB Peptides corresponding to the immunodominant loop located at residues 135-158 on capsid protein VP1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) generally elicit high levels of anti-peptide and virus-neutralizing antibodies. In some instances, however, the level of neutralizing antibodies is low or even negligible, even though the level of anti-peptide antibodies is high, We have shown previously that the antigenic activity of peptide 141-159 of VP1 of a variant of serotype A can be mimicked by a retro-inverso (all-D retro or retroenantio) peptide analogue, This retro-inverso analogue induced greater and longer-lasting antibody titers than did the corresponding L-peptide, We now show that a single inoculation of the retro-inverso analogue elicits high levels of neutralizing antibodies that persist longer than those induced against the corresponding L-peptide and confer substantial protection in guinea pigs challenged with the cognate virus, In view of the high stability to proteases of retro-inverso peptide analogues and their enhanced immunogenicity, these results have practical relevance in designing potential peptide vaccines. C1 CNRS,INST BIOL MOL & CELLULAIRE,UPR 9021,F-67084 STRASBOURG,FRANCE. ARS,PLUM ISL ANIM DIS CTR,USDA,GREENPORT,NY 11944. RI Muller, Sylviane/J-5319-2014; GUICHARD, Gilles/I-3858-2016; Benkirane-Jessel, Nadia/H-6438-2016 OI GUICHARD, Gilles/0000-0002-2584-7502; NR 30 TC 62 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 6 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD NOV 11 PY 1997 VL 94 IS 23 BP 12545 EP 12550 DI 10.1073/pnas.94.23.12545 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA YF393 UT WOS:A1997YF39300055 PM 9356486 ER PT J AU Fraser, MJ Shirk, PD AF Fraser, MJ Shirk, PD TI Transgenic insects SO SCIENTIST LA English DT Letter ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUSES; TRANSPOSON IFP2; BACULOVIRUSES; INSERTIONS; DNA C1 USDA,AGR RES SERV,CTR MED AGR & VET ENTOMOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32608. RP Fraser, MJ (reprint author), UNIV NOTRE DAME,DEPT BIOL SCI,NOTRE DAME,IN 46556, USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SCIENTIST INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 3600 MARKET ST SUITE 450, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104 SN 0890-3670 J9 SCIENTIST JI Scientist PD NOV 10 PY 1997 VL 11 IS 22 BP 10 EP 10 PG 1 WC Information Science & Library Science; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Information Science & Library Science; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA YH253 UT WOS:A1997YH25300009 ER PT J AU Busscher, WJ Bauer, PJ Camp, CR Sojka, RE AF Busscher, WJ Bauer, PJ Camp, CR Sojka, RE TI Correction of cone index for soil water content differences in a coastal plain soil SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE soil strength; penetrometer; soil water; cone index; coastal plain ID PENETRATION RESISTANCE; TROPICAL SOILS; ROOT-GROWTH; STRENGTH; TILLAGE AB Soil penetration resistance (cone index) varies with water content. The field variation of water content could mask treatment differences. The correction of cone index data to a single water content would help prevent this. We used equations from TableCurveTM software and from the literature to correct cone indices for differences in soil water contents. Data were taken from two field experiments where cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was grown using conventional and conservation tillage without irrigation, and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were grown using conventional tillage with microirrigation. Boundary conditions based on hard, dry and soft, wet soils were imposed on the equations. Equations fit the data with coefficients of determination ranging from 0.55 to 0.92 and error mean squares from 1.37 to 6.35. After correction, cone index dependence on water content was reduced. A single-equation correction did not always fit the data across all treatments. Separate corrections, based on treatment, might be required. When corrections required multiple equations, differences may be real or may be a manifestation of the correction differences. In this case, the correction may not be feasible (unless some future work can coordinate different equations and assure a uniform correction). (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, USDA, Florence, SC USA. ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, USDA, Kimberly, ID USA. RP Busscher, WJ (reprint author), ARS, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, USDA, Florence, SC USA. NR 27 TC 98 Z9 108 U1 2 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD NOV 10 PY 1997 VL 43 IS 3-4 BP 205 EP 217 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(97)00015-9 PG 13 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA YP954 UT WOS:000071332700002 ER PT J AU JahngenHodge, J Obin, MS Gong, X Shang, F Nowell, TR Gong, JX Abasi, H Blumberg, J Taylor, A AF JahngenHodge, J Obin, MS Gong, X Shang, F Nowell, TR Gong, JX Abasi, H Blumberg, J Taylor, A TI Regulation of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes by glutathione following oxidative stress SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CARBONIC-ANHYDRASE-III; LENS EPITHELIAL-CELLS; PROTEIN S-THIOLATION; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; DEPENDENT PROTEOLYSIS; POLYUBIQUITIN GENE; ACTIVATING ENZYME; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; CARRIER PROTEINS; INDUCED CATARACT AB Upon oxidative stress cells show an increase in the oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to reduced glutathione (GSH) ratio with a concomitant decrease in activity of the ubiquitinylation pathway, Because most of the enzymes involved in the attachment of ubiquitin to substrate proteins contain active site sulfhydryls that might be covalently modified (thiolated) upon enhancement of GSSG levels (glutathiolation), it appeared plausible that glutathiolation might alter ubiquitinylation rates upon cellular oxidative stress. This hypothesis was explored using intact retina and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell models, Exposure of intact bovine retina and RPE cells to H2O2 (0.1-1.7 mu mol/mg) resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the GSSG:GSH ratio and coincident dose-dependent reductions in the levels of endogenous ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1)-ubiquitin thiol esters and endogenous protein-ubiquitin conjugates and in the ability to form de novo retinal protein(125)I-labeled ubiquitin conjugates. Oxidant-induced decrements in ubiquitin conjugates were associated with 60-80% reductions in El and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) activities as measured by formation of ubiquitin thiol esters, When GSH levels in RPE cells recovered to preoxidation levels following H2O2 removal, endogenous El activity and protein-ubiquitin conjugates were restored, Evidence that S thiolation of El and E2 enzymes is the biochemical link between cellular redox state and E1/E2 activities includes: (i) 5-fold increases in levels of immunoprecipitable, dithiothreitollabile S-35-E1 adducts in metabolically labeled, H2O2-treated, RPE cells; (ii) diminished formation of El-and E2-I-125-labeled ubiquitin thiol esters, oligomerization of E2(25K), and coincident reductions in protein-I-125-labeled ubiquitin conjugates in supernatants from nonstressed retinas upon addition of levels of GSSG equivalent to levels measured in oxidatively stressed retinas; and (iii) partial restoration of El and E2 activities and levels of protein-I-125-labeled ubiquitin conjugates in supernatants from H2O2-treated retinas when GSSG:GSH ratios were restored to preoxidation levels by the addition of physiological levels of GSH. These data suggest that the cellular redox status modulates protein ubiquitinylation via reversible S thiolation of El and E2 enzymes, presumably by glutathione. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JMHNRCA,LAB NUTR & VIS RES,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JMHNRCA,ANTIOXIDANT RES LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. FU NEI NIH HHS [EY11735-01]; PHS HHS [8566] NR 60 TC 202 Z9 206 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD NOV 7 PY 1997 VL 272 IS 45 BP 28218 EP 28226 DI 10.1074/jbc.272.45.28218 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA YF219 UT WOS:A1997YF21900012 PM 9353272 ER PT J AU Douds, DD Galvez, L Franke-Snyder, M Reider, C Drinkwater, LE AF Douds, DD Galvez, L Franke-Snyder, M Reider, C Drinkwater, LE TI Effect of compost addition and crop rotation point upon VAM fungi SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; sustainable agriculture; compost; manure; preceding crop ID ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; LOW-INPUT; SPORE POPULATIONS; FARMING SYSTEM; COLONIZATION; SOIL; GROWTH; SPORULATION; INOCULATION; RESIDUES AB Populations of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and mycorrhiza formation were examined in a field experiment studying the agricultural application of composted animal manures, The replicate experiment allowed each crop of a Zea mays > vegetable > small grain rotation to be sampled each of 3 years, Chicken litter/leaf compost and dairy cow manure/leaf compost enhanced spore populations of two VAM fungus species type groups (Glomus etunicatum type and the general Glomus spp. group, including G. mosseae) relative to those found in plots treated with raw dairy cow manure and conventional fertilizer, Populations of other groups were not affected by amendment, due likely to the large amount of P added in composts and manure relative to the conventional fertilizer applied, Crop rotation point had consistent, significant effects, with both lower populations of spores and less mycorrhizal infectivity of soil in plots after the vegetable crop (Spinacea oleraceae and/or Capsicum annuum) relative to maize and small grain (Avena sativa or Triticum aestivum). This was due to the non-mycorrhizal status and very low mycorrhization (approximately 1% root length colonized) of S. oleraceae and C. annuum, respectively, Future agricultural applications of compost and manure to provide N for crops need to consider the effects upon VAM fungi of other nutrients in these amendments. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Rodale Inst, Expt Farm, Kutztown, PA 19530 USA. RP Douds, DD (reprint author), USDA ARS, ERRC, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 39 TC 55 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD NOV 3 PY 1997 VL 65 IS 3 BP 257 EP 266 DI 10.1016/S0167-8809(97)00075-3 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YP256 UT WOS:000071258500005 ER PT J AU Eghball, B Varvel, GE AF Eghball, B Varvel, GE TI Fractal analysis of temporal yield variability of crop sequences: Implications for site-specific management SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOIL FERTILITY AB Characterizing spatial and temporal variability is important in site-specific or long-term studies to evaluate the effects of different management systems on crop performance, Long-term experiments offer unique possibilities to study the effects of management practices on crops and soils over time. The objective of this study was to characterize temporal grain yield variability of seven crop sequences using fractal analysis and to determine whether temporal or spatial variability dominated the grain yield variability. Three crops of corn (Zea mays L.), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] were studied from 1975 to 1995 in various sequences, Semivariograms were estimated for the standardized crop yield. The slopes of the regression lines of log semivariogram vs, log lag (year) were used to estimate and compare fractal dimensions, which are indications of variability patterns, The intercepts of the log-log lines, which indicate extent of yield variability, were also compared between crop sequences, A small D-value indicates dominance of long-term variation, while a large D-value (near 2) indicates dominance of short-term (year-to-year) variation. Corn had significantly less temporal yield variability than soybean or sorghum. Continuous corn had less yield variability than corn following soybean. Soybean had the greatest yield variability, regardless of crop sequence, Temporal variability was much more dominant than spatial variability in this study. Temporal variability may greatly influence how spatial variability is expressed in a given field. Yield maps, which are used as an indication of past management in site-specific cases, may not be useful in making future management decisions when temporal variability is great. In a less productive year, spatial variability of any nutrient may not make much difference in crop field of a given field. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Eghball, B (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 17 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 89 IS 6 BP 851 EP 855 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YR492 UT WOS:000071500700001 ER PT J AU Pikul, JL Aase, JK Cochran, VL AF Pikul, JL Aase, JK Cochran, VL TI Lentil green manure as fallow replacement in the semiarid northern Great Plains SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID BROWN SOIL ZONE; ORGANIC-MATTER; WATER-USE; WHEAT; NITROGEN; CLIMATE; CROPS; RESIDUES; LEGUMES; SYSTEMS AB Green manures (GM) may offset inorganic N needs and improve soil quality, Study objectives were to determine effects of green manure on soil-N fertility, water use, soil quality, and yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), On two treatments, lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus cv. Indianhead) was green manured in a green manure-spring wheat rotation. Lentil was killed by disking (GMMF) or chemicals (GMCF). Additional treatments were annually cropped wheat (AW) in a mechanical fallow (MF) or chemical fallow (CF) sequence. No inorganic N was used on GMMF and GMCF. Experiments were started in 1991 on a Williams loam (fine-loamy, mixed Typic Argiboroll) near Culbertson, MT. Green-manure treatments used 56 mm more water than fallow treatments when lentil was grown to lower-pod set. When lentil was killed at full bloom, there were no differences in water use among GM and fallow treatments, There were no differences among treatments in soil water at wheat planting, Wheat yield was 25% less on GM than on MF and CF, Soil NO3-N (0-0.6 m) was 35% less on GM than MF and CF rotations. There were no differences in soil quality indicators of bulk density, organic C, pH, electrical conductivity, and deep NO3-N (0.6-1.8 m) among treatments after two cycles of GM, Potentially mineralizable N was 66% greater on GM treatments than on fallow treatments, Short-term results (5 yr) show that available N limited wheat production more than did soil water on the GM treatments, Soil improvement using green manures may require many additional cropping cycles. C1 USDA ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. USDA ARS, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. USDA ARS, Sidney, MT 59270, Canada. RP Pikul, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, 2923 Medary Ave, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. EM jpikul@ngirl.ars.usda.gov NR 35 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 EI 1435-0645 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 89 IS 6 BP 867 EP 874 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YR492 UT WOS:000071500700004 ER PT J AU El-Kenawy, ZA Angle, JS Gewaily, EM El-Wafai, NA van Berkum, P Chaney, RL Ibekwe, MA AF El-Kenawy, ZA Angle, JS Gewaily, EM El-Wafai, NA van Berkum, P Chaney, RL Ibekwe, MA TI Zinc and cadmium effects on the early stages of nodulation in white clover SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID LEGUMINOSARUM BIOVAR TRIFOLII; CICER-ARIETINUM-L; SEWAGE-SLUDGE; HEAVY-METALS; NITROGEN-FIXATION; PAST APPLICATIONS; RHIZOBIUM; SYMBIOSIS; INFECTION; TOXICITY AB Addition of heavy metals to soils from sources such as biosolid application, smelter emissions, fertilizers, and the like may produce soil solution concentrations of Zn and Cd that can potentially restrict nodulation of legume crops such as white clover, To assess the effects of Zn and Cd on the early stages of nodulation of white clover, a solution culture study was conducted, Rhizobia [Rhizobium leguminosarum by. trifolii] of a metal-sensitive strain (USDA 2063) and a metal-tolerant strain (USDA 2046) were inoculated into nutrient solution with white clover seedlings containing EGTA to buffer Zn2+ and Cd2+ activities, The calculated activities of Zn2+ were p = 8.00, 5.70, 5.25, and 5.00; the calculated activities of Cd2+ were p = 10.50, 9.50, 8.75, and 8.50, Phase-contrast microscopy was used after staining roots with methylene blue to observe root hair infection at intervals of 1, 12, 24, 72, and 168 h, Few differences were observed between the sensitive and tolerant rhizobial strains. At the lowest Zn concentration, initial attachment of bacteria to root hairs was observed within 1 h, At the highest Zn concentration, attachment was not observed until 12 h, Also, at the highest Zn concentration, a delay tvas observed for up to 60 h and 4 d, respectively, for the first signs of root hair curling and infection thread formation, Shoot weight decreased with increasing Zn concentration, Few Cd-induced effects on early stages of nodule development were observed. Cadmium was more toxic to plant growth than Zn, These results show that in addition to direct effects on the macro and microsymbiont, the process of nodulation is susceptible to the toxic effects of heavy metals. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Agron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Zagazig Univ, Dept Bot, Zagazig, Egypt. USDA ARS, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Angle, JS (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Agron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM ja35@umail.umd.edu NR 45 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 89 IS 6 BP 875 EP 880 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YR492 UT WOS:000071500700005 ER PT J AU Anderson, IC Buxton, DR Karlen, DL Cambardella, C AF Anderson, IC Buxton, DR Karlen, DL Cambardella, C TI Cropping system effects on nitrogen removal, soil nitrogen, aggregate stability, and subsequent corn grain yield SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PERENNIAL GRASSES; ALFALFA; ACCUMULATION; FERTILIZER; BIOMASS; RATES AB Cropping systems can affect soil quality and productivity of subsequent crops. We conducted this study to evaluate effects of several annual and perennial crop species on N removal, residual soil N, aggregate stability, and subsequent corn (Zea mays L.) production. Thirteen cropping systems were grown with various rates of N fertilizer for 6 yr on a Typic Calciaquoll soil in central Iowa. Perennial plant species were then killed, corn was planted, and half of each plot was fertilized with 224 kg N ha(-1) and half was left unfertilized. Plant analyses showed that the perennial C-4 species, switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman var. gerardii), consistently removed the least N. There was little difference for soil total N, NH4-N, or NO3-N concentrations to a depth of Im among reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), switchgrass, sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Residual NO3-N concentrations were higher to a depth of lm for subplots fertilized with 280 kg N ha(-1) for 6 yr than for plots fertilized with less N. Aggregate stability did not differ following reed canarygrass, switchgrass, sweet sorghum, or alfalfa. Without N during the 7th yr, corn following sweet sorghum produced the lowest yield (7.5 t ha(-1)), whereas the highest yield following a nonlegume crop was for corn after big bluestem (11.8 t ha(-1)). Corn without N following soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yielded 11.1 t ha(-1), while that following alfalfa yielded 13.6 t ha(-1). Fertilizer N reduced the rotation effect, but increased profile N with both perennial and annual crops. Corn following reed canarygrass, big bluestem, alfalfa, soybean, and sorghum intercropped into alfalfa had significantly higher yields (14.1, 14.2, 15.7, 14.2, and 15.3 t ha(-1), respectively) than corn following corn (13.0 t ha(-1)). Non N rotation effects (those remaining despite applied N) could not be explained by residual soil N or aggregate stability measurements. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Natl Program Staff, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Buxton, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Natl Program Staff, BARC W,Rm 212,Bldg 005, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM drb@ars.usda.gov NR 27 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 89 IS 6 BP 881 EP 886 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YR492 UT WOS:000071500700006 ER PT J AU Schomberg, HH Steiner, JL AF Schomberg, HH Steiner, JL TI Comparison of residue decomposition models used in erosion prediction SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID COMPUTER-SIMULATION; NITROGEN; MANAGEMENT; FIELDS; WIND AB Crop residues protect soil from water and wind erosion. How long the residues remain effective depends on their decomposition rate, The crop residue decomposition submodels developed for the Revised Wind Erosion Equation (RWEQ) and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), which are used to determine the effectiveness of conservation practices, use different approaches to account for water and temperature effects on decomposition. Because of these differences, residue losses may not agree between the two models for a given location, We compared the climatic indices used in RWEQ and RUSLE to determine the similarity of results for simulated climatic scenarios, as well as for field data. Simulated climatic regimes were used to evaluate the relative responsiveness of the temperature and water functions, The two models estimated different numbers of decomposition days (DD) when water and temperature were not limiting, RUSLE usually predicted more DDs than RWEQ, Under water-limiting conditions, the estimation of DD was Similar for the two models, In comparisons with field decomposition data, mass loss predictions by RWEQ were as good as or better than those by RUSLE for locations in Texas, Oregon, and Georgia, RUSLE overpredicted decomposition by 20 to 50% when residues were irrigated, RWEQ underpredicted decomposition by 20 to 50% in the Pacific Northwest, Interactions between the climatic indices (CF) and decomposition coefficients influenced the differences between measured and predicted values, Differences in the CF were related to the method of calculating the water coefficient (WC) and interpretation of the interaction between the temperature coefficient and WC. The models could be improved by developing water and temperature functions that give results closer to those produced with daily time-step functions. C1 USDA ARS, So Piedmont Conservat Res Ctr, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. RP Schomberg, HH (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Piedmont Conservat Res Ctr, 1420 Expt Stn Rd, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. NR 20 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 89 IS 6 BP 911 EP 919 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YR492 UT WOS:000071500700011 ER PT J AU Kaspar, TC Ewing, RP AF Kaspar, TC Ewing, RP TI ROOTEDGE: Software for measuring root length from desktop scanner images SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID LINE-INTERCEPT METHODS; CORN ROOT; QUANTIFICATION; DIAMETER; TILLAGE; SYSTEM AB One approach for measuring the length of roots washed from soil samples is to use a desktop scanner to acquire binary images and then use image analysis procedures to determine root length, Normally, this approach requires user-adjusted exposure thresholding. The objectives of this study were to develop a procedure for obtaining binary images of root samples with a desktop scanner that does not require user-adjusted exposure thresholding of each image and to test the performance of the newly developed ROOTEDGE program by using images containing single or multiple root segments of corn (Zea mays L.), ROOTEDGE was developed for measuring the length of digitized roots using the edge chord algorithm, It is insensitive to object orientation, has four image-processing operations, and holds only seven lines of the image in memory. Visual comparisons of digitized images with actual root segments showed that root segments with diameters less than 0.15 mm were not being completely digitized by the image acquisition procedure and were fragmented in the images. The most complete root images were produced by using the highest available scanner resolution and the lowest scanner threshold level for exposure, Using the closing image-processing operation in ROOTEDGE with a test coefficient of 1 also helped to join fragmented objects within images and improved the correlation of ROOTEDGE measurements to direct measurements, Ratios of ROOTEDGE length measurements to manual line-intersection length measurements ranged from 0.98 to 0.88 for four corn root samples of different sizes. In general, the ROOTEDGE software and image acquisition system accurately measured corn root length without user-adjusted exposure thresholding. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Kaspar, TC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Ewing, Robert/J-8968-2013 NR 19 TC 67 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 89 IS 6 BP 932 EP 940 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YR492 UT WOS:000071500700014 ER PT J AU Francis, DD Schepers, JS Sims, AL AF Francis, DD Schepers, JS Sims, AL TI Ammonia exchange from corn foliage during reproductive growth SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID TRANSPORT MODEL; NITROGEN LOSS; DEPOSITION; ATMOSPHERE; GLUTAMATE; EUROPE; LEAVES; PLANTS; URBAN; ACID AB Developing solutions to atmospheric environmental problems requires a better understanding of chemical processes occurring in each component of the ecosystem. Volatile NH3 loss from plant foliage complicates the assessment of NH3 emissions from agricultural activities, The objective of this study was to use N-15 methodology to identify time of occurrence, magnitude, and direction of NH3 exchange between corn (Zea mays L.) fertilized with enriched N-15 and the atmosphere during reproductive growth, Ammonia was collected by drawing air over leaves, ear shoots, and whole plants and trapping the NH3 on oxalic acid-impregnated filter disks, Filter disks were analyzed by ANCA-MS procedures for total N and atom % N-15, A, exchange of NH3 between corn plants and the atmosphere was found to occur during all sampling periods, This suggests that the release and capture of free NH3 is an active component of the metabolic processes taking place in corn plants during reproductive growth, For corn under nonlimiting N fertility, the direction, rate, and magnitude of NH3 exchange from leaves does not appear to be a function of ambient atmospheric NH3 concentrations. Determining the true loss or gain in N between corn plants and the atmosphere during reproductive growth is very difficult as a result of this continuous exchange of NH3, The amount of net N lost from a corn crop will be less than the amount indicated by measurements of isotopic loss, because both interchange between plants and deposition on soil and plants may take place within the field. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Minnesota, Crookston, MN 56716 USA. RP Francis, DD (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, 119 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 23 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 89 IS 6 BP 941 EP 946 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YR492 UT WOS:000071500700015 ER PT J AU Masters, RA AF Masters, RA TI Influence of seeding rate on big bluestem establishment with herbicides SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SAND BLUESTEM; ATRAZINE AB Weeds interfere with establishment of big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman var, gerardii Vitman) on rangeland and cropland in the central Great Plains of North America. A study was conducted to determine the influence of seeding rate on establishment of big bluestem when metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] and atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] were applied alone or in combination. 'Pawnee' big bluestem was planted in late May to early June 1990 and 1991 near Clay Center and Mead, NE, at 110, 220, and 440 pure live seed (PLS) m(-2). Metolachlor at 0, 2.2 or 3.3 kg a.i, ha(-1) and atrazine at 2.2 kg a.i. ha(-1) were applied alone or in combination before weeds or the seeded big bluestem emerged, Big bluestem stand frequency (the number of times the planted grasses occurred within sampling grids and expressed as a percentage of the total number of grids evaluated) and yield were measured the year after planting to determine establishment success. Big bluestem stand frequency and yield were influenced primarily by the main effects of herbicide and seeding rate. Grass stand frequencies usually increased with increasing seeding rate. Big bluestem stands were successfully established in three of the four environments evaluated when seeded at 110 PLS m(-2), and in all environments when seeded at 220 or 440 PLS m(-2). Big bluestem yields were at least 1.2 Mg ha(-2) greater on areas treated with metolachlor than on areas not so treated at Clay Center in 1991 and 1992 and Mead in 1991, Atrazine increased big bluestem yields by 1.2 and 2.4 Mg ha(-1) at Mead in 1991 and 1992, but had no effect on yields at Clay Center, Based on these findings, metolachlor and/or atrazine can be applied preemergence the year of planting to improve yield of big bluestem seeded at a rate as Low as 110 PLS m(-2). C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Masters, RA (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 89 IS 6 BP 947 EP 951 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YR492 UT WOS:000071500700016 ER PT J AU Serraj, R Sinclair, TR AF Serraj, R Sinclair, TR TI Variation among soybean cultivars in dinitrogen fixation response to drought SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN-FIXATION; WATER; SENSITIVITY; PLANT AB Dinitrogen fixation in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is especially sensitive to soil drying, and this trait can have important negative affects on yield. An exception to this general response has been the identification of 'Jackson' soybean as drought tolerant for N-2 fixation. The objectives of this research were to examine the response in additional soybean cultivars of N-2 fixation to soil drying under field conditions, and to determine if there is any link between the drought sensitivity among cultivars and the ureide levels in the plants. Two field experiments were conducted to further examine the genetic variation in the sensitivity of soybean cultivars for biomass and N accumulation rates in response to soil drying. Substantial variation among soybean lines was found, and the drought-tolerance trait was demonstrated again in Jackson. Differences between cultivars in the response of N accumulation to drought stress were associated with differences in petiole ureide concentration found in well-watered plants. An experiment was conducted in the greenhouse with eight soybean cultivars grown in pots and exposed to drought by soil dehydration over a 2-wk period. Differences among cultivars in the sensitivity of N-2-fixation rates to soil drying found from measurements of acetylene reduction activity (ARA) in the greenhouse correlated with differences in N accumulation in the field (r(2) = 0.86). The tolerance of N-2 fixation to drought stress was associated (r(2) = 0.84) with maximum ARA in response to changes in O-2 concentration around nodules, Among the eight cultivars, there was a significant negative correlation (r(2) = 0.73) between the drought tolerance of N-2 fixation and ureide concentration in the xylem sap. Ureide levels might be an efficient way to screen large numbers of genotypes for N-2-fixation drought tolerance. C1 Univ Florida, Inst Food & Agr Sci, Dept Agron, Agron Physiol Lab,USDA ARS, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Fac Sci Semlalia, Dept Biol, Lab Physiol Vegetale, Marrakech, Morocco. RP Sinclair, TR (reprint author), Univ Florida, Inst Food & Agr Sci, Dept Agron, Agron Physiol Lab,USDA ARS, POB 110965, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM aksch@gnv.ifas.ufl.edu NR 18 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 5 U2 13 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 89 IS 6 BP 963 EP 969 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YR492 UT WOS:000071500700019 ER PT J AU Belesky, DP Fedders, JM AF Belesky, DP Fedders, JM TI Residue height influences stand dynamics of alfalfa grown on a shallow soil SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID YIELD AB Multiuse alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars have been developed to meet the need for high-quality and productive forages, A continuum of residual tissue quantities can occur in a stand because of management factors or livestock selectivity, depending on the production system, We conducted a field study to determine the influence of residual herbage height on the productivity and persistence of alfalfa under natural rainfall on a shallow, acidic soil (Lily series; fine-loamy, siliceous, mesic Typic Hapludults) typical of those found throughout the Appalachian Plateau. Three replicates of 'Alfagraze', 'Apollo', and 'Cimarron' alfalfa in each block of a randomized complete block design were clipped to residue heights of <2, 5, or 10 cm. Averaged over the experiment, Apollo yield was greatest, at 8.7 Mg ha(-1); Alfagraze (8.0) and Cimarran (7.9) yields were about 10% less than Apollo. Clipping to 10 cm produced yields that were as much as 38% less than with shorter heights. Crown density decreased from about 400 to about 80 crowns m(-2) during the experiment, Clipping to <2 cm caused the greatest variation in crown density among cultivars, with Alfagraze having the most and Cimarron the fewest crowns. With a 10-cm residue, weed competition increased and plant size and shoot number were depressed, especially in Alfagraze. Plants with large crowns produced more stems, which compensated for the gradual decline in plant population. The loss of larger-crowned plants during 1994 to 1995 was reflected in fewer shoots and reduced yield, and created a situation where increased productivity per plant could no longer compensate for plant losses. Reestablishment recommendations based on shoot numbers should be determined after the first clip in the growing season, and not in spring (when shoot numbers are changing rapidly), Our findings suggest that acceptable alfalfa yields can he obtained on a shallow acidic soil with surface liming, fertilizer input, and close clipping, The range of residue heights likely to occur in a stand of alfalfa influence productivity and persistence, Allowing a 10 cm residue to remain mould probably accelerate plant loss and yield reduction from the stand. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Soil & Water Conservat Res Lab, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Belesky, DP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Soil & Water Conservat Res Lab, Box 400, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 89 IS 6 BP 975 EP 980 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YR492 UT WOS:000071500700021 ER PT J AU Williams, MJ Kelly-Begazo, CA Stanley, RL Quesenberry, KH Prine, GM AF Williams, MJ Kelly-Begazo, CA Stanley, RL Quesenberry, KH Prine, GM TI Establishment of rhizoma peanut: Interaction of cultivar, planting date, and location on emergence and rate of cover SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Rhizoma perennial peanut (RPP), Arachis glabrata Benth., has high nutritive value, drought tolerance, and persistence; however, inconsistent establishment success and slow rate of coverage has limited the use of RPP in production systems. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of planting date (February, April, June, August, and December), location (Brooksville, Gainesville, and Quincy, FL), and cultivar (Florigraze and Arbrook) on emergence (sprouts per square meter at 2 to 12 wk post planting) and rate of RPP cover (percent ground cover at 26, 52, 78, and 104 wk post planting). We also determined the relationship of sprout counts during the emergence period with rate of cover. Number of sprouts per square meter at 12 wk post planting ranged from 0 to >200 and, in most cases, the sprout counts obtained for April, June, August, and December planting dates were lower or equal to those from the February planting date, regardless of location or cultivar, Generally, Arbrook had higher numbers of sprouts per square meter at 12 wk post planting than Florigraze, but this did not translate into higher ground cover ratings at 26 wk. Number of sprouts per square meter was positively correlated with percent ground cover. The highest correlation coefficient (0.69) occurred for the relationship of sprouts per square meter at 12 wk post planting and ground cover at 26 wk post planting; correlations of responses declined from that point as stands aged. Rate of cover was also variable, taking between 26 and >104 wk post planting to reach >60% RPP ground cover. On average, February plantings achieved >60% RPP ground cover 26 wk earlier than any of the other planting dates. This study indicates that establishment times for RPP can be more variable than has been thought. The first criterion for deciding when to plant is the need for reliable soil moisture (from rainfall or irrigation) for 60 to 90 d post planting. Secondly, if there is more than one time of the year that meets this moisture requirement, then the planting date with the longest frost-free period after planting should be chosen. C1 USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Lab, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. Univ Florida, Inst Food & Agr Sci, Dept Agron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, N Florida REC, Quincy, FL 32351 USA. RP Williams, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Lab, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. NR 12 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 89 IS 6 BP 981 EP 987 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YR492 UT WOS:000071500700022 ER PT J AU Acock, B Pachepsky, YA Acock, MC Reddy, VR Whisler, FD AF Acock, B Pachepsky, YA Acock, MC Reddy, VR Whisler, FD TI Modeling soybean cultivar development rates, using field data corn the Mississippi Valley SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID GLYCINE-MAX; TEMPERATURE; GROWTH; PHOTOPERIOD; PHENOLOGY; YIELD; TIME; MANAGEMENT; DAYLENGTH AB To predict how crop yields of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] respond to management practices, we need a reliable understanding of how environmental factors affect ontogeny of the many soybean cultivars grown. The objective of this work was to use field observations to develop equations relating reproductive development to environmental variables for several cultivars grown commercially in the southern USA. We used data on five soybean cultivars, recorded during farm testing of the soybean crop model GLYCIM in 1993, 1994, and 1995, Crop development stages were determined by averaging the Fehr and Caviness development stages of individual plants, We inspected the data and found that it could be fitted using a piecewise Linear regression with alternating horizontal and sloping segments, The progress in crop reproductive development stages was expressed as a function of time after emergence for the period before flowering, and as a function of thermal time for the period after flowering, Horizontal segments that occurred near R2, R5, and R6 were interpreted as developmental plateaus (i.e., a period when the crop remains at a given stage), The length of the R2 plateau was a function of date of emergence, and the length of the R6 plateau was a linear function of soil surface water balance, In our dataset, there was no effect of soil properties, irrigation, or plant population density on reproductive development, The technique developed in this study will facilitate the application of crop simulation models on farms by providing a way to develop a set of parameters for reproductive development for any cultivar being grown. C1 USDA ARS, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Duke Univ, Durham, NC 27706 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Pachepsky, YA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, Bldg 007,Rm 008,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 36 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 89 IS 6 BP 994 EP 1002 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YR492 UT WOS:000071500700024 ER PT J AU Rinderer, TE Kuznetsov, VN Danka, RG Delatte, GT AF Rinderer, TE Kuznetsov, VN Danka, RG Delatte, GT TI An importation of potentially Varroa-resistant honey bees from far-eastern Russia SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB In an earlier report (ABJ 135: 11, 746-748) we described the initiation of a project to evaluate the potential for resistance to Varroa jacobsoni by honey bees from the Primorsky Territory on Russia's Pacific coast, Apis mellifera is not native to the area, but was first moved there in the last century, At that time, pioneers from western Russia took advantage of the completion of the Trans-Siberian Railway and moved honey bees from European western Russia to Primorsky Territory in Asian far-eastern Russia. This far-eastern area of Russia is within the natural range of Apis cerana, the original host of V. jacobsoni, Thus, A. mellifera was brought into the likely range of V. jacobsoni even before the parasite was scientifically described in 1904. This probable long association of V. jacobsoni and A. mellifera in the region has engendered one of the best opportunities in the world for A. mellifera to develop genetic resistance to V. jacobsoni. C1 RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,INST BIOL & PEDOL,FAR E BRANCH,VLADIVOSTOK 690022,RUSSIA. RP Rinderer, TE (reprint author), USDA ARS,HONEY BEE BREEDING GENET & PHYSIOL RES LAB,1157 BEN HUR RD,BATON ROUGE,LA 70820, USA. NR 0 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 137 IS 11 BP 787 EP 789 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YD480 UT WOS:A1997YD48000009 ER PT J AU Ball, VE Bureau, JC Nehring, R Somwaru, A AF Ball, VE Bureau, JC Nehring, R Somwaru, A TI Agricultural productivity revisited SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE economic growth; product accounts; total factor productivity AB This paper describes production accounts for agriculture. Output is defined as gross production leaving the farm as opposed to real value added. Inputs are not limited to capital and labor but include intermediate inputs as well. We derive index numbers of gross output, capital, labor, and intermediate inputs. These data are used to construct indexes of total factor productivity. We then compare the contributions of input growth and productivity growth to economic growth. The important role of productivity growth in agriculture becomes immediately apparent. C1 Econ Res Serv, Resource Econ Div, USDA, Washington, DC 20005 USA. INRA, Stn Econ & Sociol Rurales, Grignon, France. Econ Res Serv, Commercial Agr Div, USDA, Washington, DC USA. RP Ball, VE (reprint author), Econ Res Serv, Resource Econ Div, USDA, Washington, DC 20005 USA. NR 30 TC 72 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 79 IS 4 BP 1045 EP 1063 DI 10.2307/1244263 PG 19 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA ZJ177 UT WOS:000073187200001 ER PT J AU Adams, BH Davis, GC Jensen, KL Jakus, PM AF Adams, BH Davis, GC Jensen, KL Jakus, PM TI Priorities and preferences in the allocation of MPP branded funds to agribusiness firms SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE agribusiness; export promotion; market promotion program ID PROMOTION AB In 1993, legislation was passed that required the USDA to give priority in the allocation of its Market Promotion Program (MPP) branded funds to small firms, new-to-export firms, and firms facing exporting problems in foreign markets. However, the MPP is still criticized in the popular press and by the General Accounting Office as favoring large and existing exporting firms that do not face exporting problems. Using a unique firm-level data set, the effectiveness of the 1993 legislation is evaluated by analyzing the allocation of MPP funds according to firm characteristics and the priorities set in the 1993 legislation. C1 USDA, NASS, Austin, TX USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Agr Econ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Agr Econ & Rural Sociol, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Adams, BH (reprint author), USDA, NASS, Austin, TX USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 79 IS 4 BP 1319 EP 1331 DI 10.2307/1244288 PG 13 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA ZJ177 UT WOS:000073187200026 ER PT J AU Montalvo, AM Conard, SG Conkle, MT Hodgskiss, PD AF Montalvo, AM Conard, SG Conkle, MT Hodgskiss, PD TI Population structure, genetic diversity, and clone formation in Quercus chrysolepis (Fagaceae) SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE clones; Fagaceae; genetic diversity; heterozygosity; oaks; population genetics; Quercus; spatial autocorrelation; spatial structure ID GENOTYPIC DIVERSITY; SPARTINA-PATENS; SEED DISPERSAL; RUBRA L; PLANT; PATTERNS; GROWTH; OAK; HETEROZYGOSITY; ASTERACEAE AB Stands of canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis, Fagaceae) are maintained for fuelwood, fire management, recreation, and as habitat for wildlife. Information about the link between the oak's reproductive ecology and its extent of genetic diversity is important in developing land management policies that will maintain the long-term viability of populations. Basal sprouting is the primary means of reproduction following fire or cutting, and stands frequently include groups of visibly connected trees in a clustered distribution that suggests cloning. We determined the extent to which clusters of trees were clonal and defined the spatial pattern and diversity of genotypes fbr six populations across nearly the entire east-west extent of the San Bernardino Mountains in southern California. We mapped over 100 trees at each of five sires and genotyped each tree for allozymes at seven polymorphic loci. We identified clones using these multilocus genotypes and detected an average of 34.4 +/- 7.3 (SD) clones per site, most of which had unique genotypes. In general, clustered trees belong to single clones and most clones consist of few trees (mean = 3.4 +/- 0.6 trees per clone). However, clone size increased significantly with increased individual heterozygosity, suggesting that selection may favor highly heterozygous clones. Clonal diversity and evenness were high relative to reports for most other clonal species; an average of 97% of clones had distinct genotypes, and Simpson's index of diversity averaged 0.95 +/- 0.02. Population genetic analyses of 319 clones from six sites revealed high genetic diversity within sites (mean H-s = 0.443). Only a small proportion of the total genetic diversity was explained by variation among sites (mean G(ST) = 0.018), which is consistent with high gene flow among sites (N-m = 9.5). We found no significant substructure among plots within sites, and fixation indices within sites were generally small, suggesting that either little inbreeding occurs, and/or few inbred progeny survive. However, spatial autocorrelation analysis of clones indicated fine-scale genetic structure at distances under 4 m, possibly due to limited seed dispersal. Our data suggest that guidelines for seed collection of canyon live oak for use in restoration can be specified in a manner similar to that recommended for conifer species within the region studied. C1 US FOREST SERV, USDA, PACIFIC SW RES STN, BERKELEY, CA 94701 USA. RP US FOREST SERV, USDA, PACIFIC SW RES STN, 4955 CANYON CREST DR, RIVERSIDE, CA 92507 USA. RI Conard, Susan/H-8158-2013 NR 77 TC 72 Z9 76 U1 2 U2 15 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI ST LOUIS PA PO BOX 299, ST LOUIS, MO 63166-0299 USA SN 0002-9122 EI 1537-2197 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 84 IS 11 BP 1553 EP 1564 DI 10.2307/2446617 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YH227 UT WOS:A1997YH22700010 PM 21708558 ER PT J AU Abrams, SA Grusak, MA Stuff, J OBrien, KO AF Abrams, SA Grusak, MA Stuff, J OBrien, KO TI Calcium and magnesium balance in 9-14-y-old children SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE calcium absorption; magnesium absorption; puberty; mineral balance; stable isotopes; Tanner stage; whites; children ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ENDOGENOUS FECAL CALCIUM; ADOLESCENT FEMALES; ABSORPTION; GIRLS; BONE; METABOLISM; KINETICS AB Few data are available regarding calcium and magnesium absorption and endogenous fecal excretion in children. We used a multitracer stable isotope technique to assess calcium and magnesium balance in 12 boys and 13 girls aged 9-14 y (mean weight: 42 kg) maintained on relatively high calcium intakes (mean: 1310 +/- 82 mg/d). There were no significant differences in absorption of calcium or magnesium from milk between boys and girls. Calcium retention (balance) correlated positively with calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D) concentration (r = 0.48, P = 0.02) and serum alkaline phosphatase activity (r = 0.44, P = 0.03). There was no significant relation between magnesium balance and concentration. When data from this study were combined with our previously reported data, an increase in total calcium absorption was seen for pubertal (Tanner stages 2-4) but not prepubertal (Tanner stage 1) white children over the range of intakes from approximate to 750 to 1350 mg/d. Despite intakes similar to the 1989 recommended dietary allowance for magnesium (mean intake: 6.4 +/- 1.2 mg . kg(-1) . d(-1)), 11 of the 25 subjects (6 girls and 5 boys) were in negative magnesium balance. We conclude that benefits from higher calcium intakes, less than or equal to 1350 mg/d, were most apparent in pubertal children. In addition, higher magnesium intakes should be considered for children. C1 TEXAS CHILDRENS HOSP,HOUSTON,TX 77030. RP Abrams, SA (reprint author), BAYLOR COLL MED,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,USDA ARS,DEPT PEDIAT,1100 BATES ST,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA. OI Abrams, Steven/0000-0003-4972-9233 NR 29 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 66 IS 5 BP 1172 EP 1177 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA YD648 UT WOS:A1997YD64800017 PM 9356535 ER PT J AU Stickel, F Meydani, M Wu, DY Bronson, R Martin, A Smith, D Meydani, SN Russell, RM AF Stickel, F Meydani, M Wu, DY Bronson, R Martin, A Smith, D Meydani, SN Russell, RM TI Effect of vitamin E supplementation on prostaglandin concentrations in aspirin-induced acute gastric injury in aged rats SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE prostaglandins; thromboxane; vitamin E; gastric injury; aspirin; aging; rats ID NONSTEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS; THROMBOXANE SYNTHESIS; PEPTIC-ULCER; PROSTACYCLIN; DAMAGE; MACROPHAGES; INHIBITION; SELENIUM; INVITRO AB Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin, frequently cause gastric mucosal injury in the elderly. Impairment of prostaglandin synthesis is a crucial step by which aspirin attenuates mucosal defense capacity. Vitamin E has been shown to decrease prostanoid concentrations, which implies an ulceropermissive effect of vitamin E. To assess the effect of vitamin E on aspirin-induced gastric injury and mucosal prostanoid concentrations, 20 male rats aged 20 mo were divided into two groups and fed diets containing either 30 (physiologic requirement) or 500 mg all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate/kg. After 6 wk, all rats received two intragastric doses of aspirin (1.4 mu mol/kg body wt). A third group of six animals fed the high-vitamin E diet received a vehicle solution without aspirin. Mucosal samples for vitamin E and prostaglandin E-2, 6-keto-prostaglandin F-1 alpha, and thromboxane A(2) measurements were collected. The prevalence and degree of mucosal lesions were not significantly different among all groups. Rats fed the high-vitamin E diet had significantly higher mucosal vitamin E concentrations than rats fed the low-vitamin E diet. Mucosal concentrations of all three prostanoids were 95% lower in aspirin-treated rats than in controls (P = 0.0001 in all instances). The high-vitamin E diet group had significantly lower mucosal 6-keto-prostaglandin F-1 alpha concentrations (P = 0.02) than thr low-vitamin E diet group, indicating decreased prostacyclin formation, whereas concentrations of prostaglandin E-2 and thromboxane A(2) were similar in the aspirin-treated groups. Aspirin markedly reduced mucosal prostanoid concentrations in rats, without apparent effects on gastric injury, whereas vitamin E supplementation significantly reduced mucosal 6-ketoprostaglandin F-1 alpha concentrations. Nevertheless, vitamin E supplementation did not result in more gastric injury in aspirin-treated rats than in controls. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 45 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 66 IS 5 BP 1218 EP 1223 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA YD648 UT WOS:A1997YD64800023 PM 9356541 ER PT J AU Kowdley, KV Emond, MJ Sadowski, JA Kaplan, MM AF Kowdley, KV Emond, MJ Sadowski, JA Kaplan, MM TI Plasma vitamin K-1 level is decreased in primary biliary cirrhosis SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY LA English DT Article ID E-DEFICIENCY; LIVER-DISEASE; PROTHROMBIN; MALABSORPTION; PHYLLOQUINONE; ADULTS; ACID AB Objective: To measure directly plasma vitamin K-1 in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and to examine the relationship between vitamin K-1 level, prothrombin time, other fat-soluble vitamin levels, and severity of cholestasis. Methods: We directly measured levels of vitamin K-1 (phylloquinone) in the plasma of 77 patients with PBC using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, along with serum levels of vitamins A, E, and 25-OH vitamin D, Results: Median plasma vitamin K-1 level was significantly lower in PBC patients compared with 255 normal subjects (0.65 nmol/L; range, 0.05-4.13, vs 0.95 nmol/L; range, 0.2-4.92; p < 0.0001), Of 77 PBC patients, 18 (23%) patients had levels below the normal range for plasma vitamin K-1 (<0.3 nmol/L), Only 1 of the 18 patients with decreased vitamin K-1 had a prolonged prothrombin time, There was no correlation between vitamin K-1 level and prothrombin time in the PBC patients (p = 0.75); there was also no difference in prothrombin time between PBC patients with low vitamin K-1 level and PBC patients with normal vitamin K-1 level (10.3 vs 10.0 seconds; p = 0.28), PBC patients with decreased vitamin K-1 levels had significantly lower vitamin A and vitamin E levels, and significantly higher serum bilirubin levels than those with normal vitamin K-1 levels, Conclusion: Decreased plasma vitamin K-1 level is common in PBC, and is associated with decreased serum levels of vitamins A and E, However, the majority of PBC patients with decreased plasma vitamin K-1 levels have normal prothrombin times, Although the prothrombin time is an insensitive marker of vitamin K-1 status in PBC patients, clinically important vitamin K deficiency seems uncommon. C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT BIOSTAT,SEATTLE,WA 98195. TUFTS UNIV NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,DEPT MED,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. RP Kowdley, KV (reprint author), UNIV WASHINGTON,SCH MED,BOX 356424,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01-RR-0005] NR 24 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0002-9270 J9 AM J GASTROENTEROL JI Am. J. Gastroenterol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 92 IS 11 BP 2059 EP 2061 PG 3 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA YE270 UT WOS:A1997YE27000022 PM 9362192 ER PT J AU Platt, KA Oliver, MJ Thomson, WW AF Platt, KA Oliver, MJ Thomson, WW TI Importance of the fixative for reliable ultrastructural preservation of poikilohydric plant tissues. Observations on dry, partially, and fully hydrated tissues of Selaginella lepidophylla SO ANNALS OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Selaginella; fixation; ultrastructure; dry; hydrated ID FREEZE-SUBSTITUTION; DESICCATED LEAVES; XEROPHYTA-SCABRIDA; SUNFLOWER LEAVES; WATER POTENTIALS; CELLS; REHYDRATION; CHLOROPLASTS; TOLERANCE AB Leaves of desiccated 'resurrection plants', Selaginella lepidophylla, were hydrated either through the roots of intact plants or as isolated organs. Air-dry tissue and samples at 1, 4, 8 and 24 h (both detached and intact) of hydration were prepared for electron microscopy using aldehyde fixatives of different osmotic strengths. Both dry and hydrated tissues were also prepared using freeze substitution. Significant differences in the ultrastructural preservation of these different samples were noted. There was a direct correlation between the osmolality of both the fixative and the tissue with the quality of ultrastructural preservation. When the osmolality of the fixative was slightly (or even considerably) higher than that of the tissue, optimal preservation was achieved. Freeze substitution, however, gave the most faithful preservation of all subcellular compartments, despite the frequent presence of small ice crystals. Additionally, hydration of detached leaves for more than 4 h resulted in swelling damage of the organelles and cytoplasm, regardless of the fixation protocol. Broadly interpreted, the results of this study indicate that an optimal preservation of plant cell and organelle ultrastructure can be achieved by the use of high osmolality fixatives or, preferably, freeze substitution. These results are also important in determining the method of hydration of poikilohydric samples for physiological studies and for interpretation of functional changes as related to the structural condition of the organelles. (C) 1997 Annals of Botany Company. C1 UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT BOT & PLANT SCI,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521. ARS,PLANT STRESS UNIT,CROPPING SYST RES LAB,USDA,LUBBOCK,TX 79424. NR 25 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0305-7364 J9 ANN BOT-LONDON JI Ann. Bot. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 80 IS 5 BP 599 EP 610 DI 10.1006/anbo.1997.0476 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YE491 UT WOS:A1997YE49100004 ER PT J AU Liu, TX Stansly, PA Hoelmer, KA Osborne, LS AF Liu, TX Stansly, PA Hoelmer, KA Osborne, LS TI Life history of Nephaspis oculatus (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae), a predator of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE ladybird beetle; sweetpotato whitefly; coccinellid; predator; life table ID DELPHASTUS-PUSILLUS COLEOPTERA; TABACI AB Nephaspis oculatus (Blatchley) is a common introduced coccinellid predator in Florida, which feeds on many whitefly species. We evaluated development, consumption retest survivorship. longevity, and fecundity of a southern Florida (Immokalee) population of this coccinellid on a diet of eggs of Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring. Developmental time was 4.6, 3.3, 1.5, 1.5, 3.0, and 5.2 d for eggs, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th instars, and pupae, respectively, with an average of 19.4 d from oviposition to adult emergence for females and 18.3 d for males. Daily consumption of whitefly eggs by male and female larvae was not significantly different (average 79 for males. and 86 for females) with a mean of 16, 68, 128, and 124 eggs consumed pet larva per day by 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th instars, respectively, totaling 51, 132, 192, and 373 eggs for each successive larval stage. Male-female pairs of adults consumed a mean of 184.1 eggs per day over a period of 16 wk. Adult females from a 2nd population in central Florida (Apopka) consumed an average of 78.0 B. argentifolii egg per day over a period of 5 wk, and males consumed 123.0 eggs per day. The sex ratio of 1,153 beetles was 1.00:0.89 female to male. Adult longevities averaged 56.1 d for males, and 67.5 d for females. After an average 11.3-d preoviposition period, females laid a mean of 3.03 eggs per day. Net reproductive rate was estimated Lv life table analysis at 54.27, generation time was 51.27 d, and doubling time was 8.89 d. Intrinsic rate of population increase was estimated at 0.078, or lambda = 1.08 for finite rate of increase. N. oculatus showed good potential for biological control of B. argentifolii, especially in greenhouses. C1 Univ Florida, SW Florida Res & Educ Ctr, Immokalee, FL 34143 USA. USDA, Phoenix Plant Methods Ctr, APHIS, Brawley, CA 92227 USA. Univ Florida, Cent Florida Res & Educ Ctr, Apopka, FL 32703 USA. RP Liu, TX (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, 2415 Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 20 TC 19 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 90 IS 6 BP 776 EP 782 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YU571 UT WOS:000071731200005 ER PT J AU Landolt, PJ AF Landolt, PJ TI Cabbage looper (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) fecundity maximized by a combination of access to water and food, and remating SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Trichoplusia ni; reproduction; oviposition ID SPODOPTERA-EXEMPTA; AFRICAN ARMYWORM; FLORAL COMPOUNDS; MOTHS; IDENTIFICATION; LONGEVITY AB Fecundity of female cabbage looper moths, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), was increased significantly by availability of water, availability of sugar and honey as food, and by remating. Both starved and fed females that remated laid significantly more eggs than females that did not remate. Fecundity was not correlated with pupal weight. Increases in fecundity with availability of water and food, and with remating, were additive and maximal fecundity was attained when water, food, and multiple mates were all available to female moths. C1 USDA ARS, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Landolt, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 19 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 90 IS 6 BP 783 EP 789 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YU571 UT WOS:000071731200006 ER PT J AU Gasparich, GE Silva, JG Han, HY Mcpheron, BA Steck, GJ Sheppard, WS AF Gasparich, GE Silva, JG Han, HY Mcpheron, BA Steck, GJ Sheppard, WS TI Population genetic structure of Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera : Tephritidae) and implications for worldwide colonization patterns SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Ceratitis capitata; polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment-length polymorphism; mitochondrial DNA; introduction; population genetics ID CERATITIS-CAPITATA; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; CALIFORNIA; ESTABLISHMENT AB Variation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was assessed for > 100 populations of Mediterranean fruit flies Ceratitis capitata (Weidemann), collected from the New and Old World using 3 restriction enzymes, EcoRV, MnlI, and XbaI. Previously reported variation for some populations was based on Southern blot analysis of nucleic acid extractions digested with EcoRV and XbaI. MnlI variation for these populations and complete restriction enzyme profiles for many new populations were obtained with a polymerase chain reaction amplification-based method thai revealed polymorphism in portions of the mitochondrial genes for NADH dehydrogenase subunits 4 and 5. Highest levels of mtDNA diversity were found in samples from sub-Saharan Africa, Lower levels of mtDNA polymorphism were found in the countries of the Mediterranean region, where the Mediterranean fruit fly has been established for > 150 yr. Examination of South and Central American populations revealed a disjunct pattern of mtDNA haplotypes with relatively low intrapopulational variation, reflecting multiple introductions into the New World. Our approach provides improved resolution of possible source countries for historical infestations in the United States. C1 USDA ARS, Bee Res Lab, BARC E, Beltsville, MD USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Entomol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Inst Mol Evolutionary Genet, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Florida Dept Agr & Consumer Serv, Div Plant Ind, Gainesville, FL USA. RP Sheppard, WS (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Entomol, 166 FSHN Bldg, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Silva, Janisete/D-2245-2013; OI Silva, Janisete/0000-0002-5570-5484; McPheron, Bruce/0000-0001-9623-5100 NR 31 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 90 IS 6 BP 790 EP 797 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YU571 UT WOS:000071731200007 ER PT J AU Shields, KS Pupedis, RJ AF Shields, KS Pupedis, RJ TI Morphology and surface structure of Mantispa sayi (Neuroptera : Mantispidae) eggs SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Mantispa sayi; egg morphology; fine structure AB Mantispa sayi Banks, like other members of the Mantispinae, oviposits small eggs on short stalks. The egg morphology indicates a conservative use of maternal resources. The chorion is a thin and flexible shell overlain by an Open meshlike pattern of ridges. Openings into the egg appear to be restricted to the single micropylar region. where 8-14 pore-like features can be seen on the scalloped edges of the micropylar prominence. Morphological differences in the surface structure of the eggs of the New World species M. sayi and M. interrupta Say, and the South African species M. capeneri (Handschin) are subtle. C1 USDA Forest Serv, NE Ctr Forest Hlth Res, Hamden, CT 06514 USA. Yale Univ, Peabody Museum Nat Hist, Div Entomol, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. RP Shields, KS (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, NE Ctr Forest Hlth Res, 51 Mill Pond Rd, Hamden, CT 06514 USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 90 IS 6 BP 810 EP 813 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YU571 UT WOS:000071731200010 ER PT J AU Taylor, DB Peterson, RD Szalanski, AL Petersen, JJ AF Taylor, DB Peterson, RD Szalanski, AL Petersen, JJ TI Mitochondrial DNA variation among Muscidifurax spp. (Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae), pupal parasitoids of filth flies (Diptera) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Muscidifurax; polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism; mitochondrial DNA; phylogeny ID RESTRICTION DATA; APIS-MELLIFERA; NORTH-AMERICA; BARK WEEVILS; FLY DIPTERA; DROSOPHILA; SUBSTITUTIONS; ORGANIZATION; POLYMORPHISM; POPULATION AB Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and sequencing analyses were used to characterize an amplicon of approximate to 625 bp in 4 of the 5 nominate species of Muscidifurax Girault br Sanders, pupal parasitoids of muscoid flies. A single polymorphic nucleotide site was observed among 2 samples of M. raptor Girault & Sanders, No sequence variation was observed among 3 samples of M. raptorellus Kogan & Legner. The sequence of M. uniraptor Kogan & Legner was identical to that of M. raptorellus. Nucleotide divergence among the Muscidifurax spp. ranged from 0.14 to 0.18 substitutions per nucleotide. Muscidifurax zaraptor Kogan & Legner exhibited multiple haplotypes, 2 of which were characterized by sequencing and 4 others by PCR-RFLP. The sequenced haplotypes differed by 0.08 nucleotide substitutions per site. Restriction site analysis indicated that nucleotide divergence ranged from 0.03 to 0.10 among all 6 haplotypes. Analysis of progeny from individual females indicated that the observed variation in M. zaraptor was caused by multiple haplotypes within individuals rather than differentiation among individuals. These results bring to question the specific status of M. uniraptor and indicate that the genus is native to the Western Hemisphere, and not introduced with their primary host, Musca domestica L., as previously proposed. Heteroplasmy and translocation of a portion of the mitochondrial genome to the nuclear genome are discussed as possible causes for the variation observed in M. zaraptor. C1 Univ Nebraska, Midw Livestock Insects Res Lab, USDA ARS, Dept Entomol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Taylor, DB (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Midw Livestock Insects Res Lab, USDA ARS, Dept Entomol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RI Taylor, David/G-6025-2014 OI Taylor, David/0000-0002-4378-4867 NR 37 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 90 IS 6 BP 814 EP 824 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YU571 UT WOS:000071731200011 ER PT J AU Jackson, CG Long, JP AF Jackson, CG Long, JP TI Mating behavior of Bactrocera latifrons (Diptera : Tephritidae in field cages SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Bactrocera latifrons; fruit flies; behavior; mating; lek; aggregation ID ORIENTAL FRUIT-FLY; MELON FLY; DIPTERA; ECOLOGY; FLIES AB When released on trees inside field cages, Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) males occupied the undersides of leaves from the middle to upper canopy. Before sunset (1/2 - 1 h) and al an average light intensity of 1,375 lumens/m(2), males formed aggregations (leks) of 4-9 individuals and began calling behavior. Calling consisted of males rubbing their abdomen and wings with their hind legs. then fanning the wings in short, rapid bursts. This dispersed pheromone and perhaps created sound. After the light decreased to 1,357 +/- 654.7 (mean +/- SD) lumens/m(2), females responded and mating commenced. Formation of leks and mating behavior occurred until sunset (4 min before to 15 min after sunset) and an average light intensity of 90.2 +/- 50.9 lumens/m(2) . During the period 60-30 min before sunset, 29% of the total matings occurred, whereas in the final 30 min before sunset, 59.7% of the total matings occurred. On average, 33.9 +/- 9.7% of the flies mated. C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Jackson, CG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 90 IS 6 BP 856 EP 860 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YU571 UT WOS:000071731200017 ER PT J AU Gilliam, M Lorenz, BJ Wenner, AM Thorp, RW AF Gilliam, M Lorenz, BJ Wenner, AM Thorp, RW TI Occurrence and distribution of Ascosphaera apis in North America: chalkbrood in feral honey bee colonies that had been in isolation on Santa Cruz Island, California for over 110 years SO APIDOLOGIE LA English DT Article DE Ascosphaera; chalkbrood; honey bee; Penicillia ID SPECIES INCITING CHALKBROOD; MELLIFERA; POLLEN AB Twenty strains of Ascosphaera apis were cultured from larval mummies and discolored larvae from feral honey bee colonies that had been in isolation on Santa Cruz Island, California for over 110 years, long before chalkbrood was first reported from the USA in 1968. Disease symptoms and enzyme patterns of A apis differed from those found on the mainland. island strains showed little variability. These results and the history of the bees suggest that the pathogen accompanied the bees to the island and that the bees survived chalkbrood by a combination of hygienic behavior and microorganisms that inhibit A apis which were isolated from larvae and stored pollen. C1 USDA ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Biol Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Entomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Gilliam, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 0044-8435 J9 APIDOLOGIE JI Apidologie PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 28 IS 6 BP 329 EP 338 DI 10.1051/apido:19970601 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YV731 UT WOS:000071857100001 ER PT J AU Hirano, SS Ostertag, EM Savage, SA Baker, LS Willis, DK Upper, CD AF Hirano, SS Ostertag, EM Savage, SA Baker, LS Willis, DK Upper, CD TI Contribution of the regulatory gene lemA to field fitness of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BACTERIAL BROWN SPOT; REDUCED EPIPHYTIC FITNESS; GLOBAL REGULATOR; LESION FORMATION; POPULATIONS; DISEASE; MUTANTS; PATHOGENICITY; EPIDEMIOLOGY; SYRINGOMYCIN AB In Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, lemA is required for brown spot lesion formation on snap bean and for production of syringomycin and extracellular proteases (E. M. Hrabak and D. K. Willis, J, Bacteriol. 174: 3011-3022, 1992; E. M. Hrabak and D. K. Willis, Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 6:368-375, 1993; D. K. Willis, E. M. Hrabak, J. J. Rich, T. M. Barta, S. E. Lindow, and N. J. Panopoulos, Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 3:149-156, 1990). The lemA mutant NPS3136 (lemA1::Tn5) was previously found to be indistinguishable from its pathogenic parent B728a in its ability to grow when infiltrated into bean leaves of plants maintained under controlled environmental conditions (Willis et al., Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact, 3:139-156, 1990), We compared population sizes of NPS3136 and B728aN (a Nal(r) clone of wild-type B728a) in two field experiments to determine the effect of inactivation of lemA on the fitness of P. syringae pv. syringae. in one experiment, the bacterial strains were spray inoculated onto the foliage of 25-day-old bean plants. In the other, seeds were inoculated at the time of planting. In both experiments, the strains were inoculated individually and coinoculated in a 1:1 ratio. NPS3136 and B728aN achieved similar large population sizes on germinating seeds. However, in association with leaves, population sizes of NPS3136 were diminished relative to those of B728aN in both experiments. Thus, lemA contributed significantly to the fitness of P. syringae pv, syringae in association with bean leaves but not on germinating seeds under held conditions. When NPS3136 was coinoculated with B728aN, the mutant behaved as it did when inoculated alone. However, population sizes of B728aN in the coinoculation treatment were much lower than those when it was inoculated alone, Inactivation of the lemA gene appeared to have rendered the mutant suppressive to B728aN. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,PLANT DIS RESISTANCE RES UNIT,USDA ARS,MADISON,WI 53706. RP Hirano, SS (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 33 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 63 IS 11 BP 4304 EP 4312 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA YE281 UT WOS:A1997YE28100026 PM 16535727 ER PT J AU Srebotnik, E Jensen, KA Kawai, S Hammel, KE AF Srebotnik, E Jensen, KA Kawai, S Hammel, KE TI Evidence that Ceriporiopsis subvermispora degrades nonphenolic lignin structures by a one-electron-oxidation mechanism SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WHITE-ROT FUNGI; PHANEROCHAETE-CHRYSOSPORIUM; MANGANESE PEROXIDASE; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; SYNTHETIC LIGNIN; DEGRADATION; BIODEGRADATION; CLEAVAGE; LACCASE; ENZYMES AB The white-rot fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora is able to degrade nonphenolic lignin structures but appears to lack lignin peroxidase (LiP), which is generally thought to be responsible for these reactions. It is well established that LiP-producing fungi such as Phanerochaete chrysosporium degrade nonphenolic lignin via one-electron oxidation of its aromatic moieties, but little is known about ligninolytic mechanisms in apparent nonproducers of LiP such as C. subvermispora. To address this question, C. subvermispora and P. chrysosporium were grown on cellulose blocks and given two high-molecular-weight, polyethylene glycol-linked model compounds that represent the major nonphenolic arylglycerol-beta-aryl ether structure of lignin. The model compounds were designed so that their cleavage via one-electron oxidation would leave diagnostic fragments attached to the polyethylene glycol. One model compound was labeled with C-13 at C-alpha of its propyl side chain and carried ring alkoxyl substituents that favor C-alpha-C-beta cleavage after one-electron oxidation. The other model compound was labeled with C-13 at C-beta of its propyl side chain and carried ring alkoxyl substituents that favor C-beta-O-aryl cleavage after one-electron oxidation. To assess fungal degradation of the models, the high-molecular-weight metabolites derived from them were recovered from the cultures and analyzed by C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. The results showed that both C. subvermispora and P. chrysosporium degraded the models by routes indicative of one-electron oxidation. Therefore, the ligninolytic mechanisms of these two fungi are similar. C. subvermispora might use a cryptic LiP to catalyze these C-alpha-C-beta and C-beta-O-aryl cleavage reactions, but the data are also consistent with the involvement of some other one-electron oxidant. C1 USDA,FOREST PROD LAB,INST MICROBIAL & BIOCHEM TECHNOL,MADISON,WI 53705. VIENNA TECH UNIV,INST BIOCHEM TECHNOL & MIKROBIOL,A-1060 VIENNA,AUSTRIA. GIFU UNIV,DEPT APPL BIOORGAN CHEM,GIFU 50111,JAPAN. RI Hammel, Kenneth/G-1890-2011 OI Hammel, Kenneth/0000-0002-2935-5847 NR 28 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 63 IS 11 BP 4435 EP 4440 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA YE281 UT WOS:A1997YE28100043 PM 16535732 ER PT J AU Klein, PG Juneja, VK AF Klein, PG Juneja, VK TI Sensitive detection of viable Listeria monocytogenes by reverse transcription-PCR SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; RAPID DETECTION; IAP-GENE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; VIRULENCE GENES; GROUND-BEEF; PROTEIN P60; FOOD; IDENTIFICATION; EXPRESSION AB Detection of pathogens in contaminated food products by PCR can result in false-positive data due to the amplification of DNA from nonviable cells, A new method based on reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) amplification of mRNA for the specific detection of viable Listeria monocytogenes was developed, The expression of three L. monocytogenes genes, lap, hly, and prfA, was examined to determine a suitable target for amplification of RT-PCR, Total RNA from L. monocytogenes was isolated, and following DNase treatment, the RNA was amplified by both RT-PCR and PCR with primers specific for the three genes, Amplicon detection was accomplished by Southern hybridization to digoxigenin-labeled gene probes, The levels of expression of these three genes differed markedly, and the results indicated that the lap gene would provide a good target for development of a specific method for detection of viable L. monocytogenes based on RT-PCR amplification, After a l-h enrichment, the 371-bp lap-specific product was detected with a sensitivity of ca, 10 to 15 CFU/ml from pure culture, Detection of the 713-bp hly-specific amplicon was ca, 4,000 times less sensitive after 1 h, whereas detection of the 508-bp prfA product showed the lowest level of sensitivity, with detection not observed until after a 5-h enrichment period, The amplification of the lap mRNA was specific for L. monocytogenes. Overall, the assay could be completed in ca, 54 h, The use of RT-PCR amplification for the detection of viable L. monocytogenes was validated in artificially contaminated cooked ground beef, Following a 2-h enrichment incubation, the lap-specific amplification product could be detected in a cooked meat sample that was originally inoculated with ca, 3 CFU/g, These results support the usefulness of RT-PCR amplification of mRNA as a sensitive method for the specific detection of viable L. monocytogenes and indicate that this method may prove useful in the detection of this pathogen in ready-to-eat, refrigerated meat products. C1 AGR RES SERV,MICROBIAL FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,EASTERN REG RES CTR,USDA,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038. NR 47 TC 139 Z9 149 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 63 IS 11 BP 4441 EP 4448 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA YE281 UT WOS:A1997YE28100044 PM 9361430 ER PT J AU Liu, WT Marsh, TL Cheng, H Forney, LJ AF Liu, WT Marsh, TL Cheng, H Forney, LJ TI Characterization of microbial diversity by determining terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms of genes encoding 16S rRNA SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RIBOSOMAL-RNA GENES; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; GRADIENT GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; RAPID IDENTIFICATION; BACTERIA; COMMUNITY; PCR; AMPLIFICATION; SEQUENCES; SOIL AB A quantitative molecular technique was developed for rapid analysis of microbial community diversity in various environments. The technique employed PCR in which one of the two primers used,fas fluorescently labeled at the 5' end and was used to amplify a selected region of bacterial genes encoding 16S rRNA from total community DNA. The PCR product was digested with restriction enzymes, and the fluorescently labeled terminal restriction fragment was precisely measured by using an automated DNA sequencer, Computer-simulated analysis of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (T-RFLP) for 1,002 eubacterial sequences showed that with proper selection of PCR primers and restriction enzymes, 686 sequences could be PCR amplified and classified into 233 unique terminal restriction fragment lengths or ''ribotypes,'' Using T-RFLP, we were able to distinguish all bacterial strains in a model bacterial community, and the pattern was consistent with the predicted outcome, Analysis of complex bacterial communities with T-RFLP revealed high species diversity in activated sludge, bioreactor sludge, aquifer sand, and termite guts; as many as 72 unique ribotypes were found in these communities, with 36 ribotypes observed in the termite guts, The community T-RFLP patterns were numerically analyzed and hierarchically clustered, The pattern derived from termite guts was found to be distinctly different from the patterns derived from the other three communities, Overall, our results demonstrated that T-RFLP is a powerful tool for assessing the diversity of complex bacterial communities and for rapidly comparing the community structure and diversity of different ecosystems. C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT MICROBIOL,E LANSING,MI 48824. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,CTR MICROBIAL ECOL,E LANSING,MI 48824. USDA ARS,AVIAN DIS & ONCOL LAB,E LANSING,MI 48824. RI Liu, Wen-Tso/C-8788-2011 OI Liu, Wen-Tso/0000-0002-8700-9803 NR 36 TC 1423 Z9 1563 U1 21 U2 195 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 63 IS 11 BP 4516 EP 4522 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA YE281 UT WOS:A1997YE28100054 PM 9361437 ER PT J AU McIntosh, AH Goodman, CL Grasela, JJ AF McIntosh, AH Goodman, CL Grasela, JJ TI Virus production and plaque-forming ability of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) clonal cell lines SO APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article DE HzSNPV; Helicoverpa zea; clonal lines ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; REPLICATION RP McIntosh, AH (reprint author), USDA ARS,BIOL CONTROL INSECTS RES LAB,1503 S PROV RES PK,COLUMBIA,MO 65203, USA. NR 5 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU JAPAN SOC APPL ENTOMOL ZOOL PI TOKYO PA 1-43-11 KOMAGOME TOSHIMA-KU, TOKYO 170, JAPAN SN 0003-6862 J9 APPL ENTOMOL ZOOL JI Appl. Entomol. Zoolog. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 32 IS 4 BP 657 EP 658 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YK278 UT WOS:A1997YK27800021 ER PT J AU Agarwal, UP Ralph, SA AF Agarwal, UP Ralph, SA TI FT-Raman spectroscopy of wood: Identifying contributions of lignin and carbohydrate polymers in the spectrum of black spruce (Picea mariana) SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE Raman spectroscopy; lignin; wood; black spruce; cellulose; hemicellulose ID PLANT-CELL WALLS; SOFT WOODS; SPECTROMETRY; MICROPROBE; HARD AB Good-quality Raman spectra of most wood species can now be obtained by using near-infrared Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy. To make effective use of such spectroscopic information, one needs to interpret the data in terms of contributions from various wood components and, for each component polymer, in terms of vibrational modes of its substructural units/groups. In the present work. Raman spectral features of black spruce (Picea mariana) wood were associated with lignin and/or carbohydrate polymers. Lignin's spectral contributions were recognized in several ways. In addition to spectra of milled-wood and enzyme lignins, a spectrum of native lignin was obtained by subtracting the spectrum of acid chlorite delignified black spruce from the spectrum of an untreated wood sample. A comparison of lignin spectra indicated that the Raman features of the three lignins are very similar. Raman contributions of carbohydrate polymers, namely, those of cellulose and hemicellulose, were identified by using authentic and/or isolated samples and, in the case of cellulose, by using previously published spectra. Such an analysis showed that the hemicellulose present in black spruce did not give rise to any new, unique features that were not already present due to cellulose. Therefore, it was concluded that the hemicellulose contribution is broad and is hidden under the Raman contribution of cellulose. Also, peak positions of lignin contributions did not overlap with those of cellulose, and there were spectral regions where either Lignin or cellulose contributed. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Agarwal, UP (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 45 TC 169 Z9 172 U1 6 U2 68 PU SOC APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY PI FREDERICK PA 201B BROADWAY ST, FREDERICK, MD 21701 USA SN 0003-7028 J9 APPL SPECTROSC JI Appl. Spectrosc. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 51 IS 11 BP 1648 EP 1655 DI 10.1366/0003702971939316 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA YP332 UT WOS:000071266300013 ER PT J AU Smith, JC Allen, PV Von Burg, R AF Smith, JC Allen, PV Von Burg, R TI Hair methylmercury levels in US women SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID MERCURY AB The scientific community has recently focused its concerns on possible developmental delays in infants exposed to methylmercury via maternal fish consumption. In this study, the authors reported levels of methylmercury in hair specimens that corresponded to 2 820 monthly seafood consumption diaries recorded by U.S. women of childbearing age. In this study, the geometric mean hair methylmercury level for diarists who reported some seafood consumption was 0.36 ppm (one geometric standard deviation [GSD] range = 0.14-0.90 ppm); the corresponding value for diarists who reported no seafood consumption was 0.24 ppm (one GSD range = 0.09-0.62 ppm). Therefore, the mean hair methylmercury level associated with seafood consumption was 0.12 ppm (one GSD range = 0.05-0.32 ppm). The results of this study provide evidence that levels of methylmercury in the U.S. population are quite low. There is a significant contribution to hair methylmercury from sources other than seafood. It is not likely that maternal hair methylmercury levels in the range found in our study would be associated with adverse health effects in children. C1 Site Therapeut Inc, Wayland, MA 01778 USA. USDA, Berkeley, CA USA. ICF Kaiser Engineers, Oakland, CA USA. RP Smith, JC (reprint author), Site Therapeut Inc, 19 Rolling Lane, Wayland, MA 01778 USA. NR 6 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 USA SN 0003-9896 J9 ARCH ENVIRON HEALTH JI Arch. Environ. Health PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 52 IS 6 BP 476 EP 480 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA ZF238 UT WOS:000072877500010 PM 9541369 ER PT J AU Cao, GH Prior, RL Cutler, RG Yu, BP AF Cao, GH Prior, RL Cutler, RG Yu, BP TI Effect of dietary restriction on serum antioxidant capacity in rats SO ARCHIVES OF GERONTOLOGY AND GERIATRICS LA English DT Article DE free radical; antioxidant capacity; dietary restriction; rats ID RADICAL ABSORBENCY CAPACITY; CHRONIC FOOD RESTRICTION; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; ENZYME-ACTIVITIES; OXIDATIVE STRESS; AGING RATS; AGE; LIVER; DAMAGE; ASSAY AB The effects of dietary restriction on serum antioxidant capacities were studied in male Fischer 344 rats. Dietary restriction was started at the age of 6 weeks and consisted of 60% of the mean daily food intake of the ad libitum fed controls. They were killed at 7 and 18 months of age. The antioxidant capacities of whole serum and the non-protein fraction of serum were assessed using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay with a peroxyl radical generator. Rats that consumed a diet restricted by 40% in calories had significantly lower ORAC activities in whole serum and the non-protein fraction of serum. The decreased serum ORAC activity is seemingly an organism's physiologically appropriate response to reduced oxidative stress through a down-regulation mechanism. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. C1 UNIV CONNECTICUT,DEPT NUTR SCI,STORRS,CT 06269. NIA,GERONTOL RES CTR,NIH,BALTIMORE,MD 21224. UNIV TEXAS,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT PHYSIOL,SAN ANTONIO,TX 78284. RP Cao, GH (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA ARS,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 38 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0167-4943 J9 ARCH GERONTOL GERIAT JI Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 25 IS 3 BP 245 EP 253 DI 10.1016/S0167-4943(97)00014-9 PG 9 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA XZ004 UT WOS:A1997XZ00400003 PM 18653112 ER PT J AU Bostom, AG Shemin, D Verhoef, P Nadeau, MR Jacques, PF Selhub, J Dworkin, L Rosenberg, IH AF Bostom, AG Shemin, D Verhoef, P Nadeau, MR Jacques, PF Selhub, J Dworkin, L Rosenberg, IH TI Elevated fasting total plasma homocysteine levels and cardiovascular disease outcomes in maintenance dialysis patients - A prospective study SO ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 69th Annual Scientific Session of the American-Heart-Association CY NOV 09-16, 1996 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Heart Assoc, Hoechst Marion Roussel Inc, Kansas City DE hyperhomocysteinemia; end-stage renal disease; arteriosclerosis; longitudinal study ID STAGE RENAL-DISEASE; RISK-FACTORS; HEMODIALYSIS-PATIENTS; VASCULAR-DISEASE; HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA; MORTALITY; TRANSPLANTATION; LIPOPROTEIN; RECIPIENTS; MORBIDITY AB There is an excess prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia in dialysis-dependent end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Cross-sectional studies of the relationship between elevated total homocysteine (tHcy) levels and prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD) in this patient population suffer from severe methodologic limitations. No prospective investigations examining the association between tHcy levels and the subsequent development of arteriosclerotic CVD outcomes among maintenance dialysis patients have been reported. To assess whether elevated plasma tHcy is an independent risk factor for incident CVD in dialysis-dependent ESRD patients, we studied 73 maintenance peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis patients who received a baseline examination between March and December 1994, with follow-up through April 1, 1996. We determined the incidence of nonfatal and fatal CVD events, which included all validated coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and abdominal aortic/lower-extremity arterial disease outcomes. After a median follow-up of 17.0 months, 16 individuals experienced at least one arteriosclerotic CVD event. Cox proportional-hazards regression analyses, unadjusted and individually adjusted for creatinine, albumin, and total cholesterol levels, total/HDL cholesterol ratio, dialysis adequacy/residual renal function, baseline CVD, and the established CVD risk factors tie, age, sex, smoking, hypertension, diabetes/glucose intolerance, and dyslipidemia) revealed that tHcy levels in the upper quartile (greater than or equal to 27.0 mu mol/L) versus the lower three quartiles (<27.0 mu mol/L) were associated with relative risk estimates (hazards ratios, with 95% confidence intervals for the occurrence of (pooled) nonfatal and fatal CVD ranging from 3.0 to 4.4; 95% confidence intervals (1.1-8.1) to (1.6-12.2). We conclude that the markedly elevated fasting tHcy levels found in dialysis-dependent ESRD patients may contribute independently to their excess incidence of fatal and nonfatal CVD outcomes. C1 TUFTS UNIV,NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,VITAMIN BIOABAILABIL LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. RHODE ISL HOSP,DIV RENAL DIS,PROVIDENCE,RI. AGR UNIV WAGENINGEN,DEPT NUTR,WAGENINGEN,NETHERLANDS. NR 32 TC 246 Z9 250 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 1079-5642 J9 ARTERIOSCL THROM VAS JI Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 17 IS 11 BP 2554 EP 2558 PG 5 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA YL008 UT WOS:A1997YL00800032 PM 9409227 ER PT J AU Ehrenborg, E Clee, SM Pimstone, SN Reymer, PWA Benlian, P Hoogendijk, CF Davis, HJ Bissada, N Miao, L Gagne, SE Greenberg, LJ Henry, R Henderson, H Ordovas, JM Schaefer, EJ Kastelein, JJP Kotze, MJ Hayden, MR AF Ehrenborg, E Clee, SM Pimstone, SN Reymer, PWA Benlian, P Hoogendijk, CF Davis, HJ Bissada, N Miao, L Gagne, SE Greenberg, LJ Henry, R Henderson, H Ordovas, JM Schaefer, EJ Kastelein, JJP Kotze, MJ Hayden, MR TI Ethnic variation and in vivo effects of the -93t->g promoter variant in the lipoprotein lipase gene SO ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE lipoprotein lipase; mutation; promoter; lipids; ethnic variation ID FAMILIAL COMBINED HYPERLIPIDEMIA; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; LPL GENE; MUTATION; PLASMA; POPULATIONS; EXPRESSION; SEQUENCE; PATIENT; LINKAGE AB Recently, a (t-->g) transition at nucleotide -93 in the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene promoter has been observed in Caucasians. Here, we have compared the frequency of the -93g carriers in three distinct populations (Caucasians, South African Blacks, and Chinese). The carrier frequency in the Caucasian population was 1.7% (4/232), which was in contrast to the South African Black population, which had a frequency for this allele of 76.4% (123/161) of the individuals tested. This transition was not observed in the Chinese population under study. Near complete linkage disequilibrium between the -93g and the previously described D9N mutation was observed in the Caucasian population but not in South African Blacks. To further assess the ancestral origins of these DNA changes, DNA haplotyping using a CA repeal 5' to these substitutions was performed. The -93t allele was associated with only a few specific dinucleotide repeat sizes. In contrast, the -93g allele occurred on chromosomes with many different repeat lengths. The broad distribution of repeats on -93g carrying chromosomes, their high frequency in the South African Black population, and the conservation of the -93g allele among different species may suggest that the -93g allele is the ancestral allele on which a transition to t and the D9N mutations arose. The very high frequency of the -93g allele distinct from the N9 allele in a cohort of Black South Africans allowed us to specifically assess the phenotypic effects of the -93g allele on lipids. Individuals homozygous for the g allele at -93 showed mildly decreased triglycerides compared with individuals homozygous for the t allele (1.14+/-0.66 mmol/L versus 0.82+/-0.3; P=.04). Thus, the -93g allele in this cohort is associated with low plasma triglyceride levels. C1 UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT MED GENET,VANCOUVER,BC V6T 1Z4,CANADA. UNIV AMSTERDAM,ACAD MED CTR,LIPID RES GRP,NL-1105 AZ AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS. UNIV STELLENBOSCH,DIV HUMAN GENET,ZA-7505 TYGERBERG,SOUTH AFRICA. UNIV CAPE TOWN,SCH MED,DEPT HUMAN GENET,ZA-7925 CAPE TOWN,SOUTH AFRICA. RED CROSS CHILDRENS HOSP,DEPT CHEM PATHOL,CAPE TOWN,SOUTH AFRICA. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,JM,BOSTON,MA 02111. RI Clee, Susanne/F-7312-2010; Hayden, Michael/D-8581-2011; OI Clee, Susanne/0000-0001-7946-688X; Hayden, Michael/0000-0001-5159-1419; Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 NR 34 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 1079-5642 J9 ARTERIOSCL THROM VAS JI Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 17 IS 11 BP 2672 EP 2678 PG 7 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA YL008 UT WOS:A1997YL00800046 PM 9409241 ER PT J AU Lynch, SM Frei, B Morrow, JD Roberts, LJ Xu, A Jackson, T Reyna, R Klevay, LM Vita, JA Keaney, JF AF Lynch, SM Frei, B Morrow, JD Roberts, LJ Xu, A Jackson, T Reyna, R Klevay, LM Vita, JA Keaney, JF TI Vascular superoxide dismutase deficiency impairs endothelial vasodilator function through direct inactivation of nitric oxide and increased lipid peroxidation SO ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE superoxide; nitric oxide; oxidation ID LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; CHOLESTEROL-FED RABBITS; RELAXING FACTOR; COPPER DEFICIENCY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; ANION PRODUCTION; DIETARY COPPER; RELAXATION; CELLS; MECHANISMS AB Nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide are both constitutive products of the endothelium. Because NO is readily inactivated by superoxide, the bioactivity of endothelium-derived NO (EDNO) is dependent on local activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD). We examined the effects of chronic inhibition of copper-zinc SOD (CuZnSOD) using a rat model of dietary copper restriction. Male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a Cu-deficient diet and received either no Cu replacement (Cu-deficient) or Cu in the drinking water (Cu-sufficient). Compared with Cu-sufficient animals, Cu-deficiency was associated with a 68% reduction in CuZnSOD activity and a 58% increase in vascular superoxide as estimated by lucigenin chemiluminescence (both P<.05). Compared with Cu-sufficient animals, arterial relaxation in the thoracic aorta from Cu-deficient animals was 10-fold less sensitive to acetylcholine, a receptor-dependent EDNO agonist, but only 1.5-fold less sensitive to A23187, a receptor-independent EDNO agonist, and only 1.25-fold less sensitive to authentic NO (all P<.05). In contrast, acute inhibition of CuZnSOD with 10 mM diethyldithiocarbamate produced a more uniform reduction in sensitivity to acetylcholine (8-fold), A23187 (10-fold), and NO (4-fold; all P<.001). Cu-deficient animals demonstrated a 2.5-fold increase in plasma-esterified F-2-isoprostanes, a stable marker of lipid peroxidation, that correlated inversely with arterial relaxation to acetylcholine (R=-.83, P<.0009) but not A23187 or authentic NO. From these findings, we conclude that chronic inhibition of CuZnSOD inhibits EDNO-mediated arterial relaxation through two mechanisms, one being direct inactivation of NO and the other being lipid peroxidation that preferentially interrupts receptor-mediated stimulation of EDNO. C1 BOSTON UNIV,SCH MED,WHITAKER CARDIOVASC INST,BOSTON,MA 02118. BOSTON UNIV,SCH MED,EVANS MEM DEPT MED,BOSTON,MA 02118. VANDERBILT UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PHARMACOL,NASHVILLE,TN 37212. VANDERBILT UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED,NASHVILLE,TN 37212. USDA ARS,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202. RI Lynch, Sean/A-9354-2009 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL49954]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK48831]; NIGMS NIH HHS [GM42056] NR 43 TC 101 Z9 104 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 1079-5642 J9 ARTERIOSCL THROM VAS JI Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 17 IS 11 BP 2975 EP 2981 PG 7 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA YL008 UT WOS:A1997YL00800089 PM 9409284 ER PT J AU Chen, HJ Smith, DL Starrett, DA Zhou, DB Tucker, ML Solomos, T Gross, KC AF Chen, HJ Smith, DL Starrett, DA Zhou, DB Tucker, ML Solomos, T Gross, KC TI Cloning and characterization of a rhamnogalacturonan hydrolase gene from Botrytis cinerea SO BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE fungal decay; hydrolases; cell wall degradation; postharvest pathology; host-microbe interaction; pectinase ID HAIRY RAMIFIED REGIONS; CELL-WALLS; COLLETOTRICHUM-LINDEMUTHIANUM; PECTIC POLYSACCHARIDES; ASPERGILLUS-ACULEATUS; ENZYME; SEQUENCE; EXPRESSION; KIWIFRUIT; CULTURE AB Rhamnogalacturonan hydrolase (Rgase A) cleaves alpha 1-->2 linkages between rhamnosyl and galacturonosyl residues in pectin. A 1.9 kb RGase A cDNA clone (BCRHGA) was isolated from a B. cinerea cDNA library using a PCR-amplified Aspergillus aculeatus RGase A probe. It's 1.7 kb open reading frame had 62% identity at the amino acid level with A. aculeatus RGase A. Northern blots of B. cinerea total RNA probed with BCRHGA revealed a 2 kb band, suggesting the cDNA clone is full or nearly-full length. To determine mRNA expression of the gene, B. cinerea was grown in media containing 0.5% apple pectin, 0.5% rhamnogalacturonan-I and 1% glucose carbon sources. Northern analysis revealed the BCRHGA gene was expressed on all carbon sources, but with different patterns of expression. B. cinerea RGase A appeared to be coded for by a single or low copy number gene based on Southern analysis. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Mol Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Gross, KC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Qual Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave,Bldg 002, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 38 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS AUST PI MARRICKVILLE PA LOCKED BAG 16, MARRICKVILLE, NSW 2204, AUSTRALIA SN 1039-9712 J9 BIOCHEM MOL BIOL INT JI Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 43 IS 4 BP 823 EP 838 PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA ZJ217 UT WOS:000073191200015 PM 9385443 ER PT J AU Henry, C Brown, S AF Henry, C Brown, S TI Restoring a superfund site with biosolids and fly ash SO BIOCYCLE LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. RP Henry, C (reprint author), UNIV WASHINGTON,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU JG PRESS, INC PI EMMAUS PA 419 STATE AVE, EMMAUS, PA 18049 SN 0276-5055 J9 BIOCYCLE JI Biocycle PD NOV PY 1997 VL 38 IS 11 BP 79 EP & PG 4 WC Ecology; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA YF796 UT WOS:A1997YF79600046 ER PT J AU Rosenberg, DK Noon, BR Meslow, EC AF Rosenberg, DK Noon, BR Meslow, EC TI Biological corridors: Form, function, and efficacy SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MOVEMENT CORRIDORS; SMALL MAMMALS; HABITAT CORRIDORS; CONSERVATION; POPULATION; EXTINCTION; BIRDS; DISPERSAL; ENVIRONMENT; ATTRACTION C1 US FOREST SERV,REDWOOD SCI LAB,ARCATA,CA 95521. WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INST,CORVALLIS,OR 97330. RP Rosenberg, DK (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,OREGON COOPERAT WILDLIFE RES UNIT,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 67 TC 223 Z9 238 U1 8 U2 79 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD NOV PY 1997 VL 47 IS 10 BP 677 EP 687 DI 10.2307/1313208 PG 11 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA YC164 UT WOS:A1997YC16400016 ER PT J AU Gries, G Gries, R Schaefer, PW AF Gries, G Gries, R Schaefer, PW TI Pheromone blend attracts nun moth, Lymantria monacha (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae), in Japan SO CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID GYPSY-MOTH; TORTRICIDAE; COMPONENTS; EUROPE C1 Simon Fraser Univ, Ctr Pest Management, Dept Biol Sci, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. ARS, Beneficial Insects Introduct Res, USDA, Newark, DE 19713 USA. RP Gries, G (reprint author), Simon Fraser Univ, Ctr Pest Management, Dept Biol Sci, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA 393 WINSTON AVE, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2A 1Y8, CANADA SN 0008-347X J9 CAN ENTOMOL JI Can. Entomol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 129 IS 6 BP 1177 EP 1178 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YQ818 UT WOS:000071426200017 ER PT J AU Pinckney, JL Millie, DF Vinyard, BT Paerl, HW AF Pinckney, JL Millie, DF Vinyard, BT Paerl, HW TI Environmental controls of phytoplankton bloom dynamics in the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, USA SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; CHLOROPHYLL-A; NUTRIENT LIMITATION; TEMPERATE ESTUARY; ALGAL BLOOMS; GROWTH-RATES; PIGMENTS; PATTERNS; FLOW; PRODUCTIVITY AB Spatial and temporal patterns of phytoplankton growth, biomass, primary productivity, and community composition were linked to environmental variables to identify key factors promoting algal blooms in the moderately eutrophic Neuse Estuary. Diagnostic photopigments (carotenoids), used to examine phytoplankton community structure, explained 83.3% (n = 567) of the variation in phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a). Principal factor analysis identified hydrological forcing variables (salinity, K-d, NOx, and NH4+) that explained 71% of total variability associated with phytoplankton biomass. Phytoplankton carbon-specific growth rates (mu(Chl)), measured using chlorophyll a C-14-labeling, ranged from 0.01 to 0.83-day(-1) (0.27 +/- 0.22, mean +/- SD) and decreased downstream. A regression model (R-2 = 0.41, P < 0.01), derived from 25 months of biweekly sampling of 13 environmental variables, was used to predict mu(Chl) and construct spatiotemporal contour plots of phytoplankton growth. Enhanced growth (bloom initiation) occurs in the upper riverine portion of the estuary, biomass accumulates (proliferation and full bloom) in the central portion, and productivity (but not mu(Chl), overall, tracks phytoplankton abundance. Management strategies for stemming eutrophication should target processes and conditions associated with bloom initiation in the riverine rather than the estuarine portion of the system. C1 Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. USDA ARS, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Mote Marine Lab, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. RP Pinckney, JL (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, 3431 Arendell St, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. NR 55 TC 66 Z9 70 U1 2 U2 17 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 54 IS 11 BP 2491 EP 2501 DI 10.1139/cjfas-54-11-2491 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YX539 UT WOS:000072050700003 ER PT J AU White, JD Running, SW Nemani, R Keane, RE Ryan, KC AF White, JD Running, SW Nemani, R Keane, RE Ryan, KC TI Measurement and remote sensing of LAI in Rocky Mountain montane ecosystems SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID LEAF-AREA INDEX; LI-COR LAI-2000; SAPWOOD AREA; LODGEPOLE PINE; FOLIAGE AREA; CANOPY ARCHITECTURE; EVERGREEN CONIFERS; RAPID ESTIMATION; PONDEROSA PINE; DOUGLAS-FIR AB We estimated leaf area index (LAI) for Glacier National Park, Montana, U.S.A., by using various methods to measure LAI in the field and correlating these values with Landsat Thematic Mapper data. Ground-based LAI were estimated using sapwood-LAI allometric equations and optical instruments, including the LAI-2000 and a Decagon ceptometer. Optical-based LAI estimates contain nonrandom self-shading therefore, allometric and optical LAIs were compared to calculate coefficients to correct optical LAI data within similar vegetation types and canopy structural conditions. Least-squares regression models were constructed from pooled the ground-based allometric and corrected optical LAI values and from Landsat Thematic Mapper vegetation indices. Average LAI and satellite indices for defined slope, aspect and elevation classes were used in the model calculation, as point estimates were generally poor. The normalized difference vegetation index and a mid-infrared corrected simple ratio had the "best fit" with field LAI values. We applied these two models to the Thematic Mapper indices and tested LAI estimation with independent field LAI data. In addition, we tested the effect of spatial resolution on satellite-estimated LAI values by averaging the Thematic Mapper data into 250 x 250 m grid cells (pixels). Our results showed that the normalized difference vegetation index provided the best estimate of LAI and decreased in accuracy with coarser pixels. The corrected simple ratio index overestimated LAI largely because of difficulty deriving the appropriate reflectance scale of mid-infrared correction to apply to this index at the larger landscape scale investigated here. However, mid-infrared correction of the Thematic Mapper indices was a good indicator of understory canopy cover. C1 Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, NTSG, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. USDA Forest Serv, Intermt Fire Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP White, JD (reprint author), Landcare Res, Palmerston North, New Zealand. NR 57 TC 99 Z9 104 U1 1 U2 15 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 27 IS 11 BP 1714 EP 1727 DI 10.1139/cjfr-27-11-1714 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA YR099 UT WOS:000071458200002 ER PT J AU Cain, MD Shelton, MG AF Cain, MD Shelton, MG TI Loblolly and shortleaf pine seed viability through 21 months of field storage: Can carry-over occur between seed crops? SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article AB To assess the potential for carry-over of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) seeds from one year to the next, seed viability was determined by germination tests following field storage for up to 21 months. Treatments included seeds stored (i) in a freezer, (ii) on the forest floor, (iii) 1.8 m above the forest floor and exposed to precipitation, and (iv) 1.8 m above the forest floor and :sheltered from precipitation. The germinative capacity of seeds stored in a freezer exceeded 95% for both loblolly and short! eaf pines after 7, 9, 19, and 21 months. Because seeds stored on the forest floor germinated naturally, laboratory germination after 7 months storage averaged less than 1% for both species. Loblolly pine seeds stored above the forest floor and exposed to precipitation had the highest germinative capacity (98% and 56% germination after 7 and 21 months, respectively). Relative ranking of viability retention for the remaining treatments was loblolly seeds sheltered from precipitation > shortleaf seeds sheltered from precipitation > shortleaf seeds exposed to precipitation. C1 Univ Arkansas, USDA Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. RP Cain, MD (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, USDA Forest Serv, So Res Stn, POB 3516, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 27 IS 11 BP 1901 EP 1904 DI 10.1139/cjfr-27-11-1901 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA YR099 UT WOS:000071458200022 ER PT J AU Cochran, VL Sparrow, EB Schlentner, SF Knight, CW AF Cochran, VL Sparrow, EB Schlentner, SF Knight, CW TI Long-term tillage and crop residue management in the subarctic: fluxes of methane and nitrous oxide SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE methane; nitrous oxide; nitrification; denitrification; barley ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; FOREST SOILS; OXIDATION; NITRIFICATION; DECOMPOSITION; CONSUMPTION; INHIBITORS; STRAW; FIELD; CH4 AB Methane and nitrous oxide are important radiatively active gases that are influenced by agricultural practices. This study assesses long-term tillage, crop residue management, and N fertilization rates on the flux of these two gases at a high latitude site representing the northern fringe of large-scale agriculture. Cumulative methane uptake for the summer was higher from no-tillage plots than tilled plots. This was associated with lower soil water contents with tillage. Thus, the reduction in CH4 uptake was attributed to water stress on methane oxidizers. At planting, soil water contents were near field capacity, and the no-till plots had the lowest uptake which was attributed to restricted diffusion of methane to active sites. A similar pattern of methane uptake to soil water content was found with the residue management treatments. Removing the straw lowered the soil water content and for most of the season methane uptake was also lower than where the straw had been left on the plots. Nitrogen fertilizer rate had little effect on methane uptake over the summer, but high N rates lowered consumption during the time of active nitrification early in the season. This corresponded to the time of maximum efflux of nitrous oxide. Nitrous oxide efflux was greatest at the high N rate where straw was retained on the plots. C1 USDA, ARS, No Plains Soil & Water Res Ctr, Sidney, MT 59270 USA. Univ Alaska, Agr & Forestry Expt Stn, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Cochran, VL (reprint author), USDA, ARS, No Plains Soil & Water Res Ctr, 1500 N Cent, Sidney, MT 59270 USA. EM vcochran@ars.usda.gov NR 26 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 14 PU AGR INST CANADA PI OTTAWA PA SUITE 907 151 SLATER ST, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1P 5H4, CANADA SN 0008-4271 J9 CAN J SOIL SCI JI Can. J. Soil Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 77 IS 4 BP 565 EP 570 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA YY457 UT WOS:000072148500008 ER PT J AU Gaines, CS Finney, PL Andrews, LC AF Gaines, CS Finney, PL Andrews, LC TI Influence of kernel size and shriveling on soft wheat milling and baking quality SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID HARDNESS AB Small kernels of soft wheat are sometimes considered to be harder than larger kernels and to have inferior milling and baking characteristics. This study distinguished between kernel size and kernel shriveling. Nine cultivars were separated into large, medium, and small kernels that had no shriveling. Eleven cultivars were separated into sound, moderate, and severely shriveled kernels. Shriveling greatly decreased the amount of flour produced during milling. It adversely affected all other milling quality characteristics lash content, endosperm separation index, and friability). Shriveled kernels Produced flour that had inferior soft wheat baking qualities (smaller cookie diameter and higher alkaline water retention capacity). In contrast, test weight and milling qualities were independent of kernel size. Small, nonshriveled kernels had slightly better baking quality (larger cookie diameter) than larger nonshriveled kernels, Small kernels were softer than large kernels (measured by break flour yield, particle size index, and flour particle size). Small nonshriveled kernels did not have diminished total flour yield potential or other reduced flour milling characteristics. Those observations suggest a possibility of separating small sound kernels from small shriveled kernels to improve flour yield and the need to improve dockage testing estimation techniques to distinguish between small shriveled and small nonshriveled kernels. RP Gaines, CS (reprint author), OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,USDA ARS,SOFT WHEAT QUAL LAB,WOOSTER,OH 44691, USA. NR 21 TC 21 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 74 IS 6 BP 700 EP 704 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1997.74.6.700 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA YJ797 UT WOS:A1997YJ79700002 ER PT J AU Zhang, DC Doehlert, DC Moore, WR AF Zhang, DC Doehlert, DC Moore, WR TI Factors affecting viscosity of slurries of oat groat flours SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID BROILER CHICKS; BETA-GLUCANS AB Oat grain is routinely kilned and steamed before milling to develop flavor and to inactivate lipid-degrading enzymes. Heat treatments can significantly affect viscous properties, which have functional and nutritional importance. Oat flour slurries (23%, w/w, solids dry basis) made from steamed (for 20 min) or autoclaved (at 121 degrees C, 15 psi, for 10 min) grain developed high viscosities, whereas flour slurries made from raw or kilned (105 degrees C for 90 min) oats did not. Flour slurries made from raw greats, surface-sterilized by 1% hypochlorite, were more. viscous than untreated raw great flour slurries, suggesting that beta-glucan hydrolases on the surface of the groat caused the viscosity losses observed in raw or kilned greats. However, because viscosities developed by surface-sterilized greats were not as great as in steamed oat-flour slurries and because some roasting treatments also inactivated enzymes without enhancing viscosity, it appears steaming might also affect the beta-glucan polymer, resulting in its greater hydration in solution. Smaller particle size and higher incubation temperature also resulted in increased flour slurry viscosity, presumably because of increased hydration of the beta-glucan. Rmoval of lipids from steamed oat flour significantly increased the oat flour slurry viscosity, apparently by increasing the beta-glucan concentration in the flour. C1 N DAKOTA STATE UNIV, USDA ARS, HARD RED SPRING & DURUM WHEAT QUAL LAB, FARGO, ND 58105 USA. N DAKOTA STATE UNIV, DEPT CEREAL SCI, FARGO, ND 58105 USA. NR 23 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 3 PU AACC INTERNATIONAL PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 EI 1943-3638 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 74 IS 6 BP 722 EP 726 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1997.74.6.722 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA YJ797 UT WOS:A1997YJ79700006 ER PT J AU Bean, SR Lookhart, GL AF Bean, SR Lookhart, GL TI Separation of wheat proteins by two-dimensional reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography plus free zone capillary electrophoresis SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID POLYACRYLAMIDE-GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; STORAGE PROTEINS; 2-DIMENSIONAL ELECTROPHORESIS; VARIETAL IDENTIFICATION; GLUTENIN; GLIADIN; NORMALIZATION; RESOLUTION; CULTIVARS; SUBUNITS AB Gliadins and glutenins from four hard red winter wheat cultivars were separated by a novel two-dimensional (2D) technique. Protein extracts were separated by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography as the first dimension with each 30-sec interval collected separately. Those fractions were then separated by free-zone capillary electrophoresis (FZCE) for the second dimension. Data was combined into 2D surface contour plots similar to traditional gel electrophoresis 2D maps. For HPLC C-8 and C-18 columns were used in the first dimension to separate gliadins and glutenins, respectively. Uncoated fused silica capillaries (27 cm x 25 mu m, i.d.) were used for the 2D FZCE separations. Differences in the 2D maps of both gliadin and glutenin fractions were found between pairs of both closely related and sister lines that varied in quality. C1 USDA ARS,GRAIN MARKETING & PROD RES CTR,MANHATTAN,KS 66502. RP Bean, SR (reprint author), KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT GRAIN SCI & IND,MANHATTAN,KS 66506, USA. OI Bean, Scott/0000-0001-8678-8094 NR 37 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 74 IS 6 BP 758 EP 765 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1997.74.6.758 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA YJ797 UT WOS:A1997YJ79700012 ER PT J AU Parris, N Dickey, L Craig, J AF Parris, N Dickey, L Craig, J TI Quantitative analysis of corn zeins by capillary electrophoresis SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MAIZE; IDENTIFICATION AB Kjeldahl analysis is commonly used to measure zein proteins in corn maize (N x 5.7) with no attempt to eliminate contribution from other nitrogen sources. In this study, dry milled corn was extracted with 70% ethanol or 0.1N NaOH and the zein content of the extract measured using capillary electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The amount of zein protein in alcohol extracts, using this method, was in good agreement with that determined by Kjeldahl nitrogen analysis. However, less than half of the Kjeldahl nitrogen in the alkaline extracts could be attributed to corn zein. Reproducibility expressed as relative standard deviation for migration time and peak area was 0.10 and 1.05, respectively The technique permits rapid analysis of a large number of samples without interference from other compounds present in the extracts. RP Parris, N (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 19 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 74 IS 6 BP 766 EP 770 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1997.74.6.766 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA YJ797 UT WOS:A1997YJ79700013 ER PT J AU DombrinkKurtzman, MA Knutson, CA AF DombrinkKurtzman, MA Knutson, CA TI A study of maize endosperm hardness in relation to amylose content and susceptibility to damage SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID STARCH GRANULES; GENOTYPES; GELATINIZATION; AMYLOPECTIN AB The relative amounts of amylose and amylopectin in maize starch were determined in samples representing hard and soft endosperm. Although differences were small, amylose content differed significantly (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05) between the two types of endosperm, with hard endosperm containing a higher percentage of amylose. Scanning electron microscopy was used to determine that the surface appearance of starch granules from hard and soft endosperm differed. Starch granules from soft endosperm bad randomly distributed pores on their surfaces, which had a rough appearance. Few pores were observed on granules from hard endosperm. A fairly common occurrence with starch granules from soft endosperm was the development of wrinkles or fissures upon prolonged exposure to the beam of the electron microscope. Thus, a correlation existed between endosperm hardness, amylose content, and susceptibility to wrinkling and fissures. The granules of the soft endosperm of maize, presumably less mature than the granules of the hard endosperm, have a lower amylose content (20.5 +/- 1.9% vs. 23.0 +/- 1.0%), exhibit more surface pores, and are more susceptible to wrinkling in an electron beam, compared with granules of the hard endosperm. Results suggested that the composition and internal architecture of the starch granule differ depending an the hardness of the endosperm from which it was obtained. RP DombrinkKurtzman, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,MYCOTOXIN & BIOMAT PROC RES UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 33 TC 35 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 74 IS 6 BP 776 EP 780 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1997.74.6.776 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA YJ797 UT WOS:A1997YJ79700015 ER PT J AU Klavons, JA Dintzis, FR Millard, MM AF Klavons, JA Dintzis, FR Millard, MM TI Hydrodynamic chromatography of waxy maize starch SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SIZE-EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY; POLYMERS; PARTICLES AB A hydrodynamic column packed with solid beads chemically bonded with N-methyl-D-glucamine residues was used with 90% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)-H2O mobile phase as part of a chromatographic system to characterize jet-cooked waxy maize starch. Software calculations based on signals from refractive index and dual-angle light-scattering detectors indicated the column could fractionate molecular weights up to approximate to 5 x 10(8). Calculated molecular weight values for the highest molecular weight sample was greatest at the lowest flow rate of 0.1 mL/min. Values of molecular weights and radii of gyration determined by the in-line dual-angle light-scattering detector were significantly less than those determined with an off-line multiangle light-scattering detector that examined samples that had not traveled through the hydrodynamic column. This work has demonstrated the feasibility of using a hydrodynamic column to characterize waxy maize amylopectins. However, considerations of sample shear sensitivity and questions of in-line light scattering detection show that further efforts are required to develop and optimize a chromatographic system to characterize very high molecular weight amylopectins. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,MWA,PEORIA,IL 61604. NR 17 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 74 IS 6 BP 832 EP 836 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1997.74.6.832 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA YJ797 UT WOS:A1997YJ79700024 ER PT J AU Ng, KY Pollak, LM Duvick, SA White, PJ AF Ng, KY Pollak, LM Duvick, SA White, PJ TI Thermal properties of starch from 62 exotic maize (Zea mays L.) lines grown in two locations SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY; GELATINIZATION BEHAVIOR; CORN STARCH; TEMPERATURE AB The variability in thermal properties among 62 S-3 lines derived from a high-yielding exotic corn (Zea mays) population, Antigua 1 (PI 484990), was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The S-3 lines were grown in Puerto Rico (1990-1991) and Georgia (1994). Separate single-kernel starch extractions for five kernels (five replicates) from each line grown in each location were performed, and the starch was analyzed. The DSC values reported included gelatinization onset (T-oG), range (R-G), enthalpy (Delta H-G), and peak height index (PHI) and retrogradation onset (T-oR), range (R-R), enthalpy (Delta H-R), and percent retrogradation (%R) (an indication of the stability of gelatinized starch after storing at 4 degrees C for 7 days). Significant differences (P < 0.05) were found among the 62 lines of Antigua 1 for T-oG, R-G, and PHI and highly significant differences (P < 0.01) were found for Delta H-G. The starches from plants grown in Georgia (1994) had significantly (P < 0.05) greater T-oG, Delta H-G, and PHI but a significantly lower R-G than those from Puerto Rico (1990-1991). These data suggest that the starch from plants grown in Georgia (1994) might have a greater degree of crystallinity than that from Puerto Rico (1990-1991). None of the retrogradation values were significantly different among starches of the 62 lines of Antigua 1 and the starches from plants grown in the two locations. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT FOOD SCI & HUMAN NUTR,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,CTR CROPS UTILIZAT RES,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT AGRON,CORN INSECTS & CROP GENET RES UNIT,USDA ARS,AMES,IA 50011. NR 41 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 74 IS 6 BP 837 EP 841 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1997.74.6.837 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA YJ797 UT WOS:A1997YJ79700025 ER PT J AU Mosier, AR Delgado, JA AF Mosier, AR Delgado, JA TI Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes in grasslands in western Puerto Rico SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE tropics; CH4; N2O2; greenhouse gases ID FOREST SOILS; COSTA-RICA; EMISSIONS; PASTURE; CARBON; CH4; DENITRIFICATION; FERTILIZATION; CONSUMPTION; ATMOSPHERE AB Changes in land use and agricultural practices in tropical soils are thought to make major contributions to the global soil source of nitrous oxide (N2O) and sink for atmospheric methane (CH4). The variety of measurements of these gas fluxes in tropical systems are, however, limited. From November 1992 until February 1995 we conducted weekly CH4 and N2O flux measurements within three grassland locations in western Puerto Rico that had not been cultivated for at least 25 years. Sites were located in either Vertisol, Ultisol or Oxisol soils that are typical of soils in the tropics. Plots within each site included non-fertilized controls and plots where fertilizer was applied at recommended rates (300 kg N ha(-1) y(-1) quarterly) for forage production in the region. During the measurement period, CH4 uptake rates averaged 5.8 mu g CH4-C m(-2) hr(-1) with no significant differences across sites. These uptake rates were generally 10-fold lower than those reported for tropical forests. Fertilizer addition had a small negative affect on CH4 uptake in the Vertisol, tended to enhance CH4 uptake in the Ultisol and significantly decreased CH4 uptake in the Oxisol. Nitrous oxide fluxes averaged 16.9 mu g N m(-2) hr(-1) from unfertilized sites, with no significant differences across sites. These background emission rates were typically higher than those in temperate grasslands. In fertilized soils, N2O emissions averaged about 46 mu g N m(-2) hr(-1) in the Ultisol and Oxisol and 130 mu g N m(-2) hr(-1) from the Vertisol, about 0.8 and 3.3% of the N applied. Fluxes from fertilized sites were within the range of emission rates observed for fertilized temperate grasslands. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Mosier, AR (reprint author), USDA ARS, POB E, FT COLLINS, CO 80522 USA. NR 46 TC 53 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 19 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD NOV PY 1997 VL 35 IS 9 BP 2059 EP 2082 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00231-2 PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YJ533 UT WOS:A1997YJ53300016 ER PT J AU Roubenoff, R Harris, TB AF Roubenoff, R Harris, TB TI Failure to thrive, sarcopenia, and functional decline in the elderly SO CLINICS IN GERIATRIC MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL; HUMAN GROWTH-HORMONE; BODY-COMPOSITION; RHEUMATOID-ARTHRITIS; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; ENERGY-BALANCE; RISK-FACTORS; MUSCLE MASS; STRENGTH; SKELETAL AB At this time, there are no commonly accepted definitions for either the ''failure to thrive'' syndrome or for the newly described syndrome of sarcopenia. This lack of a common definition makes it difficult to contrast study results and understand the etiology of these syndromes. This article reviews the current state of understanding of these conditions and suggests potential mechanisms that may be further investigated. RP Roubenoff, R (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,PHYSIOL LAB,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK45734] NR 33 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0749-0690 J9 CLIN GERIATR MED JI Clin. Geriatr. Med. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 13 IS 4 BP 613 EP & PG 11 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA YH975 UT WOS:A1997YH97500002 PM 9354744 ER PT J AU BrownBorg, HM Blecha, F Klemcke, HG AF BrownBorg, HM Blecha, F Klemcke, HG TI Influence of plasma prolactin concentrations and age on neonatal immune function SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE neonatal pig; immunity; prolactin; lymphocyte proliferation; interleukin 2; age ID ECTOPIC PITUITARY TRANSPLANTS; AMES DWARF MICE; LYMPHOCYTE-PROLIFERATION; IMMUNOLOGICAL CAPACITY; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; MILK PROLACTIN; GROWTH-HORMONE; YOUNG-PIGS; RATS; MOUSE AB Prolactin (PRL) plays an immunomodulatory role in adult animals. However, little information is available concerning PRL's effects on neonatal immune function. Experiments were designed to evaluate the effects of hyper-and hypoprolactinemia and age on immunity in neonatal pigs. In Experiment 1, di-day-old pigs were treated with bromocriptine, an inhibitor of PRL release or vehicle for 1, 2, or 3 weeks. Mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation was evaluated in splenic lymphocytes at 11, 18, and 25 days of age. In Experiment 2, PRL or vehicle were administered to 6-day-old pigs for 2 weeks and lymphocyte proliferation, in vitro interleukin 2 (IL-2) and plaque forming cell (PFC) assays were performed. Bromocriptine administration suppressed (P = .0001) plasma PRL concentrations and enhanced concanavalin A-(ConA) and pokeweed mitogen-(PWM) stimulated proliferation of lymphocytes (P = .09). In contrast, PRL administration increased circulating plasma PRL concentrations (P < .03), decreased lymphocyte proliferation (P = .08) and suppressed the numbers of PFC/mg DNA (3.5 +/- 1.6) vs control pigs (8.7 +/- 3.3). Both in vitro IL-2 production and PWM-induced proliferation was decreased (P = .0004 and P = .002, respectively) in older vs younger pigs. The results of these studies suggest that PRL may limit specific aspects of immune system function;in neonatal pigs. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 USDA ARS,US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. KANSAS STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT ANAT & PHYSIOL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. NR 53 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0300-9629 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A-Physiol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 118 IS 3 BP 821 EP 829 DI 10.1016/S0300-9629(96)00217-4 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology GA YF644 UT WOS:A1997YF64400048 ER PT J AU Garbrecht, J Martz, LW AF Garbrecht, J Martz, LW TI Automated channel ordering and node indexing for raster channel networks SO COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE drainage network; network topology; digital elevation model; distributed modeling; image interpretation ID DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS; DRAINAGE NETWORK AB A numerical algorithm is proposed for automated interpretation of channel networks from raster images, indexing of network nodes, and ordering of channels by the Strahler method. Channel ordering and node indexing is fundamental to the automation of flow-routing management in distributed hydrologic models and morphometric evaluation of channel-network structure. The node index numbers can also serve to link network nodes to corresponding tabulated attributes of network channels. The proposed algorithm uses a two-step approach: first, the raster image of the network is interpreted and a channel attribute table is created; second, the network nodes are indexed based only on the network connectivity information contained in the channel attribute table. The use of attribute information in the second step eliminates a repeat of the time consuming cell-by-cell interpretations of the network raster image. In addition to the general case of nodes with two upstream inflows, the algorithm also handles complex nodes (nodes with more than two upstream inflows) which are rare under natural conditions, but more Frequent in raster networks. The final product of the presented algorithm is a table of channel orders and node indices derived from raster images of channel networks. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Geog, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W0, Canada. RP Garbrecht, J (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, 7207 W Cheyenne St, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. NR 25 TC 21 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-3004 J9 COMPUT GEOSCI JI Comput. Geosci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 23 IS 9 BP 961 EP 966 DI 10.1016/S0098-3004(97)00055-1 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA ZA633 UT WOS:000072384900004 ER PT J AU Burhans, DE AF Burhans, DE TI Habitat and microhabitat features associated with cowbird parasitism in two forest edge cowbird hosts SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Brown-headed Cowbird; Molothrus ater; Field Sparrow; Spizella pusilla; Indigo Bunting; Passerina cyanea; microhabitat; brood parasitism ID BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD; FLYCATCHERS; VEGETATION; WARBLERS; BIRDS AB I examined the relationship of habitat and nest microhabitat features of Field Sparrows (Spizella pusilla) and Indigo Buntings (Passerina cyanen) to brood parasitism by the Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) in central Missouri. In old field habitats, Indigo Buntings were more frequently parasitized than Field Sparrows, but Indigo Buntings nesting in forested habitat were parasitized at higher frequencies than buntings in old fields. Logistic regression models showed that nest concealment best explained parasitism for all Indigo Buntings and field-nesting Indigo Buntings, with poorly concealed nests more likely to be parasitized. However, side concealment was not related to parasitism for heavily-parasitized Indigo Buntings in forested habitats. Microhabitat variables did not explain parasitism at Field Sparrow nests, but their nests were lower and better concealed than field-nesting Indigo Buntings. Results suggest that nest microhabitat features may influence probability of parasitism, but species and habitat characteristics may override microhabitat in explaining frequency of parasitism. RP Burhans, DE (reprint author), UNIV MISSOURI,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,DIV BIOL SCI,1-26 AGR BLDG,110 TUCKER HALL,COLUMBIA,MO 65211, USA. NR 31 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 3 U2 8 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 1997 VL 99 IS 4 BP 866 EP 872 DI 10.2307/1370136 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA YF641 UT WOS:A1997YF64100003 ER PT J AU Janisiewicz, WJ Jeffers, SN AF Janisiewicz, WJ Jeffers, SN TI Efficacy of commercial formulation of two biofungicides for control of blue mold and gray mold of apples in cold storage SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE biological control; postharvest; Penicillium expansum; Botrytis cinerea; Pseudomonas syringae ID POSTHARVEST BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; BOTRYTIS-CINEREA; DISEASES; PENICILLIUM; BIOCONTROL; RESISTANCE; PATHOGENS; BENOMYL; FRUITS AB The effectiveness of a new biofungicide, Bio-Save 11, based on a strain of Pseudomonas syringae (ESC-11 = L-59-66) and formulated as a 10% wettable powder was evaluated and compared to thiabendazole and fresh cells of the bacterium using two apple (Malus X domestica Borkh.) cultivars in each of two seasons. The effectiveness of a 10% wettable powder of another strain of Pseudomonas syringae, ESC-10, was also evaluated. The dry wettable powder formulation of strain ESC-11 (ESC-11 WP) of P. syringae performed as well as the fresh cells of the bacterium. Application of a suspension containing diphenylamine, conidia of Penicillium expansum Link and Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. (both at 1 x 10(4) conidia/ml) and ESC-11 WP at the proposed label rate to wounded Golden Delicious and Delicious apples controlled fruit decay as effectively as the fresh cells of the bacterium applied in a similar suspension. The control achieved with both suspensions of this antagonist was comparable to that with thiabendazole. ESC-10 WP significantly reduced the incidence of disease; but often less effectively than with the formulated preparation (ESC-11 WP) or the fresh cells of P. syringae (L-59-66). Populations of the biocontrol agent from either formulated or fresh preparations increased in the wounds more than 10-fold during 3 months in storage at 1 degrees C and appeared to reach wound carrying capacity at approximately 1x10(8) CFU/wound. The dry commercial formulation did not adversely affect the performance of the bacterium for control of blue mold and gray mold of apples in the presence of diphenylamine applied at the label recommended rate after harvest. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ECOSCI CORP,ORLANDO,FL 32802. RP Janisiewicz, WJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN,45 WILTSHIRE RD,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 28 TC 98 Z9 109 U1 2 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 16 IS 7 BP 629 EP 633 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(97)00048-3 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YE819 UT WOS:A1997YE81900003 ER PT J AU Berdahl, JD Barker, RE AF Berdahl, JD Barker, RE TI Clonal and open-pollinated progeny testing in an intermediate wheatgrass population SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Efficient testing procedures are needed to identify superior parents for improved cultivars of cross-pollinated forage species, The primary objective of this study was to compare clonal and open-pollinated (OP) progeny testing in the selection of parents from an intermediate wheatgrass [Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkw, & Dewey] population, A second objective was to examine experimental error control from a partially-balanced lattice design and a nearest-neighbor analysis relative to a randomized complete block statistical design (RCBD), Parent clones were evaluated in plots that consisted of 30 closely spaced ramets, and progenies were sown in single-row plots 6.0 m long spaced 0.6 m apart at adjacent sites near Mandan, ND, Based on 3-yr means from one location, narrow-sense heritability estimates from 81 parent clones and their respective open-pollinated progenies averaged 50% for heading date, 45% for plant height, and 69% for dry matter yield. Extreme high-and low-ranked entries for all three traits generally were in common for clonal and progeny tests. A Lattice design and nearest-neighbor analysis reduced experimental error but did not improve rank correlations between parent clones and their progenies or heritability estimates compared with a randomized complete block design, These results suggest that clonal and open-pollinated progeny tests should be used to select superior parents of intermediate wheatgrass, as both test procedures have unique attributes, Clonal tests are useful in selecting for traits with relatively high heritability, while extensive progeny testing is more appropriate for complex traits such as dry-matter yield. C1 USDA ARS,NATL FORAGE SEED PROD RES CTR,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP Berdahl, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS,NO GREAT PLAINS RES LAB,POB 459,MANDAN,ND 58554, USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1751 EP 1754 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YL420 UT WOS:A1997YL42000013 ER PT J AU Brink, GE Rowe, DE AF Brink, GE Rowe, DE TI White clover clone response to alternative defoliation methods SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TRIFOLIUM-REPENS; MORPHOLOGY; VARIETIES; GERMPLASM; SHEEP AB White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is often evaluated under clipping during selection of germplasm but is ultimately utilized in grazed pastures. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of defoliation method on morphological characters that serve as selection criteria for improving white clover productivity and persistence. Vegetative clones of 14 plants of Southern Regional Virus Resistant germplasm were space-planted in a common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] sward in each of 2 yr on a Savannah fine sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Fragiudult). Clones were defoliated the following year by continuous stocking with cattle or by clipping or rotational stocking on a monthly basis. Lateral plant spread of all clones increased from April to June, but declined from July to October due to death of stolen apices, and was reduced up to 50% by continuous stocking compared with clipping and rotational stocking. In July, plant leaf area, stolen length, and number of stolen apices of all clipped and rotationally-stocked clones were twice that of continuously-stocked clones. Morphological response to defoliation method in October, however, was genotype-dependent; clones that exhibited superior growth in response to one defoliation method did not exhibit the same response to either of the other methods. The differential effect of defoliation method on white clover morphology demonstrates the sensitivity of these characters to harvest management, and because of their association with persistence, the need to evaluate germplasm in the environment in which it will be utilized. RP Brink, GE (reprint author), USDA ARS,FORAGE RES UNIT,POB 5367,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762, USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1832 EP 1835 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YL420 UT WOS:A1997YL42000028 ER PT J AU Broderick, GA Albrecht, KA AF Broderick, GA Albrecht, KA TI Ruminal in vitro degradation of protein in tannin-free and tannin-containing forage legume species SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CONDENSED TANNINS; DAIRY-COWS; AMINO-ACIDS; INVITRO; ALFALFA; DIGESTION; RATES; DEGRADABILITY; PROTEOLYSIS; EXTRACTS AB Protein in forages often is poorly utilized by ruminants because of extensive degradation in the rumen. Our objectives were to assess the variation in ruminal protein degradability among forage legumes and to determine whether degradability was reduced by tannins. Legumes representing a range of species adapted to temperate regions were harvested on 29 Aug. 1989 and 31 Aug. 1990 from triplicate plots, then lyophilized, ground, and analyzed for tannins by radial diffusion. Ruminal protein degradation rates and escapes, estimated assuming a passage rate of 0.06 h(-1), were determined both years by an in vitro limited substrate inhibitor procedure, and on samples from 1990 by a Michaelis-Menten method. Protein degradation rates and escapes (limited substrate method) in 1989 ranged from 0.27 h(-1) and 18% for white clover (Trifolium repens L.) to 0.001 h(-1) and 96 and 97% for two cultivars of sericea lespedeza [Lespedeza cuneata (Dum.-Cours.) G. Don]. In 1990, rates and escapes ranged from 0.21 h(-1) and 21% for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to virtually 0 and 93 to 97% for two cultivars of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Stop.) and three of sericea lespedeza. More rapid degradation rates were obtained with the Michaelis-Menten approach for the most slowly degraded entries. Differences in degradation rate and ruminal escape were proportional to tannin concentration. However, red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), which does not contain tannins, had a protein degradability comparable with forages with low levels of tannin. These data suggest that differences in ruminal protein degradation among forage legumes are only partly explained by the presence of tannins. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT AGRON,MADISON,WI 53706. RP Broderick, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 29 TC 62 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 15 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1884 EP 1891 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YL420 UT WOS:A1997YL42000037 ER PT J AU Williams, CE Yanagihara, S McCouch, SR Mackill, DJ Ronald, PC AF Williams, CE Yanagihara, S McCouch, SR Mackill, DJ Ronald, PC TI Predicting success of indica/japonica crosses in rice, based on a PCR marker for the S-5(n) allele at a hybrid-sterility locus SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ORYZA-SATIVA L; WIDE COMPATIBILITY; MULTIPLE ALLELES; VARIETIES AB Exploitation of crosses between the japonica and indica subspecies of rice (Oryza sativa L.) is hindered by hybrid sterility. However, germplasm containing the S-5(n) wide compatibility allele, derived from tropical japonica (javanica), can be used as an intermediate in the transfer of traits. A PCR-based DNA marker, STS213, was used to identify the fraction of an F-3 population, segregating for S-5(n) and the japonica allele S-5(j), that was most likely to yield fertile progeny from crosses with indica rice. Plants carrying the STS213 allele associated with wide compatibility, had significantly higher fertility than plants containing the japonica allele. The ability to detect seedlings bearing S-5(n), the wide-compatibility allele, will facilitate the introgression of this allele into temperate japonica cultivars while eliminating the need to test cross, self and score fur fertility a majority of the individuals during introgression. C1 PURDUE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT AGRON,DAVIS,CA 95616. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,DAVIS,CA 95616. CORNELL UNIV,DEPT PLANT BREEDING & BIOMETRY,ITHACA,NY 14853. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,USDA ARS,DAVIS,CA 95616. RP Williams, CE (reprint author), PURDUE UNIV,USDA ARS,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907, USA. RI Mackill, David/C-6368-2014 OI Mackill, David/0000-0003-4224-6781 NR 12 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1910 EP 1912 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YL420 UT WOS:A1997YL42000040 ER PT J AU Marcon, A Kaeppler, SM Jensen, SG AF Marcon, A Kaeppler, SM Jensen, SG TI Resistance to systemic spread of high plains virus and wheat streak mosaic virus cosegregates in two F-2 maize populations inoculated with both pathogens SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PLANT-VIRUSES; GENE; DISEASE AB High plains virus (HPV) has the potential to cause significant damage in susceptible maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes. The virus is vectored by the wheat curl mite (WCM), Aceria tosichella, Keifer, which also vectors wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV). We have previously characterized susceptibility of maize inbred lines to double infection of HPV slid WSMV. The objective of this study was to characterize the inheritance of resistance to systemic spread of HPV and WSMV in mixed infection. Genetic analysis was done with crosses B73 (resistant) x Wf9 (susceptible) and B73 x W64A (susceptible). Parental, F-1, and F-2 plants were WCM-inoculated with HPV and WSMV, and scored for their reactions both visually and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. F-1 plants were resistant to systemic spread of HPV and WSMV, indicating that resistance is dominant in these lines. Segregation (based on symptomology) in the F-2 generation fit a 3:1 resistant:susceptible ratio in both B73 x W64A and B73 x Wf9 (P = 0.34 and 0.11, respectively), consistent with a single chromosome region segregating for resistance to both viruses. The resistant allele was contributed by B73 and was Linked to marker bnl6.29 on the short arm of chromosome six. This chromosome region has been shown to control resistance to WSMV (wsm1). Two independent sets of inbred-backcross-derived near-isogenic lines confirmed the effect of this chromosome region. This study reveals the genetic basis of symptomology observed upon mixed infection with HPV and WSMV in these populations. Identification of molecular markers linked to virus resistance genes may enhance inbred line development efforts. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT AGRON,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT AGRON,LINCOLN,NE 68583. UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,WHEAT SORGHUM & FORAGE RES UNIT,LINCOLN,NE 68583. OI Kaeppler, Shawn/0000-0002-5964-1668 NR 26 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1923 EP 1927 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YL420 UT WOS:A1997YL42000042 ER PT J AU Furman, BJ Qualset, CO Skovmand, B Heaton, JH Corke, H Wesenberg, DM AF Furman, BJ Qualset, CO Skovmand, B Heaton, JH Corke, H Wesenberg, DM TI Characterization and analysis of North American triticale genetic resources SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID WORLD COLLECTION; DURUM-WHEAT; DIVERSITY; ADAPTATION; STRATEGIES AB A collection of more than 3000 secessions of triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack), called the North American Triticale Genetic Resources Collection (NATGRC), was assembled from 10 active and inactive breeding programs in the USA, Canada, and Mexico for the purposes of conservation, characterization, evaluation, and documentation. Since triticale has no wild ancestors and hybrid parentage is often unknown, preservation of unique gene combinations is essential for continued utilization. The origin groups that comprised the whole collection were evaluated in field plots for 2 yr at Davis, CA. Accessions were predominantly secondary hexaploid triticaIes having spring growth habit. The collection was classified for spike type and 38% had spikes typical of complete (Beagle type) and 30% were substituted (Armadillo type) triticale. The Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H'), computed for seven qualitative traits, was 1.275 for the whole collection. The most diverse group was from Manitoba (1.404) and the least diverse groups were from Oregon (0.822) and CIMMYT (0.867). Over-trait mean coefficients of variation for eight quantitative traits gave similar diversity ratings as H' for each of the origin groups (r = 0.74*), suggesting that simply scored traits may be useful for assessing overall diversity in large genetic resource collections. Principal components (PC) analysis of quantitative traits showed differentiation, but considerable commonality, among the Canada, Mexico, and USA groups. The CA-Davis group included hybrid derivatives from CA-Jenkins x CIMMYT groups that clustered intermediate to those groups, suggesting a genetic basis for the phenotypic clustering. The PC analysis showed that the Beagle and Armadillo types differed in several quantitative traits, showing that this classification is a useful descriptor for hexaploid triticale. The NATGRC is conserved at USDA, Aberdeen, LD, and CIMMYT, Mexico. Researchers are urged to use and contribute to this collection. The formation of a European-based collection emphasizing winter growth habit is recommended. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS, GENET RESOURCES CONSERVAT PROGRAM, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA. UNIV CALIF DAVIS, DEPT AGRON & RANGE SCI, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV, FOREST BIOTECHNOL GRP, RALEIGH, NC 27695 USA. UNIV HONG KONG, DEPT BOT, HONG KONG, HONG KONG. CIMMYT, MEXICO CITY 06600, DF, MEXICO. USDA ARS, NATL SMALL GRAINS COLLECT, ABERDEEN, ID 83210 USA. RI Corke, Harold/D-3068-2009 NR 28 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X EI 1435-0653 J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1951 EP 1959 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YL420 UT WOS:A1997YL42000046 ER PT J AU Murphy, JP Griffey, CA Finney, PL Leath, S AF Murphy, JP Griffey, CA Finney, PL Leath, S TI Agronomic and grain quality evaluations of Triticum aestivum x Aegilops tauschii backcross populations SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID HEXAPLOID WHEAT; LEAF RUST; RESISTANCE; GERMPLASM; SQUARROSA; CHROMOSOMES; PROTEIN; SEED AB Aegilops tauschii Coss., a diploid progenitor of common wheat, Triticum aestivum L., is a valuable source of pest resistance alleles. However, interspecific populations generated for pest-resistant germplasm development may contain beneficial alleles for other important traits. The objective of this research was to evaluate eight agronomic and grain quality traits in three soft red winter wheat x Ae. tauschii backcross populations. A total of 385 BC2F2-derived lines were gown at locations in North Carolina and Virginia for two seasons. Grain quality evaluations were conducted at the USDA-ARS Soft Wheat Quality Laboratory. Fifty-four percent of lines did not differ significantly from their recurrent parent, averaged over all eight traits. In general, distributions were negatively skewed for grain yield and test weight and positively skewed for heading date, plant height, flour protein concentration, and alkaline water retention rapacity. Line distributions for flour yield and softness equivalent were population-dependent. Twenty-three lines were significantly superior to their recurrent parent for one or more grain quality traits and similar to the recurrent parent for all remaining traits. Researchers who generate interspecific T. aestivum x Ae. tauschii populations for pest-resistant germplasm development can identify lines with beneficial alleles governing other traits in an acceptable cultivated background if the progeny undergo additional screening. C1 VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP & SOIL ENVIRONM SCI,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061. OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,USDA ARS,SOFT WHEAT QUAL LAB,WOOSTER,OH 44691. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,USDA ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP Murphy, JP (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 30 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1960 EP 1965 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YL420 UT WOS:A1997YL42000047 ER PT J AU Pedersen, JF Toy, JJ AF Pedersen, JF Toy, JJ TI Forage yield, quality, and fertility of sorghum x sudan grass hybrids in A1 and A3 cytoplasm SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID REGISTRATION AB Currently, no information is available comparing the agronomic performance of A1 and A3 cytoplasms in sorghum x sudangrass [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] hybrids. The objectives of this study were to compare the effects of Al and A3 cytoplasm on the maturity, fertility, height, forage yield, and forage quality of sorghum x sudangrass hybrids. In 1989, pollen from a bulk of eight sudangrass populations was used to pollinate four sorghum lines that had been mule-sterilized in both A1 and A3 cytoplasm. Hybrids were grown at the Univ. of Nebraska Field Laboratory, Ithaca, NE, in 1990 and 1991, in a split-plot design with inbreds (females) treated as whole plots and cytoplasms treated as subplots. The soil was a Sharpsburg silty clay loam (fine montmorillonitic, mesic Typic Agriudoll). Cytoplasm had no effect on days to 50% anthesis, height, forage yield, in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), or crude protein. Seed set under selfing bags (fertility restoration) in A3 hybrids was observed, with interaction among A3 cytoplasm sources and lines. RP Pedersen, JF (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,DEPT AGRON,NPA WHEAT SORGHUM & FORAGE RES,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 7 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1973 EP 1975 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YL420 UT WOS:A1997YL42000049 ER PT J AU Isleib, TG Rice, PW Bailey, JE Mozingo, RW Pattee, HE AF Isleib, TG Rice, PW Bailey, JE Mozingo, RW Pattee, HE TI Registration of 'NC 12C' peanut SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695. DEPT SOIL & ENVIRONM SCI,TIDEWATER AGR RES EXT CTR,SUFFOLK,VA 23437. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP Isleib, TG (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI,BOX 7629,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 8 TC 8 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1976 EP 1976 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YL420 UT WOS:A1997YL42000050 ER PT J AU Lambert, SM Darris, DC AF Lambert, SM Darris, DC TI Registration of 'Arlington' blue wildrye SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA,NRCS,CORVALLIS,OR 97330. RP Lambert, SM (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA,NRCS,NATRS,127 JOHNSON HALL,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1977 EP 1977 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YL420 UT WOS:A1997YL42000052 ER PT J AU Martin, SKS CalipDuBois, AJ Fioritto, RJ Schmitthenner, AF Cooper, RL Martin, RJ AF Martin, SKS CalipDuBois, AJ Fioritto, RJ Schmitthenner, AF Cooper, RL Martin, RJ TI Registration of 'General' soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, DEPT PLANT PATHOL, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA. OHIO STATE UNIV, OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR, DEPT HORT & CROP SCI, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA. RP Martin, SKS (reprint author), USDA ARS, DEPT HORT & CROP SCI, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X EI 1435-0653 J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1979 EP 1979 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YL420 UT WOS:A1997YL42000055 ER PT J AU Burton, JW Carter, TE Farmer, FS Huie, EB AF Burton, JW Carter, TE Farmer, FS Huie, EB TI Registration of 'Clifford' soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article RP Burton, JW (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,DEPT CROP SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1980 EP 1980 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YL420 UT WOS:A1997YL42000056 ER PT J AU Fioritto, RJ Martin, SKS Schmitthenner, AF Cooper, RL CalipDuBois, AJ Martin, RJ AF Fioritto, RJ Martin, SKS Schmitthenner, AF Cooper, RL CalipDuBois, AJ Martin, RJ TI Registration of 'Flint' soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,USDA ARS,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. RP Fioritto, RJ (reprint author), OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,DEPT HORT & CROP SCI,COLUMBUS,OH 43210, USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1980 EP 1981 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YL420 UT WOS:A1997YL42000057 ER PT J AU Martin, SKS CalipDuBois, AJ Fioritto, RJ Schmitthenner, AF Cooper, RL Martin, RJ AF Martin, SKS CalipDuBois, AJ Fioritto, RJ Schmitthenner, AF Cooper, RL Martin, RJ TI Registration of 'Defiance' soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 OHIO STATE UNIV, OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR, DEPT PLANT PATHOL, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA. OHIO STATE UNIV, OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR, USDA ARS, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA. RP Martin, SKS (reprint author), OHIO STATE UNIV, OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR, DEPT HORT & CROP SCI, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X EI 1435-0653 J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1981 EP 1981 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YL420 UT WOS:A1997YL42000058 ER PT J AU Wilcox, JR Abney, TS AF Wilcox, JR Abney, TS TI Registration of 'Athow' soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 PURDUE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. PURDUE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP Wilcox, JR (reprint author), PURDUE UNIV,USDA ARS,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907, USA. NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1981 EP 1982 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YL420 UT WOS:A1997YL42000059 ER PT J AU Miller, JF AF Miller, JF TI Registration of cmsHA 89(PEF1) cytoplasmic male-sterile, RPEF1 restorer, and two nuclear male-sterile (NMS 373 and 377) sunflower genetic stocks SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article RP Miller, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS,NO CROP SCI LAB,FARGO,ND 58105, USA. NR 5 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1984 EP 1984 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YL420 UT WOS:A1997YL42000062 ER PT J AU Miller, JF Gulya, TJ AF Miller, JF Gulya, TJ TI Registration of eight maintainer (HA 393, HA 394 and HA 402 to HA 407) and seven restorer (RHA 395 to RHA 401) sunflower germplasm lines SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article RP Miller, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS,NO CROP SCI LAB,FARGO,ND 58105, USA. NR 3 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1988 EP 1989 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YL420 UT WOS:A1997YL42000068 ER PT J AU Seiler, GJ Jan, CC AF Seiler, GJ Jan, CC TI Registration of 10 interspecific germplasm fertility restorer populations for sunflower PET1 male-sterile cytoplasm SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID WILD RP Seiler, GJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,NO CROP SCI LAB,FARGO,ND 58105, USA. NR 9 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1989 EP 1991 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YL420 UT WOS:A1997YL42000069 ER PT J AU Lamkey, KR Hallauer, AR AF Lamkey, KR Hallauer, AR TI Registration of eight selected BS11 maize germplasm populations SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,AMES,IA 50011. RP Lamkey, KR (reprint author), USDA ARS,CORN INSECTS & CROP GENET RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50011, USA. RI Lamkey, Kendall/D-7631-2013 OI Lamkey, Kendall/0000-0001-8510-8798 NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1992 EP 1993 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YL420 UT WOS:A1997YL42000072 ER PT J AU Gardner, RG Wells, JE Fields, MW Wilson, DB Russell, JB AF Gardner, RG Wells, JE Fields, MW Wilson, DB Russell, JB TI A Prevotella ruminicola B(1)4 operon encoding extracellular polysaccharide hydrolases SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BACTEROIDES-OVATUS; GUAR GUM; BACTERIA; GENE; 1,4-BETA-D-ENDOGLUCANASE; BETA-1,4-D-ENDOGLUCANASE; ENDOGLUCANASE; STRAINS; CLONING; GROWTH AB When Escherichia coli XL1-Blue MRA (P2) was infected with lambda DNA containing Prevotella ruminicola B(1)4 chromosomal DNA, only a few plaques produced beta-1,4-endoglucanase activity, and all of these had mannanase activity. Positive phage contained a 17-kb SacI DNA fragment that gave six bands after EcoRI digestion. The EcoRI fragments were ligated into pBluescript and sequenced. The order of the fragments was verified by PCR and by restriction mapping. The DNA sequence contained 6 open reading frames (ORFs). The 4th and 5th ORFs encoded two related beta-1,4-endoglucanases. E. coli clones carrying ORF5 and ORF6 had beta-1,4-endoglucanase and mannanase activities, while a clone carrying only ORF6 hydrolyzed mannan but not carboxymethylcellulose. The 6th ORF had three regions of homology to mannanase A from Pseudomonas fluorescens. Based on these results, ORF6 encoded the mannanase gene. The 3rd ORF had 10 regions of homology with cellulose-binding protein A from Clostridium cellulovorans. The 1st and 2nd ORFs had no significant homology to genes or amino acid sequences in GeneBank or SwissProt. All of the ORFs except 1 encoded a potential signal peptide sequence. The upstream region of ORF1 contained four direct repeats and four inverted repeat elements, but no apparent sigma(70) sequence-like promoter was present. The segment of DNA containing the 6 ORFs was preceded and followed by potential transcription termination signals suggesting a single transcriptional unit. C1 CORNELL UNIV,MICROBIOL SECT,ITHACA,NY 14853. USDA ARS,ITHACA,NY 14853. NR 18 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 35 IS 5 BP 274 EP 277 DI 10.1007/s002849900253 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA YC102 UT WOS:A1997YC10200005 PM 9321452 ER PT J AU Whitehead, TR AF Whitehead, TR TI Development of a bifunctional xylosidase/arabinosidase gene as a reporter gene for the gram-negative anaerobes Bacteroides and Porphyromonas, and Escherichia coli SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OVATUS; GINGIVALIS; BACTERIA; SEQUENCE; XYLANASE AB Members of the genera Bacteroides and Porphyromonas are common inhabitants of the human intestinal and oral microflora, and certain species are capable of causing disease states in humans. Genetic studies of these organisms are important for determining factors involved in the development of such diseases. A reporter gene for transcriptional fusions may prove useful for studies of gene regulation in these organisms. Bacteroides ovatus is a normal inhabitant of the human intestinal tract and is one of the few Bacteroides species capable of degrading xylan, a major component of fiber in the diet. A gene encoding for a bifunctional xylosidase/arabinosidase (XA) enzyme was previously cloned in our laboratory from B. ovatus V975 as part of a xylan-inducible operon. The XA gene was isolated by polymerase chain reaction and subcloned into the E. coli plasmid pBluescript II KS+. The XA gene is under transcriptional regulation in E. coli by the Inc promoter, and both activities can be induced with isopropylthio-beta-galactoside (IPTG). The XA gene was subcloned into E. coli/Bacteroides shuttle vectors and introduced by conjugation into different Bacteroides species and Porphyromonas gingivalis. The results of transcriptional fusions in Bacteroides species and E. coli were evaluated. The characteristics of the XA reporter system are the low background or total lack of arabinosidase and xylosidase activities in most Bacteroides species, P. gingivalis, and E. coli, and the ease of enzymatic assays. In addition, bacterial colonies can be screened directly on agar plates by fluorescence with methylumbelliferyl derivatives as substrates for either enzymatic activity. RP Whitehead, TR (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,FERMENTAT BIOCHEM RES UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. RI Whitehead, Terence/B-5235-2009 NR 15 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 35 IS 5 BP 282 EP 286 DI 10.1007/s002849900255 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA YC102 UT WOS:A1997YC10200007 PM 9462958 ER PT J AU Whitcomb, RF French, FE Tully, JG Carle, P Henegar, R Hackett, KJ Gasparich, GE Williamson, DL AF Whitcomb, RF French, FE Tully, JG Carle, P Henegar, R Hackett, KJ Gasparich, GE Williamson, DL TI Spiroplasma species, groups, and subgroups from north American Tabanidae SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CLASS MOLLICUTES; SP-NOV; LAMPYRIDAE; COLEOPTERA; DIPTERA; CLASSIFICATION; DEFORMATION AB Twenty-one triply cloned spiroplasma strains from the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, all isolated from tabanid (Diptera:Tabanidae) flies or serologically related to strains from tabanids, were compared reciprocally by spiroplasma deformation (DF) and metabolism inhibition (MI) serological. tests. Many of the strains were also tested against 28 antisera representing known spiroplasma groups, subgroups, and putative groups isolated from nontabanid hosts. Relationships among strains were indicated by reciprocal cross-reactivity in both DF and MI tests. The strains were found to represent 11 recognized spiroplasma groups or subgroups. On the basis of serological, biochemical, and genomic data, strain BARC 1901 from Tabanus lineola appeared to represent a previously unrecognized candidate group. Strain BARC 2649, also from T. lineola, also appeared to represent a new group, but its morphology, arginine utilization, and some one-way serological crossing patterns suggested that it may be distantly related to group VIII spiroplasmas. Morphological, serological, and genomic data were used to place tabanid spiroplasma strains into three informal clusters. These are (i) groups IV (strain B31) and XXXI (strain HYOS-1); (ii) the three existing subgroups and a new candidate subgroup of group Vm represented by strain BARC 1357 plus ungrouped strain BARC 2649; and (iii) 14 strains, including EC-1 and TATS-1 (group XIV); strains TN-1 and TAAS-2 (group XVIII); strains TG-1, TASS-1, and BARC 4689 (group XXIII), strains TALS-2 (group XXVII), strain TABS-2 (group XXXII), and strains TAUS-1 and TABS-1 (group XXXIII) and ungrouped but closely related strains BARC 1901, BARC 2264 and BARC 2555. Analysis of tabanids from other geographic regions probably will substantially increase the number of known spiroplasma groups from this insect family. C1 GEORGIA SO UNIV,DEPT BIOL,STATESBORO,GA 30460. NIAID,FREDERICK CANC RES FACIL,MYCOPLASMA SERV,MOL MICROBIOL LAB,FREDERICK,MD 21702. INST NATL RECH AGRON,BIOL CELLULAIRE & MOL LAB,F-33883 VILLENAVE DORNON,FRANCE. USDA,INSECT BIOCONTROL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. SUNY STONY BROOK,DEPT ANAT SCI,STONY BROOK,NY 11794. RP Whitcomb, RF (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,VEGETABLE LAB,HH3,RANGE 2,BLDG 010,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 44 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 35 IS 5 BP 287 EP 293 DI 10.1007/s002849900256 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA YC102 UT WOS:A1997YC10200008 ER PT J AU Russell, JB Wells, JE AF Russell, JB Wells, JE TI The ability of 2-deoxyglucose to promote the lysis of Streptococcus bovis JB 1 via a mechanism involving cell wall stability SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GLUCOSE-TRANSPORT; FECAL CARRIAGE; LOW-AFFINITY; BACTERIA; PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE; ACIDOSIS; LACTIS; METABOLISM; SYSTEM; GROWTH AB The non-metabolizable glucose analog, 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG), decreased the growth rate and optical density of Streptococcus bovis JB1 20%, but it had an even greater effect on stationary phase cultures. Control cultures receiving only glucose (2 mg/ml) lysed very slowly (<5% decline in optical density in 43 h), but cultures that had been grown with glucose and 2-DG (2 mg/ml each) lysed much faster (>85% decline in optical density in 48 h). Cultures that were treated with inhibitors that decreased intracellular ATP (sodium fluoride, nigericin, and valinomycin or tetrachlorosalicylanilide) or membrane potential (sodium fluoride, nigericin, and valinomycin, tetrachlorosalicylanilide, or phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride) did not promote lysis. 2-DG had its greatest effect when it was added at inoculation. If 2-DG was added at later times, less lysis was observed, and cells that were given 2-DG just prior to stationary phase were unaffected. Cells that were grown with glucose and 2-DG were more susceptible to cell wall-degrading enzymes (lysozyme and mutanolysin) than cells that had been grown only with glucose, but sublethal doses of penicillin during growth did not promote lysis after the cells had reached stationary phase. The idea that 2-DG might be affecting autolytic activity was supported by the observation that cultures washed and resuspended in fresh medium with or without 2-DG lysed at a slower rate than cultures that were not centrifuged or were resuspended in the culture superntant. C1 CORNELL UNIV,MICROBIOL SECT,ITHACA,NY 14853. RP Russell, JB (reprint author), USDA ARS,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. NR 32 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 35 IS 5 BP 299 EP 304 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA YC102 UT WOS:A1997YC10200010 PM 9462960 ER PT J AU Anderson, RA Cheng, NZ Bryden, NA Polansky, MM Cheng, NP Chi, JM Feng, JG AF Anderson, RA Cheng, NZ Bryden, NA Polansky, MM Cheng, NP Chi, JM Feng, JG TI Elevated intakes of supplemental chromium improve glucose and insulin variables in individuals with type 2 diabetes SO DIABETES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 56th Annual Meeting of the American-Diabetes-Association CY JUN 08-11, 1996 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Amer Diabet Assoc ID TOTAL PARENTERAL-NUTRITION; DIETARY CHROMIUM; BLOOD-GLUCOSE; SERUM; DEFICIENCY; CHOLESTEROL; TOLERANCE; LOSSES; CARBOHYDRATE; METABOLISM AB Chromium is an essential nutrient involved in normal carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, The chromium requirement is postulated to increase with increased glucose intolerance and diabetes, The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the elevated intake of supplemental chromium is involved in the control of type 2 diabetes, Individuals being treated for type 2 diabetes (180 men and women) were divided randomly into three groups and supplemented with: 1) placebo, 2) 1.92 mu mol (100 mu g) Cr as chromium picolinate two times per day, or 3) 9.6 mu mol (500 mu g) Cr two times per day, Subjects continued to take their normal medications and were instructed not to change their normal eating and living habits, HbA(1c) values improved significantly after 2 months in the group receiving 19.2 mu mol (1,000 mu g) Cr per day and was lower in both chromium groups after 4 months (placebo, 8.5 +/- 0.2%; 3.85 mu mol Cr, 7.5 +/- 0.2%; 19.2 mu mol Cr, 6.6 +/- 0.1%), Easting glucose was lower in the 19.2-mu mol group after 2 and 4 months (4-month values: placebo, 8.8 +/- 0.3 mmol/l; 19.2 mu mol Cr, 7.1 +/- 0.2 mmol/l), Two-hour glucose values were also significantly lower for the subjects consuming 19.2 mu mol supplemental Cr after both 2 and 4 months (4-month values: placebo, 12.3 +/- 0.4 mmol/l; 19.2 mu mol Cr, 10.5 +/- 0.2 mmol/l), Fasting and 2-h insulin values decreased significantly in both groups receiving supplemental chromium after 2 and 4 months, Plasma total cholesterol also decreased after 4 months in the subjects receiving 19.2 mu mol/day Cr. These data demonstrate that supplemental chromium had significant beneficial effects on HbA(1c), glucose, insulin, and cholesterol variables in subjects with type 2 diabetes, The beneficial effects of chromium in individuals with diabetes were observed at levels higher than the upper Limit of the Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intake. C1 BEIJING MED UNIV,BEIJING HOSP,BEIJING 100083,PEOPLES R CHINA. GEN HOSP ARMED POLICE FORCE,BEIJING,PEOPLES R CHINA. RP Anderson, RA (reprint author), USDA,BHNRC,ARS,NRFL,BARC E,BLDG 307,RM 224,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 52 TC 363 Z9 384 U1 3 U2 23 PU AMER DIABETES ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1660 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 SN 0012-1797 J9 DIABETES JI Diabetes PD NOV PY 1997 VL 46 IS 11 BP 1786 EP 1791 DI 10.2337/diabetes.46.11.1786 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA YC480 UT WOS:A1997YC48000017 PM 9356027 ER PT J AU Simpson, RB Chase, CC Spicer, LJ Carroll, JA Hammond, AC Welsh, TH AF Simpson, RB Chase, CC Spicer, LJ Carroll, JA Hammond, AC Welsh, TH TI Effect of exogenous estradiol on plasma concentrations of somatotropin, insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor binding protein activity, and metabolites in ovariectomized Angus and Brahman cows SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR; OVARIAN FOLLICULAR-FLUID; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; TRENBOLONE ACETATE; NUTRITIONAL-STATUS; ESTROUS-CYCLE; BEEF HEIFERS; YOUNG STEERS; IGF-I; CATTLE AB To determine the effect of breed and estradiol-17 beta on selected hormones and metabolites, ovariectomized (greater than or equal to 3 mo) Angus (n = 14) and Brahman (n = 12) cows were paired by age and body weight and randomly assigned as either nonimplanted controls (CON) or implanted with estradiol (E2) for 45 d. After Day 7 and through Day 42, plasma concentration of somatotropin was greater for E2 than CON cows (treatment X day, P < 0.05). During an intensive blood sampling on Day 36, E2 cows tended (P < 0.10) to have greater somatotropin pulse amplitudes than CON cows, but other parameters of somatotropin release were not affected (P > 0.10) by E2 treatment. The effect of breed was apparent on Day 36 as Brahman cows had greater (P < 0.05) somatotropin pulse amplitude, basal secretion, and mean concentration than Angus cows. Overall, plasma concentration of IGF-I was greater (P < 0.01) for E2 than CON cows (158.3 vs. 104.2 ng/ml) and was greater for Brahman than Angus cows (164.1 vs. 98.4 ng/ml). However, there was a trend (P < 0.10) for a treatment X breed X day interaction for IGF-I (i.e., the magnitude of increase in IGF-I concentration was greater in E2-Angus than E2-Brahman cows). After Day 7 and through Day 42, total plasma IGF binding protein (IGFBP) activity was greater (P < 0.01) for E2 than CON cows. Ligand blotting revealed at least five forms of IGFBP activity, and E2 cows had greater (P < 0.05) binding activity of IGFBP-3 and the 30- and 32-kDa IGFBP than CON cows. Brahman cows had greater (P < 0.05) IGFBP-3 and the 32-kDa IGFBP than Angus cows. After Day 14 and through Day 42, concentration of urea nitrogen (PUN) was greater (P < 0.001) for CON than E2 cows (treatment X day, P < 0.001). Brahman had greater (P < 0.01) PUN than Angus cows (16.6 vs. 14.2 mg/dl). Plasma concentration of glucose was greater (P < 0.01) for E2 than CON cows (78.9 vs. 76.4 mg/dl) but was not affected (P > 0.10) by breed. In summary, these data suggest that some, but not all, of the positive effects of estradiol on peripheral concentration of IGF-I and IGFBP activity can be attributed to increased somatotropin. Moreover, breed influenced basal and E2-induced secretion of somatotropin and IGF-I such that differences between Brahman and Angus cows in plasma IGF-I concentrations were abated within 3 wk of estradiol implantation. Thus, breed influences the metabolite and hormonal response of cattle to estrogenic implants. (C) Elsevier Science Inc. 1997. C1 USDA ARS, STARS, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Anim Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Vet Anat, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Chase, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS, STARS, 22271 Chinsegut Hill Rd, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. NR 44 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 14 IS 6 BP 367 EP 380 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(97)00042-8 PG 14 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA YN248 UT WOS:000071147900001 PM 9437573 ER PT J AU Romo, GA Elsasser, TH Kahl, S Erdman, RA Casper, DP AF Romo, GA Elsasser, TH Kahl, S Erdman, RA Casper, DP TI Dietary fatty acids modulate hormone responses in lactating cows: Mechanistic role for 5 '-deiodinase activity in tissue SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GROWTH-HORMONE; MILK-FAT; PLASMA-CONCENTRATIONS; THYROID STATUS; DAIRY-COWS; T3 BINDING; IGF-I; INSULIN; INHIBITION; SECRETION AB Supplemental dietary fat provides excess fatty acids (FA), which can alter circulating concentrations of several hormones. To test the effects of fatty acid isomer type and possible sites of regulation, we abomasally infused fat mixtures high in cis-C-18:1 FA (iCIS), high in trans-C-18:1 FA (iTRS) or no infusion (NI) and performed intravenous arginine (ARG) and intramuscular thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) challenges. The experimental design was a replicated 3 X 3 Latin square. Challenges were conducted on Days 10 (ARG) and 12 (TRH) after initiation of fat infusion on each of three 4-wk experimental periods. Plasma concentrations of IGF-I were lower (P < 0.01) when cows received iCIS or iTRS compared with NI. Plasma insulin concentrations increased with ARG but responses were not affected by FA. Plasma growth hormone (GH) was unchanged after ARG. Peak plasma GH and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) responses to TRH were blunted (P < 0.05 and P < 0.1, respectively), whereas thyroxine (T-4) and triiodothyronine (T-3) responses were augmented post-TRH (P < 0.01) when cows received either FA isomer. Prolactin responses to TRH were not different between infusion treatments, although basal plasma concentrations before TRH were higher in cows infused with iTRS (P < 0.05). To focus on fat regulation of the thyroid axis, we tested directly in vitro the ability of fatty acids dissolved with sodium taurocholate to affect Type-I 5'-deiodinase (5'D) activity in bovine liver homogenates. Homogenate 5'D was not affected by C-2:0-C-10:0 fatty acids, but decreased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing concentrations of C-12:0-C-16:0 and C-18:1 isomers. Cis C-18:1 decreased 5'D more than the trans-isomer (P < 0.01), but the difference was only apparent at concentrations greater than 0.25 mM. The data suggest that various aspects of pituitary hormone regulation are differentially affected by FA composition. Fatty acid infusion may accentuate end organ responses in the thyroid axis and decrease IGF-I in the somatotropic axis. The data also suggest that FA isomer may alter patterns of extrathyroidal generation of thyroid hormones via direct influences on 5'D. (C) Elsevier Science Inc. 1997. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Nutrient Conservat & Metab Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Anim Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Elsasser, TH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Growth Biol Lab, Bldg 200, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Erdman, Richard/F-6195-2010 OI Erdman, Richard/0000-0001-6954-4282 NR 39 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 14 IS 6 BP 409 EP 420 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(97)00046-5 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA YN248 UT WOS:000071147900005 PM 9437577 ER PT J AU Hof, J Raphael, MG AF Hof, J Raphael, MG TI Optimization of habitat placement: A case study of the Northern Spotted Owl in the Olympic Peninsula SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE carrying capacity and connectivity of habitat; habitat, spatial optimization of; Northern Spotted Owl habitat; Olympic Peninsula, Washington State, USA; optimization cf. simulation modeling; optimization modeling of habitat placement; simulation modeling of management options ID EXPLICIT POPULATION-MODELS; VIABILITY AB The purpose of this paper is to develop an optimization procedure that can be used with simulation methods to capture the strengths of both in analyzing habitat layouts. We present a static optimization model for spatially locating habitat, using the Northern Spotted Owl in the Olympic Peninsula, Washington State (USA) as a case study. Optimization model parameters, including adult survival, fecundity, and occupancy of sites, are generated with an extant simulation model, and both models are used together to evaluate an alternative plan for the recovery of this high-visibility species. This plan is generally supported by the analysis, but some gains are indicated to be possible from trading off some federally managed habitat for nonfederal habitat (though such a trade-off may not be realistically practical). C1 US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,USDA,OLYMPIA,WA 98512. RP Hof, J (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT RES STN,USDA,240 W PROSPECT ST,FT COLLINS,CO 80526, USA. NR 23 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 4 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 7 IS 4 BP 1160 EP 1169 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YD790 UT WOS:A1997YD79000011 ER PT J AU Lee, EH Upadhyaya, A Agrawal, M Rowland, RA AF Lee, EH Upadhyaya, A Agrawal, M Rowland, RA TI Mechanisms of ethylenediurea (EDU) induced ozone protection: Reexamination of free radical scavenger systems in snap bean exposed to O-3 SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE antioxidative enzymes; EDU; free radical; glutathione; HPLC-EC; hydroxyl radical; ozone injury; phytoprotection; salicylic acid; Phaseolus vulgaris ID PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS L; SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ASCORBATE PEROXIDASE; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; PLANTS; GROWTH; INJURY; STRESS; ACID AB Ethylenediurea (EDU), N-[2-(2-oxo-1-imidazolidinyl) ethyl]-N'-phenylurea is known to prevent ozone (O-3) damage to leaf tissues. However, the mechanisms of protection are unclear. We tested the hypothesis that EDU protects against O-3 damage by scavenging hydroxyl free radicals ((OH)-O-.). An in vitro study involving the use of high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with an electrochemical detector (HPLC-EC) showed that EDU does not serve as an antioxidant to remove .OH free radicals. Effects of O-3 and EDU (soil drench) on leaf antioxidant scavenger systems (AOSS) were also studied. The first fully expanded trifoliate leaves of O-3-sensitive snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Bush Blue Lake 290) was examined. Measurements were made before and after a single O-3 exposure (0.30 mu l l(-1) O-3 for 3 h). Pretreatment with EDU 48 h before exposure protected against O-3-induced necrosis and chlorosis. EDU pretreatments did not alter superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol-peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities. However, O-3-fumigated plants (no EDU) showed elevated SOD activity with decreased GR activity. EDU-treated plants exposed to O-3 stress showed no measurable loss of GR activity. These tissues maintained high levels of total glutathione [i.e. reduced glutathione (GSH) + oxidized glutathione (GSSG)] contents, and had higher GSH/GSSG ratios than the controls at the end of 3 h exposure to O-3. These data suggest that EDU protection against O-3 damage in plants do not necessarily involve the direct stimulation or induction of antioxidative enzyme defense mechanisms. Instead, protection may result from a more general retention of chlorophyll and maintenance of GR and GSH levels during O-3 exposure. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Banaras Hindu Univ, Ctr Adv Study Bot, Dept Bot, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India. RP Lee, EH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Climate Stress Lab, Bldg 046A,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 44 TC 24 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-8472 J9 ENVIRON EXP BOT JI Environ. Exp. Bot. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 38 IS 2 BP 199 EP 209 DI 10.1016/S0098-8472(97)00016-6 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YU342 UT WOS:000071697900010 ER PT J AU King, JC Lowe, NM Jackson, MJ Shames, DM AF King, JC Lowe, NM Jackson, MJ Shames, DM TI The double isotope tracer method is a reliable measure of fractional zinc absorption SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Letter C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,BERKELEY,CA 94720. UNIV LIVERPOOL,LIVERPOOL L69 3BX,MERSEYSIDE,ENGLAND. UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143. RP King, JC (reprint author), USDA,WESTERN HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94720, USA. RI Lowe, Nicola/B-5472-2013 OI Lowe, Nicola/0000-0002-6934-2768 NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND RG21 6XS SN 0954-3007 J9 EUR J CLIN NUTR JI Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 51 IS 11 BP 787 EP 788 DI 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600489 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA YE977 UT WOS:A1997YE97700012 PM 9368815 ER PT J AU Combs, GF Duxbury, JM Welch, RM AF Combs, GF Duxbury, JM Welch, RM TI Food systems for improved health: linking agricultural production and human nutrition SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Program Strengthening / Partnership Building CY JUN 12-24, 1994 CL PAPENDAL, NETHERLANDS SP Opportunities Micronutr Intervent, Wageningen Agri Univ, Int Agri Ctr DE micronutrient malnutrition; hidden hunger; food systems; agricultural systems; sustainability; interventions AB Objectives: Link traditional agricultural production disciplines to the food sciences and the various disciplines concerned with human nutrition and health in order to find sustainable solutions to malnutrition. Design: Develop a new integrated program area within a university by forging explicit linkages within a wide array of disciplines concerned with food systems and human health. Setting: The College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, the College of Human Ecology, the Division of Nutrition, and the Cornell international Institute for Food, Agriculture, and Development at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA. Interventions: Use food-based, system approaches to meet human nutrition goals. Current focus is on the provision of micronutrients (especially iron, vitamin A and iodine) for people globally. Results: A new program area 'Food Systems for Health' has been developed at Cornell University. The program fosters effective interdisciplinary research, teaching and extension activities directed towards sustainable improvements in human nutrition and health. Conclusions: The old paradigms of agriculture, human nutrition, and public health must be shifted from current linear approaches to integrated and interactive approaches if effective long-term, food-based solutions to micronutrient malnutrition are to be found. Sponsorship: Cornell International Institute for Food, Agriculture and Development and the U.S.D.A.-A.R.S., U.S. Plant, Soil and Nutrition Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA. Descriptors: micronutrient malnutrition, hidden hunger, food systems, agricultural systems, sustainability, interventions. C1 Cornell Univ, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, USDA, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Soil Crop & Atmospher Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Div Nutr Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Welch, RM (reprint author), Cornell Univ, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, USDA, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 4 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 8 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0954-3007 J9 EUR J CLIN NUTR JI Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 51 SU 4 BP S32 EP S33 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA YV027 UT WOS:000071782000008 PM 9598791 ER PT J AU Theil, EC Burton, JW Beard, JL AF Theil, EC Burton, JW Beard, JL TI A sustainable solution for dietary iron deficiency through plant biotechnology and breeding to increase seed ferritin control SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Program Strengthening / Partnership Building CY JUN 12-24, 1994 CL PAPENDAL, NETHERLANDS SP Opportunities Micronutr Intervent, Wageningen Agri Univ, Int Agri Ctr DE ferritin; iron nutrition; seed mineral composition ID MESSENGER-RNA; ANEMIC RATS; METABOLISM; EXPRESSION; STORAGE; BINDING; PROTEIN; ANIMALS; CELLS; CHAIN AB Objectives: To stimulate novel sustainable solutions to the problem of the nutritional iron deficiency, we asked: How does Nature insure proper iron nutrition of embryos and neonatal animals? Estimates of iron deficiency world-wide are 30% of the population, with women and children at the greatest risk. Recent studies linking iron deficiency with impeded cognitive development emphasizes the enormity of the impact of iron deficiency. Sustainable solutions to the problem of dietary iron deficiency have been elusive. Results: Data for storage iron was examined in seeds, developing plants, embryos and developing animals. In all cases, the common source of stored iron for development was ferritin. The protein component of ferritin concentrates iron billions of times above the solubility of the free metal ion. High conservation of ferritin sequences in bacteria, plants and animals and the specificity of ferritin bioavailability either added extrinsically or intrinsically enriched in a selected soybean cultivar, showed high efficacy in curing dietary iron deficiency in the rat model. Older data on ferritin were reevaluated in light of contemporary knowledge. Conclusions: Enhancement of natural seed ferritin content by biotechnology and breeding has the potential for a sustainable solution to the problem of global dietary iron deficiency. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Biochem, Raleigh, NC 27696 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Human Nutr, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Theil, EC (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Biochem, Box 7622, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK 20251] NR 33 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 5 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0954-3007 J9 EUR J CLIN NUTR JI Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 51 SU 4 BP S28 EP S31 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA YV027 UT WOS:000071782000007 PM 9598790 ER PT J AU Welch, RM AF Welch, RM TI Agronomic problems related to provitamin A carotenoid-rich plants SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Program Strengthening / Partnership Building CY JUN 12-24, 1994 CL PAPENDAL, NETHERLANDS SP Opportunities Micronutr Intervent, Wageningen Agri Univ, Int Agri Ctr DE food systems; agriculture; food-based interventions; pro-vitamin A carotenoids; food crops; vitamin A deficiency; sustainability ID HUNGER AB Objectives: Review how agricultural systems might be changed to increase the vitamin A density of diets in developing countries to provide sustainable solutions to vitamin A deficiency globally. Design: Develop agricultural systems that not only assure calorie adequacy for people, but also address vitamin A density in diets. Settings: Agricultural systems could be modified in some developing nations in ways that would provide adequate dietary amounts of pro-vitamin A carotenoids from plant food sources. Subjects: Infants and children of low-income families are most at risk of developing vitamin A deficiency in developing countries. Interventions: Cropping systems could be modified to include more vegetable and fruit crops containing higher bioavailable amounts of provitamin A carotenoids in some countries. Additionally, cultural practices could be modified through education, agricultural extension and/or social marketing to insure that the bioavailable provitamin A carotenoid levels in food crops are optimized. Staple food crops could be improved as sources of provitamin A carotenoids by traditional plant breeding and/or by genetic engineering efforts. Results: Currently, many techniques are available to increase the vitamin A content of diets through sustainable food-based approaches. Agricultural approaches should be examined closely to finding sustainable food-based system solutions to vitamin A deficiency globally. Conclusions: The world community should strive to find food-based system approaches to eliminating vitamin A deficiency. Modifying agricultural systems in ways that will not only maximizing food production, but also insure nutritional adequacy of vitamin A is a desirable goal for many developing countries. Sponsorship: Food Systems for Improved Health Program, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Plant, Soil and Nutrition Laboratory, Ithaca, New York 14853, U.S.A. Descriptors: food systems; agriculture; food-based interventions; pro-vitamin A carotenoids; food crops; vitamin A deficiency; sustainability. C1 Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Welch, RM (reprint author), Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 6 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0954-3007 J9 EUR J CLIN NUTR JI Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 51 SU 4 BP S34 EP S38 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA YV027 UT WOS:000071782000009 PM 9598792 ER PT J AU McGrath, PF Vincent, JR Lei, CH Pawlowski, WP Torbert, KA Gu, W Kaeppler, HF Wan, Y Lemaux, PG Rines, HR Somers, DA Larkins, BA Lister, RM AF McGrath, PF Vincent, JR Lei, CH Pawlowski, WP Torbert, KA Gu, W Kaeppler, HF Wan, Y Lemaux, PG Rines, HR Somers, DA Larkins, BA Lister, RM TI Coat protein-mediated resistance to isolates of barley yellow dwarf in oats and barley SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ELISA; transgenic; pathogen-derived resistance ID POTATO LEAFROLL VIRUS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; PATHOGEN-DERIVED RESISTANCE; APHID TRANSMISSION; RUSSET BURBANK; PLANTS; GENE; LUTEOVIRUS; EXPRESSION; INFECTION AB Tissue cultures of GAF30/Park oats were biolistically co-transformed with constructs containing the coat protein (CP) genes of the P-PAV, MAV-PS1 or NY-RPV isolates of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), together with a construct containing the bar gene for herbicide resistance and the uidA reporter gene. Transformed, herbicide-resistant tissue cultures were screened by PCR for the presence of the CP genes. Fertile regenerated plants were recovered from some CP-transformed tissue cultures. T-1 progeny of these plants were screened for resistance to the BYDV isolate corresponding to the introduced gene by inoculation with viruliferous aphids followed by ELISA tests. Variation in ELISA values for GAF30/Park control plants made interpretation of the data difficult, but oat plants resistant to each of the three isolates of BYDV (ELISA values less than 0.3; virus titers equivalent to less than 25% of infected controls) were identified in T-1 generations. Further testing of MAV-PS1 CP-transformed lines to the T-2 generation, NY-RPV CP-transformed lines to the T-3 generation and P-PAV CP-transformed lines to the T-4 generation identified further resistant plants. Similarly, immature embryos and calli of the barley cultivar Golden Promise were biolistically bombarded with constructs containing the CP gene of the P-PAV isolate of BYDV and the bar and uidA reporter genes, lines of self-fertile P-PAV CP-transformed barley plants were developed, and T-1 plants were screened for resistance to P-PAV Eight plants from six lines showed moderate to high levels of resistance to P-PAV that correlated with the presence of the CP gene. Plants giving low ELISA values were also found in other lines, even though the CP gene was not detected in these plants. Some T-2 plants derived from resistant parents that contained the CP gene were themselves highly resistant. C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Plant Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, PWA, WWL, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP McGrath, PF (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 49 TC 30 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1873 J9 EUR J PLANT PATHOL JI Eur. J. Plant Pathol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 103 IS 8 BP 695 EP 710 DI 10.1023/A:1008675313312 PG 16 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA YP807 UT WOS:000071317100003 ER PT J AU Ralston, E McLaren, RS Horowitz, JA AF Ralston, E McLaren, RS Horowitz, JA TI Nuclear domains in skeletal myotubes: The localization of transferrin receptor mRNA is independent of its half-life and restricted by binding to ribosomes SO EXPERIMENTAL CELL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SUBUNIT MESSENGER-RNA; ACETYLCHOLINE-RECEPTOR; MUSCLE-CELLS; ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM; INSITU HYBRIDIZATION; SINGLE NUCLEUS; EXPRESSION; ACTIN; TRANSCRIPTS; PROTEIN AB The retention of mRNAs near the nuclei that synthesize them may be an important feature of the organization of multinucleated skeletal myotubes. Here, we assess the possible role of two factors in this localization. First, we examine the role of mRNA half-life, by studying the distribution of the mRNA for the transferrin receptor (TfR), whose half-life can be manipulated in culture by changing the availability of iron. In situ hybridization of myotubes of the mouse muscle cell line C2 shows that TfR mRNA is concentrated in the core of the myotubes. Its distribution around the nuclei is often asymmetric and its concentration changes abruptly. Stable transcripts display the same asymmetric localization as unstable ones, suggesting that half-life does not determine subcellular localization of TfR mRNA. Differential effects of the protein synthesis inhibitors puromycin and cycloheximide suggest that the mRNA is retained in position by its association with ribosomes. We then examine the distribution of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and find it to be broader than the distribution of TfR mRNA. In contrast to TfR mRNA, the mRNA for a secreted immunoglobulin kappa light chain has a more uniform distribution. Taken together, the results suggest that TfR mRNA may associate with RER subdomains by specific targeting. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 USDA,CTR BIOL EVALUAT & RES,DIV HEMATOL PROD,BETHESDA,MD 20892. RP Ralston, E (reprint author), NINCDS,NEUROBIOL LAB,NIH,BLDG 36,RM 2A-21,BETHESDA,MD 20892, USA. NR 41 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0014-4827 J9 EXP CELL RES JI Exp. Cell Res. PD NOV 1 PY 1997 VL 236 IS 2 BP 453 EP 462 DI 10.1006/excr.1997.3753 PG 10 WC Oncology; Cell Biology SC Oncology; Cell Biology GA YG887 UT WOS:A1997YG88700012 PM 9367630 ER PT J AU Rieman, B Clayton, J AF Rieman, B Clayton, J TI Wildlife and native fish: Issues of forest health and conservation of sensitive species SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article ID LIFE-HISTORY; ROAD CONSTRUCTION; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; SEDIMENT PRODUCTION; STREAM; DISTURBANCE; OREGON; SALMON; RESPONSES; RECOVERY AB Issues related to forest health and the threat of larger, more destructive wildfires have led to major new initiatives to restructure and recompose forest communities in the western United States. Proposed solutions will depend, in part, on silvicultural treatments and prescribed burning. Large fires can produce dramatic changes in aquatic systems, including altered sediment and flow regimes, fish mortality, and even local extinctions. Responses of salmonid populations to large disturbances such as fire indicate that complexity and spatial diversity of habitats are important to the resilience and persistence of populations. Some populations retain the ecological diversity necessary to persist in the face of large fires, and natural events such as wildfire have been important in creating and maintaining habitat diversity. Although timber harvest and fire can precipitate similar changes in watershed processes, we do not necessarily expect the physical and ecological consequences of large fires and timber harvest to be the same. We agree that healthy forests are fundamental to healthy aquatic ecosystems. In their haste to restore unhealthy forests, however, managers must take care to avoid simplistic solutions that compound problems already present in the management of aquatic ecosystems and native fishes. Management to restore ecological structure, composition, and process is largely experimental and potentially risky. We propose that the mosaic of conditions in both terrestrial and aquatic systems provides an opportunity to learn and adapt new management without placing key remnant aquatic habitats and populations at risk. RP Rieman, B (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, ROCKY MT RES STN, 316 E MYRTLE, BOISE, ID 83702 USA. NR 93 TC 60 Z9 64 U1 2 U2 19 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD NOV PY 1997 VL 22 IS 11 BP 6 EP 15 DI 10.1577/1548-8446(1997)022<0006:WANFIO>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA YD552 UT WOS:A1997YD55200002 ER PT J AU Martin, RM Darr, DR AF Martin, RM Darr, DR TI Market responses to the US timber demand-supply situation of the 1990S: Implications for sustainable forest management SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Since 1990 there has been a significant reduction in timber harvest on public lands in the western United States resulting from legal and administrative requirements to sustain biological diversity and other ecosystem functions. Growing demand in the U.S. market for wood products has been met in part by increasing imports from Canada and developing technology that can conserve wood inputs, use more abundant hardwood species, or integrate recycled fiber. These market reactions are generally supportive of sustainable forest management in the United States. Data are inconclusive or nonexistent on the extent of substitution of nonwood products and the extent of increased harvest on private lands. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,WASHINGTON,DC 20090. RP Martin, RM (reprint author), FAO,FORESTRY PLANNING & STAT BRANCH,ROOM 8321,I-00100 ROME,ITALY. NR 24 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 47 IS 11-12 BP 27 EP 32 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA YL181 UT WOS:A1997YL18100006 ER PT J AU Seixas, F Mcdonald, T AF Seixas, F Mcdonald, T TI Soil compaction effects of forwarding and its relationship with 6- and 8-wheel drive machines SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID GROWTH; PINE AB A study was done to determine the impact, if any, of a range of drive train options on the soil compaction effects of forwarders. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the cost of optional forwarder equipment versus its ability to reduce detrimental soil physical property changes. Tests were done on forwarders equipped with wide and narrow tires, rear steel tracks, and 6 or 8 tires. The configurations differed, at the extremes, by a factor of about 2 in expected ground pressure. Despite that, results showed little difference in bulk density, soil strength, rut formation, or porosity changes (pre- vs. post-traffic) between any of the tested options. The implication was that, for the moisture conditions encountered in the study, the use of the tested options did not alter soil compaction impacts substantially. A drop in macroporosity was observed, however, which may have been evidence that traffic affected soil structure without compacting it by a detectable amount. C1 US FOREST SERV, USDA, AUBURN, AL 36849 USA. RP Seixas, F (reprint author), USP, ESALQ, DEPT CIENCIAS FLORESTAIS, AV PADUA DIAS 11, CX POSTAL 9, BR-13418900 PIRACICABA, SP, BRAZIL. RI Seixas, Fernando/D-7330-2012 NR 21 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 47 IS 11-12 BP 46 EP 52 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA YL181 UT WOS:A1997YL18100009 ER PT J AU Kluender, R Lortz, D McCoy, W Stokes, B Klepac, J AF Kluender, R Lortz, D McCoy, W Stokes, B Klepac, J TI Productivity of rubber-tired skidders in southern pine forests SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Sixteen stands were harvested at intensities (proportion of basal area removed) ranging from 0.27 to 1.00. Logging contractors used one or two rubber-tired cable and/or grapple skidders. Harvested sites were similar in slope, tree size, and stand composition. Thirteen of the stands had even-aged structures while the other three were uneven-aged. Skidding time per cycle was directly related to skidder type, distance, and number of stems hauled, and inversely related to harvest intensity. Skidding productivity (grapple skidder, per productive hour) was sensitive to distance, stem size, number of stems in a load, and harvest intensity. Productivity was more sensitive to tree size than harvesting intensity. C1 AUBURN UNIV, USDA, US FOREST SERV, SO RES STN, AUBURN, AL 36849 USA. RP Kluender, R (reprint author), UNIV ARKANSAS, SCH FOREST RES, MONTICELLO, AR 71656 USA. NR 11 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 3 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 47 IS 11-12 BP 53 EP 58 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA YL181 UT WOS:A1997YL18100010 ER PT J AU Hartsough, BR Drews, ES McNeel, JF Durston, TA Stokes, BJ AF Hartsough, BR Drews, ES McNeel, JF Durston, TA Stokes, BJ TI Comparison of mechanized systems for thinning ponderosa pine and mixed conifer stands SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PRODUCTIVITY AB Three systems for thinning pine plantations and naturally-regenerated stands were studied. All three produced small sawlogs and fuel chips. The whole-tree system consisted of a feller buncher, skidder, stroke processor, loader, and chipper. The cut-to-length system included a harvester, forwarder, loader, and chipper. A hybrid system combined a feller buncher, harvester, skidders, loader, and chipper. Time-motion study data were analyzed to predict cost per unit volume. The cut-to-length system had higher costs and yielded less fuel than the other systems. Ln plantations, the hybrid system was least expensive, while the whole-tree system was cheaper in the natural stands. The harvesters were capable of handling larger trees in the natural stands, and could remove limbs from the plantation pines, up to a limit. The cut-to-length system could operate on the steep and broken terrain included in the study. C1 UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,FAC FORESTRY,VANCOUVER,BC V6T 1Z4,CANADA. STANISLAUS NATL FOREST,SONORA,CA 95370. AUBURN UNIV,ENGN RES UNIT,USDA FOREST SERV,SO FOREST EXPT STN,AUBURN,AL 36849. RP Hartsough, BR (reprint author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT AGR & BIOL ENGN,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA. NR 16 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 47 IS 11-12 BP 59 EP 68 PG 10 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA YL181 UT WOS:A1997YL18100011 ER PT J AU Shupe, TF Hse, CY Choong, ET Groom, LH AF Shupe, TF Hse, CY Choong, ET Groom, LH TI Effects of silvicultural practice and moisture content level on loblolly pine veneer mechanical properties SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID TENSILE AB Loblolly pine veneer specimens were obtained from five silviculturally different stands. Clear specimens were cut parallel to the grain from full size veneer sheets and tests were done at either air-dry or ovendry conditions to determine differences in bending modulus of rupture (MORb), bending modulus of elasticity (MOEb), tensile modulus of elasticity (MOEt), and tensile strength (TS). A statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between the stands for MORb, MOEb, and MOEt. There were no significant differences between air-dry and ovendry properties of MOEb, TS, and MOEt. Bending properties were significantly correlated, as were tensile properties. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,SO RES STN,PINEVILLE,LA 71360. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,CTR AGR,SCH FORESTRY WILDLIFE & FISHERIES,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. RP Shupe, TF (reprint author), LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,CTR AGR,LOUISIANA COOPERAT EXT SERV,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803, USA. NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 47 IS 11-12 BP 92 EP 96 PG 5 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA YL181 UT WOS:A1997YL18100016 ER PT J AU Loomis, JB GonzalezCaban, A AF Loomis, JB GonzalezCaban, A TI Comparing the economic value of reducing fire risk to spotted owl habitat in California and Oregon SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE willingness to pay; contingent valuation method; survey ID CONTINGENT VALUATION; DICHOTOMOUS CHOICE; RELIABILITY AB To increase the range of natural resource Values considered in the USDA Forest Service fire management analysis system, a combined telephone contact-mail booklet-telephone interview of California and New England households regarding their willingness to pay for reducing fire intensity and acres burned in California and Oregon's spotted owl habitat located in old growth forests was performed. Using a multiple bounded dichotomous choice format, annual willingness to pay of $79 per California household and $46 per New England household was estimated for a 20% reduction in acreage burned in California. For the same percentage reduction in fire in Oregon's old growth forest the value is $59 per California household and $45 per New England household. For a combined California and Oregon Program, California households would pay $95 annually, while New England households would pay $61. This illustrates the importance of national programmatic valuation of the USDA Forest Service's fire control program in old growth forests, rather than state by state surveys which miss substitution effects, This analysis also demonstrates that households benefit from and support fire protection of old growth forests in states other than their own. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC SW RES STN,FOREST FIRE LAB,RIVERSIDE,CA 92507. RP Loomis, JB (reprint author), COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT AGR & RESOURCE ECON,FT COLLINS,CO 80523, USA. NR 27 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 43 IS 4 BP 473 EP 482 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA YF982 UT WOS:A1997YF98200002 ER PT J AU Sharov, AA Liebhold, AM Roberts, EA AF Sharov, AA Liebhold, AM Roberts, EA TI Correlation of counts of gypsy moths (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in pheromone traps with landscape characteristics SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Lymantria dispar; elevation; forest type; biological invasion ID SUSCEPTIBILITY; POPULATIONS; DEFOLIATION AB The effect of landscape characteristics (elevation, slope, aspect, and vegetation) on counts of gypsy moths in pheromone traps was studied in a >5 million ha area in Virginia and West Virginia from 1988 to 1994. Habitat effects on population numbers depend on dominant ecological processes in the area: we define K-, r-, and c-effects as differences in carrying capacity, population growth rate, and colonization rate, respectively, that are associated with different landscape characteristics. To differentiate among these effects, we analyzed individually the following three zones at the expanding front of the gypsy moth population: infested (K-effects), transition (r-effects), and uninfested (c-effects), Among landscape characteristics, elevation was most highly correlated with moth counts, Moth counts increased with increasing elevation in the infested and transition zones (K- and r-effects) which may be associated with good habitats at high elevation. However, the highest average moth counts in the uninfested zone were found at low elevation. Possibly this was a c-effect which resulted from a greater colonization rate in the low-elevation areas where human population densities are greater and the probability of inadvertent transfer of egg masses on human Vehicles is increased, The effect of vegetation on moth counts was much less pronounced than the effect of elevation, Moth catches were higher in deciduous and mixed forests than in coniferous forests and nonforested areas. The effect of landscape characteristics on moth captures was stronger in the transition zone than in other zones. C1 US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,MORGANTOWN,WV 26505. VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061. RP Sharov, AA (reprint author), VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061, USA. RI Liebhold, Andrew/C-1423-2008 OI Liebhold, Andrew/0000-0001-7427-6534 NR 32 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 43 IS 4 BP 483 EP 490 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA YF982 UT WOS:A1997YF98200003 ER PT J AU GonzalezCaban, A AF GonzalezCaban, A TI Managerial and institutional factors affect prescribed burning costs SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ANOVA; fire management; fire economics; risk attitude ID RISK; PERCEPTION AB Prescribed burning costs are extremely variable, even if conditions are similar. This variability complicates planning and evaluation of prescribed burning programs and budgets, resulting in imprecise projections of their economic benefits. Evaluating the worth of prescribed burning efforts in objective terms is difficult, but the continual shrinkage of USDA Forest Service budgets requires an increase in program efficiency and understanding the causes of variability for prescribed burning costs. An analysis of variance model was used to describe and quantify the relative effect of managerial and institutional factors, such as smoke emission limitations or the constraint to control all types of fives, on prescribed burning costs, Data were collected by using a questionnaire to fire and fuel managers in the USDA Forest Service's Northern, Intermountain, and Pacific Northwest Regions. Estimated prescribed burning costs were significantly affected by changes in the managerial and institutional factors, such as minimizing escape potential or complying with smoke emission standards presented to these fire managers. Contrary to our expectations, burn objective (the main reason for conducting the burn) was not a significant cost factor. Unit size of the burned area affected prescribed burning costs more than either change in slope or unit shape, both of which increase the amount of burn perimeter relative to the area burned. Costs per acre demonstrated economies of scale: the larger the unit burned, the lower its per-acre cost. RP GonzalezCaban, A (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW RES STN,USDA,4955 CANYON CREST DR,RIVERSIDE,CA 92507, USA. NR 30 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 43 IS 4 BP 535 EP 543 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA YF982 UT WOS:A1997YF98200009 ER PT J AU Dill, CL Wise, RP Schnable, PS AF Dill, CL Wise, RP Schnable, PS TI Rf8 and Rf* mediate unique T-urf13-transcript accumulation, revealing a conserved motif associated with RNA processing and restoration of pollen fertility in T-cytoplasm maize SO GENETICS LA English DT Article ID MALE-STERILE CYTOPLASM; OPEN READING FRAME; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; MITOCHONDRIAL PROTEIN; NUCLEAR RESTORER; RIBOSOMAL-RNA; GENE; TRANSCRIPTION; TOXIN; SENSITIVITY AB Rf8 is a newly described nuclear gene that can substitute for Rf1 to partially restore pollen fertility to male-sterile, T-cytoplasm maize. Families segregating for Rf8 were used to investigate the mechanism of this fertility restoration and to compare it to the restoration conditioned by Rf1. Although Rf8 is unlinked to the rf1 locus, it also alters T-urf13 mitochondrial transcript accumulation and reduces the accumulation of the URF13 protein. Like the 1.6- and 0.6-kilobase (kb) T-urf13 transcripts that accumulate in T-cytoplasm plants carrying Rf1, 1.42- and 0.42-kb transcripts accumulate in plants that are partially restored by Rf8. A survey of T-cytoplasm maize lines, inbreds, and F-1 hybrids by mitochondrial RNA gel blot analyses revealed that Rf8 is rare in maize germplasm. These surveys revealed the presence of another rare, weak restorer factor, Rf*, which is uniquely associated with the accumulation of 1.4- and 0.4-kb T-urf13 transcripts. Primer extension analyses position the 5' termini of the 1.42/0.42-kb and 1.4/0.4-kb transcripts at +137 and +159 nucleotides, respectively, 3' of the AUG initiation codon of the T-urf13 reading frame. The conserved motif, 5'-CNACNNU-3', overlaps the 5' termini of the Rf1-, Rf8-, and Rf*-associated transcripts and the 380 nucleotide, Rf3-associated orf107 transcript from cytoplasmic male sterility sorghum. These results demonstrate that multiple unlinked, nuclear genes can have similar but distinct effects on the expression of the unique T-urf13 mitochondrial coding sequence to restore pollen fertility to T-cytoplasm maize. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,USDA ARS,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,USDA ARS,INTERDEPT GENET PROGRAM,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT AGRON,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT ZOOL & GENET,AMES,IA 50011. NR 36 TC 54 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 5 PU GENETICS PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202 SN 0016-6731 J9 GENETICS JI Genetics PD NOV PY 1997 VL 147 IS 3 BP 1367 EP 1379 PG 13 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA YF035 UT WOS:A1997YF03500035 PM 9383077 ER PT J AU Velasquez, MT Striffler, JS Abraham, AA Michaelis, OE Scalbert, E Thibault, N AF Velasquez, MT Striffler, JS Abraham, AA Michaelis, OE Scalbert, E Thibault, N TI Perindopril ameliorates glomerular and renal tubulointerstitial injury in the SHR/N-corpulent rat SO HYPERTENSION LA English DT Article DE glomerulosclerosis; rats, inbred SHR; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition; proteinuria; diabetes mellitus, non-insulin-dependent; renal tubulointerstitium ID CONVERTING ENZYME-INHIBITION; INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETICS; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS; GENETIC-HYPERTENSION; KIDNEY-FUNCTION; NEPHROPATHY; MODEL; MELLITUS; PROGRESSION AB We compared the effects of long-term treatment with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor perindopril and triple therapy (hydrochlorothiazide, reserpine, and hydralazine) on the metabolic and renal features in the SHR/N-corpulent (cp) rat, a genetic model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Obese male SHR/N-cp rats (4 to 6 weeks old) were fed a 54% carbohydrate diet containing 18% sucrose and 36% starch, After 2 months on the diet, rats were assigned to one of three groups: one group (n=8) received perindopril (PE); the second group (n=8) received triple therapy (TT); and the third group (n=8) did not receive therapy. Treatment was maintained for 3 to 3 months. Body weight, food intake, and fasting levels of serum glucose and insulin did not differ among the three groups. Control rats exhibited progressive proteinuria in parallel with the rise in systolic blood pressure (SEP). Both PE and TT equally lowered SEP to normal levels and reduced proteinuria in treated rats. How ever, the reduction of proteinuria was greater and more sustained with PE than with TT (P<.05), whereas the effect of TT on proteinuria was delayed. Plasma renin activity was increased in PE and TT rats compared with control rats (P<.02). Semiquantitative analysis of renal lesions showed that the percentage of glomeruli with mesangial expansion and sclerosis and the tubulointerstitial score (an index of severity of tubulointerstitial lesions, namely tubular atrophy, inflammatory cellular infiltrates, and interstitial fibrosis) was reduced in both PE and TT rats. However, the reduction of glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial lesions was greater in PE than in TT rats (P<.01), The percentage of glomerular sclerosis was positively correlated with the severity score of tubulointerstitial lesions (r=.60, P<.01). We conclude that PE is more effective than TT in halting the progression of proteinuria in the SHR/N-cp rat with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and hypertension, The antiproteinuric effect of PE is associated with significant reduction in glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial lesions, independent of the effect of treating hypertension. C1 GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT PATHOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20037. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD. UNIV MARYLAND,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. INST RECH INT SERVIER & CO DEV,CARDIORESP DEPT,PARIS,FRANCE. RP Velasquez, MT (reprint author), GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT MED,DIV RENAL DIS & HYPERTENS,2150 PENNSYLVANIA AVE NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20037, USA. NR 45 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 0194-911X J9 HYPERTENSION JI Hypertension PD NOV PY 1997 VL 30 IS 5 BP 1232 EP 1237 PG 6 WC Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA YE990 UT WOS:A1997YE99000035 PM 9369281 ER PT J AU SahleDemessie, E AF SahleDemessie, E TI Fractionation of glycerides using supercritical carbon dioxide SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ANHYDROUS MILK-FAT; FLUID FRACTIONATION; EXTRACTION; OIL; CO2; SOLUBILITIES; CHOLESTEROL; REMOVAL; LIPIDS AB The effects of temperature and pressure of supercritical CO2 and of the composition of the the feed on the extraction and fractionation of a mixture of monoacylglycerides (MAGs), diacylgylcerides (DAGs), and triacylglycerides (TAGs) were determined. Feedstock was extracted using super- critical CO2 flowing at 3 L/min, with the MAGs being rectified using a packed column kept under a longitudinal thermal gradient. The transient composition profile of the fractions was used to study the dynamic behavior of the semibatch column fractionation, The fractions of MAGs, DAGs, and TAGs exceeding 90% purity were produced sequentially. Increasing the column pressure from 20.7 to 34.5 MPa decreased the extracted MAG concentration from 90+ to 56 wt % and reduced the separation selectivity from 8.7 to 1.3. The internal reflux induced by the temperature gradient was calculated to be 2.2 at 20.7 MPa, For a pressure of 20.7 MPa, the induced internal reflux increased the separation selectivities. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,FOOD QUAL & SAFETY RES UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604. NR 52 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0888-5885 J9 IND ENG CHEM RES JI Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 36 IS 11 BP 4906 EP 4913 DI 10.1021/ie9703853 PG 8 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA YE918 UT WOS:A1997YE91800059 ER PT J AU Kramer, KJ Muthukrishnan, S AF Kramer, KJ Muthukrishnan, S TI Insect chitinases: Molecular biology and potential use as biopesticides SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE chitinase; chitin; insect; molting; biopesticide; tobacco hornworm; transgene transgenic; plant; transgenic virus; exoskeleton; cuticle; peritrophic membrane; host plant resistance; biological control; Bacillus thuringiensis toxin; baculovirus; enzyme biotechnology ID BETA-N-ACETYLGLUCOSAMINIDASE; BACILLUS-CIRCULANS WL-12; PATHOGEN RHIZOCTONIA-SOLANI; NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; MANDUCA-SEXTA; MOLTING FLUID; FILARIAL CHITINASES; TRANSGENIC TOBACCO; ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGUS; MICROFILARIAL CHITINASE AB Chitin, an insoluble structural polysaccharide that occurs in the exoskeletal and gut linings of insects, is a metabolic target of selective pest control agents, One potential biopesticide is the insect molting enzyme, chitinase, which degrades chitin to low molecular weight, soluble and insoluble oligosaccharides, For several Sears, our laboratories have been characterizing this enzyme and its gene, Most recently, we have been developing chitinase for use as a biopesticide to control insect and also fungal pests, Chitinases have been isolated from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, and several other insect species, and some of their chemical, physical, and kinetic properties have been determined, Also, cDNA and genomic clones for the chitinase from the hornworm have been isolated and characterized, Transgenic plants that express hornworm chitinase constitutively have been generated and found to exhibit host plant resistance, A transformed entomopathogenic virus that produces the enzyme displayed enhanced insecticidal activity, Chitinase also potentiated the efficacy of the toxin from the microbial insecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis. Insect chitinase and its gene are now available for biopesticidal applications in integrated pest management programs, Current knowledge regarding the molecular biology and biopesticidal action of insect and several other types of chitinases is described in this mini-review, (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd, All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, US Grain Mkt Res Lab, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Biochem, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Kramer, KJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Grain Mkt Res Lab, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. EM kramer@crunch.usgmrl.ksu.edu NR 109 TC 198 Z9 243 U1 8 U2 65 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 27 IS 11 BP 887 EP 900 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA YY764 UT WOS:000072182000001 PM 9501415 ER PT J AU Slotved, HC Eriksen, L Murrell, KD Nansen, P AF Slotved, HC Eriksen, L Murrell, KD Nansen, P TI Comparison of methods for recovery of Ascaris suum larvae from tissues of mice SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ascaris suum; mice; Agar-gel method; Baermann method; incubation; intestine; liver; lung; worm recovery ID PIGS AB Experiments were undertaken to compare procedures for isolating Ascaris suum from mice. A standardised intragastric procedure for inoculation of A. suum eggs, which had a very low interdose variation (S.D.=6.2% of mean inoculation dose), was developed. There was no significant difference in the number of larvae recovered from the large intestine 4 h post inoculation (p.i.) by using either Baermannisation of washed intestinal wail or submucosal scrapings. In contrast, a significantly higher recovery of larvae was achieved by incubating the intestines vertically in a cylindrical saline-filled funnel. An agar-gel method was used to recover larvae from mucosal scrapings; however, the number of larvae recovered was the lowest of the methods tried. It was found that a significant increase in larval recovery from the liver at 24 h p.i. resulted when the liver was pressed through a garlic press, rather than by using homogenisation. For lung recovery, the highest recovery of larvae (at day 8 p.i.) was obtained by disintegration of tissue with a pair of scissors and incorporating the tissue into agar-gel. The methods presented in this study may be useful for investigation of the histology, morphology and molecular biology of the early stages of A. suum. (C) 1997 Australian Society for Parasitology. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. ROYAL VET & AGR UNIV,DEPT CLIN STUDIES,DK-1870 FREDERIKSBERG C,DENMARK. RP Slotved, HC (reprint author), ROYAL VET & AGR UNIV,DANISH CTR EXPT PARASITOL,BULOWSVEJ 13,DK-1870 COPENHAGEN C,DENMARK. NR 17 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0020-7519 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 27 IS 11 BP 1305 EP 1310 DI 10.1016/S0020-7519(97)00101-X PG 6 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA YH400 UT WOS:A1997YH40000005 PM 9421715 ER PT J AU Joseph, G Kelsey, RG AF Joseph, G Kelsey, RG TI Ethanol synthesis and water relations of flooded Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco Douglas-fir seedlings under controlled conditions SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CYTOPLASMIC PH REGULATION; POPULUS-DELTOIDES-BARTR; MAIZE ROOT-TIPS; ALCOHOL-DEHYDROGENASE; STOMATAL CLOSURE; PLANTS; METABOLISM; TOLERANCE; ANOXIA; STEMS AB Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) seedlings were flooded in a controlled environment. Roots rapidly synthesized ethanol with the highest rates during the first 6 h. Ethanol readily diffused into the flooding solution and moved into the stem. Ethanol concentrations in the flooding solution (normalized g(-1) dry mass of roots) were four to six times the concentrations in the stems or roots. Ethanol concentrations in the roots and stems were six to 16 times larger than in the needles. Stomatal conductance and water uptake continuously increased during the first 96 h of flooding, whereas ethanol concentrations in the roots and stem increased to their maximum at 6-24 h after flooding and then decreased. Supplying Douglas-fir shoots with ethanol concentrations at two to three times those measured in flooded seedlings had no effect on stomatal conductance. Ethanol synthesis and accumulation in Douglas-fir seedlings in response to flooding does not have a detrimental impact on stomatal conductance or water uptake. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Kelsey, RG (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Peavy Hall 154, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 45 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 158 IS 6 BP 844 EP 850 DI 10.1086/297498 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YQ129 UT WOS:000071351400019 ER PT J AU Asay, KH Johnson, DA AF Asay, KH Johnson, DA TI Genotype x competition level interactions in crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum Poaceae : Triticeae) SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID GENETIC VARIANCES; ALFALFA; YIELD AB Plant competition for available resources is important for most crops, but it is particularly critical for grasses growing in water-limited rangelands of the western United States and similar environments. A wagon-wheel design was used to study the responses of 30 crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum [Fisch. ex Link] Schultes) clonal lines to eight intraspecific competition levels. Plots were established at two locations, D (irrigated) and E (nonirrigated). Differences among clonal lines and competition levels were significant (P < 0.01) for dry matter yield when expressed as g plant(-1) (DMYP) and Mg ha(-1) (DMYH). Genetic variances and heritability values for DMYP increased markedly as the level of competition decreased; however, trends for genetic variances were less consistent for DMYH. A largely linear increase was found in DMYP under wider plant spacings, particularly under more arid conditions with no supplemental irrigation at location E. Maximum DMYP occurred at spacing level 8 (area = 1.28 m(2)) under dryland conditions at location E; however, with irrigation at location D, DMYP tended to level off at spacing 6 (area = 0.7 m(2)). A curvilinear response to increasing levels of plant spacing was found for DMYH at both locations. Entry X spacing-level interactions indicated that screening of crested wheatgrass breeding populations at spacings substantially wider than that found under actual range conditions would not be effective, particularly during the final stages of a breeding program or when genetic resources are limited. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Asay, KH (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 158 IS 6 BP 851 EP 855 DI 10.1086/297499 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YQ129 UT WOS:000071351400020 ER PT J AU Jensen, KB Wang, RRC AF Jensen, KB Wang, RRC TI Cytological and molecular evidence for transferring Elymus coreanus from the genus Elymus to Leymus and molecular evidence for Elymus californicus (Poaceae : Triticeae) SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID GENOME RELATIONSHIPS; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; PSATHYROSTACHYS; KARYOTYPE; AMBIGUUS; MARKERS AB Elymus coreanus and Elymus californicus were studied to describe (1) their genomic composition and (2) correct taxonomic alignment based on genomic relationships. The hybrids E. coreanus x Psathyrostachys stoloniformis (NsNs), E. coreanus x Leymus ambiguus (NsNsXmXm), E. coreanus x Leymus salinus ssp. salmonis (NsNsXmXm), and E. coreanus x Leymus innovatus (NsNsXmXm) averaged 5.80, 13.74, 13.15, and 13.58 bivalents per cell, respectively. Genome-specific RAPD assay results indicate that E. californicus and E. coreanus have the Ns genome but lack the Si genome from the genus Pseudoroegneria and the E-h genome from the genus Thinopyrum. Therefore, these two species have the same genome constitution as other Leymus species and should be transferred to the genus Leymus. The following new name combination is proposed for Leymus coreanus (Honda) K. B. Jensen & R. R-C. Wang comb. nov., based an Elymus coreanus Honda (1930 [J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo 3, 3:17], cited in Love 1984). However, until further cytological data are available, the new name combination transferring E. californicus into Leymus will be made in a later publication. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Jensen, KB (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 20 TC 34 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 158 IS 6 BP 872 EP 877 DI 10.1086/297502 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YQ129 UT WOS:000071351400023 ER PT J AU Dyby, S Silhacek, DL AF Dyby, S Silhacek, DL TI Juvenile hormone agonists cause abnormal midgut closure and other defects in the moth, Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) SO INVERTEBRATE REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE Blastokinesis; embryogenesis; insect development; fenoxycarb; juvenile hormone (JH); juvenile hormone agonists; Lepidoptera; midgut closure; Plodia interpunctella; pyriproxyfen ID EMBRYONIC-DEVELOPMENT; MORPHOGENESIS; EMBRYOGENESIS; PHYCITIDAE; GROWTH; EGGS AB The midgut fails to close dorsally about 35h (at 30 degrees C) after newly laid eggs of Plodia interpunctella Hubner are treated by juvenile hormone (JK) agonists. Larvae hatch with malformed guts, but they die within the next 36h. Midgut closure begins during dorsal closure, a stage during which the ectoderm covers the embryo's dorsal opening. During dorsal closure a normal embryo undergoes blastokinesis, so that the tip of the abdomen bends ventrally and touches the legs of the embryo's first thoracic segment. In embryos treated with JH agonists, the abdomen bends dorsally and the tip of the abdomen almost touches the back of the head. Other defects emerge after treatment with JH agonists. The tracheal system and the Malphigian tubules show abnormalities. The embryonic molt of treated embryos appears to be incomplete and subsequently such an embryo is stuck to its semi-molted cuticle as it endeavors to break out of the egg and fails. A few embryos are severely deformed and lack dorsal closure. They have a reduced tracheal system, few setae, malformed eye spots, and reduced tanning; however, even grossly deformed larvae show muscular contractions and attempt to hatch. RP Dyby, S (reprint author), USDA,CTR MED AGR MED & VET ENTOMOL,1600 SW 23RD DR,GAINESVILLE,FL 32608, USA. NR 27 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT SCIENCE SERVICES/BALABAN PUBLISHERS PI REHOVOT PA PO BOX 2039, REHOVOT 76120, ISRAEL SN 0168-8170 J9 INVERTEBR REPROD DEV JI Invertebr. Reprod. Dev. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 32 IS 3 BP 231 EP 244 DI 10.1080/07924259.1997.9672629 PG 14 WC Reproductive Biology; Zoology SC Reproductive Biology; Zoology GA XZ668 UT WOS:A1997XZ66800006 ER PT J AU Maragos, CM Greer, JI AF Maragos, CM Greer, JI TI Analysis of aflatoxin B-1 in corn using capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE mycotoxins; aflatoxin B-1; capillary electrophoresis; fluorescence; corn ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION; DERIVATIZATION; PRODUCTS; FOOD; PERFORMANCE; SEPARATION; EXTRACTION AB A capillary electrophoresis (CE) method was developed for the quantitation of aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1)) in corn. The instrumentation can be assembled easily from readily available components and takes advantage of the native fluorescence of AFB(1). Corn was extracted and aflatoxins were isolated using either silica column or affinity. column cleanup procedures. Following cleanup, the analysis of each sample required 15 min: 10 min for the electrophoresis and 5 min for rinsing the capillary. The CE method was compared to an established HPLC method for the determination of AFB(1) in cam. The limit of detection by CE was 0.5 ppb, with a useful range of 1-100 ppb of AFB(1) in spiked corn. Recovery of AFB(1) averaged 85% over the range of 1-50 ppb (89% by HPLC). Forty naturally contaminated corn samples examined by using both methods showed good agreement (r(2) = 0.969). The reported CE method is suitable for the routine analysis of corn samples as an alternative to HPLC. RP Maragos, CM (reprint author), USDA ARS, NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES, MYCOTOXIN RES UNIT, 1815 N UNIV ST, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. NR 23 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 4 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 45 IS 11 BP 4337 EP 4341 DI 10.1021/jf9704874 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA YH162 UT WOS:A1997YH16200028 ER PT J AU Flo, G Abbott, T Vermaut, S VanBoven, M Daenens, P Decuypere, E Pedersen, M Cokelaere, M AF Flo, G Abbott, T Vermaut, S VanBoven, M Daenens, P Decuypere, E Pedersen, M Cokelaere, M TI Growth performance of rats fed jojoba proteins. Possible correlations with trypsin inhibitory activity in jojoba proteins SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE simmondsia chinensis; jojoba meal; jojoba protein concentrate; rat ID MEAL SUPPLEMENTATION; PANCREAS; DIETS; SEEDS AB The effects of the water-soluble protein fraction of jojoba meal on growth and relative organ weight in rats were tested. Trypsin inhibitory activity (TIA) was measured in the untreated water-soluble jojoba proteins and in preparations after dry-heating (100 degrees C, 2 h) or methanol extraction (Soxhlet, 6 h). TIA was found in the jojoba protein fraction and could not be destroyed by dry-heating or methanol extraction of the jojoba proteins. In the first feeding experiment, growth performance and relative organ weight were compared of young rats fed ad libitum a diet containing either 18% soybean proteins (C), 6% soybean proteins (P6), or 6% soybean proteins supplemented with 12% jojoba proteins (JJ) or 12% toasted jojoba proteins (JJT). In a second 3 week experiment, growth and relative organ weight of young rats receiving a diet containing 6% soybean proteins supplemented with 12% methanol-extracted jojoba proteins (JJM) were compared for rats pair-fed with JJM with a diet containing 18% soybean proteins (PF). Although food intakes of C, JJ, and JJT rats were similar and P6 rats ate more than C rats, PG, JJ, and JJT rats showed growth retardation compared to C rats. JJM rats and PF rats showed a similar growth. The pancreas was hypertrophied in JJ and JJT rats, compared to C rats, and in JJM rats, compared to PF rats. Interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) was hypertrophied in P6, JJ, and JJT rats but normal in the JJM group. Jojoba proteins induce growth retardation. This is accompanied by pancreatic and BAT hypertrophy. As trypsin inhibition does not change but growth does ameliorate and BAT hypertrophy is abolished after methanol extraction, trypsin inhibition has no major influence on growth in the present experiments, while BAT hypertrophy is accompanied by growth reduction. C1 KULAK, INTERDISCIPLINARY RES CTR, B-8500 KORTRIJK, BELGIUM. USDA ARS, NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. KATHOLIEKE UNIV LEUVEN, LAB PHYSIOL & IMMUNOL DOMEST ANIM, B-3001 HEVERLEE, BELGIUM. UNIV CATHOLIQUE LOUVAIN, LAB TOXICOL & BROMATOL, B-3000 LOUVAIN LA NEUVE, BELGIUM. CALIF POLYTECH INST, DEPT FOOD SCI & NUTR, SAN LUIS OBISPO, CA 93407 USA. NR 31 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 EI 1520-5118 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 45 IS 11 BP 4384 EP 4387 DI 10.1021/jf970218d PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA YH162 UT WOS:A1997YH16200037 ER PT J AU Teske, ME Kaufman, AE George, CW Johnson, GM AF Teske, ME Kaufman, AE George, CW Johnson, GM TI Field measurements of helicopter rotor wash in hover and forward flight SO JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT LA English DT Article C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,INTERMT FIRE SCI LAB,MISSOULA,MT 59807. RP Teske, ME (reprint author), CONTINUUM DYNAM INC,POB 3073,PRINCETON,NJ 08543, USA. NR 3 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 SN 0021-8669 J9 J AIRCRAFT JI J. Aircr. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 34 IS 6 BP 813 EP 814 DI 10.2514/2.7576 PG 2 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA YK024 UT WOS:A1997YK02400016 ER PT J AU Freetly, HC Cundiff, LV AF Freetly, HC Cundiff, LV TI Postweaning growth and reproduction characteristics of heifers sired by bulls of seven breeds and raised on different levels of nutrition SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef cattle; heifers; puberty; pregnancy ID BIOLOGICAL TYPES; CYCLE-III; PUBERTY; CATTLE AB Heifers produced from sires of seven breeds (Hereford, Angus, Belgian Blue, Piedmontese, Brahman, Boran, and Tuli) and Angus, Hereford, and MARC III (four-breed composite) cows were evaluated. Weaned heifers were placed in three treatment groups of moderate nutrition (15.8 Meal ME/d), 80% of moderate nutrition (12.6 Meal ME/d), or fed as a mixed-breed group (16.3 Meal ME/d). Average daily gain (ADG) from 228 d of age through breeding was measured. There was a sire breed x group interaction (P < .0001) for ADG in the drylot. Sire breeds differed in their 365-d BW (P < .0001), and 365-d BW of heifers in the low group (315 +/- 4 kg) were lighter (P < .0001) than those of heifers in the high group (346 +/- 4 kg). During breeding, heifers that had been in the low group in the drylot had a higher ADG (.58 +/- .02 kg/d) than heifers in the high group (.39 +/- .03 kg/d). Age of heifers at puberty did not differ (P = .06) between the low (362 +/- 5 d) and high groups (357 +/- 5 d). Heifers from MARC III (358 +/- 5 d) and Angus (358 +/- 6 d) dams reached puberty at a younger age than did heifers with Hereford dams (380 +/- 9 d). Age at which puberty was expressed differed with sire breed (P < .001). The proportion of heifers that were pregnant at palpation (.90) did not differ between sire breeds (P = .24), dam breeds (P = .40), or group (P = .56). Breed differences in postweaning ADG and in the manner in which the population expresses puberty allow for selection of breed types that will optimize cow herd performance. RP Freetly, HC (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 15 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 75 IS 11 BP 2841 EP 2851 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA YD634 UT WOS:A1997YD63400003 PM 9374295 ER PT J AU Gengler, N VanVleck, LD MacNeil, MD Misztal, I Pariacote, FA AF Gengler, N VanVleck, LD MacNeil, MD Misztal, I Pariacote, FA TI Influence of dominance relationships on the estimation of dominance variance with sire-dam subclass effects SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE hereford; dominance; growth; genetic parameters ID POPULATIONS; CATTLE AB Two data sets from the USDA Livestock and Range Research Laboratory mere analyzed to study dominance variance and the influence of dominance relationships. The first consisted of 4,155 birth weight (3,884 weaning weight) records of inbred USDA Line 1 Herefords. The second consisted of 8,065 birth weight (7,380 weaning weight) records from a line-cross experiment with five lines. Two models were used. Both included fixed effects of year-sex of calf and age of dam, and covariates for calving date, inbreeding of animal, and inbreeding of dam. For the second set, additional covariates were line composition and heterozygosity coefficients. Random effects were direct and maternal additive genetic, maternal permanent environment, sire-dam subclass, and residual. Model 1 considered sire-dam subclasses unrelated. Model 2 related sire-dam subclasses with a parental dominance relationship matrix. Variance components were estimated using REML. Differences between estimates with Model 1 and 2 were unimportant except for dominance variance. For the first data set, estimates with Model 2 of relative genetic direct and maternal variances, direct-maternal correlation, permanent environment, and dominance variances for birth weight were .35, .13, -.02, .03, and .25, respectively, and they were .39, .11, .04, .06 and .14 for the second data set. For weaning weight, the first data set estimates were .20, .15, -.37, .19, and .11, respectively, and they were .16, .20, -.07, .18, and .18 for the second data set. Changes, decreases and increases, in estimates of dominance variances may be due to increased information from relationships and family types other than full-sibs. The assumption of unrelated sire-dam subclasses might not be appropriate for estimation of dominance variance in populations with many dominance relationships among siredam classes. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT ANIM SCI,LINCOLN,NE 68583. UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,LINCOLN,NE 68583. USDA ARS,FT KEOGH LIVESTOCK & RANGE RES LAB,MILES CITY,MT 59301. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT ANIM & DAIRY SCI,ATHENS,GA 30602. RI MacNeil, Michael/A-6772-2009; OI Gengler, Nicolas/0000-0002-5981-5509 NR 11 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 75 IS 11 BP 2885 EP 2891 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA YD634 UT WOS:A1997YD63400008 PM 9374300 ER PT J AU McLeod, KR Bauer, ML Harmon, DL Reynolds, CK Mitchell, GE AF McLeod, KR Bauer, ML Harmon, DL Reynolds, CK Mitchell, GE TI Effects of exogenous somatostatin and cysteamine on net nutrient flux across the portal-drained viscera and liver of sheep during intraduodenal infusion of starch hydrolysate and casein SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE somatostatin; cysteamine; liver; sheep ID GROWTH-HORMONE SECRETION; CENTRAL NERVOUS-SYSTEM; GROWING BEEF STEERS; BLOOD-FLOW; OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION; GLUCOSE-METABOLISM; INDUCED DEPLETION; SMALL-INTESTINE; SPLANCHNIC SOMATOSTATIN; QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS AB We used eight Polypay wethers (36 +/- .6 kg BW) fitted with hepatic portal, hepatic venous, mesenteric arterial and venous, and duodenal catheters in a crossover design experiment to determine the influence of somatostatin (SRIF)on splanchnic metabolism. Each crossover period consisted of 14 d, with net flux of nutrients and hormones (venoarterial differences x blood flow) measured on d 14. Before flux measurements, wethers received an i.v. dose (0 h) of either 0 (vehicle) or 50 mg kg BW-1.10 min(-1) cysteamine (CSH, SRIF-depleting agent) followed by a continuous duodenal infusion (h 10 to 22) of a starch hydrolysate-casein solution. Six sets of arterial, portal, and hepatic blood samples were obtained (h 12 to 16), after which a prime. (10 mu g), continuous jugular infusion of SRIF-14 (5.0 mu g.kg BW-1.h(-1)) was initiated and sampling protocol repeated(h 18 to 22). Cysteamine administration increased (P < .01, vs control) portal and hepatic blood flow in the absence of exogenous SRIF (CSH x SRIF, P < .01). Net portal-drained viscera (PDV) release of glucose, alpha-amino N, ammonia N, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and oxygen consumption were decreased(P less than or equal to .10) and lactate release increased (P = .005) during SRIF infusion. The CSH increased (P < .05) PDV release of beta-hydroxybutyrate and insulin and increased (P = .09, CSH alone vs control) net. release of glucose in the absence of exogenous SRIF. Exogenous SRIF increased (P = .10) and CSR decreased (P = .09) net hepatic glucose output, whereas liver oxygen consumption was decreased (P = .04) with exogenous SRIF and increased (P = .01) with CSH. Net total splanchnic oc-amino N release and oxygen consumption were decreased (P < .10) with exogenous SRIF, but CSH increased (P < .05) insulin release and oxygen consumption. These data provide initial evidence for a regulatory involvement of SRIF in visceral metabolism in ruminants. C1 UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT ANIM SCI,LEXINGTON,KY 40546. USDA ARS,NUTRIENT CONSERVAT & METAB LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 87 TC 14 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 75 IS 11 BP 3026 EP 3037 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA YD634 UT WOS:A1997YD63400027 PM 9374319 ER PT J AU RaglandGray, KK Amos, HE McCann, MA Williams, CC Sartin, JL Barb, CR Kautz, FM AF RaglandGray, KK Amos, HE McCann, MA Williams, CC Sartin, JL Barb, CR Kautz, FM TI Nitrogen metabolism and hormonal responses of steers fed wheat silage and infused with amino acids or casein SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE calves; wheat silage; protein supplements; amino acids; somatotropin ID GROWTH FACTOR-I; BEEF HEIFERS; SOMATOTROPIN SECRETION; GROWING CATTLE; DAIRY-COWS; FED UREA; ABOMASAL; ARGININE; INSULIN; SHEEP AB Four Holstein steers (159 kg) surgically fitted with abomasal-infusion cannulas were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square study to test amino acid (AA) and casein (CAS) infusions on nitrogen balance and hormonal status of steers consuming vegetative wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) silage (12.3% CP). Treatments were 5-d infusions of 1) water (CONT), 2) arginine (ARG; 13.69 g/d), 3) limiting amino acids (LAA, 13.69 g/d arginine + 10.92 g/d histidine + 28.97 g/d lysine + 10.88 g/d methionine + 16.96 g/d threonine, and 4) Na-CAS (300 g/d). Whole blood was collected for plasma AA, growth hormone(GH), insulin, and IGF-l concentrations. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, and the following orthogonal contrasts were used to separate treatment means: CONT vs ARG; ARG vs LAA; and LAA vs CAS. Urinary N increased (P < .02) for CAS vs LAA. Arginine increased N retention, as did CAS, compared to LAA. Total plasma essential AA were decreased by arginine. Mean plasma insulin concentrations were increased by CAS (P < .034). Arginine increased mean plasma GH levels, but not IGF-I. The CAS treatment increased (P < .015) IGF-I levels, but not GH. These data suggest that performance of steers fed wheat silage was limited by duodenal AA flow and that arginine was the first-limiting AA. Casein infusion increased plasma insulin and IGF-I, which would explain tl-ie improved growth noted in calves and lambs fed forages supplemented with ruminally undergraded protein. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT ANIM & DAIRY SCI,ATHENS,GA 30602. AUBURN UNIV,DEPT PHYSIOL & PHARMACOL,AUBURN,AL 36849. USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,ATHENS,GA 30604. NR 37 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 75 IS 11 BP 3038 EP 3045 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA YD634 UT WOS:A1997YD63400028 PM 9374320 ER PT J AU Moser, JC Perry, TJ Furuta, K AF Moser, JC Perry, TJ Furuta, K TI Phoretic mites and their hyperphoretic fungi associated with flying Ips typographus japonicus Niijima (Col., Scolytidae) in Japan SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ANGEWANDTE ENTOMOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID DISPERSAL; BEETLE AB Flying Ips typographus japonicus from Hokkaido (Japan) carried 12 species of phoretic mites, three of which were not previously recorded in Europe. The mite biologies were diverse, including specialists feeding on microorganisms, beetle eggs, and nematodes which were common under beetle elytra. Hyperphoretic on these mites were seven distinct species of fungal spores: plus an undetermined number identifiable only as conidia. The spores stuck anywhere on the mite bodies with no special carrying structures evident. Ophiostoma bicolor was the most common species, with the pathogenic Ceratocystis polonicum present in small numbers. C1 US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, USDA, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. Univ Tokyo, Dept Forestry, Tokyo, Japan. RP Moser, JC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, USDA, 2500 Shreveport Hwy, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. NR 20 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-2048 J9 J APPL ENTOMOL JI J. Appl. Entomol.-Z. Angew. Entomol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 121 IS 8 BP 425 EP 428 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YN581 UT WOS:000071183500001 ER PT J AU Seale, JL Rumpler, WV AF Seale, JL Rumpler, WV TI Synchronous direct gradient layer and indirect room calorimetry SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE heat emission; heat production; energy expenditure ID ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; EXCHANGE; BALANCE AB A dual direct/indirect room-sized calorimeter is used at the Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center to measure heat emission and energy expenditure in humans. Because the response times of a gradient layer direct calorimeter and an indirect calorimeter are not equivalent, the respective rate of heat emission and energy expenditure cannot be directly compared. A system of equations has been developed and tested that can correct the respective outputs of the direct gradient layer calorimeter and indirect calorimeter for delays due to the response times of the measurement systems. Performance tests using alcohol combustion to simulate a human subject indicate accurate measurements of heat production from indirect (99.9 +/- 0.4%), indirect corrected for response time (99.9 +/- 0.5%), direct (99.9 +/- 0.8%), and direct corrected for response time (99.9 +/- 0.8%) calorimetry systems. Results from 24-h measurements in 10 subjects indicate that corrected heat emission is equivalent to (99.8 +/- 2.0%) corrected energy expenditure. However, heat emission measured during sleep was significantly greater (14%) than energy expenditure, suggesting a change in the energy stored as heat in the body. This difference was reversed during the day. These results illustrate how the simultaneous measurement of heat emission and energy expenditure provides insights into heat regulation. RP Seale, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,DHPL,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR E,RM 317,BLDG 308,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 83 IS 5 BP 1775 EP 1781 PG 7 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA YE867 UT WOS:A1997YE86700053 PM 9375351 ER PT J AU Thompson, RH AF Thompson, RH TI Direct measurement of total trans- and cis-octadecenoic fatty acids based on a gas-liquid chromatographic class separation of trans-18:1 and cis-18:1 fatty acid methyl esters SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID HYDROGENATED VEGETABLE-OILS; INFRARED SPECTROPHOTOMETRY; HUMAN-MILK; ISOMERS; MARGARINES; LIPIDS; C-18; COLUMNS; FOODS RP Thompson, RH (reprint author), USDA,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,FOOD COMPOSIT LAB,BLDG 161,BARC E,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 31 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU PRESTON PUBLICATIONS INC PI NILES PA 7800 MERRIMAC AVE PO BOX 48312, NILES, IL 60648 SN 0021-9665 J9 J CHROMATOGR SCI JI J. Chromatogr. Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 35 IS 11 BP 536 EP 544 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA YD637 UT WOS:A1997YD63700005 ER PT J AU Meinersmann, RJ Helsel, LO Fields, PI Hiett, KL AF Meinersmann, RJ Helsel, LO Fields, PI Hiett, KL TI Discrimination of Campylobacter jejuni isolates by fla gene sequencing SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FLAGELLIN GENE; POLYMORPHISM ANALYSIS; STRAINS AB Comparison of the entire coding sequence of flaA (1,764 nueleotides) from 15 isolates of Campylobacter jejuni showed two regions of high variability, one region approximately from base positions 700 to 1,450 and a shore variable region (SVR) from base positions 450 to 600. Parsimony analysis of the SVR sequences yielded a dendrogram similar to that which was derived by analysis of the entire gene, PCR was used to generate templates, and the SVR was sequenced with primers constructed to hybridize to conserved flanking sequences, The SVRs of 22 isolates of C. jejuni from four outbreaks that have been well characterized and a larger panel of isolates from three additional outbreaks were sequenced, Analysis of the nucleotide sequences produced results that grouped the isolates very similarly to other subtyping techniques, Sequence data were also generated for isolates from three additional outbreaks. Categorizing the isolates by fla SVR DNA sequence placed them in epidemiologically relevant groups. Sequence analysis of the C. jejuni flaA SVR may be a useful tool far epidemiologic investigations anti could complement or replace serotyping and other subtyping methods. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,FOODBORNE & DIARRHEAL DIS BRANCH,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Meinersmann, RJ (reprint author), ARS,POULTRY MICROBIOL SAFETY RES UNIT,USDA,RUSSELL RES CTR,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30604, USA. NR 14 TC 155 Z9 156 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 35 IS 11 BP 2810 EP 2814 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA YD173 UT WOS:A1997YD17300019 PM 9350739 ER PT J AU Kurtzman, CP AF Kurtzman, CP TI Candida dubliniensis - Reply SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Letter RP Kurtzman, CP (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 35 IS 11 BP 3011 EP 3012 PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA YD173 UT WOS:A1997YD17300067 ER PT J AU Sharma, RP Dugyala, RR Voss, KA AF Sharma, RP Dugyala, RR Voss, KA TI Demonstration of in-situ apoptosis in mouse liver and kidney after short-term repeated exposure to fumonisin B(1) SO JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; SPHINGOLIPID BIOSYNTHESIS; MECHANISM; RATS; TOXICITY; CORN; CARCINOGENESIS; PATHOGENESIS; CYTOTOXICITY AB Fumonisin B(1), a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium moniliforme, inhibits the activity of ceramide synthetase, the key enzyme in sphingolipid biosynthesis, leading to accumulation of sphinganine and sphingosine. Ceramide and other sphingolipid pathways have been implicated in signal-induced apoptosis in cells. Groups of male BALB/c mice received subcutaneous injections (0, 0.25, 0.75, 2.25 or 6.25 mg/kg) of fumonisin B(1) daily for 5 days and the liver and kidneys were sampled I day after the last injection. A decrease in kidney weight was observed after fumonisin treatment. A "blind" random evaluation of stained sections revealed dose-dependent fumonisin B(1)-associated hepatic and renal lesions in all groups. Terminal uridine triphosphate (UTP) nick-end labelling (TUNEL) in liver and kidney sections confirmed the presence of dose-related apoptotic cells at all treatment levels. Thus fumonisin B(1) produced apoptosis after a brief exposure to relatively low doses. The toxicity of fumonisin B(1) was greater than that previously found in studies on oral toxicity. (C) 1997 W.B. Saunders Company Limited. C1 Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Sharma, RP (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 38 TC 62 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-9975 J9 J COMP PATHOL JI J. Comp. Pathol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 117 IS 4 BP 371 EP 381 DI 10.1016/S0021-9975(97)80084-9 PG 11 WC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences SC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences GA YU309 UT WOS:000071704400007 PM 9502273 ER PT J AU Johnston, CE Figiel, C AF Johnston, CE Figiel, C TI Microhabitat parameters and life-history characteristics of Fallicambarus gordoni Fitzpatrick, a crayfish associated with pitcher-plant bogs in southern Mississippi SO JOURNAL OF CRUSTACEAN BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CAMBARIDAE; DECAPODA AB Fallicambarus gordoni, a crayfish found only in pitcher-plant bogs, is restricted to the DeSoto National Forest, Perry County, Mississippi, U.S.A. The species is active from late fall through late spring, and apparently estivates during the summer when bogs are dry. Ovigerous females were found in late fall and winter, and small juveniles were collected in February. Form I males were found throughout much of the year, except during summer months when no crayfish were collected. Burrows of F. gordoni are complex and similar in structure to those of Fallicambarus fodiens. Catch per unit effort ranged from 0.02-0.17, suggesting that counting burrow structures will not give an accurate population estimate of this imperiled animal. C1 UNIV MISSISSIPPI,DEPT BIOL,UNIVERSITY,MS 38677. RP Johnston, CE (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,CTR BOTTONLAND HARDWOOD RES,1000 FRONT ST,OXFORD,MS 38655, USA. NR 11 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU CRUSTACEAN SOC PI SAN ANTONIO PA 840 EAST MULBERRY, SAN ANTONIO, TX 78212 SN 0278-0372 J9 J CRUSTACEAN BIOL JI J. Crustac. Biol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 17 IS 4 BP 687 EP 691 DI 10.2307/1549371 PG 5 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YF435 UT WOS:A1997YF43500011 ER PT J AU VanHekken, DL Strange, ED AF VanHekken, DL Strange, ED TI Rheology and microstructure of chemically superphosphorylated whole casein SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE casein; gelation; phosphorylation; rheology ID PHOSPHORYLATION AB Whole bovine casein was chemically modified using POCl3 to contain 9.1, 10.6, and 12.5 mmol of bound P/mmol of casein [(160, 190, and 220% P, respectively) relative to the 5.6 mmol of P/mmol of unmodified casein (100% P)]. Superphosphorylation produced two types of modified caseins. Solutions made with 220% P casein had low viscosities, which remained constant between pH 5 and 9 and between protein concentrations of 0.2 and 0.7%; these solutions remained fluid when exposed to up to 30 mM Ca2+. Solutions made with 160 or 190% P caseins increased in viscosity as protein concentration and pH increased; the solutions formed gels at 1% protein, which increased in elastic modulus, viscous modulus, and complex viscosity as the protein and Ca2+ concentrations increased. When exposed to Ca2+, gels became more curd-like as protein aggregated and then underwent syneresis. Electron microscopy showed that the gel microstructure consisted of an open matrix of folded strands and sheets of casein in irregular sizes that condensed upon exposure to Ca2+. These unique interactions among proteins and unique rheological properties suggest that superphosphorylation could be useful in creating novel dairy foods with added value and enhanced functionality. RP VanHekken, DL (reprint author), USDA, AGR RES SERV, EASTERN REG RES CTR, DAIRY PROD RES UNIT, WYNDMOOR, PA 19038 USA. NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0022-0302 EI 1525-3198 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 80 IS 11 BP 2740 EP 2750 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA YH595 UT WOS:A1997YH59500008 ER PT J AU VanHekken, DL Dudley, RL AF VanHekken, DL Dudley, RL TI Analysis of modified whole casein with different phosphorus contents using phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE casein; nuclear magnetic resonance; phosphorylation ID GLOBAL-SECONDARY-STRUCTURE; BETA-CASEIN; CHEMICAL PHOSPHORYLATION; COWS MILK; PROTEINS; NMR; MICELLES; CALCIUM; BINDING AB The different types of P in modified caseins and the role of P in casein interactions were studied using P-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of whole casein with reduced or elevated P concentrations and using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of whole casein with elevated P concentrations. Bovine whole casein (5.7 mmol of P/mmol of casein, 100% P) was either enzymatically dephosphorylated or chemically superphosphorylated to obtain casein containing 0.4, 3.3, 9.1, 10.6, or 12.5 mmol of bound P/mmol of casein (7, 60, 160, 190, or 220% P, respectively). The nuclear magnetic resonance spectra showed that all casein samples contained serine monophosphates; the caseins containing 160, 190, and 220% P also contained additional diphosphates, and the 220% P casein contained inorganic phosphate and other di- and polyphosphates. When the concentration of the 160 and 190% P caseins increased, they gelled, yet the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra did not show any differences that were typical of changes in conformation. Analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that the addition of covalently bound P to whole casein in any amount did not change the distribution of extended strand and sheet, helix, loop, and turns in their secondary structures. Study of the phosphates that were bound to casein and the influence of phosphates on casein interactions improves the understanding of how casein interacts in food systems. RP VanHekken, DL (reprint author), USDA,ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,N ATLANTIC AREA,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 25 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 80 IS 11 BP 2751 EP 2759 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA YH595 UT WOS:A1997YH59500009 ER PT J AU Dahl, GE Elsasser, TH Capuco, AV Erdman, RA Peters, RR AF Dahl, GE Elsasser, TH Capuco, AV Erdman, RA Peters, RR TI Effects of a long daily photoperiod on milk yield and circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE photoperiod; insulin-like growth factor-I; milk yield ID HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR; BOVINE SOMATOTROPIN; LACTATION; CATTLE; PROLACTIN; SECRETION; HEIFERS; COWS AB Relative to a short daily (24-h) photoperiod, exposure to a long daily photoperiod increases the milk yield of dairy cows. However, the endocrine basis for this phenomenon is unknown. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that a long daily photoperiod is associated with increased circulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, a hormone that is galactopoietic in ruminants. Forty lactating cows were exposed to either a natural photoperiod (less than or equal to 13 h of light/d) or to a long daily photoperiod (18 h of light and 6 h of darkness) between January and April 1995. Cows were fed for ad libitum intake a total mixed diet formulated to meet the nutritional demands of lactation. Milk yield and dry matter intake were quantitated each day, and blood samples were collected by coccygeal venipuncture every 14 d. Plasma was harvested and assayed for IGF-I. The long photoperiod increased milk yield relative to the natural photoperiod (36.1 +/- 0.6 vs. 33.9 +/- 0.6 kg/d); the increase became significant after 28 d of treatment and was maintained for the duration of the study. In addition, cows exposed to a long photoperiod had greater circulating concentrations of IGF-I than did cows exposed to the ambient natural photoperiod (60.1 +/- 2.0 vs. 52.6 +/- 2.0 ng/ml). Concentrations of IGF binding protein-2 and -3 in plasma did not differ between treatments. These results support the hypothesis that a long daily photoperiod increases circulating concentrations of IGF-I in lactating cows and reveal a possible endocrine mechanism for the galactopoietic response to a long daily photoperiod. C1 USDA ARS,GROWTH BIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,GENE EVALUAT & MAPPING LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Dahl, GE (reprint author), UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT ANIM SCI,ANIM SCI CTR 1415,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742, USA. RI Erdman, Richard/F-6195-2010 OI Erdman, Richard/0000-0001-6954-4282 NR 22 TC 62 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 80 IS 11 BP 2784 EP 2789 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA YH595 UT WOS:A1997YH59500013 PM 9406069 ER PT J AU Nonnecke, BJ Horst, RL Dubeski, PL Reinhardt, TA AF Nonnecke, BJ Horst, RL Dubeski, PL Reinhardt, TA TI Reactivity and phenotype of mononuclear leukocytes from nongravid heifers after in vitro exposure to 9,13-di-cis-retinoic acid SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE vitamin A; retinoic acid; immunity; cow ID BOVINE MAMMARY-GLAND; PERIPARTURIENT PERIOD; RETINOIC ACID; 13-CIS-RETINOIC ACID; INTERFERON-GAMMA; BETA-GLUCURONIDE; DRY PERIOD; LYMPHOCYTES; METABOLISM; SECRETION AB The predominant isomer of retinoic acid in the plasma of dairy cows during the periparturient period is 9,13-di-cis-retinoic acid. Because retinoic acids influence the activity of cells in a variety of tissues, including the immune system, the potential for this isomer to modulate the bovine immune system during the periparturient period must be considered. The present study examined the in vitro effects of 9,13-di-cis-retinoic acid on the reactivity and phenotype of blood mononuclear leukocytes from nongravid Holstein heifers that were sensitized to antigens and that had naturally low plasma concentrations of 9,13-di-cis-retinoic acid. In this system, 9,13-di-cis-retinoic acid, approximating the highest plasma concentrations occurring in vivo during the periparturient period, had no effect on DNA synthesis, secretion of interleukin-2 or interferon-gamma, or secretion of immunoglobulin by unstimulated cultures or cultures stimulated by mitogen (pokeweed mitogen) or anti gen (ovalbumin). The composition of unstimulated and stimulated mononuclear leukocyte populations, based on percentages of specific cell types, was unaffected by 9,13-di-cis-retinoic acid at the physiologic concentration of 10(-8) M. 9,13-di-cis-Retinoic acid did not affect the actual number of cells in unstimulated cultures and cultures stimulated by antigen but did cause a moderate reduction in the number of cells, primarily CD4(+) lymphocytes, in cultures stimulated by mitogen. Overall, these results suggest that the elevated concentration of 9,13-di-cis-retinoic acid in maternal plasma may have a negligible effect on the reactivity and phenotype of cells constituting the circulating mononuclear leukocyte population. RP Nonnecke, BJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,METAB DIS & IMMUNOL RES UNIT,POB 70,2300 DAYTON AVE,AMES,IA 50010, USA. RI Reinhardt, Timothy/A-7536-2009 OI Reinhardt, Timothy/0000-0001-5552-2509 NR 28 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 80 IS 11 BP 2833 EP 2841 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA YH595 UT WOS:A1997YH59500020 PM 9406076 ER PT J AU Joyce, PW Sanchez, WK Goff, JP AF Joyce, PW Sanchez, WK Goff, JP TI Effect of anionic salts in prepartum diets based on alfalfa SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE anionic salts; alfalfa; hypocalcemia; prepartum diet ID DAIRY-COWS; PARTURIENT PARESIS; MILK FEVER; AMMONIUM-CHLORIDE; JERSEY COWS; HYPOCALCEMIA; CALCIUM; CATION; 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN-D; PREVENTION AB This study compared prepartum diets based on grass, alfalfa, or alfalfa and anionic salts to investigate their effect-on Ca metabolism, acid-base status, endocrine response, disease incidence, and lactational performance of periparturient dairy cows. Forty-five nonlactating Holstein cows in their last 3 wk of gestation were fed a control diet based on grass hay with a dietary cation-anion difference [expressed as milli-equivalents of ((Na + K) - (Cl + S))/100 g of dietary dry matter] of +30 or diets based on alfalfa with a dietary cation-anion difference of either +35 or -7. Cows fed the diet with the dietary cation-anion difference of -7 had the lowest urine pH prepartum and had the highest concentrations of ionized Ca in blood and total Ca in serum at parturition. Increases in 1,25-(OH)(2) vitamin D per unit decrease in total Ca in serum were greatest for cows fed the diet with a dietary cation-anion difference of -7. Also, cows fed this same diet consumed the most dry matter postpartum. Incidences of health disorders were 13% (10 of 75), 12% (9 of 75), and 5% (4 of 75) for cows fed the diets with dietary cation-anion differences of +30, +35, and -7, respectively. Results indicate that alfalfa, when supplemented with anionic salts, is a viable forage for prepartum dairy cows. C1 UNIV IDAHO,DEPT VET & ANIM SCI,MOSCOW,ID 83844. USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AMES,IA 50010. NR 26 TC 66 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 80 IS 11 BP 2866 EP 2875 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA YH595 UT WOS:A1997YH59500023 PM 9406079 ER PT J AU England, ML Broderick, GA Shaver, RD Combs, DK AF England, ML Broderick, GA Shaver, RD Combs, DK TI Comparison of in situ and in vitro techniques for measuring ruminal degradation of animal by-product proteins SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE in vitro; in situ; ruminal protein degradation ID DAIRY-COWS; ALFALFA HAY; INVITRO; RATES; DIGESTION; FORAGE; INSITU; MEAL AB Ruminally undegraded protein (RUP) values of blood meal (n = 2), hydrolyzed feather meal (n = 2), fish meal (n = 2), meat and bone meal, and soybean meal were estimated using an in situ method, an inhibitor in vitro method, and an inhibitor in vitro technique applying Michaelis-Menten saturation kinetics. Degradation rates for in situ and inhibitor in vitro methods were calculated by regression of the natural log of the proportion of crude protein (CP) remaining undegraded versus time. Nonlinear regression analysis of the integrated Michaelis-Menten equation was used to determine maximum velocity, the Michaelis constant, and degradation rate (the ratio of maximum velocity to the Michaelis constant). A ruminal passage rate of 0.06/h was assumed in the calculation of RUP. The in situ and inhibitor in vitro techniques yielded similar estimates of ruminal degradation. Mean RUP estimated for soybean meal, blood meal, hydrolyzed feather meal, fish meal, and meat and bone meal were, respectively, 28.6, 86.0, 77.4, 52.9, and 52.6% of CP by the in situ method and 26.4, 86.1, 76.0, 59.6, and 49.5% of CP by the inhibitor in vitro technique. The Michaelis-Menten inhibitor in vitro technique yielded more rapid CP degradation rates and decreased estimates of RUP. The inhibitor in vitro method required less time and labor than did the other two techniques to estimate the RUP values of animal by-product proteins. Results from in vitro incubations with pepsin HCl suggested that low postruminal digestibility of hydrolyzed feather meal may impair its value as a source of RUP. C1 USDA ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT DAIRY SCI,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 22 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 80 IS 11 BP 2925 EP 2931 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA YH595 UT WOS:A1997YH59500030 PM 9406086 ER PT J AU Broderick, GA Clayton, MK AF Broderick, GA Clayton, MK TI A statistical evaluation of animal and nutritional factors influencing concentrations of milk urea nitrogen SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE blood urea N; milk urea N; milk yield; dietary protein ID LACTATING DAIRY-COWS; FED ALFALFA SILAGE; EXPELLER SOYBEAN-MEAL; SOLE FORAGE; NONPROTEIN NITROGEN; RELATIVE VALUE; TRUE PROTEIN; CORN-SILAGE; HAY; SOLVENT AB Data from 35 trials with 482 lactating cows fed 106 diets were used to study the effects of animal and dietary factors on the relationship between milk and blood urea N and the value of milk urea N in the assessment of protein status. In two trials, urea N in whole blood and in blood plasma were closely related (r(2) = 0.952); the slope was not significantly different from 1.0, and the intercept was not significantly different from 0. Regression of milk urea N on blood urea N with a mixed effects model using all 2231 observations yielded the equation: milk urea N (milligrams of N per deciliter) = 0.620 x blood urea N (milligrams of N per deciliter) + 4.75 (r(2) = 0.842); this model accounted for a significant interaction of cow and blood urea N. Single factors that yielded significant regressions on milk urea N with the mixed effects models were dietary crude protein (CP) (percentage of dry matter; r(2) = 0.839), dietary CP per megacalorie of net energy for lactation (NEL) (r(2) = 0.833), excess N intake (r(2) = 0.772), N efficiency (r(2) = 0.626), and ruminal NH3 (r(2) = 0.574). When all factors were analyzed at once, 12 were significant in a mixed effects model. Blood urea N, body weight, yield of fat-corrected milk, dietary CP content, excess N intake, dry matter intake, and days in milk were positively related to milk urea N, and parity, milk and fat yield, dietary CP per unit of NEL content, and NEL intake were negatively related to milk urea N. In one trial, the mean urea concentration was 35 times greater in urine than in milk; lower proportions of total urea excretion in milk were observed in the a.m. sampling (1.8%) than in the p.m. sampling (3.3%). Measuring urea N in a composite milk sample from the whole day substantially improved reliability of data. The number of cows fed a specific diet that must be sampled to determine mean milk urea N within 95% confidence intervals with half widths of 1.0 and 2.0 mg of N/dl was estimated to be 16 and 4, respectively. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT STAT,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,MADISON,WI 53706. RP Broderick, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,1925 LINDEN DR W,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 35 TC 260 Z9 281 U1 2 U2 27 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 80 IS 11 BP 2964 EP 2971 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA YH595 UT WOS:A1997YH59500034 PM 9406089 ER PT J AU Vanraden, PM AF Vanraden, PM TI Lactation yields and accuracies computed from test day yields and (co)variances by best prediction SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE test day yield; test interval method; best prediction; lactation weights ID GENETIC EVALUATION; VARIANCE; COWS AB Lactation records are calculated from data on milk, fat, and protein obtained from one or more milkings on several days during the lactation. The test interval method, which estimated missing daily milk yields by simple interpolation, was used for many years for standard monthly data but may not be as useful for the wider variety of test plans now being proposed. More accurate 305-d yields can be computed using best prediction, which has optimum properties if means and (co)variances are known and distribution is multivariate normal. The covariance of test day and 305-d yields is multiplied by the inverse of the test day (co)variance matrix, which is then multiplied by the test day deviation vector. This predicted 305-d deviation plus the mean 305-d yield equals the predicted 305-d yield. Similar algebraic methods are used to compute the correlation of true and estimated 305-d yields, which is needed to calculate lactation weights. Computation times were affordable but not trivial; they ranged from 0.001 to 1 s per lactation. Equations were modified to account for differing accuracies of data for partial days, means for multiple days, and data for unsupervised tests. Complete or incomplete lactations recorded with very different testing plans can be graphed and compared by best prediction. RP Vanraden, PM (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,ANIM IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 17 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 80 IS 11 BP 3015 EP 3022 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA YH595 UT WOS:A1997YH59500040 PM 9406095 ER PT J AU Andrew, SM Frobish, RA Paape, MJ Maturin, LJ AF Andrew, SM Frobish, RA Paape, MJ Maturin, LJ TI Evaluation of selected antibiotic residue screening tests for milk from individual cows and examination of factors that affect the probability of false-positive outcomes SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE dairy cows; beta-lactam residue; screening tests ID SOMATIC-CELL COUNTS; MASTITIS; CATTLE; ASSAY AB Total composite milk samples from 131 cows in one herd were analyzed. Eight beta-lactam residue screening tests were evaluated for performance using milk from individual cows and factors that affect the rate of false-positive outcomes were determined. Cows were not treated with an antibiotic for at least 30 d prior to sampling. Tests evaluated were Delvotest(R) P, Charm Cowside, Charm Farm, Penzyme(R), Valio T101, LacTek(TM), CITE Probe(R), and Charm Bacillus stearothermophilus disk assay. Cows averaged 155 d of lactation. Milk production at the time of sampling ranged from 3.6 to 26.3 kg per milking per cow. The somatic cell count of milk averaged 243 x 10(3)/ml and ranged from 8.5 x 10(3)/ml to 3437 x 10(3)/ml. Total viable bacteria counts averaged 197.8 x 10(3)/ml. Total coliform counts ranged from 0 to 205/ml. Selectivity rates (rate of truly negative samples that were found to be negative by the assay) were greater than 90% for all tests except the CITE Probe(R) test. Use of logistic regression showed that an increase in colony-forming units was associated with a decrease in the probability of a false-positive outcome for the CITE Probe(R) test. Milk production, coliform counts, and parity each affected the probabilities of positive outcomes for different tests. Except for one test, selectivity rates of the beta-lactam residue screening tests for milk from individual cows was greater than 0.9. C1 US FDA,CTR VET MED,RES OFF,LAUREL,MD 20708. USDA ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,MILK SECRET & MASTITIS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. US FDA,CTR FOOD SAFETY & APPL NUTR,LAB ASSURANCE BRANCH,SUMMIT ARGO,IL 60501. NR 21 TC 29 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 80 IS 11 BP 3050 EP 3057 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA YH595 UT WOS:A1997YH59500044 PM 9406098 ER PT J AU Bragan, RJ Starr, JL Parkin, TB AF Bragan, RJ Starr, JL Parkin, TB TI Acetylene transport in shallow groundwater for denitrification rate measurement SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID NITROUS-OXIDE REDUCTION; COASTAL-PLAIN; RIPARIAN WETLANDS; NATURAL-GRADIENT; SANDY AQUIFER; NITRATE; SOIL; INHIBITION; FOREST AB Nitrate (NO3) concentrations frequently diminish in shallow groundwater (<3 m) when laterally transported through the soils of riparian zones and intermittent wetlands. Denitrification may be the major mechanism for this loss, but lack of suitable methods for direct measurement of denitrification rates in shallow groundwater limit the ability of field studies to verify this. The objective of this study was to determine if adequate acetylene (C2H2) concentrations can be maintained In the intermittently saturated, near surface soils found in riparian areas to temporarily block nitrous aside reductase in denitrifying bacteria. Accomplishing this would allow use of the acetylene block method for denitrification rate assessment in the soils of riparian areas that are periodically saturated and with high potential for large denitrification rates. Method development and testing was conducted in the laboratory, using a 1.4 m(3) mesocosm filled with sandy subsoil with continuous forced-gradient radial flow. Movement of Br tracer and C2H2 injected into a central well was monitored by sampling from 25 and 50 cm distant radial wells. Both the tracer and aqueous C2H2 showed relatively uniform flow rates to the 25 cm wells, and then varied by a factor of two to rite 50 rm wells. Acetyl ene concentrations exceeded those recommended to block NOx reduction by denitrifiers at the N2O stage, In situ denitrification rates were derived from monitored N2O concentrations. An initial field rest provided additional evidence that the procedure may be useful for direct measurement of denitrification losses in a variety of natural, shallow groundwater systems. C1 George Mason Univ, Dept Biol, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Nat Resources Inst, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Bragan, RJ (reprint author), George Mason Univ, Dept Biol, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. NR 29 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 26 IS 6 BP 1524 EP 1530 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YN225 UT WOS:000071145600010 ER PT J AU Bragan, RJ Starr, JL Parkin, TB AF Bragan, RJ Starr, JL Parkin, TB TI Shallow groundwater denitrification rate measurement by acetylene block SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID RIPARIAN WETLANDS; NITROUS-OXIDE; NITRATE; INPUTS; FOREST; SOIL AB We field tested a short term, in situ method for measuring highly variable shallow groundwater denitrification rates using a methodology developed in an earlier, laboratory phase of this study, A pulse of tracer solution was injected and subsequently sampled within well clusters 50 cm in radius, The injectate contained dissolved acetylene (C(2)H(2)) to block denitrification at the nitrous oxide (N(2)O) stage of reduction, Six well clusters were established at two depths along a riparian area transect through field, grass, and woodland ecotypes. Bromide tracer, C(2)H(2), and accumulated N(2)O were monitored at sample wells downgradient from each injection well, Adequate C(2)H(2) concentrations (0.43 mM) to block N(2)O reduction between injection and sample wells were attained in five of the six well clusters tested. Acetylene peak concentrations moved laterally an average of 19% more slowly than the Br peak, N(2)O peak concentrations an average of 8% after C(2)H(3) peaks, Highest denitrification rates of 2.8 and 3.3 mg N L(-1) d(-1) were observed near the surface of the water table within the grass buffer and riparian forest. Shallow groundwater denitrification rates in the adjoining field and 2 m deep into the saturated zone at all three ecotypes were <25% of the highest rates. Acetylene block procedures were thus used to determine in situ denitrification rates within a few days time with little disruption of soil structure or associated microbial communities, Portable equipment allows application at remote sites independent of line power and road access. C1 George Mason Univ, Dept Biol, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. USDA ARS, Nat Resources Inst, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Bragan, RJ (reprint author), George Mason Univ, Dept Biol, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. EM rjbragan@aol.com NR 20 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 26 IS 6 BP 1531 EP 1538 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YN225 UT WOS:000071145600011 ER PT J AU Zhang, XC Norton, LD Hickman, M AF Zhang, XC Norton, LD Hickman, M TI Rain pattern and soil moisture content effects on atrazine and metolachlor lasses in runoff SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID WATER; ADSORPTION; ALACHLOR; MODEL AB Herbicide concentration in runoff varies dramatically within a storm, therefore storm pattern is postulated to have a significant impact on herbicide loss. We evaluated the effects of storm pattern and soil moisture content on herbicide loss in runoff, and used our data to validate the uniform mixing concept for modeling herbicide transfer to runoff, Atrazine and metolachlor were surface applied to air-dried soil at rates of 1.12 and 2.24 kg/ha, respectively. Two soils (Cecil sandy loam and Miami silty loam), four storm patterns (uniform, advanced peak, intermediate peak, and delayed peak), and two moisture levels (wet and dry) were used, Dissolved herbicide losses from the advanced peak were twice those from the other patterns for both herbicides for Cecil soil, The significance of rain pattern effects was reduced for Miami soil, but metolachlor loss from the advanced peak was 1.9 times that from the delayed peak. Rain pattern affected sediment-bound herbicide loss, but no consistent trend was shown for both soils. Under wet conditions a greater potential for dissolved and sediment-bound herbicide losses was shown for both herbicides on Miami soil than on Cecil soil, Measured herbicide concentrations in runoff decreased exponentially with cumulative rainfall depth, and were adequately described by the uniform mixing model, Results show that information on intensity distribution and transient infiltration rate is needed to better predict both instantaneous and total herbicide losses during a storm. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eosi Ees Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Zhang, XC (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eosi Ees Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 30 TC 44 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 26 IS 6 BP 1539 EP 1547 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YN225 UT WOS:000071145600012 ER PT J AU Ghidey, F Alberts, EE Lerch, RN AF Ghidey, F Alberts, EE Lerch, RN TI Spatial and temporal variability of herbicides in a claypan soil watershed SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID RUNOFF AB The spatial and temporal variability of herbicides during the growing season were studied on a 35-ha watershed located in the claypan soil region of north-central Missouri, Soil samples were collected from the 0- to 5-cm soil depth in 1993, and 0- to 5-, 5- to 10-, and 10- to 15-cm soil depths in 1995 and analyzed for atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine and alachlor (2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide) concentrations, The effects of rainfall, topography, soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and organic matter (OM) content on the spatial distribution of herbicides were evaluated, There was no spatial dependency between samples taken immediately after herbicide application; however, spatial dependency was observed in the following sampling periods, During the year, <2.5% of atrazine and 2.0% of alachlor applied to the soil was lost in runoff, and the movement of herbicides below the layer of application was also very low throughout the sampling period, Atrazine and alachlor concentrations in the soil decreased rapidly during the growing season, Concentrations measured 4 and 8 wk after application were <20 and 5% for atrazine, and <10 and 3% for alachlor, respectively, of those measured immediately after application, The study showed that the spatial and temporal variability of herbicide concentration was a function of the interaction between soil pH and the sorptive capacity of the soil (CEC and OM content), These findings are useful for site-specific crop management to increase the efficiency of herbicide application and also to reduce the loss of excess herbicides to surface runoff. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. USDA ARS, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Ghidey, F (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 23 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 26 IS 6 BP 1555 EP 1563 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YN225 UT WOS:000071145600014 ER PT J AU Blanchard, PE Donald, WW AF Blanchard, PE Donald, WW TI Herbicide contamination of groundwater beneath claypan soils in North-Central Missouri SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID MIDWESTERN UNITED-STATES; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; NEAR-SURFACE AQUIFERS; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; WATER-QUALITY; GLACIAL TILL; WELL WATER; TRIAZINE HERBICIDES; FIELD EXPERIMENTS AB The impact of hydrology and site-specific soil stratigraphy on herbicide leaching are not well understood for claypan soils. The claypan is a naturally-occurring argillic soil horizon that limits percolation to groundwater. The primary objective of this study was io determine the extent of nonpoint source herbicide contamination of shallow groundwater beneath claypan soils. The secondary objective was to determine the relative importance of hydrology and land management to observed herbicide contamination of groundwater during a 5-year period. The study site was the 7250 ha Goodwater Creek Watershed in north-central Missouri. Three cropped fields with 10 yr of similar management were instrumented with 20 to 25 monitor wells each in 1991. The three fields were treated with different rates of atrazine [2-chloro-(4-ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] and alachlor [2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] and the wells were sampled quarterly from 1991 to 1996. Atrazine was detected in 7.2% of samples, with a maximum concentration of 0.12 mu g L-1 (limit of detection, LOD = 0.02 mu g L-1). Alachlor was detected in 0.4% of samples with a maximum concentration of 0.14 mu g L-1 (LOD = 0.11 mu g L-1). Site to site variability in hydrology was more important than differences in herbicide application rates, as the field treated with the least atrazine and alachlor had the most frequent detections of atrazine, the atrazine metabolite deethylatrazine [2-chloro-(4-amino)-6- (isopropylamino)-s-triazine; DEA], and the alachlor metabolite [2-[(2,6-diethylphenyl) (methoxymethyl)amino]-2-oxoethanesulfonic acid; ESA]. Groundwater recharge occurred primarily during the nongrowing season. Therefore, herbicide and metabolite leaching were limited by the extent of their degradation in the soil during the growing season. The study results demonstrate the importance of hydrologic variability, recharge timing, and chemical properties with respect to the leaching of herbicides and herbicide metabolites. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Blanchard, PE (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 47 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 26 IS 6 BP 1612 EP 1621 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YN225 UT WOS:000071145600021 ER PT J AU Zahn, JA Hatfield, JL Do, YS DiSpirito, AA Laird, DA Pfeiffer, RL AF Zahn, JA Hatfield, JL Do, YS DiSpirito, AA Laird, DA Pfeiffer, RL TI Characterization of volatile organic emissions and wastes from a swine production facility SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID ODOROUS COMPOUNDS; LIVESTOCK WASTES; LAGOONS; MANURE AB Analytical methods for monitoring the volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, for defining atmospheric transport coefficients, and for monitoring solution phase chemistry have been developed to define processes regulating emission of malodorous and other VOCs from a high odor swine production facility. Of the 40 organic compounds identified in liquid and outdoor air samples from the swine production facility, 27 VOCs were confirmed to contribute to decreased air quality in the vicinity of the facility. Specifically, C2 through C9 organic acids demonstrated the greatest potential for decreased air quality, since these compounds exhibited the highest transport coefficients and highest airborne concentrations. Flux measurements suggested that the total rate of nonmethane VOC emissions from the deep basin swine waste storage system was 500- to 5700-fold greater than established nonmethane VOC fluxes from nonanthropogenic sources, The volatilization rate of malodorous and other VOCs from the stored swine waste was positively correlated with wind velocity between 0.2 and 9.4 m s-(1), and a maximum concentration of VOCs present in the air was observed to occur at a wind velocity of 3.6 m s(-1). Experimental Henry's law coefficients adequately predicted the transport efficiency observed for some of the VOC emissions measured from air samples taken at 0, 25, and 100 m from the swine waste storage basin; however, results indicated that laboratory-based extraction procedures, currently used to estimate malodor potential for swine slurry samples, provide an inaccurate representation of malodorous and other airborne VOCs actually present in the air near swine production facilities. C1 ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, USDA, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Prevent Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Zahn, JA (reprint author), ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, USDA, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Laird, David/E-8598-2014 NR 44 TC 185 Z9 187 U1 2 U2 24 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 26 IS 6 BP 1687 EP 1696 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YN225 UT WOS:000071145600031 ER PT J AU Sharpe, RR Harper, LA AF Sharpe, RR Harper, LA TI Ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions from sprinkler irrigation applications of swine effluent SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC AMMONIA; SOIL; DENITRIFICATION; SURFACE; SLURRY; VOLATILIZATION; TEMPERATURE; GRASSLAND; LEAVES; CATTLE AB In the USA, swine operations produce more than 14 Tg of manure each gear, About 30% of this manure is stored in anaerobic lagoons before effluent applications to land, Although land application is the preferred means of disposal and can supply nutrients for crop production, it leads to gaseous emissions of ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O), both of which can be detrimental to the environment, Our objectives were to quantify gaseous emissions of NH3 and N2O from effluent applications under field conditions and to relate N2O fluxes to soil water content, Three applications olf swine effluent were applied to oat (A vena sativa "GA-Mitchell") starting at heading stage, Gaseous fluxes were determined from gas concentration profiles and the momentum balance transport coefficient. About 13% of the ammonium (NH4N) was lost through drift or volatilization of NH3 during irrigation, An additional 69% was volatilized within 24 h of application, Nitrous oxide emissions were low before effluent applications (19 mg N2O-N ha(-1) d(-1)) and increased to 0.25 to 0.38 kg N2O-N ha(-1) d(-1) after irrigation, Total N2O emissions during the measurement period were 4.7 kg N2O-N ha(-1), which was about 13% of total N applied, The large losses of NH3 and N2O illustrate the difficulty of basing effluent irrigation schedules on N concentrations and the data indicate that compared to N2O, NH3 emissions made greater contributions to N enrichment of the environment. C1 ARS, So Piedmont Conservat Res Ctr, USDA, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. RP Sharpe, RR (reprint author), ARS, So Piedmont Conservat Res Ctr, USDA, 1420 Expt Stn Rd, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. NR 31 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 26 IS 6 BP 1703 EP 1706 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YN225 UT WOS:000071145600033 ER PT J AU Glaz, B Deren, CW Snyder, GH AF Glaz, B Deren, CW Snyder, GH TI Variability of leaf phosphorus among sugarcane genotypes grown on Everglades histosols SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID EFFICIENCY AB The P content of drainage water of the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) of Florida must be reduced by at least 25% from a baseline mean calculated using 1978 through 1988 data. This minimum P reduction is one of several measures to sustain much of the unique habitat of remaining natural regions of the Everglades. The objectives of this study were to evaluate variability in leaf tissue P concentration among elite sugarcane (interspecific hybrids of Saccharum spp,) clones and to recommend sampling strategies to detect differences among clones. Leaf samples were collected four times per annual crop in the plant-cane and first-ratoon crops from three fields, representing low, medium, and high available soil P. Leaf P of sugarcane should be tested at several locations in at least two crop years, and at least once, but preferably twice per crop. The clone with the most leaf P had 0.65 g P kg(-1) leaf tissue more than the clone with the least. This difference among leaves allowed us to speculate that P removal may differ by about 8.5 kg ha(-1) among commercial cultivars and that genetic improvement of this trait could be feasible. If further studies show that differences in leaf P concentration can reliably predict differences in total P removal from a sugarcane field, then classification of cultivars for leaf P concentration could make available to EAA sugarcane farmers another best management practice (BMP) to reduce P content of their drainage waters. C1 ARS, USDA, Sugarcane Field Stn, Canal Point, FL 33438 USA. Univ Florida, Everglades Res & Educ Ctr, Inst Food & Agr Sci, Belle Glade, FL 33430 USA. RP Glaz, B (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Sugarcane Field Stn, Star Route Box 8, Canal Point, FL 33438 USA. EM bglaz@ag.gov NR 24 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 26 IS 6 BP 1707 EP 1711 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YN225 UT WOS:000071145600034 ER PT J AU Martens, DA Suarez, DL AF Martens, DA Suarez, DL TI Changes in the distribution of selenium oxidation states with sample storage SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID WATER SAMPLES; SPECIATION; REPRODUCTION AB Significant changes in the distribution of selenium (Se) oxidation states of fresh soil were noted with oven-drying (90 degrees C) or with outdoor storage (> 5 yr) in compromised plastic containers compared with small changes in Se oxidation state distribution in air-dried samples. Compromised outdoor storage resulted in a 25% increase in the selenate (Se6+) concentrations with a concomitant 18.4 and 5.7% decrease in elemental Se and selenite (Se4+) concentrations, respectively, on a total Se basis. Substantial increases in phosphate-soluble selenide from 15.7% of total Se for fresh seleniferous alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to 32.6% phosphate-soluble Se were noted with air-dried alfalfa. The results indicate that air-drying will not substantially alter the distribution of soil Se oxidation states, but will result in a significant increase in the concentration of phosphate-soluble Se in seleniferous alfalfa residue. C1 ARS, USDA, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Suarez, DL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 26 IS 6 BP 1711 EP 1714 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YN225 UT WOS:000071145600035 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP AF Dubey, JP TI Bradyzoite-induced murine toxoplasmosis: Stage conversion, pathogenesis, and tissue cyst formation in mice fed bradyzoites of different strains of Toxoplasma gondii SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cat feeding studies; immunohistochemical staining; oral infection; stage specific antibodies ID NEOSPORA-CANINUM; CELL-CULTURE; IN-VITRO; INFECTION; OOCYSTS; TACHYZOITES; INDUCTION; KINETICS; ANTIGEN; MACROPHAGES AB The development of Toxoplasma gondii was studied in mice fed bradyzoites. At one hour after oral inoculation (HAI), bradyzoites were found in cells of the surface epithelium and the lamina propria of the small intestine, primarily the ileum. Division into two tachyzoites was first observed at 18 HAI in the intestine. At 24 HAI, organisms were also seen in mesenteric lymph nodes. Organisms were first detected in the brain at six days after oral inoculation with bradyzoites (DAI) but not consistently until 10 DAI. Immunohistochemical staining with bradyzoite specific (BAG-5 antigen) anti-serum showed that bradyzoites retained their BAG-5 reactivity even after the first division into two tachyzoites in the intestine at 18 HAI. BAG-5 positive organisms were not seen 2-5 DAI. BAG-5 antigens reappeared in T. gondii at 6 DAI. Whole mice and individual tissues of mice fed bradyzoites were bioassayed in cats and mice for the presence of bradyzoites. Feces of cats fed murine tissues were examined for oocyst shedding for short prepatent periods. Bradyzoites were present in the intestines of mice up to 12 HAI but not at 18 HAI, and tachyzoites and not bradyzoites disseminated to other tissues from the intestine. Bradyzoites were again detected 6 DAI. Using the mouse bioassay, T. gondii was first detected in peripheral blood at 24 HAI and more consistently at 48 HAI. Using a pepsin-digestion procedure and mouse bioassay, organisms were demonstrated in many tissues of mice 15 and 49 DAI. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 39 TC 92 Z9 103 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 44 IS 6 BP 592 EP 602 PG 11 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA YQ060 UT WOS:000071343500009 PM 9435131 ER PT J AU Miller, AJ Call, JE Eblen, BS AF Miller, AJ Call, JE Eblen, BS TI Growth, injury, and survival potential of Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus in brine chiller conditions SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE chiller brine; pathogen survival; psychrotrophic bacteria; halotolerant bacteria ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; WATER; DESTRUCTION AB A model brine system was used to evaluate growth, injury, and survival potential of Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. Each strain was incubated For up to 30 days at -12 to 28 degrees C In brain heart infusion broth containing 0.5 to 20% NaCl. Samples were enumerated on a dual agar plating system to assess growth and injury, Y. enterocolitica grew at -2 degrees C in 0.5% brine and at 5 degrees C in 5% NaCl. L. monocytogenes grew at 5 degrees C in 5% NaCl and at 12 degrees C in 9% NaCl, S. aureus grew at 12 degrees C in 5% NaCl. Significant injury was observed for two of the pathogens, but not for L. monocytogenes. Bacteriostatic or lethal conditions were maintained for the three organisms at -2 degrees C and 9% NaCl. While lethal NaCl and temperature combinations were defined for Y. enterocolitica and S. aureus, L. monocytogenes survived for 30 days at -12 degrees C in 20% NaCl. This study provides safety criteria and recommendations for use in the operation of recycle brine systems for cooling processed foods. RP Miller, AJ (reprint author), ARS,MICROBIAL FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,USDA,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 19 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 60 IS 11 BP 1334 EP 1340 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA YH532 UT WOS:A1997YH53200007 ER PT J AU Rice, DH Ebel, ED Hancock, DD Besser, TE Herriott, DE Carpenter, LV AF Rice, DH Ebel, ED Hancock, DD Besser, TE Herriott, DE Carpenter, LV TI Escherichia coli O157 in cull dairy cows on farm and at slaughter SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE E-coli O157; cull dairy cattle ID FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; FOOD-BORNE OUTBREAK AB Cull dairy cattle both on the farm and at slaughter from herds in the states of Idaho, Oregon, and Washington were surveyed for Escherichia coli O157 by culturing fecal swab samples. A total of 205 cull cows from 19 dairy herds were sampled on the farm of origin; 7 (3.4%) tested positive for E. coli O157. A total of 103 cull cows from 15 dairy herds were sampled at slaughter; 4 (3.9%) were positive for E. coli O157. Eighty-nine cull cows were sampled both at the farm and at slaughter; 2 (2.2%) were positive in both locations, 3 (3.3%) only on the farm, and 2 (2.2%) only al: the slaughter plant. Seven (7.9%) of the 89 cull cows tracked from farm to slaughter were positive in at least one location. This suggests a higher prevalence of E. coli O157 in cull dairy cattle than previously has been reported to occur in other ages and classes of cattle. C1 ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,USDA,VET SERV,BOISE,ID 83709. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT VET MICROBIOL & PATHOL,PULLMAN,WA 99164. RP Rice, DH (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT VET CLIN SCI,FIELD DIS INVEST UNIT,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. RI Besser, Thomas/A-4655-2011 NR 11 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 60 IS 11 BP 1386 EP 1387 PG 2 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA YH532 UT WOS:A1997YH53200016 ER PT J AU Tauxe, R Kruse, H Hedberg, C Potter, M Madden, J Wachsmuth, K AF Tauxe, R Kruse, H Hedberg, C Potter, M Madden, J Wachsmuth, K TI Microbial hazards and emerging issues associated with produce - A preliminary report to the National Advisory Committee on Microbiologic Criteria for Foods SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ILSI Symposium on Ensuring a Safe Global Food Supply at the 83rd IAMFES Annual Meeting CY JUN 30-JUL 03, 1996 CL SEATTLE, WA SP ILSI N Amer, Tech Comm Food Microbiol, Int Assoc Milk Food & Environm Sanitorians DE foodborne disease; outbreaks; produce; disease prevention ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; PRESSED APPLE CIDER; SHIGELLA-SONNEI; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; FRESH VEGETABLES; ICEBERG LETTUCE; NORWALK VIRUS; 2 OUTBREAKS; HEPATITIS-A; SURVIVAL AB In the past two decades, the consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables in the United States has increased, and the geographic sources and distribution of fresh produce have expanded greatly. Concomitantly, public health officials have documented an increase in the number of reported produce-associated foodborne disease outbreaks in the United States. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that the number of these outbreaks doubled between 1973 and 1987, and 1988 and 1991, and that the number of cases of illness associated with these outbreaks more than doubled. A variety of produce items have been affected. During 1995 alone, major outbreak investigations linked infections with Salmonella serotype Stanley to alfalfa sprouts, Salmonella Hartford to unpasteurized orange juice, Shigella spp. to lettuce and green onions, Escherichia coli O157:H7 to lettuce, and hepatitis A virus to tomatoes. In response to this apparent increase, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration asked the National Advisory Committee on Microbiological Criteria for Foods to address and better define the association of foodborne disease and microbial pathogens with fresh produce. A subcommittee formed in June 1995 is documenting relevant epidemiologic data, current industry practices, and laboratory data to identify potential hazards and related control strategies. This report presents the preliminary findings of that subcommittee. C1 US FOOD SAFETY & INSPECT SERV,USDA,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. MINNESOTA DEPT HLTH,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55440. US FDA,CTR FOOD SAFETY & APPL NUTR,WASHINGTON,DC 20204. NR 67 TC 225 Z9 229 U1 1 U2 21 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 60 IS 11 BP 1400 EP 1408 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA YH532 UT WOS:A1997YH53200021 ER PT J AU Buchanan, RL AF Buchanan, RL TI National Advisory Committee on Microbiological Criteria for Foods ''principles of risk assessment for illnesses caused by foodborne biological agents'' SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ILSI Symposium on Framework for Assessing the Risk of Microbial Contamination at the 83rd IAMFES Annual Meeting CY JUN 30-JUL 03, 1996 CL SEATTLE, WA SP ILSI N Amer, Tech Comm Food Microbiol, Int Assoc Milk Food & Environm Sanitorians DE quantitative risk assessment; risk analysis; public health AB The National Advisory Committee on Microbiological Criteria for Foods has been developing a concise document that provides key definitions and principles related to the application of quantitative risk assessment techniques to illnesses caused by foodborne biological agents. Key components of the document are outlined, and its status is reported. RP Buchanan, RL (reprint author), ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,USDA,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 4 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 60 IS 11 BP 1417 EP 1419 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA YH532 UT WOS:A1997YH53200024 ER PT J AU Flores, M Aristoy, MC Spanier, AM Toldra, F AF Flores, M Aristoy, MC Spanier, AM Toldra, F TI Non-volatile components effects on quality of "Serrano" dry-cured ham as related to processing time SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE dry-cured ham; cured flavor; amino acid; peptide; aged flavor ID CATHEPSIN-L ACTIVITIES; FREE AMINO-ACIDS; HPLC PURIFICATION; LEAN TISSUE; MUSCLE; AMINOPEPTIDASE; PORCINE; FLAVOR; TASTE; CROSSBREED AB Following long dry-curing periods, Spanish "Serrano" ham develops a specific "dry-cured ham" flavor. To determine the effects of length of curing on flavor generation, replicate hams were processed for 7 or 12 mo prior to amino acid, peptide, and flavor evaluation by reverse phase HPLC, capillary zone electrophoresis, and sensory analysis, respectively Generation of dry-cured and pork flavors correlated with the accumulation of amino acids. The relation of these components with sensory descriptors was examined by factor analysis. Results indicated that combinations and proportions of taste-active components produced the specific dry-cured flavor characteristic rather than an accumulation of any single flavor component. C1 ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. CSIC, Inst Agroquim & Tecnol Alimentos, Valencia 46100, Spain. RP Spanier, AM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RI Flores, Monica/H-2857-2012; Toldra, Fidel/I-9758-2014; Aristoy, M-C/H-2842-2012 OI Flores, Monica/0000-0002-4228-9899; Toldra, Fidel/0000-0002-9843-0193; Aristoy, M-C/0000-0001-9199-8969 NR 44 TC 62 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 8 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 62 IS 6 BP 1235 EP 1239 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1997.tb12252.x PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA YP424 UT WOS:000071275400034 ER PT J AU Berry, BW AF Berry, BW TI Sodium alginate plus modified tapioca starch improves properties of low-fat beef patties SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 56th Annual Meeting of the Institute-of-Food-Technologists CY JUN 22-26, 1996 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Inst Food Technologists DE ground beef; low fat; alginate; starch; sensory ID GROUND-BEEF; COOKING METHOD; CHOLESTEROL CONTENT; CALORIC VALUE; LEVEL; STORAGE; CARRAGEENAN; SHEAR AB Sodium alginate (A) in combination with modified tapioca starch (T) was evaluated in low-fat beef patties cooked by broiling or grilling to 68 or 74 degrees C. Added water was used with AT formulations at 7% (AT7) or 14% (AT14) levels. In comparisons with all-beef patties (8 and 20% fat), AT provided improvements in tenderness, juiciness and cooking yields without increasing fat retention or affecting beef flavor. In sensory comparisons with 14 commercially processed, lowfat beef patties, AT7 and 14 patties received the highest ratings. Combined use of A and T would provide improved acceptability of low-fat patties over that from using single fat replacers. C1 ARS, Meat Sci Res Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Berry, BW (reprint author), ARS, Meat Sci Res Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 36 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 4 U2 8 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 62 IS 6 BP 1245 EP 1249 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1997.tb12254.x PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA YP424 UT WOS:000071275400036 ER PT J AU Gordon, J Franklin, JF Johnson, KN Sedell, J Sessions, J Williston, E AF Gordon, J Franklin, JF Johnson, KN Sedell, J Sessions, J Williston, E TI An independent report on tribal forestry: Redefining the government's role SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,COLL FOREST RESOURCES,SEATTLE,WA 98195. OREGON STATE UNIV,COLL FORESTRY,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. NO ARIZONA UNIV,COLL ECOSYST SCI & MANAGEMENT,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86011. USDA,FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,CORVALLIS,OR. ED WILLISTON ASSOC INC,GIG HARBOR,WA. RP Gordon, J (reprint author), YALE SCH FORESTRY & ENVIRONM STUDIES,MARSH HALL,ROOM 23,360 PROSPECT ST,NEW HAVEN,CT 06511, USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 95 IS 11 BP 10 EP 14 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA YF860 UT WOS:A1997YF86000006 ER PT J AU Wai, T Staub, JE Kabelka, E Grumet, R AF Wai, T Staub, JE Kabelka, E Grumet, R TI Linkage analysis of potyvirus resistance alleles in cucumber SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID YELLOW MOSAIC-VIRUS; F-SP CUCUMERINUM; SATIVUS L; GENETIC-LINKAGE; FUSARIUM-WILT; DISEASE RESISTANCE; DOMINANT GENE; LINE TMG-1; INHERITANCE; ISOZYME AB The cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) line TMG-1 is resistant to at least four related potyviruses including zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), and the watermelon strain of papaya ringspot virus (PRSV-W). Resistance to ZYMV is due to a single recessive gene (zym), PRSV-W to a single-dominant gene (Prsv-2), and WMV to two separable factors. One WMV resistance factor (wmv-2) is expressed in the cotyledon and throughout the plant, The second, which results from an epistatic interaction between two genes (wmv-3, Wmv-4), is expressed only in true leaves. We tested for linkage relationships between these virus resistance loci and an array of morphological, isozyme, and fungal disease resistance loci. Linkages were detected between resistance to WMV and ZYMV, between the cotyledon-expressed resistance to WMV (wmv-2) and the F locus for gynoecious sex expression (linkage group I), and between resistances to PRSV-W (Prsv-2) and ZYMV (zym) and bitterfree cotyledon (bi; linkage group I). The proposed sequence and map distances on linkage group I are Prsv-2/zym-28 cM-bi-34 cM-F-33 cM-wmv-2. C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT HORT,E LANSING,MI 48824. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT HORT,USDA ARS,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 28 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 88 IS 6 BP 454 EP 458 PG 5 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA YL265 UT WOS:A1997YL26500002 ER PT J AU Bommineni, VR Jauhar, PP Peterson, TS AF Bommineni, VR Jauhar, PP Peterson, TS TI Transgenic durum wheat by microprojectile bombardment of isolated scutella SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID PARTICLE-ACCELERATION; IMMATURE EMBRYOS; RAPID PRODUCTION; MAIZE PLANTS; FERTILE; TRANSFORMATION; GENE; REGENERATION; INHERITANCE; EXPRESSION AB A biolistic transformation method was developed, for the first time, for durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L., 2n = 4x = 28; AABB) cultivar Medora using isolated scutella as target cells, gus as a reporter gene, and bar (herbicide resistance gene) as a selectable marker, An average of 116 GUS foci per scutellum were observed 2 days after bombardment, After selection for herbicide resistance by adding 5 mg/l L-phosphinothricin (L-PPT) to the medium during regeneration and spot application of 120 mg/l L-PPT on the leaves of regenerated plants, we identified five resistant plants from a total of 245 scutella bombarded, All these plants were fertile, Of the 1048 T-1 seeds germinated from five lines (dwt1, dwt2, dwt3, dwt4, and dwt5), a total of 104 T-1 plants were recovered that showed resistance to the herbicide glufosinate when sprayed at a concentration of 120 mg/l L-PPT Some of the herbicide-resistant T-1 plants exhibited phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) enzyme activity, indicating the presence of the bar gene in the transgenics, The integration of gus and bar genes into the genomes of durum wheat was further confirmed by Southern analysis, Development of this transformation procedure with an agronomically superior durum cultivar will open up new avenues for the enhancement of the existing germplasm through biotechnology. C1 USDA ARS,NO CROP SCI LAB,FARGO,ND 58105. N DAKOTA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT SCI,FARGO,ND 58105. NR 27 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 88 IS 6 BP 475 EP 481 PG 7 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA YL265 UT WOS:A1997YL26500006 ER PT J AU Pharr, GT Vallejo, RL Bacon, LD AF Pharr, GT Vallejo, RL Bacon, LD TI Identification of Rfp-Y (Mhc-like) haplotypes in chickens of Cornell lines N and P SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; B-L-BETA; FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISMS; NUCLEOLAR ORGANIZER; CLASS-I; DISEASE RESISTANCE; MAREKS-DISEASE; G SUBREGION; GENES; MICROCHROMOSOME AB Two strains of chickens selected for differential Marek's disease (MD) resistance or susceptibility were studied for the presence of the recently described Rfp-Y major histocompatibility complex (Mhc-like) haplotypes, Mn resistant chickens from line N were fixed for the classical Mhc B-21 haplotype, whereas MD susceptible line P chickens were fixed for the B-19 haplotype, the Rfp-Y haplotypes were identified by restriction fragment polymorphism (RFP) analysis using enzymes and Mhc probes for B-G, B-L beta II, and B-FIV, In addition an Rfp-L beta III clone was developed that differentiated Rfp-Lp from B-LP genes, Three Rfp-Y haplotypes, defined for both class I and class II Mhc-like loci, were identified in line N (Rfp-Y-5, Rfp-Y-7, and Rfp-Y-8) and in line P (Rfp-Y-5, Rfp-Y-8, and Rfp-Y-9), respectively. The Rfp-Y-7, Rfp-Y-8, and Rfp-Y-9 haplotypes have not been described previously. The Rfp-Y-5 haplotype was most frequent (0.70) in line N, but existed in low frequency (approximately 0.04) in line P; the Rfp-Y-9 haplotype was most frequent in line P (0.63), but was absent in line N, The Rfp-Y haplotypes segregated in a Mendelian fashion in each line based on analysis of progeny from Rfp-Y heterozygous matings, The frequency of recombination between the Rfp-Y F and L loci was estimated to be less than 0.25%. C1 USDA ARS,AVIAN DIS & ONCOL LAB,E LANSING,MI 48823. MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762. NR 40 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 88 IS 6 BP 504 EP 512 PG 9 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA YL265 UT WOS:A1997YL26500011 PM 9419890 ER PT J AU Bauchan, GR Hossain, MA AF Bauchan, GR Hossain, MA TI Karyotypic analysis of C-banded chromosomes of diploid alfalfa: Medicago sativa ssp. caerulea and ssp. falcata and their hybrid SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article AB Chromosomes of two diploid (2n = 2x = 16) subspecies of Medicago saliva ssp. caerulea and ssp. falcata and their hybrid were studied by C-banding. This study was undertaken to improve the C-banding technique for alfalfa chromosomes, develop a C-banded karyotype of the ssp. caerulea and ssp, falcata, and determine if the same C-banding technique could be used to identify parental chromosomes in hybrids. The chromosomes of ssp, falcata have only centromeric bands and thus individual chromosomes could not be identified. One accession of sap. falcata displayed an interstitial band in the middle of the long arm on the satellite chromosome. However, chromosome-specific bands were observed in ssp. caerulea enabling the identification of each of the eight pairs of chromosomes and the development of a idiogram. All chromosomes had centromeric bands and a terminal band in the short arm except the satellite chromosome (chromosome 8). Interstitial bands were also observed in the short arms, with the exception of chromosome 7. Chromosomes 1, 2, 3, and 8 each had one prominent interstitial band in their long arm. The satellited chromosome is easy to identify because of the presence of the secondary constriction, two bands located on either side of the nucleolar organizer region, and a large terminal band on its long arm, The differences in banding patterns between these subspecies allowed the identification of parental chromosomes in hybrid cells. RP Bauchan, GR (reprint author), USDA ARS, INST PLANT SCI, SOYBEAN & ALFALFA RES LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 19 TC 15 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 88 IS 6 BP 533 EP 537 PG 5 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA YL265 UT WOS:A1997YL26500018 PM 9419896 ER PT J AU Cook, CG Banuelos, GS AF Cook, CG Banuelos, GS TI Inheritance of a white flower mutant in kenaf SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article AB A single kenaf plant with smaller than normal, white colored flowers was observed and selected from PI 324922 (Iran) in 1990 at a winter seed increase nursery in Mexico. Subsequent plantings of the mutant plant resulted in a homogeneous population of white flowered plants, designated as PVWF-90. To determine the mode of inheritance of the mutant white flower trait, crosses were made between PVWF-90 and two normal, yellow flowered kenaf cultivars, Tainung 2 and 117. Segregation of flower color fit a 3: 1 normal-to-mutant ratio in F-2 progeny and 1:1 normal-to-mutant ratio in progeny resulting from a single backcross to PVWF-90. The mutant white flower phenotype, which is described for the first time, was controlled by a single recessive allele, designated wf. Because the white flower character is qualitatively inherited by a single, recessive gene and is easy to identify visually, it should be valuable as a genetic marker for linkage studies and investigations of floral color in kenaf. C1 USDA ARS,WATER MANAGEMENT RES LAB,FRESNO,CA. RP Cook, CG (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES LAB,2413 E HIGHWAY 83,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 88 IS 6 BP 559 EP 560 PG 2 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA YL265 UT WOS:A1997YL26500026 ER PT J AU Darby, SE Thorne, CR AF Darby, SE Thorne, CR TI Development and testing of riverbank-stability analysis - Closure SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID EROSION C1 UNIV NOTTINGHAM,DEPT GEOG,NOTTINGHAM NG7 2RD,ENGLAND. RP Darby, SE (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL SEDIMENTAT LAB,POB 1157,OXFORD,MS 38655, USA. RI Darby, Stephen/J-5799-2012 NR 6 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD NOV PY 1997 VL 123 IS 11 BP 1052 EP 1053 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:11(1052) PG 2 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA YB790 UT WOS:A1997YB79000017 ER PT J AU Chen, AC Pannabecker, TL Taylor, D AF Chen, AC Pannabecker, TL Taylor, D TI Natriuretic and depolarizing effects of a stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) factor on Malpighian tubules SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Stomoxys calcitrans; Aedes aegypti; diuretic hormone; excretion; ion transport ID AEDES-AEGYPTI L; DIURESIS; CONDUCTANCE; EXCRETION; TRANSPORT; SECRETION; MUSCIDAE; MOSQUITO; DIPTERA; HORMONE AB A two-step HPLC purification procedure resulted in a factor from the stable fly that depolarizes the lumen-negative transepithelial voltage (V(1)) of the adult stable hy Malpighian tubule, When applied to tubules of the female mosquito, Aedes aegypti, this factor partially mimics the electrophysiological actions of the mosquito natriuretic factor (MNF). It also selectively increases active transepithelial Na transport by the mosquito Malpighian tubule, The blood meal causes a transient increase in hemolymph Na and Cl contents and hemolymph volume during the course of the 24-h post-feeding period. The level of a factor that is immunologically cross-reactive with the human atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) increases more than 6-fold within 6 h following a blood meal by the stable fly. The temporal pattern of the levels of the ANP-immunoreactive factor closely parallels the blood meal-induced rise and subsequent fall in hemolymph NaCl content and hemolymph volume, suggesting a functional correlation between the ANP-immunoreactive factor and the rate of NaCl and fluid loss from the hemolymph. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, USDA, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Physiol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Chen, AC (reprint author), ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, USDA, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. OI Pannabecker, Thomas/0000-0002-3097-4856 NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-1910 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 43 IS 11 BP 991 EP 998 DI 10.1016/S0022-1910(97)00078-4 PG 8 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA YM586 UT WOS:000071079600002 ER PT J AU Vega, FE Dowd, PF McGuire, MR Jackson, MA Nelsen, TC AF Vega, FE Dowd, PF McGuire, MR Jackson, MA Nelsen, TC TI In vitro effects of secondary plant compounds on germination of blastospores of the entomopathogenic fungus Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE germination; blastospores; allelochemicals; entomopathogens; Paecilomyces fumosoroseus ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; BEAUVERIA-BASSIANA; NOMURAEA-RILEYI; HOST PLANTS; PATHOGEN; LEPIDOPTERA; SUSCEPTIBILITY; NOCTUIDAE; INFECTIVITY; HEMIPTERA AB Seven secondary plant compounds (catechol, chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, salicylic acid, saponin, sinigrin, and tannic acid) mixed with Noble agar at three concentrations (100, 500, and 1000 ppm) were tested for their effects on germination of blastospores of the fungal entomopathogen Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. With individual allelochemicals incorporated at 100 ppm in Noble agar, significant differences in time to 95% germination were found between two allelochemicals (catechol and salicylic acid) and the control. Blastospores in media containing 100 ppm catechol took twice as long (10 hr) to reach 95% germination as the control. Germination of blastospores in medium containing catechol, salicylic acid, or tannic acid at 500 was 55, 56, and 46%, respectively, in contrast to less than 10% when the concentration was 1000 ppm. These results indicate that the presence of allelochemicals on a substrate (e.g., insect cuticle or leaf) may be an additional constraint to the survival of entomopathogenic fungi. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,BIOACT AGENTS RES UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604. USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,FERMENTAT BIOCHEM RES UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604. OI Vega, Fernando E./0000-0001-8103-5640 NR 44 TC 33 Z9 39 U1 3 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 70 IS 3 BP 209 EP 213 DI 10.1006/jipa.1997.4693 PG 5 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA YF666 UT WOS:A1997YF66600007 ER PT J AU Burt, CM Clemmens, AJ Strelkoff, TS Solomon, KH Bliesner, RD Hardy, LA Howell, TA Eisenhauer, DE AF Burt, CM Clemmens, AJ Strelkoff, TS Solomon, KH Bliesner, RD Hardy, LA Howell, TA Eisenhauer, DE TI Irrigation performance measures: Efficiency and uniformity SO JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB It is essential to standardize the definitions and approaches to quantifying various irrigation performance measures. The ASCE Task Committee on Defining Irrigation Efficiency and Uniformity provides a comprehensive examination of various performance indices such as irrigation efficiency, application efficiency, irrigation sagacity, distribution uniformity, and others. Consistency is provided among different irrigation methods and different scales. Clarification of common points of confusion is provided, and methods are proposed whereby the accuracy of numerical values of the performance indicators can be assessed. This issue has two companion papers that provide more detailed information on statistical distribution uniformity and the accuracy of irrigation efficiency estimates. C1 USDA ARS,US WATER CONSERVAT LAB,PHOENIX,AZ 85040. CALIF POLYTECH STATE UNIV SAN LUIS OBISPO,BIORESOURCE & AGR ENGN DEPT,SAN LUIS OBISPO,CA 93407. KELLER BLIESNER,LOGAN,UT 84321. H&R ENGN INC,SALEM,OR 97304. USDA ARS,BUSHLAND,TX 79012. UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT BIOL SYST ENGN,LINCOLN,NE 68583. RP Burt, CM (reprint author), CALIF POLYTECH STATE UNIV SAN LUIS OBISPO,IRRIG TRAINING & RES CTR,SAN LUIS OBISPO,CA 93407, USA. NR 25 TC 213 Z9 241 U1 4 U2 35 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9437 J9 J IRRIG DRAIN E-ASCE JI J. Irrig. Drainage Eng-ASCE PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 123 IS 6 BP 423 EP 442 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1997)123:6(423) PG 20 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Engineering; Water Resources GA YG822 UT WOS:A1997YG82200003 ER PT J AU Clemmens, AJ Burt, CM AF Clemmens, AJ Burt, CM TI Accuracy of irrigation efficiency estimates SO JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB Evaluation of actual irrigation system performance should rely on an accurate hydrologic water balance over the area considered. In a companion paper, water uses are categorized as consumptive or nonconsumptive, and beneficial or nonbeneficial. Real performance is based on water uses over a specified period of time, rather than observation of a single irrigation event (with associate potential, but not yet actual, consumptive and/or beneficial uses). Once the components in the water balance have been determined, it is shown that the accuracy of irrigation performance parameters can be determined from the accuracy of the components in the water balance, using standard statistical procedures. Accuracy is expressed in terms of confidence intervals. Equations, procedures, and examples are provided for making these calculations. It is recommended that confidence intervals be included in all reporting of irrigation system performance parameters. C1 CALIF POLYTECH STATE UNIV SAN LUIS OBISPO,IRRIG TRAINING & RES CTR,SAN LUIS OBISPO,CA 93407. RP Clemmens, AJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,US WATER CONSERVAT LAB,4331 E BROADWAY,PHOENIX,AZ 85040, USA. NR 7 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9437 J9 J IRRIG DRAIN E-ASCE JI J. Irrig. Drainage Eng-ASCE PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 123 IS 6 BP 443 EP 453 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1997)123:6(443) PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Engineering; Water Resources GA YG822 UT WOS:A1997YG82200004 ER PT J AU Clemmens, AJ Solomon, KH AF Clemmens, AJ Solomon, KH TI Estimation of global irrigation distribution uniformity SO JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB For most irrigation systems, the most practical method for determining the global distribution uniformity (i.e., that experienced by the entire crop) is to measure the uniformity resulting from several components and combine them statistically. In this paper, procedures and equations are presented for determining global distribution uniformity from several components. Distribution uniformity is defined in terms of extreme values in the distribution, representing some fraction of the field area (e.g., low quarter). The equations and procedures provided herein apply regardless of the size of the area under consideration (e.g., low quarter, low half, etc.), and whether the low or high values are of concern. Procedures and equations for estimating the accuracy of these estimates are also provided. C1 CALIF POLYTECH STATE UNIV SAN LUIS OBISPO,BIORESOURCE & AGR ENGN DEPT,SAN LUIS OBISPO,CA 93410. RP Clemmens, AJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,US WATER CONSERVAT LAB,4331 E BROADWAY,PHOENIX,AZ 85040, USA. NR 17 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9437 J9 J IRRIG DRAIN E-ASCE JI J. Irrig. Drainage Eng-ASCE PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 123 IS 6 BP 454 EP 461 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1997)123:6(454) PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Engineering; Water Resources GA YG822 UT WOS:A1997YG82200005 ER PT J AU Mount, GA Haile, DG Daniels, E AF Mount, GA Haile, DG Daniels, E TI Simulation of management strategies for the blacklegged tick (Acari : Ixodidae) and the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ixodes scapularis; Borrelia burgdorferi; Lyme disease; spirochete; integrated pest management; modeling ID IXODES-DAMMINI ACARI; AMBLYOMMA-AMERICANUM ACARI; LONE STAR TICK; WHITE-TAILED DEER; HOST-TARGETED PERMETHRIN; SCAPULARIS ACARI; REDUCED ABUNDANCE; HUMAN BABESIOSIS; COMPUTER-SIMULATION; AERIAL APPLICATION AB A computer model (LYMESIM) was developed to simulate the effects of management technologies on populations of the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say, and the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi Johnson, Schmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt & Brenner in eastern North America. Technologies considered in this study were area-wide acaricide, acaricide self-treatment of white-footed mice and white-tailed deer, vegetation reduction, and white-tailed deer density reduction. Computer simulations were run with normal weather patterns for coastal Connecticut and New York. Results showed that area-wide acaricide, vegetation reduction, or a combination of these technologies would be useful for short-term seasonal management of ticks and disease in small recreational or residential sites. Acaricide self-treatment of deer appears to be the most cost-effective technology for use in long-term management programs in large areas. Simulation results also suggested that deer density reduction should be considered as a management strategy component. Integrated management strategies are presented that could be used in pilot tests and operational tick and tick-borne disease programs. C1 ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Mount, GA (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 48 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 13 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 34 IS 6 BP 672 EP 683 PG 12 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA YN830 UT WOS:000071212100014 PM 9439122 ER PT J AU Doss, RP Carney, JR Shanks, CH Williamson, RT Chamberlain, JD AF Doss, RP Carney, JR Shanks, CH Williamson, RT Chamberlain, JD TI Two new taxoids from European yew (Taxus baccata) that act as pyrethroid insecticide synergists with the black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LA English DT Article ID TAXANE DERIVATIVES; CHEMISTRY AB Bioassay-guided fractionation of an extract of foliage of European yew (Taxus baccata L.) yielded two new (1-2) and a previously reported (3) taxoid that acted as pyrethroid insecticide synergists with the black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fab.). Structures of the compounds were established by spectral methods. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT HORT,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,SW WASHINGTON RES UNIT,VANCOUVER,WA 98665. RP Doss, RP (reprint author), USDA ARS,HORT CROPS RES UNIT,3420 NW ORCHARD AVE,CORVALLIS,OR 97330, USA. OI Carney, John/0000-0002-0461-8890 NR 19 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0163-3864 J9 J NAT PROD JI J. Nat. Prod. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 60 IS 11 BP 1130 EP 1133 DI 10.1021/np9703353 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA YH852 UT WOS:A1997YH85200012 ER PT J AU Daly, D Miller, JW Nadeau, MR Selhub, J AF Daly, D Miller, JW Nadeau, MR Selhub, J TI The effect of L-dopa administration and folate deficiency on plasma homocysteine concentrations is rats SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE L-dopa; homocysteine; folate; S-adenosylmethionine; S-adenosylhomocysteine ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; PARKINSONS-DISEASE; MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY; LACTOBACILLUS-CASEI; AMINO-ACIDS; METHIONINE; 3-O-METHYLDOPA; METABOLISM; THERAPY; BRAIN AB O-Methylation of the anti-Parkinson's disease drug L-dopa leads to significant decreases of S-adenosylmethionine and significant increases of S-adenosylhomocysteine concentrations in tissues. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that L-dopa administration would also lead to increased production of homocysteine and hyperhomocysteinemia. This hypothesis was tested in two separate experiments. In experiment 1, control and folate-deficient male rats were injected intraperitoneally with 100 mg of L-dopa per kilogram body weight. After 1 hr, blood was collected and analyzed for homocysteine. Plasma homocysteine concentration was significantly higher in the rats treated with L-dopa than in the rats treated with vehicle alone. Furthermore, the apparent increase of plasma homocysteine due to L-dopa was greater in the folate-deficient rats than in the replete controls, suggesting a significant interaction between L-dopa administration and folate deficiency on plasma homocysteine concentration. In experiment 2, nondeficient female rats were injected intraperitoneally with 100 mg of L-dopa per kilogram of body weight for 0, 1, or 17 consecutive days (one injection per day). Blood was collected 1 hr after the last dose and analyzed for homocysteine. Plasma homocysteine concentration was significantly higher in the rats treated for 17 days than in the nontreated controls, indicating that the effect of L-dopa persisted with chronic administration. However, plasma homocysteine concentration was significantly higher in the rats treated with L-dopa for only 1 day than in those treated for 17 days, suggesting that there is some attenuation of the effect of L-dopa with chronic administration. Measurements of S-adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine in brain and liver were consistent with the hypothesis that the hyperhomocysteinemia was a consequence of significant O-methylation. (C) Elsevier Science Inc, 1997. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,VITAMIN BIOAVAILABIL LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 38 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0955-2863 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 8 IS 11 BP 634 EP 640 DI 10.1016/S0955-2863(97)00110-1 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA YD620 UT WOS:A1997YD62000005 ER PT J AU Liu, C Wang, XD Russell, RM AF Liu, C Wang, XD Russell, RM TI Biosynthesis of retinoic acid from beta-apo-14'-carotenal in ferret on vivo SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE retinoic acid; retinol; beta-apo-carotenal; beta-apo-carotenoic acid; beta-carotene; ferret ID BETA-CAROTENE; 9-CIS-RETINOIC ACID; IN-VITRO; METABOLISM; 9-CIS-BETA-CAROTENE; ABSORPTION; OXIDATION; LIVER AB To determine whether beta-apo-14'-carotenal (an excentric cleavage production of beta-carotene) can serve as a source of intestinally derived retinoic acid, beta-apo-14'-carotenal or retinal in micellar solution was perfused through 60-cm small bowel segments of ferrets in vivo. Both beta-apo-14'-carotenoic acid and retinoic acid were identified in the ferret intestinal mucosa by comparing retention times in HPLC and by ultraviolet/visible spectro. The in vivo perfusion of ferret intestine with 10 mu M beta-14'-carotenal for 2 hr resulted in formation of beta-apo-14'-carotenoic acid (218 +/- 28 pmol/g) and retinoic acid (51 +/- 4 pmol/g). Similarly, a 2-hr intestinal perfusion of 1 mu M retinal resulted in formation of retinoic acid (30 +/- 2 pmol/g). When coperfusing an inhibitor of retinal oxidation, 2 mM citral, retinoic acid was not detected int he intestinal mucosa after the perfusion of 1 mu M retinal. However, retinoic acid (30 +/- 3 pmol/g) was still formed form the intestinal perfusion of beta-apo-14'-carotenal with 2 mu M citral. Furthermore, retinol was formed after the intestinal perfusion of beta-apo-14'-carotenal and increased markedly in the presence of citral. This study lends support for an excentric cleavage mechanism in the metabolism of beta-carotene into retinoic acid in vivo. (C) Elsevier Science Inc. 1997. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JM HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 20 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0955-2863 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 8 IS 11 BP 652 EP 657 DI 10.1016/S0955-2863(97)00122-8 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA YD620 UT WOS:A1997YD62000008 ER PT J AU Davis, DG AF Davis, DG TI Polyamines, auxins and organogenesis in leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L) SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE putrescine; spermidine; spermine; IAA; indole-3-acetic acid; canaline; canavanine; ornithine; agmatine; arginine; arcaine; pentamidine ID INHIBITORS; RECEPTOR; ARCAINE; GROWTH; PHASE AB Canaline and canavanine (inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis) effects on root and shoot formation were determined in vitro for etiolated hypocotyl segments of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.). Canaline (an ornithine analogue) at 10 to 100 mu mol/L inhibited root and shoot formation. The simultaneous application of putrescine did not reverse canaline-induced inhibition of root formation. Ornithine, a precursor of putrescine via the ornithine decarboxylase pathway unexpectedly inhibited root formation. Canavanine (an arginine analogue) at 30 to 100 mu mol/L inhibited root and/or shoot formation. Inhibition of root formation by canavanine was not reversed by agmatine or putrescine, but was partially reversed by arginine. Indoleacetic acid (IAA) inhibited shoot formation, stimulated root formation, and partially reversed the inhibition of root formation by either canaline or canavanine. IAA generally increased endogenous levels of free polyamines in controls and canaline- or canavanine-treated tissues, but these changes were small and probably had little effect on organogenesis. IAA also partially reversed the inhibition of root (but not shoot) formation by arcaine and pentamidine, inhibitors of polyamine action in mammals. The roles of the polyamines in plants is not clear, but the polyamines may play only minor roles in root and shoot formation. RP Davis, DG (reprint author), ARS,USDA,BIOSCI RES LAB,POB 5674,STATE UNIV STN,FARGO,ND 58105, USA. NR 24 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA VILLENGANG 2, D-07745 JENA, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 151 IS 5 BP 603 EP 609 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YJ515 UT WOS:A1997YJ51500014 ER PT J AU Polley, HW AF Polley, HW TI Implications of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration for rangelands SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review DE grasses; nitrogen; photosynthesis; primary production; transpiration; vegetation change; water use efficiency ID ELEVATED CO2 CONCENTRATIONS; WATER-USE EFFICIENCY; SEASON GAS-EXCHANGE; LONG-TERM EXPOSURE; ICE-CORE RECORD; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; STOMATAL DENSITY; PLANT-GROWTH; C-4 GRASS; CLIMATE CHANGE AB Extensive rangelands and other vegetation types that we know today formed while atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration was low (50 to 75% of today's concentration). Fossil fuel burning and deforestation and other land me changes during the last 200 years have increased CO2 concentration by about 30%, to the present 360 parts per million (ppm). Atmospheric CO2 will continue to rise during the next century, possibly to concentrations that are unprecedented for the last several million years. Much of the potential importance of CO2 concentration to vegetation derives from its influence on plant carbon balance and water relations. Plants grow by assimilating CO2 that diffuses into leaves through stomatal pores. Inevitably associated with CO2 uptake is transpirational loss of water vapor through stomata. Transpiration rates usually decline as CO2 increases, while, in many plants, photosynthesis and growth increase. These ''primary'' responses to CO2 can lead to a multitude of changes at the plant and ecosystem levels, ranging from alteration of the chemical composition of plant tissues to changes in ecosystem function and the species composition of plant communities. The direct physiological responses of plants to CO2 and expression of these responses at higher scales differ among species and growing conditions. Growth response to CO2 is usually highest in rapidly-growing plants that quickly export the carbohydrates formed in leaves and use them for storage or new growth and allocate a high proportion of fixed carbon to produce leaves. Growth is also more responsive to CO2 in plants with the C-3 (most woody plants and 'cool-season' grasses) than C-4 photosynthetic pathway (most 'warm-season' grasses), These and other differences among species could lead to changes in the composition of rangeland vegetation, but generalizations are difficult. On many rangelands, species abundances are determined more by morphological and phenological attributes that influence plant access to essential resources like nitrogen and light and reaction to fire, grazing, and other disturbances than by physiological traits that are sensitive to CO2 concentration. Species composition probably will be most responsive to CO2 on moderately water-limited and disturbed rangelands where multiple positive effects of CO2 on plant water relations can be expressed and competition for light is minimized. Greatest initial changes in species composition likely will occur on C-3/C-4 grasslands and at the transition between grasslands and woodlands. Plant production should also increase on water-limited rangelands, but CO2 may have little influence on production when nutrient elements like nitrogen are severely Limiting. RP Polley, HW (reprint author), USDA ARS, GRASSLAND SOIL & WATER RES LAB, 808 E BLACKLAND RD, TEMPLE, TX 76502 USA. NR 176 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 14 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 50 IS 6 BP 562 EP 577 DI 10.2307/4003450 PG 16 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YF291 UT WOS:A1997YF29100001 ER PT J AU Ganskopp, D Myers, B Lambert, S Cruz, R AF Ganskopp, D Myers, B Lambert, S Cruz, R TI Preferences and behavior of cattle grazing 8 varieties of grasses SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE selectivity; palatability; foraging theory; patchy environment; basin wildrye; bluebunch wheatgrass; thickspike wheatgrass; crested wheatgrass; Russian wildrye; Snake River wheatgrass ID GREAT-BASIN RANGELANDS; SHEEP; RECLAMATION; HERBIVORES; GRASSLAND; QUALITY; GOATS; DIETS AB We compared the forage preferences of steers grazing among 8 varieties of grasses at 2 stages of phenology on the Northern Great Basin Experimental Range near Burns, Ore. Varieties included: 'Nordan' (Agropyron desertorum (Fischer ex Link)Schultes) and 'CD-II' (A. desertorum XA. cristatum (L.) Gaertner) crested wheatgrass; 'Magnar' and 'Trailhead' Basin wildryes (Leymus cinereus (Scribner & Merrill) A. Love); 'Goldar' bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh)A. Love); 'Bozoisky-Select' Russian wildrye (Psathyrostachys junceus (Fischer) Nevski); 'Bannock' thickspike wheatgrass (Elymus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus (Scribner & J.G. Smith) Gould), and 'Secar' Snake River wheatgrass (proposed nomenclature Elymus lanceolatus ssp. wawawaiensis (Scribner & J.G. Smith) Gould). Three esophageal-fistulated steers grazed each paddock, with 3 paddocks grazed at the boot stage of development, and 3 paddocks grazed after grasses entered quiescence. In boot-stage trials, steers were very selective and collectively harvested 53% of total bites from the preferred CD-II and Nordan. These crested wheatgrasses also ranked higher (P < 0.05) in bites/visit and time/visit. Magnar, Trailhead, and Bozoisky-Select were avoided. When grasses were quiescent, steers were less selective; and CD-II, Nordan, Goldar, Bannock, and Bozoisky-Select were all equally acceptable. Magnar and Trailhead were again avoided. Steers consistently took more bites (P < 0.05) from preferred forages and regrazed preferred plants before any variety was depleted. Mean distance traveled between successive feeding stations was greater during boot-stage trials (2.4 m) than at quiescence (1.4 m), suggesting steers searched among the nearest 48 neighboring plants in boot-stage trials and the nearest 24 neighbors during quiescence. Measures of grazing time per variety were strongly correlated (r > 0.95, P < 0.01) with total bites harvested from varieties and are probably adequate for ranking relative preferences of steers. By selectively grazing at both stages of phenology, cattle diets were higher in CP, P, and ADL than the standing crop. During boot-stage trials, diets were also higher in Ca and Mg than forage analyses would suggest. Except for phosphorus, the nutritive content of all varieties was satisfactory for lactating beef cattle at both stages of phenology. Given their proven ease of establishment, competitive ability, nutritional value, grazing tolerance, and high relative palatability, we suggest the crested wheatgrasses (CD-II and Nordan), are excellent candidates for reclaiming or establishment of pastures for beef production programs in the northern Great Basin. C1 NAT RESOURCES CONSERVAT SERV,HINES,OR 97738. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,NATRS,NAT RESOURCES CONSERVAT SERV,PULLMAN,WA 99164. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT RANGELAND RESOURCES,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP Ganskopp, D (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN OREGON AGR RES CTR,HC 71 451 HWY 205,BURNS,OR 97720, USA. NR 36 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 16 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 50 IS 6 BP 578 EP 586 DI 10.2307/4003451 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YF291 UT WOS:A1997YF29100002 ER PT J AU Panter, KE Gardner, DR Gay, CC James, LF Mills, R Gay, JM Baldwin, TJ AF Panter, KE Gardner, DR Gay, CC James, LF Mills, R Gay, JM Baldwin, TJ TI Observations of Lupinus sulphureus-induced ''crooked calf disease'' SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE lupine; anagyrine; skeletal malformations; cleft palate; arthrogryposis ID CATTLE AB Lupine-induced ''crooked calf disease'' occurred in a fall calving herd of cows in Northeastern Oregon, Sixty-seven calves from a herd of 131 cows (51%) were born with congenital skeletal malformations primarily of the front limbs, neck, or spine and a few had cleft palates, Because of the nature of the malformations, lupine was suspected, and investigation of the ranch and pastures where cows grazed revealed 2 species of lupine (Lupinus sulphureus; Douglas ex, Lindl, and Lupinus leucophyllus; Douglas ex, Hooker) and poison-hemlock (Conium maculatum). Poison-hemlock was not grazed and therefore eliminated as the teratogenic plant. Extensive grazing of the Lupinus sulphureus especially the seed pods was evident, Chemical analysis of the 2 lupine species demonstrated that L. sulphureus was likely the cause of the birth defects because it contained high level of the quinolizidine alkaloid anagyrine, a known teratogen, Lupinus sulphureus is a yellow-flowered lupine and contained 1.84% anagyrine in the seed, whereas Lupinus leucophyllus, a purple-flowered lupine, contained other quinolizidine alkaloids but no anagyrine, The seed pods of L. sulphureus were high in total alkaloids (42 mg/g of dry seed), of which 45% was anagyrine. After a review of breeding records, grazing patterns and growth stage of plants, it was determined cattle probably ingested L. sulphureus in the seed pod stage during critical fetal developmental periods of gestation, Epidemiologic studies suggested the critical gestational period included day 21 to day 100; 70% of the malformed calves were born to cows that were exposed to the plant during gestation days 60 to 80, The risk of deformities was markedly increased in fetuses exposed during this interval, A few malformations occurred in cows exposed to the lupine as early as gestation day 21 and as late as day 100, We conclude that L. sulphureus was the teratogenic species, and producers should prevent cows from grazing L. sulphureus during gestation days 40 to 100 and consider herbicide control of this lupine species. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,UMATILLA CTY EXTENS,PENDLETON,OR 97801. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,WASHINGTON DIS DIAGNOST LAB,PULLMAN,WA 99164. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT VET CLIN STUDIES,FIELD DIS INVEST UNIT,PULLMAN,WA 99164. RP Panter, KE (reprint author), USDA ARS,POISONOUS PLANT RES LAB,LOGAN,UT 84341, USA. NR 17 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 50 IS 6 BP 587 EP 592 DI 10.2307/4003452 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YF291 UT WOS:A1997YF29100003 ER PT J AU Welch, BL AF Welch, BL TI Seeded versus containerized big sagebrush plants for seed-increase gardens SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Artemisia tridentata; seed production; root growth; root development; mountain big sagebrush; Wyoming big sagebrush AB Seed production of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) plants established from containerized seedlings was compared to plants established by direct seeding, A garden of 'Hobble Creek' mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp, vaseyana (Rydb,) Beetle) and a garden of Gordon Creek Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp, wyomingensis Beetle & Young) were established in central Utah for this study, Each garden consisted of 10 rows of plants, Seed-derived plants were established on odd-numbered rows and container-derived plants in even-numbered rows, Seed-derived plants produce more seeds, larger top growth, deeper roots, lateral roots nearer the soil surface, and heavier root systems than container-derived plants, Seed-derived plants also produced large prominent tap roots; the containerized plants did not, Seed-derived plants had a zero death rate for the 4 study years, Death rates for containerized plants were 16% ('Hobble Creek') and 13% (Gordon Creek), To help meet seed demands, growers should establish seed-increase gardens with seed-derived plants, A cautionary note: It is unknown if the use of container-derived plants for adaptation trials might erroneously influence the results of such studies, However, the root development problems described in this study should cast some doubt. RP Welch, BL (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, INTERMT RES STN, SHRUB SCI LAB, USDA, 735 N 500 E, PROVO, UT 84606 USA. NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 3 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 50 IS 6 BP 611 EP 614 DI 10.2307/4003456 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YF291 UT WOS:A1997YF29100007 ER PT J AU Manley, WA Hart, RH Samuel, MJ Smith, MA Waggoner, JW Manley, JT AF Manley, WA Hart, RH Samuel, MJ Smith, MA Waggoner, JW Manley, JT TI Vegetation, cattle, and economic responses to grazing strategies and pressures SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE plant communities; mixed-grass prairie; basal cover; weight gain; succession; rangeland ID DURATION; COMMUNITY; DYNAMICS; PRAIRIE; SYSTEMS; SOIL AB Rotation grazing strategies have been proposed to increase stocking capacity, improve animal gains, and improve forage production and range condition. We compared continuous or season-long, 4-pasture rotationally deferred, and 8-paddock time-controlled rotation grazing on mixed-grass rangeland near Cheyenne, Wyo. from 1982 through 1994. Stocking rates under light, moderate and heavy grazing averaged 21.6, 47.0, and 62.7 steer-day ha(-1); grazing pressures were 11.0 to 90.1 steer-day Mg-1 of forage dry matter produced. We estimated above-and below-ground biomass, botanical composition and basal cover. Bare ground and cover of warm-season grasses, forbs, and lichens were greater under heavy stocking; cover of litter, western wheatgrass, and total cool-season graminoids were greater under light stocking. Stocking rate and grazing strategy had no effect on above-ground biomass and little effect on below-ground biomass. Under heavy stocking, percent of above-ground biomass contributed by forbs increased, especially under time-controlled rotation grazing, and that of western wheatgrass decreased. Otherwise, effects of grazing strategy, level vs. slope, and north vs. south slope on vegetation were insignificant. Steer average daily gain decreased linearly as grazing pressure increased (r(2) = 0.44); grazing strategies had no significant effect. When cattle prices are favorable, the stocking rates that are most profitable in the short run may be high enough to reduce range condition. C1 USDA ARS,HIGH PLAINS GRASSLANDS RES STN,CHEYENNE,WY 82009. UNIV WYOMING,DEPT PLANT SOIL & INSECT SCI,LARAMIE,WY 82071. RP Manley, WA (reprint author), UNIV WYOMING,DEPT RANGELAND ECOL & WATERSHED MANAGEMENT,LARAMIE,WY 82071, USA. NR 45 TC 50 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 22 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 50 IS 6 BP 638 EP 646 DI 10.2307/4003460 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YF291 UT WOS:A1997YF29100011 ER PT J AU Beach, ED Boyd, R Uri, ND AF Beach, ED Boyd, R Uri, ND TI The effect of eliminating direct payments to farmers on land values SO JOURNAL OF REAL ESTATE FINANCE AND ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID POLICY AB This study looks at the effects of the complete elimination of direct government payments to farmers on the U.S. economy in general and the effect on land values in particular. The analytical approach used consists of a computable general equilibrium model composed of 14 producing sectors, 14 consuming sectors, six household categories classified by income, and a government. The results suggest that, with a complete elimination of direct government payments to farmers, there will be a reduction in output by all producing sectors of 0.18% or about $14.5 billion, a decline in output in the agricultural sectors of 4.39% or about $12.0 billion, a fall in the consumption of goods and services by about 0.11% or $4.15 billion, a fall in total utility by 0.47% or $22.0 billion, and a net reduction in expenditures for the government of $13.4 billion. Land values will be adversely affected, falling an average of 14%. C1 Ohio Dept Aging, Columbus, OH USA. Ohio Univ, Dept Econ, Athens, OH 45701 USA. USDA, Econ Res Serv, Nat Resources & Environm Div, Washington, DC USA. RP Beach, ED (reprint author), Ohio Dept Aging, Columbus, OH USA. NR 49 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0895-5638 J9 J REAL ESTATE FINANC JI J. Real Estate Financ. Econ. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 15 IS 3 BP 239 EP 260 DI 10.1023/A:1007711923094 PG 22 WC Business, Finance; Economics; Urban Studies SC Business & Economics; Urban Studies GA YM870 UT WOS:000071109900002 ER PT J AU Banuelos, GS Ajwa, HA Terry, N Zayed, A AF Banuelos, GS Ajwa, HA Terry, N Zayed, A TI Phytoremediation of selenium laden soils: A new technology SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE phytoremediation; selenium; volatilization ID SAN-JOAQUIN VALLEY; UNITED-STATES; ACCUMULATION; PLANTS; VOLATILIZATION; CALIFORNIA; SELENATE; REMOVAL; TOLERANCE; BARLEY AB High concentrations of soil (Se) are potentially toxic to plants and animals in many regions of the western United States. Phytoremediation with different plant species, i.e., Brassica spp, is an alternative strategy for reducing soil Se concentrations to non-toxic levels. Se-accumulating plant species which have substantial ability to absorb accumulate, and volatilize Se have been studied and grown on soils to remove Se. Selenium accumulated in plant tissues can then be harvested and removed from the contaminated site. C1 Agr Res Serv, USDA, Water Management Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Banuelos, GS (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, USDA, Water Management Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 50 TC 20 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 8 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 945 SW ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50023-9723 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 52 IS 6 BP 426 EP 430 PG 5 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA YM228 UT WOS:000071042600010 ER PT J AU Gilley, JE Kramer, LA Cruse, RM Hull, A AF Gilley, JE Kramer, LA Cruse, RM Hull, A TI Sediment movement within a strip intercropping system SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE conservation; erosion; intercrop; land management; rotation; runoff; sediment production; soil conservation; soil loss; tillage ID FILTER STRIPS; YIELD; CORN AB This study tolls conducted to identify sediment movement within a strip intercropping system in southwestern Iowa during the third year of a three-year crop rotation. Soil loss resulting from the application of simulated rainfall to a Monona silt loam soil, was measured from individual corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr), and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) strips, and from multiple strips which included all three crops. Because of the crop rotation and residue management procedures used at the study site, a substantial amount of surface cover and vegetative mass was present on each of the strips. As a result soil loss resulting from simulated rainfall applied for a one-hour duration at an intensity of approximately 64 mm/hr (2.5 in/hr) was less than or equal to 1.5 Mg/ha (0.67 tons/acre) from each of the individual and multiple strips. Thus, the strip intercropping system established an this highly erodible site provided effective erosion control. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. ARS, USDA, Council Bluffs, IA USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Gilley, JE (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 20 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 4 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 52 IS 6 BP 443 EP 447 PG 5 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA YM228 UT WOS:000071042600013 ER PT J AU Bilbro, JD Fryrear, DW AF Bilbro, JD Fryrear, DW TI Comparative performance of forage sorghum, grain sorghum, kenaf, switchgrass, and slat fence windbarriers in reducing wind velocity SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE density index; forage sorghum; grain sorghum; kenaf; slat fence; soil conservation; switchgrass; threshold velocity; wind barrier systems; wind erosion control AB Windbarriers used to control wind erosion may be woody or herbaceous, annual or perennial; or they ran be "artificial." To properly space windbarriers, the velocity-reduction characteristics of the windbarrier must be known. Velocity reduction curves for windbarriers of grain and forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), and slat-fences were developed from field measurements. The number of rows in the respective windbarriers and their percent of upwind velocity (the lower the percent the better) at 10 m (32.8 ft) downwind [at 20 cm (8 in) height] were: switchgrass (one row, 39%), slat-fence (two rows, 43%), slat-fence (one row, 48%), grain sorghum (three rows, 60%), kenaf (eight rows, 69%), forage sorghum (four rows, 76%), kenaf (six rows, 78%), and kenaf (four rows, 79%). These and other presented data should be useful in designing windbarrier systems or modeling their effects on downwind velocities. C1 Agr Res Serv, USDA, Big Spring, TX 79720 USA. RP Bilbro, JD (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, USDA, Big Spring, TX 79720 USA. NR 7 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 52 IS 6 BP 447 EP 452 PG 6 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA YM228 UT WOS:000071042600014 ER PT J AU Brown, EM Dudley, RL Elsetinow, AR AF Brown, EM Dudley, RL Elsetinow, AR TI A conformational study of collagen as affected by tanning procedures SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 93rd Annual Meeting of the American-Leather-Chemists-Association CY JUN 22-26, 1997 CL POCONO MANOR, PENNSYLVANIA SP Amer Leather Chemists Assoc ID MICROFIBRIL AB Chrome tanning of animal skins to produce high quality leather is a well established industrial process. The multistep process whereby complex salts of trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) crosslink collagen fibrils is more an art form than a science. One of the first steps in this process is the interaction of chromium with collagen and this reaction is poorly understood. Our goal is to develop a scientific basis for improving the effectiveness and efficiency of tanning technology. In the present study, we use spectroscopic methods circular dichroism (CD) and 13-carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (C-13 NMR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to characterize the effects of various steps in the chrome tanning process on the conformation of soluble collagen. Partial denaturation of collagen prior to chromium binding appears to be necessary. The ratio of the C-13 NMR peaks due to free carboxyl groups of aspartic and glutamic acids was altered when chromium was bound to the collagen. A network of soluble crosslinked collagen could be seen in transmission electron micrographs of chromium-collagen complexes. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Brown, EM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 13 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI CINCINNATI PA ROOM 5 CAMPUS STATION-14 TANNER RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 92 IS 9 BP 225 EP 232 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA YT505 UT WOS:000071613600002 ER PT J AU Hou, CT AF Hou, CT TI Special issue: Biotechnology - Foreword SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material RP Hou, CT (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 74 IS 11 BP 1343 EP 1343 DI 10.1007/s11746-997-0236-4 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA YG661 UT WOS:A1997YG66100001 ER PT J AU Piazza, GJ Foglia, TA Nunez, A AF Piazza, GJ Foglia, TA Nunez, A TI Enantioselective formation of an alpha,beta-epoxy alcohol by reaction of methyl 13(S)-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E)-octadecadienoate with titanium isopropoxide SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Biocatalysis Symposium at the 88th AOCS Annual Meeting and Expo CY MAY 13, 1997 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Amer Oil Chemists Soc DE epoxide; hydroperoxide; linoleic acid; lipoxygenase; titanium isopropoxide ID UNSATURATED FATTY-ACIDS; EPOXY ALCOHOLS; EPOXIDATION; OLEFINS; TRANSFORMATIONS; STEREOCHEMISTRY; HYDROPEROXIDE; PRODUCTS; CATALYST AB Methyl 11(R),12(R)-epoxy-13(S)-hydroxy-9(Z)-octadecenoate (three isomer) was generated from linoleic acid by the sequential action of an enzyme and two chemical reagents. Linoleic acid was treated with lipoxygenase to yield its corresponding hydroperoxide [13(S)-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E)-octadecadienoic acid]. After methylation with CH2N2, the hydroperoxide was treated with titanium (IV) isopropoxide [Ti(O-i-Pr)(4)] at 5 degrees C for 1 h. The products were separated by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and characterized with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Approximately 30% of the product was methyl 13(S)-hydroxy-9(Z),11(E)-octadecadienoate. Over 60% of the isolated product was methyl 11(R),12(R)-epoxy-13(S)-hydroxy-9(Z)-octadecenoate. After quenching Ti(O-i-Pr)(4) with water, the spent catalyst could be removed from the fatty products by partitioning between CH2Cl2 and water. These results demonstrate that Ti(O-i-Pr)(4) selectively promotes the formation of an a-epoxide with the threo configuration. It was critically important to start with dry methyl 13(S)-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E)-octadecadienoate because the presence of small amounts of water in the reaction medium resulted in the complete hydrolysis of epoxy alcohol to trihydroxy products. RP Piazza, GJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,ERRC,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. OI Piazza, George/0000-0003-4896-4928 NR 22 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 74 IS 11 BP 1385 EP 1390 DI 10.1007/s11746-997-0241-7 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA YG661 UT WOS:A1997YG66100006 ER PT J AU Hou, CT AF Hou, CT TI Characterization of new yeast lipases SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Biocatalysis Symposium at the 88th AOCS Annual Meeting and Expo CY MAY 13, 1997 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Amer Oil Chemists Soc DE lipases; positional specificity; yeasts ID CULTURE COLLECTION AB Previously, we used a simple, sensitive agar plate method to screen lipase activity from 1229 selected cultures, including 508 bacteria, 479 yeasts, 230 actinomycetes and 12 fungi, that covered many genera and species. About 25% of the cultures tested were lipase-positive. We also expanded our screening method to focus specifically on the pH dependence and thermostability of these lipase activities. In this report, we have characterized 25 yeast lipases, obtained from our screening program, on the basis of their positional specificity against triglycerides. Lipase was produced by growing cultures on nutrient medium in the presence of vegetable oil at 25 degrees C for 4 d. Of the 25 new yeast lipases analyzed, 19 showed 1,3-positional specificity and 6 showed random specificity. No 2-positional specific lipases were found. Among those cultures with highest lipase activity are: Candida silvicola NRRL YB-2846 (random); Candida sp. 55 (random); Candida sp. 125 (random); Pichia americana NRRL Y-2156 (1,3-specific); P. muscicola NRRL Y-7005 (random); P. petersanii NRRL YB-3808 (1,3-specific); and Yarrowia lipolytica NRRL YB-423 (random). Characterization of Candida sp. strain 55 lipase on its substrate preference showed that this enzyme hydrolyzed soybean oil triglyceride species LLLn, LLL, LLO, and LLP more readily than LOG, LOP, OOO, LOS, and POO, where L = linoleic Ln = linolenic, O = oleic P = palmitic, and S = stearin. RP Hou, CT (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 14 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 74 IS 11 BP 1391 EP 1394 DI 10.1007/s11746-997-0242-6 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA YG661 UT WOS:A1997YG66100007 ER PT J AU Klein, RR King, G Moreau, RA McNeill, GP Villeneuve, P Haas, MJ AF Klein, RR King, G Moreau, RA McNeill, GP Villeneuve, P Haas, MJ TI Additive effects of acyl-binding site mutations on the fatty acid selectivity of Rhizopus delemar lipase SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Biocatalysis Symposium at the 88th AOCS Annual Meeting and Expo CY MAY 13, 1997 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Amer Oil Chemists Soc DE fatty acid specificity; lipase; methyl ester hydrolysis; molecular modeling; mutagenesis; protein structure; triacylglycerol hydrolysis ID DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SUBTILISIN-E; EXPRESSION; MECHANISM; INTERFACE; PROTEIN AB The fatty acid specificity and pH dependence of triacylglycerol hydrolysis by the Rhizopus delemar lipase acyl-binding site mutant Val206Thr + Phe95Asp (Val, valine; Thr, threonine; Phe, phenylalanine; Asp, aspartic acid) were characterized. The activity of the double mutant prolipase was reduced by as much as 10-fold, compared to the wild-type prolipase. However, the fatty acid specificity profile of the enzyme was markedly sharpened and was dependent on the pH of the substrate emulsion. At neutral pH, strong preference (10-fold or greater) for hydrolysis of triacylglycerols of medium-chainlength fatty acids (C-8:0 to C-14:0) was displayed by the variant prolipase, with no hydrolysis of triacylglycerols of short-chain Fatty acids (C-4:0 to C-6:0) and little activity manifested toward fatty acids with 16 or more carbons. At acidic pH values, the fatty acid selectivity profile of the double mutant prolipase expanded to include short-chain triacylglycerols (C-4:0' C-6:0). When assayed against a triacylglycerol mixture of tributyrin, tricaprylin and triolein, the Val206Thr + Phe95Asp prolipase displayed a high selectivity for caprylic acid and released this fatty acid at least 25-fold more efficiently than the others present in the substrate mixture. When presented a mixture of nine fatty acid methyl esters, the wild-type prolipase showed a broad substrate specificity profile, hydrolyzing the various methyl esters to a similar extent. Contrastingly, the double mutant prolipase displayed a narrowed substrate specificity profile, hydrolyzing caprylic methyl ester at nearly wild-type levels, while its activity against the other methyl esters examined was 2.5- to 5-fold lower then that observed for the wild-type enzyme. C1 USDA ARS,ERRC,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038. RI Villeneuve, Pierre/C-1264-2008; OI Villeneuve, Pierre/0000-0003-1685-1494; Moreau, Robert/0000-0002-8166-8322 NR 25 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 74 IS 11 BP 1401 EP 1407 DI 10.1007/s11746-997-0244-4 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA YG661 UT WOS:A1997YG66100009 ER PT J AU Foglia, TA Villeneuve, P AF Foglia, TA Villeneuve, P TI Carica papaya latex-catalyzed synthesis of structured triacylglycerols SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Biocatalysis Symposium at the 88th AOCS Annual Meeting and Expo CY MAY 13, 1997 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Amer Oil Chemists Soc DE hydrogenated soy oil; low-calorie fats; short-chain triglycerides; triacylglycerols; tributyrin ID LIPASE; INTERESTERIFICATION; ESTERIFICATION; SELECTIVITY; MIXTURES; SALATRIM; ACIDS AB One impediment to the industrial use of enzymes in fat and oil transformations is the higher cost often associated with an enzymatic process compared with the corresponding chemical process. Processes that utilize plant enzymes, however, may have advantages because of their lower cost and ready availability. One example of such a plant-derived enzyme is Carica papaya latex (CPL), the principal source of the protease papain. Recently, it has been shown that this latex also catalyzes the lipolysis of triacylglycerols and that this latex lipase has a selectivity for short-chain acyl groups as well as a 1,3-glycerol selectivity. These selectivities can be used in the synthesis of structured triacylglycerols. In this paper we describe the utility of CPL in lipase-catalyzed reactions, specifically the synthesis of low-calorie triacylglycerol analogs. RP Foglia, TA (reprint author), USDA ARS,ERRC,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. RI Villeneuve, Pierre/C-1264-2008 OI Villeneuve, Pierre/0000-0003-1685-1494 NR 18 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 74 IS 11 BP 1447 EP 1450 DI 10.1007/s11746-997-0252-4 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA YG661 UT WOS:A1997YG66100017 ER PT J AU Hammerschlag, FA Zimmerman, RH Yadava, UL Hunsucker, S Gercheva, P AF Hammerschlag, FA Zimmerman, RH Yadava, UL Hunsucker, S Gercheva, P TI Effect of antibiotics and exposure to an acidified medium on the elimination of Agrobacterium tumefaciens from apple leaf explants and on shoot regeneration SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beta-glucuronidase; GUS assay; Malus xdomestica; putative transformants; tissue culture ID GENE FUSION MARKER; X DOMESTICA BORKH; MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION; XANTHOMONAS-CAMPESTRIS; BETA-GLUCURONIDASE; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; CULTURES; DELPHINIUM; EFFICIENCY; CULTIVARS AB A range of antibiotics and short-term exposure to an acidified (pH 3.0) medium were evaluated for their effects on eliminating Agrobacterium tumefaciens, supervirulent strain EHA101 (pEHA101/pGT100), from leaf explants of 'Royal Gala' apple (Malus xdomestica Borkh,) and on shoot regeneration, Exposure of leaf explants to regeneration and elongation media containing 100 mu g.mL(-1) concentrations of the antibiotics carbenicillin (crb), cefotaxime (cef), and cefoxitin [=mefoxin (mef)], singly or in combination for 52 days did not eliminate A. tumefaciens from the explants, The percentage of regeneration on crb, cef, and mef was 97 %, ii %, and 50 %, respectively, compared to 67 % for the controls. Short-term (1- to ib-hour) vacuum infiltration with 500 mu g.mL(-1) of any of the above antibiotics did not inhibit regeneration and failed to eliminate A. tumefaciens from leaf explants, Cef(2000 mu g.mL(-1)) did not inhibit the percentage of regeneration and was more effective than crb or mef in preventing growth of A. tumefaciens when vacuum infiltrated into apple leaf explants for 30 minutes, Further experiments demonstrated that the incidence of A. tumefaciens contamination could be reduced to 28% without negatively impacting shoot regeneration by using a 1-hour vacuum infiltration with an acidified medium, an 18-hour vacuum infiltration with cef(5000 mu g.mL(-1)), and a 52-day incubation on regeneration and elongation media containing 100 mu g.mL(-1) each of mef and crb, Kan resistant, GUS (beta-glucuronidase) positive, putative transformants without A. tumefaciens were generated by adding kan (10 mu g.mL(-1)) to the regeneration and elongation media. RP Hammerschlag, FA (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,PLANT MOL BIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 34 TC 25 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 122 IS 6 BP 758 EP 763 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA YF080 UT WOS:A1997YF08000004 ER PT J AU Tao, R Dandekar, AM Uratsu, SL Vail, PV Tebbets, JS AF Tao, R Dandekar, AM Uratsu, SL Vail, PV Tebbets, JS TI Engineering genetic resistance against insects in Japanese persimmon using the cryIA(c) gene of Bacillus thuringiensis SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Agrobacterium-mediated transformation; delta-endotoxins; Diospyros kaki; insecticidal crystal protein; insecticidal crystal protein fragment ID AGROBACTERIUM-TUMEFACIENS; SUBSP KURSTAKI; CRYIIIA GENE; EXPRESSION; PLANTS; TRANSFORMATION; PROTEIN; DNA; TOXICITY; CULTURES AB Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki L. 'Jiro') was transformed using a disarmed strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, EHA101, carrying the binary plasmid vector, pDU92.710, The T-DNA region of pDU92.710 contained the kanamycin resistance gene (nptII), the beta-glucuronidase gene (uidA), and a synthetic reconstruct of cryIA(c) encoding the insecticidal crystal protein fragment of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp, kurstaki HD-73, Leaf discs made from leaves of shoot cultures were cocultivated with Agrobacterium and cultured on a callus-induction medium containing kanamycin and cefotaxime, Among 720 infected leaf discs, 17 putative transformed callus lines showing kanamycin resistance were obtained after 8 weeks of culture, When these were cultured on a regeneration medium containing kanamycin, 15 formed adventitious buds, Of the 15 shoot lines, 11 grew well on a shoot-proliferation medium containing kanamycin, while 4 lines did not grow well, Of the 11 shoot lines, 10 showed GUS activities by fluorometric assay and were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern analyses, Except for two lines, all results were consistent with a stable integration of T-DNA into the persimmon genome, The production of CryIA(c) protein in transformed shoot lines was confirmed with Western analysis using anti-CryIA(c) serum,Insect bioassays were conducted with 10 lines showing GUS activity, Many of these lines showed high significant mortality of the test insects, Plodia interpunctella Huber and Monema flavescens Walker, when compared to nontransformed controls. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT POMOL,DAVIS,CA 95616. USDA ARS,HORT CROPS RES LAB,FRESNO,CA 93727. RP Tao, R (reprint author), KYOTO UNIV,FAC AGR,LAB POMOL,KYOTO 60601,JAPAN. NR 40 TC 28 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 122 IS 6 BP 764 EP 771 PG 8 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA YF080 UT WOS:A1997YF08000005 ER PT J AU Artlip, T Wisniewski, M AF Artlip, T Wisniewski, M TI Tissue-specific expression of a dehydrin gene in one-year-old 'Rio Oso Gem' peach trees SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cold acclimation; drought; water deficit ID PERSICA L BATSCH; COLD-ACCLIMATION; EVERGREEN PEACH; LOW-TEMPERATURE; XYLEM TISSUES; WATER-STRESS; PROTEINS; BARK; FAMILY; IDENTIFICATION AB Dehydrins are desiccation-induced proteins. Many plants have several dehydrin genes, some of which are primarily cold induced while others are primarily abscisic acid (ABA) or desiccation induced. Only one dehydrin gene (ppdhn1) has been reported in peach. The dehydrin gene is seasonally regulated and associated with cold acclimation. Because molecular markers for desiccation resistance may aid in the selection of drought-and cold-tolerant genotypes, we sought to determine if ppdhn1 was inducible by desiccation and ABA in all tissues (i.e., a whole-plant response) and to examine the relationship between expression of ppdhn1, desiccation, and dehydrin protein (PCA60). One-year-old 'Rio Oso Gem' peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] trees were maintained at a stem water potential of -2.0 MPa by withholding water for 1 week, followed by daily watering for 1 meek for some of the trees. ABA (100 mM) was applied to similar trees that were well watered. Total RNA and protein were extracted from bark, leaves, xylem, and roots, fractionated by electrophoresis, blotted to membranes, and probed with either a peach-specific dehydrin cDNA clone or polyclonal antibodies directed against dehydrin. Accumulation of ppdhn1/PCA60 was induced more by desiccation than ABA applications. Additionally, such accumulation was tissue dependent, being highest in bark tissues and lowest in leaf tissues. The presence of ppdhn1 transcript and corresponding PCA60 protein were not always commensurate with each other. In particular, elevated levels of PCA60 were still present 1 week after desiccation recovery when transcript levels had decreased significantly or were undetectable, indicating that dehydrin is a stable protein. In general, our data indicate that ppdhn1 is similar to other cold-induced dehydrins that are only slightly induced by ABA. In contrast to cold-induced dehydrins, ppdhn1 was strongly induced by desiccation. While synthesis of dehydrin is tightly associated with the onset of stress, disappearance and turnover seem less linked to alleviation of the inducing stress. RP Artlip, T (reprint author), USDA ARS, APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN, 45 WILTSHIRE RD, KEARNEYSVILLE, WV 25430 USA. NR 23 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 122 IS 6 BP 784 EP 787 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA YF080 UT WOS:A1997YF08000008 ER PT J AU Latimer, JG Severson, RF AF Latimer, JG Severson, RF TI Effect of mechanical and moisture-stress conditioning on growth and cuticle composition of broccoli transplants SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE brushing; Brassica oleracea L. Group Italica; epicuticular wax; mechanical stress ID VEGETABLE TRANSPLANTS; EPICUTICULAR WAX; LEAF; EFFICIENCY; DROUGHT AB Epicuticular waxes were analyzed to explain the visible differences in the waxy bloom of conditioned broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Group Italica 'Green Duke') transplants. Seedlings (22 days old) were subjected to brushing (40 cycles per minute, 1 minute twice daily), wind (7 m.s(-1) for 5 minutes twice daily), or moisture-stress conditioning (MSG; visible wilt for 2 to 4 hours daily) for 16 (1987) or 21 (1988) days during transplant production in the greenhouse. The epicuticular waxes of the uppermost fully expanded leaves were removed by dipping detached leaves into methylene chloride. The extract was derivatized with trimethylsilyl reagents and subjected to capillary gas chromatography. The primary epicuticular wax components were the nonpolar C-29 compounds nonacosane, nonacosan-15-ol, and nonacosan-15-one, which were identified by mass spectrometry. In a Summer 1987 experiment, cuticle samples taken over time of treatment indicated acclimation to the conditioning treatments relative to untreated plants. After 9 days of treatment, the amount of total epicuticular waxes present on the leaves was reduced 38%, 31%, or 11% by wind, brushing, or MSC, respectively. However, after 15 days of treatment, the amount of cuticle present was reduced 15% by brushing but only 6% by wind and was 17% greater in MSG-treated plants. Two weeks after transplanting to the field there were no differences in the amount or composition of the epicuticular waxes. In Fall 1988, all treatments reduced plant growth, but only MSC tended to increase the amount of C-29 epicuticular components during greenhouse production. Differences in the amounts of epicuticular waxes were no longer significant after 8 days in the field. C1 USDA ARS,RUSSELL RES CTR,TOBACCO SAFETY LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. RP Latimer, JG (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA,GEORGIA STN,DEPT HORT,GRIFFIN,GA 30223, USA. NR 23 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 122 IS 6 BP 788 EP 791 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA YF080 UT WOS:A1997YF08000009 ER PT J AU Gheyas, F Blankenship, SM Young, E McFeeters, R AF Gheyas, F Blankenship, SM Young, E McFeeters, R TI Dietary fibre content of thirteen apple cultivars SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE Malus domestica; apple; dietary fibre; firmness; soluble fibre; insoluble fibre ID FIBER; FOODS AB Fibre composition of the following 13 apple cultivars was studied: 'Cortland', 'Empire', 'Fuji', 'Golden Delicious', 'Gala', 'Granny Smith', 'Jonagold', 'Mutsu', 'McIntosh', 'Delicious', 'Rome', 'Stayman' and 'York'. Fruit samples from each of these cultivars were analysed for non-starch cell wall materials (NSCWM) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). NSCWM was further fractionated into soluble and insoluble fibre fractions. Both NSCWM and NSP content were found to be significantly influenced by cultivar. NSCWM content ranged from 19.1 g kg(-1) apple flesh in 'Fuji' to 36.2 g kg(-1) in 'York'. Mean (+/- SD) NSCWM content of all the cultivars was 23.1 +/- 4.5 g kg(-1). NSP content of apple flesh ranged from 13.8 g kg(-1) in 'McIntosh' to 28.7 g kg(-1) in 'York' with the overall mean for all cultivars being 17.9 +/- 4.2 g kg(-1). Relative amount of monosaccharides found in the hydrolysates of apple fibre also varied among cultivars. The greatest difference was observed in galactose content. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT HORT SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT FOOD SCI,USDA ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27695. NR 14 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 5 U2 11 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 75 IS 3 BP 333 EP 340 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199711)75:3<333::AID-JSFA883>3.0.CO;2-R PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA YF754 UT WOS:A1997YF75400009 ER PT J AU Bischoff, DS Slavicek, JM AF Bischoff, DS Slavicek, JM TI Molecular analysis of an enhancin gene in the Lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID NI GRANULOSIS-VIRUS; PSEUDALETIA-UNIPUNCTA; PERITROPHIC MEMBRANE; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; SYNERGISTIC ENZYME; SERIAL PASSAGE; CELL-CULTURE; BACULOVIRUS; ARMYWORM; IDENTIFICATION AB A Lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LdMNPV) gene has been identified that encodes a homolog to the granulovirus (GV) enhancin proteins that are capable of enhancing the infection of other baculoviruses. Enhancin genes have been identified and sequenced for three species of GVs but have not been found in any other nuclear polyhedrosis virus to date. The LdMNPV enhancin gene is located between 67.6 and 70.1 kbp on the viral genome. Northern and primer extension analyses of viral RNAs indicate that the enhancin gene transcripts are expressed at late times postinfection from a consensus baculovirus late promoter. The LdMNPV enhancin exhibits 29% amino acid identity to the enhancin proteins of the Trichoplusia ni, Pseudaletia unipuncta, and Helicoverpa armigera GVs. All four proteins contain a conserved zinc-binding domain characteristic of metalloproteases. A recombinant virus (enhnncin::cat) was constructed in which the LdMNPV enhancin gene was inactivated by insertion mutagenesis in order to ascertain the effect of the enhancin protein on viral potency. The bioassay results indicate that disruption of the enhnncin gene in the LdMNPV results in a reduction in viral potency. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,FORESTRY SCI LAB,NE FOREST EXPT STN,DELAWARE,OH 43015. NR 49 TC 37 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 71 IS 11 BP 8133 EP 8140 PG 8 WC Virology SC Virology GA YB143 UT WOS:A1997YB14300007 PM 9343163 ER PT J AU Nelson, GJ Schmidt, PS Bartolini, GL Kelley, DS Kyle, D AF Nelson, GJ Schmidt, PS Bartolini, GL Kelley, DS Kyle, D TI The effect of dietary docosahexaenoic acid on platelet function, platelet fatty acid composition, and blood coagulation in humans SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; FISH CONSUMPTION; PLASMA-LIPIDS; BLEEDING-TIME; FREE-RADICALS; SERUM-LIPIDS; RAT-LIVER; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; OIL AB The effect of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the absence of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) has been studied infrequently in humans under controlled conditions. This 120-d study followed healthy, adult male volunteers who lived in the metabolic research unit (MRU) of the Western Human Nutrition Research Center for the entire study. The basal (low-DHA) diet consisted of natural foods (30 en% fat, 15 en% protein, and 55 en% carbohydrate), containing <50 mg/d of DHA, and met the recommended daily intake for all essential nutrients. The high-DHA (intervention) diet was similar except that 6 g/d of DHA in the form of a triglyceride containing 40% DHA replaced an equal amount of safflower oil in the basal diet. The subjects (ages 20 to 39) were within -10 to +20% of ideal body weight, nonsmoking, and not allowed alcohol in the MRU. Their exercise level was constant, and their body weights were maintained within 2% of entry level. They were initially fed the low-DHA diet for 30 d. On day 31, six subjects (intervention, group A) were placed on the high-DHA diet; the other four subjects (controls, group B remained on the low-DHA diet. Platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma was determined using ADP, collagen, and arachidonic acid. No statistical differences could be detected between the amount of agonist required to produce 50% aggregation of platelet-rich plasma before and after the subjects consumed the high-DHA diet. The prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and the antithrombin-lll levels in the subjects were determined, and, again, there were no statistically significant differences in these three parameters when their values were compared before and after the subjects consumed the high-DHA diet. In addition, the in vivo bleeding times did not show any significant difference before and after the subjects consumed the high-DHA diet (9.4 +/- 3.1 min before and 8.0 +/- 3.4 min after). Platelets from the volunteers exhibited more than a threefold increase in their DHA content from 1.54 +/- 0.16 to 5.48 +/- 1.21 (wt%) during the DHA feeding period. The EPA content of the subjects' platelets increased from 0.34 +/- 0.12 to 2.67 +/- 0.91 (wt%) during the high-DHA diet despite the absence of EPA in the subjects' diets. The results from this study on blood clotting parameters and in vitro platelet aggregation suggest that adding 6 g/d of dietary DHA for 90 d to a typical Western diet containing less than 50 mg/d of DHA produces no observable physiological changes in blood coagulation, platelet function, or thrombotic tendencies in healthy, adult males. C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94129. MARTEK CORP,COLUMBIA,MD 21045. NR 53 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD NOV PY 1997 VL 32 IS 11 BP 1129 EP 1136 DI 10.1007/s11745-997-0145-6 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA YG575 UT WOS:A1997YG57500001 PM 9397397 ER PT J AU Nelson, GJ Schmidt, PC Bartolini, GL Kelley, DS Kyle, D AF Nelson, GJ Schmidt, PC Bartolini, GL Kelley, DS Kyle, D TI The effect of dietary docosahexaenoic acid on plasma lipoproteins and tissue fatty acid composition in humans SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; BLEEDING-TIME; LOW-DENSITY; PLATELET-AGGREGATION; SERUM PHOSPHOLIPIDS; RHESUS-MONKEYS; BLOOD-LIPIDS; APOPROTEIN-B; FISH OILS; RAT-LIVER AB Normal, healthy male volunteers (n = 6) were fed diets [high docosahexaenoic acid-DHA] containing 6 g/d of DHA for 90 d. The stabilization (low-DHA) diet contained less than 50 mg/d of DHA. A control group (n = 4) remained on the low-DHA diet for the duration of the study (120 d). Blood samples were drawn on study days 30 (end of the stabilization period), 75 (midpoint of the intervention period), and 120 (end of the intervention period). Adipose tissue (AT) samples were taken on days 30 and 120. The plasma cholesterol (C), low density lipoprotein (LDL)-C and apolipoproteins. (ape) [Al, B, and lipoprotein (all were unchanged after 90 d, but the triglycerides (TAG) were reduced from a mean value of 76.67 +/- 24.32 to 63.83 +/- 16.99 mg/dL (n = 6, P < 0.007 using a paired t-test) and the high density lipoprotein (HDL)-C increased from 34.83 +/- 4.38 mg/dL to 37.83 +/- 3.32 mg/dL (n = 6, P < 0.017 using a paired t-test), The control group showed no significant reduction in plasma TAG levels. Apo-E, however, showed a marked increase in the volunteers' plasma after 90 don the high-DHA diet, from 7.06 +/- 4.47 mg/dL on study day 30 to 12.01 +/- 4.96 mg/dL on study day 120 (P < 0.002 using a paired t-test). The control subjects showed no significant change in the apo-E in their plasma (8.46 +/- 2.90 on day 30 vs. 8.59 +/- 2.97 on day 120). The weight percentage of plasma DHA rose from 1.83 +/- 0.22 to 8.12 +/- 0.76 after 90 d on the high-DHA diet. Although these volunteers were eating a diet free of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), plasma EPA levels rose from 0.38 +/- 0.05 to 3.39 +/- 0.52 (wt%) after consuming the high-DHA diet, The fatty acid composition of plasma lipid fractions-cholesterol esters, TAG, and phospholipid-showed marked similarity in the enrichment of DHA, about 10%, after the subjects consumed the high-DHA diet. The DHA content of these plasma lipid fractions varied from less than 1% (TAG) to 3.5% (phospholipids) at baseline, study day 30. EPA also increased in all plasma lipid fractions after the subjects consumed the high-DHA diet. There were no changes in the plasma DHA or EPA levels in the control group. Consumption of DHA also caused an increase in AT levels of DHA, from 0.10 +/- 0.02 to 0.31 +/- 0.07 (wt%) (n = 6, P < 0.001 using a paired t-test), but the amount of EPA in their AT did not change. Thus, dietary DHA will lower plasma TAG without EPA, and-DHA is retroconverted to EPA in significant amounts. Dietary DHA appears to enhance apo-E synthesis in the liver. It appears that DHA can be a safe and perhaps beneficial supplement to human diets. C1 MARTEK CORP,COLUMBIA,MD 21045. RP Nelson, GJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,POB 29997,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94129, USA. NR 58 TC 70 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD NOV PY 1997 VL 32 IS 11 BP 1137 EP 1146 DI 10.1007/s11745-997-0146-5 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA YG575 UT WOS:A1997YG57500002 PM 9397398 ER PT J AU Wang, Y Paape, MJ Worku, M AF Wang, Y Paape, MJ Worku, M TI Detection and identification of soluble CD14 in bovine milk. SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT ANIM SCI,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. ARS,IDRL,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 1997 VL 8 SU S BP 492 EP 492 PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA YF096 UT WOS:A1997YF09600492 ER PT J AU Haney, PM Nemeth, BA AF Haney, PM Nemeth, BA TI Premature weaning alters glucose transporter targeting in lactating mouse mammary gland SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PEDIAT,SECT NEONATOL,USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,HOUSTON,TX 77030. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 1997 VL 8 SU S BP 1783 EP 1783 PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA YF096 UT WOS:A1997YF09601777 ER PT J AU Pazdernik, DL Vance, CP Sadowsky, MJ Graham, PH Orf, JH AF Pazdernik, DL Vance, CP Sadowsky, MJ Graham, PH Orf, JH TI A host-controlled, serogroup-specific, ineffective nodulation system in the Bradyrhizobium-soybean (Glycine max) symbiosis SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article ID CONTROLLED RESTRICTION; JAPONICUM STRAINS; ALFALFA NODULES; ROOT-CELLS; L MERR; GENOTYPE; RJ4; EFFICIENCY; INFECTION; SYNTHASE AB We have previously reported a soybean plant introduction, PI 437153A, which was ineffectively nodulated (definition of G. Vest, D.F. Weber, and C. Sloger, Agronomy 16:353-390, 1973) by Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain UMR (University of Minnesota Rhizobium) 161. In this study, we further characterize this nodulation system by (i) examining the nodulation of 21 B. japonicum strains, representing 15 serogroups, with PI 437153A, (ii) ascertaining the inheritance of the ineffective nodulation, and (iii) characterizing the symbiosis both morphologically and physiologically. Only USDA 126 (serogroup 125) and UMR 161 failed to produce effective nodules with PI 437153A. Segregation among F-2 and F-3 plants from a cross between cv. Lambert and PI 437153A was consistent with control of this trait by a single, dominant gene. In reciprocal grafts between cv. Lambert and PI 437153A, ineffective nodulation was determined by the root genotype, and was independent of plant growth temperature and inoculant concentration. The nodule dry weight of UMR 161-inoculated plants of PI 437153A plants was approximately 10-fold less than that of comparable plants inoculated with USDA 110; nodule soluble protein levels were also significantly reduced. Nitrogenase activity and leghemoglobin could not be detected in the ineffectively nodulated phenotype, but 1 to 6 days after inoculation (DAI) phenylalanine ammonialyase RNA level was higher in the ineffectively nodulated phenotype than in the effectively nodulated one. Microscopic examination of effective and ineffective nodules 20 and 35 DAI revealed major morphological differences. Ineffective nodules contained large, deteriorating regions near apparently infected plant cells at 35 DAI, and sclerenchyma cells that were stained red, suggestive of lignin deposition. These changes could be the result of incompatibility between host and Bradyrhizobium, though the lack of chalcone synthase expression and the appearance of infected cells within the ineffective nodules suggest that some later steps in the infection process do occur. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT SOIL WATER & CLIMATE,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,USDA ARS,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RI Sadowsky, Michael/J-2507-2016 OI Sadowsky, Michael/0000-0001-8779-2781 NR 38 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 10 IS 8 BP 994 EP 1001 DI 10.1094/MPMI.1997.10.8.994 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA YD566 UT WOS:A1997YD56600006 ER PT J AU Hammond, J Dienelt, MM AF Hammond, J Dienelt, MM TI Encapsidation of potyviral RNA in various forms of transgene coat protein is not correlated with resistance in transgenic plants SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE aphid transmissibility; phenotypic mixing ID APHID-TRANSMISSIBLE ISOLATE; MIXED INFECTIONS; CAPSID PROTEIN; VIRUS; STRAIN AB Transgenic plants expressing either bean yellow mosaic potyvirus or chimeric potyvirus coat protein (CP) were inoculated with various potyviruses. Antigen-coated plate, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoelectron microscopy of virus purified from transgenic plants showed that progeny virions contained from <1% to as much as 25% transgenic CP. Different levels of transcapsidation may reflect the extent of compatibility between transgene CP and the viral CP. RP Hammond, J (reprint author), ARS,USDA,US NATL ARBORETUM FLORAL & NURSERY PLANTS RES UNI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 26 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 10 IS 8 BP 1023 EP 1027 DI 10.1094/MPMI.1997.10.8.1023 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA YD566 UT WOS:A1997YD56600011 PM 9353947 ER PT J AU Hajek, AE Elkinton, JS Humber, RA AF Hajek, AE Elkinton, JS Humber, RA TI Entomopathogenic hyphomycetes associated with gypsy moth larvae SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE biological control; Entomophaga maimaiga; fungal entomopathogen; Lymantria dispar; Paecilomyces farinosus ID ENTOMOPHAGA-MAIMAIGA; LYMANTRIA-DISPAR; PAECILOMYCES-FARINOSUS; FUNGAL PATHOGEN; LEPIDOPTERA; ENTOMOPHTHORALES; POPULATIONS AB Gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, populations were sampled in four eastern North American states during 1991 and 1992 to evaluate levels of hyphomycete infection in association with releases of the Asian gypsy moth pathogen Entomophaga a maimaiga. Paecilomyces farinosus was the most abundant hyphomycete species, occurring at the majority of sites, although levels of infection averaged only 4.6% (1991) and 12.2% (1992). In the plots sampled, concurrent levels of infection by E. maimaiga averaged 22.2 +/- 5.5 during 1991 and 71.4 +/- 12.7% during 1992 but there was no association between prevalence of P. farinosus and E. maimaiga. Beauveria bassiana was the only other hyphomycete killing larvae in the field but its occurrence was rare. Verticillium lecanii and Fusarium polyphialidicum were both isolated from cadavers and could cause larval mortality during laboratory bioassays. C1 UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT ENTOMOL,AMHERST,MA 01003. ARS,USDA,US PLANT SOIL & NUTR LAB,ITHACA,NY 14853. RP Hajek, AE (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. NR 21 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 89 IS 6 BP 825 EP 829 DI 10.2307/3761102 PG 5 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA YK932 UT WOS:A1997YK93200001 ER PT J AU Hammond, J AF Hammond, J TI Repelling plant pathogens with ribonuclease SO NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT News Item ID DOUBLE-STRANDED-RNA; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; RESISTANCE; EXPRESSION; ANTISENSE; VIRUSES; SYSTEM C1 USDA ARS, Floral & Nursery Crops Res Unit, US Natl Arboretum, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hammond, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, Floral & Nursery Crops Res Unit, US Natl Arboretum, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1087-0156 J9 NAT BIOTECHNOL JI Nat. Biotechnol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 15 IS 12 BP 1247 EP 1247 DI 10.1038/nbt1197-1247 PG 1 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA YQ046 UT WOS:000071342000022 PM 9359103 ER PT J AU Rogers, CE Marti, OG Clayton, JA AF Rogers, CE Marti, OG Clayton, JA TI Report of the ectoparasitic nematode Noctuidonema (Acugutturidae) infesting Lepidoptera in the Fiji Islands. SO NEMATOLOGICA LA English DT Article ID GUYANENSE NEMATODA; APHELENCHOIDIDAE; ADULTS C1 USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Georgia Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ S Pacific, Ctr Comp, Suva, Fiji. RP Rogers, CE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Georgia Coastal Plain Expt Stn, POB 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 6 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU BRILL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA PLANTIJNSTRAAT 2, P O BOX 9000, 2300 PA LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS SN 0028-2596 J9 NEMATOLOGICA JI Nematologica PD NOV PY 1997 VL 43 IS 6 BP 505 EP 506 PG 2 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA YX999 UT WOS:000072101800008 ER PT J AU Haywood, JD Tiarks, AE Sword, MA AF Haywood, JD Tiarks, AE Sword, MA TI Fertilization, weed control, and pine litter influence loblolly pine stem productivity and root development SO NEW FORESTS LA English DT Article DE forest floor; glyphosate; hexazinone; mulch; N and P fertilization; pine straw; Pinus taeda L.; soil fertility ID WATER STATUS; SEEDLINGS; SYSTEM; MULCH; SOIL; GROWTH AB Following site preparation, three cultural treatments and three open-pollinated loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) families were studied on a gently sloping Beauregard silt loam in central Louisiana. The treatments were: (1) fertilization (either broadcast application of 177 kg N and 151 kg P/ha or none); (2) herbicide application (either broadcast application of herbicides during the first through third growing seasons, and felling of a few, scattered volunteer hardwood trees greater than 2.5 cm dbh during the third growing season or none); and (3) litter application (either broadcast application of 37 Mg/ha (oven-dried weight) of pine straw over the plots to form a 10 to 15 cm layer or none). The subplot treatment was planting stock, where in November 1988, 28-week-old container-grown loblolly pine seedlings from three open-pollinated families were randomly assigned to planting locations. Through five growing seasons, fertilization and weed control with herbicides resulted in the greatest loblolly pine productivity, but the use of herbicides severely reduced other vegetation. Applying litter, which was less effective than herbicides as a weed control treatment, increased the presence of blackberry (Rubus spp.) when herbicides were not applied. Applying litter resulted in a decrease and fertilization resulted in an increase in the number and length of live lateral roots. Soil temperature was reduced by litter application. Treatment responses were not influenced by loblolly pine family. C1 US FOREST SERV,SO RES STN,USDA,ASHEVILLE,NC. NR 40 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4286 J9 NEW FOREST JI New For. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 14 IS 3 BP 233 EP 249 DI 10.1023/A:1006576200895 PG 17 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA YK352 UT WOS:A1997YK35200005 ER PT J AU Reinert, RA Eason, G Barton, J AF Reinert, RA Eason, G Barton, J TI Growth and fruiting of tomato as influenced by elevated carbon dioxide and ozone SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE ozone; carbon dioxide; air pollution; pollutant interactions; tomato ID CO2 ENRICHMENT; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACCLIMATION; YIELD; ENVIRONMENT; TEMPERATURE; VEGETATION; RESPONSES; EXCHANGE; RADISH AB 'Tiny Tim' tomato plants were exposed to five CO2 treatments (375 (ambient), 450, 525, 600 or 675 mu mol mol(-1)) in combination with O-3 (O or 80 nmol mol(-1)). Biomass was evaluated following 3, 5, 7 and 13 wk exposure. Biomass following 13 wk exposure also included weekly harvests of mature tomato fruit beginning week 8. Carbon dioxide enrichment significantly enhanced total vegetative plant d. wt at each harvest, as well as cumulative yield of mature fruit, whereas O-3 significantly suppressed total Vegetative plant d. wt at each harvest and reduced total cumulative fruit yield. The magnitude of these changes varied with the development of tomato from early growth to mature fruit yield. Carbon dioxide enrichment reduced the detrimental effects of O-3 on total vegetative plant d. wt of tomato following 3, 5, 7 and 13 wk exposure. Final mature fruit yield was 24% higher under enriched CO2 treatments than in ambient CO2. Ozone suppressed final yield by 31% following exposure to 80 nmol mol(-1) O-3 when compared with exposure to charcoal-filtered (CF) air. The impacts of both CO2 and O-3 on yield were, however, dependent upon the presence or absence of the other gas. In the absence of O-3, yields were very similar for the ambient and elevated CO2 treatments, but in the presence of O-3, yields under ambient CO2 were greatly suppressed whereas yields under elevated CO2 were similar to those in the absence of O-3. Thus, enriched CO2 ameliorated most of the suppressive effect of O-3 on yield of mature fruit. RP Reinert, RA (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 42 TC 21 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 12 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 137 IS 3 BP 411 EP 420 DI 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00846.x PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YJ639 UT WOS:A1997YJ63900004 ER PT J AU Molina, R Smith, JE McKay, D Melville, LH AF Molina, R Smith, JE McKay, D Melville, LH TI Biology of the ectomycorrhizal genus, Rhizopogon .3. Influence of co-cultured conifer species on mycorrhizal specificity with the arbutoid hosts Arctostaphylos uva-ursi and Arbutus menziesii SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE compatibility; Pseudotsuga menziesii; Pinus ponderosa; madrone; bearberry ID JACK PINE STANDS; INCOMPATIBLE INTERACTIONS; EXOGENOUS CARBOHYDRATE; DOUGLAS-FIR; ULTRASTRUCTURE; EVOLUTION; PATTERNS; INVITRO; GROWTH; FUNGI AB Seedlings of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) France, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws, Arbutus menziesii Pursh., and cuttings of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng were grown in monoculture and in conifer-hardwood dual-culture combinations in the glasshouse and inoculated with spore slurries of six Rhizopogon species. The primary objectives were to assess and compare the pattern of host specificity between symbionts and to study the influence of co-cultured plants on ectomycorrhiza development. The Rhizopogon spp. ranged from genus-specific to multiple-host compatible. In monoculture, four Rhizopogon sp. (R. ellenae Smith, R. occidentalis Zeller & Dodge, Ii. smithii Hosford and Ii. subcaerulescens Smith) formed ectomycorrhizas with Pinus ponderosa, and two Rhizopogon sp. (Ii. parksii Smith and R. vinicolor Smith) formed ectomycorrhizas with Pseudotsuga menziesii. None of the fungi tested developed ectomycorrhizas on Arbutus menziesii or Arctostaphylos uva-ursi in monoculture. In dual culture, three of the four Rhizopogon species (Ii. ellenae, Ii. occidentalis and Ii. subcaerulescens) that formed ectomycorrhizas on Pinus ponderosa, formed some ectomycorrhizas on Arbutus menziesii and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. Rhizopogon parksii and R. vinicolor only formed ectomycorrhizas on Pseudotsuga menziesii. C1 UNIV GUELPH,DEPT BOT,GUELPH,ON N1G 2W1,CANADA. RP Molina, R (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,DEPT AGR,3200 JEFFERSON WAY,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 27 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 7 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 137 IS 3 BP 519 EP 528 DI 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00836.x PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YJ639 UT WOS:A1997YJ63900014 ER PT J AU Simard, SW Jones, MD Durall, DM Perry, DA Myrold, DD Molina, R AF Simard, SW Jones, MD Durall, DM Perry, DA Myrold, DD Molina, R TI Reciprocal transfer of carbon isotopes between ectomycorrhizal Betula papyrifera and Pseudotsuga menziesii SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Ectomycorrhiza; carbon transfer; carbon isotope; Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir); Betula papyrifera (paper birch) ID MYCORRHIZAL MYCELIUM; NUTRIENT TRANSPORT; NITROGEN TRANSFER; WATER TRANSPORT; PLANTS; ROOTS; SEEDLINGS; HYPHAE; SOIL; C-14 AB Interspecific C transfer was studied in laboratory microcosms containing pairs of 6-month-old Betula papyrifera Marsh. and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) France seedlings growing in individual, root-restrictive (28 mu m pore size) pouches filled with held soil. Interspecific transfer was examined by reciprocal labelling of seedlings with (CO2(gas)-C-13) and (CO2(gas)-C-14). At the time of labelling, the root zones of ectomycorrhizal (EM) B. papyrifera and P. menziesii were interconnected by an extensive network of EM mycelium. Carbon transferred through EM connections was distinguished from that through soil pathways by comparing microcosms where interconnecting hyphae were left intact vs. those where they were severed immediately before labelling. Transfer was bidirectional, and represented 5 % of total isotope uptake by both B. papyrifera and P. menziesii together. P. menziesii received on average: 50 % more C-14 and 66 % more C-13 from paper birch than vice versa, however, differences between species were not statistically significant. Neither net nor bidirectional transfer differed between severing treatments, leaving in question the relative importance of EM hyphae versus soil transfer pathways. The tendency for P. menziesii to receive more isotope than B. papyrifera corresponded with a 10-fold greater net photosynthetic rate per seedling and two-fold greater foliar N concentration of B. papyrifera than P. menziesii. C1 OKANAGAN UNIV COLL, DEPT BIOL, KELOWNA, BC V1V 1V7, CANADA. OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT FOREST SCI, FORESTRY SCI LAB, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI, AGR & LIFE SCI LAB, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. US FOREST SERV, PACIFIC NW RES STN, FORESTRY SCI LAB, DEPT AGR, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. RP BRITISH COLUMBIA MINIST FORESTS, RES SECT, KAMLOOPS FOREST REG, 515 COLUMBIA ST, KAMLOOPS, BC V2C 2T7, CANADA. RI Myrold, David/E-1813-2011; Jones, melanie/A-5011-2012 OI Myrold, David/0000-0001-6418-226X; NR 54 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 6 U2 25 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0028-646X EI 1469-8137 J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 137 IS 3 BP 529 EP 542 DI 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00834.x PG 14 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YJ639 UT WOS:A1997YJ63900015 ER PT J AU Wagner, KU Wall, RJ StOnge, L Gruss, P WynshawBoris, A Garrett, L Li, ML Furth, PA Hennighausen, L AF Wagner, KU Wall, RJ StOnge, L Gruss, P WynshawBoris, A Garrett, L Li, ML Furth, PA Hennighausen, L TI Cre-mediated gene deletion in the mammary gland SO NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SITE-SPECIFIC RECOMBINATION; TETRACYCLINE-RESPONSIVE PROMOTER; TISSUE PLASMINOGEN-ACTIVATOR; ACIDIC PROTEIN GENE; TRANSGENIC MICE; TEMPORAL CONTROL; HA-RAS; EXPRESSION; MOUSE; CELLS AB To delete genes specifically from mammary tissue using the Cre-lox system,we have established transgenic mice expressing Cre recombinase under control of the WAP gene promoter and the MMTV LTR, Cre activity in these mice was evaluated by three criteria. First, the tissue distribution of Cre mRNA was analyzed, Second, an adenovirus carrying a reporter gene was used to determine expression at the level of single cells. Third, tissue specificity of Cre activity was determined in a mouse strain carrying a reporter gene, In adult MMTV-Cre mice expression of the transgene was confined to striated ductal cells of the salivary gland and mammary epithelial cells in virgin and lactating mice. Expression; of WAP-Cre was only detected in alveolar epithelial cells of mammary tissue during lactation, Analysis of transgenic mice carrying both the MMTV-Cre and the reporter transgenes revealed recombination in every tissue, In contrast, recombination mediated by Cre under control of the WAP gene promoter was largely restricted to the mammary gland but occasionally observed in the brain. These results show that transgenic mice with WAP-Cre but not MMTV-Cre can be used as a powerful tool to study gene function in development and tumorigenesis in the mammary gland. C1 NIDDKD,METAB & BIOCHEM LAB,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. NIH,NATL HUMAN GENOME RES INST,GENET DIS RES LAB,BETHESDA,MD 20892. USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20725. UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,DEPT MED,DIV INFECT DIS,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,INST HUMAN VIROL,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,DEPT PHYSIOL,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. MAX PLANCK INST BIOPHYS CHEM,DEPT MOL CELL BIOL,ABT 160,D-37018 GOTTINGEN,GERMANY. RI Wagner, Kay-Uwe/B-6044-2009 NR 27 TC 312 Z9 316 U1 0 U2 7 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0305-1048 J9 NUCLEIC ACIDS RES JI Nucleic Acids Res. PD NOV 1 PY 1997 VL 25 IS 21 BP 4323 EP 4330 DI 10.1093/nar/25.21.4323 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA YG737 UT WOS:A1997YG73700022 PM 9336464 ER PT J AU Kahlon, TS Chow, FI Irving, DW Sayre, RN AF Kahlon, TS Chow, FI Irving, DW Sayre, RN TI Cholesterol response and fatty streak formation in hamsters fed two levels of saturated fat and various levels of cholesterol SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE cholesterol; plasma; liver; hamster; saturated fat ID HYPERLIPIDEMIC HAMSTER; RICE BRAN; LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM; MESOCRICETUS-AURATUS; PLASMA-LIPOPROTEINS; AORTIC-ARCH; OAT BRAN; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; DIET; LIVER AB Two levels of saturated fat (31 and 39% of calories) and several levels of cholesterol were fed for 12 weeks to weanling male hamsters in order to evaluate their cholesterolemic response and fatty streak formation in the aortic arch. Diets contained 5% cellulose, 20% casein, and 15% butterfat plus 0, 0.05, 0.5 or 3% cholesterol (C), or 20% butterfat plus 0 or 0.5% C. Total plasma cholesterol (TC) was significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) elevated when dietary C was increased to 0.54% or higher with either fat diet compared with no or low C added diets (542-789 vs 282-315 mg/dl). With 3.04% C, plasma cholesterol values were significantly higher than with 0.54 or 0.56% C in diets containing either 15 or 20% fat (789 vs 542 or 623 mg/dl, respectively). Increased TC was mainly due to significant elevations in VLDL and LDL cholesterol levels, which resulted in a significant decrease in HDL/LDL cholesterol ratios. Reductions in HDL/LDL cholesterol ratios were similar in hamsters fed 15% fat with 0.54 or 3.04% cholesterol or 20% fat with 0.56% cholesterol. Liver cholesterol increased significantly with all diets containing added C. Fatty streak formation was significantly greater in animals fed 0.54, 0.56 or 3.04% added cholesterol with 15 or 20% fat diet compared with low (0.04 or 0.09%) C diets. Significant plasma and liver cholesterol elevations, low HDL/LDL cholesterol ratios and increased fatty streak formation along with lower metabolic stress suggest that a semipurified diet containing 15% fat and 0.54% C is appropriate for the development of type II or advanced lesions of atherosclerosis for progression and regression studies in hamsters. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. RP Kahlon, TS (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 35 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 17 IS 11-12 BP 1693 EP 1707 DI 10.1016/S0271-5317(97)00176-0 PG 15 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA YC054 UT WOS:A1997YC05400007 ER PT J AU Meydani, M AF Meydani, M TI Isoprostanes as oxidant stress markers in coronary reperfusion SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID IN-VIVO; FREE-RADICALS; NONCYCLOOXYGENASE; SERIES; DAMAGE AB The measurement of urinary levels of 8-epi-PGF(2 alpha) provides a noninvasive in vivo index of free radical generation and a relatively reliable index for the determination of oxidative stress and administration of antioxidant nutrients and drugs. RP Meydani, M (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 55 IS 11 BP 404 EP 407 PN 1 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA YK370 UT WOS:A1997YK37000006 PM 9420453 ER PT J AU O'Malley, VP Burke, RA Schlotzhauer, WS AF O'Malley, VP Burke, RA Schlotzhauer, WS TI Using GC-MS/Combustion/IRMS to determine the C-13/C-12 ratios of individual hydrocarbons produced from the combustion of biomass materials - application to biomass burning SO ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE stable carbon isotopes; GC-MS/C/IRMS; n-alkanes; PAH; biomass burning ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; NORMAL-ALKANE DISTRIBUTIONS; RECENT MARINE-SEDIMENTS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; CARBON ISOTOPE; PLANTS; ORIGIN; FIRES; COAL AB Simultaneous mass spectral detection and stable carbon isotope analysis was performed on individual indigenous n-alkanes isolated from single C-4 and C-3 plant species and on a series of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) produced from the combustion of these same biomass materials. The analysis technique used a combined gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometer (GC-MS/C/IRMS). Precision (2 sigma) for replicate measurements of individual compounds in standard solutions using this novel configuration ranged between 0.2 and 0.5 parts per thousand for n-alkanes and 0.3 and 0.8 parts per thousand for PAH. Accuracy of the n-alkane measurements ranged between 0.1 and 0.4 parts per thousand and that of the PAH measurements ranged between 0.2 and 0.9 parts per thousand. Replicate GC-MS/C/IRMS measurements on the combustion-derived n-alkene/alkane pairs were performed to within a precision of between 0.1 and 1.1 parts per thousand and the precision for the combustion PAH was similar to the standard PAH solution. No notable isotopic effects were observed when altering the temperature of the combustion process from 900 to 700 degrees C, or as a result of the individual n-alkenes/alkanes partitioning between the gaseous and condensate fractions. Combustion-derived n-alkenes/alkanes ranged from C-11 to C-31, and the C-4-derived n-alkenes/alkanes were approx. 8 parts per thousand more enriched in C-13 than the C-3-derived compounds. Both the C-4 and C-3-derived n-alkeneslalkanes (C-20-C-30) were isotopically similar to the indigenous n-alkanes and were 2-3 parts per thousand more depleted in C-13 than the lower mol. wt (C-11-C-19) n-alkenes/alkanes, suggesting an independent origin for the lower mol. wt compounds. Combustion-generated C-4 and C-3-derived 2-, 3-, and 4-ring PAH were also isotopically distinct (Delta delta = 10 parts per thousand). Unlike the n-alkenes/alkanes, no compound-to-compound variations were observed between the low and high mel. wt PAH. This study demonstrates that the isotopic composition of original plant biomass material is mainly preserved in the aliphatic hydrocarbons and PAH generated by its combustion. Consequently, analyses of these compounds in sediments impacted by fire occurrences may provide useful information about paleo-fire activity that may help elucidate the impact biomass burning may have had and could have on climate-biosphere interactions. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Res Council, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. USDA, Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP O'Malley, VP (reprint author), Forbairt, Atmosphere Environm Dept, Dublin 9, Ireland. NR 54 TC 62 Z9 71 U1 2 U2 27 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0146-6380 J9 ORG GEOCHEM JI Org. Geochem. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 27 IS 7-8 BP 567 EP 581 DI 10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00087-9 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YT905 UT WOS:000071658300015 ER PT J AU Turano, FJ Kramer, GF Wang, CY AF Turano, FJ Kramer, GF Wang, CY TI The effect of methionine, ethylene and polyamine catabolic intermediates on polyamine accumulation in detached soybean leaves SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE fabaceae; GABA; Glycine max; soybean ID GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; HIGHER-PLANTS; DECARBOXYLASE ACTIVITY; PEA-SEEDLINGS; BIOSYNTHESIS; METABOLISM; INHIBITION; SPERMIDINE; RADIATION; DARKNESS AB In the present study we determined the effects of methionine, intermediates of polyamine catabolic pathways and inhibitors of either ethylene biosynthetic or polyamine catabolic pathways on polyamine accumulation in soybean leaves. Inhibitors to SAM decarboxylase and spermidine synthase, methylglyloxal-bis-(guanylhydrazone) and cyclohexylamine, respectively, suggest that methionine may provide aminopropyl groups for the synthesis of polyamine via S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). Results from experiments that utilized a combination of compounds which altered either ethylene or polyamine biosynthesis, namely, aminoethoxyvinyl glycine, CoSO4, 2,5-norbornadiene, and CuSO4, suggest the two pathways compete for a common precursor. However, exogenous addition of ethylene (via ethephon treatments) had little or no effect on polyamine biosynthesis. Likewise, polyamine treatments had little or no effect on ethylene biosynthesis. These data suggest that there are few or no inhibitory effects from the end products of one pathway on the synthesis of the other. Data from leaves treated with metabolic intermediates in the catabolic pathway of polyamines and inhibitors of enzymes in the catabolic pathway, i.e. aminoguanidine, hydroxyethyldrazine and gabaculine, suggest that the observed increases in polyamine titers were not due to decreased catabolism of the polyamines. One catabolic intermediate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), elevated putrescine, spermidine and spermine by 12-, 1.4-, and 2-fold, respectively. Ethylene levels decreased (25%) in GABA-treated leaves. This small decrease in ethylene could not account for such large increase in putrescine titers. Further analysis demonstrated that the GABA-mediated polyamine accumulation was inhibited by difluoromethylarginine, an inhibitor of arginine decarboxylase, but not by difluoromethylornithine, an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase. These data suggest that GABA directly or indirectly affects the biosynthesis of polyamines via arginine decarboxylase. C1 ARS,HORT CROPS QUAL LAB,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Turano, FJ (reprint author), ARS,CLIMATE STRESS LAB,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 51 TC 22 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 2 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 101 IS 3 BP 510 EP 518 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1997.1010309.x PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YH888 UT WOS:A1997YH88800009 ER PT J AU Burkey, KO Wilson, RF Wells, R AF Burkey, KO Wilson, RF Wells, R TI Effects of canopy shade on the lipid composition of soybean leaves SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE canopy shade; chloroplast; fatty acids; Glycine max; light environment; lipids; soybean; triacylglycerol ID MALE-STERILE SOYBEANS; PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACCLIMATION; MONOCARPIC SENESCENCE; LUCERNE CANOPY; WATER-STRESS; LEAF; FIELD; PLANTS; COTTON AB The effect of canopy shade on leaf lipid composition was examined in soybeans (Glycine max cv. Young) grown under field conditions. Expanding leaves were tagged at 50, 58 and 65 days after planting (DAP) in plots with either a high (10 plants m(-1) row) or low (1 plant m(-1) row) plant density. At 92 DAP, light conditions ranged from a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 87% of full sun with a far-red/red (735 nm/645 nm) ratio of 0.9 at upper canopy leaves to extreme shade where the PPFD was 10% of full sun with a far-red/red ratio greater than 6. Highly shaded leaves in the high plant density treatment accumulated triacylglycerol (TG) up to 25% of total leaf lipid, a 2.4-fold increase in TG on a chlorophyll basis compared to leaves in the upper canopy. Although total polar lipid content was reduced up to 50% in shaded leaves, shade had little affect on the lipid content or composition of thylakoid membranes. Shade did not affect leaf chlorophyll content. Therefore, the changes in leaf lipid composition were not related to senescence. These findings suggest that conditions of low irradiance and/or a high FR/R ratio cause a shift in carbon metabolism toward the accumulation of TG, a storage lipid. Eighteen-carbon fatty acid desaturation was also affected in highly shaded leaves where a reduction in linolenic acid (18:3) content was accompanied by a proportional increase in oleic (18:1) and linoleic (18:2) acids. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP Burkey, KO (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 28 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 6 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 101 IS 3 BP 591 EP 598 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1997.1010320.x PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YH888 UT WOS:A1997YH88800020 ER PT J AU Terashima, N Atalla, RH Vanderhart, DL AF Terashima, N Atalla, RH Vanderhart, DL TI Solid state NMR spectroscopy of specifically C-13-enriched lignin in wheat straw from coniferin SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Triticum aestivum; wheat; Gramineae; C-13-enrichment; solid state C-13 NMR spectroscopy; coniferin; lignin; lignin structure; interunit linkages ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; SIDE-CHAIN CARBONS; SELECTIVE C-13 ENRICHMENT; MILLED WOOD LIGNIN; DEFINED MORPHOLOGICAL PARTS; CELL-WALL LIGNIFICATION; STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION; RADIOTRACER METHOD; BETA-GLUCOSIDASE; POLYMER MODELS AB Three coniferins, specifically C-13-enriched at side chain alpha, beta and gamma carbons, and natural abundance (unenriched) coniferin were administered to internode cavities of lignifying culms of dwarf wheat. Difference C-13 CP/MAS spectra were obtained between the spectra of the coniferin-fed and the unfed wheat straws, or between the spectra of straws fed with enriched coniferin and unenriched coniferin. The difference spectra indicated that, although the feeding of coniferin increased the lignin content slightly, the normal lignification process was not affected seriously by feeding of the precursor. The lignin derived from the coniferin in the wheat stalk was specifically C-13-enriched at the positions corresponding to the fed precursors. It is estimated that of the total lignin associated with the bottom and top sections of the wheat straws, respectively, 15.4 +/- 2.0 and 9.5 +/- 2.5% of the lignin originated from the labelled coniferin. The percentages of the major dimeric substructures of enriched lignin in the top and bottom of internodes, respectively, are: beta-O-4 including beta-O-4/alpha-O-R (R = carbohydrates and lignols), 74 +/- 1.5 and 65 +/- 1.5%; combined beta-5, beta-beta and B-I structures, 18 +/- 1.5 and 28 +/- 1.5%; and combined coniferyl alcohol and aldehyde end groups, 8 +/- 1.5 and 6 +/- 1.5%. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NIST, DIV POLYMERS, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20899 USA. RP USDA, FOREST PROD LAB, MADISON, WI 53705 USA. NR 41 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 21 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD NOV PY 1997 VL 46 IS 5 BP 863 EP 870 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00359-2 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA YF763 UT WOS:A1997YF76300010 ER PT J AU Pusey, PL AF Pusey, PL TI Crab apple blossoms as a model for research on biological control of fire blight SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HAWTHORN CRATAEGUS-MONOGYNA; ERWINIA-AMYLOVORA; PSEUDOMONAS-FLUORESCENS; PEAR BLOSSOMS; ANTAGONISTIC BACTERIA; PROTECTED CONDITIONS; HERBICOLA; STIGMA; OXYTETRACYCLINE; STREPTOMYCIN AB Nonseasonal availability of pomaceous flowers could improve laboratory detection and prefield testing of biocontrol agents for fire blight of pear and apple. Crab apple was selected as a model because of its high flower productivity on 1-year-old wood, high susceptibility to fire blight, and availability from nurseries. Cultivars Manchurian and Snowdrift were manipulated to bloom once by transferring dormant nursery trees from a cold room to a greenhouse and a second time by defoliating trees and applying 1% cytokinin and 0.1% gibberellins to the buds with a brush. Different sets of trees were induced at different times to bloom, so that flowers were produced 12 months in the year. When known bacterial antagonists (Erwinia herbicola strain C9-1 and Pseudomonas fluorescens strain A506) were applied alone or in combination to the stigmas of detached crab apple blossoms prior to inoculation with the pathogen (E. amylovora strain Ea153), population interactions over time were comparable to those reported in previous studies involving pear or apple. In a subsequent series of experiments, the relative effects of 12 bacterial strains on stigmatic populations of strain Ea153 were similar for detached blossoms of crab apple in the laboratory, blossoms of intact crab apple trees in the greenhouse, and blossoms of pear and apple in the field. Additionally, when stigmas of detached crab apple blossoms were inoculated with antagonists (strains C9-1 and A506) and the pathogen, and later subjected to a 24-h wetting period, bacterial populations in the flower hypanthium increased and disease was suppressed. These studies indicate that crab apple blossoms can serve as a suitable model for year-round evaluation and study of biocontrol agents for fire blight. RP Pusey, PL (reprint author), USDA ARS,TREE FRUIT RES LAB,1104 N WESTERN AVE,WENATCHEE,WA 98801, USA. NR 31 TC 68 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD NOV PY 1997 VL 87 IS 11 BP 1096 EP 1102 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1997.87.11.1096 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YD867 UT WOS:A1997YD86700002 PM 18945005 ER PT J AU Duffy, BK Ownley, BH Weller, DM AF Duffy, BK Ownley, BH Weller, DM TI Soil chemical and physical properties associated with suppression of take-all of wheat by Trichoderma koningii SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biological control; edaphic parameters; Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici; soilborne pathogen; tract minerals; Triticum aestivum ID GRAMINIS VAR TRITICI; PSEUDOMONAS-FLUORESCENS 2-79; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; GAEUMANNOMYCES-GRAMINIS; NITRATE-NITROGEN; PLANT-PATHOGENS; RHIZOSPHERE; PH; MICROORGANISMS; ANTIBIOTICS AB Trichoderma koningii, originally isolated from a take-all-suppressive soil in Western Australia, has been shown to protect wheat against take all disease and increase grain yield in field trials in Australia, China, and the United States. However, within a region, the level of protection provided by T. koningii can dramatically Vary between field sites. We evaluated suppression of take-all by this fungus in eight silt loams from the Pacific Northwest of the United States and the influence of 21 abiotic soil parameters on biocontrol activity. While T. koningii significantly increased plant growth and reduced disease severity in all eight silt loams, the level of protection varied significantly among the soils. Disease suppression was not associated with the conduciveness of a soil to take-all, but rather to the supportiveness of a soil to biocontrol activity. Biocontrol activity was positively correlated with iron, nitrate-nitrogen, boron, copper, soluble magnesium, and percent clay, and negatively correlated with soil pH and available phosphorus. Principal component factor analysis using these eight variables resulted in a three-component solution that accounted for 95% of the variation in disease rating. Least squares regression analysis (R-2 = 0.992) identified a model that included nitrate-nitrogen, soil pH, copper, and soluble magnesium, and described the variance in take-all suppression by T. koningii. Potential applications of these results include amending soil or inoculants with beneficial factors that may be lacking in the target sail and customizing biocontrol treatments far sites that have parameters predictive of a favorable environment for disease suppression. C1 USDA ARS, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, DEPT PLANT PATHOL, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. UNIV TENNESSEE, DEPT ENTOMOL & PLANT PATHOL, KNOXVILLE, TN 37996 USA. NR 47 TC 63 Z9 76 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD NOV PY 1997 VL 87 IS 11 BP 1118 EP 1124 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1997.87.11.1118 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YD867 UT WOS:A1997YD86700005 PM 18945008 ER PT J AU Guo, BZ Chen, ZY Brown, RL Lax, AR Cleveland, TE Russin, JS Mehta, AD Selitrennikoff, CP Widstrom, NW AF Guo, BZ Chen, ZY Brown, RL Lax, AR Cleveland, TE Russin, JS Mehta, AD Selitrennikoff, CP Widstrom, NW TI Germination induces accumulation of specific proteins and antifungal activities in corn kernels SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biochemical mechanism; maize; mycotoxin; Zea mays ID RIBOSOME-INACTIVATING PROTEIN; MAIZE KERNELS; ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS; TRANSGENIC TOBACCO; MOLECULAR-CLONING; RESISTANCE; PLANTS; AFLATOXIN; POLYACRYLAMIDE; REGISTRATION AB This study examined protein induction and accumulation during imbibition and germination of corn kernels, as well as antifungal activities of extracts from germinating kernels against Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium moniliforme. Genotypes studied included GT-MAS:gk and Mp420, which are resistant to A. flavus infection and aflatoxin accumulation, and Pioneer 3154 and Deltapine G-4666, which are susceptible to A. flavus infection and aflatoxin accumulation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis resolved five protein bands that were present at higher concentrations in germinated kernels than in nongerminated kernels. Western blot analyses revealed that one of these proteins reacted with the 22-kDa zeamatin antiserum, and a zeamatin-like protein accumulated to a higher concentration in germinated kernels. Two protein bands from dry kernels that reacted with ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) antiserum were identified as the 32-kDa proRIP-like form and an 18-kDa peptide of the two peptides that form active RIP. However, in germinated kernels, two protein bands that reacted with RIP antiserum were identified as two RIP-like peptides with a molecular mass of approximate to 18 and 9 kDa. Purified RIP and zeamatin from corn inhibited growth of A. flavus. Bioassays of germinated kernel extracts from all four genotypes exhibited antifungal activity against A. flavus and F. moniliforme, with extracts from the susceptible genotypes showing greater inhibition zones. This study provides evidence of protein induction in corn kernels during imbibition or the early stages of germination, and the induced proteins may be related to our previous findings of germination-associated resistance in the corn kernel, especially in the susceptible kernels. C1 LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,CTR AGR,DEPT PLANT PATHOL & CROP PHYSIOL,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. USDA,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT,RALEIGH,NC 27695. UNIV COLORADO,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT CELLULAR & STRUCT BIOL,DENVER,CO 80262. RP Guo, BZ (reprint author), USDA ARS,PLANT RESISTANCE GERMPLASM ENHANCEMENT RES UNIT,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. NR 30 TC 58 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD NOV PY 1997 VL 87 IS 11 BP 1174 EP 1178 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1997.87.11.1174 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YD867 UT WOS:A1997YD86700013 PM 18945015 ER PT J AU Andrade, G Esteban, E Velasco, L Lorite, MJ Bedmar, EJ AF Andrade, G Esteban, E Velasco, L Lorite, MJ Bedmar, EJ TI Isolation and identification of N-2-fixing microorganisms from the rhizosphere of Capparis spinosa (L.) SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE Agrobacterium; Capparis spinosa; Comamonas; N-2 fixation; Pseudomonas; rhizosphere; Sphingobacterium ID NITROGEN-FIXATION; SPHINGOBACTERIUM-MULTIVORUM; SP-NOV; BACTERIA; SEQUENCES; PLASMID; GENES AB Four bacterial strains, Pseudomonas stutzeri var. mendocina, Comamonas sp., Agrobacterium tumefaciens biovar. 2 and Sphingobacterium sp., isolated from the rhizosphere of wild-grown caper (Capparis spinosa L.) plants were able to fix N-2 as shown by their growth in nitrogen-free medium and by the acetylene reduction test. P. stutzeri var. mendocina and Comamonas sp. contained DNA homologous to the Klebsiella pneumoniae M5al nifHDK genes. No hybridization was found with total DNA from either A. tumefaciens biovar. 2 or Sphingobacterium sp. using nifHDK probes from either K. pneumoniae or Rhizobium meliloti. C1 CSIC, Estac Expt Zaidin, Dept Agroecol & Protect Vegetal, E-18080 Granada, Spain. CSIC, Estac Expt Zaidin, Dept Microbiol Suelo & Sistemas Simbiot, E-18080 Granada, Spain. RP Andrade, G (reprint author), USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, 3420 NW Orchard Ave, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM ejbedmar@eez.csic.es RI Velasco, Leonardo/B-7610-2011; Andrade, Galdino/B-3757-2012; Lorite, Maria/L-1696-2014 OI Velasco, Leonardo/0000-0001-6638-1035; Lorite, Maria/0000-0003-2911-2439 NR 32 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD NOV PY 1997 VL 197 IS 1 BP 19 EP 23 DI 10.1023/A:1004211909641 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA YP813 UT WOS:000071317700003 ER PT J AU Barak, P Jobe, BO Krueger, AR Peterson, LA Laird, DA AF Barak, P Jobe, BO Krueger, AR Peterson, LA Laird, DA TI Effects of long-term soil acidification due to nitrogen fertilizer inputs in Wisconsin SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE acidity; cation exchange capacity; exchangeable acidity; N fertilizers; organic anions ID NITRATE AB Agroecosystems are domesticated ecosystems intermediate between natural ecosystems and fabricated ecosystems, and occupy nearly one-third of the land areas of the earth. Chemical perturbations as a result of human activity are particularly likely in agroecosystems because of the intensity of that activity, which include nutrient inputs intended to supplement native nutrient pools and to support greater biomass production and removal. At a long-term fertility trial in South-Central Wisconsin, USA, significant increases in exchangeable acidity were accompanied by decreases in cation exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation, and exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ with application of ammoniacal N fertilizer. Plant analysis shows that a considerable portion of the alkalinity generated by assimilation of N (and to a lesser extent by S) is sequestered in the above-ground plant parts as organic anions and is not returned to the soil if harvested. Elemental analysis of Ca-saturated soil clays indicates an loss of 16% of the CEC of the soil clay and minor increases in Fe and Al. The reversibility of these changes due to prolonged acidification is doubtful if the changes are due to soil weathering. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Natl Agr Res Inst, Yundum, Gambia. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA USA. RP Barak, P (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, 1525 Observ Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Laird, David/E-8598-2014 NR 33 TC 125 Z9 154 U1 5 U2 84 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD NOV PY 1997 VL 197 IS 1 BP 61 EP 69 DI 10.1023/A:1004297607070 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA YP813 UT WOS:000071317700008 ER PT J AU Curie, C McCormick, S AF Curie, C McCormick, S TI A strong inhibitor of gene expression in the 5' untranslated region of the pollen-specific LAT59 gene of tomato SO PLANT CELL LA English DT Article ID POLY(A) TAIL FUNCTION; MESSENGER-RNA; C-MYC; POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; TUBE GROWTH; TRANSCRIPTION; TRANSLATION; PLANT; SEQUENCES AB Promoter sequences that direct pollen-specific expression have been previously identified in the LAT59 (for late anther tomato) gene. Here, we show that the LAT59 sequences encoding the 5' untranslated region inhibit expression of reporter genes by >20-fold in transient expression experiments and up to 300-fold after stable transformation. Inhibition occurred in somatic cells as well as in pollen. Our results indicate that the inhibitor still functions after pollen germination and therefore does not modulate the level of the LAT59 protein during pollen development. The presence of the leader sequence dramatically decreased mRNA accumulation but without affecting translation rate and mRNA stability. We believe that the leader inhibits transcription. We mapped the inhibitor to a region in the leader that coincides with a putative stem-loop and present evidence that this stem-loop participates in inhibition. C1 USDA ARS,CTR PLANT GENE EXPRESS,ALBANY,CA 94710. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,ALBANY,CA 94710. OI McCormick, Sheila/0000-0001-9106-9385 NR 54 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 1040-4651 J9 PLANT CELL JI Plant Cell PD NOV PY 1997 VL 9 IS 11 BP 2025 EP 2036 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA YJ507 UT WOS:A1997YJ50700014 PM 9401125 ER PT J AU Jung, R Nam, YW Saalbach, I Muntz, K Nielsen, NC AF Jung, R Nam, YW Saalbach, I Muntz, K Nielsen, NC TI Role of the sulfhydryl redox state and disulfide bonds in processing and assembly of 11S seed globulins SO PLANT CELL LA English DT Article ID LEGUMIN GENE FAMILY; VICIA-FABA L; ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM; POSTTRANSLATIONAL CLEAVAGE; TRANSGENIC TOBACCO; STORAGE PROTEIN; GLYCININ; ISOMERASE; POLYPEPTIDES; PROGLYCININ AB Seed legumins contain two conserved disulfide bonds: an interchain bond (IE) connecting the acidic and basic chains and an intrachain bond (IA) internal to the acidic chain. Mutant subunits were constructed in which these disulfide bonds were disrupted. Oxidized glutathione stimulated the rate of assembly of trimers with unmodified prolegumin subunits. Stimulation was not detected during assembly of IE mutant subunits and was diminished for the IA mutant. Hexamer assembly with trimers of mature unmodified subunits required oxidizing conditions. Trimers composed of mature IE mutants did not form hexamers. Both mutant and non-mutant subunits accumulated in hexamers when the cDNAs were expressed in tobacco. Hexamer assembly in seeds probably involved trimers with a mixture of mutant and non-mutant subunits. Similarly, mixed trimers that were a mixture of mutant and non-mutant subunits assembled into hexamers in vitro. The results demonstrate the importance of disulfide bonds during the assembly of 11S globulins. C1 PURDUE UNIV,USDA ARS,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. PURDUE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. PURDUE UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. INST PLANT GENET & CROP PLANT RES,D-06466 GATERSLEBEN,GERMANY. NR 54 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 1040-4651 J9 PLANT CELL JI Plant Cell PD NOV PY 1997 VL 9 IS 11 BP 2037 EP 2050 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA YJ507 UT WOS:A1997YJ50700015 PM 9401126 ER PT J AU Pachepsky, LB Acock, B HoffmanBenning, S Willmitzer, L Fisahn, J AF Pachepsky, LB Acock, B HoffmanBenning, S Willmitzer, L Fisahn, J TI Estimation of the anatomical, stomatal and biochemical components of differences in photosynthesis and transpiration of wild-type and transgenic (expressing yeast-derived invertase targeted to the vacuole) tobacco leaves. (vol 20, pg 1070, 1997) SO PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Correction, Addition RP Pachepsky, LB (reprint author), USDA ARS,RSML,BARC W,BLDG 007,ROOM 008,10300 BALTIMORE AVE,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. RI Willmitzer, Lothar/F-7377-2011 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0140-7791 J9 PLANT CELL ENVIRON JI Plant Cell Environ. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 20 IS 11 BP 1438 EP 1438 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YK358 UT WOS:A1997YK35800012 ER PT J AU Ravelonandro, M Scorza, R Bachelier, JC Labonne, G Levy, L Damsteegt, V Callahan, AM Dunez, J AF Ravelonandro, M Scorza, R Bachelier, JC Labonne, G Levy, L Damsteegt, V Callahan, AM Dunez, J TI Resistance of transgenic Prunus domestica to plum pox virus infection SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID COMPLETE NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; PROTEIN-MEDIATED RESISTANCE; COAT PROTEIN; POTYVIRUS DETECTION; RNA; PLANTS; ASSAY; GENE; EXPRESSION; STRAIN AB Transgenic plum trees (Prunus domestica) containing the plum Fox potyvirus coat protein (PPV-CP) gene were inoculated with PPV by aphid feeding or chip budding. Infection was monitored by evaluation of virus symptoms, DAS-ELISA, and immunoblot assays. Based on observations and analyses over 3 years including two dormancy cycles, one out of five transgenic clones (C-5), was found to be resistant to infection whether inoculated by aphids or by chip budding. PPV could not be detected in any inoculated plants of the C-5 clone by immunoblot or immunocapture-reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays. To our knowledge, this is the first P. domestica clone resistant to PPV infection produced by genetic engineering. C1 USDA,ARS,APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25436. INRA,PATHOL VEGETALE STN,BORDEAUX,FRANCE. ENSAM,INRA,LAB ZOOL AGRICOLE,F-34000 MONTPELLIER,FRANCE. USDA,APHIS,PPQ,PLANT METHODS DEV LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA,ARS,FOREIGN DIS WEED SCI RES UNIT,FREDERICK,MD 21702. USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430. RP Ravelonandro, M (reprint author), INRA,PATHOL VEGETALE STN,CTR RECH BORDEAUX,BP 81,F-33883 VILLENAVE DORNON,FRANCE. NR 41 TC 83 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 81 IS 11 BP 1231 EP 1235 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.11.1231 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YD503 UT WOS:A1997YD50300002 ER PT J AU Figueira, AR Domier, LL DArcy, CJ AF Figueira, AR Domier, LL DArcy, CJ TI Comparison of techniques for detection of barley yellow dwarf virus PAV-IL SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE dot blot; luteovirus ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; POTATO LEAFROLL VIRUS; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION; DOT-BLOT; LUTEOVIRUSES; CHEMILUMINESCENT; PCR; HYBRIDIZATION; PURIFICATION; DIAGNOSIS AB Detection of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV)-PAV-IL by an improved nucleic acid hybridization technique, using a nonradioactive probe with chromogenic and chemiluminescent substrates, was compared with detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) with polyclonal antibodies, and triple antibody sandwich ELISA with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Each method was used to detect purified virus and virus in sap extracts from infected oat leaves. The detection limits for both ELISA procedures were I ng of purified BYDV-PAV-IL and the equivalent of 78 ng of infected tissue. Nucleic acid hybridization with either chemiluminescent or chromogenic substrates also detected as little as I ng of purified BYDV-PAV-IL, but it was slightly more sensitive at detecting virus in tissue extracts (25 ng of infected tissue). The most sensitive detection technique was PCR amplification, which could detect as little as 0.1 pg of RNA extracted from purified virus and detected viral RNA in the equivalent of 0.5 pg of infected leaf tissue. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,USDA ARS,CROP PROTECT UNIT,URBANA,IL 61801. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,URBANA,IL 61801. RP Figueira, AR (reprint author), UFLA,DEPT FITOPATOL,LAVRAS,MG,BRAZIL. NR 28 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 81 IS 11 BP 1236 EP 1240 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.11.1236 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YD503 UT WOS:A1997YD50300003 ER PT J AU Kaiser, WJ Kusmenoglu, I AF Kaiser, WJ Kusmenoglu, I TI Distribution of mating types and the teleomorph of Ascochyta rabiei on chickpea in Turkey SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID DIDYMELLA-RABIEI; BLIGHT; STRAW; SPAIN AB One hundred forty-five isolates of Ascochyta rabiei, the cause of Ascochyta blight of chickpea, were collected from chickpea (Cicer arietinum) in 23 provinces of Turkey. Each isolate was tested for mating type with compatible MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 tester isolates. Both mating types were found in 18 provinces. Of the isolates tested, 59% were MAT1-1 and 41% were MAT1-2. A great deal of variation in cultural characteristics was observed among the Turkish isolates in mycelial growth, sporulation, and colony appearance. Mature pseudothecia of Didymella rabiei, the teleomorph (sexual state) of A. rabiei, developed on naturally infested chickpea debris collected in 15 of 20 provinces when incubated under favorable conditions. This is a new geographic record for D. rabiei. The teleomorph may play an important role in long-distance dissemination of the pathogen and in increasing genetic diversity in the pathogen population in Turkey. C1 MINIST AGR, CENT RES INST FIELD CROPS, ANKARA, TURKEY. RP Kaiser, WJ (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, USDA ARS, WESTERN REG PLANT INTRODUCT STN, POB 646402, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. NR 21 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 81 IS 11 BP 1284 EP 1287 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.11.1284 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YD503 UT WOS:A1997YD50300012 ER PT J AU Smilanick, JL Michael, LF Mansour, MF Mackey, BE Margosan, DA Flores, D Weist, CF AF Smilanick, JL Michael, LF Mansour, MF Mackey, BE Margosan, DA Flores, D Weist, CF TI Improved control of green mold of citrus with imazalil in warm water compared with its use in wax SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID REDUCE CHILLING INJURY; PENICILLIUM-DIGITATUM; VALENCIA ORANGES; HOT-WATER; DECAY; FRUIT; RESISTANT; RESIDUES; BIOTYPES; LEMONS AB The effectiveness of imazalil for the control of citrus green mold (caused by Penicillium digitatum) improved significantly when fruit were treated with heated aqueous solutions of the fungicide as compared with the current commercial practice of spraying wax containing imazalil on fruit. When applied at less than 500 mu g.ml(-1) in solutions heated to 37.8 degrees C, control of postharvest green mold of citrus was significantly superior to applications of 4,200 mu g.ml(-1) imazalil in wax sprayed on fruit at ambient temperatures. The improvement in imazalil efficacy was obtained with a decrease in fungicide residues on the fruit. Residues of about 3.5 mu g.g(-1) imazalil deposited by the application of imazalil in wax reduced the incidence of green mold on lemons from 94.4% among untreated controls to 15.1%, whereas an equal residue deposited by passing fruit through heated aqueous imazalil reduced green mold incidence to 1.3%. Similar differences were found in tests with oranges. Residues of 2 and 3.5 mu g.g(-1) imazalil were needed to control the sporulation of P. digitatum on oranges and lemons. respectively. The mode of application of imazalil did not influence control of sporulation. The influence of:immersion time, imazalil concentration, and solution temperature on imazalil residues on oranges and lemons was determined in tests using commercial packing equipment, and a model that describes residue deposition was developed. Residues after a 30- or 60-s treatment in heated aqueous imazalil were sufficient to control sporulation, but residues after 15-s treatments were too low and required an additional application of 1,070 mu g.ml(-1) imazalil in wax to deposit an amount of imazalil sufficient to control sporulation. An imazalil-resistant isolate of P. digitatum was significantly controlled by heated aqueous imazalil. The incidence of green mold of navel oranges was reduced from 98.8 to 17.4% by treatment in 410 mu g.ml(-1) imazalil at 40.6 degrees C for 90 s. However, control of the resistant isolate required imazalil residues on the fruit of 7.9 mu g.g(-1), which is within the U.S. tolerance of 10 mu g.g(-1) but above the 5 mu g.g(-1) tolerance of some countries that import citrus fruit from the United States. C1 LLC,ADV PACKINGHOUSE SYST,FRESNO,CA 93791. USDA ARS,BIOMETR UNIT,ALBANY,CA 94710. DIVERSIFIED AGR CONSULTANTS,UPLAND,CA 91786. RP Smilanick, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS,HORT CROPS RES LAB,2021 S PEACH AVE,FRESNO,CA 93727, USA. NR 25 TC 48 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 81 IS 11 BP 1299 EP 1304 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.11.1299 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YD503 UT WOS:A1997YD50300015 ER PT J AU Gottwald, TR Graham, JH Riley, TD AF Gottwald, TR Graham, JH Riley, TD TI The influence of spray adjuvants on exacerbation of citrus bacterial spot SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE citrus canker; mesophyll infection; water soaking ID CAMPESTRIS PV CITRUMELO; FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM; XANTHOMONAS-CAMPESTRIS; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; STRAINS; FLORIDA; LEAF; NURSERIES; CANKER; SUSCEPTIBILITY AB The effect of adjuvants on the spread of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citrumelo applied to nursery plots of citrus (Citrus spp.) rootstock trees in simulated wind-blown rain was studied. Commercial adjuvants tested included a penetrant-surfactant, the penetrant or surfactant components of the penetrant-surfactant alone, an antitranspirant, a surfactant, or 1 of 3 formulations of a spreader-binder. Individual rows were treated with the adjuvants or water alone as a control. Bacterial dispersal gradients in all rows were similar and extended the entire 7 m of the nursery rows. Disease incidence, number of lesions per plant, and lesion diameters were determined at selected assay points in each row 28 days after the event. The penetrant-surfactant and its surfactant component significantly increased the total number of lesions per plant and mean lesion diameters compared to the water control. The disease gradient slopes associated with the penetrant-surfactant and its surfactant component were significantly flatter and more extensive than the water control. The penetrant component of the penetrant-surfactant, the antitranspirant, and two spreader-binders adjuvants did not significantly alter the disease gradient compared to the water control. Lesion sizes and numbers were also increased by a surfactant product and the surfactant component of the penetrant-surfactant, but not by the penetrant component of the penetrant-surfactant, the antitranspirant, or the three spreader-binder formulations. These results suggest that surfactants which induce stomatal flooding may enhance infection and exacerbate citrus bacterial epidemics. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,IFAS,CREC,LAKE ALFRED,FL 33850. RP Gottwald, TR (reprint author), USDA ARS,2120 CAMDEN RD,ORLANDO,FL 32803, USA. RI Graham, James/B-7049-2008 NR 39 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 81 IS 11 BP 1305 EP 1310 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.11.1305 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YD503 UT WOS:A1997YD50300016 ER PT J AU Thomas, PE Pike, KS Reed, GL AF Thomas, PE Pike, KS Reed, GL TI Role of green peach aphid flights in the epidemiology of potato leaf roll disease in the Columbia Basin SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE beet western yellows virus; Capsella bursa-pastoris; rapeseed; Sisymbrium altissimum; suction trap ID VIRUS AB Three distinct and highly predictable green peach aphid (GPA) (Myzus persicae) flights that occur seasonally in the spring, summer, and fall were detected at a southern, central, and northern location in the Columbia Basin of the Northwestern United States. Intensity and timing of the flights was approximately the same at the three locations. Timing and number of alatae captured in the spring and summer flights was associated with heat unit accumulation. The spring flight, which originates on the overwintering peach tree host, colonized but did not introduce potato leafroll virus (PLRV) into virus-free potato plots. The summer flight, which originates from volunteer potatoes and spring herbs originally colonized by the spring flight, did introduce PLRV into virus-free potatoes. The fall flight was too late to affect potato production. When plots contained a point source of PLRV, the virus spread rapidly in a plant-to-plant mode to all plants in plots after aphids arrived in the spring. Rate of spread from point sources of infection was not affected by timing or intensity of the spring flight, but timing of virus spread in the plots depended on time of arrival of the aphids. Once PLRV was introduced to virus-free plots by the summer flight, virus spread to other plants within the plots. GPA overwintered on peach trees. Although GPA apterae and alatae were present on winter annual weed and crop hosts in the fall, none survived winters on these species. In addition to the GPA, one other vector of PLRV, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, was rarely collected in aphid traps. These results suggest that chemical control of aphids could be delayed until mid-July if PLRV-free potato seed were available. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,CTR IRRIGATED AGR RES & EXTENS CTR,PROSSER,WA 99350. HERMISTON AGR RES & EXTENS CTR,HERMISTON,OR 97838. RP Thomas, PE (reprint author), USDA ARS,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 19 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 81 IS 11 BP 1311 EP 1316 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.11.1311 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YD503 UT WOS:A1997YD50300017 ER PT J AU Alderman, SC Pfender, WF Welty, RE Mellbye, ME Cook, RL Spatafora, JW Putnam, M AF Alderman, SC Pfender, WF Welty, RE Mellbye, ME Cook, RL Spatafora, JW Putnam, M TI Report of choke, caused by Epichloe typhina, on orchardgrass in Oregon. SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. OREGON STATE UNIV,EXTENS SERV,ALBANY,OR 97231. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP Alderman, SC (reprint author), ARS,USDA,NATL FORAGE SEED PROD RES CTR,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 0 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 81 IS 11 BP 1335 EP 1335 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.11.1335A PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YD503 UT WOS:A1997YD50300037 ER PT J AU Qin, MM Kuhn, R Moran, S Quail, PH AF Qin, MM Kuhn, R Moran, S Quail, PH TI Overexpressed phytochrome C has similar photosensory specificity to phytochrome B but a distinctive capacity to enhance primary leaf expansion SO PLANT JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA L; TRANSGENIC ARABIDOPSIS; OAT PHYTOCHROME; TERMINAL-DOMAIN; HYPOCOTYL ELONGATION; BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITY; REGULATORY ACTIVITY; RED RATIO; WILD-TYPE; LIGHT AB Phytochrome C (phyC) is a low-abundance member of the five-membered phytochrome family of photoreceptors in Arabidopsis. Towards developing an understanding of the photosensory and physiological functions of phyC, transgenic Arabidopsis plants were generated that overexpress cDNA-encoded phyC and seedling responses to continuous white, red, or far-red light (Wc, Rc or FRc, respectively) were examined. Transgenic seedlings overexpressing phyC displayed enhanced inhibition of hypocotyl elongation in Rc, but were unchanged in responsiveness to FRc relative to wild-type. These data indicate that phyC has photosensory specificity that is similar to that of phyB and thus distinct from that of phyA. phyC overexpressors with levels only 3 to 4 times the level of endogenous phyC exhibited enhanced primary leaf expansion in Wc. This is in contrast to phyA or phyB overexpressors which respectively have levels that are 500- and 100-fold that of overexpressed phyC but showed no enhancement of primary leaf expansion. Therefore, phyC may have some physiological roles that are different to those of phyA and phyB in the control of seedling responses to light signals. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. ARS, USDA, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Quail, PH (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 47 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-7412 J9 PLANT J JI Plant J. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 12 IS 5 BP 1163 EP 1172 DI 10.1046/j.1365-313X.1997.12051163.x PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YL827 UT WOS:000070997800018 PM 9418054 ER PT J AU Park, SH Pinson, SRM Smith, RH AF Park, SH Pinson, SRM Smith, RH TI T-DNA integration into genomic DNA of rice following Agrobacterium inoculation of isolated shoot apices (vol 32, pg 1135, 1996) SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Correction, Addition C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT SOIL & CROP SCI,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. USDA ARS,BEAUMONT,TX 77713. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 35 IS 4 BP 537 EP 537 DI 10.1023/A:1005739710154 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA YB847 UT WOS:A1997YB84700014 ER PT J AU Yermiyahu, U Brauer, DK Kinraide, TB AF Yermiyahu, U Brauer, DK Kinraide, TB TI Sorption of aluminum to plasma membrane vesicles isolated from roots of Scout 66 and Atlas 66 cultivars of wheat SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; CATION-EXCHANGE CAPACITY; SURFACE NEGATIVITY; TOLERANCE; ACID; RHIZOTOXICITY; PROTOPLASTS; EXUDATION; TOXICITY; BINDING AB To further elucidate the mechanisms of differential genotypic tolerance to Al, plasma membrane (PM) vesicles were isolated from whole roots, root tips, and tipless roots of Al3+-sensitive and Al3+ tolerant cultivars (cv) of wheat (Trificum aestivum L. cv Scout 66 and cv Atlas 66, respectively). Vesicles from cv Scout root tips sorbed more Al than vesicles prepared from any other source. The intrinsic surface-charge density of vesicles isolated from cv Scout was 26% more negative than vesicles from cv Atlas (-37.2 versus -29.5 millicoulombs m(-2)). Growth experiments indicated that cv Scout is slightly more sensitive to La3+ than is cv Atlas, that the cultivars are equally sensitive to H+, and that cv Atlas is slightly more sensitive to SeO42-. The difference in sensitivity to Al3+ was very large; for a 50% inhibition, a 16-fold greater activity of Al3+ was required for cv Atlas. Using a newly developed Gouy-Chapman-Stern model for ion sorption to the PM together with growth-response curves, we estimate that the difference in surface-charge density can account for the slightly greater sensitivity of cv Scout to cationic toxicants and the slightly greater sensitivity of cv Atlas to anionic toxicants. According to our estimates the differences in PM surface negativity and Al sorptive capacity probably account for some of the difference in sensitivity to Al3+, but the greater part of the difference probably arises from other tolerance mechanisms expressed in cv Atlas root tips that reduce the amount of Al3+ that can reach the PM. C1 ARS, APPALACHIAN SOIL & WATER CONSERVAT RES LAB, USDA, BEAVER, WV 25813 USA. NR 32 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 115 IS 3 BP 1119 EP 1125 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YF800 UT WOS:A1997YF80000029 ER PT J AU Chen, LS Bush, DR AF Chen, LS Bush, DR TI LHT1, a lysine- and histidine-specific amino acid transporter in Arabidopsis SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PLASMA-MEMBRANE VESICLES; HIGH-EFFICIENCY TRANSFORMATION; YEAST ARGININE PERMEASE; CULTURED TOBACCO CELLS; SUGAR-BEET LEAVES; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SUBSTRATE-SPECIFICITY; NITROGEN-FIXATION; RICINUS-COMMUNIS AB We have identified a new amino acid transporter from the Arabidopsis thaliana expressed sequence tag cDNA collection by functional complementation of a yeast amino acid transport mutant. Transport analysis of the expressed protein in yeast shows that it is a high-affinity transporter for both lysine (Lys) and histidine with Michaelis constant values of 175 and 400 mu M, respectively. This transporter (LHT1, lysine histidine transporter) has little affinity for arginine when measured directly in uptake experiments or indirectly with substrate competition. The cDNA is 1.7 kb with an open reading frame that codes for a protein with 446 amino acids and a calculated molecular mass of 50.5 kD. Hydropathy analysis shows that LHT1 is an integral membrane protein with 9 to 10 putative membrane-spanning domains. Southern-blot analysis suggests that LHT1 is a single-copy gene in the Arabidopsis genome. RNA gel-blot analysis shows that this transporter is present in all tissues, with the strongest expression in young leaves, flowers, and siliques. Whole-mount, in situ hybridization revealed that expression is further localized on the surface of roots in young seedlings and in pollen. Overall, LHT1 belongs to a new class of amino acid transporter that is specific for Lys and histidine, and, given its substrate specificity, it has significant promise as a tool for improving the Lys content of Lys-deficient grains. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS, PROGRAM PHYSIOL & MOL PLANT BIOL, URBANA, IL 61801 USA. ARS, PHOTOSYNTH RES UNIT, USDA, URBANA, IL 61801 USA. UNIV ILLINOIS, DEPT PLANT BIOL, MADIGAN LAB 196, URBANA, IL 61801 USA. NR 62 TC 74 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 EI 1532-2548 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 115 IS 3 BP 1127 EP 1134 DI 10.1104/pp.115.3.1127 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YF800 UT WOS:A1997YF80000030 PM 9390441 ER PT J AU Gilbert, GA Wilson, C Madore, MA AF Gilbert, GA Wilson, C Madore, MA TI Root-zone salinity alters raffinose oligosaccharide metabolism and transport in Coleus SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AJUGA-REPTANS L; MESEMBRYANTHEMUM-CRYSTALLINUM; FAMILY OLIGOSACCHARIDES; TRANSGENIC TOBACCO; LEAVES; STRESS; MANNITOL; MYOINOSITOL; EXPRESSION; TOLERANCE AB Exposure of variegated coleus (Coleus blumei Benth.) plants to a saline root-zone environment (60 mM NaCl:12 mM CaCl2) resulted in a significant decline in elongation growth rate over the 30-d experimental period. During the initial 5 to 10 d of exposure, mature source leaves showed strongly diminished rates of photosynthesis, which gradually recovered to close to the control rates by the end of the experiment. In green leaf tissues, starch levels showed the same transient decline and recovery pattern. Low starch levels were accompanied by the appearance of several novel carbohydrates, including high-molecular-weight raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 5 to 8, and an O-methylated inositol (OMI). New enzyme activities, including galactan:galactan galactosyltransferase, for the synthesis of high-DP RFOs and myo-inositol 6-O-methyltransferase for O-methylation of myo-inositol, were induced by salinity stress. Phloem-sap analysis showed that in the stressed condition substantially more sucrose than RFO was exported, as was the OMI. In white sink tissues these phloem sugars were used to synthesize high-DP RFOs but not OMIs. In sink tissues galactan:galactan galactosyltransferase but not myo-inositol 6-O-methyltransferase was induced by salinity stress. Models reflecting the changes in carbohydrate metabolism in source and sink tissues in response to salinity stress are presented. C1 ARS, USDA, SALIN LAB, RIVERSIDE, CA 92507 USA. UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE, DEPT BOT & PLANT SCI, RIVERSIDE, CA 92521 USA. NR 37 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 115 IS 3 BP 1267 EP 1276 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YF800 UT WOS:A1997YF80000045 ER PT J AU Siler, DJ GoodrichTanrikulu, M Cornish, K Stafford, AE McKeon, TA AF Siler, DJ GoodrichTanrikulu, M Cornish, K Stafford, AE McKeon, TA TI Composition of rubber particles of Hevea brasiliensis, Parthenium argentatum, Ficus elastica, and Euphorbia lactiflua indicates unconventional surface structure SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE cis-1,4-polyisoprene; natural rubber; oil bodies; rubber particles; Parthenium argentatum; Hevea brasiliensis ID OIL-BODIES; FATTY-ACID; OLEOSINS; PROTEIN; GUAYULE; LATEX; PURIFICATION; ELONGATION; COTYLEDONS; ONTOGENY AB Natural rubber (cis-1,4-polyisoprene) is formed inside plant cells from allylic diphosphate initiators and iospentenyl diphosphate, and packaged in subcellular rubber particles. In addition to rubber, rubber particles contain proteins, which vary in size in different species. Rubber transferase [EC 2.5.1.20], the enzyme that catalyzes the cis-1,4 polymerization of isoprene into rubber, is particle bound. Since membrane lipids have been identified in extracts of Hevea brasiliensis rubber particles, it has been suggested that rubber particles are covered by a half-unit membrane. We have examined the fatty acid and lipid composition of rubber particles from four rubber producing species, H. brasiliensis, Parthenium argentatum, Ficus elastica, and Euphorbia lactiflua. We demonstrate that although rubber particles from all four species contain significant amounts of phospholipids, glycolipids and sterols, there appears to be insufficient membrane lipid to constitute a half-unit membrane. Our results suggest that the rubber particle surface is a mosaic of protein, conventional membrane lipids and other components, The lipid covering may be a remnant of the rubber particle's origin in a unit membrane, with the addition of non-conventional components, including a large amount of non-phospholipid phosphate containing material, possibly polyisoprene mono- or diphosphate. RP Siler, DJ (reprint author), ARS,USDA,WESTERN REG RES CTR,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 40 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 23 PU GAUTHIER-VILLARS PI PARIS PA 120 BLVD SAINT-GERMAIN, 75280 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0981-9428 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL BIOCH JI Plant Physiol. Biochem. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 35 IS 11 BP 881 EP 889 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YF988 UT WOS:A1997YF98800006 ER PT J AU Willett, JL Millard, MM Jasberg, BK AF Willett, JL Millard, MM Jasberg, BK TI Extrusion of waxy maize starch: melt rheology and molecular weight degradation of amylopectin SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE extrusion; starch; molecular weight degradation ID GEL-PERMEATION CHROMATOGRAPHY; THERMOPLASTIC STARCH; SLIT DIE; STRUCTURAL-PROPERTIES; FLOW BEHAVIOR; WHEAT-STARCH; FRAGMENTATION; VISCOSITY; EXTRUDER; AMYLOSE AB Waxy maize starch was extruded initially using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. This extrudate was then equilibrated to either 18 or 23% moisture content, and subsequently re-extruded in a single-screw extruder at either 110 or 130 degrees C to characterize the melt viscosity. The melts exhibited shear thinning behaviour under all conditions; the power law index m increased with temperature, but did not significantly change with moisture content. Molecular weights of selected samples were measured by multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS) in dimethyl sulfoxide/water (90/10 v/v). The initial extrusion pass reduced the molecular weight from 336 x 10(6) to 40 x 10(6). Molecular weight reductions during the second pass increased with increasing specific mechanical energy, and were less drastic than the initial drop. The observed M-W values display a semi-logarithmic dependence on the specific mechanical energy, with r(2) = 0.925. Specific mechanical energy can therefore be used to estimate molecular weight degradation, regardless of variations in extruder type or conditions during multiple passes. Molecular weight distributions determined using gel permeation chromatography correlated well with the single-point molecular weight determinations. (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Willett, JL (reprint author), AGR RES SERV,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,USDA,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 37 TC 63 Z9 66 U1 2 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0032-3861 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD NOV PY 1997 VL 38 IS 24 BP 5983 EP 5989 DI 10.1016/S0032-3861(97)00155-9 PG 7 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA YC404 UT WOS:A1997YC40400010 ER PT J AU Young, LL Lyon, CE AF Young, LL Lyon, CE TI Effect of postchill aging and sodium tripolyphosphate on moisture binding properties, color, and Warner-Bratzler shear values of chicken breast meat SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE chicken breast; postchill treatment; moisture binding; color; shear values ID RETENTION; CHLORIDE; MUSCLE; BEEF; SALT; PH AB The objective of this study was to assess the effects of treating chicken breast forequarters with sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) after various postchill storage times on meat quality. Sixty-four commercially reared broilers (two replicates of 32 birds each) were slaughtered and chilled, and then the forequarters (split breasts with spine and ribs) were harvested and aged for 0, 120, 180, or 240 min postchill. After each aging period, one forequarter from each of 16 birds was marinated with a NaCl solution and the opposite forequarter was marinated with the same NaCl solution containing STPP. The quarters were then cooked and the following traits measured: marinade absorption, cooking loss, objective color values, and Warner-Bratzler shear values. As aging time prior to marination increased, cooking loss sind redness of the cooked meat decreased, but marinade absorption and the color values were unaffected. The STPP treatment increased marinade absorption, decreased cooking losses, and decreased cooked meat redness (P < 0.05). Shear values decreased with aging time for both the control and STPP-treated breast meat. When the STPP treatment was applied immediately after carcass chilling, the STPP-treated meat exhibited shear values more than 60% greater than those of the controls (9.14 and 5.69 kg, respectively). Results indicate that time postchill at which further processed products are treated with STPP can have a significant effect on quality, especially cooked product texture. RP Young, LL (reprint author), USDA,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,ARS,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30604, USA. NR 18 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 3 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 76 IS 11 BP 1587 EP 1590 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA YC981 UT WOS:A1997YC98100018 PM 9355155 ER PT J AU Buhr, RJ Cason, JA Rowland, GN AF Buhr, RJ Cason, JA Rowland, GN TI Feather retention force in broilers ante-, peri-, and post-mortem as influenced by carcass orientation, angle of extraction, and slaughter method SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE feather retention force; electrical stunning; slaughter orientation; broiler; spinal cord AB Stunning and slaughter trials were conducted to evaluate the influence of carcass orientation (inverted or supine), angle of feather extraction (parallel or perpendicular to the carcass surface), and slaughter method (exsanguination without or with spinal cord transection) on feather retention force (FRF) in commercial broilers sampled ante-, peri-, and post-mortem. The pectoral, sternal, and femoral feather tracts were sampled before and after stunning contralaterally, with a maximum indicating force gauge, from broilers suspended on a shackle (inverted) or laying on a (suspine). For all trials and sample periods FRF was consistently greater in the femoral area (547 to 679 g) than in the pectoral area (273 to 391 g), with the sternal feather tract requiring the least force at 246 to 343 g. Feathers extracted parallel to the carcass resulted in consistently greater FRF (9 to 29%) than feathers extracted at a perpendicular angle, at all sample periods. Broilers suspended on shackles ante-and peri-mortem had higher FRF values (5 to 30%) than those restrained in shackles in a supine position on a table. Other parameters resulted in minor and inconsistent alterations in FRF. Electrical stunning, when not followed by bleeding, resulted in small reductions in FRF (up to 7%). Bleeding after stunning without or with spinal cord transection resulted in variable peri-mortem FRF changes (+7 to -11% and +11 to -11%, respectively). Only in the pectoral feather tract was there a significant increase (5 to 6%) in FRF as broilers went from the ante- to peri-mortem state. At 2 and 6 min after stunning and initiation of exsanguination, post-mortem FRF was unaffected by carcass orientation for the pectoral and femoral tracts. C1 USDA,ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,ATHENS,GA 30604. RP Buhr, RJ (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA,COLL VET MED,DEPT AVIAN MED,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 76 IS 11 BP 1591 EP 1601 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA YC981 UT WOS:A1997YC98100019 PM 9355156 ER PT J AU Buhr, RJ Cason, JA Rowland, GN AF Buhr, RJ Cason, JA Rowland, GN TI Feather retention force in broilers ante-, peri-, and post-mortem as influenced by electrical and carbon dioxide stunning SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE feather retention force; electrical stunning; carbon dioxide stunning; broiler; post-mortem AB Stunning and slaughter trials were conducted to evaluate the influence of stunning method (electrical 50 V alternating current, CO2 gas: 0 to 40% for 90 s or 40 to 60% for 30 s) on feather retention force (FRF) in commercial broilers. Feathers from the pectoral, sternal, and femoral feather tracts were sampled with a force gauge before stunning (ante-mortem) and contralaterally either after stunning (peri-mortem from 0.5 to 4 min) or after stunning and bleeding (post-mortem from 2 to 6 min). Prior to stunning, ante-mortem FRF values varied among assigned stunning methods only for the pectoral (7%) feather tract. After stunning, peri-mortem FRF values were higher only for the sternal tract (11% for 40 to 60% CO2 for 30 s); whereas after stunning and bleeding, post-mortem FRF values were lower than ante-or peri-mortem only for the sternal tract (10% lower for 40 to 60% CO2 for 30 s). Peri- and post-mortem FRF values did not differ among stunning methods for the pectoral curd femoral feather tracts. Small changes in FRF values occurred from ante-mortem to peri-mortem (-1 to +12%), and from ante-mortem to post-mortem (-2 to +8%) across stunning methods, A significant increase was determined for only the pectoral tract (7%) from ante-to peri-mortem across stunning methods. Electrically stunned broilers that were not bled gained weight in excess of the 36 feathers removed (0.16%), apparently due to body surface water pickup during the brine-stunning process, whereas CO2-stunned broilers lost weight due to excretion of cloacal contents (-0.31 to -0.98%). The change in body weight among stunning methods was significant (P < 0.0233). Peri-and post-mortem FRF, in addition to bleed-out body weight loss, were not substantially influenced by electrical or CO2 stunning methods, and, therefore, carcass defeathering efficiency may not differ after scalding. C1 USDA,ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,ATHENS,GA 30604. RP Buhr, RJ (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA,COLL VET MED,DEPT AVIAN MED,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 76 IS 11 BP 1602 EP 1606 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA YC981 UT WOS:A1997YC98100020 PM 9355157 ER PT J AU Tarrant, MA Overdevest, C Bright, AD Cordell, HK English, DBK AF Tarrant, MA Overdevest, C Bright, AD Cordell, HK English, DBK TI The effect of persuasive communication strategies on rural resident attitudes toward ecosystem management SO SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE argument strength; attitudes; ecosystem management elaboration likelihood model; knowledge; personal relevance ID INVOLVEMENT AB This study examined ways of generating favorable public attitudes toward ecosystem management (EM). Five hundred rural residents of the Chattooga River Basin (CRB) participated in a telephone survey. A recent Forest Service message on EM was compared with four messages developed using the elaboration likelihood model (ELM) and a control (no message) group in their ability to produce favorable attitudes toward EM. The four ELM messages were generated using combinations of high versus low personal relevance and strong versus weak argument strength. The interaction of argument strength and personal relevance along with prior knowledge of EM was also explored. Results show that (I) generally, CRB residents have very low knowledge of EM and (2) the most favorable attitudes were associated with messages containing strong arguments. Evidence of a three-way interaction (personal relevance by knowledge by argument strength) was found Explanations for the three-way interaction as well as theoretical and applied implications of the study findings are discussed. C1 Univ Georgia, Ramsey Student Ctr 353, Dept Recreat & Leisure Studies, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Forest Expt Stn, Athens, GA USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Kinesiol & Leisure Studies, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Tarrant, MA (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Ramsey Student Ctr 353, Dept Recreat & Leisure Studies, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 36 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 11 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0894-1920 J9 SOC NATUR RESOUR JI Soc. Nat. Resour. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 10 IS 6 BP 537 EP 550 DI 10.1080/08941929709381051 PG 14 WC Environmental Studies; Planning & Development; Sociology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Sociology GA YM501 UT WOS:000071069800002 ER PT J AU Mummey, DL Smith, JL Bolton, H AF Mummey, DL Smith, JL Bolton, H TI Small-scale spatial and temporal variability of N2O flux from a shrub-steppe ecosystem SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC TRACE GASES; SOIL MICROBIAL BIOMASS; SEMI-DESERT ECOSYSTEMS; NITROUS-OXIDE FLUX; DRY SOIL; DENITRIFICATION; MINERALIZATION; PATTERNS; EMISSIONS; LANDSCAPE AB Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a trace greenhouse gas that catalyses ozone destruction. It is also the major gaseous loss of N from the N-limited shrub-steppe ecosystem. We examined the spatial and temporal flux of N2O from small plots in an undisturbed shrub-steppe ecosystem having spatially heterogeneous plant cover. The N2O Aux from the soil surface and NH4+-N and NO3--N concentrations were measured periodically over 1 y from 44 points in 2.4 m(2) plots centered on individual Artemisia tridentata shrubs. Positive N2O flux occurred from March to October, with no detectable flux during the winter months. The spatial (plot) variability of N2O flux ranged from 23 to 130%, with lower variability as soil moisture increased. Temporal variability (March to October) was 171%, but decreased to 77% when calculated without the August sampling date. The measured N2O dux correlated positively with microbial activity (CO2 production), with moisture when the soil was fairly wet and usually with NO3-N concentrations. After a precipitation event on to dry soil, there was a pulse of N mineralization and N2O flux, which strongly correlated with proximity to vegetation. The estimated N2O flux occurring within 48 h after warm season precipitation events accounted for 20% of the total annual N2O flux from this ecosystem. Thus, small-scale spatial and short-term temporal variations can significantly affect annual estimates of ecosystem N2O flux and, thus, gaseous N loss from semi-arid ecosystems. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Pacific NW Lab, Environm Microbiol Grp, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Smith, JL (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, 215 Johnson Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM jlsmith@mail.wsu.edu RI Bolton, Harvey/E-5583-2011 NR 32 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 3 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 29 IS 11-12 BP 1699 EP 1706 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(97)00077-1 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA YM961 UT WOS:000071119200012 ER PT J AU Wu, L Pan, L Roberson, MJ Shouse, PJ AF Wu, L Pan, L Roberson, MJ Shouse, PJ TI Numerical evaluation of ring-infiltrometers under various soil conditions SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-RING; INFILTRATION AB Field evaluation of infiltrometer geometry and of soil conditions on infiltration measurements is difficult because of the spatial and temporal variability of soil properties and the disturbance of soil by infiltrometer installation, Numerical simulation experiments provide a useful tool for evaluating the infiltration rates measured by various configurations of infiltrometers and soil conditions, We used an axisymmetric 3-dimensional (3D) numerical model to simulate water infiltration in single-and double-ring infiltrometers, as well as one-dimensional (1-D) infiltration for three well studied soil types representing different textures and hydraulic properties, We found that the infiltration rates of a single-ring infiltrometer were f times greater than the 1-D infiltration, where f is a correction factor dependent on soil initial and boundary conditions and ring geometry, When the configuration of a typical double-ring infiltrometer was used in simulation (inner and outer rings were 20 and 30 cm in diameter, respectively), the simulated infiltration rates were about 80% of the single-ring rates, When the outer-ring diameter was increased to 120 cm (inner-ring diameter kept at 20 cm), the double-ring method-measured infiltration rates were 120 to 133% of the 1-D infiltration rates for the three test soils, Compared with the constant head method, falling head infiltration rates dropped as much as 30% as the ponded head dropped from 5 to 1 cm in the sandy clay loam, Layered soil can significantly affect infiltration rates, depending on the position of the wetting front relative to the textural discontinuity and the time of measurement, Time at which the layering starts playing the role can be estimated from f and the cumulative infiltration. C1 USDA ARS,US SALIN LAB,RIVERSIDE,CA 92501. RP Wu, L (reprint author), UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT SOIL & ENVIRONM SCI,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521, USA. RI Pan, Lehua/G-2439-2015 NR 18 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 19 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 162 IS 11 BP 771 EP 777 DI 10.1097/00010694-199711000-00001 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA YH704 UT WOS:A1997YH70400001 ER PT J AU Laird, DA AF Laird, DA TI Bonding between polyacrylamide and clay mineral surfaces SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FURROW EROSION; WATER; INFILTRATION; POLYMERS; FLOCCULATION; ADSORPTION; SUSPENSION AB The objectives of this research were to determine the effects of clay mineralogy on the efficacy of cationic and anionic polyacrylamides (PAM) as flocculents for dispersed clays and to evaluate bonding mechanisms between clay mineral surfaces and both cationic and anionic PAM, A relative flocculation index was used to quantify the interaction between PAM and the Ca-and Na-forms of kaolinite, illite, and quartz, The cationic PAM was highly effective for flocculating all three minerals regardless of the electrolyte concentration or saturating cation, Under basic (pH = 10.9) conditions, the cationic PAM was slightly less effective than under neutral (pH = 5.9-8.2) or acidic (pH = 3.4) conditions, Positive charge functional groups on the cationic PAM are believed to bond directly with negative charge sites on the mineral surfaces, The efficacy of anionic PAM as a flocculent varied with saturating cation (Ca >> Na), mineralogy (kaolinite > illite)) quartz), and treatment (acid > salt > H2O > base), The results suggest that cation bridging (PAM-Ca-clay) is the major bonding mechanisms between anionic PAM and clay mineral surfaces, However, hydrogen bonding between electronegative moieties on the PAM and protonated nonbridging aluminol groups on lateral edges of kaolinite and illite and hydrophobic bonding between the carbon chain of the anionic PAM and basal surfaces of kaolinite were also suggested by the flocculation data. RP Laird, DA (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,2150 PAMMEL DR,AMES,IA 50011, USA. RI Laird, David/E-8598-2014 NR 26 TC 72 Z9 79 U1 5 U2 38 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 162 IS 11 BP 826 EP 832 DI 10.1097/00010694-199711000-00006 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA YH704 UT WOS:A1997YH70400006 ER PT J AU Paltineanu, IC Starr, JL AF Paltineanu, IC Starr, JL TI Real-time soil water dynamics using multisensor capacitance probes: Laboratory calibration SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MICROWAVE DIELECTRIC BEHAVIOR; DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY; ELECTROMAGNETIC DETERMINATION; MOISTURE MEASUREMENT; TRANSMISSION-LINES; FIELD-EVALUATION; WET SOIL; TDR; FREQUENCIES; SYSTEM AB There is a continued need for better methods to perform accurate, real-time, nearly continuous soil water measurements st specific depth intervals, with minimal soil disturbance, and covering field-scale areas, The objectives of this research were to assess the characteristics of a newly developed multisensor capacitance probe and to calibrate the sensors against a Mattapex silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Aquic Hapludult) soil, The soil was uniformly packed in small increments, with the aid of a large hydraulic press, in a wooden box (35.5 by 35.5 cm, 40.5 cm deep), Probe installation in the boxed soil mimicked that required for correct field installation. A highly significant (r(2) = 0.992 for n = 15, and RMSE = 0.009 cm(3) cm(-3) water), nonlinear (theta, = 0.490 SF2.1674) relationship was found between the soil volumetric water content (theta(v), cm(3) cm(-3)) and the scaled frequency [SF = (F-a - F-s)(F-a - F-w)(-1)]. The SP represents the ratio of individual sensor's frequency (inside PVC pipe) response in soil (F-s) compared with sensor responses in air (F-a) and in nonsaline water (F-w) at room temperature (approximate to 22 degrees C), Axial and radial sensitivity studies showed that these capacitance sensors give integrated readings over a primary depth interval of 10 cm and a radial capacitance fringe within 10 cm of the wall of the access pipe. Temperature effects of air and water were measured, and the calculated effects on assessment of theta(v) were less than the RMSE for a temperature range of 10 to 30 degrees C. Our calibration studies indicate that these multisensor capacitance probes ran be used to accurately measure volumetric soil water contents in a soil water monitoring system. C1 USDA ARS,NAT RESOURCES INST,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 49 TC 202 Z9 214 U1 8 U2 34 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 61 IS 6 BP 1576 EP 1585 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA YK301 UT WOS:A1997YK30100006 ER PT J AU Shen, SY Tu, SI Kemper, WD AF Shen, SY Tu, SI Kemper, WD TI Equilibrium and kinetic study of ammonium adsorption and fixation in sodium-treated vermiculite SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOILS; NITROGEN; EQUATION; MODEL AB Ammonium fixation in vermiculite affects the movement of N in many soils, The effects of particle size, solution concentration, pH, and associated anions on NH4+ fixation in vermiculite are also important information for reducing N leaching from soils, In this study, the retention of NH4+ on the exchangeable and nonexchangeable sites of Montana vermiculite was determined in batch experiments, In the NH4+-K+ exchange isotherm, the exchangeable sites of the vermiculite exhibited a preference for K+ to NH4+, while the nonexchangeable sites preferred NH4+ to K+. The nonexchangeable sites of the sand fraction had a higher preference for NH4+ at lower solution NH4+ concentration and a lower preference at higher NH4+ concentration, An opposite case was observed for the NH4+ concentration effect on the preference of nonexchangeable sites in the clay fraction. The retention isotherm of total NH4+ in the vermiculite exhibited S-shape curves that can be described by the ''two-surface'' Langmuir-Freundlich equation. In the kinetic study, the clay fraction adsorbed the largest amount of exchangeable NH4+, but the silt fraction fired the most NH4+ on its nonexchangeable sites. The retention of NH4+ in vermiculite increased with solution NH4+ concentration. Ammonium adsorption on the exchangeable sites increased at low solution pH, while NH4+ fixation was unaffected by pH change. The effect of associated anions was insignificant, except they caused a pH difference in solution. C1 NPS,USDA,ARS,BELTSVILLE,MD 20520. RP Shen, SY (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 26 TC 31 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 14 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 61 IS 6 BP 1611 EP 1618 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA YK301 UT WOS:A1997YK30100011 ER PT J AU Suarez, DL Simunek, J AF Suarez, DL Simunek, J TI UNSATCHEM: Unsaturated water and solute transport model with equilibrium and kinetic chemistry SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE TRANSPORT; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; PRECIPITATION KINETICS; POROUS-MEDIA; CALCITE SUPERSATURATION; DISSOLUTION; SOIL; FLOW; ATM; DISPERSION AB Numerous models have been developed for predicting major ion chemistry in the soil zone and in recharge to groundwater, Soils that contain CaCO3 are prevalent in arid and semiarid regions, as well as in humid and temperate regions that have been glaciated or contain carbonate bedrock, Under these conditions, carbonate-solution reactions and ion exchange are the dominant chemical processes, In this model we couple one-dimensional unsaturated water and solute transport with a major ion chemistry routine and plant water uptake, The model has several unique features, including expressions relating reductions in hydraulic conductivity to chemical factors, prediction of CO2 partial pressure in the root zone based on a CO2 production-multiphase transport submodel, kinetic expressions for silicate weathering, calcite precipitation-dissolution, and dolomite dissolution, representation of B adsorption using the constant capacitance model, a new method for predicting cation-exchange selectivity, the option to use Fitter ion interaction expressions for high ionic strength, and a plant growth submodel that includes water, salinity, and O-2 stress. The chemical submodel considers equilibrium ion exchange, as well as various equilibrium and kinetic expressions for precipitation and dissolution of soil minerals, including gypsum, Rig carbonates, and sepiolite, The use of a predictive submodel for CO2 production and transport allows for the calculation of CO2 concentrations with depth and time. This enables us to avoid the assumption of constant CO2 distribution or constant pH required by previous models, Use of kinetic expressions for carbonate chemistry allows a more realistic simulation of soil and groundwater solution composition as well as simulations of carbonate redistribution and climatic change with time. RP Suarez, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS,US SALIN LAB,450 W BIG SPRINGS RD,RIVERSIDE,CA 92507, USA. RI Simunek, Jiri/F-3196-2011 NR 61 TC 99 Z9 99 U1 1 U2 25 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 61 IS 6 BP 1633 EP 1646 PG 14 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA YK301 UT WOS:A1997YK30100014 ER PT J AU Ibekwe, AM Angle, JS Chaney, RL vanBerkum, P AF Ibekwe, AM Angle, JS Chaney, RL vanBerkum, P TI Differentiation of clover Rhizobium isolated from biosolids-amended soils with varying pH SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; NITROGEN-FIXATION; SEWAGE-SLUDGE; PAST APPLICATIONS; DNA-SEQUENCES; HEAVY-METALS; TRIFOLII; POPULATIONS; MELILOTI; GENOMES AB Metal contamination may alter the diversity of microbes residing in soil, The genetic structure and phenotypic characteristics of clover Rhizobium isolated from contaminated and control soils were compared. Plant infection and symbiotic competence tests were used for phenotypic characterization. Variation across isolates in fingerprint patterns determined with primers for repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) sequences and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used for genetic characterization. Two phenotypic groups of effective and ineffective isolates were identified using the symbiotic effectiveness test, Soil pH was the primary factor influencing this phenotypic characteristic, Effective isolates were associated with higher soil pH and ineffective isolates were associated with lower soil pH regardless of soil metal content. The isolates were genetically diverse. The variation of isolates from the different soils overlapped, indicating that neither the heavy metals nor the low soil pH resulted in the selection of a single genotype, Isolates from the most heavily contaminated soils were more variable than isolates from control soils, Soil pH, and not heavy metal content, was important in the selection of rhizobia that formed ineffective N-2-fixing symbioses. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT AGRON,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. USDA ARS,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,SOYBEAN & ALFALFA RES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD. NR 23 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 61 IS 6 BP 1679 EP 1685 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA YK301 UT WOS:A1997YK30100020 ER PT J AU Martens, DA Suarez, DL AF Martens, DA Suarez, DL TI Mineralization of selenium-containing amino acids in two California soils SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID COLI FORMATE DEHYDROGENASE; CHEMISTRY; SELENOMETHIONINE; DIMETHYLSELENIDE; CHROMATOGRAPHY; BIOMETHYLATION; SEDIMENT; ASSAY AB Organic forms of Se as the selenoamino acids, selenomethionine (SeMet) and selenocystine (SeCys), are detected in plants grown on seleniferous soil, yet little is known about the speciation and distribution of Se upon decomposition of SeMet and SeCys in soil. To determine the mineralization rate of selenoamino acids in soil, three concentrations of SeMet, SeCys, methionine (Met), or cystine (Cys) were added to samples of a Panoche (fine-loamy, mixed [calcareous], thermic Typic Torriorthent) or a Panhill (fine-silty, mixed, thermic Typic Haplargid) soil and aerobically incubated at 22 degrees C for up to 168 h. The amino acid concentrations were analyzed by high performance anion chromatography, Methionine additions closely followed first-order reaction kinetics and SeMet additions followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, with order dependent on SeMet concentration, The time required for 50% mineralization of SeMet additions in the Panhill and Panoche soils was 23.5 and 3.2 h (5 mg Se kg(-1)), 41.6 and 15.5 h (25 mg Se kg(-1)), and 47.1 and 36.0 h (50 mg Se kg(-1)), respectively, The majority of the SeMet and Met additions were recovered as volatile species (50-80%), In contrast to SeMet, SeCys was rapidly nonextractable (<6 h) from both soils, with little to no volatile Se detected and was initially recovered as phosphate-soluble selenite and selenide after 6 h of incubation. These results suggest that Se present in seleniferous plant tissue as SeMet will not accumulate in soil due to extensive volatilization. In contrast, additions of seleniferous plant residues rich in SeCys will result in organic Se mineralization to inorganic Se forms in soil. C1 USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,AMES,IA 50011. USDA ARS,US SALIN LAB,RIVERSIDE,CA 92507. NR 35 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 61 IS 6 BP 1685 EP 1694 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA YK301 UT WOS:A1997YK30100021 ER PT J AU Eltz, FLF Norton, LD AF Eltz, FLF Norton, LD TI Surface roughness changes as affected by rainfall erosivity, tillage, and canopy cover SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID LASER SCANNER; SOIL; INFILTRATION AB Surface roughness and canopy cover are important factors in preventing soil erosion. There is limited information on how soil surface roughness changes as a function of natural rainfall erosivity and canopy cover by plants. We hypothesized that canopy cover, tillage systems, and cumulative rainfall erosivity (CRE) would have unique effects on roughness. We tested this hypothesis on a Miami silt loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalf) using a portable laser microtopographer. Tillage treatments of conventional (moldboard plowing + disking), chisel plowing, and chisel plowing + dragging a chain produced three initial roughness levels. Surface cover was none (fallow) or soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Random roughness (RR), standard deviation (SD), tortuosity (T), and fractal roughness functions, expressed by the fractal index (D) and the crossover length (l), were calculated from microtopography data. Chisel tillage had the greatest initial values of surface roughness, followed by chisel + chain and conventional tillage, as measured by the l index. All indices but D generally decreased with CRE. The RR and SD indices decreased quadratically with CRE, with decreases of 38 and 36%, respectively, from initial values after 200 units of CRE, while the T and l indices decreased exponentially, with decreases of 40 and 60%, respectively, from initial values after 200 units of CRE. Soybean cover lowered soil surface roughness 7% less than fallow, as measured by the l index. The l index was 50, 71, and 205% more sensitive to changes in CRE than RR, SD, and T indices, respectively. The fractal roughness functions, with D and l indices calculated, were the best approaches to characterize surface roughness at small scales, such as existing plant rows, mainly due to l index sensitivity to changes in CRE. C1 PURDUE UNIV,NATL SOIL EROS RES LAB,USDA ARS,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. UNIV FED SANTA MARIA,CCR,DEPT SOLOS,BR-97119900 SANTA MARIA,RS,BRAZIL. NR 29 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 14 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 61 IS 6 BP 1746 EP 1755 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA YK301 UT WOS:A1997YK30100028 ER PT J AU Burcar, S Miller, WW Tyler, SW Blank, RR AF Burcar, S Miller, WW Tyler, SW Blank, RR TI Moist- and dry-season nitrogen transport in Sierra Nevada soils SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID LAKE TAHOE; CALIFORNIA; BASIN; FLOW AB Characterization of ion mobility is a first step in the understanding of nutrient flux relationships in alpine forested watersheds. Our purpose was to: (i) investigate the transport dynamics of inorganic N in Sierra Nevada soils by applying unspiked source water as a control, and a 1 mmol(c) L-1 NH4NO3 spiked solution to two soil types (granitic and andesitic) under forest and meadow conditions via artificial rainfall during moist (spring) and dry (late summer-early fall) seasons; and (ii) evaluate the presence of macropore or preferential matrix flow from characteristic profile distributions of the two N forms. Peak concentrations in surface flow discharge (runoff) of both N forms from control treatments occurred early for both soil types and were highest from the meadow areas (1.6-0.4 mg NO3--N L-1 meadow to forest for granitic soil and 0.3-0.1 mg L-1 meadow to forest for andesitic soil; 0.75-0.37 mg NH4+-N L-1 meadow to forest for granitic soil and 0.25-0.18 mg L-1 meadow to forest for andesitic soil). Both soils exhibited NH4+-N adsorption, but only the soil of andesitic origin appeared to sorb NO3--N. Andesitic soils of the Sierra Nevada may thus serve as a temporary sink for NO3--N deposition, whereas meadow areas of both soil types appear to serve as a source. Higher initial soil moisture for the spiked treatments generally resulted in the transport of MH4+-N to greater depths in both soils of forested cover (approximate to 40 compared with 20 cm from spring to late summer-early fall), and for NO3--N (approximate to 50 compared with 40 cm) as well. Wet-season (spring) mobility must therefore be considered an important groundwater nutrient transport mechanism in Sierra Nevada watershed soils. C1 UNIV NEVADA,DEPT ENVIRONM & RESOURCE SCI,RENO,NV 89512. UNIV NEVADA,DESERT RES INST,DANDINI LN,RENO,NV 89506. USDA ARS,RENO,NV. NR 28 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 61 IS 6 BP 1774 EP 1780 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA YK301 UT WOS:A1997YK30100032 ER PT J AU Stout, WL Fales, SA Muller, LD Schnabel, RR Priddy, WE Elwinger, GF AF Stout, WL Fales, SA Muller, LD Schnabel, RR Priddy, WE Elwinger, GF TI Nitrate leaching from cattle urine and feces in northeast USA SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION; NITROGEN; GRASSLAND; MANAGEMENT; SOIL AB Management intensive grazing (MIG) is a grazing system in which animals at a high stocking density are rotated frequently through a series of paddocks in a manner that maximizes both forage yield and quality. Although MIG has the potential to increase dairy farm profitability in the U.S. Northeast, the uneven recycling of N through feces and urine can increase NO3-N leaching. The extent to which NO3-N can leach from beneath urine and fecal spots under soil and climatic renditions of the Northeast is not known. We conducted a field study to measure NO3-N leaching loss from spring-, summer-, and fail-applied urine and summer-applied fecal beneath N-fertilized orchardgrass (Dacytlis glomerata L., cv. Pennlate) using 60-cm-diameter by 90-cm-deep drainage lysimeters. The study site was located in central Pennsylvania on a Hagerstown silt loam soil (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalf). Averaged across the 3 yr ofthe study, NO3-N losses were 1.17, 1.68, 22.0, 23.0, and 31.5 g m(-2) for the control, feces, and spring-, summer-, and fall-applied urine, respectively. These losses represent about 2% of the N applied in the feces and about 18, 28, and 31% of the spring-, summer-, and fall-applied urine N. If dairy farmers in the Northeast continue to increase the utilization of MIG, the amount of N leached to the groundwater from beneath pastures could become substantial if not mitigated by improved grazing management. C1 PENN STATE UNIV, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA. RP Stout, WL (reprint author), USDA ARS, PASTURE SYST & WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RES LAB, CURTIN RD, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA. NR 29 TC 50 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 8 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 61 IS 6 BP 1787 EP 1794 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA YK301 UT WOS:A1997YK30100034 ER PT J AU Pachepsky, Y Gimenez, D Logsdon, S Allmaras, RR Kozak, E AF Pachepsky, Y Gimenez, D Logsdon, S Allmaras, RR Kozak, E TI Comment on number-size distributions, soil structure, and fractals - On interpretation and misinterpretation of fractal models - Reply SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material ID FRAGMENTATION; SCALE C1 USDA ARS,HYDROL LAB,BARC W,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,AMES,IA 50011. UNIV MINNESOTA,USDA ARS,ST PAUL,MN 55108. POLISH ACAD SCI,INST AGROPHYS,PL-20236 LUBLIN,POLAND. RP Pachepsky, Y (reprint author), USDA ARS,REMOTE SENSING & MODELING LAB,BARC W,BLDG 007,RM 008,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. RI Gimenez, Daniel/A-6193-2013 NR 11 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 61 IS 6 BP 1800 EP 1801 PG 2 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA YK301 UT WOS:A1997YK30100037 ER PT J AU Reeves, DW AF Reeves, DW TI The role of soil organic matter in maintaining soil quality in continuous cropping systems SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th Conference of the International-Soil-Tillage-Research-Organization CY JUL 27-AUG 01, 1997 CL INST SOIL SCI & PLANT CULTIVAT, PULAWY, POLAND SP Int Soil Tillage Res Org HO INST SOIL SCI & PLANT CULTIVAT DE sustainable agriculture; soil management; crop rotation; crop residues; soil carbon; soil physical properties; long-term experiments; conservation tillage; soil quality ID LONG-TERM TILLAGE; DRAINED MOLLIC OCHRAQUALF; NORTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; RED-BROWN EARTH; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; SURFACE SOIL; NO-TILLAGE; SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE; WATER INFILTRATION; WHEAT PRODUCTION AB Maintenance and improvement of soil quality in continuous cropping systems is critical to sustaining agricultural productivity and environmental quality for future generations. This review focuses on lessons learned from long-term continuous cropping experiments. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the most often reported attribute from long-term studies and is chosen as the most important indicator of soil quality and agronomic sustainability because of its impact on other physical, chemical and biological indicators of soil quality. Long-term studies have consistently shown the benefit of manures, adequate fertilization, and crop rotation on maintaining agronomic productivity by increasing C inputs into the soil. However, even with crop rotation and manure additions, continuous cropping results in a decline in SOC, although the rate and magnitude of the decline is affected by cropping and tillage system, climate and soil. In the oldest of these studies, the influence of tillage on SOC and dependent soil quality indicators can only be inferred from rotation treatments which included ley rotations (with their reduced frequency of tillage). The impact of tillage per se on SOC and soil quality has only been tested in the 'long-term' for about 30 yrs, since the advent of conservation tillage techniques, and only in developed countries in temperate regions. Long-term conservation tillage studies have shown that, within climatic limits: Conservation tillage can sustain or actually increase SOC when coupled with intensive cropping systems; and the need for sound rotation practices in order to maintain agronomic productivity and economic sustainability is more critical in conservation tillage systems than conventional tillage systems. Long-term tillage studies are in their infancy. Preserving and improving these valuable resources is critical to our development of soil management practices for sustaining soil quality in continuous cropping systems. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, Auburn, AL 36831 USA. RP Reeves, DW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, POB 3439, Auburn, AL 36831 USA. EM wreeves@acesag.auburn.edu NR 183 TC 461 Z9 530 U1 42 U2 248 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD NOV 1 PY 1997 VL 43 IS 1-2 BP 131 EP 167 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(97)00038-X PG 37 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA YN460 UT WOS:000071170800008 ER PT J AU Henriksson, G Akin, DE Rigsby, LL Patel, N Eriksson, KEL AF Henriksson, G Akin, DE Rigsby, LL Patel, N Eriksson, KEL TI Influence of chelating agents and mechanical pretreatment on enzymatic retting of flax SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID OXALIC-ACID; CELL-WALL; CALCIUM; PECTIN AB Adding chelating agents, i.e., oxalic acid and ethylenediamine-tetra-acetic acid (EDTA), substantially increases the retting effect on flax by the commercial enzyme products Ultrazym and Flaxzyme (Novo Nordisk), as shown by scanning electron microscopy, release of reducing sugars, and the Fried test. Degradation of pectin-rich citrus peel by these enzymes also increases with the addition of oxalic acid and EDTA, while citric acid has a low or insignificant effect. Oxalic acid at 50 mmol concentration reduces the amount of Flaxzyme required to effectively ret flax stems, according to the Fried test, by a factor of about 50. Retting with Flaxzyme and 50 mmol oxalic acid is completed in approximately half the time at 45 degrees C, compared with that at 22 degrees C. A mechanical pretreatment that crushes flax stems by pulling them over a surface at a 90 degrees angle opens the flax structure and further increases the efficiency of enzymatic retting. These procedures appear to modify both the chemical and structural features of flax, and they reduce the time as well as the amount of enzyme required to ret flax, therefore improving technical efficiency and economic attractiveness at the commercial level. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL BIOL,ATHENS,GA 30604. USDA ARS,RUSSELL RES CTR,ATHENS,GA 30604. RI Henriksson, Gunnar/G-3556-2010 NR 16 TC 55 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 1 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 67 IS 11 BP 829 EP 836 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA YC857 UT WOS:A1997YC85700007 ER PT J AU TraskMorrell, BJ Andrews, BAK AF TraskMorrell, BJ Andrews, BAK TI Effect of catalysts on the thermal characteristics of cotton citric acid DP finishes SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PRESS REACTANT LEVELS; FABRICS AB Citric acid-based durable press finishes catalyzed with various levels of sodium hypophosphite, sodium phosphate, or sodium phosphite have been studied systematically. Thermal characteristics are compared, beginning with visual examination of the thermograms and quantitation of multiple parameters primarily from thermogravimetric analyses, and combinations of parameters are examined in three-dimensional graphs. Such combinations are successfully used to distinguish between finishes and assess finish levels. Comparisons of samples from this series with those of previous studies show that each sample is unique. Finish identification depends critically on the catalyst used, and therefore these citric acid finishes can be recognized as different from finishes based on 1, 3-dimethylol 4, 5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) and magnesium chloride/citric acid catalyst. Successful identification of specimens using only thermoanalytical techniques is an indication that quality control in textile mills is feasible with these procedures. RP TraskMorrell, BJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 8 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 67 IS 11 BP 846 EP 853 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA YC857 UT WOS:A1997YC85700009 ER PT J AU Dubcovsky, J Echaide, M Giancola, S Rousset, M Luo, MC Joppa, LR Dvorak, J AF Dubcovsky, J Echaide, M Giancola, S Rousset, M Luo, MC Joppa, LR Dvorak, J TI Seed-storage-protein loci in RFLP maps of diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid wheat SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Triticum; storage-protein loci; glutenin; gliadin; triticin ID LMW-GLUTENIN SUBUNITS; TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELECTROPHORESIS; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT SUBUNITS; CHROMOSOME ADDITION LINES; SECALE-CEREALE L; BREAD-WHEAT; TRITICUM-AESTIVUM; GROUP-1 CHROMOSOMES; DURUM-WHEAT; GENETIC-CHARACTERIZATION AB Linkages between high-and low-molecular-weight (M-r) glutenin, gliadin and triticin loci in diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheats were studied by hybridization of restriction fragments with DNA clones and by SDS-PAGE. In tetraploid and hexaploid wheat, DNA fragments hybridizing with a low-M-r glutenin clone were mapped at the XGlu-3 locus in the distal region of the maps of chromosome arms 1AS, 1BS, and 1DS, A second locus, designated XGlu-B2, was detected in the middle of the map of chromosome arm 1BS completely linked to the XGli-B3 gliadin locus. The restriction fragments mapped at this locus were shown to co-segregate with B subunits of low-M-r glutenins in SDS-PAGE in tetraploid wheat, indicating that XGlu-B2 is an active low-M-r glutenin locus. A new locus hybridizing with the low-M-r clone was mapped on the long arm of chromosome 7A(m) in diploid wheat, No glutenin protein was found to co-segregate with this new locus, Triticin loci were mapped on chromosome arms 1AS, 1BS, and 1DS, A failure to detect triticin proteins co-segregating with DNA fragments mapped at XTri-B1 locus suggests that this locus is not active. No evidence was found for the existence of Gli-A4, and it is concluded that this locus is probably synonymous with Gli-A3. Recombination was observed within the multigene gliadin family mapped at XGli-A1 (1.2 cM). Although these closely linked loci may correspond to the previously named Gli-A1 and Gli-A5 loci, they were temporarily designated XGli-A1.1 and XGli-A1.2 until orthology with Gli-A1 and Gli-A5 is established. C1 CIRT INTA,INST RECURSOS BIOL,RA-1712 CASTELAR,BUENOS AIRES,ARGENTINA. INRA,STN AMELIORAT PLANTES,F-63039 CLERMONT FERRA,FRANCE. USDA ARS,NO CROP SCI LAB,STATE UNIV STN,FARGO,ND 58105. RP Dubcovsky, J (reprint author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT AGRON & RANGE SCI,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA. RI Luo, Ming-Cheng/C-5600-2011; ECHAIDE, MERCEDES/I-1649-2015; Dubcovsky, Jorge/A-4969-2008 OI ECHAIDE, MERCEDES/0000-0002-0836-0858; Dubcovsky, Jorge/0000-0002-7571-4345 NR 78 TC 46 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 95 IS 7 BP 1169 EP 1180 DI 10.1007/s001220050678 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA YK573 UT WOS:A1997YK57300021 ER PT J AU Norred, WP Plattner, RD DombrinkKurtzman, MA Meredith, FI Riley, RT AF Norred, WP Plattner, RD DombrinkKurtzman, MA Meredith, FI Riley, RT TI Mycotoxin-induced elevation of free sphingoid bases in precision-cut rat liver slices: Specificity of the response and structure-activity relationships SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 10-14, 1996 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP Soc Toxicol ID HUMAN ESOPHAGEAL CANCER; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; FUMONISIN B-1; SPHINGANINE; CORN; TOXICITY; CELLS; CULTURE; BIOSYNTHESIS; INHIBITION AB Fumonisin B-1 (FB1) is the predominant member of a family of toxic metabolites produced by several species of Fusarium and is commonly found on corn. FB1 is a potent competitive inhibitor of ceramide synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of sphinganine and sphingosine to ceramide. The resultant accumulation of free sphingoid bases and the disruption of sphingolipid metabolism is believed to be the mechanism of toxicity of the fumonisins. The objectives of this study were to determine the relative potency of analogs of FB1 to inhibit ceramide synthase and to determine whether the inhibition is specific to mycotoxins with fumonisin-like structures. Fumonisins B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, C-4, and TA toxin (a structurally similar mycotoxin produced by the tomato pathogen, Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici) were approximately equipotent inhibitors. Hydrolyzed fumonisins B-1, B-2, and B-3, Which lack the tricarballylic side chains, were only 30-40% as potent as the parent toxins. N-acetylated FB1 (FA(1)) did not block ceramide synthase, suggesting that FA, is nontoxic. Inhibition of ceramide synthase by fumonisin analogs did not appear to be related to the lipophilicity of the compounds, as determined by computer estimation of log P values. The ability of relatively high (10 and 100 mu M) doses of other mycotoxins that bear no structural similarity to fumonisins, including aflatoxin B-1, cyclopiazonic acid, beauvericin, T-2 toxin, sterigmatocystin, luteoskyrin, verrucarin A, scirpentriol, and zearalenone, to block ceramide synthase was also determined. All of the toxins tested were negative in the bioassay with the exception of fumonisins, indicating that disruption of sphingolipid metabolism is a specific cytotoxic response. C1 USDA ARS, NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES, MYCOTOXIN RES UNIT, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. RP ARS, USDA, TOXICOL & MYCOTOXIN RES UNIT, RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR, POB 5677, ATHENS, GA 30604 USA. NR 50 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X EI 1096-0333 J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 147 IS 1 BP 63 EP 70 DI 10.1006/taap.1997.8272 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YE974 UT WOS:A1997YE97400008 PM 9356308 ER PT J AU Ensign, WE Leftwich, KN Angermeier, PL Dolloff, CA AF Ensign, WE Leftwich, KN Angermeier, PL Dolloff, CA TI Factors influencing stream fish recovery following a large-scale disturbance SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID HOME RANGE; ECOLOGY; RATES AB We examined fish distribution and abundance in erosional habitat units in South Fork Roanoke River, Virginia, following a fish kill by using a reachwide sampling approach for 3 species and a representative-reach sampling approach for 10 species. Qualitative (presence-absence) and quantitative (relative abundance) estimates of distribution and abundance provided consistent measures of fish recovery for 2 of 3 species at the reachwide scale and 8 of 10 species at the representative-reach scale. Combining results across scales and estimator types showed that distributions and abundances of 5 of 11 species in the reach affected by the kill were similar to those observed in unaffected upstream and downstream reaches 8-11 months following the perturbation. Differences in distribution and abundance between the affected reach and unaffected reaches indicate that 4 of 11 species had not fully recovered during the same time period; results were equivocal for 2 other species. We attribute differences in recovery rates between these two groups to differences in parental investment in offspring. Species exhibiting rapid recovery either engage in extensive spawning site preparation or guard the spawning site following egg deposition and fertilization; species that had not recovered in the year following the kill show limited spawning site preparation and do not guard the spawning site. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Ensign, WE (reprint author), Kennesaw State Univ, Dept Biol & Phys Sci, 1000 Chastain Rd, Kennesaw, GA 30144 USA. NR 27 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 126 IS 6 BP 895 EP 907 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0895:FISFRF>2.3.CO;2 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA ZB623 UT WOS:000072491100002 ER PT J AU MacNichol, AZ Teske, ME Barry, JW AF MacNichol, AZ Teske, ME Barry, JW TI A technique to characterize spray deposit in orchard and tree canopies SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE nozzles; atomizers; aerial sprays; canopies; orchards; samplers AB This article evaluates drop deposition data from the sides of beverage can samplers wrapped with Kromekote(R) paper placed throughout a broadleaf (almond) canopy at three stages of foliage development. Some measure of foliage coverage uniformity is necessary to evaluate application quality and to improve methods of aerial application. Uniformity of coverage is found from drop data on target elements, while potential biological effectiveness is a measure of insect mortality, and must be either assumed or determined in the field or laboratory by biological assessment. Data from two field studies conducted by the USDA Forest Service at Hennigan Orchard in Chico, California, in 1985 and 1994 are used to evaluate the amount and uniformity of spray droplet coverage on the can samplers. A quantitative representation of coverage (called the Relative Index) is developed to describe the drop deposition on the samplers and is then used to determine the spray deposition coverage produced by the various spray application systems tested. The overall performance of two types of spray systems is evaluated in terms of delivering spray on target at different canopy elevations, concluding: (1) The Relative Index formula developed herein for assessing drop recoveries on sides of beverage cans correlates data from all trials, (2.) The placement of beverage can samplers spatially across the orchard and at different elevations gives a good representation of the effects of spr-a,ting the canopy in both field studies. (3.) Helicopter spray system applications show greater uniformity of deposit on the sides of the beverage cans than the fixed-wing aircraft system applications. (4.) Micronair atomizers spraying low rate produce less coverage on the sides of the can samplers at all elevations in the canopy than the other spray systems tested in these field studies. C1 Continuum Dynam Inc, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. US Forest Serv, Forest Hlth Technol Enterprise Team, USDA, Davis, CA USA. RP MacNichol, AZ (reprint author), Continuum Dynam Inc, POB 3073, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1529 EP 1536 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA YP341 UT WOS:000071267200001 ER PT J AU Flanagan, DC Norton, LD Shainberg, I AF Flanagan, DC Norton, LD Shainberg, I TI Effect of water chemistry and soil amendments on a silt loam soil - Part 1: Infiltration and runoff SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE rainfall electrolyte concentration; surface sealing; polyacrylamide ID FURROW EROSION; POLYACRYLAMIDE; RAINFALL; CALCIUM; GYPSUM AB Infiltration, runoff and soil loss are processes that occur when rainfall and runoff water interact with the structure and physical and chemical bonds of the soil surface. A well-aggregated soil which is strongly resistant to dispersion and aggregate breakdown, and which is fairly porous, will typically have greater infiltration rates and less runoff and soil loss than a poorly aggregated soil that is easily dispersed and which seals and crusts. Soil surface seal formation results from: physical breakdown of soil aggregates due to raindrop impact, and/or chemical dispersion which is dependent upon soil properties and the electrolyte concentration in the surface water solution. This study examined the effect of electrolyte concentration in rainfall and runoff water as well as the effect of different soil surface amendment treatments on infiltration, runoff and soil loss from a typical silt loam soil susceptible to aggregate breakdown and sealing. This article presents the infiltration and runoff results, and a companion article presents the soil erosion results. Rain water electrolyte content was found to have no significant effect on final runoff or infiltration rates. The use of a fluidized bed combustion bottom ash (a byproduct from coal-fired electric power plant emissions desulfurization) soil surface amendment significantly increased infiltration on small interrill areas (41.9 mm/h vs 32.2 mm/h for the control), but was less effective on longer rill plots (20.6 mm/h vs 18.4 mm/h for the control, difference not significant). Addition of a small amount of an anionic polyacrylamide in tap water used as simulated rainfall greatly increased water infiltration into the soil, which may have potential application in sprinkler irrigation systems. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Volcani Ctr, Ben Dagan, Israel. RP Flanagan, DC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, 1196 Bldg SOIL, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. EM flanagan@ecn.purdue.edu NR 22 TC 45 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1549 EP 1554 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA YP341 UT WOS:000071267200004 ER PT J AU Flanagan, DC Norton, LD Shainberg, I AF Flanagan, DC Norton, LD Shainberg, I TI Effect of water chemistry and soil amendments on a silt loam soil - Part 2: Soil erosion SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE rainfall electrolyte concentration; polyacrylamide; soil loss ID FURROW EROSION; INFILTRATION; POLYACRYLAMIDE; RUNOFF AB This research examined the effect of rainfall and runoff water composition, as well as the effect of different soil surface amendments on infiltration, runoff and soil loss from a silt loam soil which was highly susceptible to aggregate breakdown and sealing. This article describes the soil erosion results, while infiltration and runoff findings are presented in a companion article. The purposes of this study were to test if soil erosion would be reduced by the presence of electrolytes in the erosive water if use of an anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) as a surface spray or in rain water would reduce soil loss, and what the combined effects of high electrolyte concentrations and PAM would be. The impacts of a soil surface application of 20 kg/ha of an anionic PAM as well as 5 t/ha of a gypsiferous power-plant byproduct on soil loss were determined. Water type applied as rainfall or inflow was deionized, tap, or tap plus 10 ppm of PAM. The soil surface applications of the PAM were effective in controlling rill erosion, even at very high water inflow levels. Pill plot sediment discharge rates from deionized rainfall water applications to an initially dry soil surface were significantly greater than those resulting from rainfall having greater electrolyte concentrations. However when inflow water was added to actively eroding rills, electrolyte concentration had no significant effect on sediment concentration or sediment discharge rate. The presence of PAM in rain water and inflow water acted to enhance soil loss when sufficient runoff was present to transport sediment from the rills. C1 USDA ARS, NSERL, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Volcani Ctr, Ben Dagan, Israel. RP Flanagan, DC (reprint author), USDA ARS, NSERL, 1196 Bldg SOIL, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 16 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1555 EP 1561 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA YP341 UT WOS:000071267200005 ER PT J AU Raffaelle, JB McGregor, KC Foster, GR Cullum, RF AF Raffaelle, JB McGregor, KC Foster, GR Cullum, RF TI Effect of narrow grass strips on conservation reserve land converted to cropland SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE grass filters; erosion; conservation; rainfall; runoff AB This rainulator study provided information about soil loss rates occurring following the conversion of grassland plots to crop production. Simulated rainfall (64 mm/h) was applied for two hours to bare fallow, conventional-till, and no-till plots (with and without grass strips located across the bottom of plots) during the summers of 1993, 1994, and 1995. The plots were cultivated in 1971, which was the last cultivation preceding this study's beginning. The plots had been in continuous grass since 1973 except in 1985 when no-till soybeans were grown on them and in 1986 when no-till grain sorghum was grown. This three-year study showed that grass strips were effective in trapping sediment above the strips. The conventional-till plots with grass strips averaged 42, 66, and 72% less soil loss in 1993, 1994, and 1995, respectively, than that from conventional-till plots without grass strips. The no-till plots with the grass strips averaged 20, 64, and 57% less soil loss in 1993, 1994, and 1995, respectively, than from the no-till plots without grass strips. The bare fallow plots with grass strips averaged 65, 84, and 88% less soil loss in 1993, 1994, and 1995, respectively, than the bare fallow plots without the grass strips. The conventional-till plots without grass strips had 31, 83, and 70% less soil loss in 1993, 1994, and 2995, respectively, than bare fallow plots without grass strips. The no-till plots without grass strips had 95, 97, and 99% less soil loss, respectively, than bare fallow plots without grass strips. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. Mississippi Dept Environm Qual, Jackson, MS USA. RP McGregor, KC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, POB 1157, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 17 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1581 EP 1587 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA YP341 UT WOS:000071267200008 ER PT J AU Lawrence, PA Stone, JJ Heilman, P Lane, LJ AF Lawrence, PA Stone, JJ Heilman, P Lane, LJ TI Using measured data and expert opinion in a multiple objective decision support system for semiarid rangelands SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE experimental watersheds; criteria; resource management; CPPE ID SOUTHERN ARIZONA AB A Decision Support System (DSS) can be used to structure information in a way that leads to improved decision making for natural resources. The decisions will only be as good as the information on which they are based. As the applications of a DSS are outpacing the available databases and simulation models, there is an increasing reliance on expert opinion for information on resource management systems. As a result, the effect of information source on the outcome from the DSS is an important issue. This article compares the outcomes from a prototype DSS (P-DSS) developed by the USDA-ARS Southwest Watershed Research Center in Tucson, Arizona, when measured data and expert opinion are used to quantify eight decision criteria in the evaluation of four management systems (yearlong and rotation grazing, each with mesquite trees (Prosopis velutina Woot.) retained or removed) for semiarid rangelands. The decision criteria are sediment yield, channel erosion, runoff rate and quantity, rangeland condition, aboveground net production, and wildlife habitat for quail and javelina, although the analysis is not restricted to these criteria. When measured data are used to quantify the decision criteria, rotation grazing with mesquite removed is the preferred management system, whereas yearlong grazing is the preferred system when expert opinion is used. The experts also directly ranked the four management systems. The difference between the experts' ranking and the P-DSS results based on expert inputs is a concern for future use of decision support system technology, particularly when information sources are blended. C1 Resource Sci Ctr, Dept Nat Resources, Brisbane, Qld 4068, Australia. USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ USA. RP Lawrence, PA (reprint author), Resource Sci Ctr, Dept Nat Resources, Brisbane, Qld 4068, Australia. NR 19 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1589 EP 1597 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA YP341 UT WOS:000071267200009 ER PT J AU Studman, CJ Brown, GK Timm, EJ Schulte, NL Vreede, MJ AF Studman, CJ Brown, GK Timm, EJ Schulte, NL Vreede, MJ TI Bruising on blush and non-blush sides in apple-to-apple impacts SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE McIntosh; quality; damage avoidance; fruit; energy; drop height ID INSTRUMENTED SPHERE; SKIN COLOR; THRESHOLDS AB A Study Of how bruising during apple-to-apple impact varied between the blush (red) and non-blush (green) sides of an apple has been conducted using McIntosh apples. The relationships between bruise position, contact area, bruise surface area before and after skin removal, bruise visibility, bruise volume, and bruise depth were also considered for early-and mid-maturity fruit Tissue firmness was measured by two destructive methods and related to bruising during the experiments. Bruising was created by controlled impact tests conducted about one week after picking. To reduce variability between apples, a procedure was used in which apples were cut into red and green halves, which were then impacted against one another The study showed there were differences in the extent of bruising between the two sides, even though the total bruise volume caused by an impact was similar regardless of which sides of apples were involved. In impacts involving red and green sides, the green (non-blush) sides were bruised more frequently, and were generally larger The overall bruise volume (i.e., the total volume produced in 10 separate apple to apple impacts) on the green side was two to three times larger in one experiment and 1.1 to 1.6 times greater in the other Bruises on the green side were also more readily visible than those on the red side. Bruise surface area estimates prior to skin removal consistently overestimated the area of bruising, by up to 25%. This was greatest for small bruises on red sides. Bruise surface area measurements alone (with or without skin removal) did not give a reliable indication of bruise volume in apple-to-apple impacts, due to the large variation in bruise depths. Impacting red and green sides of the same apple against each other appeared to increase the differences between the two sides slightly (compared to impacting sides selected at random). A statistical analysis suggested that the technique of studying impacts between halves of the same apple may reduce between fruit variability in apple-to-apple impact studies. C1 Massey Univ, Dept Agr Engn, Palmerston North, New Zealand. USDA ARS, FVH, E Lansing, MI USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Agr Engn, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Florida Dept Citrus, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, Lake Alfred, FL USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Agr Engn, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Studman, CJ (reprint author), Massey Univ, Dept Agr Engn, Palmerston North, New Zealand. NR 42 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1655 EP 1663 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA YP341 UT WOS:000071267200017 ER PT J AU Hughs, SE Wakelyn, PJ Rousselle, MA AF Hughs, SE Wakelyn, PJ Rousselle, MA TI Chemical composition of cotton gin external emissions: Crop protection products SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE gin external emissions; particulate; PM-10; HAPs; PELs; crop protection products; agricultural chemicals ID CHLORPYRIFOS AB Seed cotton from producers in Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Georgia, Mississippi, Missouri, New Mexico, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas was ginned at either the Stoneville or Mesilla Park USDA, ARS Cotton Ginning Laboratories. Particulate emissions during ginning were sampled from the exhausts of the unloader separator and the first lint cleaner The gin external emission particulate sampled from both exhausts was anal),zed for crop protection products/agricultural chemicals. DEF (a chemical used for defoliation of cotton plants just prior to harvest) is the only substance found routinely in gin external emissions. Exposure at the boundary, line (100 m from the gin exhaust) to any of the substances detected was fractions of ppb, or in the case of DEF; an average of less than I ppb (1 ng/m(3)). The air concentrations 100 m from the gin exhaust are well below levels that would produce any health concerns. Also, none of the substances detected occurred at levels of any concern for meeting either EPA or OSHA regulations. C1 USDA ARS, SPA, SW Cotton Ginning Res Lab, Mesilla Pk, NM 88047 USA. Natl Cotton Council, Washington, DC USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, MSA, New Orleans, LA USA. RP Hughs, SE (reprint author), USDA ARS, SPA, SW Cotton Ginning Res Lab, 300 E Coll Dr,POB 578, Mesilla Pk, NM 88047 USA. NR 35 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1685 EP 1692 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA YP341 UT WOS:000071267200020 ER PT J AU Yang, C Shropshire, GJ Peterson, CL AF Yang, C Shropshire, GJ Peterson, CL TI Measurement of ground slope and aspect using two inclinometers and GPS SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE slope; aspect; inclinometers; angle measurement; GPS; vehicle heading ID SOIL PROPERTIES AB Slope and aspect are two important topographic attributes affecting crop production. In order to quantitatively describe the influence of slope and aspect two electronic inclinometers and a GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver were installed on two combines and a tr actor to measure ground slope and aspect under actual field working conditions. A computerized data acquisition system was used to sample angle data and position information. The general case of a vehicle moving on ground having both direct and cross slopes was examined and algorithms were developed to calculate ground slope and aspect based on the angles measured by the inclinometers and the position data from GPS. Field tests showed the system performed well under severe conditions. A comparison between the calculated slope and aspect values and those derived from a contour map showed that the procedures and algorithms presented in this article were correct and accurate. C1 USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Shropshire, GJ (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Agr Engn, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1769 EP 1776 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA YP341 UT WOS:000071267200031 ER PT J AU DeHayes, DH Schaberg, PG Hawley, GJ Borer, CH Cumming, JR Strimbeck, GR AF DeHayes, DH Schaberg, PG Hawley, GJ Borer, CH Cumming, JR Strimbeck, GR TI Physiological implications of seasonal variation in membrane-associated calcium in red spruce mesophyll cells SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cold acclimation; compartmentation; extracellular calcium; frost; Picea rubens; plasma membrane; total foliar calcium; winter thaw ID ABIES L KARST; LIPID-COMPOSITION; FOLIAR CHEMISTRY; FROST-RESISTANCE; DEFICIENCY; NEEDLES; TEMPERATURE; RESPIRATION; DEPOSITION; STRESS AB We examined the pattern of seasonal variation in total foliar calcium (Ca) pools and plasma membrane-associated Ca (mCa) in mesophyll cells of current-year and 1-year-old needles of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) and the relationship between mCa and total foliar Ca on an individual plant and seasonal basis. Foliar samples were collected from seedlings and analyzed on 16 dates at 2- to 3-week intervals between June 1994 and March 1995. Concentrations of mCa in current-year needles were more seasonally dynamic and responsive to temporal environmental changes than either mCa concentrations of 1-year-old needles, which were largely stable, or total foliar Ca concentrations in both tissues. In current-year needles, mCa was barely evident in early summer, increased steadily through summer, and then increased dramatically in early fall and surpassed the concentrations in 1-year-old needles. Coincident with the first severe frost, mCa concentrations in current-year needles declined significantly and subsequently maintained concentrations comparable to those of 1-year-old needles. Following an extended January thaw, which included 5 days of minimum temperatures > 5 degrees C, mCa concentrations of current-year needles temporarily, but significantly, declined. However, there was no change in mCa concentrations of 1-year-old needles or total Ca concentrations of either tissue. Total Ca concentrations were stable through midsummer in both tissues, doubled in late summer, and then were stable in both tissues throughout fall and winter. Total Ca concentrations were consistently higher in 1-year-old than in current-year needles. Correlations between concentrations of mCa and total foliar Ca were consistently low and mostly nonsignificant. Thus, the dominant, but insoluble, extracellular Ca pool reflected in commonly measured total foliar Ca concentrations is not a meaningful surrogate for the physiologically important and labile pool associated with the plasma membrane-cell wall compartment of red spruce mesophyll cells. It is likely that shifts in the critical mCa compartment would not be detected by analysis of total foliar Ca pools. Seasonal changes in mCa concentration seemed to parallel seasonal changes in membrane structure, and possibly the important role of extracellular Ca in transducing messages associated with environmental signals. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,NE FOREST EXPT STN,BURLINGTON,VT 05402. W VIRGINIA UNIV,DEPT BIOL,MORGANTOWN,WV 26506. RP DeHayes, DH (reprint author), UNIV VERMONT,SCH NAT RESOURCES,BURLINGTON,VT 05405, USA. NR 46 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 17 IS 11 BP 687 EP 695 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA YA266 UT WOS:A1997YA26600002 ER PT J AU Sasai, K Yoshimura, K Lillehoj, HS Withanage, GSK Fukata, T Baba, E Arakawa, A AF Sasai, K Yoshimura, K Lillehoj, HS Withanage, GSK Fukata, T Baba, E Arakawa, A TI Analysis of splenic and thymic lymphocyte subpopulations in chickens infected with Salmonella enteritidis SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chicken; Salmonella enteritidis; T lymphocytes; B lymphocytes; cell-mediated immunity; flow cytometric analysis ID CELL-MEDIATED-IMMUNITY; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; S-TYPHIMURIUM; EXPRESSION; ANTIGENS; VACCINE; EGG AB Lymphocytes expressing CD3, CD4, CD8, pan lymphocyte, IgA, IgG and IgM cell surface antigens were assessed by in the spleen and thymus of chickens following infection with Salmonella enteritidis using flow cytometric analysis. At 6 days post primary infection and 2 days post secondary infection with S. enteritidis, the percentages of IgA(+) and IgM+ lymphocytes in the spleen were significantly increased (P < 0.05). At 2 days post secondary infection with S, enteritidis, the percentage of CD4(+) T lymphocyte in the spleen and CD8(+) T lymphocyte percentage in the thymus were significantly increased (P < 0.05). These results indicate that S, enteritidis infection induces changes in the spleen and thymus that reflect the dynamics of the host protective immune response. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Osaka Prefecture, Dept Vet Med, Osaka 599, Japan. USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Sasai, K (reprint author), Univ Osaka Prefecture, Dept Vet Med, Osaka 599, Japan. NR 22 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 59 IS 3-4 BP 359 EP 367 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(97)00082-2 PG 9 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA YV372 UT WOS:000071812900014 PM 9477484 ER PT J AU Brockmeier, SL Lager, KM Mengeling, WL AF Brockmeier, SL Lager, KM Mengeling, WL TI Vaccination with recombinant vaccinia virus vaccines expressing glycoprotein genes of pseudorabies virus in the presence of maternal immunity SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pseudorabies virus; maternal immunity; NYVAC; vaccination ID AUJESZKYS-DISEASE; INTRANASAL VACCINATION; ANTIBODY-TITERS; PASSIVE-IMMUNITY; NEWBORN PIGS; INFECTION; STRAIN; NYVAC; GIII AB Piglets which had received colostral antibody to pseudorabie virus (PRV) were divided into four groups and inoculated with a NYVAC vaccinia recombinant expressing glycoprotein go of PRV, a NYVAC recombinant expressing glycoprotein gB of PRV, an inactivated PRV vaccine, or no vaccine. The piglets were vaccinated twice, 3 weeks apart, beginning at approximately 2, weeks of age and later challenged with virulent PRV oronasally. All three vaccines protected similarly when no maternal antibody was present. Although all three vaccines induced some active immunity in piglets with maternal antibody, piglets receiving the NYVAC/gB vaccine were the only ones protected similarly whether or not they had maternal antibodies to PRV. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Virol Swine Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Brockmeier, SL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Virol Swine Res Unit, 2300 Dayton Ave,POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 58 IS 2-4 BP 93 EP 103 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(97)00161-2 PG 11 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA YN305 UT WOS:000071153600002 PM 9453121 ER EF