FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Jabro, JD Stout, WL Fales, SL Fox, RH AF Jabro, JD Stout, WL Fales, SL Fox, RH TI Evaluation of NCSWAP model using nitrate-leaching data from soil core lysimeters SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID TILLAGE-RESIDUE MANAGEMENT; SEASONAL NITROGEN DYNAMICS; SIMULATION; TRANSFORMATIONS; CALIBRATION; GRASSLAND; BEHAVIOR; PASTURES; NCSOIL AB The accuracy of the Nitrogen and Carbon cycling in Soil, Water And Plant (NCSWAP) model to simulate (nitrate-nitrogen) NO3-N leaching from orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) pasture was evaluated using data collected from a 3-yr leaching experiment conducted in central Pennsylvania on Hagerstown silt loam soil (fine, mired, mesic, Typic Hapludalf). Nitrate leaching losses below the I-m depth from N-fertilized orchardgrass sod were measured with intact soil core lysimeters (0.6-m diam. by 1-m long), Five N-fertilizer treatments consisted of a control, urine application in the spring, urine application in the summer, urine application in the fall, and feces application in the summer were used to test the model, The model was calibrated using the data from 1993 to 1994 and then was validated using 1994 to 1995 and 1995 to 1996 water flow and NO3-N leaching data. Statistical analysis indicated a good fit between field measured and predicted NO3-N leaching for most treatments in each year. The model simulations of water flow and NO3-N leaching losses below the l-m depth were compared with the mean of measured field data for these 3 yr, The results of this study showed that the NCSWAP model performed well and accurately simulated water flow and total annual NO3-N loss through leaching below the l-m depth under orchardgrass pasture, However, the model failed to produce accurate simulations for the feces treatment in 1994 to 1995. The simulation error in the feces treatment seemed to be related to N mineralization process in the model, Generally, the results of this study suggest that the NCSWAP model can be used for predicting NO3-N leached annually from pastured orchardgrass. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Agron, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Jabro, JD (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Agron, 116 ASI Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 33 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 27 IS 2 BP 390 EP 394 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZD782 UT WOS:000072723300020 ER PT J AU Gan, J Yates, SR Crowley, D Becker, JO AF Gan, J Yates, SR Crowley, D Becker, JO TI Acceleration of 1,3-dichloropropene degradation by organic amendments and potential application for emissions reduction SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID FLOWER-BULB FIELDS; METHYL-BROMIDE; COMPUTED CONCENTRATIONS; SOIL; TRANSFORMATION; AIR; 1,2-DICHLOROPROPANE; VOLATILIZATION; PINEAPPLE; ATRAZINE AB Emissions of the fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) can result in degradation of air quality in certain areas. The high emission potential of 1,3-D is caused by its rapid diffusion and comparatively slow degradation in soil. One approach to reduce the emission is to enhance the surface soil's capacity to degrade 1,3-D. We investigated the capability of two organic amendments, a composted manure (CM) and a biosolid-manure mix (BMI), to accelerate 1,3-D degradation in soil. Degradation of 1,3-D was significantly enhanced in amended soils compared to the unamended soil, and the degree of acceleration varied with the type as well as the rate of amendment. Compost manure was more effective in stimulating 1,3-D degradation than the less decomposed BM; even at an amendment/soil ratio as low as 1:40 (w/w), degradation in the CM-amended soil was two times faster than that in the unamended soil. The acceleration in CM-amended soils was a combined result of enhanced chemical and microbial degradation, since sterilization only partially reduced the enhanced degradation. The reduction of 1,3-D emissions by surface application of organic amendments was illustrated in a column experiment: 1,3-D emission loss after injection at 30 cm was 30% from an unamended Arlington sandy loam (a coarse-loamy, mixed, thermic Haplic Durixeralf), but decreased to only 16% in the column containing 5% CM in its top 5-cm layer. C1 USDA ARS, Soil Phys & Pesticides Res Unit, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Soil & Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Nematol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Gan, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soil Phys & Pesticides Res Unit, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. EM jgan@ussl.ars.usda.gov RI Crowley, David/C-1216-2014 OI Crowley, David/0000-0002-1805-8599 NR 34 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 27 IS 2 BP 408 EP 414 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZD782 UT WOS:000072723300023 ER PT J AU Gan, J Yates, SR Wang, D Ernst, FF AF Gan, J Yates, SR Wang, D Ernst, FF TI Effect of application methods on 1,3-dichloropropene volatilization from soil under controlled conditions SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID METHYL-BROMIDE VOLATILIZATION; ROTYLENCHULUS-RENIFORMIS; COMPUTED CONCENTRATIONS; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PINEAPPLE CULTURE; COVERED FIELD; FUMIGATION; AIR; ISOTHIOCYANATE; MANAGEMENT AB Emissions of fumigants can be an important source of air pollution at soil fumigation sites, and the high emission rates result partly from the use of application methods that are high in volatilization potential. In this study, we compared volatilization of fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) from a sandy loam in 60 cm packed columns after applied by different methods. The most volatilization was found with injection into uncovered soil at a shallow depth (e.g., 56% loss fur the 20-cm injection) and application via surface drip irrigation (>90%). Volatilization fluxes and cumulative losses, however, rapidly decreased as the injection depth was increased, and the total loss was only 27% for the 40-cm injection. The commonly used polyethylene plastic was ineffective in reducing the volatilization because of its high permeability to 1,3-D. Water application after the 20-cm injection resulted in substantially reduced volatilization, but the least loss (22%) was obtained when an emulsifiable formulation of 1,3-D, Telone SL. Has drip-applied to the subsurface at 20 cm. Our results indicate that variables most influencing 1,3-D volatilization are injection depth and Hater management, By optimizing these variables, application methods,vith low emission potential can be developed. C1 USDA ARS, Soil Phys & Pesticides Res Unit, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Gan, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soil Phys & Pesticides Res Unit, US Salin Lab, 450 Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. EM jgan@ussl.ars.usda.gov NR 36 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 27 IS 2 BP 432 EP 438 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZD782 UT WOS:000072723300026 ER PT J AU Lu, ZM Percy, RG Qualset, CO Zeiger, E AF Lu, ZM Percy, RG Qualset, CO Zeiger, E TI Stomatal conductance predicts yields in irrigated Pima cotton and bread wheat grown at high temperatures SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Experimental-Biology on Stomatal Biology CY APR 07-11, 1997 CL UNIV KENT, KENT, ENGLAND SP Soc Exptl Biol HO UNIV KENT DE Pima cotton; bread wheat; stomatal conductance; high temperature; yield ID CARBON-ISOTOPE DISCRIMINATION; GOSSYPIUM-BARBADENSE; HEAT-RESISTANCE; ADVANCED LINES; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; TRANSPIRATION; IMPROVEMENTS; SELECTION; PLANT AB Recent studies of historical series from Pima cotton and bread wheat bred for higher yields at supraoptimal temperatures under ample water supply have shown that incremental increases in stomatal conductance have accompanied lint and grain yield increases in successive commercial releases. Pima cotton studies showed that the differences in stomatal conductance are under genetic control. F-4 progeny of F-2 plants selected solely for high stomatal conductance had higher lint yields than progeny from low conductance plants. Carbon isotope discrimination is positively correlated with stomatal conductance and yields in both wheat and Pima cotton. A gas exchange study showed that the stomatal response to temperature, but not to light or to water vapour pressure deficit (VPD), separated low and high-yielding Pima lines in the same order as their stomatal conductance in field conditions. Selection for higher yields in Pima cotton and bread wheat appear to have generated selection pressures for higher stomatal conductances that are independent of operating pressures for higher photosynthetic rates. The adaptive advantage of higher stomatal conductance appears to be associated with leaf cooling, which provides an avoidance type of heat resistance at supra-optimal temperatures. Lower leaf and canopy temperatures at critical developmental stages associated with flowering and fruiting during July for Pima cotton in Arizona, and February for bread wheat in north-west Mexico appear to favour higher yields, Stomatal conductance could be a valuable selection criterion for higher yields in irrigated crops grown at supra-optimal temperatures. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Genet Resources Conservat Program, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. USDA ARS, Maricopa, AZ 85239 USA. RP Zeiger, E (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Genet Resources Conservat Program, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 23 TC 76 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 16 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-0957 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 49 SI SI BP 453 EP 460 DI 10.1093/jexbot/49.suppl_1.453 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZE894 UT WOS:000072842300019 ER PT J AU Craven, SE Williams, DD AF Craven, SE Williams, DD TI In vitro attachment of Salmonella typhimurium to chicken cecal mucus: Effect of cations and pretreatment with Lactobacillus spp. isolated from the intestinal tracts of chickens SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID PROTEIN-MEDIATED ADHESION; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; BROILER CHICKS; S-LAYER; COLONIZATION; ACIDOPHILUS; BINDING; ADHERENCE; BACTERIA; MANNOSE AB The attachment of radiolabeled Salmonella typhimurium 3333/O cells to immobilized cecal mucus from specific-pathogen-free leghorn chickens was determined in the presence of D-mannose. The attachment of S. typhimurium was inhibited by the chelating agents EDTA and citrate and by lanthanum but was enhanced in the presence of the calcium, barium, and manganese divalent cations. Summary findings of the effect of lectins are included. Attachment of lactobacilli, previously isolated from the intestines of chickens, to mucus was also enhanced by calcium and inhibited by chelators. The pretreatment of immobilized mucus with portions of cultures of five of eight strains of lactobacilli inhibited subsequent attachment of the S. typhimurium strain. Spent culture supernatant fluid and/or washed cells from these cultures inhibited attachment, and inhibition was enhanced by preheating the cells or supernatant fluid at 80 degrees C. Results indicate that S. typhimurium mucus attachment not involving mannosyl-dependent receptors is influenced by presence of cations. Lactobacillus spp. isolated from the intestinal tracts of chickens produce cellular and cell-free components that inhibit this form of attachment to chicken intestinal mucus. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Alabama A&M Univ, Dept Food Sci & Anim Ind, Normal, AL 35762 USA. RP Craven, SE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. EM scraven@asrr.ars.usda.gov NR 54 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 61 IS 3 BP 265 EP 271 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA ZC329 UT WOS:000072566400001 PM 9708293 ER PT J AU Dorsa, WJ Cutter, CN Siragusa, GR AF Dorsa, WJ Cutter, CN Siragusa, GR TI Long-term effect of alkaline, organic acid, or hot water washes on the microbial profile of refrigerated beef contaminated with bacterial pathogens after washing SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; LACTIC-ACID; TRISODIUM PHOSPHATE; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; CALF CARCASSES; GROUND-BEEF; DECONTAMINATION; HEAT; INACTIVATION AB The effect of 2% (vol/vol) lactic acid, 2% (vol/vol) acetic acid, 12% (wt/vol) trisodium phosphate, water at 72 degrees C and water at 32 degrees C washes on bacterial populations introduced onto beef carcass surfaces after treatment was determined for up to 21 days at 4 degrees C in storage in vacuum packaging. Beef carcass short plates were collected from cattle immediately after slaughter and subjected to the above treatments or left untreated (C). Short plates were then inoculated with low levels (ca. <2 log(10)) of listeria innocua, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Clostridium sporogenes cells contained in a bovine fecal cocktail. In general, growth of these four bacteria and of aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, and pseudomonads was suppressed or not observed when lactic acid or acetic acid treatments were used. Bacteria introduced to trisodium phosphate-treated tissue underwent some growth suppression, but to a lesser extent than on acid-treated tissue, and in some cases grew as well as on untreated beef surfaces. Water washes at 72 or 32 degrees C offered little growth suppression of pathogens during subsequent storage when these bacteria were introduced to beef tissue after treatment. The use of a final lactic or acetic acid wash during the processing of beef carcasses offers some residual efficacy in suppressing pathogen proliferation during refrigerated storage, should these bacteria be introduced immediately after carcass processing. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Dorsa, WJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, USDA ARS, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 34 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 61 IS 3 BP 300 EP 306 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA ZC329 UT WOS:000072566400008 PM 9708300 ER PT J AU Gamble, HR AF Gamble, HR TI Sensitivity of artificial digestion and enzyme immunoassay methods of inspection for trichinae in pigs SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID SWINE TRICHINOSIS; SLAUGHTERHOUSES; OUTBREAK AB Forty-seven pigs were infected with varying doses of Trichinella spiralis and tested for evidence of infection by serology, using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and by artificial digestion methods. Using a l-g sample, as prescribed in accordance with European Union (EU) directives, the sensitivity of the pooled-sample artificial digestion method was between three and five larvae per gram (LPG) of tissue. Using a 5-g sample size, in accordance with methods described in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, and as required for the inspection of horses exported to the EU, the sensitivity of the test was increased to approximately 1 LPG. Serological testing by EIA detected pigs with as few as 0.02 LPG, but detection times varied from 4 to 8 weeks after infection. Mean postinoculation times for detection by serology were 32 to 42 days. On the basis of these results, it is clear that digestion testing using a 5-g sample size is the only method of those tested here that is completely reliable for detection of trichinae infection at a level that will protect public health. Both digestion testing using a 1-g sample and EIA have drawbacks. However, EIA remains a highly effective tool for epidemiological purposes and for monitoring trichinae infection on the farm. C1 USDA ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Gamble, HR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 14 TC 21 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 61 IS 3 BP 339 EP 343 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA ZC329 UT WOS:000072566400015 PM 9708307 ER PT J AU Hagenmaier, RD Baker, RA AF Hagenmaier, RD Baker, RA TI A survey of the microbial population and ethanol content of bagged salad SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID LETTUCE AB Five nationally and regionally distributed brands of ready-to-eat salads in sealed bags were sampled from major supermarket chains. At time of purchase, product temperature was 4 to 7 degrees C; the mean mesophilic microbial population was 1.0 x 10(7) CFU/g; the yeast population was 210 CFU/g; the mean headspace O-2 and CO2 concentrations were 1.2 and 12%, respectively; and the ethanol content was 700 ppm. For samples analyzed on the expiration date (14 to 16 days after packaging) the mean mesophilic microbial population was 6 x 10(7) CFU/g; ethanol content was 1,500 ppm; and the headspace gas had not markedly changed from time of purchase. C1 USDA ARS, US Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, SAA, Winter Haven, FL 33883 USA. RP Hagenmaier, RD (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, SAA, POB 1909, Winter Haven, FL 33883 USA. NR 7 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 61 IS 3 BP 357 EP 359 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA ZC329 UT WOS:000072566400019 PM 9708311 ER PT J AU Cameron, RG Baker, RA Grohmann, K AF Cameron, RG Baker, RA Grohmann, K TI Multiple forms of pectinmethylesterase from citrus peel and their effects on juice cloud stability SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pectinmethylesterase; pectinesterase; citrus; juice cloud; Valencia ID PECTIN METHYLESTERASE; ORANGE JUICE; PECTINESTERASES; PURIFICATION; LIMON; PULP AB Heparin chromatography of a dialysis supernatant fraction from total salt extractable proteins of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. var. Valencia fruit peel (flavedo plus albedo) resolved four peaks of pectinmethylesterase activity (PME 1-4), One of these was thermally tolerant (PME 3). Binding to concanavalin A suggested PME 3 was a glycoprotein, At 30 degrees C and 5 U . mL(-1) PME 1, 2 and 3 destabilized the cloud of pasteurized FCOJ within 10 days. PME 1 caused the most rapid cloud loss (3d), followed by PME 3 and PME 2, PME 4 had no effect on juice cloud during this time period. At 4 degrees C PME 3 caused the most rapid cloud loss (3d), followed by PME 1 (14d) and PME 2 (>14d), PME 4 had no effect on juice cloud stability after 10 days at 30 degrees C or 14 days at 4 degrees C. C1 USDA, ARS, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, Winter Haven, FL 33883 USA. RP Cameron, RG (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, S Atlantic Area,600 Ave S,NW POB 1909, Winter Haven, FL 33883 USA. NR 19 TC 71 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 7 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 63 IS 2 BP 253 EP 256 PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA ZL509 UT WOS:000073440600028 ER PT J AU Fiddler, W Pensabene, JW Gates, RA Adam, R AF Fiddler, W Pensabene, JW Gates, RA Adam, R TI Nitrosamine formation in processed hams as related to reformulated elastic rubber netting SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cured meats; nitrite; nitrosamines; rubber ID N-NITROSODIBENZYLAMINE; ALIPHATIC NITROSAMINES; VOLATILE NITROSAMINES; GENOTOXICITY; CARCINOGENESIS; SALMONELLA; EXTRACTION; ELASTOMERS; INVIVO; CELLS AB A survey of boneless hams processed in elastic rubber nettings showed that 32 of 59 contained over 100 ppb N-nitrosodibenzylamine (NDBzA) on the surface, These findings demonstrated the need to reduce the nitrosamine content. Nettings made with rubber thread reformulated with zinc diisobutyldithiocarbamate vulcanizing agent were evaluated for their effect on reducing the nitrosamine content. The N-nitrosodiisobutylamine (NDiBA) values ranged from 4.6 to 33.5 ppb (mean 16.1 ppb) compared to 52.3 to 739.9 ppb NDBzA (mean 191.2 ppb) in the control hams. No detectable nitrosamines were found in the unused experimental nettings. The row amounts of NDiBA found on the outer surface of these hams suggested that the use of these new nettings would provide a beneficial alternative to nettings currently in use. C1 ARS, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Globe Mfg Co, Fall River, MA 02720 USA. RP Fiddler, W (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 34 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 63 IS 2 BP 276 EP 278 PG 3 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA ZL509 UT WOS:000073440600033 ER PT J AU McNeill, KL Sanders, TH AF McNeill, KL Sanders, TH TI Maturity effects on sensory and storage quality of roasted Virginia-type peanuts SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Arachis hypogaea; descriptive sensory; oil quality; maturity ID DESCRIPTIVE FLAVOR; TIME AB Virginia-type peanuts from two yrs were studied to determine differences in sensory and storage characteristics of five mesocarp-color based maturity classes. Peanuts were roasted, stored at 37 degrees C, and sampled over 12 wk to evaluate flavor and oil. Higher intensities of roasted peanutty and sweet and lower painty flavors were found in the most mature classes. Painty increased more quickly in immature classes. Oxidative stability and fatty acid profiles indicated this change. Immature peanuts had lower flavor impact and deteriorated faster. Distributions at progressive harvest dates indicated more immature peanuts in the Extra Large Kernel grade at early harvest. Variability in sensory characteristics of maturity classes and changes in their distribution in size-based commercial grades indicate a high potential for maturity related flavor variation between lots. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Sanders, TH (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, POB 7624, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 28 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 63 IS 2 BP 366 EP 369 PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA ZL509 UT WOS:000073440600052 ER PT J AU Jakes, P Fish, T Carr, D Blahna, D AF Jakes, P Fish, T Carr, D Blahna, D TI Functional communities - A tool for national forest planning SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article AB Working with residents of northern Wisconsin,thee authors found 15 functional communities In and around the Chequamegon and Nicolet National Forests. Functional communities are geographic areas in which people share perceptions of and relationships to forests and natural resources. Several issues were raised by residents in all communities, including concern about development, high property taxes, day-use fees, maintaining access to natural resources, and maintaining the health and productivity of forest ecosystems. Forest planners will need to address these concerns. C1 US Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. N Cent Forest Expt Stn, E Lansing, MI USA. Utah State Univ, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Jakes, P (reprint author), US Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 4 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 96 IS 3 BP 33 EP 36 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA ZA251 UT WOS:000072344500009 ER PT J AU Coulombe, MJ AF Coulombe, MJ TI Forestry and Sesame Street, revisited SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20090 USA. RP Coulombe, MJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, POB 96090, Washington, DC 20090 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 96 IS 3 BP 54 EP 54 PG 1 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA ZA251 UT WOS:000072344500015 ER PT J AU Hagen, MJ Hamrick, JL AF Hagen, MJ Hamrick, JL TI Genetic variation and population genetic structure in Trifolium pratense SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID SUBDIVIDED POPULATIONS; DIVERSITY; DISTANCE C1 USDA, ARS, HCRU, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Bot & Genet, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Hagen, MJ (reprint author), USDA, ARS, HCRU, 3420 Orchard Ave, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 32 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 7 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 89 IS 2 BP 178 EP 181 DI 10.1093/jhered/89.2.178 PG 4 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA ZK793 UT WOS:000073364100012 PM 9542164 ER PT J AU Palmer, RG Chen, XF AF Palmer, RG Chen, XF TI Assignment of the Fr3 locus to soybean linkage group 9 SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID ROOT FLUORESCENCE; GENETIC-LINKAGE; INTEGRATION; MARKERS; WILD C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Interdept Genet Program, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Palmer, RG (reprint author), USDA, ARS, CICCR, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 29 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 89 IS 2 BP 181 EP 184 DI 10.1093/jhered/89.2.181 PG 4 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA ZK793 UT WOS:000073364100013 ER PT J AU Griesbach, RJ AF Griesbach, RJ TI The use of confocal microscopy to study chromosome banding in Ornithagalum SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID PLANT CHROMOSOMES; ORNITHOGALUM C1 USDA, ARS, US Natl Arboretum, BARC W,Bldg 010A, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Griesbach, RJ (reprint author), USDA, ARS, US Natl Arboretum, BARC W,Bldg 010A, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 89 IS 2 BP 184 EP 188 DI 10.1093/jhered/89.2.184 PG 5 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA ZK793 UT WOS:000073364100014 ER PT J AU Bauchan, GR Hossain, MA AF Bauchan, GR Hossain, MA TI Karyotypic analysis of N-banded chromosomes of diploid alfalfa: Medicago sativa ssp. caerulea and ssp. falcata and their hybrid SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID TRITICUM-AESTIVUM; HETEROCHROMATIN; SYSTEM C1 USDA, ARS, Inst Plant Sci, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Nat Resources & Landscape Architecture Dept, College Pk, MD USA. RP Bauchan, GR (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Inst Plant Sci, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 89 IS 2 BP 191 EP 193 DI 10.1093/jhered/89.2.191 PG 3 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA ZK793 UT WOS:000073364100016 PM 9542165 ER PT J AU Block, WM Morrison, ML AF Block, WM Morrison, ML TI Habitat relationships of amphibians and reptiles in California oak woodlands SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MODELS AB We used pitfall traps and time-constrained searches to sample amphibians and reptiles and to describe their habitats in oak woodlands at three; areas in California. We captured 766 individuals representing 15 species during pitfall trapping and 333 animals representing 15 species during the time-constrained searches. A total of 19 species were sampled. Across all study areas, several positive relationships were found between animal abundance and the cover of specific tree species. At Tejon Ranch, two salamanders-Batrachoseps nigriventris and Ensatina eschscholtzii croceater-were associated with canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis) and two lizards-Sceloporus occidentalis and Eumeces gilberti-were associated with California black oak (Q. kelloggii). At San Joaquin, B. nigriventris was associated with foothill pine (Pinus sabiniana), as was B. attenuatus at Sierra Foothill. Generally salamanders were found in live oak woodlands on north-facing slopes at Tejon Ranch, or on north-facing woodlands dominated by foothill pine and interior live oak (Q. wislizenii) at Sierra Foothill and San Joaquin. in contrast, lizards used more xeric and open habitats dominated by California black oak, blue oak (Q. douglasii) and valley oak (Q. lobata). As would be expected for terrestrial and fossorial animals, litter depth, the development of grasses and forbs, and cover by downed woody debris and rocks were important in the habitat models. At Sierra Foothill and San Joaquin, these latter variables, in addition to slope, were of primary importance in the habitat models. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Forest & Range Expt Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Block, WM (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Forest & Range Expt Stn, 2500 S Pine Knoll Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 30 TC 20 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 23 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 32 IS 1 BP 51 EP 60 DI 10.2307/1565478 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA ZF094 UT WOS:000072862000007 ER PT J AU Paszko-Kolva, C Sawyer, TK Palmer, CJ Nerad, TA Fayer, R AF Paszko-Kolva, C Sawyer, TK Palmer, CJ Nerad, TA Fayer, R TI Examination of microbial contaminants of emergency showers and eyewash stations SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE emergency shower; eyewash stations; PCR; Legionella; protozoa ID LEGIONELLA-PNEUMOPHILA; DRINKING-WATER; TAP WATER; AMEBAS; ACANTHAMOEBA; SEQUENCE; BACTERIA; EXPOSURE; SAMPLES; GROWTH AB To evaluate the effects of regular flushing, water from fifty emergency eyewash and shower stations was cultured for the presence of potentially pathogenic protozoa, heterotrophic bacteria, and Legionella species. This study also provided the opportunity to evaluate a commercially available molecular assay for the direct detection of Legionella sp in environmental samples. The Perkin Elmer Legionella EnviroAmp polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kit and culture on buffered charcoal yeast extract agar were used to detect Legionella species in water samples. Chemical and physical parameters of station water measured included: pH, hardness, alkalinity, turbidity, conductivity, total chlorine and assimilable organic carbon. Protozoal isolates were identified by classical identification methods, and isolates from the stations were identified as Hartmannella sp, Vexillifera sp, Vahlkampfia sp, Acanthamoeba sp, and Vanella sp, Heterotrophic plate counts ranged from 10(2) to 10(6) CFU ml(-1) and acridine orange total counts ranged from 10(3) to 106 cells ml(-1) after regular flushing, PCR and gene probe analysis showed that 89% of the stations (eyewash and shower) were positive for Legionella species by PCR, while 6% of the samples were culture positive. These results indicate that routine flushing alone is not sufficient to control microbial contamination and disinfection must also be included in a routine maintenance program. In addition, regular maintenance, disinfection, and monitoring of emergency eyewash and shower stations is important in preventing potential secondary microbial infections by either direct inoculation or aerosol transmission. C1 Accelerated Technol Labs Inc, Belmont, CA 94002 USA. Rescon Associates Inc, Royal Oak, MD USA. Univ Miami, Miami, FL 33152 USA. Amer Type Culture Collect, Rockville, MD USA. USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Paszko-Kolva, C (reprint author), Accelerated Technol Labs Inc, 940 Emmett Ave,Suite 12, Belmont, CA 94002 USA. NR 25 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1367-5435 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 20 IS 3-4 BP 139 EP 143 DI 10.1038/sj.jim.2900491 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA ZV710 UT WOS:000074333300001 ER PT J AU Lestan, D Lestan, M Lamar, RT AF Lestan, D Lestan, M Lamar, RT TI Growth and viability of mycelial fragments of white-rot fungi on some hydrogels SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fungal inocula; mycelial fragments; commercial hydrogels ID CONTAMINATED SOILS; CALCIUM ALGINATE; GEL BEADS; PENTACHLOROPHENOL; BIOAUGMENTATION; IMMOBILIZATION; INOCULA; LIQUID AB The viability of mycelial fragments of Trametes versicolor and Irpex lacteus and their growth on selected hydrogels are described. The size of mycelial fragments of the fungi did not significantly influence their viability. Alginate hydrogel films supported fungal growth better than agarose, carrageenan, chitosan and gelatin films, and had the highest mechanical strength but were less hydrophilic than the other hydrogels, All commercial alginates that were tested supported aseptic growth of fungal fragments without prior sterilization of the hydrogel solution. The viability of mycelial fragments in the hydrogel solutions was higher for some commercial alginates than that in laboratory grade arginate, The mechanical strength and hydrophilicity of hydrogels from alginate type Sobalg FD 155 and Meer HV were comparable to that of laboratory grade alginate, Sterilization and pH of the alginate hydrogel did not significantly influence the growth of T. versicolor mycelial fragments but affected the growth of I. lacteus. Concentrations of alginate in the range of 1-2% in the hydrogel did not affect the growth of entrapped mycelial fragments of these fungi. C1 US Forest Serv, Inst Microbial & Biochem Technol, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Lestan, D (reprint author), Univ Ljubljana, Biotech Fac, Ctr Soil & Environm Sci, Dept Agron, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. NR 23 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1367-5435 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 20 IS 3-4 BP 244 EP 250 DI 10.1038/sj.jim.2900517 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA ZV710 UT WOS:000074333300020 ER PT J AU Clausen, CA Smith, RL AF Clausen, CA Smith, RL TI Removal of CCA from treated wood by oxalic acid extraction, steam explosion, and bacterial fermentation SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE steam explosion; acid extraction; Bacillus licheniformis CC01; bacteria; chromated copper arsenate (CCA); preservative AB Most preservative-treated wood produced and consumed in the United States is treated with toxic inorganic compounds containing copper, chromium, and arsenic. Because chromated copper arsenate (CCA) is fixed to the wood, CCA-treated wood has not been considered toxic or hazardous and it is currently disposed of in approved landfills, Growing public concern about environmental contamination from treated wood combined with the removal of greater quantities of CCA-treated wood from service have presented a disposal challenge for this fiber source, In this study, CCA-treated wood was processed by acid extraction, steam explosion, and bacterial fermentation and evaluated for removal of copper, chromium, and arsenic, Copper was the easiest to remove by these treatments and chromium the most resistant to removal, Exposing CCA-treated wood to steady-state bacterial growth by continuous culture with Bacillus licheniformis CC01 did not enhance removal of CCA components compared to standard mixed culture when acid extraction preceded bacterial fermentation. Nor did steam explosion, alone or in conjunction with acid extraction and bacterial fermentation, enhance removal of CCA components; the chromium and arsenic components resisted removal. Grinding CCA-treated wood chips into 20-mesh sawdust provided greater access to and removal of CCA components by all processes, However, grinding the chips was unnecessary if they were treated with acid prior to bacterial fermentation, Extraction with oxalic acid as a precursor to bacterial fermentation with B, licheniformis CC01 removed 90% copper (CuO), 80% chromium (CrO3), and 100% arsenic (As2O5) from treated chips. The combination of acid extraction and bacterial fermentation removed 80-100% of these metals from CCA-treated wood. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Virginia Tech, Ctr Forest Prod Mkt, Dept Wood Sci & Forest Prod, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Clausen, CA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 23 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 1 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1367-5435 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 20 IS 3-4 BP 251 EP 257 DI 10.1038/sj.jim.2900516 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA ZV710 UT WOS:000074333300021 ER PT J AU Lee, KY Hiremath, S Denlinger, DL AF Lee, KY Hiremath, S Denlinger, DL TI Expression of actin in the central nervous system is switched off during diapause in the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE actin expression; central nervous system; diapause; gypsy moth; KK-42; pharate larva ID PROTEIN-STRUCTURE; BOMBYX-MORI; DROSOPHILA; GENES; TRANSCRIPTS; MUSCLE; EMBRYOGENESIS; SEQUENCE; KK-42; STEP AB Diapause-regulated proteins were identified in the CNS of pharate Ist instar larvae of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. Expression of two proteins (130 kDa and 45 kDa) declined at the time of diapause initiation and remained low during diapause. At diapause termination, following exposure to 5 degrees C for at least 60 days, the 45-kDa protein was again highly expressed. Treatment of young pharate larvae with KK-42 averted diapause, and in such larvae, continued synthesis of the 45 kDa protein in the CNS was observed. These results suggest that expression of the 45-kDa protein is strongly down-regulated in the central nervous system (CNS) during diapause. Partial amino acid sequence determination suggested that the 45-kDa protein is actin, and this was confirmed using anti-actin antibodies. RT-PCR using primers designed from the sequence of the gypsy moth mid,out actin mRNA indicated that appearance of actin mRNA in the CNS followed the same pattern as that of the 45-kDa protein. The results indicate that diapause controls actin gene expression in the gypsy moth CNS and regulation is at the transcriptional level. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Entomol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Forest Expt Stn, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. RP Denlinger, DL (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Entomol, 1735 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM denlinger.1@osu.edu NR 34 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-1910 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 44 IS 3-4 BP 221 EP 226 DI 10.1016/S0022-1910(97)00173-X PG 6 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA 100TG UT WOS:000074831000003 ER PT J AU Kelly, TJ Gelman, DB Reed, DA Beckage, NE AF Kelly, TJ Gelman, DB Reed, DA Beckage, NE TI Effects of parasitization by Cotesia congregata on the brain-prothoracic gland axis of its host, Manduca sexta SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ecdysone; ecdysiotropin; PTTH; parasitization; parasite ID 2 MOLECULAR-FORMS; TOBACCO HORNWORM; HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS; HORMONE; DEGENERATION; LARVAE; TITERS; INSTAR; POLYDNAVIRUS; ECDYSTEROIDS AB The ability of prothoracic glands (PTGs) from parasitized and unparasitized Manduca sexta 5th-instars to respond to ecdysiotropic extracts prepared fi om day-5 5th instar brains was compared. An in vitro bioassay revealed that PTGs from parasitized animals were much less responsive to brain PTTH than glands from unparasitized larvae. However, when incubated in Grace's medium in the absence of brain extract, glands from day-3 and -4 hosts remained active for a much longer period of time than did those dissected from their unparasitized counterparts. Rather than exhibiting reduced (basal) levels of synthesis after the 3rd hour of incubation, glands from these parasitized larvae continued to synthesize/release ecdysteroid into the medium at relatively high rates. The timing of this enhanced secretory activity is coincident with the ecdysteroid peak that occurs just prior to and during wasp emergence. Following parasite emergence, gland activity decreased, and by the third day after emergence; was reduced to low levels. Results suggest that the requirement for PTTH to stimulate ecdysteroid production has been bypassed, i.e. that the parasite has uncoupled the normal mechanisms that permit brain regulation of PTG activity. The ability of brains from parasitized M. sexta to stimulate PTGs from unparasitized day-2 5th instars was also examined. Dose-response analyses performed for the first 7 days of the 5th instar showed that on a per brain basis ecdysiotropic activity in brains from parasitized and unparasitized animals was similar. However, when differences in brain size were considered, ecdysiotropic activity appeared to be more concentrated in brains from day-7 parasitized larvae than in brains from similarly aged unparasitized larvae. Analysis of the size distribution of the ecdysiotropic activity in brains from parasitized larvae revealed a unique form that was larger than the 29 kDa standard. This suggests that parasitization may inhibit neuropeptide processing, particularly during the final stages preceding emergence of the wasps from the host. Thus, both an inhibition of prothpracicotropic hormone processing and the inability to respond to this neurohormone may contribute to the developmental arrest characteristic of parasitized 5th instars. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, Insect Neurobiol & Hormone Lab, Inst Plant Sci, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Entomol, Riverside, CA USA. RP Gelman, DB (reprint author), ARS, Insect Neurobiol & Hormone Lab, Inst Plant Sci, USDA, IBL Bldg 306,Rm 322,BARC E,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 30 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 4 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-1910 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 44 IS 3-4 BP 323 EP 332 DI 10.1016/S0022-1910(97)00112-1 PG 10 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA 100TG UT WOS:000074831000013 ER PT J AU Goff, WL O'Rourke, KI Johnson, WC Lacy, PA Davis, WC Wyatt, CR AF Goff, WL O'Rourke, KI Johnson, WC Lacy, PA Davis, WC Wyatt, CR TI The role of IL-10 in iNOS and cytokine mRNA expression during in vitro differentiation of bovine mononuclear phagocytes SO JOURNAL OF INTERFERON AND CYTOKINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID T-CELL CLONES; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD MONOCYTES; NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE; INTERFERON-GAMMA; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; TYPE-1 HELPER; INTERLEUKIN-10; CLONING AB In the study reported here, we used RT-PCR with primers specific for interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and nitric oxide synthase (MOS) to assess the cytokine mRNA expression associated with bovine blood monocytes during their differentiation to macrophages cultured on plastic (1 week). In addition, we used RT-PCR to assess the contribution of gamma delta T cells as a source of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), the induction signal for iNOS. Further, we evaluated cytocentrifuge preparations from the cultures for the production of Ii-Id using specific antibody. We previously demonstrated that iNOS can be induced in cultured bovine monocytes in response to IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha but lose this capability in a short period of time. However, me demonstrate here that iNOS induction from monocytes cultured with IFN-gamma secreting gamma delta T cells is prolonged, suggesting that this source of IFN-gamma primes the monocytes before exogenous stimulation. Based on mRNA expression, placement of monocytes in culture resulted in activation, followed by quiescence. By 6 days in culture, the iNOS message was reduced below the basal level. In addition, the TNF-alpha message was substantially reduced, and IL-1 and IL-6 messages were reduced below detectable levels. This correlated with an increase in Ii-Ill message. Downregulation of these same cytokine messages as well as IFN-gamma message occurred within a 20-h period when Ii-Id was added exogenously to cultures of total leukocytes. At the same time, there was an increase in the number of IL-10-positive cells and an increase in the intensity of anti-IL-10 staining within adherent cells. These results provide evidence for Ii-Id regulation of some bovine mononuclear phagocyte effector functions. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Goff, WL (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, 337 Bustad Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM wgoff@vetmed.wsu.edu NR 39 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1079-9907 J9 J INTERF CYTOK RES JI J. Interferon Cytokine Res. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 18 IS 3 BP 139 EP 149 DI 10.1089/jir.1998.18.139 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Immunology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Immunology GA ZF404 UT WOS:000072894100001 PM 9555975 ER PT J AU Williams, DF Knue, GJ Becnel, JJ AF Williams, DF Knue, GJ Becnel, JJ TI Discovery of Thelohania solenopsae from the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, in the United States SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Solenopsis invicta; Thelohania solenopsae; fire ants; microsporidia; biological control ID HYMENOPTERA; FORMICIDAE; INFECTION; RICHTERI C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Williams, DF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 13 TC 50 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 71 IS 2 BP 175 EP 176 DI 10.1006/jipa.1997.4709 PG 2 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA ZB180 UT WOS:000072444400012 ER PT J AU Johnson, AW AF Johnson, AW TI Degradation of fenamiphos in agricultural production soil SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Nematology Congress CY JUL 07-12, 1996 CL GOSIER, GUADELOUPE DE control; degradation; enhanced degradation; fenamiphos; management; Meloidogyne incognita; nematicide; nematode; root-knot nematode; rotation ID ACCELERATED DEGRADATION; METABOLITES; HISTORY; FIELD AB Nematicides are used to control a wide variety of nematodes on many crops; unfortunately, oftentimes the control they provide is erratic. This erratic behavior is not always predictable and has been associated with chemical, physical, and biological degradation of nematicides. Their accelerated degradation is an agricultural problem that has been observed in crop monocultures and in other crop production systems where a biodegradable compound is repeatedly applied to the same soil. The problem can occur in field soil and golf course greens; it is not unique to any single nematicide or class of nematicides, but rather to many classes of pesticides. As indicated by the population density of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) in the soil in a 6-year sweet corn-sweet potato-vetch rotation, the efficacy of the nematicide fenamiphos diminished during the third year. Therefore, use of the nematicide applied immediately before planting sweet corn, sweet potato, and vetch should not exceed 3 years. After 3 years, the crop rotation and(or) the nematicide should be changed. C1 ARS, USDA, Coastal Plain Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Johnson, AW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Coastal Plain Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 30 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 30 IS 1 BP 40 EP 44 PG 5 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 196YX UT WOS:000080338800003 PM 19274197 ER PT J AU Atibalentja, N Noel, GR Liao, TF Gertner, GZ AF Atibalentja, N Noel, GR Liao, TF Gertner, GZ TI Population changes in Heterodera glycines and its bacterial parasite Pasteuria sp in naturally infested soil SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biological control; Glycine max; Heterodera glycines; modeling; nematode; Pasteuria; population dynamics; soybean; soybean cyst nematode ID MELOIDOGYNE-ARENARIA RACE-1; CYST-NEMATODE; DENSITY-DEPENDENCE; PENETRANS GROUP; UNITED-STATES; SP-NOV; SUPPRESSION; FIELD; FUNGI; INCOGNITA AB A two-year soil sampling study was conducted on four microplots naturally infested with Heterodera glycines and an undescribed species of Pasteuria. The objectives of the study were to investigate the population dynamics of both organisms and to assess the potential of Pasteuria sp. as a biological control agent of H. glycines. Seasonal fluctuations were observed in numbers of cysts, eggs per cyst, second-stage juveniles (J2) of H. glycines, number of Pasteuria endospores attached per J2, and percentages of endospore-encumbered J2. Percentages of endospore-encumbered J2, Y, increased with the mean numbers of endospores per J2, X, according to the equation Y = 87.0(1 -e(-0.53x)). In contrast, numbers of J2 per 250 cm(3) soil, Y, decreased with the numbers of endospores per J2, X, according to the exponential decay model Y = 67.4 + 220.1e(-1.2x) The equilibrium J2 density (67.4 +/- 3.3) derived from this function was consistent with the predictions of the Lotka-Volterra model of population dynamics based on the equation 0.0195ln(y) - 0.000336y = 0.000049x - 0.00285ln(x) + 0.06589, where x and y represent the biweekly means of J2 densities and the percentages of endospore-encumbered J2, respectively. In all cases, predicted equilibrium densities of J2 were below the damage threshold reported from field studies. These results indicate that, given sufficient time following introduction into a field, Pasteuria may increase to levels that would be effective as one component in an integrated pest management program to control X. glycines. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. ARS, Crop Protect Res Unit, USDA, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Sociol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Atibalentja, N (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 42 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 30 IS 1 BP 81 EP 92 PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 196YX UT WOS:000080338800008 PM 19274202 ER PT J AU Handoo, ZA Golden, AM Ellington, DMS AF Handoo, ZA Golden, AM Ellington, DMS TI Type specimens on deposit in the United States Department of Agriculture Nematode Collection, Beltsville, Maryland SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE allotype; collection; holotype; lectotype; nematode; neotype; paratype; species; taxonomy; type collection; type specimen AB A list of the deposited type specimens with references, a detailed historical background, importance, and maintenance procedures are given for the: type collection of the United States Department of Agriculture Nematode Collection (USDANC). The type specimen section is considered one of the largest and most valuable in existence. It contains 1,430 species mounted and preserved on 5,177 metal and glass slides and 404 vials. Also,. a brief description of the other constituent divisions of the collection is given, which, including the type collection, consists of 34,000 permanent slides and vials and 19,500 species entries. The list of deposited types is a type specimen location reference only and should not be used for the status of type species. The generic and specific names are arranged in alphabetical order and are given as indicated by the author(s) or depositor(s) when the types were deposited in the type section of the USDANC. The complete title of the reference is not given for each species, only the author's date, and source and slide number(s). Also, included are authors of designated types other than those of the original type series, e.g. paralectotype, allolectotype, neotype. C1 ARS, USDA, Nematol Lab, Inst Plant Sci,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Handoo, ZA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Nematol Lab, Inst Plant Sci,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 30 IS 1 BP 108 EP 158 PG 51 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 196YX UT WOS:000080338800011 PM 19274205 ER PT J AU Rose, D Habicht, JP Devaney, B AF Rose, D Habicht, JP Devaney, B TI Household participation in the food stamp and WIC programs increases the nutrient intakes of preschool children SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC); Food Stamp Program; nutrient intake; program evaluation ID NUTRITION; COSTS AB We examined the effects of household participation in the Food Stamp and WIC Nutrition Programs on the nutrient intakes of preschoolers using data from the 1989-1991 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals. Nonbreastfeeding children, 1-4 y of age, with 3 d of dietary data and whose households had incomes < 130% of the poverty level were included in the study sample (n = 499). Nutrient adequacy ratios for each of 15 nutrients were the dependent variables in multiple regression models that controlled for the following: age, sex and ethnicity of the individual; income, size and location of the household; schooling of the household head; home ownership; school lunch and breakfast participation; and season in which the interview was conducted. WIC benefits positively influenced (P < 0.05) the intakes of 10 nutrients. For iron and zinc, the average increase due to WIC represented 16.6 and 10.6%, respectively, of the preschooler recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for these nutrients. The same analyses of the Food Stamp Program revealed increases in five nutrients. For iron and zinc, the average increase due to Food Stamps represented 12.3 and 9.2%, respectively, of the preschooler RDA. The effects of the WIC Program on the intakes of iron and zinc were greater than that of cash income, and neither program affected the intakes of fat, saturated fat or cholesterol. C1 Cornell Univ, Div Nutr Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Econ Res Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20005 USA. Math Policy Res Inc, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. RP Habicht, JP (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Div Nutr Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 43 TC 68 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 128 IS 3 BP 548 EP 555 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA ZC510 UT WOS:000072587300011 PM 9482762 ER PT J AU Stoll, B Henry, J Reeds, PJ Yu, H Jahoor, F Burrin, DG AF Stoll, B Henry, J Reeds, PJ Yu, H Jahoor, F Burrin, DG TI Catabolism dominates the first-pass intestinal metabolism of dietary essential amino acids in milk protein-fed piglets SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE dietary protein metabolism; stable isotopes; intestinal metabolism; mucosal protein synthesis; pigs ID ENDOGENOUS NITROGEN; KINETICS; PIGS; LEUCINE; TRACER; L-<1-C-13,N-15>LEUCINE; INGESTION; GLUTAMINE; JEJUNUM; CASEIN AB To investigate the extent of first-pass intestinal metabolism of dietary amino acids, seven female pigs (28 d old, 8.0 kg) were implanted with arterial, venous, portal and gastric catheters and with an ultrasonic portal blood flow probe. The pigs were fed a milk-based diet once hourly and infused intragastrically with [(UC)-C-13]algal protein. On average, 56% of the essential amino acid (EAA) intake appeared in the portal blood. However, the net portal balance of methionine (48% of intake) and threonine (38% of intake) tended (P = 0.08) to be lower than the mean of all EAA. The net portal balance (expressed as a percentage of intake) of alanine (205%), tyrosine (167%) and arginine (137%) exceeded their intake. Net portal outflow of ammonia accounted for 18% of total amino acid nitrogen intake. As a percentage of the enteral tracer input, there was substantial first-pass metabolism of lysine (35%), leucine (32%), phenylalanine (35%) and threonine (61%). However, only 18, 21, 18 and 12% of the total first-pass metabolism of lysine, leucine, phenylalanine and threonine, respectively, were recovered in mucosal protein. We conclude that roughly one third of dietary intake of EAA is consumed in first-pass metabolism by the intestine and that amino acid catabolism by the mucosal cells is quantitatively greater than amino acid incorporation into mucosal protein. C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Burrin, DG (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [R01-HD33920] NR 35 TC 277 Z9 296 U1 3 U2 21 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 128 IS 3 BP 606 EP 614 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA ZC510 UT WOS:000072587300020 PM 9482771 ER PT J AU Gillen, RL McCollum, FT Tate, KW Hodges, ME AF Gillen, RL McCollum, FT Tate, KW Hodges, ME TI Tallgrass prairie response to grazing system and stocking rate SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE continuous grazing; rotation grazing; species composition; plant succession ID SHORT-DURATION; VEGETATION AB Grazing system and stocking rate effects on standing crop of species and relative species composition of tallgrass prairies in north-central Oklahoma were evaluated from 1989 to 1993, Twelve experimental units, consisting of pastures dominated by big bluestem [Andropogon gerardii Vitman], little bluestem [Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx,) Nash], and indiangrass [Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash], were arranged in a completely randomized design with either a short duration rotation or continuous grazing system and stocking rates ranging from 51.5 animal-unit-days/ha (AUD/ha) to 89.8 AUD/ha, Yearling steers grazed the pastures from late April to late September, Cumulative precipitation was above average during the study period, Continuous and rotation grazing affected the major herbage components similarly over time, Standing crop of all major herbage components declined as stocking rate increased, The standing crop of the major herbage components also declined from the first to the last year of the study, The decrease in standing crop of big bluestem, indiangrass and forbs over years was greatest at lighter stocking rates, Relative composition of switchgrass [Panicum virgatum L.] increased at the lower stocking rates over time in both grazing systems, The relationship between shortgrasses and stocking rate was different between grazing systems at the start of the study but became similar between grazing systems over time, After 5 years, shortgrasses were positively related to stocking rate under both grazing systems, Favorable growing conditions and the high seral state of the vegetation in the experimental pastures may have tempered the response to grazing treatments. C1 Agr Res Serv, USDA, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Amarillo, TX USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agron & Range Sci, Davis, CA USA. Oklahoma Wheat Commiss, Oklahoma City, OK USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Agron, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Gillen, RL (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, USDA, 2000 18th St, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. NR 25 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 16 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 51 IS 2 BP 139 EP 146 DI 10.2307/4003198 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZD323 UT WOS:000072673700003 ER PT J AU Karl, MGS Doescher, PS AF Karl, MGS Doescher, PS TI Ponderosa pine aboveground growth after cattle removal of terminal tissue SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE forest grazing; Pinus ponderosa; conifer seedling growth; relative growth rate; height growth; stem volume growth ID ARTIFICIAL DEFOLIATION; SCOTS PINE; COMPETITION AB Mismanagement of livestock can result in herbivory on Pinus seedlings with potential for growth loss. From 1986 to 1990 on a conifer plantation in the Mixed-Conifer Zone of southwestern Oregon we measured the aboveground growth of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson & C. Lawson var. ponderosa) seedlings that had sustained (1) removal of terminal stem or bud tissue by cattle, and (2) no removal (control). In 1990 (year 5 of the plantation), cumulative, absolute height and stem volume on seedlings that sustained terminal tissue removal were similar to control seedlings. In 1988, relative height growth was comparable between control seedlings and seedlings sustaining tissue removal in May 1987. In contrast, 1988 relative height growth was -22% (P < 0.05) for seedlings sustaining tissue removal in August 1987, compared with control seedlings. Relative stem volume growth in 1988 ranged from -21 to -26% (P < 0.05) for seedlings sustaining tissue removal in (I) August 1987, (2) April or May 1988, and (3) 1987 and 1988, compared with control seedlings. Reduced relative growth was short-term. Relative growth rates for seedlings sustaining tissue removal were comparable to control by the first or second year after removal. Seedlings sustaining tissue removal before winter bud set (April and May) were more likely to recover by the first year than seedlings sustaining tissue removal after winter bud set (August). We propose that if silviculturists prescribe cattle grazing early in the growing season and terminal tissue is removed at that time, they can still achieve understory vegetation control and enhanced soil water availability without jeopardizing longterm aboveground growth of ponderosa pine. The lack of spatial replication of treatments (terminal tissue removal dates) limits spatial extrapolation of our findings. The credibility of our findings should be tested with additional research on the growth response of ponderosa pine seedlings subsequent to actual livestock herbivory, conducted with spatially replicated treatments. C1 US Forest Serv, Interior Columbia Basin Ecosyst Management Projec, USDA, Walla Walla, WA 99362 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Rangeland Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Karl, MGS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Interior Columbia Basin Ecosyst Management Projec, USDA, Walla Walla, WA 99362 USA. NR 28 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 51 IS 2 BP 147 EP 151 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZD323 UT WOS:000072673700004 ER PT J AU Ortmann, J Stubbendieck, J Masters, RA Pfeiffer, GH Bragg, TB AF Ortmann, J Stubbendieck, J Masters, RA Pfeiffer, GH Bragg, TB TI Efficacy and costs of controlling eastern redcedar SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Juniperus virginiana L.; prescribed fire; brush control; range improvement ID BLUESTEM PRAIRIE AB Eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) is reducing grassland productivity across much of the Great Plains. Control meth-ods include broadcast prescribed fire, herbicides, cutting, and individual tree ignition. All methods have disadvantages when used alone. Fire can be ineffective against larger trees. Intensive methods can be too expensive for low-productivity grasslands. The objectives of this research were to determine the effects of broadcast prescribed fire alone as measured at 3 weeks after fire; to compare the effects of picloram herbicide application with or without fire, sawing with or without fire, and individual tree ignition with fire; and to compare all treatment costs. Treatments were applied at a central Nebraska rangeland site in 1993 and 1994. Fire mortality was 77% in 1993 and 67% in 1994. Either picloram or cutting after fire provided nearly 100% control of trees < 3 m tall, but cutting was more effective for trees > 3 m tall. Total mortality due to treatment combinations generally was higher in 1993, when burning conditions were more favorable. Burning, at an estimated cost of $4.96 ha(-1), before picloram application or cutting reduced total costs by nearly half. Picloram application costs were reduced from $90.10 ha(-1) to $47.95 ha(-1), and cutting costs from $62.92 ha(-1) to 39.26 ha(-1) Burning first also reduced cutting time from 362 min ha(-1) to 184 min ha(-1), but did not significantly decrease picloram application time. Prescribed fire should precede intensive treatment applications if possible, both to reduce costs and improve total effectiveness. Because the costs and effectiveness of burning followed by either picloram or cutting are similar, managers should choose the method most suitable to individual circumstances. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. ARS, USDA, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agr Econ, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Omaha, NE 68182 USA. RP Ortmann, J (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 31 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 51 IS 2 BP 158 EP 163 DI 10.2307/4003201 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZD323 UT WOS:000072673700006 ER PT J AU Booth, DT Bai, YG AF Booth, DT Bai, YG TI Technical note: Measuring moisture content of small seeds SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE sagebrush; Artemisia tridentata ssp wyomingensis; analytical balance; tin capsule AB An accurate determination of moisture content in hydrated or partially hydrated seeds is fundamental to understanding early physiological processes in seeds, and the associated environmental interactions that affect seedling vigor, establishment, and survival, One difficulty encountered while measuring the moisture content of imbibed seeds is that water evaporates from the seed during weighing, This is particularly significant for small seeds became they have a large surface area to volume ratio, We developed a procedure using a standard tin capsule and microbalance which was simple, inexpensive, facilitated precise measurement of moisture in hydrated seeds, and provided reliable results with a minimal amount of seeds, The method is recommended as a means for increasing the accuracy of seed weight and seed moisture measurements. C1 ARS, USDA, High Plaines Grassl Res Sta, Cheyenne, WY 82009 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Plant Soil & Insect Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Booth, DT (reprint author), ARS, USDA, High Plaines Grassl Res Sta, 8408 Hildreth Rd, Cheyenne, WY 82009 USA. NR 4 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 51 IS 2 BP 179 EP 180 DI 10.2307/4003204 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZD323 UT WOS:000072673700009 ER PT J AU Arredondo, JT Johnson, DA AF Arredondo, JT Johnson, DA TI Clipping effects on root architecture and morphology of 3 range grasses SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE root topology; link length; defoliation; bluebunch wheatgrass; crested wheatgrass; cheatgrass ID HYCREST CRESTED WHEATGRASS; AGROPYRON BUNCHGRASSES; SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE; BRANCHING PATTERNS; LOLIUM-PERENNE; GROWTH; EFFICIENCY; SEEDLINGS; WATER; PHOTOSYNTHESIS AB Although defoliation is known to affect root growth in range plants, little information is available concerning the effect of defoliation on root architecture and its relationship to root morphological characteristics. This study evaluated the influence of clipping on root architecture and morphology of 3 range grasses from the Intermountain West: 'Whitmar', a cultivar of bluebunch wheatgrass [Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) A. Love]; 'Hycrest', a cultivar of hybrid crested wheatgrass [Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult. X A. cristatum (L.) Gaert.]; and cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.). Greenhouse-grown seedlings were clipped once or twice at 3 intensities of defoliation (0, 50, and 70 %). The topology (pathlength-slope index), geometry (link length and root diameter), and morphology (total root length and specific root length) of roots of the 3 grasses were evaluated 28, 35, and 42 days after planting. Root topology (Peslope index) did not vary among defoliation treatments but did vary among species across harvests. Root branching of the grazing-tolerant Hycrest decreased through time, while root branching of the grazing-sensitive Whitmar increased through time. Cheatgrass maintained a highly branched root system throughout the experiment. Specific root length in Hycrest and Whitmar decreased through time, indicating that roots became coarser with age. Similar to its topological response, cheatgrass did not exhibit changes in specific root length through time. There were apparent tradeoffs between link lengths of the main axis and lateral roots of the seminal root, which may lead to important changes in root branching density, root production costs, and probably root function. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Rangeland Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Arredondo, JT (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Rangeland Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RI Arredondo Moreno, Jose /A-9972-2015 OI Arredondo Moreno, Jose /0000-0003-1969-9942 NR 49 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 7 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 51 IS 2 BP 207 EP 213 DI 10.2307/4003209 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZD323 UT WOS:000072673700014 ER PT J AU Alzerreca-Angelo, H Schupp, EW Kitchen, SG AF Alzerreca-Angelo, H Schupp, EW Kitchen, SG TI Sheep grazing and plant cover dynamics of a shadscale community SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Artemisia spinescens; Atriplex confertifolia; Ceratoides lanata; climate; Hilaria jamesii; Oryzopsis hymenoides; Sporobolus cryptandrus; vegetation dynamics ID VEGETATION CHANGES; SHRUB COMMUNITIES; RANGE CONDITION; THRESHOLDS; ECOSYSTEM; VIEWPOINT; UTAH AB Despite extensive coverage and long-term use, the extent to which shadscale [Atriplex confertifolia (Torr. & Frem.) Wats.] community dynamics are driven by grazing rather than by climate and inherent plant characteristics is unresolved. We analyze a 59-year data set from the Desert Experimental Range, southwestern Utah, with the objective of discriminating between grazing and non-grazing effects on cover dynamics. Canopy cover of (5 x 20 ft) 9.3 m(2) plots were estimated in 1935, 1958, 1969, 1975, and 1994. Treatments were time (5 dates), grazing (ungrazed versus grazed), and season (spring versus winter). Time was significant; total cover initially increased following release from uncontrolled grazing and improvement of climate (1935-58, P < 0.001), remained unchanged over the following dry interval (1958-69, P = 1.000), increased over a drier interval (1969-75, P < 0.001), and then decreased dramatically over the final wet period (1975-94, P < 0.001). Grazing was also significant (P < 0.001), but cover of ungrazed plots exceeded that of grazed plots only in 1975 and 1994 (P less than or equal to 0.033). The 6 dominant species showed varying responses to grazing and time, with some responding primarily to grazing (e.g., budsage, Artemisia spinescens D.C. Eaten in Wats.) and others responding primarily to time (climate, longevity, etc., e.g., Indian ricegrass, Oryzopsis hymenoides R & S). Similarly, seasonal effects were not universal. Shrub cover initially increased and then declined dramatically while grass cover monotonically increased. Results suggest that release from uncontrolled grazing coupled with improving climatic conditions were responsible for initial recovery of the community, but that over time, climate and inherent plant traits (e.g., longevity, establishment ecology, etc.) became relatively more important. For total cover and for many individual species, continued grazing affected the rate more than the direction of vegetation change. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Rangeland Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Ctr Ecol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. US Forest Serv, Intermt Res Stn, Shrub Sci Lab, USDA, Provo, UT 84606 USA. RP Alzerreca-Angelo, H (reprint author), Casilla 13697, La Paz, Bolivia. RI Schupp, Eugene/F-1834-2010 NR 49 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 51 IS 2 BP 214 EP 222 DI 10.2307/4003210 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZD323 UT WOS:000072673700015 ER PT J AU Schuman, GE Booth, DT Cockrell, JR AF Schuman, GE Booth, DT Cockrell, JR TI Cultural methods for establishing Wyoming big sagebrush on mined lands SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE topsoil; mulching; plant competition; VAM; topsoil storage ID VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAE; BOUTELOUA-GRACILIS; TOPSOIL STORAGE; GERMINATION; SOIL; RECLAMATION; VIABILITY; GROWTH; SEEDS; FUNGI AB Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp, wyomingensis Beetle & Young) is one of the most widely distributed shrub species in Wyoming and the Rocky Mountain and Northern Plains region, Its reestablishment on mined lands has generally proven difficult however, because of low seedling vigor, an inability to compete with herbaceous species, poor seed quality, and altered edaphic conditions, Field research evaluating the effect of topsoil management, mulching practice, and plant competition have shown that all of these factors significantly influence initial sagebrush establishment, Greater sagebrush establishment occurred on fresh topsoil compared to 5-year-old stockpiled topsoil, Stubble, surface-applied mulch, and elimination of herbaceous competition also significantly increased establishment in the first growing season, A cool, wet second-year growing season (April-September) resulted in large increases in sagebrush seedling density across all treatments; however, soil management and competition treatment effects were still apparent in the second year, Mulch type had limited effects on sagebrush seedling density by the third year of the study, This research indicates that big sagebrush seed viability in the soil is longer than previously thought and that seed dormancy, safe site development, and climactic conditions play important roles in germination, establishment, and seedling survival of this species. C1 ARS, USDA, Rangeland Resources Res Unit, High Plains Grasslands Res Stn, Cheyenne, WY 82009 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Plant Soil & Insect Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Schuman, GE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Rangeland Resources Res Unit, High Plains Grasslands Res Stn, 8408 Hildreth Rd, Cheyenne, WY 82009 USA. NR 45 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 9 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 51 IS 2 BP 223 EP 230 DI 10.2307/4003211 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZD323 UT WOS:000072673700016 ER PT J AU Patton-Mallory, M Smith, FW Pellicane, PJ AF Patton-Mallory, M Smith, FW Pellicane, PJ TI Modeling bolted connections in wood: A three-dimensional finite-element approach SO JOURNAL OF TESTING AND EVALUATION LA English DT Article DE three-dimensional; finite element model; bolted connections; wood; stress analysis AB A three-dimensional (3-D) finite-element model was developed and verified which is capable of predicting the failure mode and load-deformation (P - Delta) behavior of a single bolted connection in wood. The 3-D geometry of the model is complemented by a trilinear orthotropic constitutive model for wood and an elastic-perfectly plastic constitutive characterization of the pin (bolt). The model accounted for the nonlinear behavior found in bolted wood connections associated with wood crushing and geometric nonlinearities at the wood/metal interface. A special contact element was used at the wood/pin interface to enforce a criterion of no pin penetration (i.e., strain compatibility) through the wood member. Experimentally obtained P-Delta curves were compared against those obtained numerically. For all geometries studied, the model proved to capture the characteristics of the experimental analyses. C1 USDA, Rocky Mt Forest & Range Expt Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Patton-Mallory, M (reprint author), USDA, Rocky Mt Forest & Range Expt Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0090-3973 J9 J TEST EVAL JI J. Test. Eval. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 26 IS 2 BP 115 EP 124 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA ZJ973 UT WOS:000073272300005 ER PT J AU Bosworth, AB Meola, SM Thompson, M Olson, JK AF Bosworth, AB Meola, SM Thompson, M Olson, JK TI Chorionic morphology of eggs of the Psorophora confinnis complex in the United States. II. Pre- and postdeposition studies of Psorophora columbiae (Dyar and Knab) eggs SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE mosquito; Psorophora columbiae; egg; morphology; chorion AB Scanning and transmission electron microscopic techniques were used to determine the morphology of the exochorion and endochorion of Psorophora columbiae eggs as found in the ovary and after deposition. In the ovary, the outer chorionic reticulations and tubercles of the eggs are ornately developed below the follicular epithelium. Expansion of the eggs after deposition causes the outer chorionic reticuli and sculpturing (i.e., minor and major tubercles) to form the characteristic spinose appearance of Psorophora eggs. Transmission electron microscopic micrographs of cross and sagittal sections of the chorionic layers of Ps. columbine eggs indicate that the major outer chorionic tubercles have 3 distinct regions. The 3rd region was found only on the dorsum of the tubercle. Elevation of major tubercles appears to be regulated, at least in parr, by ambient moisture conditions, and one function of these tubercles seems to be adhesion of the egg to an oviposition surface. C1 USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. USA, San Antonio, TX 78232 USA. RP Bosworth, AB (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Entomol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 707-A EAST PRIEN LAKE ROAD, PO BOX 5416, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70606-5416 USA SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 14 IS 1 BP 46 EP 57 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZN859 UT WOS:000073690500007 PM 9599323 ER PT J AU Lamboy, WF Alpha, CG AF Lamboy, WF Alpha, CG TI Using simple sequence repeats (SSRs) for DNA fingerprinting germplasm accessions of grape (Vitis L.) species SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE microsatellite markers; identification; discrimination power; genetic resources ID MARKERS; CULTIVARS; DIVERSITY; LOCI AB The USDA-ARS Vitis genetic resources collections in Geneva, N.Y., and Davis, Calif., contain approximate to 3600 accessions of >35 species. Accurate and unambiguous identification of these grapes is essential for efficient and effective use of this germplasm. Previous workers have successfully used polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-generated SSRs to fingerprint cultivars of the wine and table grape species, V. vinifera. Building on this work, we conducted a test of five previously characterized SSR loci on 110 accessions of 25 grape taxa (21 Vitis species and 4 hybrids) to determine if they would satisfy our need for identifying cultivars within the USDA-ARS grape collections. Scorable SSR fragments were produced with all 550 primer-accession combinations, with no null loci observed. The loci were highly polymorphic, with 16 to 38 different alleles found at a locus. Heterozygosity values ranged from 0.464 to 0.818, while gene diversity values ranged from 0.875 to 0.955. Discrimination power at a locus varied from a low of 0.947 to a high of 0.987. Combined discrimination power of all loci was effectively 1.000, with 2 chances in 100,000,000 that two sexually, independently derived grape accessions would not be distinguishable using this set of five SSR loci. Two plants in the study that had previously been classified as belonging to different grape species were shown to have identical SSR fingerprints, showing that they almost certainly possessed the same genotype. Because SSR markers are codominant and highly polymorphic and SSR loci are generally conserved across a range of related species, we strongly recommend SSRs for fingerprinting not only grape, but other clonal genetic resources collections as wed. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Hort Sci, USDA, Agr Res Serv,Plant Genet Resources Unit, Geneva, NY 14456 USA. RP Lamboy, WF (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Hort Sci, USDA, Agr Res Serv,Plant Genet Resources Unit, Geneva, NY 14456 USA. EM wfl1@cornell.edu NR 32 TC 71 Z9 79 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 123 IS 2 BP 182 EP 188 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA YY433 UT WOS:000072146100002 ER PT J AU Coyne, CJ Mehlenbacher, SA Smith, DC AF Coyne, CJ Mehlenbacher, SA Smith, DC TI Sources of resistance to eastern filbert blight in hazelnut SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Corylus avellana; Anisogramma anomala; disease resistance; nut breeding ID EUROPEAN HAZELNUT; ANISOGRAMMA-ANOMALA; SUSCEPTIBILITY; INFECTION AB Eastern filbert blight is an economically significant disease in European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) production in the United States. Since genetic resistance is the only viable disease control strategy to this fungal disease caused by Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Muller, greenhouse and field screening of germplasm was undertaken to study the inheritance from known resistant sources and to identify new sources for inclusion in the breeding program. We confirmed that 'Gasaway' resistance to this disease is conferred by a single dominant gene. No major gene was identified in the field-resistant cultivar Gem. Representatives of six Corylus species were screened to identify new resistant germplasm. Corylus cornuta Marshall var, cornuta, C. cornuta var. californica (A.DC.) Sharp, C. heterophylla Fischer, and C. sieboldiana Plume were highly resistant, as were most C. americana Marshall genotypes and one C. colurna L. clone tested, but C.jacquemontii Decaisne was highly susceptible. In several cases, hybrids of these species with susceptible C. avellana were also resistant. These new sources of resistance are being incorporated in the resistance breeding effort. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Hort, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Coyne, CJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 303 Johnson Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 22 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 123 IS 2 BP 253 EP 257 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA YY433 UT WOS:000072146100013 ER PT J AU Staub, JE Meglic, V McCreight, JD AF Staub, JE Meglic, V McCreight, JD TI Inheritance and linkage relationships of melon (Cucumis melo L.) isozymes SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE allozymes; genetic markers; genetic map ID STARCH-GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; SATIVUS L; MORPHOLOGICAL MARKERS; DISEASE RESISTANCE; LOCI; POLYMORPHISM; RFLP; RAPD; MAP AB Nineteen polymorphic and eleven monomorphic isozyme loci were identified in thirteen enzyme systems in a survey of four-hundred melon (Cucumis melo L.) accessions. Segregation of allozymes in F-2 and backcross (BC) families for isozyme loci agreed with the expected 1:2:1 and 1:1 segregation ratios (P < 0.01). Eleven isozyme loci were linked and were integrated to form a map containing two linkage groups spanning 98 cM with a mean linkage distance of approximate to 9 cM. Linkage groups (A and B) contain the following loci in the order: A Fdp-2, Pgd, Pgm, Mpi-1, Idh, and Ac, and B Pep-gl, Mdh-2, Mdh-4, Mdh-5, Mdh-6. The remaining eight loci (Acp-1, Acp-4, Ak-4, Fdp-1, Gpi, Mpi-2 Pep-la, and Pep-pap) segregated independently. The isozyme map constructed in this study provides genomic information for future linkage studies with economically important traits and concensus map construction through map merging. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA, ARS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Agr Inst Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia. USDA, ARS, Crop Improvement & Protect Unit, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. RP Staub, JE (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA, ARS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 31 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 123 IS 2 BP 264 EP 272 PG 9 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA YY433 UT WOS:000072146100015 ER PT J AU Shellie, KC Mangan, RL AF Shellie, KC Mangan, RL TI Navel orange tolerance to heat treatments for disinfesting Mexican fruit fly SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE quarantine; phytosanitary; postharvest; quality; Anastrepha ludens; Citrus sinensis ID BACTROCERA-TRYONI DIPTERA; FORCED-AIR; QUARANTINE TREATMENTS; HIGH-TEMPERATURE; HOT-WATER; TEPHRITIDAE; GRAPEFRUIT; QUALITY; EGGS; MANGOES AB Navel orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] was exposed to moist, forced air at 46 degrees C for up to 4.5 hours or 50 degrees C for 2 hours, or immersed for 3 hours in water at 46 degrees C. Quality attributes of heated and nonheated fruit were compared after 4 weeks of storage at 7 degrees C and 1 week at 23 degrees C. The flavor of oranges immersed in water was rated significantly inferior to fruit heated in air and fruit that were not heated. Oranges immersed in hot water also developed a higher incidence of decay during storage than oranges heated in air or nonheated control fruit. The flavor of oranges exposed to moist, forced air at 46 degrees C for up to 4.5 hours was rated by preference panelists as similar to nonheated controls, even though heated fruit had a significantly lower amount of titratable acidity and a higher ratio of sugar to acid. Fruit exposed to high-temperature forced air developed less decay during subsequent storage than nonheated control fruit. Texas 'N33' navel oranges tolerated exposure to forced air at 46 degrees C for up to 4.5 hours without deleterious effects on fruit market quality. C1 USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Lab, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Shellie, KC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Lab, 2301 S Int Blvd, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. EM kshellie@pop.tamu.edu NR 25 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 123 IS 2 BP 288 EP 293 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA YY433 UT WOS:000072146100019 ER PT J AU Saftner, RA Conway, WS Sams, CE AF Saftner, RA Conway, WS Sams, CE TI Effects of postharvest calcium and fruit coating treatments on postharvest life, quality maintenance, and fruit-surface injury in 'Golden Delicious' apples SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE CaCl2; Malus domestica; shrink wrap ID STORAGE QUALITY; INFILTRATION; TEMPERATURES; ATMOSPHERES; CO2 AB The effects of postharvest pressure infiltration of calcium chloride (CaCl2) solutions, fruit coatings and shrink-wrap film treatments of apples (Malus domestica Borkh. 'Golden Delicious') on peel injury, quality attributes, respiration and internal atmospheres after storage at 0 degrees C for 2 to 6 months, and during subsequent ripening at 20 degrees C were investigated. CaCl2 treatments (0.14 to 0.34 mol.L-1) reduced internal and evolved ethylene and softening of fruits, but they also caused distinctive injury to the fruit surface. Following the CaCl2 treatments with a water rinse and a wax-or shellac-based coating or a shrink-wrap film reduced surface injury in fruits treated with 0.24 or 0.34 mol.L-1 solutions of CaCl2 and eliminated injury resulting from a 0.14 mol.L-1 CaCl2 treatment. The fruit coatings delayed ripening; as indicated hy better retention of fresh mass, green peel color, titratable acidity and flesh firmness, and the reduced respiration and ethylene production rates that were observed upon transferring the fruits to 20 degrees C. Sequential treatments with CaCl2 and a shrink-wrap film also reduced fresh mass loss, respiration and ethylene production rates, but had no effect on other quality characteristics. Internal CO2 levels increased and O-2 and ethylene levels decreased in surface coated fruits during storage at 0 degrees C. Coating fruits without the use of CaCl2 also delayed ripening though not as well as that for fruits sequentially treated with CaCl2 and a surface coating. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. RP Saftner, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 24 TC 44 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 123 IS 2 BP 294 EP 298 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA YY433 UT WOS:000072146100020 ER PT J AU Abbott, JA Massie, DR AF Abbott, JA Massie, DR TI Nondestructive sonic measurement of kiwifruit firmness SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Actinidia deliciosa; instrumentation; postharvest handling; quality; texture ID FRUIT FIRMNESS; ACTINIDIA-DELICIOSA; MODAL-ANALYSIS; APPLES AB Firmness is a critical quality characteristic in kiwifruit [Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson] marketing. The industry seeks a nondestructive method for firmness sorting. We measured sonic vibrational responses of 149 kiwifruit over the range 0 to 2000 Hz and compared them with Magness-Taylor (MT) penetrometer values. Sonic resonant frequencies and mass were combined to calculate a sonic stiffness coefficient. Coefficients of determination (r(2)) for sonic stiffness coefficients versus MT slope and log of MT maximum force were 0.88 and 0.86, respectively. Sonic stiffness coefficients provided good to excellent classification of kiwifruit into two or three firmness categories based on MT maximum force values. A combination of amplitudes at several specific sonic frequencies selected by stepwise discriminant analysis or regression tree analysis also provided successful sorting algorithms. Identification of soft kiwifruit was 89% to 96% accurate and of firm kiwifruit 83% to 91%. These conclusions are based on a rather small sampling of kiwifruit of a single source and size, but the results clearly indicate the potential of a nondestructive firmness measurement based an sonic frequency vibrations. C1 USDA ARS, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Abbott, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 32 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 123 IS 2 BP 317 EP 322 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA YY433 UT WOS:000072146100024 ER PT J AU James, W Kaplan, B AF James, W Kaplan, B TI Avian influenza virus A H5N1: person-to-person transmission? SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP James, W (reprint author), USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 1 PY 1998 VL 212 IS 5 BP 630 EP 630 PG 1 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA ZJ033 UT WOS:000073172800007 ER PT J AU Wineland, NE Detwiler, LA Salman, MD AF Wineland, NE Detwiler, LA Salman, MD TI Epidemiologic analysis of reported scrapie in sheep in the United States: 1,117 cases (1947-1992) SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE ovine species; epidemiology; scrapie ID MINK ENCEPHALOPATHY VIRUS; SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY; MULE DEER; TRANSMISSION; DISEASE AB Objective-To determine epidemiologic features associated with reported cases of scrapie in sheep in the United States. Design-Retrospective study. Sample Population-Records for scrapie-positive sheep flocks and sheep with clinical signs consistent with scrapie reported to the USDA from 1947 through 1992. Procedure-Records from the USDA's scrapie control and eradication program were abstracted, entered into a computer database, and statistically analyzed. Results-1,117 sheep from 657 flocks located in 39 slates were scrapie positive during the study period. Seasonal or spatial trends were not evident. Mean yearly proportion of scrapie-positive flocks increased slightly from 1965 through 1992. One hundred sixty eight rams and 949 ewes were reported to be scrapie positive during the study period, which was slightly more rams than expected if the disease was equally likely to affect rams and ewes. Suffolks (972/1,117; 87%) and Hampshires (68/1,117; 6%) were most commonly affected. Clinical Implications-The prevalence of scrapie in sheep in the United States is unknown. Bias in this study may have resulted from inconsistencies in available information, misclassification of sheep with clinically suspicious signs of scrapie, and changes in the national scrapie control and eradication program that likely affected willingness of owners and veterinarians to report potentially infected sheep. C1 USDA, APHIS, Ctr Epidemiol, Ctr Anim Hlth Monitoring, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. USDA, APHIS, Vet Serv, Robbinsville, NJ 08691 USA. Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Environm Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA, APHIS, Ctr Anim Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Wineland, NE (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, Ctr Epidemiol, Ctr Anim Hlth Monitoring, 555 S Howes, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 18 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 1 PY 1998 VL 212 IS 5 BP 713 EP + PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA ZJ033 UT WOS:000073172800035 PM 9524648 ER PT J AU Day, WH Tropp, JM Eaton, AT Romig, RF Van Driesche, RG Chianese, RJ AF Day, WH Tropp, JM Eaton, AT Romig, RF Van Driesche, RG Chianese, RJ TI Geographic distributions of Peristenus conradi and P-digoneutis (Hymenoptera : Braconidae), parasites of the Alfalfa Plant Bug and the Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera : Miridae) in the northeastern United States SO JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE Adelphocoris; alfalfa; Lygus spp.; parasites; Peristenus spp. AB Peristenus digoneutis Loan, an introduced parasite of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot) (a native species), has spread from its original establishment point in northwestern New Jersey into six additional states. It has been found in 36 counties, but likely is more widespread. Its dispersion has mostly been to the northeast, and has not occurred south of latitude 40 degrees N. Peristenus conradi Marsh, an introduced parasite of the alfalfa plant bug, Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze) (an introduced insect), has spread from its initial establishment location in northern Delaware into two other states. It is known from a total of nine counties, but probably also is present in others. Both parasitic wasp species are now established widely enough that field studies can be conducted in several states. C1 USDA, Beneficial Insects Res Lab, Newark, DE 19713 USA. RP Day, WH (reprint author), USDA, Beneficial Insects Res Lab, 501 S Chapel St, Newark, DE 19713 USA. NR 4 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI NEW YORK PA C/O AMER MUSEUM NAT HIST 79TH & CENTRAL PARK WEST, NEW YORK, NY 10024 USA SN 0028-7199 J9 J NEW YORK ENTOMOL S JI J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. PD SPR-SUM PY 1998 VL 106 IS 2-3 BP 69 EP 75 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 174VT UT WOS:000079057400003 ER PT J AU Sundberg, B Xue, Q Newman, RK Newman, CW AF Sundberg, B Xue, Q Newman, RK Newman, CW TI Glycaemic responses and hypocholesterolaemic effects of high-amylose barley diets on broiler chicks SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE barley; starch; high-amylose; glucose; cholesterol; chicks ID PLASMA-CHOLESTEROL CONCENTRATIONS; INSULIN RESPONSES; HEALTHY HUMANS; BETA-GLUCANS; STARCH DIGESTIBILITY; GLYCEMIC RESPONSE; GLUCOSE; FIBER; FOODS; PRODUCTS AB The glucose and lipid responses of barley diets were investigated with chicks based on either flour or red dog (RD) from each of three barley cultivars, Glacier, covered high-amylose Glacier (HAG) and hull-less high-amylose Glacier (HHAG), with two maize control diets. Mean time interval blood glucose levels were higher (P < 0.05) for chicks fed uncooked barley flour or RD, compared with controls. Total and LDL plasma cholesterol were lower (P < 0.05) for chicks fed the HAG and HHAG flour and all barley RD diets. HDL cholesterol values for chicks fed Glacier and HHAG flour and HHAG RD diets were higher than controls. The LDL/HDL cholesterol ratios for chicks fed HAG and HHAG flour and all barley RD diets were lower (P < 0.05) than controls. Lower body weights were observed in all chickens fed barley diets. The results suggest that the soluble fibre, mainly beta-glucan and starch structures, in barley may be responsible for the hypocholesterolaemic effect. (C) 1998 SCI. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Plant Soil & Environm Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. USDA, Metab & Nutrient Interact Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, BARC East, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. RP Newman, CW (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Plant Soil & Environm Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 40 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 76 IS 3 BP 457 EP 463 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199803)76:3<457::AID-JSFA972>3.0.CO;2-8 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA ZC919 UT WOS:000072632200021 ER PT J AU Bosworth, BG Libey, GS Notter, DR AF Bosworth, BG Libey, GS Notter, DR TI Relationships among total weight, body shape, visceral components, and fillet traits in palmetto bass (Striped bass female Morone saxatilis X white bass male M-chrysops) and paradise bass (Striped bass female M-saxatilis X yellow bass male M-mississippiensis) SO JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID RAINBOW-TROUT; GROWTH; CATFISH AB Relationships among total weight (W), and linear measures of body shape, visceral component weights, and fillet weight (Y) in market-size (>454 g) palmetto bass (Morone saxatilis female x M. chrysops male, N = 138) and paradise bass (M. saxatilis female x M. mississippiensis male, N = 134) were determined with the allometric equation: Y = aW(b). Allometric analysis was used to compare traits of palmetto bass and paradise bass, and to identify factors influencing fillet yield. Paradise bass, an all female hybrid, had deeper, thicker, shorter bodies, and smaller heads than palmetto bass females. Male and female palmetto bass had similar body shapes. Values of growth coefficients (b) for body shape traits (range 0.21-0.48) indicated that shape was proportional across the weight range of fish used. Mean visceral fat and ovary weight were higher In paradise bass than in palmetto bass females suggesting the reproductive cycle was more advanced in paradise bass females. Whole fillet (skin and ribs intact) and skinless fillet (ribs intact) were larger for paradise bass than for palmetto bass, but trimmed fillet (skin and ribs removed) was not different between fish. Relative increases of whole and skinless fillet weights were greater than total weight in both groups indicating that the percentage of body mass attributed to fillet increases slightly as total weight increases. Therefore, small increases in fillet yield can be achieved by rearing fish to a larger size. Step,vise regression of whole, skinless, and trimmed fillet weight on body shape traits resulted in three parameter models with r(2)-values of 0.27-0.29 in palmetto bass, and of 0.37-0.43 in paradise bass. Addition of visceral components as independent variables in the models increased r(2)-values to 0.31-0.36 for palmetto bass and to 0.45-0.52 for paradise bass. Low phenotypic variation in fillet yield (CV = 36%) and poor predictability of yield from measures taken on live fish limit the potential for improving yield through individual selection. Identification of superior species or strain crosses or rearing fish to a larger size appear to be the best strategies for improving fillet yield of Morone hybrids. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Anim & Poultry Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Bosworth, BG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Catfish Genet Res Unit, POB 38, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 23 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY PI BATON ROUGE PA LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, 143 J M PARKER COLISEUM, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 USA SN 0893-8849 J9 J WORLD AQUACULT SOC JI J. World Aquacult. Soc. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 29 IS 1 BP 40 EP 50 DI 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1998.tb00298.x PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA ZC347 UT WOS:000072568400006 ER PT J AU Klevay, LM AF Klevay, LM TI Untitled SO JOURNAL OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID COPPER DEFICIENCY; DIETARY COPPER; RATS; HYPERTENSION C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Klevay, LM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA VILLENGANG 2, D-07745 JENA, GERMANY SN 0946-672X J9 J TRACE ELEM MED BIO JI J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 12 IS 1 BP 1 EP 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA ZR602 UT WOS:000073995000001 PM 9638605 ER PT J AU Zhang, YP Uyemoto, JK Kirkpatrick, BC AF Zhang, YP Uyemoto, JK Kirkpatrick, BC TI A small-scale procedure for extracting nucleic acids from woody plants infected with various phytopathogens for PCR assay SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE phytoplasma; bacterium; viroid; virus; PCR; nucleic acid extraction ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; DOUBLE-STRANDED-RNA; VIRUS; TISSUE; AMPLIFICATION; MOLLICUTES; GENES AB The complexity of most nucleic acid extraction procedures limits the number of samples that can be easily processed for analysis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A simple, small-scale procedure was developed which can be carried out entirely in 1.5-ml microfuge tubes whereby the container and contents are frozen with liquid nitrogen, tissue is pulverized, and targeted nucleic acids are extracted. DNA of bacterial and phytoplasmal plant pathogens was extracted in hot CTAB buffer followed by chloroform clarification. Following centrifugation, the DNA in the aqueous fraction was precipitated with isopropanol and resuspended in water. RNA originating from viruses and viroids was extracted from triturated tissue using STE buffer and phenol. The nucleic acid fraction was purified using CF-11 cellulose. All purified preparations were used as PCR or RT-PCR templates to detect DNA or RNA, respectively. These procedures were used to detect Xylella fastidiosa, peach yellow leaf roll phytoplasma, sour cherry green ring mottle virus, and peach latent mosaic viroid by agarose gel electrophoresis. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Pathol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Uyemoto, JK (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM jkuyemoto@ucdavis.edu NR 18 TC 143 Z9 157 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-0934 J9 J VIROL METHODS JI J. Virol. Methods PD MAR PY 1998 VL 71 IS 1 BP 45 EP 50 DI 10.1016/S0166-0934(97)00190-0 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA ZL738 UT WOS:000073465500006 PM 9628220 ER PT J AU Kleiboeker, SB Burrage, TG Scoles, GA Fish, D Rock, DL AF Kleiboeker, SB Burrage, TG Scoles, GA Fish, D Rock, DL TI African swine fever virus infection in the argasid host, Ornithodoros porcinus porcinus SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS; ALECTOROBIUS PUERTORICENSIS ACARI; PAVLOVSKYELLA MAROCANUS ACARI; EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION; MOUBATA-PORCINUS; TICK VECTOR; SOFT TICK; REPLICATION; DISSEMINATION; BUNYAVIRIDAE AB The pathogenesis of African swine fever virus (ASFV) infection in Ornithodoros porcinus porcinus was examined in nymphal ticks infected with the ASFV isolate Chiredzi/83/1. At times postinfection (p.i.) ranging from 6 h to 290 days, ticks or dissected tick tissues were titrated for virus and examined ultrastructurally for evidence of virus replication The ASFV infection rate in ticks was 100% in these experiments, and virus infection was not associated with a significant increase in tick mortality. Initial ASFV replication occurred in phagocytic digestive cells of the midgut epithelium. Subsequent infection and replication of ASFV in undifferentiated midgut cells was observed at 15 days p.i. Generalization of virus infection from midgut to other tick tissues required 2 to 3 weeks and most likely involved virus movement across the basal lamina of the midgut into the hemocoel. Secondary sites of virus replication included hemocytes (type I and II), connective tissue, coral gland, salivary gland, and reproductive tissue. Virus replication was not observed in the nervous tissue of the synganglion, Malpighian tubules, and muscle. Persistent infection, characterized by active virus replication, was observed for all involved tick tissues. After 91 days p.i., viral titers in salivary gland and reproductive tissue were consistently the highest detected. Successful tick-to-pig transmission of ASFV at 48 days p.i. correlated with high viral titers in salivary and coxal gland tissue and their secretions. A similar pattern of virus infection and persistence in O. porcinus porcinus was observed for three additional ASFV tick isolates in their associated ticks. C1 USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. RP Rock, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. NR 65 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 72 IS 3 BP 1711 EP 1724 PG 14 WC Virology SC Virology GA YX013 UT WOS:000071997600001 PM 9499019 ER PT J AU Bates, P Rong, LJ Varmus, HE Young, JAT Crittenden, LB AF Bates, P Rong, LJ Varmus, HE Young, JAT Crittenden, LB TI Genetic mapping of the cloned subgroup A avian sarcoma and leukosis virus receptor gene to the TVA locus SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR; HOST RANGE; ENVELOPE GLYCOPROTEIN; RETROVIRUSES; DETERMINANTS; INFECTION; BINDS AB A chicken gene conferring susceptibility to subgroup A avian sarcoma and leukosis viruses (ASLV-A) was recently identified by a gene transfer strategy. Classical genetic approaches had previously identified a locus, TVA, that controls susceptibility to ASLV-A. Using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) mapping in inbred susceptible (TVA*S) and resistant (TVA*R) chicken lines, we demonstrate that in 93 F-2 progeny an RFLP for the cloned receptor gene segregates with TVA. From these analyses we calculate that the cloned receptor gene lies within 5 centimorgans of TVA, making it highly probable that the cloned gene is the previously identified locus TVA. The polymorphism that distinguishes the two alleles of TVA in these inbred lines affects the encoded amino acid sequence of the region of Tva that encompasses the viral binding domain. However, analysis of the genomic sequence encoding this region of Tva in randomly bred chickens suggests that the altered virus binding domain is not the basis for genetic resistance in the chicken lines analyzed. C1 Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Microbiol, USDA, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Bates, P (reprint author), Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, 225 Johnson Pavil,3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA39832, CA63531] NR 22 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 72 IS 3 BP 2505 EP 2508 PG 4 WC Virology SC Virology GA YX013 UT WOS:000071997600096 PM 9499114 ER PT J AU Augustine, PC Klein, PN Danforth, HD AF Augustine, PC Klein, PN Danforth, HD TI Use of monoclonal antibodies against chicken coccidia to study invasion and early development of Eimeria gruis in the Florida sandhill crane (Grus canadensis) SO JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE crane; coccidia; Eimeria gruis; invasion; development; monoclonal antibodies ID DISSEMINATED VISCERAL COCCIDIOSIS AB Eimeria gruis and E. reichenowi are common coccidial parasites of a number of crane species. In the present study, monoclonal antibodies (McAbs), elicited against Eimeria spp. of chickens and turkeys, cross-reacted with sporozoites and developmental stages of E. gruis in the tissues of Florida sandhill cranes. These McAbs were used to define the area of the intestine that was invaded by sporozoites of E. gruis and to demonstrate the feasibility of using McAbs to study the early development of E. gruis in the intestines and visceral organs of cranes. At 6 hr postinoculation (PI), E. gruis sporozoites were found primarily from just proximal to Meckle's diverticulum in the jejunum to the ileocecal juncture. Fewer sporozoites were found in the ceca and rectum, and none were found in the duodenum. Most of the sporozoites were in the middle third of the villi and within the lamina propria. At 14 days PI, developmental stages were detected in the ceca, jejunum, liver, and lungs but not in the heart, kidney, or brain. In the ceca and jejunum, the number, location, and maturity of the stages differed markedly. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Augustine, PC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC Z00 VETERINARIANS PI MEDIA PA 6 NORTH PENNELL ROAD, MEDIA, PA 19063 USA SN 1042-7260 J9 J ZOO WILDLIFE MED JI J. Zoo Wildl. Med. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 29 IS 1 BP 21 EP 24 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA ZV743 UT WOS:000074336700005 PM 9638620 ER PT J AU Garnett, NL DeHaven, WR AF Garnett, NL DeHaven, WR TI A word from the government SO LAB ANIMAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NIH, Off Protect Res Risks, Div Anim Welf, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. USDA, Inspect Serv, Washington, DC USA. RP Garnett, NL (reprint author), NIH, Off Protect Res Risks, Div Anim Welf, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 0093-7355 J9 LAB ANIMAL JI Lab Anim. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 27 IS 3 BP 21 EP 21 PG 1 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA ZB086 UT WOS:000072434300011 ER PT J AU Mench, JA Morrow-Tesch, J Chu, LR AF Mench, JA Morrow-Tesch, J Chu, LR TI Environmental enrichment for farm animals SO LAB ANIMAL LA English DT Article ID CAGED LAYING HENS; DOMESTIC-FOWL; GROWING PIGS; NONNUTRITIVE SUCKING; CONVENTIONAL CAGES; FEAR REACTIONS; BONE STRENGTH; BEHAVIOR; WELFARE; PERCHES C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Anim Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA ARS, Livestock Behav Res Unit, W Lafayette, IN USA. Univ Calif Davis, Anim Behav Grad Grp, Davis, CA USA. RP Mench, JA (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Anim Sci, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 74 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 7 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 0093-7355 J9 LAB ANIMAL JI Lab Anim. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 27 IS 3 BP 32 EP 36 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA ZB086 UT WOS:000072434300014 ER PT J AU Lager, K AF Lager, K TI Apparatus and technique for conditioning goats to repeated blood collection SO LAB ANIMAL LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Virol Swine Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Lager, K (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Virol Swine Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 0093-7355 J9 LAB ANIMAL JI Lab Anim. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 27 IS 3 BP 38 EP 42 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA ZB086 UT WOS:000072434300015 ER PT J AU Stafford, AE McKeon, TA Goodrich-Tanrikulu, M AF Stafford, AE McKeon, TA Goodrich-Tanrikulu, M TI Conversion of palmitate to unsaturated fatty acids differs in a Neurospora crassa mutant with impaired fatty acid synthase activity SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID ACYL-CARRIER PROTEIN AB The Neurospora crassa cel (fatty acid chain elongation) mutant has impaired fatty acid synthase activity. The cel mutant requires exogenous 16:0 for growth and converts 16:0 to other fatty acids. In contrast to wild-type N. crassa, which converted only 42% of the exogenous [7,7,8,8-H-2(4)] 16:0 that was incorporated into cell lipids to unsaturated fatty acids, cel converted 72%. In addition, cel contains higher levels of 18:3(Delta 9,12,15) than wild-type, and synthesizes two fatty acids, 20:2(Delta 11,14) and 20:3(Delta 11,14,17), found at only trace levels in wildtype. Thus, the Delta 15-desaturase activity and elongation activity on 18-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids are higher for cel than wild-type. This altered metabolism of exogenous 16:0 may be directly due to impaired flux through the endogenous fatty acid biosynthetic pathway, or may result from altered regulation of the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids in the mutant. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP McKeon, TA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD MAR PY 1998 VL 33 IS 3 BP 303 EP 306 DI 10.1007/s11745-998-0209-7 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA ZD424 UT WOS:000072683800009 PM 9560805 ER PT J AU Moreau, RA Young, DH Danis, PO Powell, MJ Quinn, CJ Beshah, K Slawecki, RA Dilliplane, RL AF Moreau, RA Young, DH Danis, PO Powell, MJ Quinn, CJ Beshah, K Slawecki, RA Dilliplane, RL TI Identification of ceramide-phosphorylethanolamine in oomycete plant pathogens: Pythium ultimum, Phytophthora infestans, and Phytophthora capsici SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITY; INOSITOL SPHINGOPHOSPHOLIPIDS; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; PLASMA-MEMBRANE; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; SPHINGOLIPIDS; FUNGI; REPRODUCTION; CEREBROSIDES AB Cellular lipids were extracted from three species of Oomycete plant pathogens (Pythium ultimum, Phytophthora infestans, and Ph. capsici) and analyzed via normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography with flame-ionization detection. The most abundant polar lipids in each of the three species were the polar membrane lipids, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine, and a phosphosphingolipid that eluted soon after PE. Structural analysis via mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry revealed that the phosphosphingolipid was ceramide phosphorylethanolamine (Cer-PE). The most abundant molecular species of Cer-PE in P. ultimum had a molecular weight of 670.5, contained an unusual 19-carbon branched triunsaturated sphingoid (C19-Delta 4, 8, 10, 9-methyl long-chain base) and palmitic acid as the amide-linked fatty acid. The most abundant molecular species of Cer-PE in Ph. infestans had a molecular weight of 714.5, contained a common 16-carbon 1,3 di-OH sphingoid, and erucic (cis 13-docosenoic, C22-Delta 13) acid as the amide-linked fatty acid. The Cer-PE in Ph. capsici comprised a mixture of each of the two molecular species found in P. ultimum and Ph. infestans. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Rohm & Haas Co, Res Labs, Spring House, PA 19477 USA. RP Moreau, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. OI Moreau, Robert/0000-0002-8166-8322 NR 32 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD MAR PY 1998 VL 33 IS 3 BP 307 EP 317 DI 10.1007/s11745-998-0210-1 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA ZD424 UT WOS:000072683800010 PM 9560806 ER PT J AU de Gortari, MJ Freking, BA Cuthbertson, RP Kappes, SM Keele, JW Stone, RT Leymaster, KA Dodds, KG Crawford, AM Beattie, CW AF de Gortari, MJ Freking, BA Cuthbertson, RP Kappes, SM Keele, JW Stone, RT Leymaster, KA Dodds, KG Crawford, AM Beattie, CW TI A second-generation linkage map of the sheep genome SO MAMMALIAN GENOME LA English DT Article ID CATTLE AB A genetic map of Ovis aries (haploid n = 27) was developed with 519 markers (504 microsatellites) spanning similar to 3063 cM in 26 autosomal linkage groups and 127 cM (female specific) of the X Chromosome (Chr). Genotypic data were merged from the IMF flock (Crawford et al., Genetics 140, 703, 1995) and the USDA mapping flock. Seventy-three percent (370/504) of the mic microsatellite markers on the map are common to the USDA-ARS MARC cattle linkage map, with 27 of the common markers derived from sheep. The number of common markers per homologous linkage group ranges from 5 to 22 and spans a total of 2866 cM (sex average) in sheep and 2817 cM in cattle. Marker order within a linkage group was consistent between the two species with limited exceptions. The reported translocation between the telomeric end of bovine Chr 9 (BTA 9) and BTA 14 to form ovine Chr 9 is represented by a 15-cM region containing 5 common markers. The significant genomic conservation of marker order will allow use of linkage maps in both species to facilitate the search for quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in cattle and sheep. C1 USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Univ Otago, AgRes Mol Biol Unit, Dept Biochem, Dunedin, New Zealand. AgRres Invermay Agr Ctr, Mosgiel, New Zealand. RP Kappes, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Freking, Brad/C-6494-2008; OI Dodds, Ken/0000-0002-9347-6379 NR 19 TC 112 Z9 121 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0938-8990 J9 MAMM GENOME JI Mamm. Genome PD MAR PY 1998 VL 9 IS 3 BP 204 EP 209 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA YY759 UT WOS:000072181500005 PM 9501303 ER PT J AU Kraszewski, AW Trabelsi, S Nelson, SO AF Kraszewski, AW Trabelsi, S Nelson, SO TI Moisture content determination in grain by measuring microwave parameters (vol 8, pg 857, 1997) SO MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Correction AB Numerical coefficients for more complicated models than those discussed in the original paper are provided. These models can reduce the measurement uncertainty in moisture content for different cultivars of wheat of 10-19% moisture at temperatures from -1 to 42 degrees C to less than +/-0.5% moisture with a 95% confidence interval. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 4 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-0233 EI 1361-6501 J9 MEAS SCI TECHNOL JI Meas. Sci. Technol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 9 IS 3 BP 543 EP 544 DI 10.1088/0957-0233/9/3/034 PG 2 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA ZC104 UT WOS:000072540300034 ER PT J AU Hoffman, JC Vaughn, KC Mullins, JM AF Hoffman, JC Vaughn, KC Mullins, JM TI Fluorescence microscopy of etched methacrylate sections improves the study of mitosis in plant cells SO MICROSCOPY RESEARCH AND TECHNIQUE LA English DT Article DE anti-mitotic antibody; microtubule; serial sections; spermatogenous cell; oat root ID TUBULIN-CONTAINING STRUCTURES; IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY; CYTOPLASMIC MICROTUBULES; SPERMATOGENOUS CELLS; ANTIBODIES; VISUALIZATION; LOCALIZATION; CERATOPTERIS; CYTOSKELETON; ANTIGENS AB Etched sections of methacrylate infiltrated plant tissue [Gubler (1989) Cell Biol. Int; Rep., 13:137-145; Baskin et al. (1992) Planta, 187:405-413] offer many advantages over the more traditional squash technique of Wick et al. [(1981) J. Cell Biol. 89:685-690] for immunofluorescence microscopic investigation of the plant cytoskeleton, especially during mitosis. These advantages include: (1) unimpeded access of antibody probes, (2) confocal-like imaging without the expense of confocal equipment, (3) maintenance of organ architecture as well as intracellular structure, (4) the ability to independently examine separate focal planes with the same or multiple antibody(s) or other labelling compounds, and (5) the ability to archive unetched sections, polymerized or non-polymerized infiltrated tissue. In this paper examples of staining of various microtubule cytoskeletal and mitotic proteins are shown in a variety of methacrylate embedded plant tissues. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Lab, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Biol, Washington, DC 20064 USA. RP Vaughn, KC (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Lab, POB 350, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 25 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1059-910X J9 MICROSC RES TECHNIQ JI Microsc. Res. Tech. PD MAR 1 PY 1998 VL 40 IS 5 BP 369 EP 376 PG 8 WC Anatomy & Morphology; Biology; Microscopy SC Anatomy & Morphology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Microscopy GA ZB036 UT WOS:000072428400004 PM 9527047 ER PT J AU Bruns, TD Szaro, TM Gardes, M Cullings, KW Pan, JJ Taylor, DL Horton, TR Kretzer, A Garbelotto, M Li, Y AF Bruns, TD Szaro, TM Gardes, M Cullings, KW Pan, JJ Taylor, DL Horton, TR Kretzer, A Garbelotto, M Li, Y TI A sequence database for the identification of ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes by phylogenetic analysis SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Agaricales; Aphyllophorales; Boletales; evolution; mitochondrial LrRNA gene; molecular clock ID MITOCHONDRIAL RIBOSOMAL DNA; MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; RNA GENES; AMPLIFICATION; CONFIDENCE; NUCLEAR; PROBES AB We have assembled a sequence database for 80 genera of Basidiomycota from the Hymenomycete lineage (sensu Swann & Taylor 1993) for a small region of the mitochondrial large subunit rRNA gene. Our taxonomic sample is highly biased toward known ectomycorrhizal (EM) taxa, but also includes some related saprobic species. This gene fragment can be amplified directly from mycorrhizae, sequenced, and used to determine the family or subfamily of many unknown mycorrhizal basidiomycetes. The method is robust to minor sequencing errors, minor misalignments, and method of phylogenetic analysis. Evolutionary inferences are limited by the small size and conservative nature of the gene fragment. Nevertheless two interesting patterns emerge: (i) the switch between ectomycorrhizae and saprobic lifestyles appears to have happened convergently several and perhaps many times; and (ii) at least five independent lineages of ectomycorrhizal fungi are characterized by very short branch lengths. We estimate that two of these groups radiated in the mid-Tertiary, and we speculate that these radiations may have been caused by the expanding geographical range of their host trees during this period. The aligned database, which will continue to be updated, can be obtained from the following site on the WorldWide Web: http://mendel.berkeley.edu/boletus.html. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Toulouse 3, CNRS, CESAC, F-31055 Toulouse 4, France. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Fox Chase Canc Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA. RP Bruns, TD (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM boletus@socrates.berkeley.edu OI Taylor, Donald/0000-0002-5985-9210; Horton, Tom/0000-0002-2112-9618 NR 38 TC 207 Z9 219 U1 2 U2 13 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 7 IS 3 BP 257 EP 272 DI 10.1046/j.1365-294X.1998.00337.x PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA ZH549 UT WOS:000073122200001 ER PT J AU Echt, CS DeVerno, LL Anzidei, M Vendramin, GG AF Echt, CS DeVerno, LL Anzidei, M Vendramin, GG TI Chloroplast microsatellites reveal population genetic diversity in red pine, Pinus resinosa Ait. SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; cpSSRs; forests; haplotypes; pines; simple sequence repeats ID PHYLOGENETIC TREES; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; MUTATION-RATES; NUCLEAR GENES; LOCI; RADIATA; INHERITANCE; DISTANCES; DIFFERENTIATION AB Variation in paternally inherited chloroplast microsatellite (cpSSR) DNA was used to study population genetic structure in red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.), a species characterized by morphological uniformity, no allozyme variation, and limited RAPD variation. Using nine cpSSR loci, a total of 23 chloroplast haplotypes and 25 cpSSR alleles were found among 159 individuals surveyed in seven widely separated populations. The total genetic diversity, H-T, was 0.618, but haplotype differentiation among populations was low (G(ST) = 0.121). All populations were distinguished from each other by their haplotype compositions, and only one haplotype was common among all populations. Based on average squared composite cpSSR length differences (stepwise haplotypes), within-population diversity was relatively high for only one population (D-SH(2) = 0.443). Frequency distributions of pairwise SSR differences among individuals within different populations, as well as branch length differences in neighbour-joining dendrograms, indicated recovery from one or more population bottlenecks, and may be explained by metapopulation dynamics. C1 USDA, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, Forest Serv, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. Canadian Forestry Serv, Atlantic Forestry Ctr, Fredericton, NB E3B 5P7, Canada. CNR, Ist Miglioramento Genet Piante Forestali, I-50135 Florence, Italy. RP Echt, CS (reprint author), USDA, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, Forest Serv, 5985 Cty Rd K, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. EM cecht@newnorth.net RI Echt, Craig/H-4684-2012; Vendramin, Giovanni G/K-9731-2014 OI Echt, Craig/0000-0001-9330-4051; Vendramin, Giovanni G/0000-0001-9921-7872 NR 60 TC 105 Z9 115 U1 1 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 7 IS 3 BP 307 EP 316 DI 10.1046/j.1365-294X.1998.00350.x PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA ZH549 UT WOS:000073122200006 ER PT J AU Luster, DG Bonde, MR Peterson, GL Hack, MA Schaad, NW AF Luster, DG Bonde, MR Peterson, GL Hack, MA Schaad, NW TI Antigenic glycoproteins in the teliospore wall of Tilletia indica SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE karnal bunt; lectin; spore wall ID WHEAT BUNT FUNGI; KARNAL BUNT; CONTROVERSA; PROTEINS; IDENTIFICATION; CARIES AB We describe the partial characterization of immunoreactive glycoproteins in the teliospore wall of Tilletia indica, the causal agent of Karnal bunt of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Proteins from phenol-extracted and precipitated spore wall preparations were used as inject antigens to immunize New Zealand rabbits. Immunoblots of crude preparations of spore wall proteins probed with anti-T. indica spore wall IgG showed that the antibodies recognized a 37-43 kDa band present in the spore wall fraction of T. indica. A weakly immunoreactive band of the same mobility was detected in the spore wall of T. barclayana, a closely related fungal pathogen and causal agent of kernel smut of rice. The 37-43 kDa poly-peptide could not be detected in the teliospore walls of the related fungal wheat pathogens T. controversa and T. tritici. Differential centrifugation of pulverized T. indica teliospores confirmed that the immunoreactive T. indica polypeptide was primarily localized in a 1500 g spore wall-enriched fraction and not in cytosolic or membrane fractions of the teliospores. The lectin concanavalin A bound to a 36-41 kDa polypeptide of T. indica but not T. barclayana. Treatment of spore wall proteins with glycosidase enzymes to remove oligosaccharide residues revealed that the 37-43 kDa polypeptide of T. indica was composed of two distinct immunoreactive polypeptides of lower molecular weight than those detected in undigested spore wall protein immunoblots. The immunoreactivity of the 37-43 kDa T. barclayana protein was lost upon enzymatic deglycosylation. This suggests the cross reactivity between the 37-43 kDa antigen of T. barclayana and T. indica is most likely due to oligosaccharide epitopes common to the glycoproteins. The differential reactivity of the deglycosylated proteins comprising the 37-43 kDa antigens provides a potential target for development of rapid immunological diagnostic assays for teliospores of different smut pathogens. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. RP Luster, DG (reprint author), USDA ARS, 1301 Ditto Ave, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. NR 20 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 90 IS 2 BP 180 EP 188 DI 10.2307/3761293 PG 9 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA ZG353 UT WOS:000072993100003 ER PT J AU Farr, DF Miller, ME Bruton, BD AF Farr, DF Miller, ME Bruton, BD TI Rhizopycnis vagum gen. et sp. nov., a new coelomycetous fungus from roots of melons and sugarcane SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE cantaloupe; coelomycetes; Cucurbitaceae; fungi; ITS sequence; ribosomal DNA; Stagonospora; systematics ID ROT; PHYLOGENY AB A new coelomycete, Rhizopycnis vagum, is described that has been isolated from the roots of melons in Texas, Guatemala and Honduras as well as from the roots of sugarcane in Taiwan. This fungus is a contributing factor in vine decline of melons grown in the Rio Grande Valley of Texas. This asexually reproducing fungus is characterized by large, black pycnidial conidiomata, enteroblastic conidiogenesis, and conidia that are hyaline to brown with 1-3 septa. The similarities of this fungus to Stagonospora and other coelomycetes are discussed. The ITS region of the rDNA of the holotype culture and additional isolates of R. vagum were sequenced and used to confirm that a fungus with similar characteristics from sugarcane roots in Tai wan was conspecific. C1 USDA ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. USDA ARS, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. RP Farr, DF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 26 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 8 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 90 IS 2 BP 290 EP 296 DI 10.2307/3761305 PG 7 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA ZG353 UT WOS:000072993100015 ER PT J AU Wicklow, DT McAlpin, CE Platis, CE AF Wicklow, DT McAlpin, CE Platis, CE TI Characterization of the Aspergillus flavus population within an Illinois maize field SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID VEGETATIVE COMPATIBILITY; DNA; PARASITICUS; PHEROMONE; DIVERSITY; BEETLES; STRAINS; FUNGUS; PROBE AB An evaluation was made of the genotypic diversity (DNA fingerprinting) of 269 A. flavus strains, including subpopulations isolated from grain sampled at harvest (91 unique 'fingerprints' or genotypes/128 strains), field soil (26 genotypes/31 strains), maize insects (49 genotypes/52 strains) and air-spora (56 genotypes/58 strains), from a maize field near Kilbourne, Illinois. Eight A. flavus genotypes were isolated from grain samples harvested in different years (1988-1991). Genotype 36, isolated from three maize samples, matched the DNA fingerprint of a K. E. Papa strain NRRL 19997, isolated from maize grown in Georgia. Ninety-eight percent of the A. flavus genotypes produced sclerotia and 53 % produced aflatoxin. Contrasts of DNA fingerprints revealed two matches involving subpopulations from grain and soil, one match for grain and maize insects, and no matches for grain and air-spora. The high genotypic diversity recorded for each subpopulation, in addition to a limited sample size, precluded any assessment of the relative importance of these subpopulations as sources of A. flavus infective inoculum. Aspergillus parasiticus was routinely isolated from soil samples. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Wicklow, DT (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 26 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 102 BP 263 EP 268 DI 10.1017/S0953756297004851 PN 3 PG 6 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA ZA859 UT WOS:000072409200002 ER PT J AU Dow, BD Ashley, MV AF Dow, BD Ashley, MV TI Factors influencing male mating success in bur oak, Quercus macrocarpa SO NEW FORESTS LA English DT Article DE female choice; forest genetics; male reproductive success; microsatellites; pollination ID GLEDITSIA-TRIACANTHOS L; GENE-FLOW; POLLEN DISPERSAL; FOREST FRAGMENTATION; DELPHINIUM-NELSONII; ASCLEPIAS-EXALTATA; NATURAL-POPULATION; TROPICAL TREES; MATE CHOICE; PLANTS AB Pollen donors of acorns and saplings in a stand of bur oak were identified by paternity exclusion using microsatellite genotype analysis. Here we examine the influence of several factors likely to affect reproductive success of males with wind-dispersed pollen, including distance of pollen donor from maternal tree, genetic relatedness of pollen donor to maternal tree, direction of pollen donor relative to maternal tree, and size of pollen donor (crown volume and trunk diameter). Surprisingly, none of these factors were strongly correlated with fertilization success, although weak but significant correlations with crown volume and distance were found. The slight influence of distance is actually overestimated here, because our analysis necessarily excluded a large proportion of pollinations that were effected by trees outside the stand. The pollen donors outside the stand were not identified, but were more than 150 meters away. Pollination patterns in this stand of bur oak are quite complicated. Seed parents were fertilized by multiple pollen donors within the stand from all directions and as far as 200 m away. These results caution against the use of models of pollination that are based on simple distance or directional parameters because they will not adequately predict gene flow or male reproductive success. Our results further emphasize the importance of genetically identifying successful pollen donors rather than relying on patterns of physical movement of pollen. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Biol Sci, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Dow, BD (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Biol Sci, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. EM bdow@cc.usu.edu NR 61 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4286 EI 1573-5095 J9 NEW FOREST JI New For. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 15 IS 2 BP 161 EP 180 DI 10.1023/A:1006557904751 PG 20 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA ZN525 UT WOS:000073654600004 ER PT J AU Dumroese, RK James, RL Wenny, DL AF Dumroese, RK James, RL Wenny, DL TI Interactions among Streptomyces griseoviridis, Fusarium root disease, and Douglas-fir seedlings SO NEW FORESTS LA English DT Article DE germinants; root disease; seedling growth; seedling infection; virulence ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; SOIL AB In a laboratory experiment, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca [Beissn.] France) seedlings had similar disease ratings when treated with known Fusarium isolates or concurrently with Fusarium and Streptomyces griseoviridis. When tested under greenhouse conditions and against known Fusarium isolates, more seeds germinated and survived as seedlings in control medium than survived in S. griseoviridis-inoculated medium or when S. griseoviridis and Fusarium were added together. A series of applications of S. griseoviridis as a soil drench to a crop of Douglas-fir seedlings did not affect seedling morphology. However, against resident levels of Fusarium, S. griseoviridis reduced Fusarium infection by 16%, but increased infection by F. oxysporum and F. proliferatum, two potentially pathogenic fungi, by 40%. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Forest Resources, Forest Res Nursery, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Coeur Dalene, ID USA. RP Dumroese, RK (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Forest Resources, Forest Res Nursery, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 28 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4286 J9 NEW FOREST JI New For. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 15 IS 2 BP 181 EP 191 DI 10.1023/A:1006502324840 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA ZN525 UT WOS:000073654600005 ER PT J AU Rein, D Yokoyama, WH Xu, RP Walzem, RL German, JB AF Rein, D Yokoyama, WH Xu, RP Walzem, RL German, JB TI Dietary vitamin E in an atherogenic hamster model SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE aortic lipid deposits; atherosclerosis; dietary vitamin E; hamsters; plasma lipoprotein cholesterol ID CORONARY-HEART-DISEASE; LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; E CONSUMPTION; RED WINE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; PLASMA; CHOLESTEROL; LDL; OXIDATION AB Regular consumption of fruits, vegetables and cereals moderates development of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis in humans, possibly as a result of antioxidants present in these foods. The aim of this study was to develop a hamster model sufficiently sensitive to test the effects of nutritional rather than pharmacological amounts of food components on the development of atherosclerosis. The effect of vitamin E on aortic lipid deposition was investigated in hamsters fed a hypercholesterolemic diet containing per kilogram 2 g cholesterol, 90 g butterfat, 35 g vitamin E-stripped corn oil, 25 g fish oil and either the minimum requirement of 3 international units (IU) vitamin E or 30 IU. After 30 weeks, lipoprotein cholesterol fractions did not differ between groups, and the 6:1 LDL-cholesterol : HDL-cholesterol ratio was atherogenic. Early atherosclerosis was measured by lipid staining of aortic arch sections with oil red O and quantified by a photomicroscopy color-scanning technique. The area of lipid deposits in the 30 IU vitamin E group (7.9 +/- 1.3%, mean +/- SEM) was 58% less than in the 3 IU vitamin E group (18.7 +/- 4.4%, p < 0.03). Hamsters fed a mixture of saturated and n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids plus cholesterol became hypercholesterolemic and were sensitive to vitamin E with respect to development of atherosclerosis. This model provides a tool to test atheroprotective effects of individual food components in vivo. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. ARS, USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Mol Biosci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP German, JB (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 38 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 18 IS 3 BP 567 EP 579 DI 10.1016/S0271-5317(98)00043-8 PG 13 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA ZD438 UT WOS:000072685600012 ER PT J AU Benito, P Miller, D AF Benito, P Miller, D TI Iron absorption and bioavailability: An updated review SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE iron uptake; iron transfer; bioavailability; extrinsic tag ID SERUM TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR; ASCORBIC-ACID SUPPLEMENTATION; RAT INTESTINAL-MUCOSA; FOOD IRON; NONHEME-IRON; DIETARY IRON; WHOLE DIET; HEMOGLOBIN REGENERATION; PHENOLIC-COMPOUNDS; ISOTOPIC-EXCHANGE AB Regulation of iron absorption operates at the level of duodenal mucosal cells. Despite much research, the specific biochemical pathways of iron absorption and the regulatory mechanisms controlling it remain unknown. This review summarizes current knowledge of and hypotheses on each of the three steps of iron absorption: uptake from the intestinal lumen into mucosal cells, transit through the cell, and release from the cells into the body. Absorption may be defined as the movement of iron from the intestinal lumen across the epithelial cells of the digestive tract into the circulation, while bioavailability generally refers to the proportion of iron in a given food or diet that the body can actually utilize. The most common technique of measuring iron absorption and bioavailability, extrinsic radiolabeling of a single meal, is discussed in the context of the latest studies using this methodology. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. Cornell Univ, Inst Food Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Benito, P (reprint author), ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, POB 29997, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. EM pbenito@whnrc.usda.gov NR 152 TC 68 Z9 72 U1 4 U2 17 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 18 IS 3 BP 581 EP 603 DI 10.1016/S0271-5317(98)00044-X PG 23 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA ZD438 UT WOS:000072685600013 ER PT J AU Chen, XL Hausman, DB Dean, RG Hausman, GJ AF Chen, XL Hausman, DB Dean, RG Hausman, GJ TI Hormonal regulation of leptin mRNA expression and preadipocyte recruitment and differentiation in porcine primary cultures of S-V cells SO OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE leptin; gene expression; differentiation; preadipocyte; porcine ID GROWTH FACTOR-I; ADIPOSE-TISSUE DEVELOPMENT; STROMAL-VASCULAR CELLS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; GENE-EXPRESSION; OB GENE; OBESE HUMANS; FOOD-INTAKE; FAT-CELLS; INSULIN AB The hormonal regulation of leptin mRNA expression and the association between leptin expression and adipocyte differentiation were examined in primary cultures of porcine S-V cells with Northern blot and immunocytochemical analysis, Seeding for 3 days,vith fetal bovine serum (FBS) with varying levels of dexamethasone (Dex) increased levels of leptin mRNA in a dose-dependent manner in parallel with increases in the proportion of preadipocytes (AD-3 positive cells; AD-3, a preadipocyte marker). Six-day treatment with 10 or 850 nM insulin after FBS+Dex treatment resulted in a similar increase in leptin mRNA expression and morphological differentiation. However, significantly lower levels of leptin mRNA and smaller fat cells were observed in cultures treated with 1 nM insulin or 10 nM insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), Dex-induced increases in leptin mRNA levels and AD-3 cell numbers were blocked completely by the addition of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) to FBS+Dex-treated cultures. However TGF-beta significantly increased fat cell size and leptin mRNA expression when added to ITS (insulin, 850 nM; transferrin, 5 mu g/ml; and selenium, 5 mu g/mL) treated cultures during the lipid-filling stage. When added with FBS+DEX for the first 3 days, growth hormone (GH) did not influence the Dex-induced increase in AD-3 cells and leptin mRNA expression, but GH reduced leptin mRNA levels when added with insulin for 6 days after FBS+Dex, These results demonstrated that regulation of leptin mRNA expression by Dex, insulin, IGF-I, TGF-beta, and GH may be associated with changes in preadipocyte number and fat cell size. C1 ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Anim Physiol Unit, USDA, Athens, GA 30613 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Foods & Nutr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Hausman, GJ (reprint author), ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Anim Physiol Unit, USDA, 950 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30613 USA. NR 34 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU NORTH AMER ASSOC STUDY OBESITY PI ROCHESTER PA C/O DR MICHAEL JENSEN, MAYO MEDICAL CENTER, MAYO CLIN 200 FIRST ST, SW, ROCHESTER, MN 55905 USA SN 1071-7323 J9 OBES RES JI Obes. Res. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 6 IS 2 BP 164 EP 172 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA ZX534 UT WOS:000074526400010 PM 9545024 ER PT J AU Mulbry, W Ahrens, E Karns, J AF Mulbry, W Ahrens, E Karns, J TI Use of a field-scale biofilter for the degradation of the organophosphate insecticide coumaphos in cattle dip wastes SO PESTICIDE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pesticide; coumaphos; bioremediation; wastewater; ticks; biofilter ID DIPPING VATS AB Insecticide wastes generated from livestock dipping operations are well suited for biodegradation processes since these wastes are concentrated, contained, and have no other significant toxic components. A held-scale biofilter capable of treating 15000-litre batches of dip waste containing the acaricide coumaphos was used to reduce the coumaphos concentration in two successive 11000-litre batch trials from 2000 mg litre(-1) to 10 mg litre(-1) in approximately 14 days at 25-29 degrees C. Removal of coumaphos from the biofilter effluent is a function of both physical filtration and biodegradation by the biofilter. However, stoichiometric increases in chloride levels in the effluent as coumaphos concentrations decreased confirmed that coumaphos was being degraded by the biofilter rather than just being filtered out. In subsequent 5500-litre batch experiments, the addition of a vitamin supplement to the biofilter-treated dip resulted in a further decrease in coumaphos concentration to approximately 1 mg litre(-1). Results from incubations of two representative Texas soils with biofilter-treated dip spiked with [benzo-U-C-14] coumaphos revealed that 32-36% of the spiked [C-14] coumaphos was mineralized in the soils after 110 days at 30 degrees C. (C) 1998 SCI. C1 USDA ARS, BARC, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, W Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Cattle Tick Fever Res Lab, Mission, TX 78572 USA. RP Mulbry, W (reprint author), USDA ARS, BARC, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, Bldg 001 Room 140, W Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 7 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0031-613X J9 PESTIC SCI JI Pestic. Sci. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 52 IS 3 BP 268 EP 274 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199803)52:3<268::AID-PS719>3.0.CO;2-2 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA ZC108 UT WOS:000072540700009 ER PT J AU Alchanati, I Patel, JAA Liu, JG Benedict, CR Stipanovic, RD Bell, AA Cui, YX Magill, CW AF Alchanati, I Patel, JAA Liu, JG Benedict, CR Stipanovic, RD Bell, AA Cui, YX Magill, CW TI The enzymatic cyclization of nerolidyl diphosphate by delta-cadinene synthase from cotton stele tissue infected with Verticillium dahliae SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Gossypium barbadense; malvaceae; cotton; enzymology; sesquiterpenoid phytoalexins; nerolidyl diphosphate; delta-cadinene; delta-cadinene synthase mRNA ID (+)-DELTA-CADINENE SYNTHASE; SESQUITERPENE CYCLASE; FARNESYL DIPHOSPHATE; EPICUBENOL SYNTHASE; BIOSYNTHESIS; GOSSYPIUM; STEREOCHEMISTRY; PRECURSOR AB Soluble preparations of cotton stele tissue infected with Verticillium dahliae containing delta-cadinene synthase convert (1-RS)-[1-H-2]-E,E-farnesyl diphosphate to [5-H-2]- and [11-H-2]-delta-cadinene and convert [4,4,13,13,13-H-2(5)]-nerolidyl diphosphate to [8,8,15,15,15-H-2(5)]-delta-cadinene. These data imply that nerolidyl diphosphate is an intermediate in the enzymatic cyclization of the natural substrate E,E-farnesyl diphosphate to delta-cadinene by delta-cadinene synthase and involves the conversion of E,E-farnesyl diphosphate to nerolidyl diphosphate followed by cyclization to cis-germacradienyl cation, a 1,3-hydride shift, a second cyclization to a cadinanyl cation and deprotonation to delta-cadinene. Kinetic analyses of induced delta-cadinene synthase mRNA, delta-cadinene synthase activity and formation of sesquiterpenoid phytoalexins in, cotton stele tissue infected with Verticillium dahliae show that 12 hr after fungal inoculation the delta-cadinene synthase mRNA was at a maximum level. The tissue injected with H2O in place of fungal inoculation showed no detectable delta-cadinene synthase mRNA or delta-cadinene synthase activity after 12 to 96 hr, After 12 hr, 54% of the delta-cadinene synthase activity had developed, but no phytoalexins were detected, the midpoint in the formation of the phytoalexins was 48 hr. These data, together with the enzyme analyses, support the conclusion that Verticillium dahliae initiates a signal in the stele tissue that results in an increased steady-state revel of delta-cadinene synthase mRNA and an increased activity of delta-cadinene synthase which functions in the conversion of E,E-farnesyl diphosphate --> nerolidyl diphosphate --> delta-cadinene that is metabolically converted to desoxyhemigossypol, desoxyhemigossypol-6-methyl ether, hemigossypol and hemigossypol-6-methyl ether. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Biochem & Biophys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, So Crops Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77840 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Microbiol & Plant Pathol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Benedict, CR (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Biochem & Biophys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 26 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD MAR PY 1998 VL 47 IS 6 BP 961 EP 967 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00644-4 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA ZG563 UT WOS:000073016200003 ER PT J AU Gracia-Garza, JA Fravel, DR Bailey, BA Hebbar, PK AF Gracia-Garza, JA Fravel, DR Bailey, BA Hebbar, PK TI Dispersal of formulations of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli and F-oxysporum f. sp. melonis by ants SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ERWINIA-AMYLOVORA; HONEY-BEES AB A natural epidemic of Fusarium wilt on coca (Erythroxylum coca) in Peru prompted the suggestion of possibly using the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli as a mycoherbicide against this narcotic plant. During field trials conducted in Kauai, HI, to test the pathogenicity of the coca wilt pathogen, ants were observed removing formulations from test plots. While removal of formulations by ants was considered detrimental with respect to conducting field tests, ant removal was considered potentially beneficial in disseminating the mycoherbicide. Thus, research was initiated to assess the ability of formulation additives to alter the preference of ants for the formulated mycoherbicide. In Hawaii, preference of indigenous ants for removing formulations was tested using three different food bases (rice, rice plus canola oil, and wheat flour [gluten]). Similar tests were conducted at Beltsville, MD, using F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis, in which the formulation based on wheat flour was replaced by a formulation based on canola meal. Formulations based on wheat were preferred by ants in both locations; up to 90% of the wheat plus rice flour granules (C-6) and the wheat gluten plus kaolin granules (pesta) were removed within 24 h, while only 20% of those containing rice without oils were taken. However, when either canola, sunflower (Maryland only), or olive oil was added to the rice formulation, up to 90% of the granules were taken. The formulation based on canola meal was less attractive to ants, as only 65% of the granules were removed within a period of 24 h. Ants showed no preference with respect to presence or absence of fungal biomass. To alter the attractiveness of the C-6 formulation to ants, C-6 was amended with three natural products. Canna and tansy leaves were added to C-6 at a ratio of 1:5 (wt/wt), while chili powder was added at 1:25 or 1:2.5 (wt/wt). Canna, tansy, and the higher rate of chili powder significantly reduced the number of C-6 granules removed by ants. Canna and tansy leaves affected neither germination nor sporulation of the mycoherbicide, while the high concentration of chili powder reduced viability of propagules in the formulation. More F. oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli-type colonies were recovered from inside ant nests (9 cm depth) than from nest surfaces, indicating that ants may distribute the mycoherbicide in the soil profile. Ants passively carried propagules of F. oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli outside their bodies, as well as either very closely adhering to the outside or within their bodies. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Fravel, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM dfravel@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 27 TC 4 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD MAR PY 1998 VL 88 IS 3 BP 185 EP 189 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.3.185 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YZ176 UT WOS:000072227900002 PM 18944963 ER PT J AU Bell, AA Liu, L Reidy, B Davis, RM Subbarao, KV AF Bell, AA Liu, L Reidy, B Davis, RM Subbarao, KV TI Mechanisms of subsurface drip irrigation-mediated suppression of lettuce drop caused by Sclerotinia minor SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biological control; cultural control; soil suppressiveness ID BIOCONTROL; SURVIVAL; ROOT AB Subsurface drip irrigation and associated mandatory minimum tillage practices significantly reduced the incidence of lettuce drop (Sclerotinia mir?or) and the severity of corky root on lettuce compared with furrow irrigation and conventional tillage. Three possible mechanisms for the drip irrigation-mediated disease suppression were examined in this study: qualitative and quantitative differences in the soil microflora under furrow and subsurface drip irrigation; their antagonism and potential biocontrol effects on S. minor; and the physical distribution of soil moisture and temperature relative to the two irrigation methods. To determine if the suppressive effects under subsurface drip irrigation were related to changes in soil microflora, soils were assayed for actinomycetes, bacteria, and fungi during the spring and fall seasons. The effects of the irrigation methods on microbial populations were nearly identical during both seasons. In the spring season, the total number of fungal colonies recovered on potato dextrose agar amended with rose Bengal generally was greater in soils under drip irrigation than under furrow irrigation, but no such differences were observed during the fall. Numbers of actinomycetes and bacteria were not significantly different between irrigation methods during either season. No interaction between sampling time and irrigation methods was observed for any of the microbial populations during both seasons. Thus, the significant effect of sampling time observed for actinomycete and bacterial populations during the spring was most likely not caused by the irrigation treatments, There were also no qualitative differences in the three groups of soil microflora between the irrigation treatments. Even though some fungal, actinomycete, and bacterial isolates suppressed mycelial growth of S. minor in in vitro assays, the isolates came from both subsurface drip-and furrow-irrigated soils. In in planta assays, selected isolates failed to reduce the incidence of drop in lettuce plants. The soil moisture under subsurface drip irrigation was significantly lower at all depths and distances from the bed center after an irrigation event than under furrow irrigation. The soil temperature, in contrast, was significantly higher at both 5 and 15 cm depths under drip irrigation than under furrow irrigation. The suppression of lettuce drop under subsurface drip irrigation compared with furrow irrigation is attributed to differential moisture and temperature effects rather than to changes in the soil microflora or their inhibitory effects on S. minor. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Pathol, US ARS, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Pathol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Subbarao, KV (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Pathol, US ARS, 1636 E Alisal St, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. OI Subbarao, Krishna/0000-0002-2075-1835 NR 23 TC 18 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD MAR PY 1998 VL 88 IS 3 BP 252 EP 259 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.3.252 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YZ176 UT WOS:000072227900011 PM 18944972 ER PT J AU Entry, JA Runion, GB Prior, SA Mitchell, RJ Rogers, HH AF Entry, JA Runion, GB Prior, SA Mitchell, RJ Rogers, HH TI Influence of CO2 enrichment and nitrogen fertilization on tissue chemistry and carbon allocation in longleaf pine seedlings SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International-Society-of-Root-Research 5th Symposium on Root Demographics and their Efficiencies in Sustainable Agriculture, Grasslands, and Forest Ecosystems CY JUL 14-18, 1996 CL CLEMSON, SOUTH CAROLINA SP Int Soc Root Res DE biomass; carbon concentrations; carbon fractions; Pinus palustris ID ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC CO2; PLANT-RESPONSES; RESPIRATORY RESPONSES; COTTON PLANTS; GROWTH; DIOXIDE; ROOTS; SOIL; ALLELOCHEMICALS; PRODUCTIVITY AB One-year old, nursery-grown longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings were grown in 45-L pots containing a coarse sandy medium and were exposed to two concentrations of atmospheric CO2 (365 or 720 mu mol(-1)) and two levels of nitrogen (N) fertility (40 or 400 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)) within open top chambers for 20 months. At harvest, needles, stems, coarse roots, and fine roots were separated and weighed. Subsamples of each tissue were frozen in liquid N, lyophilized at -50 degrees C, and ground to pass a 0.2 mm sieve. Tissue samples were analyzed for carbon (C), N, nonpolar extractives (fats, waxes, and oils = FWO), nonstructural carbohydrates (total sugars and starch), and structural carbohydrates (cellulose, lignin, and tannins). Increased dry weights of each tissue were observed under elevated CO2 and with high N; however, main effects of CO2 were significant only on belowground tissues. The high N fertility tended to result in increased partitioning of biomass aboveground, resulting in significantly lower root to shoot ratios. Elevated CO2 did not affect biomass allocation among tissues. Both atmospheric CO2 and N fertility tended to affect concentration of C compounds in belowground, more than aboveground, tissues. Elevated CO2 resulted in lower concentrations of starch, cellulose, and lignin, but increased concentrations of FWO in root tissues. High N fertility increased the concentration of starch, cellulose, and tannins, but resulted in lower concentrations of lignin and FWO in roots. Differences between CO2 concentrations tended to occur only with high N fertility. Atmospheric CO2 did not affect allocation patterns for any compound; however the high N treatment tended to result in a lower percentage of sugars, cellulose, and lignin belowground. C1 NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, Auburn, AL 36831 USA. Joseph W Jones Ecol Res Ctr, Newton, GA 31770 USA. RP Entry, JA (reprint author), NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, 3793 N 3600 W, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. EM jentry@kimberly.ars.pn.usbr.gov NR 52 TC 39 Z9 56 U1 2 U2 16 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD MAR PY 1998 VL 200 IS 1 BP 3 EP 11 DI 10.1023/A:1004305320030 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA ZR441 UT WOS:000073975900002 ER PT J AU Sword, MA AF Sword, MA TI Seasonal development of loblolly pine lateral roots in response to stand density and fertilization SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International-Society-of-Root-Research 5th Symposium on Root Demographics and their Efficiencies in Sustainable Agriculture, Grasslands, and Forest Ecosystems CY JUL 14-18, 1996 CL CLEMSON, SOUTH CAROLINA SP Int Soc Root Res DE fertilization; lateral roots; loblolly pine; rhizotron; root morphology; stand density ID DOUGLAS-FIR STANDS; FINE-ROOT; ARCHITECTURE; PRODUCTIVITY; BRANCH; GROWTH; SITE AB In 1989, two levels each of stand density and fertilization treatments were factorially established in a 9-year-old loblolly pine plantation on a P-deficient Gulf Coastal Plain site in Rapides Parish, Louisiana, USA. In 1995, a second thinning was conducted on the previously thinned plots and fertilizer was re-applied to the previously fertilized plots. The morphology of new long lateral roots was evaluated at 2-week intervals in five Plexiglas rhizotrons per plot of two replications. The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the seasonal initiation of six morphological categories of long lateral roots (greater than or equal to 2.5 cm in length) in response to stand density and fertilization. Lateral root development exhibited a seasonal pattern with the initiation of branched lateral roots predominantly occurring in spring and summer. The initiation of non-branched lateral roots occurred throughout the year regardless of season. Stand density did not affect lateral root morphological development. However, fertilization stimulated the initiation of branched lateral roots that were greater than 1 mm in diameter. C1 US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. RP Sword, MA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. NR 21 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD MAR PY 1998 VL 200 IS 1 BP 21 EP 25 DI 10.1023/A:1004206211034 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA ZR441 UT WOS:000073975900004 ER PT J AU Clark, RB Alberts, EE Zobel, RW Sinclair, TR Miller, MS Kemper, WD Foy, CD AF Clark, RB Alberts, EE Zobel, RW Sinclair, TR Miller, MS Kemper, WD Foy, CD TI Eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides) root penetration into and chemical properties of claypan soils SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International-Society-of-Root-Research 5th Symposium on Root Demographics and their Efficiencies in Sustainable Agriculture, Grasslands, and Forest Ecosystems CY JUL 14-18, 1996 CL CLEMSON, SOUTH CAROLINA SP Int Soc Root Res DE aerenchymous and mycorrhizal roots; Al and acid soil tolerance; root lengths and weights; soil pH and extractable macro-/micro-elements ID MYCORRHIZAL AB Claypans restrict rooting depth and availability of moisture and nutrients to plants during periods of drought. Eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides var. dactyloides [L.] L.) often remains green during summer droughts, while other plants turn brown. Questions arose whether eastern gamagrass roots had or could penetrate claypans to obtain needed moisture. Pits were dug (2 m deep) under eastern gamagrass plants that had been growing 50+ and 5+ years at two sites in Missouri. Clay contents were 30 to 50% in soil layers below 30 cm, and moisture was not limiting in these deep soil layers. Soil pH(Ca) in the lower soil layers, except at 180 cm, was below 5.0, and in some cases near 4.0. Extractable Al was especially high in the 90 and 120 cm deep soil layers where pH was low. Extractable Ca, Mg, and K increased with soil depth. The eastern gamagrass roots effectively penetrated claypan soils. Root lengths and root weights were extensive to 180 cm depth, and decreased from the surface with soil depth. Roots of eastern gamagrass were aerenchymous (having cellular compartments which allow air movement) at all depths, were mycorrhizal to-at least 150 cm depth, and had relatively high tolerance to acidic Al toxic Tatum subsoil (Typic Hapludult) and toxic levels of Al in nutrient solution. The eastern gamagrass roots also provided root channels through claypans, which could enable new eastern gamagrass or other plant roots to grow into deeper soil layers. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Soil & Water Conservat Res Lab, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. Univ Missouri, Columbia, MO USA. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY USA. Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL USA. Natl Program Staff & Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Agron & Soils, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Clark, RB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Soil & Water Conservat Res Lab, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. NR 45 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD MAR PY 1998 VL 200 IS 1 BP 33 EP 45 DI 10.1023/A:1004256100631 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA ZR441 UT WOS:000073975900006 ER PT J AU Gish, TJ Gimenez, D Rawls, WJ AF Gish, TJ Gimenez, D Rawls, WJ TI Impact of roots on ground water quality SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International-Society-of-Root-Research 5th Symposium on Root Demographics and their Efficiencies in Sustainable Agriculture, Grasslands, and Forest Ecosystems CY JUL 14-18, 1996 CL CLEMSON, SOUTH CAROLINA SP Int Soc Root Res DE chemical transport; pesticide behavior; preferential flow ID SANDY VADOSE ZONE; NO-TILL CORN; PREFERENTIAL FLOW; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; LAYERED SOILS; PESTICIDE; ATRAZINE; MOVEMENT; BURROWS AB Preferential flow is perhaps the major chemical transport process influencing the rapid and typically unexpected movement of agricultural chemicals to ground water. Plant roots are a major contributor to preferential flow mechanics as they form spatial voids which can be used as preferential flow pathways. Chemical transport of atrazine, deethylatrazine, and bromide solutions concentrations under tilled and no-tilled corn fields was evaluated below the active root zone. Additionally, the impact of roots onflow pathways was visualized using a soluble dye (Brilliant Blue FCF). Pictures of the dye-stained pattern were subsequently digitized to determine the cross-sectional area used for transport as a function of depth. Bromide transit times through the field soils were not influenced by tillage practice, whereas atrazine transport was strongly influenced by tillage practice. Under no-till field conditions, atrazine was rarely detected but deethylatrazine concentrations were greater than those observed under tilled field conditions. Visual observation indicated that the dye under no-tillage was more predominant in the corn row, indicative of transport through void root channels. No-tillage practices may decrease the likelihood of ground water contamination through leaching due to the formation of stable root channels where an organic carbon source and microbial population are preferentially located to degrade pesticides. C1 USDA ARS, Hydrol Lab, Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Gish, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hydrol Lab, Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM tgish@hydrolab.arsusda.gov RI Gimenez, Daniel/A-6193-2013 NR 39 TC 25 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD MAR PY 1998 VL 200 IS 1 BP 47 EP 54 DI 10.1023/A:1004202013082 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA ZR441 UT WOS:000073975900007 ER PT J AU Dowdy, RH Smucker, AJM Dolan, MS Ferguson, JC AF Dowdy, RH Smucker, AJM Dolan, MS Ferguson, JC TI Automated image analyses for separating plant roots from soil debris elutrated from soil cores SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International-Society-of-Root-Research 5th Symposium on Root Demographics and their Efficiencies in Sustainable Agriculture, Grasslands, and Forest Ecosystems CY JUL 14-18, 1996 CL CLEMSON, SOUTH CAROLINA SP Int Soc Root Res DE image processing; maize; plant residue; root diameter; root length; root washing AB Historically, destructive root sampling has been labor intensive and requires manual separation of extraneous organic debris recovered along with the hydropneumatic elutriation method of separating plant roots from soils. Quantification of root system demographics by public domain National Institute of Health (NIH-Image) and Root Image Processing Laboratory (RIPL) image processing algorithms has eliminated much of the labor-intensive manual separation. This was accomplished by determining the best length to diameter ratio for each object during image analyses. Objects with a length to diameter ratio less than a given threshold are considered non-root materials and are rejected automatically by computer algorithms. Iterative analyses of length to diameter ratios showed that a 15:1 ratio was best for separating images of maize (Zea mays L.) roots from associated organic debris. Using this threshold ratio for a set of 24 soil cores, a highly significant correlation (r(2) = 0.89) was obtained between computer image processed total root length per core and actual root length. A linear relationship (r(2) = 0.80) was observed between root lengths determined by NIH-Image analyses and lengths determined independently by the RIPL imaging system, using the same maize root + debris samples. This correlation demonstrates that computer image processing provides opportunities for comparing root length parameters between different laboratories for samples containing debris. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Dowdy, RH (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Dept Soil Water & Climate, 439 Borlaug Hall,1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 10 TC 22 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD MAR PY 1998 VL 200 IS 1 BP 91 EP 94 DI 10.1023/A:1004370627069 PG 4 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA ZR441 UT WOS:000073975900011 ER PT J AU Glasener, KM Wagger, MG MacKown, CT Volk, RJ AF Glasener, KM Wagger, MG MacKown, CT Volk, RJ TI Nitrogen-15 labeling effectiveness of two tropical legumes SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE Desmodium ovalifolium; N balance; 15N methodology; N mineralization; Pueraria phaseoloides ID N-15-LABELED UREA; WINTER-WHEAT; COVER CROPS; N-15; SOIL; CORN; RECOVERY; SOYBEANS; RESIDUES; ALFALFA AB Nitrogen-15 foliar applications for the production of field-labeled plant tissues may achieve more effective labeling of plant shoot and root tissues and minimize directly labeling the soil N fraction as occurs when N-15 is soil applied. Consequently, foliar-labeled plant tissues should be better suited for subsequent N-15 mineralization studies. A field experiment was conducted to determine the effectiveness of N-15-labeling and the accumulation of N-15 in various plant parts of two tropical legumes. Desmodium ovalifolium Guillemin and Perrottet and Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth., grown in 0.5 m(2) microplots, were labeled with foliar-applied urea containing 99 atom% N-15. Plants in each microplot received a total of 0.1698 g N-15 that was applied all at once or split equally into two, three or four applications. Legume shoots and roots and soil were destructively harvested and analyzed for total N-15 content. Averaged over both legumes and foliar application rates, total plant (shoots, flowers, leaf litter, and roots) recovery was approximately 79% of the N-15 applied. The soil contained 3% of the N-15 applied, of which 2.5 and 0.5% were in the inorganic and organic fractions, respectively. Nitrogen-15 recovery in shoots (76%) was sixty-five fold greater than in roots (1%) and about nineteen fold greater than the sum of roots and soil (4.1%), a much greater percent recovery than observed in other foliar labeling studies. Averaged over all four foliar split-application rates, N-15 recovery by Desmodium shoots was greater than Pueraria. Results demonstrate chat N-15 foliar application to legumes is an effective method for labeling, resulting in atom% excess N-15 levels and N-15 recoveries comparable to those reported with the more traditional soil-labeling approach. Another advantage of this method is a nondestructive, in situ labeling method that permits separation of shoot and root residual N contribution to subsequent crops in N tracer studies. C1 Senate Agr Comm, Washington, DC 20015 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. ARS, USDA, Grazinglands Res, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. RP Glasener, KM (reprint author), Senate Agr Comm, 328A Senate Russell Bldg, Washington, DC 20015 USA. EM Michael_Wagger@ncsu.edu NR 42 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 14 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD MAR PY 1998 VL 200 IS 2 BP 149 EP 156 DI 10.1023/A:1004330514833 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 101BK UT WOS:000074849600004 ER PT J AU Zhang, XQ Wang, XP Jing, JK Ross, K Hu, H Gustafson, JP AF Zhang, XQ Wang, XP Jing, JK Ross, K Hu, H Gustafson, JP TI Characterization of wheat-triticale doubled haploid lines by cytological and biochemical markers SO PLANT BREEDING LA English DT Article DE Triticum aestivum; anther culture; biochemical marker; C-banding; genomic in situ hybridization; interspecific hybridization; triticale ID IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; RYE SECALE-CEREALE; X COMMON WHEAT; GENETIC-CONTROL; ALLELIC VARIATION; HEXAPLOID WHEAT; ALPHA-AMYLASE; CHROMOSOME; HYBRIDS; TRANSLOCATIONS AB Five wheat-triticale doubled haploid (DH) lines - M08, V209, DH220-14-2, DH696-3-4 and M16 - derived from anther culture of F(1)s resulting from crosses involving hexaploid or octoploid triticale x hexaploid wheat, were characterized by cytological and biochemical markers. Cytological evidence from genomic in situ hybridization and C-banding indicated that DH lines M08 and V209 (2n = 42) each contained a pair of 1BL/1RS translocation chromosomes. DH220-14-2 (2n = 42) was also a translocated line with two pairs of chromosomes containing small fragments of rye. One of the translocation fragments carried the Sec-1R gene originating from the satellite region of 1RS; the origin of the other one remains unknown. DH696-3-4 (2n = 42) contained a 3D(3R) substitution. In M16 (2n = 44), three pairs of rye chromosomes, 3R, 4R and 6R, were present, 4R as an addition and 3D(3R) and 6D(6R) as substitutions. Biochemical, isozyme and storage protein markers confirmed the cytological conclusions. The advantages of transferring alien chromosomes or chromosome fragments into wheat and creating alien aneuploid lines by anther culture of hybrid F(1)s are discussed. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Genet, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China. Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Plant Sci Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Zhang, XQ (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Genet, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China. NR 37 TC 6 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0179-9541 J9 PLANT BREEDING JI Plant Breed. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 117 IS 1 BP 7 EP 12 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0523.1998.tb01439.x PG 6 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA ZF518 UT WOS:000072905500002 ER PT J AU Muschietti, J Eyal, Y McCormick, S AF Muschietti, J Eyal, Y McCormick, S TI Pollen tube localization implies a role in pollen-pistil interactions for the tomato receptor-like protein kinases LePRK1 and LePRK2 SO PLANT CELL LA English DT Article ID SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY RESPONSE; SERINE THREONINE KINASE; LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT; BRASSICA-OLERACEA L; TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN; PAPAVER-RHOEAS; MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEIN; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; FLOWERING PLANTS; PETUNIA-INFLATA AB We screened for pollen-specific kinase genes, which are potential signal transduction components of pollen-pistil interactions, and isolated two structurally related receptor-like kinases (RLKs) from tomato, LePRK1 and LePRK2. These kinases are similar to a pollen-expressed RLK from petunia, but they are expressed later during pollen development than is the petunia RLK. The abundance of LePRK2 increases when pollen germinates, but LePRK1 remains constant. Both LePRK1 and LePRK2 are localized to the plasma membrane/cell wall of growing pollen tubes. Both kinase domains have kinase activity when expressed in Escherichia coli, In phosphorylation assays with pollen membrane preparations, LePRK2, but not LePRK1, is phosphorylated, and the addition of tomato style, but not leaf, extracts to these membrane preparations results at least partially in specific dephosphorylation of LePRK2. Taken together, these results suggest that LePRK1 and LePRK2 play different roles in postpollination events and that at least LePRK2 may mediate some pistil response. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP McCormick, S (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. EM sheilamc@nature.berkeley.edu OI Muschietti, Jorge/0000-0002-5719-4833; McCormick, Sheila/0000-0001-9106-9385 NR 61 TC 120 Z9 125 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 1040-4651 J9 PLANT CELL JI Plant Cell PD MAR PY 1998 VL 10 IS 3 BP 319 EP 330 DI 10.1105/tpc.10.3.319 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA ZD081 UT WOS:000072649500004 PM 9501107 ER PT J AU Jung, R Scott, MP Nam, YW Beaman, TW Bassuner, R Saalbach, I Muntz, K Nielsen, NC AF Jung, R Scott, MP Nam, YW Beaman, TW Bassuner, R Saalbach, I Muntz, K Nielsen, NC TI The role of proteolysis in the processing and assembly of 11S seed globulins SO PLANT CELL LA English DT Article ID STORAGE PROTEIN; POSTTRANSLATIONAL CLEAVAGE; TRANSGENIC TOBACCO; GLYCININ SUBUNITS; ASPARAGINYL ENDOPEPTIDASE; SOYBEAN GLYCININ; VICIA-FABA; LEGUMIN; GENE; ACCUMULATION AB 11S seed storage proteins are synthesized as precursors that are cleaved post-translationally in storage vacuoles by an asparaginyl endopeptidase. To study the specificity of the reaction catalyzed by this asparaginyl endopeptidase, we prepared a series of octapeptides and mutant legumin B and G4 glycinin subunits. These contained amino acid mutations in the region surrounding the cleavage site. The endopeptidase had an absolute specificity for Asn on the N-terminal side of the severed peptide bond but exhibited little specificity for amino acids on the C-terminal side. The ability of unmodified and modified subunits to assemble into hexamers after post-translational modification was evaluated, Cleavage of subunits in trimers is required for hexamer assembly in vitro, Products from a mutant gene encoding a noncleavable prolegumin subunit (LeB Delta N-281) accumulated as trimers in seed of transgenic tobacco, but products from the unmodified prolegumin B gene accumulated as hexamers, Therefore, the asparaginyl endopeptidase is required for hexamer assembly. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Biochem, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Inst Plant Genet & Crop Plant Res, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany. RP Nielsen, NC (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. EM nnielsen@dept.agry.purdue.edu RI Scott, M./E-3291-2010 NR 44 TC 80 Z9 84 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 1040-4651 J9 PLANT CELL JI Plant Cell PD MAR PY 1998 VL 10 IS 3 BP 343 EP 357 PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA ZD081 UT WOS:000072649500006 PM 9501109 ER PT J AU Wisler, GC Duffus, JE Liu, HY Li, RH AF Wisler, GC Duffus, JE Liu, HY Li, RH TI Ecology and epidemiology of whitefly-transmitted Closteroviruses SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID INFECTIOUS YELLOWS VIRUS; COAT PROTEIN GENE; SWEET-POTATO; BEMISIA-TABACI; TRIALEURODES-VAPORARIORUM; CHLOROSIS VIRUS; BORNE VIRUSES; UNITED-STATES; LETTUCE; DISEASE C1 USDA ARS, Crop Improvement & Protect Unit, Salinas, CA 93915 USA. RP Wisler, GC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Improvement & Protect Unit, Salinas, CA 93915 USA. EM gwisler@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 86 TC 160 Z9 174 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 82 IS 3 BP 270 EP 280 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.3.270 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YY587 UT WOS:000072163100002 ER PT J AU Windham, GL Williams, WP AF Windham, GL Williams, WP TI Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin accumulation in resistant and susceptible maize hybrids SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE corn; mycotoxin; resistance; Zea mays ID KERNEL INFECTION; PREHARVEST CORN; DIVERSE LOCATIONS; INOCULATED EARS; CONTAMINATION; GENOTYPES; FIELD; REGISTRATION; LINE AB Field studies were conducted for 2 years in Mississippi to monitor maize kernel infection and aflatoxin accumulation caused by Aspergillus flavus at various times during the growing season. Hybrids resistant and susceptible to A. flavus were compared to determine temporal differences in infection and aflatoxin levels. The resistant hybrids tested were Mo18W x Mp313E, Mp420 x Tx601, and SC54 x SC76; and the susceptible hybrids tested were GA209 x Mp339, Mp307 x Mp428, and Mp68:616 x SC212M. The top ear of each plant was inoculated with a suspension containing A. flavus conidia at 7 days after midsilk (50% of the plants in a plot had silks emerged) using the side needle technique. Inoculated ears were harvested 35, 42, 49, 56, and 63 days after midsilk to determine kernel infection by A. flavus and aflatoxin contamination. Differences in aflatoxin levels between resistant and susceptible hybrids occurred in all harvest dates. However, significant differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids for kernel infection were not observed until 42 days after midsilk. Differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids occurred for kernel infection and aflatoxin concentrations 49, 56, and 63 days after midsilk. Incidence of kernel infection (8.1% for GA209 x Mp339) was the highest 49 days after midsilk, and aflatoxin concentrations (510 ng/g for Mp307 x Mp428) were the highest 63 days after midsilk. Maximum differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids for aflatoxin levels were observed 63 days after midsilk. Two of the resistant hybrids, Mo18W x Mp313E and Mp420 x Tx601, had significantly less aflatoxin than the three susceptible hybrids 63 days after midsilk. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Windham, GL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. EM gwindham@dorman.msstate.edu NR 22 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 82 IS 3 BP 281 EP 284 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.3.281 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YY587 UT WOS:000072163100003 ER PT J AU Pan, YB Grisham, MP Burner, DM Damann, KE Wei, Q AF Pan, YB Grisham, MP Burner, DM Damann, KE Wei, Q TI A polymerase chain reaction protocol for the detection of Clavibacter xyli subsp xyli, the causal bacterium of sugarcane ratoon stunting disease SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID FIELD-GROWN POTATOES; XANTHOMONAS-ALBILINEANS; DNA HYBRIDIZATION; SPACER REGION; MICHIGANENSIS; SEPEDONICUS; PCR; IDENTIFICATION; ELISA; POLYMORPHISMS AB A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol was developed that specifically detected Clavibacter xyli subsp. xyli, the causal agent of sugarcane ratoon stunting disease. Generic PCR products from the intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) region of 16S-23S ribosomal DNA of C. xyli subsp. xyli and C. xyli subsp. cynodontis were cloned and sequenced. Based on a multiple sequence alignment among these two sequences and other nonredundant highly homologous sequences from the database, two C. xyli subsp, xyli-specific PCR primers were designed, Cxx1 (5' CCGAAGTGAGCAGATTGACC) and Cxx2 (5' ACCCTGTGTTGTTTTCAACG). These two 20-mer oligonucleotides primed the specific amplification of a 438-bp DNA product from genomic DNA samples of 21 C. xyli subsp. xyli strains. Amplification was not observed with genomic DNA of one C. xyli subsp. cynodontis strain, five strains of four other Clavibacter species, and two strains of two Rathayibacter species. The 438-bp PCR product also was amplified directly from cultured C. xyli subsp. xyli cells and from C. xyli subsp. xyli-infected sugar cane vascular sap with a unique reaction buffer containing polyvinylpyrrolidone and ficoll. Extraction of genomic DNA was not necessary prior to PCR assay. C1 USDA ARS, Sugarcane Res Unit, So Reg Res Ctr, Houma, LA 70361 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Plant Pathol & Crop Physiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Pan, YB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Sugarcane Res Unit, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 470, Houma, LA 70361 USA. NR 39 TC 31 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 82 IS 3 BP 285 EP 290 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.3.285 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YY587 UT WOS:000072163100004 ER PT J AU Mao, W Lumsden, RD Lewis, JA Hebbar, PK AF Mao, W Lumsden, RD Lewis, JA Hebbar, PK TI Seed treatment using pre-infiltration and biocontrol agents to reduce damping-off of corn caused by species of Pythium and Fusarium SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID APHANOMYCES ROOT-ROT; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL AGENTS; SH2 SWEET CORN; PSEUDOMONAS-CEPACIA; RHIZOCTONIA-SOLANI; DISEASES; RHIZOSPHERE; TRICHODERMA; FUNGI; COLONIZATION AB Bioassays were conducted in a greenhouse at 18 degrees C to determine the effectiveness of a seed treatment used in combination with biocontrol agents for the reduction of corn damping-off caused by species of Pythium and Fusarium. Corn seeds were. infiltrated with tap water, drained, air-dried, and then coated with biomass of an antagonistic fungus, Gliocladium virens isolate Gl-3, or an antagonistic bacterium, Burkholderia capacia isotates Bc-B or Bc-1, or a combination of Gl-3 with each of the bacterial isolates. A nonsterile field son was infested with a combination of pathogens: Pythium ultimum, P. arrhenomanes, and Fusarium graminearum at 2 inoculum rates (1x and 4x). Pre-infiltration enhanced (P less than or equal to 0.05) disease control with most treatments at both inoculum rates, Treatments with biocontrol agents alone err in combination, as well as the fungicide captan, effectively reduced the disease at a pathogen inoculum rate of 1x, resulting in greater (P less than or equal to 0.05) seedling stands, plant height, and fresh weight, and lower (P less than or equal to 0.05) Foot rot severity compared with untreated seeds in infested soil At a pathogen inoculum rate of 4x, stands were lower (P less than or equal to 0.01) and root-rot severity was higher (P < 0.01) compared to those at 1x for all treatments. Nevertheless, coating seeds with all biocontrol agents (alone or in combination), except with Bc-1 alone, reduced disease (P less than or equal to 0.05) compared to untreated seeds in infested soil. At both inoculum rates of 1x and 4x, coating seeds with Gl-3 + Bc-B was more effective (P less than or equal to 0.05) in disease control than any other treatment, resulting in stands, growth rate (plant height and fresh weight), and root rot severity similar to plants from untreated seeds in noninfested soil. In addition, when the exudate from a 2-h infiltration of corn seed was added to the seeds during seed coating, seedling stand was often lower and root rot severity was often higher than those from infiltrated seeds (P less than or equal to 0.05). These results indicated that the infiltration process removed certain exudates, including nutrients and/or stimulants (not detected in this study) that might be utilized by pathogens to initiate seed infection. A thin-layer chromatography (TLC) profile of the, exudates showed the presence of eight amino acids and three major carbohydrates. C1 USDA ARS, Biocontol Plant Dis Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Mao, W (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biocontol Plant Dis Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM wmao@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 39 TC 29 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 82 IS 3 BP 294 EP 299 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.3.294 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YY587 UT WOS:000072163100006 ER PT J AU Wilcox, JR St Martin, SK AF Wilcox, JR St Martin, SK TI Soybean genotypes resistant to Phytophthora sojae and compensation for yield losses of susceptible isolines SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID CYST-NEMATODE; PERFORMANCE; CULTIVARS; BLENDS; FIELD; ROT AB Two isolines, with different alleles for resistance to Phytophthora sojae, of the soybean cultivars, Beeson, Century, and Williams were grown in replicated tests to assess yield losses attributable to this pathogen. Isolines susceptible to prevalent races of the pathogen had black seed coats as a marker trait; isolines resistant to prevalent races of the pathogen had yellow seed coats. Included in the tests were blends composed of equal numbers of seed of the two isolines for each cultivar. Tests were conducted at three locations in Indiana and one location in Ohio for three years. In six environments, where Phytophthora root and stem rot damaged soybean, isolines susceptible to prevalent races of the pathogen produced seed yields from 65 to 93% of the yields of isolines resistant to these races. In four of these environments, isoline blends produced yields equal to those of the resistant isoline. In two environments, where susceptible isolines averaged 65 and 69% of the yield of the resistant isoline; the blends averaged 89 and 83% of the yield of the resistant isoline. Where the pathogen reduced yields of susceptible isolines, yellow seeds of the isoline resistant to prevalent races of the pathogen contributed from 10 to 33% more seed than would be expected if resistant and susceptible isolines contributed equally to seed yield. The data demonstrate that plants of the resistant isoline were compensating for reduced productivity of the susceptible plants in the blend. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Crop Prod & Pest Control Res Unit, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Hort & Crop Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Wilcox, JR (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Crop Prod & Pest Control Res Unit, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 19 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 82 IS 3 BP 303 EP 306 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.3.303 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YY587 UT WOS:000072163100008 ER PT J AU Douiyssi, A Rasmusson, DC Roelfs, AP AF Douiyssi, A Rasmusson, DC Roelfs, AP TI Responses of barley cultivars and lines to isolates of Pyrenophora teres SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID F-TERES AB Net blotch, caused by Pyrenophora teres, is among the most damaging foliar diseases of barley worldwide. A knowledge of the reaction of local cultivars, putative resistant lines, and variability in the net blotch pathogen is necessary to develop a successful resistance breeding program. Disease responses of 38 barley lines to 15 P, teres isolates were: studied at the seedling and adult plant stages in the glasshouse, and field responses to net blotch were evaluated at three Moroccan locations. No tested barley was resistant to all isolates, and resistance was apparently of the specific type. Pathogenic variability was great, as none of the 15 isolates were identical. For each isolate tested, a specific high level of resistance was found in one or more host lines. Seedling and adults plants often differed in response to the. same isolate. Adult plant resistance was commonly observed in response to isolate I-1, and seedling resistance was more common to isolate I-14. Adult plant resistance of nine lines was undetected in seedling evaluations using isolate I-1. The seedling glasshouse and field responses of the barley lines varied considerably, limiting the value of seedling testing for resistance, Field reactions of resistant and moderately resistant were consistent across the three locations for the lines Heartland, Minn 7, CI 2333, and CI 2549. The variability observed in P. teres and failure to find lines with resistance to all isolates suggests that breeding for resistance should emphasize pyramiding of resistance genes. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Cereal Rust Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. INRA, Settat, Morocco. RP Rasmusson, DC (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 23 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 82 IS 3 BP 316 EP 321 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.3.316 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YY587 UT WOS:000072163100011 ER PT J AU Mao, W Carroll, RB Whittington, DP AF Mao, W Carroll, RB Whittington, DP TI Association of Phoma terrestris, Pythium irregulare, and Fusarium acuminatum in causing red root rot of corn SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID STALK ROT; FUNGI AB Greenhouse and field tests were conducted in 1992 and 1993 to determine the causal pathogen(s) of red root rot (RRR) of corn. Corn hybrids Dekalb DK 522, DK 572, DK 677, and DK 582 were utilized. Phoma terrestris, Pythium irregulare, and Fusarium acuminatum were used alone or in combination to infest potting mix in greenhouse tests or soil in field tests. Results indicated that P. terrestris is the primary pathogen in the KRR complex of corn in Delaware. When P. terrestris and Pythium irregulare were associated, the disease progressed faster and was more severe, resulting in significantly higher (P less than or equal to 0.01) root rot, basal stalk mt, and wilt. F. acuminatum played a minor role in causing the disease, with little additional symptom development when combined with P. terrestris or Pythium irregulare. C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Newark, DE 19717 USA. RP Mao, W (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 31 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 82 IS 3 BP 337 EP 342 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.3.337 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YY587 UT WOS:000072163100015 ER PT J AU Reilly, CC Hotchkiss, MW Hendrix, FF AF Reilly, CC Hotchkiss, MW Hendrix, FF TI Phytophthora shuck and kernel rot, a new disease of pecan caused by Phytophthora cactorum SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Carya illinoensis; fruit rot; shuck decline AB Phytophthora shuck and kernel rot infection usually started at the stem end of the pecan fruit and progressed distally to encompass the entire shuck within 4 to 6 days. A distinct margin developed between dark brown necrotic tissue and healthy green tissue during rotting of the shucks. Phytophthora cactorum was isolated from the rapidly rotting pecan fruit. Two to three weeks after the symptoms appeared, the diseased shucks dried and stuck tightly to the shell. The seed coat of the kernel turned dark brown and the endosperm rotted. The new disease of pecan was first observed during September 1988 on maturing pecan fruit in central Georgia in the vicinity of the town of Byron where growers estimated losses of 50% or greater in some orchards. In south Georgia near the cities of Albany and Cordele, the disease was present but less severe. The causal agent was identified as P. cactorum and deposited with ATCC as isolate B1, ATCC No. 66186. Laboratory and field inoculations of nut clusters using the B1 isolate produced typical symptoms observed in nature. Symptoms of the disease were observed in 13 orchards, and the pathogen was isolated from the soil of 10 of these orchards in south and central Georgia. C1 USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Reilly, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 82 IS 3 BP 347 EP 349 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.3.347 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YY587 UT WOS:000072163100017 ER PT J AU Oliver, MJ Wood, AJ O'Mahony, P AF Oliver, MJ Wood, AJ O'Mahony, P TI "To dryness and beyond" - preparation for the dried state and rehydration in vegetative desiccation-tolerant plants SO PLANT GROWTH REGULATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Workshop on Desiccation Tolerance and Sensitivity of Seeds and Vegetative Plant Tissues CY JAN 06-11, 1997 CL FRANSCHHOEK, SOUTH AFRICA SP Int Plant Genet Resources Inst (IPGRI) DE cellular protection; cellular repair; desiccation; tolerance mechanism; vegetative tissues ID MOSS TORTULA-RURALIS; ABSCISIC-ACID; CRATEROSTIGMA-PLANTAGINEUM; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; POLYPODIUM-VIRGINIANUM; XEROPHYTA-SCABRIDA; WATER-STRESS; LEAVES; EXPRESSION; ACCUMULATION AB The ability of vegetative plant tissues to survive desiccation is an uncommon trait, although plants that are able to do this represent all major classes of plants. Two classes of vegetative desiccation-tolerant plants exist; those that are modified desiccation-tolerant and can only survive desiccation if drying rates are slow, and those that are fully desiccation-tolerant and can survive even rapid drying rates. Investigations into the cellular level responses of these two types of plants has lead to an understanding of the underlying mechanisms of desiccation-tolerance. The following proposed mechanisms for desiccation-tolerance are presented. Modified desiccation-tolerant plants utilize inducible cellular protection systems supplemented in part by a minor rehydration induced repair component. Fully desiccation-tolerant plants utilize a rehydration induced repair system that is complemented by a constitutive protection component. This minireview explores the evidence for these proposed mechanisms in an attempt to lay the theoretical ground work for future work in this area. C1 USDA ARS, Plant Stress & Water Conservation Unit, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA. So Illinois Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. RP Oliver, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plant Stress & Water Conservation Unit, Route 3 Box 215, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA. EM moliver@mail.csrl.ars.usda.gov NR 64 TC 108 Z9 111 U1 0 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6903 J9 PLANT GROWTH REGUL JI Plant Growth Regul. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 24 IS 3 BP 193 EP 201 DI 10.1023/A:1005863015130 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZE616 UT WOS:000072812400007 ER PT J AU Ishida, BK Jenkins, SM Say, B AF Ishida, BK Jenkins, SM Say, B TI Induction of AGAMOUS gene expression plays a key role in ripening of tomato sepals in vitro SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE AGAMOUS; tomato; ripening; calyx; gene expression; sepals; in vitro ID FLOWER DEVELOPMENT; ECTOPIC EXPRESSION; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; HOMEOTIC GENES; ORGAN IDENTITY; ANTIRRHINUM; SEPARATION; APETALA2; PERIANTH; TOBACCO AB In vitro culture of VFNT Cherry tomato sepals (calyx) at 16-21 degrees C results in developmental changes that are similar to those that occur in fruit tissue [10]. Sepals become swollen, red, and succulent, produce ethylene, and have increased levels of polygalacturonase RNA. They also produce many flavor volatiles characteristic of ripe tomato fruit and undergo similar changes in sugar content [11]. We examined the expression of the tomato AGAMOUS gene, TAG1, in ripening, in vitro sepal cultures and other tissues from the plant and found that TAG1 RNA accumulates to higher levels than expected from data from other plants. Contrary to reports on the absence of AGAMOUS in sepals, TAG1 RNA levels in green sepals from greenhouse-grown plants is detectable, its concentration increasing with in vitro ripening to levels that were even higher than in red, ripe fruit. Sepals of fruit on transgenic tomato plants that expressed TAG1 ectopically were induced by low temperature to ripen in vivo, producing lycopene and undergoing cell wall softening as is characteristic of pericarpic tissue. We therefore propose that the induction of elevated TAG1 gene expression plays a key role in developmental changes that result in sepal ripening. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Mol Plant Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Ishida, BK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 26 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 36 IS 5 BP 733 EP 739 DI 10.1023/A:1005941330004 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA ZA222 UT WOS:000072341600012 PM 9526506 ER PT J AU Scott, DL Clark, CW Deahl, KL Prakash, CS AF Scott, DL Clark, CW Deahl, KL Prakash, CS TI Isolation of functional RNA from periderm tissue of potato tubers and sweet potato storage roots SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER LA English DT Article DE RNA isolation; periderm; potato tubers; sweet potato storage roots AB A reliable and efficient protocol is given for the isolation of mRNA from the periderm of potato tubers and sweet potato storage roots. The method relies on a urea-based lysis buffer and lithium chloride to concentrate total RNA away from most of the cytoplasmic components and to prevent oxidation of phenolic complexes. To enhance the physical separation of the RNA from other macromolecular components, the RNA fraction was incubated in the presence of the cationic surfactant Catrimox-14. Poly(A)(+) mRNA was separated from total RNA and other contaminants by using Promega's MagneSphere technology. The mRNA was suitable for cDNA library construction and RNA fingerprinting. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Morehouse Coll, Dept Biol, Atlanta, GA 30314 USA. Tuskegee Univ, Ctr Plant Biotechnol Res, Tuskegee, AL 36088 USA. NR 10 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU TRANSACTION PERIOD CONSORTIUM PI PISCATAWAY PA DEPT 4010, RUTGERS UNIV, 35 BERRUE CIRCLE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08854-8042 USA SN 0735-9640 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL REP JI Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 16 IS 1 BP 3 EP 8 DI 10.1023/A:1007438106849 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 171XT UT WOS:000078890300001 ER PT J AU Scott, DL Walker, MD Clarck, CW Prakash, CS Deahl, KL AF Scott, DL Walker, MD Clarck, CW Prakash, CS Deahl, KL TI Rapid assessment of primer combinations and recovery of AFLP (TM) products using ethidium bromide staining SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER LA English DT Article DE AFLP; ethidium bromide; DNA fingerprinting ID DNA AB AFLP(TM) is a novel high-resolution fingerprinting method that can be used to delineate intraspecific relationships among a large variety of fungi and plants. We demonstrate that with the appropriate technical modifications, ethidium bromide staining and non-denaturing polyacryalmide minigels can be an inexpensive and time saving alternative for screening DNA samples for suitable AFLP primer pairs. Furthermore, the recovery of ethidium bromide stained polymorphic DNA fragments is not as tedious as the recovery of isotopic DNA fragments. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Morehouse Coll, Dept Biol, Atlanta, GA 30314 USA. Tuskegee Univ, Ctr Plant Biotechnol Res, Tuskegee, AL 36088 USA. EM dscott1906@al.com NR 7 TC 1 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU TRANSACTION PERIOD CONSORTIUM PI PISCATAWAY PA DEPT 4010, RUTGERS UNIV, 35 BERRUE CIRCLE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08854-8042 USA SN 0735-9640 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL REP JI Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 16 IS 1 BP 41 EP 47 DI 10.1023/A:1007416607757 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 171XT UT WOS:000078890300005 ER PT J AU Cohen, CK Fox, TC Garvin, DF Kochian, LV AF Cohen, CK Fox, TC Garvin, DF Kochian, LV TI The role of iron-deficiency stress responses in stimulating heavy-metal transport in plants SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INTACT MAIZE SEEDLINGS; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; GENE ENCODES; PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION; ZINC TRANSPORTER; REDUCTION; ROOTS; YEAST; MEMBRANE; SYSTEM AB Plant accumulation of Fe and other metals can be enhanced under Fe deficiency. We investigated the influence of Fe status on heavy-metal and divalent-cation uptake in roots of pea (Pisum sativum L. cv Sparkle) seedlings using Cd2+ uptake as a model system. Radiotracer techniques were used to quantify unidirectional Cd-109 influx into roots of Fe-deficient and Fe-sufficient pea seedlings. The concentration-dependent kinetics for Cd-109 influx were graphically complex and nonsaturating but could be resolved into a linear component and a saturable component exhibiting Michaelis-Menten kinetics. We demonstrated that the linear component was apoplastically bound Cd2+ remaining in the root cell wall after desorption, whereas the saturable component was transporter-mediated Cd2+ influx across the root-cell plasma membrane. The Cd2+ transport system in roots of both Fe-deficient and Fe-sufficient seedlings exhibited similar Michaelis constant values, 1.5 and 0.6 mu M, respectively, for saturable Cd2+ influx, whereas the maximum initial velocity for Cd2+ uptake in Fe-deficient seedlings was nearly 7-fold higher than that in Fe-grown seedlings. Investigations into the mechanistic basis for this response demonstrated that Fe-deficiency-induced stimulation of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase did not play a role in the enhanced Cd2+ uptake. Expression studies with the Fe2+ transporter cloned from Arabidopsis, IRT1, indicated that Fe deficiency induced the expression of this transporter, which might facilitate the transport of heavy-metal divalent cations such as Cd2+ and Zn2+, in addition to Fe2+. C1 Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Dept Biol Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. RP Kochian, LV (reprint author), Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X NR 31 TC 232 Z9 284 U1 3 U2 43 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 116 IS 3 BP 1063 EP 1072 DI 10.1104/pp.116.3.1063 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZC884 UT WOS:000072628700020 ER PT J AU Lott, BD Simmons, JD May, JD AF Lott, BD Simmons, JD May, JD TI Air velocity and high temperature effects on broiler performance SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE tunnel; ventilation; broiler; weight; gain AB Three trials, using a total of 1,320 male broilers, were conducted to study the effect of air velocity at 125 m/min on body weight gain and feed: gain. The broilers were placed on litter in pens in a wind tunnel or on litter in floor pens with conventional cross ventilation when 4 wk old. Except for air velocity, the conditions in the floor pens and the tunnel were the same. In Trials 1 and 2, only nipple waterers were used. In Trial 3, one-half of the pens on the floor and one-half of the pens in the tunnel were equipped with trough waterers; the remaining pens were equipped with nipple waterers. When compared with conventional ventilation, tunnel rearing improved body weight gain and feed:gain in all three trials. In Trial 3, waterer type did not significantly affect body weight gain or feed:gain in the tunnel. However, body weight gain and feed:gain were reduced in floor-reared birds using nipple waterers as compared with birds using trough waterers. The increased panting of the conventionally ventilated birds, as compared with the tunnel-ventilated birds, may have contributed to their decreased body weight gain and improved feed:gain. The lower body weights may occur because of the difficulty the birds experience when drinking from nipples while panting. C1 USDA ARS, S Cent Poultry Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Lott, BD (reprint author), USDA ARS, S Cent Poultry Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 13 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 7 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 77 IS 3 BP 391 EP 393 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA ZF302 UT WOS:000072883900004 PM 9521449 ER PT J AU Bailey, JS Cason, JA Cox, NA AF Bailey, JS Cason, JA Cox, NA TI Effect of Salmonella in young chicks on competitive exclusion treatment SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cross-contamination; hatchery; hatching eggs; Salmonella; competitive exclusion ID INFECTION; COLONIZATION; PREVENTION; HATCHERIES; CULTURES AB The potential of Salmonella contamination in hatching cabinets to 1) generate seeder chicks and 2) interfere with the efficacy of competitive exclusion (CE) treatments was investigated in six experiments. Hatchery-generated seeder chicks were produced by hatching in the same hatcher with inoculated eggs (immersed in a 1.0 x 10(5) cfu/ml suspension of Salmonella typhimurium or inoculated with 10(5) to 10(6) cells on the air cell membrane). Salmonella spread through the hatching cabinet to chicks hatching from uninoculated eggs in adjacent trays. In two experiments, Salmonella was isolated from 31 and 100% of the chick rinses after the birds were held in groups for 3 d in isolation units. When these hatchery-generated seeder chicks were stocked in floor pens at a 1:10 ratio with uncontaminated contact chicks, the pen environment became contaminated to the extent that greater than 50% of the contact chicks became contaminated. In two experiments with only one to three inoculated eggs per 200 egg hatching cabinet, 98% of uninoculated chicks were intestinally colonized with Salmonella after the birds were held 1 wk in isolation cabinets. This hatchery-acquired Salmonella substantially reduced the effectiveness of subsequent CE treatments to prevent Salmonella colonization of the young chicks. These studies demonstrate that control of Salmonella in hatching cabinets is critically important for control of Salmonella in broilers. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Bailey, JS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. EM jsbailey@ars.usda.gov NR 19 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 77 IS 3 BP 394 EP 399 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA ZF302 UT WOS:000072883900005 PM 9521450 ER PT J AU Line, JE Bailey, JS Cox, NA Stern, NJ Tompkins, T AF Line, JE Bailey, JS Cox, NA Stern, NJ Tompkins, T TI Effect of yeast-supplemented feed on Salmonella and Campylobacter populations in broilers SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Saccharomyces boulardii; yeast; Salmonella; Campylobacter; chicken ID SACCHAROMYCES-BOULARDII; SMALL-INTESTINE; CHOLERA-TOXIN; COLONIZATION; TYPHIMURIUM; MANNOSE; CHICKS; PREVENTION; POULTRY; JEJUNI AB The effect of the yeast, Saccharomyces boulardii, on experimental cecal colonization of broilers with Salmonella typhimurium and Campylobacter jejuni was investigated. Duplicate pens of broiler chicks were given acl libitum access to a standard feed supplemented with no yeast (control), or 1 g (Ix), or 100 g (100x) dried S, boulardii/kg feed. All chicks except negative controls were challenged on Day 4 with 3.2 x 10(8) cfu S. typhimurium and 6.5 x 10(8) cfu C. jejuni by oral gavage. After 3 wk, the broilers were euthanatized and ceca were aseptically removed and analyzed for Salmonella and Campylobacter. Frequency of Salmonella colonization was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced due to yeast treatment. Of the positive control birds, 70% were colonized with Salmonella; whereas only 20 and 5% of the Ix and 100x yeast-treated birds were colonized. Mean number of Salmonella per gram of ceca and contents were log 1.64, 0.35, and 0.15, respectively, for the control, Ix, and 100x yeast-treated birds. Campylobacter colonization was not significantly affected by yeast treatment. Similar results were obtained from a second trial conducted in larger isolation floor pens. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Lallemand Inc, Montreal, PQ H1W 2N8, Canada. RP Line, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 30 TC 50 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 3 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 77 IS 3 BP 405 EP 410 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA ZF302 UT WOS:000072883900007 PM 9521452 ER PT J AU Northcutt, JK Buhr, RJ Young, LL AF Northcutt, JK Buhr, RJ Young, LL TI Influence of preslaughter stunning on turkey breast muscle quality SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE muscle quality; turkey; calpain; stunning; carbon dioxide ID MODELING POSTMORTEM TENDERIZATION; CARBON-DIOXIDE; FILLETING TIME; MEAT QUALITY; TEXTURE; CALPAIN; CARCASS AB Pectoralis muscle quality was evaluated from 18-wk-old tom turkeys after electrical stun, carbon dioxide stun, or no stun methods were applied. Color was measured on raw muscle and cooked meat using a colorimeter. Muscle pH was measured 15 min postmortem (initial), 24 h post-mortem (final), and after cooking. The right Pectoralis muscle of each carcass was excised for m-calpain analysis within 4 min postmortem. After 24 h of storage at 4 C, the left Pectoralis muscle was excised to determine cook loss and shear force measurements. No significant difference was found in initial muscle pH (15 min) from turkeys receiving electrical or carbon dioxide stunning, 6.36 +/- 0.15 and 6.20 +/- 0.14, respectively. However, initial muscle pH for birds that were not stunned (5.99 +/- 0.08) was lower (P < 0.05) than the muscle pH of birds stunned using either of the two stunning methods. Stunning method had no effect on the final muscle pH, raw muscle color, cooked meat pH, cooked meat color, cook loss, or shear force. Cook loss was found to positively correlate with initial muscle Lightness (r = 0.53), and cooked meat lightness (r = 0.48), but to negatively correlate with cooked meat yellowness (r = -0.48) and shear strength (r = -0.43), m-Calpain activity declined with the stunning methods in the following order: electrical > carbon dioxide > no stun. In addition, m-calpain activity was found to correlate with initial muscle pH (r = 0.95) and with cooked meat shear force (r = -0.43). The results of this study show that electrical stunning, carbon dioxide stunning, and no stunning methods provide comparable cooked turkey breast meat quality with no consistent differences after aging on the carcass for 24 h. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Poultry Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Avian Med, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30613 USA. RP Northcutt, JK (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Poultry Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 39 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 4 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 77 IS 3 BP 487 EP 492 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA ZF302 UT WOS:000072883900020 PM 9521465 ER PT J AU Schmugge, TJ Jackson, TJ O'Neill, PE Parlange, MB AF Schmugge, TJ Jackson, TJ O'Neill, PE Parlange, MB TI Observations of coherent emissions from soils SO RADIO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID WATER-CONTENT; MODEL AB Observations of the microwave emissions at 1.413 GHz (L band) and 2.65 GHz (S band) from a silt loam soil exhibited an oscillatory behavior in time as the soil was being irrigated. The oscillations are attributed to interference between reflections from the air-soil interface and the wet soil-dry soil interface as the latter moved down in the soil. The magnitude of the first oscillation at L band was 56 K, and at S band it was 40 K, with oscillation damping out after about three cycles to the brightness temperature expected for the wet soil. The emission was modeled using a coherent model, and the results show qualitative and quantitative agreement with the observations. C1 ARS, Hydrol Lab, USDA, Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NASA, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Hydrol Sci Branch, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Schmugge, TJ (reprint author), ARS, Hydrol Lab, USDA, Agr Res Ctr, Bldg 007,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI O'Neill, Peggy/D-2904-2013; Parlange, Marc/A-3403-2015 NR 9 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0048-6604 J9 RADIO SCI JI Radio Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 33 IS 2 BP 267 EP 272 DI 10.1029/97RS02614 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA ZE395 UT WOS:000072788300010 ER PT J AU Staley, TE Morris, DR AF Staley, TE Morris, DR TI A model system for assessing low-level liming effects on white clover symbiosis development in an acidic soil SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Trifolium repens L.; Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii; pH; aluminum; calcium; manganese ID RHIZOBIUM-MELILOTI STRAINS; PERENNIAL FORAGE LEGUMES; HILL-LAND ULTISOLS; NODULATION; TOLERANCE; MANGANESE; RESPONSES; GROWTH AB Establishment and maintenance of forage legumes on acidic soils continues to be a worldwide problem. In an attempt to develop a more rational approach to the selection of giants and bacteria, a laboratory model system was constructed using an acidic, fresh Ultisol from an old-field. The objective of the study was to evaluate this system by determining the effect of low-level liming of the son to pH(w) 4.62, 4.76, 4.83, and 4.95, and rhizobial inoculation, on the establishment and functioning of the Trifolium repens, L./Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii symbiosis. The soil, as taken from the field, was low in pH(w) (4.65) and base saturation (45%), relatively high in Al (2.4 cmol kg(1)), and essentially devoid of naturalized rhizobia. For the symbiotically-grown (inoculated) plants, beneficial effects of liming to only pH(w) 4.83 on shoot mass, shoot N uptake, nodule number, and ARA, but not root mass and length, were detected as early as 3 weeks. Near-linear responses to soil pH increases were found for shoot mass, shoot N uptake, nodule number, and acetylene reduction activity at 5 and, with the exception of ARA, 7 weeks. Root mass, but not length, also responded positively to liming at these later times. Soil pH and basic cation-and aluminum-associated properties were significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) correlated with shoot mass and shoot N uptake. Although correlations (r) improved with time, they never exceeded 0.80, even at 7 weeks. Asymbiotically grown (NH(4)NO(3)-treated) plants gave similar shoot responses, but at different times, indicating dissimilar growth rate responses compared with the symbiotically grown plants. Rhizobial inoculum levels altered the outcome of the symbiosis significantly, indicative of a rhizobial survival limitation. Taken together, these results suggest that both partners of the symbiosis, plants and rhizobia, were affected adversely by the stressful chemical composition of the soil. More importantly these results demonstrate the utility of the model system for studying the early (3 weeks or less) effects of low-level liming on the development of the white clover symbiosis in a near-natural, acidic Ultisol. C1 USDA ARS, NAA, Appalachian Soil & Water Conservat Res Lab, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Staley, TE (reprint author), USDA ARS, NAA, Appalachian Soil & Water Conservat Res Lab, POB 400, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. EM tstaley@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 34 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 163 IS 3 BP 230 EP 240 DI 10.1097/00010694-199803000-00008 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA ZE442 UT WOS:000072793000008 ER PT J AU Bowman, RA Halvorson, AD AF Bowman, RA Halvorson, AD TI Soil chemical changes after nine years of differential N fertilization in a no-till dryland wheat-corn-fallow rotation SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE acidity; pH; organic matter ID NORTHERN IDAHO; ORGANIC-MATTER; NITROGEN; ALUMINUM; ACIDIFICATION; BALANCE; SYSTEM; YIELD AB Intensively cropped dryland systems in the central Great Plains require adequate N fertilization for optimum residue and grain production. However, this N fertilization could be slowly changing the chemistry of the surface soil because of a decrease in soil pH and an increase in soil organic matter (SOM) and basic cations, even in previously well buffered calcareous soil systems. We investigated the effects of five increasing ammonium-N fertilizer rates in a Platner loam, on physical and chemical changes at the 0 to 5, and 0 to 15-cm depths after three cycles of no-till wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-corn (Zea mays L.)-fallow rotation. The measured soil pH, texture, bulk density, cation exchange capacity (CEC), total P, soluble and total soil organic carbon (SOC), nitrate-N to a depth of 60 cm, and grain yields. No significant changes were found with soil texture, bulk densities, CEC, and total P. The data showed a significant reduction in surface (0-5 cm) soil pH (6.5 to 5.1) with the highest N rate (112 kg/ha), but this was accompanied by a 40% increase in SOC. Although there were significant increases in Al and Mn and decreases in Ca concentrations in the surface 0 to 5 cm at the highest N rate, no reduction in grain yields occurred relative to lower N levels with near neutral pHs. Because only a shallow depth of the soil was affected, residue, SOM, and rapid root growth could be compensating for surface acidity, Over the longer term, we need to monitor the effects of ammoniacal-N on downward soil acidity and yield trends under these new intensive cropping systems. C1 USDA ARS, Akron, CO 80720 USA. RP Bowman, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, POB 400, Akron, CO 80720 USA. EM rbowman@lamar.colostate.edu NR 35 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 10 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 163 IS 3 BP 241 EP 247 DI 10.1097/00010694-199803000-00009 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA ZE442 UT WOS:000072793000009 ER PT J AU Bowman, RA Rodriguez, JB Self, JR AF Bowman, RA Rodriguez, JB Self, JR TI Comparison of methods to estimate occluded and resistant soil phosphorus SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PEDOGENESIS; FRACTIONS; PHOSPHATE; DYNAMICS AB Weathering, pH changes, and biotic interactions through geologic times have created a gradation of easily released (labile) to strongly stabilized (resistant) P pools, While methodologies for fertility indices and labile P are well established, methods for quantifying less labile P, such as the occluded and resistant or residual P, are less well established. We reexamined existing methods for these pools, and suggested new procedures to improve their precision and timeliness. Specifically we compared two methods for reductant-soluble (occluded) P, and two existing and a nea procedure for the resistant P, Occluded P was different to reproduce from a sequential extraction procedure because of problems associated with molybdate blue reaction, which required extra molybdate or persulfate oxidation to minimize citrate interference. However, use of inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy eliminated this problem. Measurement of P by ICP for surface and occluded P in the total free Fe oxide pool was more quantitative and reproducible leverage coefficient of variation (CV) = 5%] than in the sequential extraction (overage CV = 7%) procedure. Results for the proposed resistant P method (total soil P minus acid extractable P in an ignited sample) approximated the two sequential extraction procedures (total soil P - total acid-and base-extractable organic and inorganic P) and is easier, and more reproducible. Both procedures for all soils except the Molokai showed essentially the same amounts of occluded P, An average of about 26% of the total soil P (TP) was resistant, with the more weathered Cecil soil containing about 50% resistant P. C1 ARS, USDA, Akron, CO 80720 USA. Colorado State Univ, Soil Water & Plant Testing Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. RP Bowman, RA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, POB 400, Akron, CO 80720 USA. EM rbowman@lamar.colostate.edu NR 25 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 9 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 62 IS 2 BP 338 EP 342 PG 5 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA ZJ690 UT WOS:000073242700007 ER PT J AU Cox, L Koskinen, WC Yen, PY AF Cox, L Koskinen, WC Yen, PY TI Changes in sorption of imidacloprid with incubation time SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOIL; BIODEGRADATION; ISOPROTURON; PERSISTENCE; EQUILIBRIUM; PREDICTION; DESORPTION; HERBICIDES; MOVEMENT; KINETICS AB Changes in sorption of the insecticide imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2 imidazolidinimine) with aging in three soils have been determined. Soil moisture was adjusted to -33 kea and C-14- and analytical-grade imidacloprid added to the soil at a rate of 1.0 mg kg(-1). Imidacloprid-spiked soils were incubated at 25 degrees C for 16 wk, Replicate soil samples were periodically extracted successively; with 0.01 M CaCl2, acetonitrile, and 1 M HCl, Sorption, as indicated bg the sorption coefficient (K-d) values, was highest in the soil with highest organic C content, and increased by an average factor of 2.8 in the three soils during the incubation period. This increase was the result of a decrease in the imidacloprid extractable with CaCl2 (solution phase) and the increase in the amount of imidacloprid extractable with acetonitrile and HCl (sorbed phase) with incubation time. it is not known whether the increase in sorption was the result of imidacloprid diffusion to less accessible or stronger binding sites with time, a rate of degradation in solution and on labile sites that is faster than the rate of desorption, or a combination of the two processes, These results are, however, further evidence that increases in sorption during pesticide aging should be taken into account during characterization of the sorption process for mathematical models of pesticide leaching. C1 ARS, USDA, Soil & Water Management Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Bayer Corp, Stilwell, KS USA. RP Koskinen, WC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Soil & Water Management Res Unit, 1991 Upper Buford Cir,Rm 439, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RI COX, LUCIA/M-4072-2015; OI , LUCIA/0000-0003-2113-4780 NR 23 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 2 U2 22 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 62 IS 2 BP 342 EP 347 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA ZJ690 UT WOS:000073242700008 ER PT J AU Zhang, XC Nearing, MA Miller, WP Norton, LD West, LT AF Zhang, XC Nearing, MA Miller, WP Norton, LD West, LT TI Modelling interrill sediment delivery SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SLOPE STEEPNESS; SOIL-EROSION; TRANSPORT CAPACITY; OVERLAND-FLOW; RUNOFF; RAINFALL; WATER; DETACHMENT; IMPACT; AREAS AB Shallow surface runoff is a primary transport agent for interrill sediment delivery. Runoff, rainfall intensity, and slope interactively affect interrill erosion. We hypothesized that the inclusion of a runoff factor in an interrill erosion model can reduce the dependence of the interrill soil erodibility (K-i) on soil infiltration characteristics as well as improve model predictability. A complete factorial rainfall simulation experiment with two soils (Cecil sandy foam, a clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludult, and Dyke clay, a clayey, mixed, mesic Typic Rhodudult), four rainfall intensities, four slopes, and two replicates was conducted under prewetted conditions to measure runoff and sediment delivery rates. Tap water with electrical conductivity <0.2 dS m(-1) was used in all the runs. Rainfall intensity I, unit discharge q, slope S, soil type, and their interactions significantly affected sediment delivery per unit area (D-i). Sediment delivery had the greatest correlation (r = 0.68) with unit discharge; however, neither discharge nor rainfall alone adequately predicted sediment delivery. The equation D-i = K(i)Iq(1/2)S(2/3) was proposed. The linear intensity term (1) represents detachment of soil by raindrop impact and enhancement of transport capacity of sheet flow, while the product of q(1/2)S(2/3) describes sediment transport hr sheet flow, Validation with independent data showed that the model predicted soil erodibilities well, The mean r(2) for four validation soils was 0.93 when the proposed model was fitted to validation data to predict interrill erodibility (K-i), The better estimation of K-i indicates that interrill erosion processes were adequately described by the model. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Zhang, XC (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 31 TC 45 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 62 IS 2 BP 438 EP 444 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA ZJ690 UT WOS:000073242700021 ER PT J AU Rhine, ED Sims, GK Mulvaney, RL Pratt, EJ AF Rhine, ED Sims, GK Mulvaney, RL Pratt, EJ TI Improving the Berthelot reaction for determining ammonium in soil extracts and water SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID INTERFERENCE; SALICYLATE; NITROGEN AB Colorimetric methods based on the Berthelot reaction are used widely for quantitative determination of NH4-N in biological and environmental samples. Studies to evaluate phenol and salicylate, the most commonly used chromogenic substrates, revealed minor interferences by metallic cations, whereas up to a threefold shift in absorbance was observed with 38 diverse N-containing organic compounds. Interferences differed markedly between phenol and salicylate. The possibility of a simple correction was precluded by the fact that interferences were both positive and negative, and depended on the temperature during color development and the concentration of NH4-N. Fourteen compounds were evaluated as alternatives to phenol and salicylate, of which the Na salt of 2-phenylphenol (PPS) proved to be the most promising. Using PPS, macro-and microscale batch methods and an automated flow-injection method were developed. These methods are simple, convenient, and sensitive. Using the PPS microscale method, for which the limit of detection is 0.17 mg NH4-N L-1, recovery of NH4-N added to soil extracts ranged from 98 to 104%, with a coefficient of variation of 1.4 to 2.7%. As with phenol and salicylate, precipitation of metal hydroxides was observed. Precipitation was controlled by chelation with citrate rather than ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), which suppressed color development by preventing monochloramine formation. Compared with Berthelot methods that use phenol or salicylate, interference by amino acids was decreased by up to 10-fold. Interference by other organic N compounds was virtually eliminated. C1 ARS, USDA, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Sims, GK (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RI Sims, Gerald/A-2500-2008 NR 22 TC 163 Z9 166 U1 2 U2 58 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 62 IS 2 BP 473 EP 480 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA ZJ690 UT WOS:000073242700026 ER PT J AU Raulston, JR Spurgeon, DW Sparks, AN AF Raulston, JR Spurgeon, DW Sparks, AN TI Influence of fruit on sampling and control of adult boll weevils in cotton SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article AB The influence of cotton fruit on boil weevil collection efficiency by a tractor-mounted pneumatic sampler was evaluated. In fruiting cotton, most adult weevils were found within the bracts of squares and were not effectively collected by pneumatic or drop cloth techniques. The pneumatic sampler collected approximate to 70% of weevils not associated with fruit. Overall collection efficiency (marked weevils) averaged 13% in the presence of fruit and 21% when fruit were removed. Mortality of adult boil weevils resulting from treatment of cotton plots with fipronil and azinphosmethyl were evaluated using beat net, whole plant, and fruit census techniques. Neither material significantly reduced the number of adult weevils residing in protected sites when applied on a 7-d interval; howevever, a significant reduction occurred when treatments were applied at 3-d intervals. Fipronil was more efficacious than azinphosmethyl, based on the percentage of squares punctured. However. a higher density of both infested and uninfested squares occurred in the fipronil plots and reduced boil weevil population recruitment was not demonstrated. Similarity of adult bull weevil population trends among treatments indicated plot size was too small to prevent interplot movement. Our results illustrate the importance of considering weevils located in fruit refugia during sampling evaluations, and the implications of these populations in efficacy trials. C1 USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Lab, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. Texas Agr Extens Serv, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Raulston, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Lab, 2413 E Hwy 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 23 IS 1 BP 1 EP 10 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZJ331 UT WOS:000073203300001 ER PT J AU Ahrens, EH Davey, RB George, JE Hunter, JS AF Ahrens, EH Davey, RB George, JE Hunter, JS TI Microencapsulated permethrin for controlling Boophilus microplus on cattle in south Texas SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID IXODIDAE; ACARI; COUMAPHOS; TICK AB A study was conducted at the USDA-ARS, Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, Mission, Texas, to determine the efficacy of a 0.05 and 0.1% microencapsulated permethrin formulation applied as a whole-body spray, in a standard dip vat, and in a laboratory bioassay against Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) on cattle. An additional study was conducted on the King Ranch in Kleberg County, Texas, to determine the stability of 0.05% microencapsulated permethrin formulation in a dip vat under South Texas conditions. Cattle were infested with all parasitic life stages of B. microplus and were sprayed or dipped with a concentration of 0.05 and 0.1% microencapsulated permethrin. As determined by the index of reproduction, the 0.05 and 0.1% whole-body spray treatments provided 85.8 and 96.2% control, respectively, and the 0.05 and 0.1% dip vat treatment provided 98.2 and 99.3% control, respectively. Laboratory bioassay results compared favorably with those obtained with the spray and dip vat treatment. The microencapsulated permethrin remained stable in the ranch vat for three to four weeks. After four weeks, the vat solution began turning black and became foul, apparently due to bacterial growth. In addition, the microencapsulated permethrin became very difficult to resuspend. C1 USDA ARS, Cattle Fever Tick Res Lab, Mission, TX 78572 USA. RP Ahrens, EH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cattle Fever Tick Res Lab, POB 969, Mission, TX 78572 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 2 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 23 IS 1 BP 25 EP 30 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZJ331 UT WOS:000073203300004 ER PT J AU Lee, JH Elliott, NC AF Lee, JH Elliott, NC TI Comparison of developmental responses to temperature in Aphelinus asychis (Walker) from two different geographic regions SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID RUSSIAN WHEAT APHID; DIURAPHIS-NOXIA; REQUIREMENTS; PARASITOIDS; HYMENOPTERA; RECOVERY AB Aphelinus asychis (Walker) was imported to the United States for classical biological control of the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko). Temperature effects on development of A. asychis colonies from two geographic regions (hereafter referred to as strains) were measured at four different temperatures (14, 18, 22, and 26 degrees C) using the Russian wheat aphid as the host species. Developmental thresholds for development from egg to the adult stage were 8.2 and 9.3 degrees C, respectively, for strains collected near Pingluo, China, and Sette, Morocco. Corresponding degree-day requirements were 229 and 198 for the two strains. The Chinese strain required less time than the Moroccan strain to develop from egg to mummy, while the Moroccan strain required less time to develop from mummy to adult. Differences in characteristics of stage-specific development in relation to temperature are discussed in relation to the climate of the place of origin of the strains. C1 USDA, ARS, Plant Sci & Water Conservat Res Lab, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. RP Lee, JH (reprint author), Dongguk Univ, Dept Appl Biol, Seoul 100715, South Korea. NR 15 TC 20 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 23 IS 1 BP 77 EP 82 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZJ331 UT WOS:000073203300007 ER PT J AU Lingren, PD Raulston, JR Shaver, TN AF Lingren, PD Raulston, JR Shaver, TN TI Potential for development of technology to control adult noctuid pests with plant attractants - Introduction SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Editorial Material ID INSECT ATTRACTANTS; CORN-EARWORM; LEPIDOPTERA; VOLATILES; TRAPS AB A discussion is presented on the need for alternative control strategies for Helicoverpa tea (Boddie) and other noctuids to supplement traditional insecticidal control that targets larval stages of the insects. A rationale is presented for developing control strategies focusing on adult control which use attracticide formulations comprised of feeding attractants, stimulants, and toxicants. Volatile chemicals identified from blooms of natural adult food sources of H. zea adults, including Gaura spp. and other plants, would provide the basis for the attractant. This control technology could be implemented on an area-wide basis as a means of effecting an efficient insect control mechanism having less dependence on insecticides. C1 USDA, So Crops Res Lab, Areawide Pest Management Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Lingren, PD (reprint author), 2010 Youpon, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 36 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD MAR PY 1998 SU 21 BP 1 EP 7 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZK319 UT WOS:000073307200001 ER PT J AU Raulston, JR Pair, SD Lingren, PD Hendrix, WH Shaver, TN AF Raulston, JR Pair, SD Lingren, PD Hendrix, WH Shaver, TN TI The role of population dynamics in the development of control strategies for adult Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) and other noctuidae SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID RIO-GRANDE-VALLEY; BODDIE LEPIDOPTERA; BEETLES COLEOPTERA; CORN-EARWORM; HELIOTHIS; CHRYSOMELIDAE; TEXAS; TRAPS AB This review discusses the characteristics of the regional population dynamics of Helicoverpa tea (Boddie) populations in relation to the seasonal availability of host plants. Although Helicoverpa populations developing on wild host plants characteristic of given regions may provide the inoculum for infestations on crop hosts, the crop hosts are most important in the development of large and damaging populations. Based on seasonal population development, several "windows" are described where manipulation of adult populations with chemical attractants from plants (phytoattractants) may be possible. Attracted moths could be killed with feeding-baits containing pesticides, thereby suppressing adult populations that result in subsequent larval infestations on crops. C1 USDA, Subtrop Agr Res Lab, Crop Insects Res Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Raulston, JR (reprint author), USDA, Subtrop Agr Res Lab, Crop Insects Res Unit, 2413 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 37 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD MAR PY 1998 SU 21 BP 25 EP 35 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZK319 UT WOS:000073307200003 ER PT J AU Shaver, TN Lingren, PD Raulston, JR Marshall, HF AF Shaver, TN Lingren, PD Raulston, JR Marshall, HF TI Plant chemicals as attractants for Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) and other insect species SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID DIABROTICA-VIRGIFERA-VIRGIFERA; CORN-ROOTWORM COLEOPTERA; EAR WORM ATTRACTANTS; CABBAGE-LOOPER MOTHS; VOLATILE COMPONENTS; FLORAL COMPOUNDS; CHRYSOMELIDAE; IDENTIFICATION; EUGENOL; SOUTHERN AB Plant chemicals that have been identified and used for monitoring and controlling field populations of insects, including examples of attractants for noctuid and other species are reviewed. Methods for obtaining volatile chemicals from plants are discussed. A number of plant species have been identified as attractive to H. tea and other noctuids by direct observation of insects feeding on field plants or by identification of pollen found on body parts of captured insects. In several classes, the attractive chemicals in plants were determined to be extractable by solvents, especially methanol and methylene chloride. Methanol extracts of Gaura spp. flowers captured both sexes of corn earworm moths in a 1.3. 1.0 ratio(female :male). C1 ARS, USDA, So Crops Res Lab, Areawide Pest Management Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Shaver, TN (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Crops Res Lab, Areawide Pest Management Res Unit, 2771 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 35 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD MAR PY 1998 SU 21 BP 37 EP 45 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZK319 UT WOS:000073307200004 ER PT J AU Westbrook, JK Lingren, PD AF Westbrook, JK Lingren, PD TI Meteorology and strategies for using plant attractants in adult noctuid suppression programs SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID BOUNDARY-LAYER; ODOR PLUMES; LEPIDOPTERA; PHEROMONE; VOLATILES AB Atmospheric variables can strongly impact the efficacy of plant-derived attractants used as lures for suppression of noctuid pest insects. Relevant meteorological measurements are discussed that describe release rates of volatile plant compounds, effects of the local atmospheric environment on the spatial distribution of the volatile compounds, and the range of olfactory response of target pest insects to volatile plant compounds. Gaussian plume dispersion simulations using a 2-m source height estimated maximum volatile concentrations 500 m down at the surface that were 36 times greater for moderately stable atmospheric conditions than for extremely unstable conditions. The simulations also revealed that the maximum volatile concentration was located 50 m farther downwind for moderately stable atmospheric conditions than for extremely unstable atmospheric conditions. Potential for development of adult control and monitoring technology will be enhanced by understanding and properly monitoring spatial and temporal characteristics of atmospheric properties within the pest biosphere. C1 ARS, USDA, Areawide Pest Management Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Westbrook, JK (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Areawide Pest Management Res Unit, 2771 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD MAR PY 1998 SU 21 BP 47 EP 58 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZK319 UT WOS:000073307200005 ER PT J AU Sawhney, APS Ruppenicker, GF Price, JB AF Sawhney, APS Ruppenicker, GF Price, JB TI Properties of fabrics made from cotton/polyethylene blend yarns SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB This paper describes the techniques used to process a rather difficult Dyneema(R) polyethylene staple fiber of a fine denier, and to develop, for the first time, some cotton-rich intimate-blend and bi-component yams and fabrics containing Dyneema. Basically, a cleaned cotton is intimately blended with Dyneema in several different blend ratios. The blends are converted into different size rovings appropriate for spinning regular intimate-blend yarns on a standard ring spinning system and comparable bicomponent core-wrap yarns on the SRRC core-spinning system using the intimate-blend roving as the core material and two equivalent cotton rovings for the wrap. Yams thus produced are compared with equivalent 100% cotton (control) yarns produced conventionally. All yarns are separately woven into standard duck fabrics and flame-retardant finished to determine their FR performance. Dyneema PE fiber has a low melting point of only 149 degrees C. Results show that Dyneema fiber in an intimate blend with cotton can be processed on existing typical cotton processing equipment. A blend yam (whether an intimate blend or a core wrap) containing as low as 10% Dyneema is much stronger than an equivalent cotton yam. Fabrics made with the blend yarns are also considerably stronger and more tear resistant than the cotton equivalent. Despite Dyneema's sensitivity to high temperatures, blend fabrics containing as much as 30% Dyneema can be FR finished to provide adequate fire retardancy with greater tear strength retention compared to 100% cotton fabric. C1 ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Sawhney, APS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 6 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 USA SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 68 IS 3 BP 203 EP 208 DI 10.1177/004051759806800308 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA ZA908 UT WOS:000072414100008 ER PT J AU Linder, CR Taha, I Seiler, GJ Snow, AA Rieseberg, LH AF Linder, CR Taha, I Seiler, GJ Snow, AA Rieseberg, LH TI Long-term introgression of crop genes into wild sunflower populations SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Helianthus annuus; hybridization; introgression; random amplified polymorphic DNA; transgene escape ID HELIANTHUS-ANNUUS L; CULTIVATED SUNFLOWER; GOSSYPIUM-BARBADENSE; HYBRID SPECIATION; HYBRIDIZATION; FLOW; DIVERSITY; ORIGIN; ESCAPE; MAP AB Hybrids between cultivated and wild sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) are frequently reported. As much as 42% of progeny from wild plants near cultivar fields are hybrids, and cultivar genes have been shown to persist in wild populations at least five generations. We report the effects of up to 40 years of persistent cultivar gene flow on the genetic structure of three wild H. annuus populations that are adjacent to cultivated fields, Eighteen cultivar-specific markers were surveyed in a total of 115 individuals. We also developed cultivar-based genetic maps for the markers and used them to see if marker patterns in the wild populations were consistent with introgression and if selection was acting jointly on unlinked loci. High levels of crop specific markers were detected in all three wild populations: ranging from 0.315 to 0.382, on average. All 115 plants had at least 1 cultivar marker. Introgression is the most likely explanation for the presence of crop-specific markers in the sympatric populations because (1) the markers were either not present or found at much lower levels in four allopatric populations, (2) markers that were genetically linked in the cultivar invariably showed linkage disequilibrium patterns in the sympatric populations consistent with introgression, and (3) homology tests ruled out convergent evolution as an alternate explanation. Hence, introgression of cultivar loci was widespread, and the sympatric wild populations have been replaced by advanced generation hybrids, Unlinked, introgressed markers did not show significant linkage disequilibria, indicating a lack of epistatic associations among introgressed markers. Hence, transgenes in cultivated sunflowers should readily introgress into sympatric wild populations, and their fate will be determined primarily by their fitness effects on the wild plants. C1 Univ Texas, Dept Bot, Austin, TX 78713 USA. Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Linder, CR (reprint author), Univ Texas, Dept Bot, Austin, TX 78713 USA. EM rlinder@mail.utexas.edu RI Rieseberg, Loren/B-3591-2013 OI Rieseberg, Loren/0000-0002-2712-2417 NR 45 TC 107 Z9 114 U1 2 U2 23 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 96 IS 3-4 BP 339 EP 347 DI 10.1007/s001220050746 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA ZG575 UT WOS:000073017400003 PM 24710869 ER PT J AU Ratnaparkhe, MB Santra, DK Tullu, A Muehlbauer, FJ AF Ratnaparkhe, MB Santra, DK Tullu, A Muehlbauer, FJ TI Inheritance of inter-simple-sequence-repeat polymorphisms and linkage with a fusarium wilt resistance gene in chickpea SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE microsatellite; PCR; disease-resistance; mapping ID CICER-ARIETINUM L; MICROSATELLITES; AMPLIFICATION; ABUNDANCE; PLANTS; DNA AB The inheritance of an inter-simple-sequence-repeat (ISSR) polymorphism was studied in a cross of cultivated chickpea (Cicea arietinum L.) and a closely related wild species (C. reticulatum Lad.) using primers that anneal to a simple repeat of various lengths, sequences and non-repetitive motifs, Dinucleotides were the majority of those tested, and provided all of the useful banding patterns, The ISSR loci showed virtually complete agreement with expected Mendelian ratios. Twenty two primers were used for analysis and yielded a total of 31 segregating loci, Primers based on (GA)(n) repeats were the most abundant while primers with a (TG)(n) repeal gave the largest number of polymorphic loci. Nucleotides at the 5' and 3' end of the primers played an important role in detecting polymorphism. All the markers showed dominance. We found an ISSR marker linked to the gene for resistance to fusarium wilt race 4. The marker concerned, UBC-55(500), was found to be linked in repulsion with the fusarium wilt resistance gene at a distance of 5.2 cM, It co-segregated with CS-27(700), a RAPD marker previously shown to be linked to the gene for resistance to fusarium wilt race 1, and was mapped to linkage group 6 of the Cicer genome, This indicated that genes for resistance to fusarium wilt races 1 and 4 are closely linked. The marker UBC-855(500) is located 0.6 cM from CS-27(700) and is present on the same side of the wilt resistance gene. To our knowledge this is the first report of the utility of an ISSR marker in gene tagging. These markers may provide valuable information for the development of sequence-tagged microsatellite sites (STMS) at a desired locus. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, USDA ARS, Grain Legume Genet & Physiol Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Muehlbauer, FJ (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, USDA ARS, Grain Legume Genet & Physiol Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Tullu, Abebe/B-2722-2012 NR 29 TC 91 Z9 126 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 96 IS 3-4 BP 348 EP 353 DI 10.1007/s001220050747 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA ZG575 UT WOS:000073017400004 PM 24710870 ER PT J AU Morgan, RN Wilson, JP Hanna, WW Ozias-Akins, P AF Morgan, RN Wilson, JP Hanna, WW Ozias-Akins, P TI Molecular markers for rust and pyricularia leaf spot disease resistance in pearl millet SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE disease resistance; genetic mapping; pearl millet; Pennisetum glaucum ID SUBSTRIATA VAR INDICA; PCR-BASED MARKER; PENNISETUM-GLAUCUM; PARENTAL LINES; REGISTRATION; GENES; YIELD; GENETICS; FORAGE; CROP AB Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.] is a warm-season grass used for food, feed, fodder and forage, primarily in countries of Africa and India but grown around the world. The two most-destructive diseases to pearl millet in the United States ape rust (caused by Puccinia substriata var, indica) and pyricularia leaf spot (caused by Pyricularia grisea). Genes for disease resistance to both pathogens have been transferred into agronomically acceptable forage and grain cultivars. A study was undertaken to identify molecular markers for three rust loci and one pyricularia resistance locus. Three segregating populations were screened for RAPDs using random decamer primers and for RFLPs using a core set of probes detecting single-copy markers on the pearl millet map, The rust resistance gene Rr(1) from the pearl millet subspecies P. glaucum ssp. monodii was linked 8.5 cM from the RAPD OP-G8(350) The linkage of two RFLP markers, Xpsm108 (15.5 cM) and Xpsm174 (17.7 cM), placed the Rr(1) gene on linkage-group 3 of the pearl millet map. Rust resistance genes from both Tift 89D(2) and ICMP 83506 were placed on linkage-group 4 by determining genetic linkage to the RFLP marker Xpsm716 (4.9 and 0.0 cM, respectively). Resistance in ICMP 83506 was also linked to the RFLP marker Xpsm306 (10.0 cM), while resistance in Tift 89D(2) was linked to RAPD markers OP-K19(350) (88 cM) and OP-O8(350) (19.6 cM). Fragments from OP-K19 and OP-O8 in the ICMP 83506 population, and Xpsm306 in the Tift 89D(2) population, were monomorphic, Only one RAPD marker (OP-D11(700), 5.6 cM) was linked to pyricularia leaf spot resistance. Attempts to detect polymorphisms with rice RFLP probes linked to rice blast resistance (Pyricularia oryzae; syn = P. grisea) were unsuccessful. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Hort, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, USDA ARS, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Ozias-Akins, P (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Hort, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 41 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 96 IS 3-4 BP 413 EP 420 DI 10.1007/s001220050757 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA ZG575 UT WOS:000073017400014 PM 24710880 ER PT J AU Bregitzer, P Halbert, SE Lemaux, PG AF Bregitzer, P Halbert, SE Lemaux, PG TI Somaclonal variation in the progeny of transgenic barley SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE barley (Hordeum vulgare L.); agronomic performance; somaclonal variation; transgenic plants; progeny ID HORDEUM-VULGARE; TISSUE-CULTURE; ANTHER CULTURE; SHOOT MERISTEMS; FERTILE BARLEY; PLANTS; REGENERATION; TRANSFORMATION; GENERATION; CALLUS AB Somaclonal variation (SCV) in transgenic plants may slow the incorporation of introduced genes into commercially competitive cultivars. Somaclonal variation in transgenic barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was assessed in one experiment by comparing the agronomic characteristics of 44 segregating transgenic lines in the T-2 generation to their non-transformed parent ('Golden Promise'). A second experiment examined the agronomic characteristics of seven transgenic-derived, null (non-transgenic) segregant lines in the T-2 and T-4 generations. Compared to their uncultured parent, Golden Promise, most of these lines were shorter, lower yielding, and had smaller seed, and the variability among individual plants was higher. The frequency and severity of the observed SCV was unexpectedly high, and the transformation procedure appeared to induce greater SCV than tissue culture in the absence of transformation. Attempts to understand the sources of SCV, and to modify transformation procedures to reduce the generation of SCV, should be made. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Small Grains Germplasm Res Facil, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. Univ Idaho, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Bregitzer, P (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Small Grains Germplasm Res Facil, POB 307, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. NR 25 TC 71 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 96 IS 3-4 BP 421 EP 425 DI 10.1007/s001220050758 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA ZG575 UT WOS:000073017400015 PM 24710881 ER PT J AU Jakober, MJ McMahon, TE Thurow, RF Clancy, CG AF Jakober, MJ McMahon, TE Thurow, RF Clancy, CG TI Role of stream ice on fall and winter movements and habitat use by bull trout and cutthroat trout in Montana headwater streams SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID JUVENILE COHO SALMON; SALVELINUS-CONFLUENTUS; ONCORHYNCHUS-CLARKI; RAINBOW-TROUT; RIVER; SELECTION; ALASKA; IDAHO; COVER AB We used radiotelemetry and underwater observation to assess fall and winter move ments and habitat use by bull trout Salvelinus confluentus and westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi in two headwater streams in the Bitterroot River drainage, Montana, that varied markedly in habitat availability and stream ice conditions. Bull trout and cutthroat trout made extensive (>1 km) downstream overwintering movements with declining temperature in the fall. Most fish remained stationary for the remainder of the study (until late February), but some fish made additional downstream movements (1.1-1.7 km) in winter during a low-temperature (less than or equal to 1 degrees C) period marked by anchor ice formation. Winter movement was more extensive in the mid-elevation stream where frequent freezing and thawing led to variable surface ice cover and frequent supercooling (<0 degrees C). Habitat use of both species varied with availability; beaver ponds and pools with large woody debris were preferred in one stream, and pools with boulders were preferred in the other. Trout overwintered in beaver ponds in large (N = 80-120), mixed aggregations. In both streams, both species decreased use of submerged cover following the formation of surface ice. Our results indicate that (1) continued activity by trout during winter is common in streams with dynamic ice conditions and (2) complex mixes of habitat are needed to provide suitable fall and winter habitat for these species. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Biol, Fish & Wildlife Program, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. Montana Fish Wildlife & Parks, Hamilton, MT 59840 USA. RP McMahon, TE (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Biol, Fish & Wildlife Program, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 39 TC 96 Z9 102 U1 4 U2 13 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 127 IS 2 BP 223 EP 235 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<0223:ROSIOF>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 135GF UT WOS:000076792000006 ER PT J AU Kaspar, TC Erbach, DC AF Kaspar, TC Erbach, DC TI Improving stand establishment in no-till with residue-clearing planter attachments SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE corn; soybean; emergence; yield; no-till; planter; stand establishment ID CONSERVATION-TILLAGE; SOIL-TEMPERATURE; SURFACE RESIDUE; CONTINUOUS CORN; GROWTH; YIELD; PRODUCTIVITY; COULTERS; ROTATION; SYSTEMS AB Surface plant residues increase the risk of poor stand establishment for corn (Zea mays. L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in no-till. This may result in reduced crop yield and may limit adoption of no-till by farmers. A three-year field study int an established no-till system with three rotation sequences was conducted to compare the effect of three planter attachments on surface and subsurface residue, and on stand establishment, emergence rate, and yield of corn and soybean. The study was conducted near Ames, Iowa, on dark-colored soils with corn-following-corn, corn-following-soybean, and soybean-following-com rotation sequences. Both corn and soybean were planted with three different attachments placed in front of the planter double-disc openers: an offset-bubble coulter,; a staggered-discs row cleaner, and a powered horizontal-disc row cleaner The continuous-corn rotation increased subsurface residue only in 1992 and had no effect on surface residue. The continuous-corn rotation, however did reduce final emerged population, emergence rate, and corn grain yield in some years. In general, there were no significant interactions between rotation sequence and planter attachments. Both row cleaner planter attachments reduced the amount of surface and subsurface residue in the seed raw compared with the offset-bubble coulter attachment. Row cleaner planter attachments also increased final populations of corn in 1990 and soybean in 1991, increased emergence rate indexes of soybean in 1991 and of corn in all three years, and had no effects on grain yield. The two row cleaner attachments, however had fewer barren corn plants in two years. Because row cleaner planter attachments reduce the risk of poor stand establishment in no till, they should improve corn and soybean yield potential and stability in years when stand establishment limits yields. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, Auburn, AL USA. RP Kaspar, TC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 27 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 41 IS 2 BP 301 EP 306 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA ZM432 UT WOS:000073539600004 ER PT J AU Gillum, MN Armijo, CB AF Gillum, MN Armijo, CB TI Comparing transducer type on a roller gin stand feed control SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE transducers; automatic control; roller gins; pima cotton; controls AB Three types of electrical transducers (power, power factor and current) were tested for use on a roller gin stand automatic feed control system. The automatic control system monitored and adjusted the seed cotton feed rate to produce a pre-selected load level on the gin stand rotary knife while automatically compensating for differences in the seed cotton such as trash and moisture content. An electrical transducer which is part of the design of the automatic control system, measured the input signal from a motor driving the rotary knife, and then proportionately converted and sent this signal as direct current to a digital controller: The controller then output the de signal to a motor control that operated the feed rollers on the feeder Transducer types tested included a power transducer which measured the input signal in kilowatts, a power factor transducer which measured the power factor between the voltage and current waves, and a current transducer which measured the signal in ac amperes. Results showed that all three transducers converted the input signal from the rotary-knife motor to an output de signal. However; because the rotary-knife motor operated mostly at a low load, the power and power factor transducers converted the signal more effectively. C1 USDA ARS, SW Cotton Ginning Res Lab, Mesilla Pk, NM 88047 USA. Univ New Mexico, Agr Expt Stn, Las Cruces, NM USA. RP Gillum, MN (reprint author), USDA ARS, SW Cotton Ginning Res Lab, POB 578,So Plains Area, Mesilla Pk, NM 88047 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 41 IS 2 BP 315 EP 321 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA ZM432 UT WOS:000073539600006 ER PT J AU Evett, SR AF Evett, SR TI Coaxial multiplexer for time domain reflectometry measurement of soil water content and bulk electrical conductivity SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE TDR; time domain reflectometry; multiplexer; soil water content; bulk electrical conductivity; soil salinity ID ELECTROMAGNETIC DETERMINATION; MOISTURE; SYSTEM; PROBES; LINES; TDR AB Time domain reflectometry (TDR) is increasingly used for measurement of soil water content and bulk electrical conductivity in agricultural, hydrological, environmental, and infrastructure research and development The TDR technique uses reflections (wave forms), from a probe buried in the soil, of a fast rise time voltage step. The advent of automatic systems for collecting many TDR wave forms has brought the need for a multiplexer to connect the probes to a TDR instrument without introducing distortion of the wave form. A 16-channel (1P16T), 50 Omega coaxial multiplexer was developed to switch the TDR signal. Control is by synchronous serial addressing using three lines capable of producing TTL level signals similar to those from the parallel port of a personal computer The multiplexer has 16 jumper selectable addresses. Testing on five multiplexers showed that quiescent power consumption was 6 mA at 12 VDC, peak power consumption was 101 mA, and average power consumption during switching was 54 mA. Wave form placement an a cable tester screen was not affected by the multiplexer channel used. The standard deviation (SD) of horizontal placement was 0.012 ns which compares favorably to the 15.6 ns full screen width of the waveform (five multiplexers by Ia channels each = 80 measurements; 30 cm probe length). Multiplexer channel also had negligible effect on computed travel times of the TDR pulse in a water content probe. The SD of 0.012 ns for a mean travel time of 8.68 ns was only slightly larger than the SD of 0.007 ns obtained when 80 wave forms were captured using the first channel of one multiplexer Corresponding SD values for water content were 0.0006 and 0.0004 m(3) m(-3), respectively. The multiplexer used and the multiplexer channel had no important effect on the waveform voltage levels needed for determination of bulk electrical conductivity (BEC). The ratio of final voltage to incident voltage, which is directly proportional to conductivity, had a SD of 0.0002 when measured 80 times on channel one of one multiplexer and a SD of 0.0006 when measured once on each of the 16 channels of five multiplexers. Compared with a TDR probe connected directly to the cable tester; adding one multiplexer in series caused no change in travel time or water content, while adding two multiplexers in series caused a change in water content of 0.003 m(3) m(-3). As each multiplexer was added to the system the voltage ratio increased by 2% in a reproducible and expected way that can be included in system calibration for BEC measurements. The multiplexer developed is reliable and accurate for measurements of soil volumetric water content and bulk electrical conductivity. TDR, Time domain reflectometry, Multiplexer, Soil water content, Bulk electrical conductivity, Soil salinity. C1 USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RP Evett, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, 2300 Expt Stn Rd, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. NR 20 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 41 IS 2 BP 361 EP 369 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA ZM432 UT WOS:000073539600011 ER PT J AU Grace, JM Rummer, B Stokes, BJ Wilhoit, J AF Grace, JM Rummer, B Stokes, BJ Wilhoit, J TI Evaluation of erosion control techniques on forest roads SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE forest roads; soil erosion; conservation practices; slopes; economics ID SEDIMENT AB The cutslope and fillslope on a newly constructed forest rand on the Talladega National Forest near Heflin, Alabama were treated with three erosion control techniques: wood excelsior erosion mat, native grass species, and exotic grass species. Bare soil plots were used as the experimental controls. Total sediment yield was measured during the period 21 September 1995 to 18 March 1996. A randomized complete block design was used to evaluate treatment methods on the basis of sediment yield and run of volume. No significant difference in sediment yield was found from the fillslope among the treatments. However on the cutslope significant differences were detected among all treatments. The erosion mat treatment was most effective in mitigating erosion losses with a 98% reduction in cutslope sediment yield and 88% reduction in fillslope sediment yield. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Agr Engn, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Grace, JM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Devall Dr, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 19 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 41 IS 2 BP 383 EP 391 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA ZM432 UT WOS:000073539600013 ER PT J AU Hughs, SE Wakelyn, PJ Rousselle, MA AF Hughs, SE Wakelyn, PJ Rousselle, MA TI Chemical composition of cotton gin external emissions: Endotoxin SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE gin external emissions; particulate; PM10; endotoxin ID EXPERIMENTAL CARDROOM; AIRBORNE ENDOTOXIN; DUST; EXPOSURE; WORKERS AB Seed cotton from producers from 11 major cotton producing states was ginned at either the Stoneville, Mississippi, or Mesilla Park, New Mexico, USDA, ARS cotton ginning laboratories. Particulate emissions during ginning were sampled from the exhausts of the unloader separator and the first lint cleaner and particulate captured by the unloader cyclone. Endotoxin analysis was performed on emission particulate sampled from the exhausts, and the particulate captured by the cyclone. Analysis showed that the airborne concentrations on endotoxin 100 m from the gin exhausts are below levels reported to produce respiratory health concerns. C1 ARS, USDA, SPA, SW Cotton Ginning Res Lab, Mesilla Pk, NM 88047 USA. Natl Cotton Council, Washington, DC USA. ARS, USDA, MSA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA USA. RP Hughs, SE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SPA, SW Cotton Ginning Res Lab, POB 578, Mesilla Pk, NM 88047 USA. EM shughs@nmsu.edu NR 44 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 41 IS 2 BP 453 EP 457 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA ZM432 UT WOS:000073539600022 ER PT J AU Theilen, RD Bender, DA Pollock, DG Winistorfer, SG AF Theilen, RD Bender, DA Pollock, DG Winistorfer, SG TI Lateral resistance of ring-shank nail connections in Southern Pine lumber SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE nail; lateral; ring-shank; threaded; annular ID JOINTS AB Ring-shank nails are used in engineered structures with lateral connection design values based on theoretically derived equations which were validated only for common nails. The goal of this study was to quantify the input parameters and lateral connection strength of several types of ring-shank nails in Southern pine lumber and critically evaluate the applicability of the theoretical equations for ring-shank nails. Two sizes of galvanized and ungalvanized, hardened steel ring-shank nails from two manufacturers were studied. The hardened, ring-shank nails carried significantly higher loads than the common wire nails studied. Because the current method of determining yield load does not give adequate credit to hardened, ring-shank nails, an alternate method is proposed. C1 Weyerhaeuser Co, Hot Springs, AR 71902 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Agr Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Washington State Univ, Wood Mat & Engn Lab, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. TECO Corp, Madison, WI USA. FS, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI USA. RP Theilen, RD (reprint author), Weyerhaeuser Co, 810 Whittington Ave, Hot Springs, AR 71902 USA. NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 41 IS 2 BP 465 EP 472 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA ZM432 UT WOS:000073539600024 ER PT J AU Nelson, SO Trabelsi, S Kraszewski, AW AF Nelson, SO Trabelsi, S Kraszewski, AW TI Advances in sensing grain moisture content by microwave measurements SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE bulk density; grain quality; moisture content; microwave measurements; permittivity; sensing ID DIELECTRIC-PROPERTIES; CEREAL-GRAINS; BULK-DENSITY; WHEAT; PERMITTIVITY; PARAMETERS AB The history of information development on the electrical properties of grain and their use for sensing moisture content is briefly reviewed Basic principles of grain moisture sensing by microwave measurements are presented, including techniques for moisture content determination independent of bulk density. Recent research findings on density-independent microwave determination of moisture content in grain are briefly summarized Three functions of the grain dielectric properties or the wave parameters are identified from which moisture content can be determined independent of bulk density, and the performance of these density-independent functions is compared for sensing moisture content in hard red winter wheat. Results show that standard errors of performance of about 0.3% moisture content or less can be achieved by using these functions with microwave measurements at frequencies between 11 and 18 GHz. Results of these and other cited studies indicate that measurement techniques far density-independent moisture sensing in grain should provide a sound basis for development of microwave moisture meters for on-line applications. C1 ARS, USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Nelson, SO (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. EM sonelson@bae.uga.edu NR 50 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 41 IS 2 BP 483 EP 487 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA ZM432 UT WOS:000073539600026 ER PT J AU Senay, GB Ward, AD Lyon, JG Fausey, NR Nokes, SE AF Senay, GB Ward, AD Lyon, JG Fausey, NR Nokes, SE TI Manipulation of high spatial resolution aircraft remote sensing data for use in site-specific farming SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE remote sensing; GIS; on-the-go yield; DEM; precision farming ID GROWTH; SOILS; CORN AB Three spatial data sets consisting of high spatial resolution (1 m) remote sensing images acquired in 12 spectral bands; an on-the-go yield map, and a Digital Elevation Model were co-registered and evaluated for spatial variability studies in a Geographic Information Systems environment. Separate on-the-go yield maps were developed for 3, 5, and 12 statistically significant mean yield classes. For each yield class, the corresponding mean spectral and elevation data were extracted The relationship between mean spectral and yield data was strongly linear (r = 0.99). Also, a strong linear relationship between mean yield and elevation data (r = 0.92) was found The relationship between the spectral and on-the-go yield data indicated the potential of remote sensing for spatial variability studies. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn & Geodet Sci, Columbus, OH 42310 USA. ARS, USDA, Soil Drainage Res Unit, Columbus, OH USA. Univ Kentucky, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Lexington, KY USA. RP Ward, AD (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, 590 Woody Hayes Dr, Columbus, OH 42310 USA. NR 16 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 41 IS 2 BP 489 EP 495 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA ZM432 UT WOS:000073539600027 ER PT J AU Ding, XF Gopalakrishnan, B Johnson, LB White, FF Wang, XR Morgan, TD Kramer, KJ Muthukrishnan, S AF Ding, XF Gopalakrishnan, B Johnson, LB White, FF Wang, XR Morgan, TD Kramer, KJ Muthukrishnan, S TI Insect resistance of transgenic tobacco expressing an insect chitinase gene SO TRANSGENIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Bacillus thuringiensis toxin; Heliothis virescens; Manduca sexta; Nicotiana tabacum; tobacco budworm; tobacco hornworm; chitinase ID PATHOGEN RHIZOCTONIA-SOLANI; MANDUCA-SEXTA; BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; PROTEASE INHIBITORS; PLANTS; LEPIDOPTERA; PROTECTION; MEMBRANE; HORNWORM; DISEASE AB Chitinase expression in the insect gut normally occurs only during moulting, where the chitin of the peritrophic membrane is presumably degraded. Thus, insects feeding on plants that constitutively express an insect chitinase gene might be adversely affected, owing to an inappropriately timed exposure to chitinase. This hypothesis was tested by introducing a cDNA encoding a tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) chitinase (EC 3.2.1.14) into tobacco via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. A truncated but enzymatically active chitinase was present in plants expressing the gene. Segregating progeny of high-expressing plants were compared for their ability to support growth of tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens) larvae and for feeding damage. Both parameters were significantly reduced when budworms fed on transgenic tobacco plants expressing high levels of the chitinase gene. In contrast, hornworm larvae showed no significant growth reduction when fed on the chitinase-expressing transgenics. However, both budworm and hornworm larvae, when fed on chitinase-expressing transgenic plants coated with sublethal concentrations of a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin, were significantly stunted relative to larvae fed on toxin-treated non-transgenic controls. Foliar damage was also reduced. Plants expressing an insect chitinase gene may have agronomic potential for insect control. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Biochem, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. ARS, US Grain Mkt Res Lab, USDA, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Johnson, LB (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Throckmorton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 38 TC 96 Z9 132 U1 1 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0962-8819 J9 TRANSGENIC RES JI Transgenic Res. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 7 IS 2 BP 77 EP 84 DI 10.1023/A:1008820507262 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA ZB092 UT WOS:000072434900001 PM 9608735 ER PT J AU Groll, AH De Lucca, AJ Walsh, TJ AF Groll, AH De Lucca, AJ Walsh, TJ TI Emerging targets for the development of novel antifungal therapeutics SO TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID PROTEIN-KINASE-C; SYRINGAE PV SYRINGAE; CANDIDA-ALBICANS; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; AUREOBASIDIN-A; CELL-WALL; CRYPTOCOCCUS-NEOFORMANS; N-MYRISTOYLTRANSFERASE; BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITY; SQUALENE SYNTHASE AB Invasive mycoses have become important causes of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. New approaches for antifungal therapy are required to meet the challenges imposed by these life-threatening infections. Such approaches are being developed through identification of novel biochemical and molecular targets of pathogenic fungi. C1 NCI, Immunocompromised Host Sect, Pediat Oncol Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, New Orleans, LA USA. RP Groll, AH (reprint author), NCI, Immunocompromised Host Sect, Pediat Oncol Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. EM twalsh@pbmac.nci.nih.gov NR 69 TC 62 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0966-842X J9 TRENDS MICROBIOL JI Trends Microbiol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 6 IS 3 BP 117 EP 124 DI 10.1016/S0966-842X(97)01206-7 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA ZC100 UT WOS:000072539900020 PM 9582938 ER PT J AU Finney, MA AF Finney, MA TI FARSITE: Fire Area Simulator - Model development and evaluation SO USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION RESEARCH PAPER LA English DT Article ID METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS; CROWN FIRES; JACK PINE; SPREAD; SHAPES; FUEL; PROPAGATION; ALGORITHM; BEHAVIOR; GROWTH AB This paper reports on the,structure of a fire growth simulation model, FARSITE, and its performance under simplified test conditions. FARSITE incorporates existing models of surface fire, crown fire, point-source fire acceleration, spotting, and fuel moisture. This documentation of how the simulation was constructed, and how the individual fire behavior models perform, will be useful to researchers and managers who use FARSITE or are interested in fire growth simulation. The models were integrated using a vector propagation technique for fire perimeter expansion that controls for both space and time resolution of fire growth over the landscape. The model produces vector fire perimeters (polygons) at specified time intervals. The vertices of these polygons contain information on the fire's spread rate and intensity, which are interpolated to produce raster maps of fire behavior. Because fire behavior at each vertex is assumed independent of the others, the simulation outputs illustrate the strict spatial consequences to fire behavior of incorporating the models into a two-dimensional simulation. Simplified test conditions show that surface fire growth and intensity conform to idealized patterns. Similarities also exist between simulated crown fires and observed patterns of extreme wind-driven fires. Complex patterns of fi re growth and behavior result from the spatial and temporal dependencies in the model. The limitations and assumptions of this approach are discussed. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Ogden, UT USA. RP Finney, MA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Ogden, UT USA. NR 94 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 14 PU ROCKY MT RESEARCH STATION N PI OGDEN PA 324 25TH ST, OGDEN, UT 84401 USA SN 0502-5001 J9 USDA FOR SERV RM RES JI USDA For. Serv. Rocky Mt. For. Range Exp Stn. Res. Pap. PD MAR PY 1998 IS RP-4 BP 1 EP + PG 49 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA ZR086 UT WOS:000073934300001 ER PT J AU Altekruse, SF Swerdlow, DL Wells, SJ AF Altekruse, SF Swerdlow, DL Wells, SJ TI Factors in the emergence of food borne diseases SO VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; SALMONELLA-ENTERITIDIS INFECTIONS; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; UNITED-STATES; APPLE CIDER; OUTBREAK; EPIDEMIOLOGY; CHOLERA; BRUCELLOSIS; CALIFORNIA AB Food borne diseases are an important public health problem. Over the past two decades, the epidemiology of food borne diseases has changed rapidly as a consequence of changes in the social environment and the ability of pathogens to adapt to new niches. Several newly recognized pathogens have emerged and well-recognized pathogens have increased in prevalence or become associated with new food vehicles. Several factors have contributed to the changing patterns of food borne diseases, and addressing food borne diseases will require rapid surveillance and effective prevention strategies. This article examines these factors and briefly addresses prevention and control of food borne diseases. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US FDA, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. USDA, Anim Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ctr Epidemiol & Anim Hlth, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Altekruse, SF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd A38, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 78 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0749-0720 J9 VET CLIN N AM-FOOD A JI Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Food Anim. Pract. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 14 IS 1 BP 1 EP + PG 16 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA ZF288 UT WOS:000072882500002 PM 9532663 ER PT J AU Altekruse, SF Swerdlow, DL Stern, NJ AF Altekruse, SF Swerdlow, DL Stern, NJ TI Campylobacter jejuni SO VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE LA English DT Article ID GUILLAIN-BARRE-SYNDROME; YERSINIA-ENTEROCOLITICA; BROILER-CHICKENS; RISK-FACTORS; PREVALENCE; COLONIZATION; ENTERITIS; POULTRY; SALMONELLA; COLI AB Campylobacter jejuni is the most common food borne bacterial pathogen and leading cause of food borne disease in humans in the United States and other industrialized nations. Approximately four million cases of human campylobacteriosis occur each year in the United States. Although the majority of cases consist of limited diarrheal illness, severe sequelae can affect a small portion of patients with campylobacteriosis that may include reactive arthritis and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Animal reservoirs primarily include poultry (C. jejuni) and swine (C. coli). Pathogen reduction during poultry processing and safe handling of raw poultry in the kitchen are needed to prevent illness. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US FDA, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, Athens, GA 30613 USA. RP Altekruse, SF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd A38, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 68 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 2 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0749-0720 J9 VET CLIN N AM-FOOD A JI Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Food Anim. Pract. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 14 IS 1 BP 31 EP + PG 11 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA ZF288 UT WOS:000072882500004 PM 9532665 ER PT J AU Wineland, NE Dargatz, DA AF Wineland, NE Dargatz, DA TI The national animal health monitoring system - A source of on-farm information SO VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE LA English DT Article AB The National Animal Health Monitoring System is a program of the USDA:APHIS:Veterinary Services designed to collect, analyze, interpret, and disseminate data on the management and health of US livestock, poultry, and aquaculture populations. The system is comprised of a national program staff, the National Veterinary Services Laboratories, and a field component that includes state and federal animal health officials distributed throughout the United States. The system uses a variety of approaches (large national studies, on-going monitoring, and target short-term studies) to address high priority objectives for US animal agriculture defined through a far-reaching information-needs assessment process. C1 Ctr Epidemiol, Vet Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. USDA, Ctr Anim Hlth Monitoring, Ft Collins, CO USA. APHIS, Ft Collins, CO USA. Ctr Anim Hlth, Vet Serv, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Wineland, NE (reprint author), Ctr Epidemiol, Vet Serv, 555 S Howes, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 5 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 6 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0749-0720 J9 VET CLIN N AM-FOOD A JI Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Food Anim. Pract. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 14 IS 1 BP 127 EP + PG 14 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA ZF288 UT WOS:000072882500011 PM 9532672 ER PT J AU Tollefson, L Angulo, FJ Fedorka-Cray, PJ AF Tollefson, L Angulo, FJ Fedorka-Cray, PJ TI National surveillance for antibiotic resistance in zoonotic enteric pathogens SO VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE LA English DT Article ID QUINOLONE RESISTANCE; ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS; VETERINARY-MEDICINE; CAMPYLOBACTER; SALMONELLA; ANIMALS; HEALTH AB Treatment of food-producing animals with antimicrobial agents that are important in human therapy may present a public health risk by the transfer of resistant zoonotic pathogens from animals to humans. Resistant bacteria can diminish the effectiveness of antibiotics and demand the use of more expensive or less safe alternatives. Ln 1996, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) established the National Antimicrobial Monitoring System to prospectively monitor changes in antimicrobial susceptibilities of zoonotic pathogens from human and animal clinical specimens, healthy farm animals, and carcasses of food-producing animals at slaughter plants. This article describes the development, implementation, and objectives of the monitoring system and presents initial data generated by the system. C1 US FDA, Ctr Vet Med, Off Surveillance & Compliance, Rockville, MD 20855 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Tollefson, L (reprint author), US FDA, Ctr Vet Med, Off Surveillance & Compliance, HFV-200,7500 Standish Pl, Rockville, MD 20855 USA. NR 17 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 4 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0749-0720 J9 VET CLIN N AM-FOOD A JI Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Food Anim. Pract. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 14 IS 1 BP 141 EP + PG 11 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA ZF288 UT WOS:000072882500012 PM 9532673 ER PT J AU Hogue, AT White, PL Heminover, JA AF Hogue, AT White, PL Heminover, JA TI Pathogen Reduction and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) Systems for meat and poultry SO VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE LA English DT Article ID SALMONELLA-ENTERITIDIS AB The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS) adopted Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Systems and established finished product standards for Salmonella in slaughter plants to improve food safety for meat and poultry. Ln order to make significant improvements in food safety, measures must be taken at all points in the farm-to-table chain including production, transportation, slaughter, processing, storage, retail, and food preparation. Since pathogens can be introduced or multiplied anywhere along the continuum, success depends on consideration and comparison of intervention measures throughout the continuum. Food animal and public health veterinarians can create the necessary preventative environment that mitigates risks for food borne pathogen contamination. C1 USDA, FSIS, OPHS, Emerging Pathogens & Zoonot Dis Div, Washington, DC 20005 USA. Anim Prod Food Safety Program, Washington, DC USA. Inspect Syst Dev Div, Washington, DC USA. RP Hogue, AT (reprint author), USDA, FSIS, OPHS, Emerging Pathogens & Zoonot Dis Div, Room 6913A,Franklin Court Suite,1099 14th St NW, Washington, DC 20005 USA. NR 20 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0749-0720 J9 VET CLIN N AM-FOOD A JI Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Food Anim. Pract. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 14 IS 1 BP 151 EP + PG 16 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA ZF288 UT WOS:000072882500013 PM 9532674 ER PT J AU Neill, JD Meyer, RF Seal, BS AF Neill, JD Meyer, RF Seal, BS TI The capsid protein of vesicular exanthema of swine virus serotype A(48): Relationship to the capsid protein of other animal caliciviruses SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE San Miguel sea lion virus; feline calicivirus; capsid protein; hypervariable region ID MIGUEL SEA-LION; FELINE CALICIVIRUS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; EXPRESSION; GENE; SINGLE; IDENTIFICATION; RNA AB Vesicular exanthema of swine virus (VESV), the prototype calicivirus, is the etiologic agent of the porcine disease vesicular exanthema of swine (VES). VES is characterized by vesicle formation on the extremities, mouth and snout and causes abortions and stillbirths if infection occurs during pregnancy. VESV is considered an exotic agent in the US, following its eradication in 1956. The single capsid protein gene of VESV serotype A(48) was cloned and sequenced. The capsid amino acid sequence was 69% similar to the San Miguel sea lion virus serotype 1 (SMSV 1) and 89% similar to the SMSV serotype 4 (SMSV 4) capsid proteins. The six functional regions (A-F) previously identified in SMSV 1, SMSV 4, feline calicivirus and rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus capsid proteins were present in VESV A(48). Two sets of PCR primers were designed which directed amplification of the 5' end (A region) and the hypervariable (E region) sequences of the capsid protein precursor gene of these viruses, as well as seven additional SMSV serotypes. Alignment and phylogenetic analysis of the N-terminal sequences demonstrated the close relationship of these viruses. Alignment of the hypervariable region amino acid sequences of the ten viruses confirmed that a great variety of sequence exists in this region; however, a consensus sequence (NxT(N/H)F(K/R)GxYI(C/M)GxLx(T/R)) was derived which is also present in the feline calicivirus capsid protein. Comparison of the E region sequences provides further evidence that this area of animal calicivirus capsid protein may contain the major antigenic determinants. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Enter Dis & Food Safety Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. USDA, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, APHIS, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Virol Swine Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Neill, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Enter Dis & Food Safety Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. EM jneill@nadc.ars.usda.gov NR 24 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 54 IS 1 BP 39 EP 50 DI 10.1016/S0168-1702(98)00013-6 PG 12 WC Virology SC Virology GA ZU836 UT WOS:000074240500005 PM 9660070 ER PT J AU Suarez, DL Perdue, ML AF Suarez, DL Perdue, ML TI Multiple alignment comparison of the non-structural genes of influenza A viruses SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE influenza A; phylogenetic analysis; NS gene ID NS1 PROTEIN; A VIRUS; MESSENGER-RNA; NUCLEOCYTOPLASMIC TRANSPORT; NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEIN; NUCLEAR EXPORT; CHINA; TRANSLATION; EXPRESSION; BINDING AB One hundred and six influenza A virus isolates were compared phylogenetically using gene segment 8 which encodes the two non-structural (NS) proteins, NS1 and NS2. The isolates separated into two previously described subtypes, A and B. For non-structural gene subtype A viruses, live subdivisions were distinguished in the: nucleotide phylogenetic tree including a human-swine group, American avian-equine group, Eurasian avian-swine group, a unique gull isolate group, and a group with a single member, A/Equine/Prague/56. At the nucleotide sequence level the B subtype was subdivided into two groups, including the American avian group and Eurasian avian-equine group. In the analysis of the NS1 and NS2 predicted amino acid sequence, American and Eurasian influenza isolates became less distinguishable. Size variability of the NS1 protein was observed, especially in the human and swine isolates. The previously reported deletion in A/Turkey/Oregon/71 NS1 gene, which caused a truncated NS1 protein, was contrasted with a full length NS1 gene cloned from an earlier A/Turkey/Qregon/71 stock. All avian origin influenza viruses had a putative NS1 sequence length of 230 aa, with two exceptions, A/CK/Pennsylvania/1370/83 and A/CK/Pennsylvania/21525/83, with an NS1 protein of 217 aa. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Suarez, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM dsuarez@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 31 TC 79 Z9 97 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 54 IS 1 BP 59 EP 69 DI 10.1016/S0168-1702(98)00011-2 PG 11 WC Virology SC Virology GA ZU836 UT WOS:000074240500007 PM 9660072 ER PT J AU Eberlein, CV Guttieri, MJ Steffen-Campbell, J AF Eberlein, CV Guttieri, MJ Steffen-Campbell, J TI Bromoxynil resistance in transgenic potato clones expressing the bxn gene SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bromoxynil; 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile; potato; Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Lemhi Russet; genetic engineering; herbicide resistance; metabolism; nitrilase ID HERBICIDE BROMOXYNIL; SOLANUM-TUBEROSUM; T-DNA; TRANSFORMATION; AGROBACTERIUM; PLANTS; REGION AB To broaden the spectrum of herbicides useful in potato production, the bxn gene for bromoxynil resistance, which encodes a nitrilase specific for bromoxynil, was introduced into 'Lemhi Russet' potato by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. In GR(50) studies, transformed potato clones mere at least 70-fold more resistant to bromoxynil than the untransformed control. Resistance was due to rapid metabolism of bromoxynil to 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, followed by conjugation to polar compounds. In yield trials, the best performing transgenic clones had total tuber yields equal to the untreated, untransformed control, but U.S. No. 1 tuber yields were 15 to 30% lower than the untreated, untransformed control. Tubers from three out of four transgenic clones had specific gravities, percent solids, and fry color similar to or better than the untreated, untransformed control. The data suggest that lower U.S. No. 1 yields in the transgenic clones were due to somaclonal variation and that expression of the bxn transgene had no consistent, detrimental effect on internal tuber quality. C1 Univ Idaho, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Eberlein, CV (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. NR 24 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 46 IS 2 BP 150 EP 157 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA ZK867 UT WOS:000073371800002 ER PT J AU Norsworthy, JK Talbert, RE Hoagland, RE AF Norsworthy, JK Talbert, RE Hoagland, RE TI Chlorophyll fluorescence for rapid detection of propanil-resistant barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE propanil; barnyardgrass; Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. ECHCG; biotype; herbicide resistance; propanil resistance; chlorophyll fluorescence; photosynthesis inhibition; photosystem II; ECHCG; rice; Oryza sativa L. ID TRIAZINE RESISTANCE; DETOXIFICATION; PENETRATION; METRIBUZIN; LEAVES; ASSAY AB Repeated use of propanil to control barnyardgrass (BYG) and other weeds in rice has led to the development of propanil-resistant barnyardgrass (R-BYG). R-BYG possesses elevated aryl acylamidase activity levels, which cause rapid metabolism of propanil analogous to propanil degradation in rice. The current screening method for determining propanil resistance in BYG requires about IO mo. The present study examined the use of chlorophyll fluorescence as a more rapid method to identify propanil resistance in BYG soon after it is suspected. Chlorophyll fluorescence data from excised BYG leaf tissue (R-BYG and susceptible-BYG [S-BYG]; 13- to 41-d-old) exposed to 100 mu M propanil for 2 h indicated a 95 to 100% inhibition of electron transport (photosynthesis inhibition) in both R-and S-BYG. However, when incubated in water in the dark for 22 h after the initial 2-h treatment, metabolism in R-BYG was sufficient to reduce levels of absorbed propanil and facilitate recovery. Lack of metabolism of propanil prevented recovery in S-BYG, thus allowing the two biotypes to be distinguished easily by the chlorophyll fluorescence assay. Further studies using this 2-h exposure to 100 mu M propanil followed by a 22-h recovery period evaluated several assay parameters. A longer recovery time and the effects of various propanil concentrations were also evaluated. A herbicide dose-response curve showed the greatest difference in photosynthesis inhibition for both biotypes at about 100 mu M propanil, but both biotypes were inhibited > 95% when treated with 400 mu M propanil. Inhibition of photosynthesis in both biotypes was greatest when the recovery incubation temperature was 35 C compared to 20, 25, and 30 C. Fluorescence data from harvested tissue stored moist in plastic bags at 23 C (to simulate shipment) showed that biotypes could be differentiated even when received as late as 4 d after harvest. Thus, samples can be harvested from the field soon after propanil failure and resistance or susceptibility to propanil determined after only a few days. This technique can greatly reduce the time, space, and labor currently required to determine propanil resistance in BYG. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Agron, Fayetteville, AR 72704 USA. USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Lab, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Norsworthy, JK (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Agron, Fayetteville, AR 72704 USA. NR 28 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 46 IS 2 BP 163 EP 169 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA ZK867 UT WOS:000073371800004 ER PT J AU Seefeldt, SS Hoffman, DL Gealy, DR Fuerst, EP AF Seefeldt, SS Hoffman, DL Gealy, DR Fuerst, EP TI Inheritance of diclofop resistance in wild oat (Avena fatua L.) biotypes from the Willamette Valley of Oregon SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE diclofop; fenoxaprop; wild oat Avena fatua L. AVEFA; cultivated oat Avena sativa L. AVESA; aryloxyphenoxypropionate; ACCase; acetyl-CoA carboxylase; AVEFA; AVESA; herbicide resistance; genetics ID ACETYL-COA CARBOXYLASE; STARCH-GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; STERILIS SSP LUDOVICIANA; HERBICIDE RESISTANCE; INHIBITOR RESISTANCE; CROSS-RESISTANCE; ARYLOXYPHENOXYPROPIONATE; POPULATIONS; MECHANISM; BUFFERS AB Inheritance of resistance to diclofop was studied in three wild oat biotypes (designated B, C, and H) from the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Cultivated oat (cultivar 'Monida') was crossed, including reciprocals, to three wild oat biotypes. Leaves of each F(1) plant were spotted with diclofop as a nondestructive test for resistance or susceptibility. All F(1) hybrids were resistant, indicating that resistance is dominant and is under nuclear control. The F(2) plants where Monida was the maternal parent were screened with diclofop, and F(2) plants of the Monida/C cross were screened with fenoxaprop because the parent C biotype was resistant to fenoxaprop. At lower doses, a 3:1 (R:S) segregation ratio in F(2) was observed and at higher doses a 1:3 (R:S) segregation ratio was often observed. The F(2:3) families segregated in a 1:2:1 (all resistant: segregating resistant and susceptible all susceptible) ratio when treated with a 1.1-kg ae ha(-1) dose of diclofop. This confirms that resistance to diclofop in the B, C, and H biotypes is primarily under monogenic control, with resistance being dominant to susceptibility at lower herbicide doses. At increased doses, susceptibility becomes dominant. Knowledge of the inheritance of resistance may help in the development of containment measures to prevent the spread of herbicide-resistance genes. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. ARS, USDA, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. ARS, USDA, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Seefeldt, SS (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM seefeldt@wsu.edu NR 21 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 4 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 46 IS 2 BP 170 EP 175 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA ZK867 UT WOS:000073371800005 ER PT J AU Young, JA Trent, JD Blank, RR Palmquist, DE AF Young, JA Trent, JD Blank, RR Palmquist, DE TI Nitrogen interactions with medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae ssp. asperum) seedbanks SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE nitrapyrin; medusahead; (Taeniatherum caput-medusae ssp. asperum [Simk.] Melderis) ELYCM; annual grass; gibberellin; nitrapyrin; ELYCM; nitrification; seedbanks ID SECONDARY SUCCESSION AB Medusahead is an invasive annual grass that, once established, severely affects rangeland productivity and stability. Medusahead builds large seedbanks in the litter and on the soil surface. Effective weed control of medusahead involves either inhibiting germination from the seedbank, eliminating the seedbank, or enhancing germination so that plants are available for control. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of nitrogen enrichment, immobilization, and nitrification inhibition treatments in the field on the size and germination status of medusahead seedbanks. The germination status of medusahead seeds in seedbanks was determined by periodically collecting field samples of surface soil and litter and bioassaying them in greenhouse emergence tests. Control seedbanks had increased seedling emergence with KNO(3) or GA(3) enrichment of the bioassay substrate. The combination of these two materials increased emergence. Nitrogen enrichment increased seedling establishment in the field. Carbon enrichment in the field decreased seedling establishment and increased medusahead seeds in seedbanks. Nitrapyrin treatment decreased medusahead in the field similar to carbon enrichment. In comparison to the control or other treatments, GA(3) enrichment was not as effective in increasing emergence from nitrapyrin-treated bioassay samples. The combination of carbon and nitrapyrin treatments was very effective in eliminating medusahead emergence in the field, but in wetter years, it never completely eliminated medusahead seedling recruitment and subsequent reproduction. These treatments have promise for influencing succession in medusahead infestations if an adapted perennial species, capable of competing under low nitrogen levels, becomes available. C1 Agr Res Serv, USDA, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Young, JA (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, USDA, 920 Valley Rd, Reno, NV 89512 USA. NR 15 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 14 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 46 IS 2 BP 191 EP 195 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA ZK867 UT WOS:000073371800008 ER PT J AU Kwon, TJ Young, DL Young, FL Boerboom, CM AF Kwon, TJ Young, DL Young, FL Boerboom, CM TI PALWEED : WHEAT II: revision of a weed management decision model in response to field testing SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE winter wheat; Triticum aestivum L. 'Daws' and 'Hill 81'; bioeconomic model; multispecies; profit maximization; weed biomass; weed seedling count; yield response function ID ECONOMIC THRESHOLD-MODEL; DAMAGE CONTROL; SPECIFICATION; STRATEGIES; YIELD AB PALWEED:WHEAT is a bioeconomic decision model for determining profit-maximizing postemergence herbicide treatments for winter wheat in the Washington-Idaho Palouse region. PALWEED:WHEAT performed relatively well economically in 2 yr of on-farm field tests. However, the model was less sensitive than desired in prescribing postemergence broadleaved herbicides in the presence of high densities of broadleaved weed seedlings. Therefore, PALWEED:WHEAT was revised in response to the field testing. This paper compares the revised model's agronomic and economic performance to the original model in computer simulations. The revised model, PALWEED:WHEAT II, differs from the original model in several respects: (1) exponential functions replace linear functions in predicting weed survival, (2) preplant application of a nonselective herbicide is entered as an exogenous binary variable, (3) separate indices of broadleaved and grass competition are substituted for an aggregate weed competition index in the wheat yield function, (4) hyperbolic replaces logistic functional representation of weed damage to wheat yield, and (5) separate models are estimated for winter wheat after spring dry pea and for winter wheat in all examined crop rotation positions. In simulations including a variety of agronomic and economic conditions, PALWEED:WHEAT II recommended post-emergence herbicide types and rates that consistently complied with agronomic and economic theory. Furthermore, the revised model, especially when estimated from the relevant: wheat after pea data set, was markedly more balanced in recommending both broadleaved and grass herbicides in response to observed densities of both weed groups. The substantial change in herbicide recommendations in response to changes in model functional specifications following field testing confirms the importance of field testing and revision of bioeconomic decision models. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Agr Econ, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, ARS, USDA, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Young, DL (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Agr Econ, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 26 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 46 IS 2 BP 205 EP 213 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA ZK867 UT WOS:000073371800011 ER PT J AU Gealy, D AF Gealy, D TI Differential response of palmleaf morningglory (Ipomoea wrightii) and pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa) to flooding SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pitted morningglory; Ipomoea lacunosa L. IPOLA; palmleaf morningglory; Ipomoea wrightii Gray IPOWR; anoxia; germination; photosynthesis; emergence; rice; Oryza sativa L.; IPOLA; IPOWR ID PHYSIOLOGICAL-RESPONSES; ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION; COLEOPTILE ELONGATION; RICE; CULTIVARS; EXCHANGE; ECOLOGY; PLANTS; GROWTH; ANOXIA AB Palmleaf morningglory (IPOWR) and pitted morningglory (IPOLA) were compared in field and greenhouse tears under simulated rice field conditions to quantify flood tolerance characteristics of the two species. IPOWR survived a 13-cm flood in the field if the flood was applied 12 days after planting (DAP) or later In contrast, IPOLA did not survive floods applied before 19 DAP. Only IPOWR survived a 5-cm flood applied 5 DAP in the field. In the greenhouse, both species were unable to emerge from under 1 cm of soil when flooded greater than I cm deep. Although both species emerged from water-saturated soil, IPOWR emerged earlier and produced more dry weight than did IPOLA. Emergence from the water surface of 2-cm-tall IPOWR was better than that of IPOLA when submerged in water up to 7 cm deep, and total dry weight (as a percent of a nonflooded control) was two to four times greater for IPOWR. Even a 5-cm flood reduced leaf area, height, dry weight, and photosynthesis of IPOLA more than that of IPOWR. At 20 C and low oxygen (1%), germination percentage of IPOWR was about four times higher than IPOLA. Germination, growth, and certain physiological processes of IPOWR are more tolerant than those of IPOLA to moderately deep hoods (and low soil oxygen levels). Thus, IPOWR is potentially a greater weed problem than IPOLA in rice fields. The fact that neither species was capable of emerging from soil under even shallow flood depths helps explain why morningglories are prevalent only in shallow or water-saturated areas on rice field levees. C1 Agr Res Serv, USDA, Natl Rice Germplasm Evaluat & Enhancement Ctr, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. RP Gealy, D (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, USDA, Natl Rice Germplasm Evaluat & Enhancement Ctr, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. NR 19 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 5 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 46 IS 2 BP 217 EP 224 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA ZK867 UT WOS:000073371800013 ER PT J AU Buhler, DD AF Buhler, DD TI Effect of ridge truncation on weed populations and control in ridge-tillage corn (Zea mays) SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE corn; Zea mays L. 'Pioneer 3751'; giant foxtail; Setaria faberi Herrm. SETFA; banded herbicides; conservation tillage; integrated weed management; till-plant; SETFA ID MANAGEMENT; SYSTEMS; SEEDS AB Ridge truncation methods affected weed populations, weed control, and corn yields in a ridge-tillage production system. Ridges were left undisturbed, partially truncated, deeply truncated, or destroyed by full-width tillage. The effect of truncation on weed densities and control (visual estimates of biomass reduction) varied by weed species, herbicide treatment, and time of observation. Without herbicide, deep truncation resulted in the lowest densities of all species except giant foxtail. Band application of herbicide controlled all weed species as well as broadcast application following deep truncation. When herbicides were broadcast, weed control was usually not affected by ridge truncation. Ridge truncation often increased corn yields compared with no truncation due to better weed control. While deep truncation often resulted in lower weed populations following herbicide treatment than shallow truncation or disking, differences were not great enough to affect corn yields. When ridges were truncated, broadcast herbicide did not increase corn yields compared with banded herbicide. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Buhler, DD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 46 IS 2 BP 225 EP 230 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA ZK867 UT WOS:000073371800014 ER PT J AU Davidson, C AF Davidson, C TI Issues in measuring landscape fragmentation SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE connectivity; fragmentation; isolation; landscape indices; spatial analysis ID HABITATS C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Res Stn & Reg 5, San Francisco, CA 94111 USA. RP Davidson, C (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Sect Evolut & Ecol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 13 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 1998 VL 26 IS 1 BP 32 EP 37 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 106QZ UT WOS:000075141500006 ER PT J AU Hedrick, LD Hooper, RG Krusac, DL Dabney, JM AF Hedrick, LD Hooper, RG Krusac, DL Dabney, JM TI Silvicultural systems and red-cockaded woodpecker management: another perspective SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE even-aged management; national forest lands; red-cockaded woodpecker habitat; silviculture; uneven-aged management ID POPULATION C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Ouachita Natl Forest, Hot Springs, AR 71902 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Atlanta, GA 30367 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Ozark St Francis Natl Forests, Mt View, AR 72560 USA. RP Hedrick, LD (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Ouachita Natl Forest, POB 1270, Hot Springs, AR 71902 USA. NR 47 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 4 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 1998 VL 26 IS 1 BP 138 EP 147 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 106QZ UT WOS:000075141500023 ER PT J AU Masters, RE Lochmiller, RL McMurry, ST Bukenhofer, GA AF Masters, RE Lochmiller, RL McMurry, ST Bukenhofer, GA TI Small mammal response to pine-grassland restoration for red-cockaded woodpeckers SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Arkansas; fire ecology; Ouachita Mountains; Picoides borealis; pine-bluestem; prescribed fire; red-cockaded woodpecker; small mammals; wildlife stand improvement ID POPULATIONS; VEGETATION; FOREST; FIRE AB The U.S. Forest Service plans to restore >40,000 ha of the fire-dependent shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata)-grassland community on the Ouachita National Forest and potentially and >780,000 ha of the pine-grassland community throughout the Southeast to benefit the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis). Concern has arisen over impacts of large-scale conversion of closed-canopy forests to open pine-grassland woodlands. We evaluated how an ecosystem approach to habitat improvement for the red-cockaded woodpecker affected small mammals. During 2 winters wee compared small mammal occurrence and abundance in untreated pine-hardwood stands to stands following wildlife stand improvement (WSI; midstory removal), and With WSI-treated stands in the first, second, and third dormant seasons following prescribed fire. Total abundance of small mammals was highest in WSI stands and was a more direct response to WSI (change in stand structure) than to fire. Increased species richness and diversity in the second year of this study was strongly related to both WSI and fire. No species was adversely affected by WSI or by fire. Rather, WSI and fire-reduced midstory, increased dead debris in the understory, promoted herbaceous production, and increased woody sprouting. Total community abundance, richness, and diversity were lowest in untreated stands. White-footed mice (Peromyscus spp.; primarily white-footed mouse [P. leucopus]) were the dominant species, accounting for 68% of the 611 individuals collected. Restoration efforts may be particularly beneficial to generalist species such as P, leucopus as well as to more specialized species, such as golden mouse (Ochrotomys nuttalli) and fulvous harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys fulvescens) that historically may have depended upon pine-grassland habitats. Restoration of pine-grassland communities may enhance small mammal communities by reestablishing a landscape element that was present during presettlement times. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Forestry, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Inst Environm & Human Hlth, Reese Ctr, Lubbock, TX 79416 USA. US Forest Serv, Ouachita Natl Forest, Heavener, OK 74937 USA. RP Masters, RE (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Forestry, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 42 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 12 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 1998 VL 26 IS 1 BP 148 EP 158 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 106QZ UT WOS:000075141500024 ER PT J AU Conner, RN Saenz, D Rudolph, DC Coulson, RN AF Conner, RN Saenz, D Rudolph, DC Coulson, RN TI Southern pine beetle-induced mortality of pines with natural and artificial Red-cockaded Woodpecker cavities in Texas SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID GUILD COLEOPTERA; RAT SNAKES; SCOLYTIDAE; TREES; 4-ALLYLANISOLE; AGGREGATION; SYSTEM AB Southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis) infestation is the major cause of mortality for Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis) cavity trees in loblolly (Pinus taeda) and shortleaf (P. echinata) pines. Recent intensive management for Red-cockaded Woodpeckers includes the use of artificial cavity inserts. Between 1991 and 1996 we examined southern pine beetle infestation rates of pines with natural vs artificial cavities in loblolly and shortleaf pine habitat on the northern portion of the Angelina National Forest. No significant difference existed in the rate at which southern pine beetles infested and killed pines with natural cavities vs those with artificial cavity inserts (chi(2) = 0.84, P > 0.05). Southern pine beetles infested and killed 20 natural cavity trees (25.6%) during the 5-year study (78 cavity-tree years) and 19 artificial cavity trees (18.8%; 101 cavity-tree years). Data for the entire Angelina National Forest indicate that 40% (25 of 62) of the cavity trees killed by southern pine beetles between 1984 and 1996 had been the nest tree during the preceding breeding season. The annual infestation rate of cavity trees appears to be related to southern pine beetle population levels of the surrounding forest. Use of artificial cavities is essential to maintain sufficient numbers of usable cavities for Red-cockaded Woodpeckers in-Texas. Why southern pine beetles appear to preferentially infest active Red-cockaded Woodpecker cavity trees is still unknown, but may be related to southern pine beetle attraction to resin volatiles produced when woodpeckers excavate resin wells and/or changes in the levels of infestation-inhibiting tree volatiles as a result of cavity and resin well excavation. C1 Stephen F Austin State Univ, Wildlife Habitat & Silviculture Lab, Coll Forestry, So Res Stn,USDA,Forest Serv, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Entomol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Conner, RN (reprint author), Stephen F Austin State Univ, Wildlife Habitat & Silviculture Lab, Coll Forestry, So Res Stn,USDA,Forest Serv, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. EM CConnerRN@titan.sfasu.edu NR 51 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 110 IS 1 BP 100 EP 109 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA ZD638 UT WOS:000072706900011 ER PT J AU Ibrahim, SA Avery, JW Weldon, PJ Wheeler, JW AF Ibrahim, SA Avery, JW Weldon, PJ Wheeler, JW TI Age-class differences in lipids from the paracloacal glands of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) SO ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG C-A JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Alligator mississippiensis; paracloacal gland secretions; straight- and branched-chain esters; alcohols; fatty acids; beta-springene ID SECRETIONS; CROCODILIANS; TRIGONATUS AB The paracloacal gland secretions of immature and adult American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from Louisiana were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate age-class differences in lipid composition. The secretions of both immature and adult alligators contain saturated C-14 and C-16 free fatty acids and decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, and hexadecyl acetates. Compounds observed only in immature alligators include dodecanoic acid, C-12 and C-14 alcohols, C-10-C-14 butanoates, an array of C-8-C-18 3-methylbutanoates, C-12-C-15 hexanoates, C-12 and C-14 octanoates, a C-12 decanoate, C-10-C-14 dodecanoates, C-10-C-16 tetradecanoates, C-12 and C-14 hexadecanoates, a C-12 octadecanoate, and a diterpene hydrocarbon identified as (E,E)-7,11,15-trimethyl-3-methylenehexadeca-1,6,10,14-tetraene (beta-springene). Compounds observed only in adults include several C-7-C-16 free fatty acids and certain C-10-C-18 acetates. The age-class differences we observe in the paracloacal gland lipids of alligators from Louisiana are similar to those previously reported for alligators from Texas. C1 Howard Univ, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20059 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Insect Chem Ecol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Conservat & Res Ctr, Front Royal, VA 22630 USA. RP Wheeler, JW (reprint author), Howard Univ, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20059 USA. NR 11 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU VERLAG Z NATURFORSCH PI TUBINGEN PA POSTFACH 2645, W-7400 TUBINGEN, GERMANY SN 0939-5075 J9 Z NATURFORSCH C JI Z.Naturforsch.(C) PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 53 IS 3-4 BP 201 EP 209 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA ZL193 UT WOS:000073408100010 ER PT J AU Oksman, K Clemons, C AF Oksman, K Clemons, C TI Mechanical properties and morphology of impact modified polypropylene - Wood flour composites SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE polypropylene wood flour composites; mechanical properties; morphology; MAPP ID MALEATED POLYPROPYLENE; COMMON THERMOPLASTICS; FILLED POLYPROPYLENE; CELLULOSIC FILLERS; SYNTHETIC-POLYMERS; PROCESSING AIDS; COUPLING AGENTS; BLENDS; POLYETHYLENE; EFFICIENCY AB The mechanical properties and morphology of polypropylene/wood flour (PP/WF) composites with different impact modifiers and maleated polypropylene (MAPP) as a compatibilizer have been studied. Two different ethylene/propylene/diene terpolymers (EPDM) and one maleated styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene triblock copolymer (SEES-MA) have been used as impact modifiers in the PP/WF systems. All three elastomers increased the impact strength of the PP/WF composites but the addition of maleated EPDM and SEES gave the greatest improvements in impact strength. Addition of MAPP did not affect the impact properties of the composites but had a positive effect on the composite unnotched impact strength when used together with elastomers. Tensile tests showed that MAPP had a negative effect on the elongation at break and a positive effect on tensile strength. The impact modifiers were found to decrease the stiffness of the composites. Scanning electron microscopy showed that maleated EPDM and SEES had a stronger affinity for the wood surfaces than did the unmodified EPDM. The maleated elastomers are, therefore, expected to form a flexible interphase around the wood particles giving the composites better impact strength. MAPP further enhanced adhesion between WF and impact-modified PP systems. EPDM and EPDM-MA rubber domains were homogeneously dispersed in the PP matrix, the diameter of domains being between 0.1-1 mu m. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 Lulea Univ Technol, Div Wool Technol, S-93187 Skelleftea, Sweden. US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Oksman, K (reprint author), Lulea Univ Technol, Div Wool Technol, Skelleftea Campus,Skeria 3, S-93187 Skelleftea, Sweden. OI Oksman, Kristiina/0000-0003-4762-2854 NR 25 TC 288 Z9 308 U1 7 U2 56 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD FEB 28 PY 1998 VL 67 IS 9 BP 1503 EP 1513 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19980228)67:9<1503::AID-APP1>3.0.CO;2-H PG 11 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA YU963 UT WOS:000071774200001 ER PT J AU Hilali, M Romand, S Thulliez, P Kwok, OCH Dubey, JP AF Hilali, M Romand, S Thulliez, P Kwok, OCH Dubey, JP TI Prevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in sera from camels from Egypt SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Neospora caninum; Toxoplasma gondii; agglutination test; whole tachyzoites; camels ID SENSITIVITY; SPECIFICITY; INFECTION AB Sera from camels from Egypt were examined by the direct agglutination tests incorporating mercaptoethanol for antibodies to Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii. Antibodies to N. caninum were found in 6 of 161 camels in titers of 1:40 (2 camels) and 1:80, 1:160, 1:640, and 1:1280 in 1 camel each, using N. caninum formalin preserved whole tachyzoites as antigen. Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 17.4% of 166 camels in titers of 1:25 (3 camels), 1:50 (18 camels), and greater than or equal to 1:500 (8 camels) using T. gondii tachyzoites. All 6 camels with M. caninum antibodies had no T. gondii antibodies in 1:4 dilution of serum, indicating specificity of the reaction. This is the first report of N. caninum prevalence in Egypt. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Cairo Univ, Fac Vet Med, Dept Parasitol, Giza, Egypt. Inst Puericulture, Lab Toxoplasmose, F-75014 Paris, France. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab,BARC E, Bldg 1001,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM jdubey@ggpl.arsusda.gov RI Hilali, Mosaad/O-9443-2016; OI A. Hilali, Mosaad/0000-0002-9930-8501 NR 7 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD FEB 28 PY 1998 VL 75 IS 2-3 BP 269 EP 271 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(97)00181-7 PG 3 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA ZP182 UT WOS:000073725600018 PM 9637230 ER PT J AU Losinger, WC Bush, EJ Hill, GW Smith, MA Garber, LP Rodriguez, JM Kane, G AF Losinger, WC Bush, EJ Hill, GW Smith, MA Garber, LP Rodriguez, JM Kane, G TI Design and implementation of the United States National Animal Health Monitoring System 1995 National Swine Study SO PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE pig information system; NAHMS; data management; environment; biosecurity ID MANAGEMENT; HERDS AB The United States Department of Agriculture's National Animal Health Monitoring System 1995 National Swine Study was designed to estimate management, health and productivity parameters on pig operations in the United States. Sixteen major swine-producing states that accounted for nearly 91% of June 1, 1995 swine inventory and nearly three-fourths of United States swine producers were included in the study. In the initial phase of the study, National Agricultural Statistics Service enumerators collected information from 1477 producers involved in all phases of swine production (farrowing, nursery, and grower/finisher). Of these, 405 operations with greater than or equal to 300 finisher pigs (with at least one finisher pip greater than or equal to 54 kg) participated in the subsequent component of the study, which involved on-farm visits by state and federal veterinary medical officers and animal health technicians, and which concentrated on the grower/finisher phase of production. Of those eligible to take part in the second phase of the study, participation was higher among independent producers (48.3%) than among contract producers (15.3%). Participation was also higher among operations that used advanced record-keeping systems (such as record cards for individual breeding hogs or a computer-based record-keeping system). Thus, study results could have been influenced by response biases. As a biosecurity measure, 40.5 +/- 2.1% of operations restricted entry to employees only. For operations that permitted non-employees to enter the premises, relatively few enforced other biosecurity measures on visitors (0.4 +/- 0.1% required feed-delivery personnel and livestock handlers to shower before entering the premises; 3.3 +/- 0.9% required a footbath and 7.0 +/- 1.5% required feed-delivery personnel and livestock handlers not to have visited another operation with pigs on that day). The most common method of waste storage (used by 49.9 +/- 3.8% of operations with greater than or equal to 300 finisher pigs) was below-floor slurry or deep pit. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Vet Serv, Ctr Epidemiol, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Vet Serv, Ctr Anim Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Losinger, WC (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Vet Serv, Ctr Epidemiol, Suite 200,555 S Howes St, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 20 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-5877 J9 PREV VET MED JI Prev. Vet. Med. PD FEB 27 PY 1998 VL 34 IS 2-3 BP 147 EP 159 DI 10.1016/S0167-5877(97)00076-7 PG 13 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA ZK396 UT WOS:000073316600007 PM 9604264 ER PT J AU de Antonio, EM Husmann, RJ Hansen, R Lunney, JK Strom, D Martin, S Zuckermann, FA AF de Antonio, EM Husmann, RJ Hansen, R Lunney, JK Strom, D Martin, S Zuckermann, FA TI Quantitative detection of porcine interferon-gamma in response to mitogen, superantigen and recall viral antigen SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pig; interferon gamma; ELISA; pseudorabies virus; T cells; immunological memory ID T-CELLS; PSEUDORABIES VIRUS; IFN-GAMMA; LYMPHOCYTES; EXPRESSION; INFECTION; MOLECULES; INVITRO; SWINE; PIGS AB Five monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for porcine interferon-gamma (PoIFN-gamma) were isolated and utilized to develop a PoIFN-gamma sandwich ELISA. Specific reactivity of each mAb with E. coli derived recombinant PoIFN-gamma, but not with rPoIL-2 or rPoIL-10, was confirmed in an indirect ELISA and in Western blots. Competitive ELISAs showed that mAbs P2A4 and P2C11 bound an epitope which was not recognized by mAbs P2G10, P1B7 or P2F6. The latter three mAbs were able to neutralize the ability of natural and recombinant PoIFN-gamma to induce the de novo expression of class II MHC antigens on porcine endothelial cells. To simplify the detection of biologically active porcine IFN-gamma, a sandwich ELISA was developed using the mAb P2G10 as a capture antibody and mAb P2C11 as the detecting reagent. The sensitivity of the assay for PoIFN-gamma ranged from 1 to 50 ng/ml. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from all pigs tested produced IFN-gamma when stimulated with either mitogen (PHA) or superantigen (SEB). In contrast, only PBMC obtained from pigs which had previously been vaccinated against PrV produced IFN-gamma in response to stimulation with this virus. Interestingly, cultures with the highest lymphoproliferative response did not necessarily have the highest level of IFN-gamma production. Furthermore, for recall viral antigen, the lymphoproliferative response decreased with time after immunization, whereas the IFN-gamma response increased. Thus, measurement of IFN-gamma production appears to be a good indicator of anti-viral immunological memory. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. CSIRO, Div Anim Hlth, Geelong, Vic, Australia. Pharmacia & Upjohn Inc, Anim Hlth Therapeut, Kalamazoo, MI 49001 USA. RP Zuckermann, FA (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM fazaaa@uiuc.edu NR 33 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 EI 1873-2534 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD FEB 27 PY 1998 VL 61 IS 2-4 BP 265 EP 277 PG 13 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA ZM622 UT WOS:000073558600010 ER PT J AU Lee, EK Kehrli, ME Taylor, MJ AF Lee, EK Kehrli, ME Taylor, MJ TI Cloning and sequencing of cDNA encoding bovine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-receptor I SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE leukocyte; neutrophil; mRNA; p55; spleen; lymph node ID ENDOTOXIN-INDUCED MASTITIS; FACTOR TNF RECEPTORS; MOLECULAR-CLONING; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; EXPRESSION; PROTEINS; COWS; PROTECTION; TYPE-1; GROWTH AB Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a multipotent cytokine produced by activated macrophages and lymphocytes and its activity is mediated by specific cell surface receptors, TNF-RI and TNF-Rn. We have isolated and analyzed a cDNA encoding bovine TNF-RI gene and compared it with known TNF-RI sequences from other species. The cDNA sequence for the coding region of bovine TNF-RI shows 80% homology with porcine TNF-RI and 77% with human TNF-RI. The cDNA sequence of bovine TNF-RI codes for 471 amino acids and shows 75% and 67% identity with the amino acid sequences of porcine TNF-RI and human TNF-RI, respectively. The predicted bovine TNF-RI amino acid sequence consists of a signal peptide, an extracellular domain, a transmembrane region and a cytoplasmic tail. The extracellular region contains four repeated cysteine rich domains, which are conserved in all species. Northern blot results show that bovine TNF-RI gene is expressed in neutrophils and mononuclear leukocytes. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Metab Dis & Immunol Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Vet Physiol & Pharmacol, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Kehrli, ME (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Metab Dis & Immunol Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 27 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD FEB 27 PY 1998 VL 61 IS 2-4 BP 379 EP 385 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(97)00136-0 PG 7 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA ZM622 UT WOS:000073558600019 PM 9613449 ER PT J AU Sauer, TJ Hatfield, JL Prueger, JH Norman, JM AF Sauer, TJ Hatfield, JL Prueger, JH Norman, JM TI Surface energy balance of a corn residue-covered field SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE crop residues; surface energy balance; surface fluxes; Bowen ratio system ID WATER-VAPOR TRANSFER; SOIL-TEMPERATURE; HEAT; EVAPORATION; TILLAGE; STUBBLE; SIMULATION; TRANSPORT; BARE AB Crop residues on the soil surface have the potential to significantly affect the magnitude of individual components of the surface energy balance. Previous research has concentrated on residue effects on soil temperature and moisture early in the growing season. The objective of this study was to measure each of the surface energy balance components of a field during snow-free periods between successive growing seasons. A Bowen ratio system was used to measure surface fluxes within a no-tillage corn (Zea mays L.) field near Ames, IA, USA. During the fall, large solar zenith angles and short daylengths resulted in < 5.1 MJ m(-2) d(-1) of available energy (R-n-G), On overcast days with a dry surface, average daytime Bowen ratios (beta) were < 1.5 and 42% to 75% of the available energy was consumed by evaporation. On contiguous sunny days, daytime beta values were > 2.3 and < 21% of the available energy was partitioned to evaporation. When the surface was wet, there was little difference in average daytime beta values (1.0 and 1.5 on sunny vs. 0.87 and 1.84 on overcast days) while less available energy was used to evaporate water on sunny days(< 19% vs. > 38% on overcast days). More energy was available (up to 12.9 MJ m(-1) d(-1)) during the spring measurement interval with daytime Bowen ratios averaging 1.7 and 0.8 on sunny and overcast days, respectively. With overcast conditions and wet soil, evaporation approached potential rates predicted by both the Priestley-Taylor and Penman-Monteith equations. With clear skies and wet soil, Penman-Monteith estimates using a residue resistance term agreed well with measured values. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, So Plains Area, Biomass Res Ctr, 319 Hatch St, Fayetteville, AR 72704 USA. EM tsauer@comp.uark.edu NR 36 TC 26 Z9 37 U1 5 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 EI 1873-2240 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD FEB 20 PY 1998 VL 89 IS 3-4 BP 155 EP 168 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(97)00090-7 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA ZK124 UT WOS:000073287700001 ER PT J AU Sharratt, BS AF Sharratt, BS TI Radiative exchange, near-surface temperature and soil water of forest and cropland in interior Alaska SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE radiative and heat exchange; surface heat flux; alluvial terrace ID ARCTIC TREE LINE; ENERGY-BALANCE; STRAW COLOR; CLIMATE; ALBEDO; TUNDRA; MICROCLIMATE; COVER; FLUX AB The expansion of the agricultural industry in Alaska during the early 1980's allowed for clearing 50000 ha of boreal forest. Little is known, however, about the impact of clearing boreal forest on surface energy exchange processes. This study assessed radiative and heat exchange, temperature and soil water at boreal forest and grassland sites near Delta Junction, AK. The sites, located 5 km apart, were on a nearly level alluvial terrace. The grassland site was cleared in 1978 and seeded to grass in about 1985. At both sites, sensors were installed to measure the albedo, net radiation, surface heat flux, near-surface temperatures and soil water content from September 1991 to April 1993. Seasonal variations in albedo were more apparent for grassland (0.19 to 0.85) than for forest (0.08 to 0.18). Net radiation over forest was 20% greater during the summer and 20% smaller during winter compared with grassland. Surface heating consumed 13 and 6% of net radiation during the growing season at the grassland and forest sites, respectively. Soil temperatures at the 0.5-m depth ranged from -14 to 10 degrees C at the grassland site and from -2.5 to 0.5 degrees C at the forest site. The soil at the grassland site was drier and exhibited greater seasonal variation in water content compared with the soil at the forest sit;. Ice lenses were apparent in the forest soil at a depth of 0.3-0.6 m as the water content exceeded the porosity. This study suggests that clearing forest land will reduce the net absorption of radiation, but enhance soil heating and drying in the subarctic. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. RP Sharratt, BS (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, 803 Iowa Ave, Morris, MN 56267 USA. NR 34 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD FEB 20 PY 1998 VL 89 IS 3-4 BP 269 EP 280 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(97)00071-3 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA ZK124 UT WOS:000073287700009 ER PT J AU Ralph, J Zhang, YS AF Ralph, J Zhang, YS TI A new synthesis of (Z)-coniferyl alcohol, and characterization of its derived synthetic lignin SO TETRAHEDRON LA English DT Article ID FAGUS-GRANDIFOLIA; CONIFERYL ALCOHOL; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; NMR-SPECTROSCOPY; WOOD LIGNINS; MONOLIGNOLS; (+)-EPIPINORESINOL; BIOSYNTHESIS; GLUCOSIDES; POLYMER AB The (Z)-monolignols (hydroxycinnamyl alcohols) are found along with their predominant (E)-isomers in a number of plants. Their role in lignification is unknown. A new synthetic route to (Z)-coniferyl alcohol has been developed via Still and Gennari's modification of the Horner-Emmons olefination to produce (Z)-unsaturated esters. Although previous studies have shown that (Z)-coniferyl alcohol will polymerize by single-electron (radical) processes to produce synthetic lignins, the stereochemistry of units in the resulting structure had not been addressed. NMR analysis of a synthetic lignin from (Z)-coniferyl alcohol indicates that unsaturated sidechains in the resulting lignin retain their (Z)-geometry. Other structures are altered in their relative proportions but retain the same stereochemistry. Assignment of structures in these synthetic lignins provides the necessary database for more careful examination of real plant lignins. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forestry, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Ralph, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 29 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0040-4020 J9 TETRAHEDRON JI Tetrahedron PD FEB 19 PY 1998 VL 54 IS 8 BP 1349 EP 1354 DI 10.1016/S0040-4020(97)10361-1 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA YV091 UT WOS:000071788700002 ER PT J AU Meydani, SN Meydani, M Leka, LS Blumberg, JB AF Meydani, SN Meydani, M Leka, LS Blumberg, JB TI Vitamin E supplementation and immune response in elderly patients - Reply SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Meydani, SN (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 18 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 7 BP 505 EP 506 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YW470 UT WOS:000071938900015 ER PT J AU Rials, TG Wolcott, MP AF Rials, TG Wolcott, MP TI Morphology-property relationships in wood-fibre-based polyurethanes SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ENGINEERING PLASTICS; LIGNIN C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Rials, TG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, 2500 Shreveport Highway, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. NR 9 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0261-8028 J9 J MATER SCI LETT JI J. Mater. Sci. Lett. PD FEB 15 PY 1998 VL 17 IS 4 BP 317 EP 319 DI 10.1023/A:1006541924489 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA YX839 UT WOS:000072084800016 ER PT J AU Tatarka, PD Cunningham, RL AF Tatarka, PD Cunningham, RL TI Properties of protective loose-fill foams SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE loose-fill; density; compressive stress; friability; resiliency; starch ID STARCH AB This study compared the performance of eight commercial starch and expanded polystyrene (EPS) based loose-fill foam products. Density of starch-based foams is higher, by a factor of two to three times, than either EPS-based ones, Compressive stress of most starch-based foams did not differ significantly from 0.0893 MPa value for virgin EPS foam. EPS-and starch-based foams have predominantly a closed and open cellular structure, respectively. Resiliency or elastic recovery of starch-leased foams had values between 69.5 and 71.25%, which is about 10% lower than virgin EPS foam. Friability of both starch-and EPS-based foams was between 2 and 6 wt%, but starch-based foams broke into a fine dust, whereas EPS-based foams broke into large fragments. After conditioning at 20, 50, and 80% r.h., 23 degrees C and 50% r.h., 35 degrees C, the water content for starch-based foams averaged 6.0, 9.5, 14, and 8.5 wt%, respectively. The mechanical properties of starch-based foams were more sensitive to changes in relative humidity and temperature than EPS-based foams, but the higher amount of absorbed moisture did not compromise its mechanical integrity. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biomat Proc Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Viskase Corp, 6855 W 65th St, Chicago, IL 60638 USA. NR 23 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0021-8995 EI 1097-4628 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD FEB 14 PY 1998 VL 67 IS 7 BP 1157 EP 1176 PG 20 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA YR632 UT WOS:000071514700001 ER PT J AU Carriere, CJ Bank, D Malanga, M AF Carriere, CJ Bank, D Malanga, M TI Evaluation and modeling of the high-temperature short-term creep performance of selected class-filled semicrystalline and liquid crystalline polymers SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE syndiotactic polystyrene; elevated-temperature creep; FKP model; semicrystalline polymers AB The creep performance of a material is one of the main criteria currently used to assess the long-term performance of thermoplastic composites. In a wide number of applications, including electrical connectors and various automotive applications, dimensional stability at elevated temperatures (i.e., short-term creep performance) is an essential design requirement. In many of these applications the material can be exposed to elevated temperatures and high applied stresses as part of the fabrication process or in the end-use application. The elevated temperature creep behavior of 30%, and 40% glass-filled syndiotactic polystyrene, 30% glass-filled poly(butylene terephthalate), 30% glass-filled poly( phenylene sulfide), and a 30% glass-filled liquid crystalline polymer has been evaluated. The creep behavior for each of the materials has been modeled using the formulation proposed by Findley, Kholsa, and Petersen (FKP). The FKP model was found to provide a good description of the creep performance of these glass-filled materials. The parameters in the FKP model were evaluated for each of the materials as a function of temperature and applied stress. Comparison of the predicted short-term creep behavior using the FKP model with experimental data has shown that the predicted creep behavior is within +/-10% of the measured value over the temperature and applied stress ranges examined. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 Dow Chem Co, Cent Res & Dev, Midland, MI 48674 USA. Dow Chem Co, Adv Mat Tech Serv & Dev, Midland, MI 48674 USA. Dow Chem Co, Designed Thermoplast Res, Midland, MI 48674 USA. RP Carriere, CJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 26 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD FEB 14 PY 1998 VL 67 IS 7 BP 1177 EP 1183 PG 7 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA YR632 UT WOS:000071514700002 ER PT J AU Claas, ECJ Osterhaus, ADME van Beek, R De Jong, JC Rimmelzwaan, GF Senne, DA Krauss, S Shortridge, KF Webster, RG AF Claas, ECJ Osterhaus, ADME van Beek, R De Jong, JC Rimmelzwaan, GF Senne, DA Krauss, S Shortridge, KF Webster, RG TI Human influenza A H5N1 virus related to a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus SO LANCET LA English DT Article ID A-VIRUSES; RECEPTOR SPECIFICITY; HEMAGGLUTININ; SUBTYPES; ORIGIN; ACID; CONJUNCTIVITIS; NEURAMINIDASE; PANDEMICS; EVOLUTION AB Background In May, 1997, a 3-year-old boy in Hong Kong was admitted to the hospital and subsequently died from influenza pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, Reye's syndrome, multiorgan failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. An influenza A H5N1 virus was isolated from a tracheal aspirate of the boy. Preceding this incident, avian influenza outbreaks of high mortality were reported from three chicken farms in Hong Kong, and the virus involved was also found to be of the H5 subtype. Methods We carried out an antigenic and molecular comparison of the influenza A H5N1 virus isolated from the boy with one of the viruses isolated from outbreaks of avian influenza by haemagglutination-inhibition and neuraminidase-inhibition assays and nucleotide sequence analysis. Findings Differences were observed in the antigenic reactivities of the viruses by the haemagglutination-inhibition assay, However, nucleotide sequence analysis of all gene segments revealed that the human virus A/Hong Kong/156/97 was genetically closely related to the avian A/chicken/Hong Kong/258/97. Interpretation Although direct contact between the sick child and affected chickens has not been established, our results suggest transmission of the virus from infected chickens to the child without intermediate mammalian host as a acting vessel". This event illustrates the intensive global influenza surveillance. C1 Erasmus Univ, Dept Virol, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands. Erasmus Univ, WHO, Natl Influenza Ctr, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Virol Lab, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. Anim & Plant Hlth Serv, Natl Vet Serv Labs, USDA, Vet Serv, Ames, IA USA. Univ Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hosp, Dept Microbiol, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Virol & Mol Biol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA. RP Claas, ECJ (reprint author), Erasmus Univ, Dept Virol, POB 1738, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA-21765]; NIAID NIH HHS [AI 08531, AI-29680] NR 33 TC 847 Z9 932 U1 14 U2 149 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON WC1B 3SL, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD FEB 14 PY 1998 VL 351 IS 9101 BP 472 EP 477 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11212-0 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YX958 UT WOS:000072097700010 PM 9482438 ER PT J AU Ullah, AHJ Sethumadhavan, K AF Ullah, AHJ Sethumadhavan, K TI Differences in the active site environment of Aspergillus ficuum phytases SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID OPTIMUM ACID-PHOSPHATASE; EXTRACELLULAR PHYTASE; PURIFICATION; IDENTIFICATION; SEQUENCE; RESIDUES AB While Aspergillus ficuum phytaseA (phyA) was rapidly inactivated by 1,2-cyclohexanedione and phenylglyoxal, both specific modifiers of arginine, phytaseB (phyB) showed a markedly different behavior. First, phyB was totally insensitive to 1,2-cyclohexanedione even in the presence of 0.2 M guanidinium hydrochloride; second, the enzyme showed a great deal of resistance to inactivation by phenylglyoxal. Taken together, these results indicate that the chemical environment of the active site of phyB is very different from that of the active site of phyA. Despite sequence similarities of the active site region in these two proteins, their differential behavior to arginine modifiers indicates that other parts of the protein play a role in the active site formation. We expected some differences in the structure since the proteins have dissimilar kinetic parameters and pH optima. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Ullah, AHJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 18 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD FEB 13 PY 1998 VL 243 IS 2 BP 458 EP 462 DI 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8117 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA YY270 UT WOS:000072130300022 PM 9480830 ER PT J AU Mullaney, EJ Ullah, AHJ AF Mullaney, EJ Ullah, AHJ TI Conservation of the active site motif in Aspergillus niger (ficuum) pH 6.0 optimum acid phosphatase and kidney bean purple acid phosphatase SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID PRIMARY STRUCTURE ELUCIDATION; PHYTASE; GENE; EXPRESSION; CLONING AB Aspergillus niger (ficuum) and the kidney bean purple acid phosphatases retained all the essential amino acids in the active site despite a low degree of total sequence homology. This high degree of homology in the sequence motif of A. niger fungal acid phosphatase (Apase6) active site with Kidney bean metallo phosphoesterase (KBPAP) and the absence of the RHG-XRXP sequence motif indicates Apase6 to be a metallo-phosphoesterase rather than a histidine acid phosphatase. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Mullaney, EJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 12 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD FEB 13 PY 1998 VL 243 IS 2 BP 471 EP 473 DI 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8116 PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA YY270 UT WOS:000072130300024 PM 9480832 ER PT J AU Shelver, WL Larsen, GL Huwe, JK AF Shelver, WL Larsen, GL Huwe, JK TI Use of an immunoaffinity column for tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin serum maple cleanup SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B LA English DT Article DE cleanup methods; immunoaffinity column; tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; dioxins ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; DIBENZO-PARA-DIOXINS; INCINERATOR EMISSIONS; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; URINE; SAMPLES; FOOD; MILK AB Covalently linking 1-amino-3,7,8-trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin with either keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) or bovine serum albumin (BSA) provided antigens that generated antibodies in chickens. Competitive ELISA analysis demonstrated that the antibodies isolated from egg yolk (IgY) bound with 1,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (1,3,7,8-TCDD). The antibodies were linked to CNBr-Sepharose to generate an immunoaffinity column. Radiolabeled 1,3,7,8-TCDD in a 0.05% Tween 20 solution was retained by the column and could be eluted by increasing the Tween 20 concentration. The binding efficiency for 10.7 ng per mi gel matrix ranged from 85 to 97%. Immunoaffinity columns generated by this method did not effectively bind C-14-1,3,7,8-TCDD from serum samples. Diluting the serum 1:20 with 0.05% Tween 20 increased the binding efficiency. Alternately, ethanol-hexane extraction followed by solid phase extraction on a carbon column using a fat removal protocol also provided an appropriate preaffinity column cleanup for serum samples. After this preaffinity column cleanup, spiked serum samples applied to the immunoaffinity column showed binding efficiencies of over 90%. 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Shelver, WL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Biosci Res Lab, POB 5674, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 27 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4347 J9 J CHROMATOGR B JI J. Chromatogr. B PD FEB 13 PY 1998 VL 705 IS 2 BP 261 EP 268 DI 10.1016/S0378-4347(97)00540-9 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA YY734 UT WOS:000072178500010 PM 9521562 ER PT J AU Trevino, SF Joubran, R Parris, N Berk, NF AF Trevino, SF Joubran, R Parris, N Berk, NF TI Structure of a triglyceride microemulsion: A small-angle neutron scattering study SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID IN-OIL MICROEMULSION; BICONTINUOUS STRUCTURE; MODEL MICROEMULSIONS; NONIONIC SURFACTANT; VEGETABLE-OILS; WATER; SYSTEMS; MICELLAR AB The microscopic structure of a microemulsion of triolein oil, aqua (water-ethanol, 80/20 wt %), and polyoxyethylene (40) sorbitol hexaoleats has been studied with small-angle neutron scattering. Contrast variation (in the scattering of neutrons) is accomplished by the deuteration of the aqua and oil components of the system. Samples for which only the aqueous phase is deuterated reveal the geometry of the aqueous phase, and those in which only the oil is deuterated reveal the geometry of the oil phase. Finally, when both oil and aqua are contrast matched by deuteration, the surfactant geometry is measured. The aqueous-surfactant surface and the oil-surfactant surface are found to be of significantly different geometries. These two surfaces are described in detail for varying aqua concentration by the very successful leveled-wave model. The behavior of the leveled-wave model parameters produced by the aqua geometry, as a function of aqua concentration and temperature, correlates with a thermodynamic instability in the miscibility. Further, the spectrum of neutrons produced by the surfactant itself is different from the aqua and oil spectra. Although a detailed geometric description of the surfactant is not available for this component (no geometric model being applicable), the data are consistent with there being different geometries for the two bounding surfaces. A plausible correlation between the geometric behavior of the material and a miscibility gap is also detected. C1 USA, Res Lab, Polymer Res Branch, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19118 USA. RP Trevino, SF (reprint author), USA, Res Lab, Polymer Res Branch, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA. NR 29 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD FEB 5 PY 1998 VL 102 IS 6 BP 953 EP 960 DI 10.1021/jp971459r PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA YW473 UT WOS:000071939200009 ER PT J AU Dandekar, AM McGranahan, GH Vail, PV Uratsu, SL Leslie, CA Tebbets, JS AF Dandekar, AM McGranahan, GH Vail, PV Uratsu, SL Leslie, CA Tebbets, JS TI High levels of expression of full-length cryIA(c) gene from Bacillus thuringiensis in transgenic somatic walnut embryos SO PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE host resistance; codling moth; cydia pomonella; walnut; Juglans regia; Bacillus thuringiensis; Bt; cryIA(c); insecticidal crystal protein; genetic engineering; Agrobacterium-mediated transformation ID AGROBACTERIUM-MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION; PROTEINS; PLANTS AB A full-length synthetic version of the cryIA(c) gene, expressing a Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal crystal protein (ICP), was transferred into walnut somatic embryos. Sixty one transgenic embryo lines or clones were obtained and bioassayed with first instar codling moth larvae. In 34%, of these lines, designated as 'class A', expression was high enough to obtain 80-100% mortality. A total of 20% were designated 'class B', which produced a mortality between 25 and 70% and also caused a decreased rate of larval development. Insect mortality and development from the remaining 46% of the lines were indistinguishable from that of the control. Expression of a chimeric gene encoding beta-glucuronidase (GUS) was evaluated to serve as a linked but unselected marker gene. About 62% of the class A embryo lines showed correspondingly high activity for the GUS gene. However, 38% of the class A would have been missed if the level of GUS activity was used as the sole indicator, Detectable levels of protein corresponding to cryIA(c) could be found only in class A, but not in class B or C clones. Southern analysis of border regions revealed single inserts for class A clones and multiple inserts for classes B and C. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Pathol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, USDA, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RP Dandekar, AM (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Pathol, 1045 Wickson Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM amdandekar@ucdavis.edu NR 29 TC 35 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0168-9452 J9 PLANT SCI JI Plant Sci. PD FEB 2 PY 1998 VL 131 IS 2 BP 181 EP 193 DI 10.1016/S0168-9452(97)00256-2 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA ZB002 UT WOS:000072425000008 ER PT J AU Kalita, PK Ward, AD Kanwar, RS McCool, DK AF Kalita, PK Ward, AD Kanwar, RS McCool, DK TI Simulation of pesticide concentrations in groundwater using Agricultural Drainage and Pesticide Transport (ADAPT) model SO AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE ADAPT; pesticide; drainage; model; water table management ID WATER; ZONE AB A water quality model for subirrigation and subsurface drainage, ADAPT (Agricultural Drainage And Pesticide Transport), was tested with field data collected under various water table management practices near Ames, IA. Atrazine and alachlor concentrations at various soil depths for water table depths of 30, 60, and 90 cm were simulated using ADAPT model for corn growing seasons of 1989 through 1991. Daily pesticide concentrations in groundwater predicted by the model were compared with available observed data for the same site. Predicted values of atrazine and alachlor concentrations in groundwater decreased when shallow water table depths were maintained in the lysimeters. Similar trends were noticed with the observed data. Reasonable agreement was obtained between the observed and predicted values of atrazine and alachlor for 1989 to 1991. However, in few cases, results showed a wide variation between observed and predicted values. Because no observed data was available for pesticide concentrations in the unsaturated zone, predicted results could not be compared. Based on our investigation, it appears that ADAPT may be used for predicting subsurface water quality under water table management practices, however, further validation is necessary with more field observed data from similar studies before wider application of this model is made. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Agr Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Pacific W Area, Land Management & Water Conservat Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Kalita, PK (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, 141 Seaton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 25 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3774 J9 AGR WATER MANAGE JI Agric. Water Manage. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 36 IS 1 BP 23 EP 44 DI 10.1016/S0378-3774(97)00056-5 PG 22 WC Agronomy; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA ZP004 UT WOS:000073705700002 ER PT J AU Bezold, LI Smith, EOB Kelly, K Colan, SD Gauvreau, K Geva, T AF Bezold, LI Smith, EOB Kelly, K Colan, SD Gauvreau, K Geva, T TI Development and validation of an echocardiographic model for predicting progression of discrete subaortic stenosis in children SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW TRACT; SUBVALVULAR AORTIC-STENOSIS; SEPTAL-DEFECT; NATURAL-HISTORY; OBSTRUCTION; MANAGEMENT; CHILDHOOD; TISSUE AB The clinical course of discrete subaortic stenosis (DSS) varies considerably between patients. This study was performed to identify echocardiographic characteristics of DSS that distinguish progressive front nonprogressive disease, The study included 100 patients from 2 institutions and was performed in 2 stages, In phase I, a prediction model was developed based on multivariate analysis of morphometric and Doppler variables obtained from the initial echocardiogram in 52 children with DSS from Texas Children's Hospital. In phase II, the performance characteristics of the prediction model were tested in 48 patients with DSS followed at Children's Hospital, in Boston. Patients were divided into 3 outcome groups: nonprogressive, progressive, and intermediate progression, In phase I, multivariate analysis identified 3 independent predictors of progressive disease: indexed aortic valve to subaortic membrane distance anterior mitral leaflet involvement and initial Doppler gradient The logistic regression equation-Probability = [1 + e(-3.22+0.334X?1+4.06X?2-0.708X?3)](-1), where X = initial gradient in mm Hg; X-2 = absence (0) or presence (1) of mitral leaflet involvement and X-3 = indexed distance between aortic valve and subaortic membrane in mm/body surface area(0.5) were used to predict progression. When the prediction model was applied to phase II study patients, none of the patients with nonprogressive DSS had a prediction value >0.29 and prone of the patients with progressive DSS had a prediction value <0.58. Thus, a prediction value >0.55 yield a 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity for distinguishing progressive from nonprogressive DSS. Patients with intermediate progression were indistinguishable front progressive DSS but were clearly separable from nonprogressing patients, We conclude that progressive subaortic obstruction in children with DSS can be predicted from morphologic, morphometric, and Doppler echocardiographic analysis of left ventricular outflow. (C) 1998 by Excerpta Medica, Inc. C1 Childrens Hosp, Dept Cardiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, USDA ARS, Lillie Frank Abercrombie Sect Pediat Cardiol, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Geva, T (reprint author), Childrens Hosp, Dept Cardiol, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. NR 30 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU EXCERPTA MEDICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 245 WEST 17TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011 USA SN 0002-9149 J9 AM J CARDIOL JI Am. J. Cardiol. PD FEB 1 PY 1998 VL 81 IS 3 BP 314 EP 320 DI 10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00911-9 PG 7 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA YU563 UT WOS:000071730400011 PM 9468074 ER PT J AU Motil, KJ Sheng, HP Kertz, BL Montandon, CM Ellis, KJ AF Motil, KJ Sheng, HP Kertz, BL Montandon, CM Ellis, KJ TI Lean body mass of well-nourished women is preserved during lactation SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE lactation; protein turnover; lean body mass; human body composition; dietary protein; women; milk protein; breast-feeding ID HEALTHY SWEDISH WOMEN; NONLACTATING WOMEN; POSTPARTUM WEIGHT; DIETARY-PROTEIN; FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES; ENERGY PHYSIOLOGY; MILK-PRODUCTION; PREGNANCY; FAT; METABOLISM AB To determine whether the lean body mass of well-nourished women was mobilized to support milk protein output during lactation, the body composition of 10 lactating and 10 nonlactating women was examined longitudinally at 6-wk intervals between 6 and 24 wk postpartum and at 52 wk postpartum, and that of 10 nulliparous women was examined at equivalent intervals, by using clinical anthropometry and whole-body potassium counting. Milk production was determined at 6-wk intervals during the period of exclusive breast-feeding (6-24 wk postpartum) by the test-weighing procedure. Milk composition was determined by chemical analysis. Dietary intakes were determined at 6-wk intervals between 6 and 24 wk postpartum from 3-d food records with use of a nutrient database. Lean body mass was maintained in women who exclusively breast-fed their infants during the first 6 mo postpartum while consuming dietary protein in amounts that exceeded those of their nonlactating counterparts by 55%. The high protein intakes were sustained throughout lactation despite a progressive reduction by 32% of milk protein output. Lean body mass was preserved throughout lactation in well-nourished women, suggesting that the metabolic needs of milk protein production were met solely by higher protein intakes of the lactating women. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Motil, KJ (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM kmotil@bcm.tmc.edu FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01 RR-00188] NR 38 TC 21 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 67 IS 2 BP 292 EP 300 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA YU348 UT WOS:000071708100019 PM 9459378 ER PT J AU Russell, RM AF Russell, RM TI Blood response to a beta-carotene dose - Reply SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Letter ID OMEPRAZOLE C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Russell, RM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 67 IS 2 BP 349 EP 350 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA YU348 UT WOS:000071708100028 ER PT J AU Wykes, LJ Jahoor, F Reeds, PJ AF Wykes, LJ Jahoor, F Reeds, PJ TI Gluconeogenesis measured with [U-C-13]glucose and mass isotopomer analysis of apoB-100 amino acids in pigs SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM LA English DT Article DE hepatic amino acids; stable isotopes ID GLYCOGEN-SYNTHESIS; KREBS CYCLE; LIVER; PATHWAYS; PLASMA; HUMANS; METABOLISM; OXIDATION; DILUTION; LACTATE AB Infant pigs (8.5 kg) were fasted for 16 h and infused for 6 h with [U-C-13]glucose. The fractional abundances of all C-13 mass isotopomers of plasma glucose, lactate, and pyruvate and of plasma, hepatic, and very low density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100) alanine, glutamate, and aspartate were measured. The ratios of [C-13(3)]aspartate, [C-13(3)]glutamate, and [C-13(3)]alanine in apoB-100 were used to estimate the positional equilibrium of [C-13(3)]oxaloacetate, the fractional contribution of pyruvate carboxylase to the hepatic oxaloacetate flux, and the activity of hepatic pyruvate dehydrogenase. The values were compared with those based on glucose labeling and previously published equations. The two methods [Katz and Lee method (J. Katz, P.A. Wals., and W.-N. P. Lee. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 12994-13001, 1989) and apoB method] gave similar estimates of the positional equilibrium of [C-13(3)]oxaloacetate (0.59, Katz and Lee method; 0.61, apoB method) but slightly different estimates of the contribution of pyruvate carboxylase to the oxaloacetate flux (0.36, Katz and Lee; 0.31 apoB). Gluconeogenesis apparently contributed between 71 (Katz and Lee method) and 80% (apoB method) of the glucose entry rate (25 mu mol.kg(-1).min(-1)), and pyruvate dehydrogenase contributed 20% of the hepatic acetyl-CoA. We conclude that the labeling of aspartate in apoB-100 provides a good estimate of the isotopomer distribution in hepatic oxaloacetate but may underestimate the absolute isotopic enrichment by 50%. C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Reeds, PJ (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 31 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0193-1849 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-ENDOC M JI Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 274 IS 2 BP E365 EP E376 PG 12 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology GA YV775 UT WOS:000071862100025 PM 9486170 ER PT J AU Palmer, MV Elsasser, TH Cheville, NF AF Palmer, MV Elsasser, TH Cheville, NF TI Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in pregnant cattle after intravenous or subcutaneous vaccination with Brucella abortus strain RB51 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID INFECTION; INTERLEUKIN-1; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; CALVES; ENDOTOXEMIA; METABOLISM; CYTOKINES; CACHECTIN; RESPONSES; PROTEIN AB Objective-To determine the influence of brucellosis vaccination on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) concentrations in pregnant cattle and the possible role of the bovine placenta in TNF-alpha production. Animals-Foiled Hereford heifers obtained from a nonvaccinated, brucellosis-free herd and bred at 16 to 27 months at age. All cattle were seronegative for Brucella abortus by results of the standard tube agglutination test. Procedure-At 6 months' gestation, cattle were vaccinated IV with B abortus strain RB51 (n = 10), SC with B abortus strain RB51 (n = 5), or SC with B abortus strain 19 (n = 5); controls received pyrogen-free saline solution SC (n = 2). Blood samples were collected periodically for TNF-alpha assays. At necropsy, 8 to 12 weeks after vaccination, placental fluids and fetal blood were collected for TNF-alpha analysis and placental tissues were collected for immunohistochemical detection of TNF-alpha. Results-Radioimmunoassays indicated no increase in TNF-alpha concentration in blood from IV or SC vaccinated cattle, compared with controls. Similarly, TNF-alpha concentrations in amniotic and allantoic fluids from SC vaccinated cattle were not different from values for controls. Although only IV vaccinated cattle developed placentitis, immunohistochemical analysis for TNF-alpha revealed increased immunoreactivity within placental trophoblastic epithelial cells of SC and IV vaccinated cattle. Conclusions-SC vaccination for prevention of brucellosis, using recommended adult dosages, does not result in increase of TNF-alpha concentration in plasma, serum, or placental fluids; however, vaccination of pregnant cattle stimulates trophoblastic epithelial cells to express TNF-alpha, although the physiologic and quantitative importance of this expression remains unknown. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. USDA ARS, Growth Biol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Vet Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Palmer, MV (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Dis Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 31 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 59 IS 2 BP 153 EP 156 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA ZF986 UT WOS:000072953100007 PM 9492928 ER PT J AU Sonstegard, TS Rohrer, GA Smith, TPL AF Sonstegard, TS Rohrer, GA Smith, TPL TI Myostatin maps to porcine chromosome 15 by linkage and physical analyses SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE myostatin; double-muscling; muscle hypertrophy; mapping ID LIBRARY; CATTLE; GENOME AB yostatin belongs to the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, and is expressed specifically in developing and mature skeletal muscle. Myostatin appears to act as a negative regulator of muscle development, since mice with targeted disruption of this gene display a large increase in muscle mass. In this study, the porcine myostatin gene was mapped to chromosome 15q2.3 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Myostatin was also positioned within the chromosome 15 linkage group using both a polymorphism located in the second intron and an associated microsatellite. The development of highly polymorphic markers associated with myostatin will support population studies to identify alleles of this gene that affects muscle mass and/or fat deposition in swine. C1 ARS, USDA, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Smith, TPL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166,Spur 18D, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 18 TC 26 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 29 IS 1 BP 19 EP 22 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.1998.00229.x PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA ZX851 UT WOS:000074561800004 PM 9682443 ER PT J AU Ramsoondar, JJ Rucker, EB Vasquez, JC Gallagher, DS Grimm, DR Lunney, JK Schook, LB Piedrahita, JA AF Ramsoondar, JJ Rucker, EB Vasquez, JC Gallagher, DS Grimm, DR Lunney, JK Schook, LB Piedrahita, JA TI Isolation and genetic characterization of the porcine apolipoprotein E gene SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE apolipoprotein E; pig; microsatellite; gene mapping; FISH ID HYBRIDIZATION; CHROMOSOME-6; LOCALIZATION; MARKERS; APOE; ENO1; MAP; GPI AB The present report describes the isolation and genetic characterization of the porcine apolipoprotein E (apo-E) gene. A single positive recombinant phage clone containing a 10.7-kb insert was isolated from a porcine genomic library, and a 4.2-kb fragment was subcloned and sequenced. The 4.2-kb fragment contained the entire apo-E gene in addition to upstream and downstream sequences (GenBank accession no. 470240). The porcine apo-E gene is made up of four exons and three introns, and encodes a preapo-E protein comprised of a signal peptide of 18 amino acids and a mature protein of 299 amino acids. The porcine apo-E gene contains a (CG)(13) microsatellite marker within intron three. This microsatellite is moderately polymorphic, and at least four alleles were evident at this locus among 10 animals from each of the Yorkshire, Hampshire, Landrace and Duroc breeds. Finally, localization of the porcine apo-E gene to chromosome 6 band q2.1 was determined by fluorescent in situ hybridization and confirmed by genetic linkage analysis. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Anat & Publ Hlth, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Anim Genet, Inst Biosci & Technol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Anim Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. ARS, USDA, LPSI, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Vet Pathobiol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Piedrahita, JA (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Anat & Publ Hlth, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. OI Schook, Lawrence/0000-0002-6580-8364 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL 51587-02] NR 20 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 29 IS 1 BP 43 EP 47 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.1998.00273.x PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA ZX851 UT WOS:000074561800011 PM 9682450 ER PT J AU Janzen, MA Alexander, LJ Rohrer, GA Beattie, CW Buoen, LB Louis, CF AF Janzen, MA Alexander, LJ Rohrer, GA Beattie, CW Buoen, LB Louis, CF TI Physical assignment of two porcine cosmid clones containing polymorphic microsatellites SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Biochem, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Vet Diagnost Med, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Vet Pathobiol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Janzen, MA (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Biochem, 1479 Gortner Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 29 IS 1 BP 70 EP 71 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA ZX851 UT WOS:000074561800027 PM 9682464 ER PT J AU Graczyk, TK Fayer, R Cranfield, MR Conn, DB AF Graczyk, TK Fayer, R Cranfield, MR Conn, DB TI Recovery of waterborne Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts by freshwater benthic clams (Corbicula fluminea) SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; INFECTION; METALS; BIOTA; RIVER AB Asian freshwater clams, Corbicula fluminea, exposed for 24 h to 38 liters of water contaminated with infectious Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts (1.00 x 10(6) oocysts/liter; approximately 1.9 x 10(5) oocysts/clam) were examined (hemolymph, Sills, gastrointestinal [GI] tract, and feces) on days 1, 2, 3, 7, and 14 postexposure (PE). No oocysts were detected in the water 24 h after the contamination event, The percentage of oocyst-containing clams varied from 20 to 100%, depending on the type of tissue examined and the technique used-acid-fast stain (AFS) or immunofluorescent antibody (IFA), The oocysts were found in clam tissues and fetes on days 1 through 14 PE; the oocysts extracted from the tissues on day 7 PE were infectious for neonatal BALB/c mice, Overall, the highest number of positive samples was obtained when gills and GI tracts were processed with IFA (prevalence, 97.5%), A comparison of the relative oocyst numbers indicated that overall, 58.3% of the oocysts were found in clam tissues and 41.7% were found in feces when IFA was used; when AFS was used, the values were 51.9 and 48.1%, respectively, Clam-released oocysts were always surrounded by feces; no free oocysts or oocysts disassociated from fecal matter were observed, The results indicate that these benthic freshwater clams are capable of recovery and sedimentation of waterborne C. pan um oocysts, To optimize the detection of C. parvum oocysts in C. ;fluminea tissue, it is recommended that gill and GI tract samples be screened with IFA (such as that in the commercially available MERIFLUOR test kit). C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Div Comparat Med, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Baltimore Zoo, Baltimore, MD 21217 USA. Agr Res Serv, Immun & Dis Prevent Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Berry Coll, Sch Math & Nat Sci, Mt Berry, GA 30149 USA. RP Graczyk, TK (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. OI Conn, David Bruce/0000-0003-0198-0234 NR 23 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 64 IS 2 BP 427 EP 430 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA YV746 UT WOS:000071858600007 PM 9464376 ER PT J AU Shen, SY Hsu, AF Foglia, TA Tu, SI AF Shen, SY Hsu, AF Foglia, TA Tu, SI TI Effectiveness of cross-linked phyllosilicates for intercalative immobilization of soybean lipoxygenase SO APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE lipoxygenase; enzyme immobilization; cross-linked phyllosilicates; intercalation ID SOL-GEL MATERIALS; LAYERED SILICATES; CATALYSTS; ENZYMES AB A novel procedure was developed to intercalate enzymes into dispersed phyllosilicates that were cross-linked with silicate polymers formed by the hydrolysis of tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS). Lipoxygenase (LOX) intercalated into cross-linked phyllosilicates exhibited high enzymatic activity. The enzyme-phyllosilicate composite prepared by this procedure had an improved pore network. Alkylamines were used to occupy the charge sites of the phyllosilicate, which increased the hydrophobicity of the phyllosilicate and reduced charge-charge interaction between LOX and the phyllosilicate. The amount of macropores and the enzymatic activity of the Lipoxygenase-phyllosilicate composites increased with an increase in the ratio of trimethylammonium (TMA)-phyllosilicate to cross-linking reagent TMOS. LOX intercalatively immobilized into phyllosilicates displayed good storage stability and reusability at ambient temperature. C1 USDA, ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19118 USA. RP Shen, SY (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19118 USA. NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 0273-2289 J9 APPL BIOCHEM BIOTECH JI Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 69 IS 2 BP 79 EP 90 DI 10.1007/BF02919390 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA ZA182 UT WOS:000072337200001 PM 18574729 ER PT J AU Lu, P Davis, BP Hendrick, J Jeffries, TW AF Lu, P Davis, BP Hendrick, J Jeffries, TW TI Cloning and disruption of the beta-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase gene (LEU2) of Pichia stipitis with URA3 and recovery of the double auxotroph SO APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID XYLOSE FERMENTATION; CANDIDA-SHEHATAE; YEAST LEU2; TRANSFORMATION; SEQUENCE; GLUCOSE; CONSTRUCTION; REPRESSION; SELECTION; LEUCINE AB Transformation of Pichia stipitis is required to advance genetic studies and development of xylose metabolism in this yeast. To this end, we used P. stipitis URA3 (Ps URA3) to disrupt P. stipitis LEU2 in a P. stipitis ura3 mutant. A highly fermentative P. stipitis mutant (FPL-DX26) was selected for resistance to 5'-fluoroorotic acid to obtain P. stipitis FPL-UC7 (ura3-3). A URA3:lacZ "pop-out" cassette was constructed containing PsURA3 flanked by direct repeats from segments of the lacZ reading frame. The P. stipitis LEU2 gene (PsLEU2) was cloned from a P. stipitis CBS 6054 genomic library through homology to Saccharomyces cerevisiae LEU2, and a disruption cassette was constructed by replacing the PsLEU2 reading sequence with the PsURA3:lacZ cassette. FPL-UC7 (ura3-3) was transformed with the disruption cassette, and a site-specific integrant was identified by selecting for the Leu(-)Ura(+) phenotype. The ura3 marker was recovered from this strain by plating cells onto 5'-fluoroorotate and screening for spontaneous URA3 deletion mutants. Excision of the flanked Ps URA3 gene resulted in the Leu(-)Ura(-) phenotype. The double auxotrophs are stable and can be transformed at a high frequency by PsLEU2 or PsURA3 carried on autonomous-replication-sequence-based plasmids. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bacteriol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Jeffries, TW (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bacteriol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM twjeffri@facstaff.wisc.edu RI Jeffries, Thomas/I-8576-2012 OI Jeffries, Thomas/0000-0001-7408-4065 NR 33 TC 30 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0175-7598 J9 APPL MICROBIOL BIOT JI Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 49 IS 2 BP 141 EP 146 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA ZB029 UT WOS:000072427700003 PM 9534253 ER PT J AU Moore, MT Huggett, DB Gillespie, WB Rodgers, JH Cooper, CM AF Moore, MT Huggett, DB Gillespie, WB Rodgers, JH Cooper, CM TI Comparative toxicity of chlordane, chlorpyrifos, and aldicarb to four aquatic testing organisms SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PESTICIDES; COPPER AB Laboratory toxicity data contrasting responses of aquatic organisms to insecticides are important for focusing on sensitive species (steepest exposure-response slope) exposed to aqueous concentrations of these insecticides in field studies. These data also allow; prediction of expected responses of aquatic species to a range of insecticide concentrations in situ. Aqueous 48-h toxicity tests were performed to contrast responses of Daphnia magna Straus, Hyalella azteca Saussure, Chironomus tentans Fabricius. and Pimephales promelas Rafinesque to acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting insecticides: chlorpyrifos, aldicarb, and chlordane. As expected, invertebrates tested (H. azteca, C., tentans, and D., magna) were greater than or equal to 200 times more sensitive than the vertebrate P. promelas to chlorpyrifos exposures. H. azteca pic?was approximately 3.5 times more sensitive to chlorpyrifos (453%, mortality/mu g/L) than D. magna (128% mortality/mu g/L). For both aldicarb and chlordane, C., tentans was the most sensitive species tested (2.44 and 2.54% mortality/mu g/L, respectively), Differences in chlordane potency for test species varied only by a factor of approximately 2-3 (0.88% mortality/mu g/L For H., cr,azteca to 2.54% ? mortality/mu g/L for C., tentans). Although point estimates of population responses such as LC50s, NOECs, and LOECs are of some utility for predicting effects of pesticides in aquatic systems, exposure-response slopes are also useful for extrapolation of laboratory data to diverse field situations, especially where sediment sorption may regulate insecticide exposure or bioavailability. C1 Univ Mississippi, Dept Biol, University, MS 38677 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Rodgers, JH (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Dept Biol, University, MS 38677 USA. NR 29 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 34 IS 2 BP 152 EP 157 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YU296 UT WOS:000071702400006 ER PT J AU Harper, LA Sharpe, RR AF Harper, LA Sharpe, RR TI Atmospheric ammonia: Issues on transport and nitrogen isotope measurement SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Atmospheric Ammonia - Emissions, Deposition and Environmental Impacts CY OCT 02-04, 1995 CL CULHAM, ENGLAND DE compensation point; absorption; emission; micrometeorology; nitrogen balance; plant exchange ID TEMPERATE GRASSLAND; BARLEY PLANTS; EXCHANGE; SOIL; CONSERVATION; MANAGEMENT; WHEAT; CORN; CROP; FLUCTUATIONS AB Isotopes of nitrogen (N-15) have been used to evaluate N transport in soil-plant systems, but these studies generally ignore the atmospheric component of N balance. Recent studies of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) transport have shown the gaseous N component can be significant due to emission and absorption exchanges with the atmosphere. The purpose of this paper is to review measurements of atmospheric N cycling made by ourselves and others, and investigate how atmospheric transport may influence the conclusions of isotopic N studies. Soil and plant N transport were studied using N-15 while simultaneously measuring net atmospheric NH3 transport using micrometeorological techniques. Simultaneous N-15 and micrometeorological studies have shown significant gaseous NH3 losses from soils and plants as well as the potential for significant NH3 absorption. These measurements have shown N transport measured by the two techniques to agree closely when there was no plant activity (during drought). With plant activity, and the associated substitution of N-15 in the plant by N-14 from atmospheric NH3, NH3 losses measured by N-15 were 2 to 6 times larger than net NH3 losses measured by micrometeorological techniques. Although N-15 studies are valuable for comparison of treatments, caution must be exercised in the use of isotopes where isotope exchange between the plant and atmosphere has not been taken into consideration. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, So Piedmont Conservat Res Ctr, USDA, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. RP Harper, LA (reprint author), ARS, So Piedmont Conservat Res Ctr, USDA, 1420 Expt Stn Rd, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. NR 30 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 32 IS 3 BP 273 EP 277 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00240-9 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA ZC933 UT WOS:000072633600002 ER PT J AU Lewis, WJ Stapel, JO Cortesero, AM Takasu, K AF Lewis, WJ Stapel, JO Cortesero, AM Takasu, K TI Understanding how parasitoids balance food and host needs: Importance to biological control SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Critical Issues in Host Selection by Insect Parasitoids, at the XX International Congress of Entomology CY 1996 CL MILAN, ITALY DE parasitoid; food; host; foraging; physiological state; learning; tritrophic interactions; biological control ID MICROPLITIS-CROCEIPES CRESSON; HYMENOPTERAN PARASITOIDS; AIRBORNE SEMIOCHEMICALS; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; FEEDING-BEHAVIOR; BRACONIDAE; NECTAR; LEPIDOPTERA; FECUNDITY; LOCATION AB Adult parasitoids must not only find hosts for reproductive purposes but also locate food to meet their short-term nutritional needs. A knowledge of how parasitoid females deal with the often competing needs for these two vital resources is essential for understanding their foraging strategies. Studies show that availability and accessibility of food sources, such as nectar or honeydew in a target area, strongly affect parasitoid retention and host-finding efficacy. For parasitoids to maintain high reproductive success it is important that disruption of their host foraging process is minimal so that most of their time and energy can be allocated to finding hosts. The use of olfactory and visual cues from plants, usually enhanced by learning, helps minimize this disruption and plays important and sometimes interacting roles in their searching for food and hosts. Thus, the provision of food sources such as floral and extrafloral nectar by plants along with associated foraging signals plays a crucial role in the tritrophic interplay among plants, herbivores, and parasitoids. A broader understanding of tritrophic level interactions that encompasses parasitoid food considerations can enhance our ability to design effective biological control strategies. Herein, we discuss how the internal state of parasitoids along with characteristics of their foraging environment, can influence their ability to find food and consequently affect their parasitizing efficiency. Suggestions are made for maximizing food-finding efficacy to improve biological control with parasitoids. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Kobe Univ, Kobe, Hyogo 657, Japan. RP Lewis, WJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, POB 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 59 TC 92 Z9 104 U1 4 U2 23 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD FEB PY 1998 VL 11 IS 2 BP 175 EP 183 DI 10.1006/bcon.1997.0588 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA YY742 UT WOS:000072179400013 ER PT J AU Howard, SA Hawkes, WC AF Howard, SA Hawkes, WC TI The relative effectiveness of human plasma glutathione peroxidase as a catalyst for the reduction of hydroperoxides by glutathione SO BIOLOGICAL TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE plasma glutathione peroxidase; extracellular glutathione peroxidase; hydroperoxide; substrate preference; enzyme function ID PROTEIN DISULFIDE-ISOMERASE; THIOREDOXIN; PURIFICATION; IDENTIFICATION; GLUTAREDOXIN AB To reveal clues to the function of human plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPx), we investigated its catalytic effectiveness with a variety of hydroperoxides. Comparisons of hydroperoxides as substrates for plasma GPx based on the ratio of V-max/K-m were blocked by the limited solubility of the organic hydroperoxides, which prevented kinetic saturation of the enzyme at the chosen glutathione concentration. Therefore, we compared the hydroperoxides by the fold increase in the apparent first-order rate constants of their reactions with glutathione owing to catalysis by plasma GPx. The reductions of aromatic and small hydrophobic hydroperoxides (cumene hydroperoxide, t-amyl hydroperoxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, paramenthane hydroperoxide) were better catalyzed by plasma GPx than were reductions of the more "physiological" substrates (linoleic acid hydroperoxide, hydrogen peroxide, peroxidized plasma lipids, and oxidized cholesterol). C1 USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. RP Hawkes, WC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, POB 29997,Bldg 1110, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. NR 18 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 0163-4984 J9 BIOL TRACE ELEM RES JI Biol. Trace Elem. Res. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 61 IS 2 BP 127 EP 136 DI 10.1007/BF02784025 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA YZ411 UT WOS:000072251700002 PM 9517485 ER PT J AU Guthrie, HD Garrett, WM Cooper, BS AF Guthrie, HD Garrett, WM Cooper, BS TI Follicle-stimulating hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 attenuate apoptosis in cultured porcine granulosa cells SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article ID FACTOR-BINDING PROTEIN-2; CHAIN CLEAVAGE ENZYME; FACTOR-I; INCREASES CONCENTRATIONS; PREOVULATORY MATURATION; DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC-ACID; DNA FRAGMENTATION; SOMATOMEDIN-C; ATRESIA; OVULATION AB Thymocytes and granulosa cells (GC) were cultured up to 48 h to determine the effect of dexamethasone (DEX) on apoptosis in culture (in RPMI containing 10% fetal bovine serum [FBS] at 38 degrees C in a 5% CO2:9S% air atmosphere), In experiment 2, CC were cultured for 24 h at a density of 0.5 x 10(6) cells/0.5 mi in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's medium:Hams F-12 (1:1) containing 1% FBS to determine whether porcine FSH and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) attenuated apoptosis and to compare two methods of measuring apoptosis: 1) Flow cytometry of dispersed cells for subdiploid DNA Fluorescence and 2) densitometry of internucleosomal DNA fragments. The percentages of apoptotic (%A(0)) thymocytes and GC increased (p < 0.01) during 48 h of culture, Compared to no DEX, 0.1 or 1.0 mu M DEX in thymocytes caused a 33% further increase (p < 0.01) in %A(0) cells but had no effect in GC, In experiment 2, apoptosis, measured by %A(0) GC and amount of internucleosomal[ fragments, decreased (p < 0.01) by 50% during culture in the presence of FSH (4 NIH-S1 mU/ml) or IGF-I (50 ng/ml); results from these techniques were correlated (r = 0.829, n = 44, p less than or equal to 0.0001), We conclude that 1) porcine GC and thymocytes undergo spontaneous apoptosis in culture, 2) two methods of analyzing apoptosis were in excellent agreement, and 3) FSH and IGF-I attenuated spontaneous apoptosis in cultured porcine GC. C1 USDA ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Guthrie, HD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Bldg 200,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM dave@ggpl.arsusda.gov NR 41 TC 59 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 58 IS 2 BP 390 EP 396 DI 10.1095/biolreprod58.2.390 PG 7 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA YU844 UT WOS:000071761700016 PM 9475394 ER PT J AU Sethuraman, A Akin, DE Eriksson, KEL AF Sethuraman, A Akin, DE Eriksson, KEL TI Plant-cell-wall-degrading enzymes produced by the white-rot fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora SO BIOTECHNOLOGY AND APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SYNTHETIC LIGNIN MINERALIZATION; PHANEROCHAETE-CHRYSOSPORIUM; CYATHUS-STERCOREUS; DEGRADATION; WOOD; DELIGNIFICATION; LIGNOCELLULOSE; PEROXIDASE; FIBER; BIODEGRADABILITY AB The production of various plant-cell-wall-degrading enzymes by the white-rot fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora was monitored in shake-flask cultures, Analyses included various cellulolytic (i.e. endo-1,4-beta-glucanase, exo-1,4-beta-glucanase, 1,4-beta-glucosidase), hemicellulolytic (i.e. xylanases, 1,4-beta-xylosidases, mannanases, 1,4-beta-mannosidases), and ligninolytic (i.e. laccase and manganese peroxidase) enzymes, Other enzymes studied were polyendogalacturonase, proteases, amylases, phenolic acid esterases and lipases, Glucose, cellobiose, avicel and Whatman cellulose were the primary carbon sources used, Other substrates were birch-wood xylan, galacto-mannan and citrus pectin, Ground stems of two fibrous plants, flax and kenaf, were the substrates representing a complete cell-wall composition used, Endo-1,4-beta-glucanase and 1,4-beta-glucosidase activities were detected in certain culture solutions but, interestingly, pro significant amount of exo-1,4-beta-glucanase activity was found in cultures of any of the carbon sources, Avicel, in general, gave rise to higher fungal growth and enzyme production compared to the more crystalline Whatman cellulose, Xylanase and mannanase activities were readily detected under all culture conditions used, Flax and kenaf flour generally induced more enzyme production over xylan, mannan and pectin, Laccase and manganese peroxidase were the two ligninolytic enzymes produced, Pectin, xylan and mannan induced more polyendogalacturonase than other substrates, Proteases and amylases were also produced, but no lipase activity was detected, C. subvermisporo also produced phenolic acid esterases in the avicel and xylan cultures, Preference for a more amorphous cellulose, avicel and hemicelluloses over a more crystalline Whatman cellulose as substrates for active growth is most likely the reason for the lignin specificity of C. subvermispora. Enzyme profiles suggest that C. subvermispora shows a potential for various industrial applications where removal of the lignin components, while maintaining cellulosic fibre strength property, is important. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Ctr Biol Resource Recovery, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Agr Res Serv, Russell Res Ctr, USDA, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Eriksson, KEL (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 50 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0885-4513 J9 BIOTECHNOL APPL BIOC JI Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 27 BP 37 EP 47 PN 1 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA YX634 UT WOS:000072060900006 ER PT J AU Skory, CD Freer, SN Bothast, RJ AF Skory, CD Freer, SN Bothast, RJ TI Production of L-lactic acid by Rhizopus oryzae under oxygen limiting conditions SO BIOTECHNOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article AB Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable. During aerobic growth, Rhizopus oryzae produces L-lactic acid from lactate dehydrogenase mediated reduction of pyruvate, while O-2 limiting conditions yield primarily ethanol. A mutant was isolated that expressed only 5% of the wild type alcohol dehydrogenase activity under O-2 limiting conditions and produced nearly 40 g lactic acid/l in 70 h. This is almost a ten-fold increase in lactic acid production when compared to the parent strain. C1 ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Skory, CD (reprint author), ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 9 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0141-5492 J9 BIOTECHNOL LETT JI Biotechnol. Lett. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 20 IS 2 BP 191 EP 194 DI 10.1023/A:1005397028700 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA YX388 UT WOS:000072035000022 ER PT J AU Grohmann, K Manthey, JA Cameron, RG Buslig, BS AF Grohmann, K Manthey, JA Cameron, RG Buslig, BS TI Fermentation of galacturonic acid and pectin-rich materials to ethanol by genetically modified strains of Erwinia SO BIOTECHNOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ORANGE PEEL; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; HYDROLYSIS AB Evaluation of the four ethanologenic constructs of bacteria in the genus Erwinia indicates that two strains E. chrysanthemi EC16 and E. carotovora SR38 show promise for development of direct hydrolysis and fermentation of pectin-rich substrates to mixtures of ethanol and acetate. Both strains fermented glucose to ethanol in nearly theoretical yields, but produced mainly acetate and ethanol by fermentation of D-galacturonic acid. Both strains depolymerized citrus pectin, polygalacturonic acid and polysaccharides in citrus peel and converted resulting sugars to carbon dioxide, acetate, ethanol and lesser amounts of formate and succinate. C1 ARS, USDA, SAA, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Res Lab, Winter Haven, FL 33883 USA. Florida Dept Citrus, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. RP Grohmann, K (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SAA, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Res Lab, POB 1909, Winter Haven, FL 33883 USA. NR 16 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0141-5492 J9 BIOTECHNOL LETT JI Biotechnol. Lett. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 20 IS 2 BP 195 EP 200 DI 10.1023/A:1005349112770 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA YX388 UT WOS:000072035000023 ER PT J AU Sarwar, G Botting, HG Davis, TA Darling, P Pencharz, PB AF Sarwar, G Botting, HG Davis, TA Darling, P Pencharz, PB TI Free amino acids in milks of human subjects, other primates and non-primates SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE amino acids; milk ID TAURINE; PRETERM AB Preterm and term transitional milks of human subjects and mature milks of human subjects, nonhuman primates and non-primates were analysed for free amino acids (AA) using precolumn phenylisothiocyanate derivatization and Liquid chromatography. Differences in free AA between three types of human milk were small. Milks of pinnipeds (seals and sea lions) contained the highest levels of total free AA (8634-20862 mu mol/l), while the milks of cows and sheep had the lowest levels of total free AA (1061-1357 mu mol/l). The milks of human subjects, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), gorillas (Gorilla gorilla), elephants (Elephas maximus), horses and pigs had intermediate levels of total free AA (3069-7381 mu mol/l). Glutamic acid was the most abundant free AA in milks of human subjects (1339-2157 mu mol/l), non-human primates (423-2528 mu mol/l), elephants (1332 mu mol/l), horses (1119 mu mol/l), and cows (349 mu mol/l). Taurine was the most abundant free AA in milks of pinnipeds (5776-13643 mu mol/l), pigs (1238 mu mol/l), goats (1150 mu mol/l) and sheep (341 mu mol/l). Taurine was the second most abundant free AA in milks of human subjects and non-human primates, while histidine was the second most abundant free AA in milks of pinnipeds. Milks of each species had a distinctive free AA pattern which may reflect the relative importance of the free AA during early postnatal development. C1 Hlth Canada, Nutr Res Div, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Toronto, Hosp Sick Children, Dept Pediat, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada. RP Sarwar, G (reprint author), Hlth Canada, Nutr Res Div, AL-2203 C, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada. EM SAWAR_GILANI@INET.HWC.CA FU NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR044474] NR 10 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 10 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0007-1145 J9 BRIT J NUTR JI Br. J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 79 IS 2 BP 129 EP 131 DI 10.1079/BJN19980023 PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA ZA506 UT WOS:000072370100003 PM 9536856 ER PT J AU Dalvi, RR Davis, SW AF Dalvi, RR Davis, SW TI Role of beta-naphthoflavone in the acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos in channel catfish SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID METABOLISM C1 Tuskegee Univ, Sch Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci, Tuskegee, AL 36088 USA. ARS, USDA, Mid S Area, Auburn, AL 36831 USA. RP Dalvi, RR (reprint author), Tuskegee Univ, Sch Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci, Tuskegee, AL 36088 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [G12RR03059-01A1] NR 8 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 60 IS 2 BP 335 EP 339 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YU662 UT WOS:000071741400024 PM 9470999 ER PT J AU Pabst, RJ Spies, TA AF Pabst, RJ Spies, TA TI Distribution of herbs and shrubs in relation to landform and canopy cover in riparian forests of coastal Oregon SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE riparian vegetation; ordination; gradient analysis; species groups; landform; Nomenclature is based on that of Hitchcock and Cronquist (1973). ID SYLVANIA RECREATION AREA; NORTHERN HARDWOOD; SPECIES RICHNESS; UPPER-PENINSULA; PASSAGE-CREEK; VEGETATION; CLASSIFICATION; FLOODPLAIN; ECOSYSTEMS; CALIFORNIA AB In this study we characterized the distribution of herb and shrub species relative to landform and forest canopy attributes of streamside forests in the moist, conifer-dominated mountains of coastal Oregon. Species cover and environmental data were collected along transects at 94 sites. Species with relatively similar distributions were classified into 10 species groups to identify major patterns in the vegetation. Although these patterns were highly variable, ordination and gradient analyses indicated that vegetation composition is ordered along a complex environmental gradient running from streamside to hillslope. Similarly, species diversity followed a decreasing trend from active fluvial surfaces to lower hillslopes. Vegetation patterns were related to specific landforms, topographic positions, microsites, and coniferous tree cover within the trans-riparian gradient. We hypothesize that the environmental features correlated with these patterns are surrogates for the underlying mechanisms responsible for them. These are (i) hillslope processes and associated moisture gradients; (ii) hydrological disturbance; (iii) tolerance of saturated, valley-floor soils; (iv) shade tolerance; and (v) mineral soil disturbance. This study indicates that valley-floor and lower-slope plant communities are distinct elements in these forest landscapes, supporting the assumption that riparian zones require a different management and conservation strategy than upland forest communities. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Pabst, RJ (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 56 TC 69 Z9 71 U1 8 U2 18 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 76 IS 2 BP 298 EP 315 PG 18 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZP153 UT WOS:000073722300014 ER PT J AU Haag, WR Warren, ML AF Haag, WR Warren, ML TI Role of ecological factors and reproductive strategies in structuring freshwater mussel communities SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID FISH COMMUNITIES; MARGARITIFERA-MARGARITIFERA; PHYSICAL FACTORS; WATER MUSSELS; STREAM FISHES; RIVER; BIVALVIA; UNIONIDAE; HABITAT; ASSEMBLAGES AB Freshwater mussel community composition within two drainage basins in Alabama, U.S.A., was better explained by patterns of variability in the fish community and the type of strategy used by mussels for infecting host-fishes than by patterns of variability in microhabitat. Mussel species richness increased in a downstream direction, and large-stream sites were characterized by a distinctive faunal assemblage that was similar between drainages. In contrast, faunal composition of headwater sites varied widely between drainages. Patterns of mussel community variation were correlated with patterns of fish community variation but not with habitat. Densities of host-specialist mussels with elaborate host-attracting mechanisms and host-generalist mussels were independent of host-fish densities, and these mussels were present throughout the drainages. Densities of host-specialist mussels without elaborate host-attracting mechanisms were correlated positively with host-fish densities and were absent or rare in headwater and midreach streams. We propose that mussel species dependent on host-fish density are restricted to sites with stable numbers of hosts, but mussels not dependent on host-fish density are able to persist in areas with more unstable fish assemblages, such as headwaters. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Forest Hydrol Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Haag, WR (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Forest Hydrol Lab, 1000 Front St, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. EM fswarren@olemiss.edu NR 66 TC 90 Z9 93 U1 1 U2 18 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 55 IS 2 BP 297 EP 306 DI 10.1139/cjfas-55-2-297 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZN111 UT WOS:000073611000002 ER PT J AU Adams, DM Alig, RJ McCarl, BA Winnett, SM Callaway, JM AF Adams, DM Alig, RJ McCarl, BA Winnett, SM Callaway, JM TI The effects of factor supply assumptions on intertemporal timber supply behavior: the cases of investable funds and land SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID PRICE UNCERTAINTY; FOREST TAXATION; CAPITAL-MARKETS; UNITED-STATES; HARVEST AB Intertemporal timber supply models typically assume perfect capital markets and perfectly inelastic supplies of land. Using a dynamic model of U.S. timber and agriculture markets, we examine (i) borrowing limits or capital constraints, in which investment in forest management on nonindustrial private ownerships is restricted, and (ii) a nonzero elasticity of land supply. Results suggest that alternative treatments of supply conditions for these factors influence the flexibility of the simulated market system to adapt to changes over time and across policy scenarios. Supply restrictions limit adjustment options in management activities and force greater change in other endogenous elements such as price and consumption. Implications drawn from any policy analyses also differ with input supply assumptions. Policy impacts were found to be largely transitory in the cases without investment limits and essentially permanent when limits exist. Recognizing a price-sensitive land supply, at least as this process is represented in the present model, partially compensates for the imposition of borrowing restrictions, moving projections closer to behavior observed in the perfect capital market cases. Access to additional land as potential afforestation investments provides additional private investment flexibility. Typically, however, this linkage is neither explicit nor endogenous in forest sector models. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Agr Econ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. US EPA, Off Ecosyst Protect, Boston, MA 02203 USA. Riso Natl Lab, United Nations Environm Program Ctr, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. RP Adams, DM (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI McCarl, Bruce/E-9445-2011 NR 26 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 28 IS 2 BP 239 EP 247 DI 10.1139/cjfr-28-2-239 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA ZM093 UT WOS:000073504000010 ER PT J AU Stone, DM Elioff, JD AF Stone, DM Elioff, JD TI Soil properties and aspen development five years after compaction and forest floor removal SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint Session of Sustainable Site Productivity in Canadian Forests/Ontario-Professional-Foresters-Association CY FEB 20, 1997 CL SAULT SAINTE MARIE, CANADA SP Ontario Profess Foresters Assoc, Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Serv, Energy Forests Program DE Soil compaction; organic matter removal; site productivity; stand development ID UNITED-STATES AB Forest management activities that decrease soil porosity and remove organic matter have been associated with declines in site productivity. In the northern Lake States region, research is in progress in the aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx. and P. grandidentata Michx.) forest type to determine effects of soil compaction and organic matter removal on soil properties and growth of aspen suckers, associated woody species, herbaceous vegetation, and on stand development. Four treatments: (1) total tree harvest (TTH); (2) TTH plus soil compaction (CPT); (3) TTH plus forest floor removal (FFR); and (4) TTH plus CPT + FFR were applied after winter-harvest of a 70-yr-old aspen stand growing on a loamy sand with a site index((age 50)) of 20.7 m. The CPT treatment significantly increased bulk density and soil strength of the surface 30 cm of soil and neither have recovered during the 5 yr since treatment. The CPT plots had 19.6 thousand (k) suckers ha(-1), less than half that of the TTH and FFR treatments; mean diameter (19.4 mm) and height (271 cm) were greatest on the TTH plots. The disturbance treatments (CPT, FFR, and CPT + FFR) each reduced biomass of foliage, stems, and total suckers compared with the TTH treatment. Total aboveground biomass (herbs + shrubs + suckers) was less than half that of TTH plots. There were 5.0 k saplings (suckers >2.5 cm DBH) ha(-1) on the TTH plots, but fewer than 1.0 k ha(-1) in the other treatments. The disturbance treatments decreased 5-yr growth of potential crop trees, delayed early stand development, and temporarily reduced stockability and site productivity of an aspen ecosystem. C1 US Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, USDA, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. RP Stone, DM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, USDA, 1831 Highway 169 E, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. NR 23 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 4 PU AGR INST CANADA PI OTTAWA PA SUITE 907 151 SLATER ST, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1P 5H4, CANADA SN 0008-4271 J9 CAN J SOIL SCI JI Can. J. Soil Sci. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 78 IS 1 BP 51 EP 58 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA ZK426 UT WOS:000073319700007 ER PT J AU Nearing, MA AF Nearing, MA TI Why soil erosion models over-predict small soil losses and under-predict large soil losses SO CATENA LA English DT Article DE soil erosion; sediment; hydrologic modeling; hydrology ID RUNOFF AB Evaluation of various soil erosion models with large data sets have consistently shown that these models tend to over-predict soil erosion for small measured values, and under-predict soil erosion for larger measured values. This trend appears to be consistent regardless of whether the soil erosion value of interest is for individual storms, annual totals, or average annual soil losses, and regardless of whether the model is empirical or physically based. The hypothesis presented herein is that this phenomenon is not necessarily associated with bias in model predictions as a function of treatment, but rather with limitations in representing the random component of the measured data within treatments (i.e., between replicates) with a deterministic model. A simple example is presented, showing how even a 'perfect' deterministic soil erosion model exhibits bias relative to small and large measured erosion rates. The concept is further tested and verified on a set of 3007 measured soil erosion data pairs from storms on natural rainfall and run-off plots using the best possible, unbiased, real-world model, i.e., the physical model represented by replicated plots. The results of this study indicate that the commonly observed bias, in erosion prediction models relative to over-prediction of small and under-prediction of large measured erosion rates on individual data points, is normal and expected if the model is accurately predicting erosion rates as a function of environmental conditions, i.e., treatments. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Nearing, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RI Verbist, Koen/B-3029-2009 NR 13 TC 102 Z9 110 U1 0 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0341-8162 J9 CATENA JI Catena PD FEB PY 1998 VL 32 IS 1 BP 15 EP 22 DI 10.1016/S0341-8162(97)00052-0 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Geology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA ZE307 UT WOS:000072779500002 ER PT J AU Himmelsbach, DS Khalili, S Akin, DE AF Himmelsbach, DS Khalili, S Akin, DE TI FT-IR microspectroscopic imaging of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) stems SO CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Fourier transform; infrared; microscopy; flax; cellulose; non-cellulosic polysaccharides; pectins; aromatics; lipids; fiber; core; cuticle; epidermis; parenchyma ID TRANSFORM INFRARED MICROSPECTROSCOPY; STRUCTURAL-ANALYSIS; FIBER; POLYSACCHARIDES AB Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy was used to image and subsequently produce maps of the distribution chemical components in flax stem tissue. Cross-sections of two flax cultivars, Ariane and Natasja, were examined. The infrared maps produced were keyed to the visible images of the samples, thus permitting superimposition of chemical composition onto anatomical structure. The functional group frequencies utilized to produce chemical maps were based on their diagnostic capability for indicating each component to the exclusion of others in the matrix, by comparison of the spectra of "pure" components. Waxes were best indicated by a sharp shoulder at 2850 cm(-1) and appeared primarily in the cuticular and epidermal tissues. Pectins gave a band ca. 1615 cm(-1) for the Ca2+ salt form that was primarily detected in tissue surrounding the fiber bundles. Cellulose was the strongest contributor to the band located at ca. 1335 cm(-1) that showed its greatest intensity in the fiber cells. Aromatic compounds were indicated most readily by the band at 1510 cm(-1) and were located primarily in the core tissue. Acetyl groups, likely associated with hemicellulosic polysaccharides, were indicated by a band centered at 1250 cm(-1) and found within the fibers and core tissue. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Forest Prod, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. RP Himmelsbach, DS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 19 TC 76 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 13 PU CELLULAR & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PI NOISY-LE-GRAND PA PROF R WEGMANN RESIDENCE HAUSSMANN 1 AVENUE DU PAVE NEUF, 93160 NOISY-LE-GRAND, FRANCE SN 0145-5680 J9 CELL MOL BIOL JI Cell. Mol. Biol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 44 IS 1 BP 99 EP 108 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA ZE327 UT WOS:000072781500012 PM 9551642 ER PT J AU Bytnerowicz, A Percy, K Riechers, G Padgett, P Krywult, M AF Bytnerowicz, A Percy, K Riechers, G Padgett, P Krywult, M TI Nitric acid vapor effects on forest trees - Deposition and cuticular changes SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Meeting for Specialists in Air Pollution Effects on Forest Ecosystems - Stress Factors and Air Pollution CY SEP 14-19, 1996 CL FLORENCE, ITALY SP Natl Res Council, Inst Forest Tree Pathol, Univ Florence, Dept Plant Biol, Int Union Forestry Res Org ID CALIFORNIA; NITROGEN; SMOG; PINE AB Nitric acid (HNO3) vapor is an important component of photochemical smog and occurs in high concentrations in forests of the San Bernardino and San Gabriel Mountains of southern California. Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex. Laws.) and California black oak (Quercus kelloggii Newb.) seedlings were exposed to (HNO3)-N-15 in a series of short-term experiments performed in a Teflon cuvette system. The highest (HNO3)-N-15 deposition occurred on foliar surfaces of both species. Substantial transcuticular transport of the pollutant into the leaf interior and stems and roots of two species was determined. Exposures of pines for 12 h in light to 50 ppb (HNO3)-N-15 caused deterioration of needle cuticle (lesions and collapsed cells). After 12 h of dark exposures to 200 ppb (HNO3)-N-15 epicuticular wax structure of oak started to disintegrate and trichomes showed a wilting appearance. Exposures to (HNO3)-N-15 changed chemistry of epicuticular waxes of pines - content of fatty acids decreased and alkyl esters increased. Results of this study showed a potential for HNO3 phytotoxic effects in southern California forests in addition to the observed damage caused by ozone. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Forest Serv, PSW Res Stn, USDA, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Forestry Serv, Fredericton, NB E3B 5P7, Canada. Univ Calif Riverside, Agr Operat, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Bot & Plant Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Polish Acad Sci, Inst Bot, PL-31512 Krakow, Poland. RP Bytnerowicz, A (reprint author), US Forest Serv, PSW Res Stn, USDA, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RI Bytnerowicz, Andrzej/A-8017-2013 NR 11 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD FEB PY 1998 VL 36 IS 4-5 BP 697 EP 702 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(97)10110-2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YV993 UT WOS:000071885000014 ER PT J AU Karnosky, DF Podila, GK Gagnon, Z Pechter, P Akkapeddi, A Sheng, Y Riemenschneider, DE Coleman, MD Dickson, RE Isebrands, JG AF Karnosky, DF Podila, GK Gagnon, Z Pechter, P Akkapeddi, A Sheng, Y Riemenschneider, DE Coleman, MD Dickson, RE Isebrands, JG TI Genetic control of responses to interacting tropospheric ozone and CO2 in Populus tremuloides SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Meeting for Specialists in Air Pollution Effects on Forest Ecosystems - Stress Factors and Air Pollution CY SEP 14-19, 1996 CL FLORENCE, ITALY SP Natl Res Council, Inst Forest Tree Pathol, Univ Florence, Dept Plant Biol, Int Union Forestry Res Org ID ASPEN CLONES; NATURAL-SELECTION; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; PRODUCTIVITY; GROWTH; EXPOSURES; BIOMASS; FIELD; SENSITIVITY; ALLOCATION AB We exposed trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) clones differing in tropospheric ozone (O-3) tolerance in various open-top chamber studies for three growing seasons, and examined the effects of O-3, CO2, and O-3 + CO2 on growth and physiological processes. Ozone in the range of 80 ppm hr (Sum 00) per growing season decreased height, diameter, and stem and leaf biomass slightly in a tolerant clone but severely in a sensitive clone. Elevated CO2 (150 ppm over ambient) did not compensate for the O-3 effects. Antioxidant enzyme analysis showed elevated SOD levels in the tolerant clone but not in the sensitive clone following O-3 exposure. Northern blot analysis indicated that the chloroplastic and cytosolic Cu/Zn SOD's were significantly increased in response to O-3 in the tolerant but not the sensitive clone. Currently, we are conducting molecular analysis to determine the functional significance of SOD's in regulating O-3 tolerance in aspen. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Biol, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Marist Coll, Div Sci, Poughkeepsie, NY 12501 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. RP Karnosky, DF (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. RI Coleman, Mark/A-6741-2013 NR 22 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD FEB PY 1998 VL 36 IS 4-5 BP 807 EP 812 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(97)10128-X PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YV993 UT WOS:000071885000032 ER PT J AU Miller, P Bytnerowicz, A Fenn, M Poth, M Temple, P Schilling, S Jones, D Johnson, D Chow, J Watson, J AF Miller, P Bytnerowicz, A Fenn, M Poth, M Temple, P Schilling, S Jones, D Johnson, D Chow, J Watson, J TI Multidisciplinary study of ozone, acidic deposition and climate effects on a mixed conifer forest in California, USA SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Meeting for Specialists in Air Pollution Effects on Forest Ecosystems - Stress Factors and Air Pollution CY SEP 14-19, 1996 CL FLORENCE, ITALY SP Natl Res Council, Inst Forest Tree Pathol, Univ Florence, Dept Plant Biol, Int Union Forestry Res Org ID NITROGEN AB Effects of ozone, dry and wet acidic deposition and climate wen studied on tree species and nutrient cycling in a southern California mixed conifer forest from 1991 to 1994 at a location within the plume of photochemical oxidant pollutants transported from the Los Angeles region to the San Bernardino mountains. Ozone injury to ponderosa (Pinus ponderosa) and Jeffrey (P. jeffreyi) pines increased during the study. The current rate of dry and wet deposition of nitrogen during the summer season (5-9 kg N ha(-1)) has not caused detectable changes in nutrient cycling, although summer throughfall N inputs supply pulses of available N that may be biologically significant in the short term. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89506 USA. RP Miller, P (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RI Watson, John/E-6869-2010; Bytnerowicz, Andrzej/A-8017-2013 OI Watson, John/0000-0002-1752-6899; NR 6 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD FEB PY 1998 VL 36 IS 4-5 BP 1001 EP 1006 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(97)10162-X PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YV993 UT WOS:000071885000065 ER PT J AU Vasquez, JE Ferguson, DA Bin-Sagheer, S Myers, JW Ramsak, A Wilson, MA Sarubbi, FA AF Vasquez, JE Ferguson, DA Bin-Sagheer, S Myers, JW Ramsak, A Wilson, MA Sarubbi, FA TI Pasteurella multocida endocarditis: A molecular epidemiological study SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS C1 James H Quillen Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Div Infect Dis, Johnson City, TN USA. James H Quillen Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Dept Microbiol, Johnson City, TN USA. E Tennessee State Univ, Coll Med, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Vet Serv Labs, USDA, Ames, IA USA. RP Vasquez, JE (reprint author), E Tennessee State Univ, James H Quillen Coll Med, Dept Internal Med, Box 70622, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA. NR 10 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 26 IS 2 BP 518 EP 520 DI 10.1086/517105 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA YW499 UT WOS:000071941900057 PM 9502493 ER PT J AU Ellsbury, MM Pikul, JL Woodson, WD AF Ellsbury, MM Pikul, JL Woodson, WD TI A review of insect survival in frozen soils with particular reference to soil-dwelling stages of corn rootworms SO COLD REGIONS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Physics, Chemistry, and Ecology of Seasonally Frozen Soils CY JUN 10-12, 1997 CL FAIRBANKS, ALASKA DE Coleoptera; Chrysomelidae; Diabrotica spp.; overwinter survival; mortality factor ID COLD-HARDINESS; BARBERI COLEOPTERA; EGGS COLEOPTERA; CHRYSOMELIDAE; TEMPERATURE; WESTERN; NORTHERN; TILLAGE; DIABROTICA; DIAPAUSE AB Survival mechanisms of insects that may be subjected to freeze-thaw processes in cold climates are reviewed with particular reference to soil-dwelling stages of corn rootworms. Diapause in corn rootworms is discussed in relation to their origin from tropical regions and adaptation for survival in colder climates. Cold-hardiness in insects is reviewed and discussed in relation to existing knowledge about cold-hardiness in corn rootworms during postdiapause development. Current knowledge of soil temperature effects on corn rootworm overwinter egg survival is summarized. Overwinter mortality to eggs of corn rootworms from the effects of subfreezing soil temperature varies with depth of egg placement, which varies within the top 30 cm of the soil profile in response to availability of soil moisture and presence of drought cracks as oviposition sites. Implications of spatial variability in corn rootworm populations for research on corn rootworm management are discussed in relation to spatially variable environmental factors. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA, No Grain Insects Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. RP Ellsbury, MM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, No Grain Insects Res Lab, 2923 Medary Ave, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. NR 49 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-232X J9 COLD REG SCI TECHNOL JI Cold Reg. Sci. Tech. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 27 IS 1 BP 49 EP 56 DI 10.1016/S0165-232X(97)00023-2 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA ZT489 UT WOS:000074093000004 ER PT J AU Ward, JP Gutierrez, RJ Noon, BR AF Ward, JP Gutierrez, RJ Noon, BR TI Habitat selection by Northern Spotted Owls: The consequences of prey selection and distribution SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE dusky-footed woodrat; energetic requirements; foraging habitat; late seral forest; Northern Spotted Owl; prey abundance; reproductive success; Strix occidentalis caurina ID NEST-SITE SELECTION; NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA; HOME-RANGE; PATTERNS; RESOURCE; ECOLOGY AB We tested three predictions of a hypothesis that states Northern Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) select habitat according to the distribution of their primary prey. Our predictions were that Northern Spotted Owls should (1) select larger (> 100 g) species among the assemblage of available prey, (2) select habitats according to the distribution of large prey, and (3) the owl's reproductive success should be influenced by the availability of large prey. We also evaluated the potential energetic value of several prey species. We found that Northern Spotted Owls (n = 11 pairs and 1 single male) in northwestern California differentially selected the dusky-footed woodrat (Neotoma fuscipes), a moderately large sigmodontine rodent ((x) over bar mass = 232 g). When foraging, owls selected late seral forest edge sites where dusky-footed woodrats were more abundant. Although the relationship between site selection, prey abundance, and the owl's breeding success was not statistically significant, the average abundance of dusky-footed woodrats at sites foraged by breeding owls ((x) over bar = 11.4 woodrats 100-trap-nights(-1)) was greater than at sites foraged by nonbreeding owls ((x) over bar = 4.7 woodrats 100-trap-nights(-1)). We estimated that a male Spotted Owl would require 150,015 to 336,232 kJ over a 153-day period while helping to produce one young, and concluded that the selection of woodrats provided a potential energetic benefit over the use of other prey. These findings provide a partial explanation for the owl's affinity for late seral forests. C1 Humboldt State Univ, Dept Wildlife, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. US Forest Serv, Redwood Sci Lab, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Lincoln Natl Forest Supervisors Off, 1101 New York Ave, Alamogordo, NM 88310 USA. EM rngrward@wazoo.com NR 61 TC 46 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 18 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 EI 1938-5129 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD FEB PY 1998 VL 100 IS 1 BP 79 EP 92 PG 14 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA YX527 UT WOS:000072049500009 ER PT J AU Allen-Wardell, G Bernhardt, P Bitner, R Burquez, A Buchmann, S Cane, J Cox, PA Dalton, V Feinsinger, P Ingram, M Inouye, D Jones, CE Kennedy, K Kevan, P Koopowitz, H Medellin, R Medellin-Morales, S Nabhan, GP Pavlik, B Tepedino, V Torchio, P Walker, S AF Allen-Wardell, G Bernhardt, P Bitner, R Burquez, A Buchmann, S Cane, J Cox, PA Dalton, V Feinsinger, P Ingram, M Inouye, D Jones, CE Kennedy, K Kevan, P Koopowitz, H Medellin, R Medellin-Morales, S Nabhan, GP Pavlik, B Tepedino, V Torchio, P Walker, S TI The potential consequences of pollinator declines on the conservation of biodiversity and stability of food crop yields SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; PLANT; FOREST; BATS; REPRODUCTION; POPULATION; FERTILITY; COSTS AB Following reports of dramatic declines in managed and feral honey bees from nearly every region of North America, scientists and resource managers from the U.S., Mexico, and Canada come together to review the quality of the evidence that honey bees as well as other pollinators are in long-term decline and to consider the potential consequences of these losses on the conservation of biodiversity and the stability of the yield of food crops. These experts in pollination ecology confirmed that the last 5 years of losses of honeybee colonies in North America leaves us with fewer managed pollinators than at any time in the last 50 years and that the management and protection of wild pollinators is an issue of paramount importance to our food supply system. Although there are conclusive data that indicate 1200 wild vertebrate pollination may be at risk, data on the status of most invertebrate species that act as pollination agents is lacking. The recommendations from a working group of over 20 field scientists, presented here, have been endorsed by 14 conservation and sustainable agriculture organizations, research institutes, and professional societies including the Society for Conservation Biology. Among the most critical priorities for future research and conservation of pollinator species are (1) increased attention to invertebrate systematics, monitoring, and reintroduction as part of critical habitat management and restoration plans. (2) multi-year assessments of the lethal and sublethal effects of pesticides, herbicides, and habitat fragmentation on the wild pollinator populations in and near croplands; (3) inclusion of the monitoring of seed and fruit set and floral visitation rates in endangered plant management and recovery plans; (4) inclusion of habitat needs for critically-important pollinators in the critical habitat designations for endangered plants; (5) identification and protection of floral reserves near roost sites along the "nectar corridors" of threatened migratory pollinators; and (6) investment in the restoration and management of a diversity of pollinators and their habitats adjacent to croplands in order to stabilize or improve crop yields The work group encourages increased education and training to ensure that both the lay, public and resource managers understand that pollination is one of the most important ecological services provided to agriculture through the responsible management and protection of wildland habitats and their populations of pollen-vectoring animals and nectar-producing plants. C1 Arizona Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson, AZ 85743 USA. BeeMaster Inc, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. St Louis Univ, Dept Biol, St Louis, MO 63101 USA. Int Pollinat Syst, Caldwell, ID 83605 USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Ecol, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico. USDA, ARS, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Bee Biol & Systemat Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Natl Trop Bot Garden, Kauai, HI 96765 USA. Pima Coll W, Dept Sci, Tucson, AZ 85709 USA. Northern Univ, Dept Biol, Flagstaff, AZ 86004 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Sustainable Dev & Conservat Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Calif State Univ Fullerton, Dept Biol Serv, Fullerton, CA 92831 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Austin, TX 78716 USA. Univ Guelph, Dept Environm Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Biol, Irvine, CA 92717 USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Ecol, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Terra Nostra, Ciudad Victoria 887040, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Mills Coll, Dept Biol, Oakland, CA 94610 USA. Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Bee Biol & Systemat Lab, Logan, UT 84321 USA. Bat Conservat Int, Austin, TX USA. RP Nabhan, GP (reprint author), Arizona Sonora Desert Museum, 2021 N Kinney Rd, Tucson, AZ 85743 USA. EM fpollen@azstarnet.com NR 61 TC 371 Z9 402 U1 71 U2 586 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 12 IS 1 BP 8 EP 17 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YX924 UT WOS:000072094300003 ER PT J AU Bingham, BB Noon, BR AF Bingham, BB Noon, BR TI The use of core areas in comprehensive mitigation strategies SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID NORTHERN SPOTTED OWLS; HOME-RANGE C1 US Forest Serv, Redwood Sci Lab, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Bingham, BB (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Redwood Sci Lab, 1700 Bayview Dr, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 12 IS 1 BP 241 EP 243 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.97388.x PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YX924 UT WOS:000072094300027 ER PT J AU Sidle, JG AF Sidle, JG TI Arbitrary and capricious species conservation SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 US Forest Serv, Chadron, NE 69337 USA. RP Sidle, JG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, 125 N Main St, Chadron, NE 69337 USA. NR 2 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 12 IS 1 BP 248 EP 249 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.97237.x PG 2 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YX924 UT WOS:000072094300029 ER PT J AU Roberts, RG Hale, CN van der Zwet, T Miller, CE Redlin, SC AF Roberts, RG Hale, CN van der Zwet, T Miller, CE Redlin, SC TI The potential for spread of Erwinia amylovora and fire blight via commercial apple fruit; a critical review and risk assessment SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Review ID PATHOGEN; IDENTIFICATION; POPULATION; STRAINS; PEAR; PCR; DNA AB The biology of Erwinia amylovora is reviewed with reference to the phytosanitary risk associated with the movement of export-quality apple fruit to countries where fire blight does not occur or is not widely established. The low epiphytic fitness of E. amylovora on apple fruit, the low incidence of viable E. amylovora populations on mature apple fruit, and the lack of a documented pathway by which susceptible host material could become inoculated and infected from fruit-borne inoculum all support the view that movement of E. amylovora via commercial apple fruit is highly unlikely. A simple linear model using published data for estimation of fruit contamination levels was used to estimate the likelihood of fire blight outbreaks in unaffected areas as a result of commercial fruit shipment. We estimate the likelihood of a new outbreak of fire blight in a previously blight-free area caused by movement of E. amylovora on commercial apple fruit to be one outbreak every 38 462 years under the current (United States and New Zealand) apple export programs for Japan. Under a 'relaxed' program without buffer zones, with one preharvest orchard inspection and allowing a low incidence of fire blight in export orchards, one outbreak in 35 971 years may occur. If fruit were to be exported from any area, one outbreak in 11 364 years may occur. By using the published data and making assumptions based upon documented pathogen biology, the model indicates that the risk of importing E. amylovora on commercial apple fruit and the concomitant risk of establishing new outbreaks of fire blight is so small as to be insignificant. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. Hort & Food Res Inst New Zealand Ltd, Mt Albert Res Ctr, Auckland 1003, New Zealand. USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. APHIS, USDA, PPQ, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. RP Roberts, RG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 102 TC 29 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 17 IS 1 BP 19 EP 28 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(98)80008-2 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA ZN531 UT WOS:000073655200003 ER PT J AU Witmer, GW Pipas, MJ Bucher, JC AF Witmer, GW Pipas, MJ Bucher, JC TI Field tests of denatonium benzoate to reduce seedling damage by pocket gophers (Thomomys talpoides Rich.) SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE damage; denatonium benzoate; pocket gopher; repellent; Thomomys AB The repellency of a bitter compound, denatonium benzoate; to reduce pocket gopher damage to conifer seedlings was tested in two independent field trials in Oregon and Idaho. In the Oregon trial (1992 to 1993), treatments included a denatonium benzoate tablet placed in-ground with the seedling roots; a tablet plus denatonium benzoate foliar spray applied to both roots and foliage; and no chemical application (i.e. control). No significant difference between treatments was noted for ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl.) or Douglas fir (Psendotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) France) seedlings suffering gopher-related mortality. Non-animal mortality (58.2% of all seedlings) accounted for a greater loss of seedlings than gophers (38.2%). Composite foliage and composite soil samples collected from the treatment plots were all negative for the presence of denatonium benzoate. In the Idaho trial (1993 to 1993), similar treatments (but with an additional spray-only treatment) were used on ponderosa pine seedlings. There was no significant difference in gopher-related mortality levels between treatments. A large portion (72.5%) of all seedlings was destroyed by gophers. It appears that the bitter compound, denatonium benzoate, as evaluated in these trials, is not an effective gopher repellent. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Sci, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, USDA APHIS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Forest Resources, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Witmer, GW (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Sci, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, USDA APHIS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 17 IS 1 BP 35 EP 39 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(98)80010-0 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA ZN531 UT WOS:000073655200005 ER PT J AU Stevens, C Khan, VA Lu, JY Wilson, CL Pusey, PL Kabwe, MK Igwegbe, ECK Chalutz, E Droby, S AF Stevens, C Khan, VA Lu, JY Wilson, CL Pusey, PL Kabwe, MK Igwegbe, ECK Chalutz, E Droby, S TI The germicidal and hermetic effects of UV-C light on reducing brown rot disease and yeast microflora of peaches SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE radiation; hormesis; ultraviolet radiation; biological control; antagonistic yeast ID PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE; POSTHARVEST DISEASES; ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; INDUCED RESISTANCE; ETHYLENE PRODUCTION; FRUITS; VEGETABLES; PLANT; METABOLISM; TOMATOES AB The application of ultraviolet light-C doses (254 nm, UV-C) was used to determine the germicidal and hermetic effects on reducing brown rot of 'Elberta' peaches which were naturally and artificially inoculated with Monilinia fructicola. The results showed that a negative relationship existed between UV-C doses, colony forming units of the fungus, and the number of brown rot lesions. Also, the results of our study showed that the hermetic (beneficial) effect of low UV-C dose of 7.5 kJ m(-2) induced host resistance by controlling latent brown rot infection. The hermetic effects of UV-C on peaches was photoreversed with visible light and resulted in the reduction of host resistance to brown rot. Furthermore, the results indicated that UV-C doses increased phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity, delayed ripening and suppressed ethylene production. Additionally, the population of epiphytic yeast (Debaryomyces hansenii) increased curvilinearly on peach surfaces following UV-C irradiation up to 7.5 kJ m(-2). Evaluation of the yeast population on the peach surfaces showed an antagonistic activity against M. fructicola. The possibility of the host peripheral defense by UV-C stimulation of the antagonist activity of a yeast is discussed. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Tuskegee Univ, George Washington Carver Agr Expt Stn, Tuskegee, AL 36088 USA. USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. RP Stevens, C (reprint author), Tuskegee Univ, George Washington Carver Agr Expt Stn, Tuskegee, AL 36088 USA. NR 42 TC 68 Z9 79 U1 2 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 17 IS 1 BP 75 EP 84 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(98)80015-X PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA ZN531 UT WOS:000073655200010 ER PT J AU Martin, SA Morrison, WH Akin, DE AF Martin, SA Morrison, WH Akin, DE TI Fermentation of maize bran, oat bran, and wheat bran by Bacteroides ovatus V975 SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FATTY-ACID PRODUCTION; WATER-HOLDING CAPACITY; HUMAN COLONIC BACTERIA; DIETARY FIBER; XYLAN; DEGRADATION; DISAPPEARANCE; SUBSTRATE; GENES AB Bacteroides ovatus is a Gram-negative obligate anaerobe that was isolated from the human colon and is capable of utilizing xylan. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of B. ovatus V975 to digest maize bran, oat bran, and wheat bran as well as the isolated cell walls from each bran sourer. Strain V975 was incubated in basal medium that contained either 0.1 or 0.3 g of each bran or each bran cell wall for 0, 24, 48, and 72 h. Acetate and succinate were the main products detected from each fermentation; however, less of each end product was produced from the isolated cell walls than from each bran, More of the oat bran was digested (in vitro dry matter disappearance = 74.8%) during the 72 h incubation than any other bran source. While each bran contained arabinose and xylose, more glucose, galactose, and mannose were utilized by strain V975 during the 72-h incubation than either pentose sugar. Compared with each bran, the bran cell walls had lower concentrations of most sugars, and more glucose than any other sugar was utilized by strain V975, These results suggest that strain V975 preferentially utilizes glucose, galactose, and mannose in each bran, while glucose is the main sugar fermented in bran cell walls. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Martin, SA (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, 308 Livestock Poultry Bldg, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 36 IS 2 BP 90 EP 95 DI 10.1007/s002849900285 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA YT829 UT WOS:000071649200006 PM 9425246 ER PT J AU Hake, S Meyerowitz, EM AF Hake, S Meyerowitz, EM TI Growing up green SO CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID MERISTEM DEVELOPMENT; ARABIDOPSIS; GENE; SHOOT; CLAVATA1; LEAF; ARCHITECTURE; ANTIRRHINUM; EVOLUTION; REGULATOR C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, USDA, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. CALTECH, Div Biol 15629, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Hake, S (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, USDA, Ctr Plant Gene Express, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RI Meyerowitz, Elliot/A-7118-2009 NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CURRENT BIOLOGY LTD PI LONDON PA 34-42 CLEVELAND STREET, LONDON W1P 6LB, ENGLAND SN 1369-5266 J9 CURR OPIN PLANT BIOL JI Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 1 IS 1 BP 9 EP 11 DI 10.1016/S1369-5266(98)80120-9 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 117DM UT WOS:000075765400002 PM 10066565 ER PT J AU McCormick, S AF McCormick, S TI Self-incompatibility and other pollen-pistil interactions SO CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID RECEPTOR KINASE GENE; S-RNASE GENE; BRASSICA-OLERACEA; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; FLOWERING PLANTS; NICOTIANA-ALATA; PAPAVER-RHOEAS; LOCUS; RECOGNITION; PROTEINS C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP McCormick, S (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. EM sheilamc@nature.berkeley.edu OI McCormick, Sheila/0000-0001-9106-9385 NR 42 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 5 PU CURRENT BIOLOGY LTD PI LONDON PA 34-42 CLEVELAND STREET, LONDON W1P 6LB, ENGLAND SN 1369-5266 J9 CURR OPIN PLANT BIOL JI Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 1 IS 1 BP 18 EP 25 DI 10.1016/S1369-5266(98)80122-2 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 117DM UT WOS:000075765400004 PM 10066554 ER PT J AU Kirkpatrick, BL Esquivel, E Gentry, PC Moss, GE Wise, ME Hamernik, DL AF Kirkpatrick, BL Esquivel, E Gentry, PC Moss, GE Wise, ME Hamernik, DL TI Regulation of amounts of mRNA for GnRH receptors by estradiol and progesterone in sheep SO ENDOCRINE LA English DT Article DE estradiol; GnRH receptors; mRNA; progesterone; sheep ID GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING-HORMONE; MESSENGER-RIBONUCLEIC-ACID; FOLLICLE-STIMULATING-HORMONE; OVINE PITUITARY CULTURES; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; OVARIECTOMIZED EWES; ESTROUS-CYCLE; OVARIES INVIVO; CELL-CULTURE; RNA AB Expression of GnRH receptors increases prior to the onset of the preovulatory surge of LH in sheep. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the interactions of progesterone (P) and estradiol (E) on amounts of mRNA for GnRH receptors and the number of receptors for GnRH. The first study was designed as a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to investigate effects of removal of P and the presence of E. Ewes that had been ovariectomized (OVX) for at least 4 wk received one silastic implant containing E and two silastic implants containing P for 6 d to mimic concentrations of these steroids during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle. Anterior pituitary glands were collected (n = 4 animals/group): 1. Prior to implant removal and 12 h after removal of: 2. P only. 3. E only. 4. P and E. Regardless of whether or not E was present, amounts of mRNA for GnRH receptors (P = 0.87) and number of GnRH receptors (P = 0.43) were not different within 12 h after removal of P. In the second experiment, ewes were OVX on d 10-12 of the estrous cycle (d0 = estrus), and immediately received silastic implants containing E and P as described above. Anterior pituitary glands were collected on d12 of the estrous cycle (n = 5), prior to implant removal (n = 5), and from the remaining ewes 24 h after removal of P only (n = 7) or removal of P and E (n = 6). Relative amounts of mRNA for GnRH receptors and the number of GnRH receptors were similar (P > 0.05) on d12 of the estrous cycle and prior to implant removal. Removal of both P and E did not affect (P > 0.05) amounts of GnRH receptor mRNA or number of GnRH receptors. However, the removal of P and the presence of E increased (P< 0.05) amounts of mRNA for GnRH receptors, but did not affect (P > 0.05) the number of GnRH receptors. We conclude that increased amounts of GnRH receptor mRNA require the removal of P and the presence of E. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Anim Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Physiol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Anim Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Hamernik, DL (reprint author), USDA, CSREES, 1400 Independence Ave SW,Stop 2241, Washington, DC 20250 USA. EM dhamernik@reeusda.gov NR 37 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 0969-711X J9 ENDOCRINE JI Endocrine PD FEB PY 1998 VL 8 IS 1 BP 93 EP 99 DI 10.1385/ENDO:8:1:93 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA ZQ719 UT WOS:000073896200014 PM 9666351 ER PT J AU Ramesh, R Solow, R Proudman, JA Kuenzel, WJ AF Ramesh, R Solow, R Proudman, JA Kuenzel, WJ TI Identification of mammosomatotrophs in the turkey hen pituitary: Increased abundance during hyperprolactinemia SO ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PROLACTIN-SECRETING CELLS; COW ANTERIOR-PITUITARY; GROWTH-HORMONE; INCUBATION BEHAVIOR; MELEAGRIS-GALLOPAVO; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; ESTROUS-CYCLE; FEMALE RATS; ADENOHYPOPHYSIS; LOCALIZATION AB We have previously reported that the hyperprolactinemia in incubating turkey hens is associated with recruitment of lactotrophs in the pituitary gland. In this study we have used double immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization histochemistry to 1) identify mammosomatotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland of egg-laying turkey hens and incubating hens, and 2) verify PRL gene expression within mammosomatotrophs by colocalizing PRL messenger RNA in GH-immunoreactive (ir) cells. The pituitaries of laying and incubating turkey hens were collected, and the midsagittal sections were dual labeled for either PRL and GH or PRL messenger RNA and GH. The plasma PRL concentrations were higher in incubating hens (231 +/- 10.6 ng/ml) than in laying hens (43 +/- 7.4 ng/ml; P < 0.01). In the midsagittal pituitary sections, mammosomatotrophs were predominantly found scattered in the caudal lobe of the anterior pituitary gland, in the ventral half of the cephalic lobe, and at the junction of cephalic and caudal lobes. In incubating hens, the proportion of mammosomatotrophs was 7.4 +/- 1.52% (mean +/- SEM) of the total number of GH-ir and/or PRL-ir cells counted, which was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that found in laying hens (0.6 +/- 0.23%). Furthermore, PRL gene expression was observed in many GH-ir cells in the incubating hen pituitary gland. These data suggest that 1) mammosomatotrophs are present in the turkey pituitary gland, and 2) there is an increased abundance of mammosomatotrophs in the incubating turkey hen that may contribute to hyperprolactinemia. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Ramesh, R (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM rameshr@wam.umd.edu NR 35 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI CHEVY CHASE PA 8401 CONNECTICUT AVE, SUITE 900, CHEVY CHASE, MD 20815-5817 USA SN 0013-7227 EI 1945-7170 J9 ENDOCRINOLOGY JI Endocrinology PD FEB PY 1998 VL 139 IS 2 BP 781 EP 786 DI 10.1210/en.139.2.781 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA YR396 UT WOS:000071491000047 PM 9449653 ER PT J AU Qian, H Azain, MJ Compton, MM Hartzell, DL Hausman, GJ Baile, CA AF Qian, H Azain, MJ Compton, MM Hartzell, DL Hausman, GJ Baile, CA TI Brain administration of leptin causes deletion of adipocytes by apoptosis SO ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID UNCOUPLING PROTEIN-2; OBESE GENE; FAT AB Leptin, produced in adipocytes, works through the central nervous system (CNS) to modulate food intake and energy expenditure, resulting in rapid loss of body fat depots. It is now shown that this process includes adipocyte apoptosis. Adipocyte deletion by apoptosis occurred after intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of leptin in rats. Adipose tissue of leptin-treated rats demonstrated characteristic features of apoptosis, including internucleosomal fragmentation of genomic DNA, elevated levels of DNA strand breaks and a reduction in total DNA content and cellular volume. These apoptotic features were absent in control and pair-fed rats in other tissues of leptin-treated rats. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Dairy & Anim Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Food & Nutr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Poultry Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Russell Labs, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Baile, CA (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Dairy & Anim Sci, Livestock Poultry Bldg, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM cbaile@uga.cc.uga.edu NR 15 TC 101 Z9 106 U1 1 U2 4 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI CHEVY CHASE PA 8401 CONNECTICUT AVE, SUITE 900, CHEVY CHASE, MD 20815-5817 USA SN 0013-7227 EI 1945-7170 J9 ENDOCRINOLOGY JI Endocrinology PD FEB PY 1998 VL 139 IS 2 BP 791 EP 794 DI 10.1210/en.139.2.791 PG 4 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA YR396 UT WOS:000071491000049 PM 9449655 ER PT J AU Armer, CA Wiedenmann, RN Bush, DR AF Armer, CA Wiedenmann, RN Bush, DR TI Plant feeding site selection on soybean by the facultatively phytophagous predator Orius insidiosus SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE conservation biological control; facultative phytophagy; insidious flower bug; predation; Heteroptera; Anthocoridae ID PODISUS-MACULIVENTRIS; POTATO LEAFHOPPER; EMPOASCA-FABAE; PHLOEM; CICADELLIDAE; HEMIPTERA; HOMOPTERA AB Experiments were conducted to test whether the facultatively phytophagous predator Grins insidiosus (Say) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) ingested phloem, xylem or mesophyll contents from soybean plants (Glycine mas L.). Potential uptake of phloem sap was examined by radiolabeling photosynthate with (CO2)-C-14 and then measuring the accumulation of radiolabeled metabolites in feeding animals. Most O. insidiosus feeding on radiolabeled plants ingested no or very low levels of label; only 3% ingested small amounts of label, indicating the experimental insects fed very little, if at all, on the phloem. In contrast, well known phloem feeding insects used as positive controls accumulated substantial levels of labeled metabolites after feeding on known host plants. O. insidiosus did feed on xylem contents, as shown by ingestion of safranin-labeled xylem fluid. A few of the insects showed signs of feeding on the mesophyll, as indicated by the presence of chloroplasts in the gut. However, the small diameter of the food canal may cause limited passage of chloroplasts, which would contribute to an underestimation of the frequency of mesophyll feeding. Some radiolabeled metabolites remain in the mesophyll so those insects that ingested low levels of radiolabel probably ingested label from the mesophyll, which supports the notion that some level of mesophyll feeding occurred. Feeding site determines the nutrients ingested during phytophagy. These insects obtain water from the xylem, and may ingest small amounts of starches, sugars, and amino acids from the mesophyll. The results suggest that facultative phytophagy by this heteropteran predator primarily provides the insect with water, but also may provide some nutrients that supplement a prey diet and help the predator survive periods when prey are scarce. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Entomol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Ctr Econ Entomol, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Plant Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. ARS, Photosynth Res Unit, USDA, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Armer, CA (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Entomol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 40 TC 59 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 19 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 86 IS 2 BP 109 EP 118 DI 10.1046/j.1570-7458.1998.00271.x PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YX838 UT WOS:000072084700001 ER PT J AU Wan, CG Sosebee, RE McMichael, BL AF Wan, CG Sosebee, RE McMichael, BL TI Water-relations and root growth of two populations of Gutierrezia sarothrae SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE osmotic adjustment; cell wall elasticity; hydraulic conductance; drought acclimation; woody species; Gutierrezia sarothrae ID OSMOTIC ADJUSTMENT; DROUGHT RESISTANCE; ELASTICITY; TURGOR; ANNUUS; STRESS; WHEAT; RICE AB We hypothesise that genotypic differences in transpiration and root growth in the southern and northern populations of Gutierrezia sarothrae are driven by growing season vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and that ecotypic differentiations are linked to corresponding variations in tissue and leaf water relations. Seedlings from an Idaho (ID) and a Texas (TX) seed source were grown either in an open nursery (full sunlight) or under shade. There were no population differences in transpiration, root growth and tissue water relation parameters when the plants were grown under the shade. However, significant population differences were observed in the plants grown in the open where VPD was substantially higher. Transpiration in the TX population increased twice as rapidly as the ID population in response to rising potential evapotranspiration (PET). In addition, the TX plants grew longer and larger lateral roots than the ID plants when both populations were grown in the open. Moreover, the TX plants had more elastic cell walls (lower bulk cell elastic modulus, E) and were able to maintain leaf turgor at lower relative water content than the ID plants when grown in the open. Similar changes in tissue water relation parameters were observed in the New Mexico (NM) and the ID seedlings subjected to soil water deficit. Cell elastic modulus (E), relative water content at zero turgor (RWC0) and apoplastic water fraction (W-a) were significantly lower in the NM population than in the ID population in response to soil water deficit, suggesting a higher turgor maintenance ability in the NM population. RWC0 was highly correlated with E in the NM (r = 0.92, P < 0.0001) and the TX (r = 0.91, P < 0.05) plants, but poorly correlated with osmotic potential at full turgor (Pi(100)), indicating significance of cell wall elasticity in turgor maintenance. Rigid cell walls and poor turgor maintenance ability in the ID plants subjected to drought may lead to restricted growth, which reflected hydraulic limitation of plant root systems. Higher water use efficiency (WUE) and higher apoplastic water fraction in the ID population reflected conservative water use at the leaf and tissue levels, which was consistent with the water use pattern at the canopy level. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Texas Technol Univ, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries Management, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. USDA ARS, Cropping Syst Res Lab, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA. RP Wan, CG (reprint author), Texas Technol Univ, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries Management, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-8472 J9 ENVIRON EXP BOT JI Environ. Exp. Bot. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 39 IS 1 BP 11 EP 20 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZE420 UT WOS:000072790800002 ER PT J AU Mahan, JR Oliver, MJ Sherman, TD AF Mahan, JR Oliver, MJ Sherman, TD TI Nitrate reductase activity during desiccation and rehydration of the desiccation-tolerant moss Tortula ruralis SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE bryophytes; nitrite; nitrate induction; Tortula ruralis; nitrate reductase; desiccation ID PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; LOCALIZATION; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; ASSIMILATION; RECRUITMENT; ENZYMES; SQUASH; STRESS; BARLEY; REPAIR AB Water stress reduces the activity of many plant enzymes. When the stress is alleviated there is generally a delay in the recovery of metabolism to unstressed levels. The enzyme nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.1) declines in plants experiencing water deficits and upon the alleviation of water stress its activity recovers to control levels in 1-7 days. In desiccation-tolerant plants, metabolic recovery can occur within hours following rehydration. It has been proposed that metabolic characteristics of desiccation-tolerant plants are a source of information that can be used to improve the performance of crop plants under water deficits. In this study, the effect of desiccation and hydration on nitrate reductase activity in the desiccation-tolerant moss Tortula ruralis has been investigated. It was expected that the activity of nitrate reductase would decline during desiccation and recover rapidly following rehydration. Inclusion of nitrate in the hydration medium increased the activity in the tissue. Nitrate reductase activity increased with nitrate concentration in the bathing medium up to levels of 200 mM. The highest activity measured in rehydrated moss samples was 5.23 nkat g(-1) dry weight (dw). The activity declined rapidly during dehydration and was not detectable in dried moss samples after 24 h of dehydration. The recovery of activity following rehydration was dependant on the rate of the preceding dehydration. In slowly dried moss, the activity recovered to control levels in less than 8 h while rapidly dried samples required 24 h for full recovery. Nitrite accumulated during slow dehydration but did not accumulate when desiccation was rapid. Following rehydration of slowly dried moss, the amount of nitrite declined and reached a control level within 1 h. It was proposed that nitrite accumulation might provide a source of nitrogen for metabolism during the time required for nitrate reduction to resume following rehydration. Attempts to measure immunologically reactive nitrate reductase protein levels or-nitrate reductase mRNA levels using heterologous DNA probes were unsuccessful, suggesting that the Tortilla nitrate reductase may be significantly different from that found in algae and higher plants. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Plant Stress & Germplasm Dev Unit, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA. Univ S Alabama, Dept Biol Sci, Mobile, AL 36688 USA. RP Mahan, JR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Plant Stress & Germplasm Dev Unit, Route 3,Box 215, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA. NR 31 TC 8 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-8472 J9 ENVIRON EXP BOT JI Environ. Exp. Bot. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 39 IS 1 BP 67 EP 76 DI 10.1016/S0098-8472(97)00026-9 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZE420 UT WOS:000072790800008 ER PT J AU Warren, ML Burr, BM AF Warren, ML Burr, BM TI Threatened fishes of the world: Notropis albizonatus Warren, Burr and Grady, 1994 (Cyprinidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article C1 So Forest Expt Stn, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. So Illinois Univ, Dept Zool, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. RP Warren, ML (reprint author), So Forest Expt Stn, POB 947, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD FEB PY 1998 VL 51 IS 2 BP 128 EP 128 DI 10.1023/A:1017948828289 PG 1 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YW832 UT WOS:000071978500002 ER PT J AU Brenner, RJ Milne, DE Kinscherf, KM Connors, TF AF Brenner, RJ Milne, DE Kinscherf, KM Connors, TF TI Measuring spatial displacement of Blattella germanica (Blattaria : Blattellidae) populations pressured by repellent-treated harborages SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AGGREGATION PHEROMONE; COCKROACH; IDENTIFICATION; DICTYOPTERA AB Spatial statistical analysis was used to compare and quantity the distribution of German cockroaches among harborages before and after application of a repellent solution to these encompassing at least 85% of the cumulative distribution. Trials consisted of 16 yellow lancinated Plexiglas harborages (7.5 by 7.5 cm) in (1.2 by 1.2 m) arenas. and concurrent studies involving 19 harborages in a room 6 by 8 m. Results in arena and room trials were similar. In rooms under a photoperiod or continuous lighting conditions, harborages cumulatively encompassing 89-95% of the population (16 or 19 of 49 harborages) each were treated with a formulation containing 2% n-methyl neodecanamide (MNDA) repellent. All other harborages received an equal volume of water. Subsequent spatial analysis revealed a dramatic shift of 96-98% of the reintroduced cockroach populations to nonrepellent treated harborages: patterns persisted for the duration of the study (28 d (12:12) and 20 days (continuous)). Spatial analysis also was used to quantify the areas of emigration and immigration in experimental rooms resulting from the repellent: 89% of the population was redistributed into harborages occupying, 167 m(2) of the room, leaving 11% of the population in harborages within the remaining 28.5 m(2). Only 2-4% of the population remained in the 16.1 m(2) that originally contained 89% of the cockroach population. This approach allows researchers to quantify the impact of an intervention that changes distribution rather than survivorship. These studies indicated that this formulation clearly precluded populations from re-establishing in previously inhabited harborages under either lighting condition. Implications of these spatial measuring procedures, and the repellent, to a reduced-risk integrated management strategy are discussed, including the concept of herding cockroaches toward areas strategically baited with toxicants. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Imported Fire Ant & Household Insect Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Brenner, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Imported Fire Ant & Household Insect Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 21 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 27 IS 1 BP 10 EP 21 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZH486 UT WOS:000073115900002 ER PT J AU Yee, WL Toscano, NC Hendrix, DL Henneberry, TJ AF Yee, WL Toscano, NC Hendrix, DL Henneberry, TJ TI Effects of insecticide applications on Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) densities and honeydew production SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bemisia argentifolii; action thresholds; insecticide applications; whitefly densities; honeydew drops; honeydew sugars ID TOBACCO WHITEFLY NYMPHS; COTTON; SURVIVAL AB Results of earlier studies designed to determine adult whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Per ring, densities at which cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., should be treated to reduce honeydew contamination have been variable. In this study. we determined the relationship between frequency of insecticide applications triggered by thresholds of 5, 10, 15, and 25 adult whiteflies per leaf and honeydew production Lv B. argentifolii feeding on cotton. Honeydew production was monitored on 15 dates from 21 May to 27 August 1996 in Brawley. CA, using water-sensitive papers placed on upper and lower leaves and bells. On 3 dates, lint was collected and analyzed for sugars using high-performance liquid chromatography. Densities of adults per 5th mainstem leaf, adults per 10-s vacuum sample, and whitefly immature instars per square centimeter of leaf were generally higher in control plots (1 insecticide application), plots treated at 25 adults (4 applications): and untreated plots Il lan in plots treated at 5, 10, and 15 adults (11, 6, and 5 applications, respectively). In general, numbers of honeydew drops per square centimeter were higher in control, 25-adult, and untreated plots than in 5-, 10-, and 15-adult plots. Papers placed on uppermost boils received more drops later in the season than did papers placed on the lowest boils. Honeydew drop production was generally lowest throughout the season in the 5-adult treatment. However, it was not significantly different than the 10- or 15-adult treatments on 13, 20, and 27 August, Amounts (micrograms) of trehalulose on top and bottom bolls were generally highest in the control treatment and lowest in the 5-adult treatment, but there were generally no significant differences among amounts from 5-, 10-, and Ig-adult treatments, Honeydew drop densities were unexpectedly low in control and untreated plots on some later dates. Control and untreated plants also had fewer leaves than other plants during these times, suggesting leaf loss may account for some variability in honeydew production during late season. Seedcotton yields differed only between 10- and 25-adult threshold plots. At Brawley, CA, insecticide treatments at 5 and 10 adults per leaf seemed equally sufficient for reducing whitefly honeydew production. However. by treating at the 10 threshold, fewer applications sere needed. This would reduce the immediate costs to growers, and also would reduce long term problems associated with insecticide resistance. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Entomol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85050 USA. RP Yee, WL (reprint author), Amway Corp, Nutrilite Div, 19600 6th St, Lakeview, CA 92567 USA. NR 24 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 27 IS 1 BP 22 EP 32 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZH486 UT WOS:000073115900003 ER PT J AU Hagstrum, DW Flinn, PW Gaffney, JJ AF Hagstrum, DW Flinn, PW Gaffney, JJ TI Temperature gradient on Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae) adult dispersal in stored wheat SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Tribolium castaneum; temperature preference; dispersal behavior; stored products ID AGGREGATION PHEROMONE; FLOUR BEETLES; POPULATIONS; GRAIN AB The dispersal behavior of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) adults along a 22-36 degrees C temperature gradient in stored wheat was monitored over a 20-h period with 8 microphones. Males tended to disperse more readily than females but both preferred temperatures of >30 degrees C. Single adults generally did not stay at one location very long, and the average time of 9.7 min spent at the warm end with a temperature gradient was longer than that of 4.4 min spent at that location without a temperature gradient. An adult moved to a location 1, 2, and 3 microphones (7.8, 15.6, and 23.4 cm) away from where they were previously detected in 88.2, 10.6, and 1.2% of the cases. The temperature preference was much more evident with groups of 6 adults than with single adults because the presence of other adults apparently increased the time that adults spent at preferred temperatures. Observations on the times spent at different temperatures, the distances mol ed, and the influence of the sex of an adult and the presence of other adults provide the information needed to develop a predictive model for adult dispersal in response to the temperature gradients that occur in stored grain during the autumn and spring. C1 USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Hagstrum, DW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RI Flinn, Paul/B-9104-2013 NR 22 TC 8 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 13 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 27 IS 1 BP 123 EP 129 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZH486 UT WOS:000073115900016 ER PT J AU Srisodsuk, M Kleman-Leyer, K Keranen, S Kirk, TK Teeri, TT AF Srisodsuk, M Kleman-Leyer, K Keranen, S Kirk, TK Teeri, TT TI Modes of action on cotton and bacterial cellulose of a homologous endoglucanase-exoglucanase pair from Trichoderma reesei SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE cellobiohydrolase; crystalline cellulose; endoglucanase; size-exclusion chromatography; synergy ID CELLOBIOHYDROLASE-I; CRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE; BINDING DOMAIN; ENZYMATIC-HYDROLYSIS; CELLULASES; SYNERGISM; ADSORPTION; GENES; MECHANISM; FIMI AB The endoglucanase I (EGI) and the cellobiohydrolase I (CBHI) of the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei form a homologous pair of cellulolytic enzymes which nevertheless have different modes of action, We show here that the action of CBHI on bacterial microcrystalline cellulose results in efficient solubilisation but only a slow decrease in its degree of polymerisation. In contrast, the action of EGI results in a rapid decrease of the degree of polymerisation but less efficient overall solubilisation of the substrate. CBHI alone was practically inactive toward cotton which has a high initial degree of polymerisation and a complex morphology. EGI rapidly reduced the degree of polymerisation of cotton, and slowly solubilised part of it Working synergistically, EGI and CBHI solubilised cotton more rapidly and to a greater extent than EGI alone. Our data are consistent with the exoglucanase nature of CBHI and also provide some evidence supporting its processive mode of action. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Inst Microbial & Biochem Technol, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI USA. RP Teeri, TT (reprint author), Kungliga Tekn Hogskolan, Dept Biochem & Biotechnol, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden. EM Tuula@biochem.kth.se RI Teeri, Tuula/E-7509-2013 NR 48 TC 49 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 14 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0014-2956 J9 EUR J BIOCHEM JI Eur. J. Biochem. PD FEB 1 PY 1998 VL 251 IS 3 BP 885 EP 892 DI 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1998.2510885.x PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA YV719 UT WOS:000071855900040 PM 9490064 ER PT J AU Edwards, OR Melo, EL Smith, L Hoy, MA AF Edwards, OR Melo, EL Smith, L Hoy, MA TI Discrimination of three Typhlodromalus species (Acari : Phytoseiidae) using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers SO EXPERIMENTAL AND APPLIED ACAROLOGY LA English DT Article DE RAPD-PCR; Phytoseiidae; species discrimination ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; MITES ACARI; TETRANYCHIDAE; ELECTROPHORESIS; IDENTIFICATION; POPULATIONS; GENOME; GENES AB We compared the random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) banding patterns obtained from four laboratory cultures representing three phytoseiid mite species (Typhlodromalus limonicus (Garman and McGregor), two cultures of Typhlodromalus manihoti (de Moraes) and Typhlodromalus tenuiscutus (McMurtry and de Moraes). The RAPD-PCR was conducted on the pooled DNA from five adult female mites. For each culture, three samples of five females were analysed with each of eight RAPD-PCR primers. Five of the eight primers could be used individually to distinguish the species. To quantify the within-and between-species variation, genetic distances were calculated based on the proportion of shared scorable bands. The within-species genetic distances (0.072-0.186) were much lower than the between-species genetic distances (0.407-0.656). We believe that this technique could be used effectively to identify other cryptic mite species. (C) 1998 Chapman & Hall Ltd. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Edwards, OR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, BIRL, 501 S Chapel St, Newark, DE 19713 USA. RI Edwards, Owain/B-9707-2008 NR 26 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-8162 J9 EXP APPL ACAROL JI Exp. Appl. Acarol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 22 IS 2 BP 101 EP 109 DI 10.1023/A:1006093626613 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YT339 UT WOS:000071591700003 ER PT J AU de Leon, AAP Valenzuela, JG Tabachnick, WJ AF de Leon, AAP Valenzuela, JG Tabachnick, WJ TI Anticoagulant activity in salivary glands of the insect vector Culicoides variipennis sonorensis by an inhibitor of factor Xa SO EXPERIMENTAL PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE insect vector; blood feeding; salivary glands; blood coagulation; anticoagulant; Culicoides variipennis sonorensis; activated form of coagulation factor 10 (FXa); FXa inhibitor ID BLOOD; COAGULATION; ARTHROPODS; SITE; TICK; TRANSMISSION; THROMBOSIS; ACTIVATION; PEPTIDE; VIRUSES AB Blood feeding by the insect vector Culicoides variipennis sonorensis involves laceration of superficial host tissues, an injury that would be expected to trigger the coagulation cascade. Accordingly, the salivary glands of C.v. sonorensis were examined for the presence of an antihemostatic that prevents blood coagulation. Assays using salivary gland extracts showed a delay in the recalcification time of plasma devoid of platelets, indicating the presence of anticoagulant activity. Retardation in the formation of a fibrin clot was also observed after the addition of tissue factor to plasma that was preincubated with salivary gland extracts. Similarly, an inhibitory effect by salivary gland extracts was detected in assays that included factors of the intrinsic pathway. Inhibition of the catalytic activity of purified factor Xa toward its chromogenic subtrate suggested that it was the target of the salivary anticoagulant of C. v. sonorensis. This was corroborated by the coincidence of anticoagulant and anti-FXa activities obtained by reverse-phase HPLC. The depletion of anti-FXa activity from salivary glands during blood feeding suggests that the FXa inhibitor functions as anticoagulant. Molecular sieving HPLC yielded an apparent molecular mass of 28 kDa for the salivary FXa inhibitor of C.v. sonorensis. Preventing the formation of thrombin through the inhibition of FXa likely facilitates blood feeding by maintaining the pool of blood fluid at the feeding site. The salivary FXa inhibitor of C.v. sonorensis could impair the network of host-defense mechanisms in the skin microenvironment by avoiding blood coagulation at the site of feeding. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Arthropod Borne Anim Dis Res Lab, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Entomol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Ctr Insect Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP de Leon, AAP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Arthropod Borne Anim Dis Res Lab, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-18694] NR 32 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0014-4894 EI 1090-2449 J9 EXP PARASITOL JI Exp. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 88 IS 2 BP 121 EP 130 DI 10.1006/expr.1998.4210 PG 10 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA ZE177 UT WOS:000072765900006 PM 9538866 ER PT J AU Sapers, GM Simmons, GF AF Sapers, GM Simmons, GF TI Hydrogen peroxide disinfection of minimally processed fruits and vegetables SO FOOD TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SALMONELLA-MONTEVIDEO; VAPOR; CHLORINE; TOMATOES; TEMPERATURE; MUSHROOMS; SURVIVAL; GROWTH; GRAPES AB Fresh-cut fruits and vegetables, a large and rapidly growing segment of the fresh produce industry, are subject to rapid spoilage by microorganisms (Nguyen-the and Carlin, 1994) and may be a potential source of infection by foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella and Listeria (Brackett, 1992; Fain, 1996). C1 Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19083 USA. USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Dept Agr, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RP Sapers, GM (reprint author), Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19083 USA. NR 30 TC 109 Z9 119 U1 2 U2 8 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0015-6639 J9 FOOD TECHNOL-CHICAGO JI Food Technol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 52 IS 2 BP 48 EP 52 PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA YW520 UT WOS:000071944200014 ER PT J AU Luppold, WG Hassler, CC Grushecky, S AF Luppold, WG Hassler, CC Grushecky, S TI An examination of West Virginia's logging industry SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Since 1990, demand for logger services in West Virginia has increased dramatically. This increase is partly the result of the construction of two oriented strandboard plants, two parallel-strand lumber mills, and two rotary-cut hardwood plywood mills within or proximate to the state. To gain a better understanding of how the logging industry has and will react to these changes, the Appalachian Hardwood Center conducted a survey of registered West Virginia loggers. The survey focused on barriers to increasing production, the most limiting factor(s) of production, and the intention of loggers to increase production. Then were considerable variations in the size of logger firms that corresponded to whether firms operated on a full-or part-time basis and the number of years in business. Several institutional factors were cited by industry as barriers to increasing production with workers' compensation the most commonly indicated barrier. The most frequently cited limiting factors in log production were trucking and skidding for smaller producers and felling and skidding for larger firms. That skidding capacity is considered a limiting factor, whatever the scale of operation, indicates that research is needed on how to increase the efficiency of skidders. The desire to increase log production is affected by firm size, years in business, type of roundwood products handled, and region of operation. Firms that showed the greatest interest in increasing production tended to be in business fewer years than firms that did not want to expand. Firms that expressed the most interest in expanding logging capacity are large operations in the southern and northwestern part of West Virginia that produce both sawlogs and other roundwood material. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Forest Expt Stn, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Luppold, WG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Forest Expt Stn, 241 Mercer Springs Rd, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. NR 7 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 48 IS 2 BP 60 EP 64 PG 5 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA YY530 UT WOS:000072157100015 ER PT J AU De Groot, RC Gjovik, LR Crawford, D Woodward, B AF De Groot, RC Gjovik, LR Crawford, D Woodward, B TI Field durability of CCA- and ACA-treated plywood composed of hardwood and softwood veneers SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Current American Plywood Association standards for plywood panel products are based on structural performance and allow hardwood veneers to be included in southern pine plywood. However, the American Wood Preservers' Association's (AWPA) standard for permanent wood foundations requires that plywood be made only of softwood plies. Hardwoods are generally more difficult to protect from decay using waterborne preservatives than are softwoods. The objective of the study reported herein was to document field performance of plywood composed of both hardwood and softwood veneers treated with waterborne preservatives and to determine if AWPA requirements are warranted. Results are given for hardwood-and softwood-treated plywood tests after 10 years of ground exposure in southern Mississippi. With reference to southern pine plywood and the current AWPA standard for preservatively treated wood used in permanent foundations, we conclude that the requirement that plywood be composed only of softwood plies is prudent. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP De Groot, RC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, One Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 48 IS 2 BP 76 EP 82 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA YY530 UT WOS:000072157100018 ER PT J AU Prestemon, JP AF Prestemon, JP TI Estimating tree grades for southern Appalachian natural forest stands SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ordered probit; tree quality; forest value; southern Appalachians; grade distribution ID MANAGEMENT; MODEL AB Log prices can vary significantly by grade: grade 1 logs are often several times the price per unit of grade 3 logs. Because tree grading rules derive from log grading rules, a model that predicts tree grades based on tree and stand-level variables might be useful for predicting stand values. The model could then assist in the modeling of timber supply and in economic optimization. Grade models are estimated for ten species groups found in the southern Appalachians, using data from several thousand trees and permanent plots in the USDA Forest Service's Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) database. The models correctly predicted grades of a majority of trees in both a test and a validation data set, and predictions of grade proportions across a sample of the population were usually within three percentage points of actual grade proportions. But success of models varied across species and diameter groups. Considering several measures of modeling success, the most accurate models were those predicting tree grades for softwoods and larger hardwoods. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Prestemon, JP (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, POB 12254, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 21 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 44 IS 1 BP 73 EP 86 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA YY940 UT WOS:000072203200008 ER PT J AU Hasenauer, H Monserud, RA Gregoire, TG AF Hasenauer, H Monserud, RA Gregoire, TG TI Using simultaneous regression techniques with individual-tree growth models SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE three-stage least squares; seemingly unrelated regression; simultaneous equations bias; Norway spruce; Austria ID AREA INCREMENT MODEL; LONGITUDINAL DATA AB Individual-tree growth models basically consist of a number of equations (e.g., diameter or basal area increment model, height increment model, crown ratio model) to update tree parameters over time, These equations commonly are assumed to be independent, with parameters of each equation estimated separately rather than simultaneously with linear or nonlinear regression, However, the opposite assumption of interdependence seems more reasonable, A tree is a highly organized system, and assimilation of tissues in the form of diameter increment, height increment, and crown size does not occur independently, Procedures to simultaneously estimate systems of two or more interrelated models are well developed in the econometrics literature and are suggested as a viable alternative, Using more than 7,500 Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) trees from the Austrian National Forest Inventory with remeasured breast height diameters and tree heights (5 yr interval), we compare an individual tree basal area increment model, a height increment model, and a crown ratio model separately using ordinary least squares (OLS) and simultaneously by applying two- and three-stage least squares (2SLS, 3SLS), Results indicate the presence of strong cross-equation correlations, especially between the basal area increment and height increment models, Thus, the 3SLS estimates are more efficient while the separately determined OLS estimates are biased, Two parameters that OLS indicates are significant are found to be nonsignificant when simultaneously estimating all system parameters with 3SLS, Such system simplification reduced the size of the variance-covariance matrix by 100 elements. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Portland, OR 97208 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Portland, OR 97208 USA. Agr Univ Vienna, Inst Forest Growth Res, A-1190 Vienna, Austria. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Coll Forestry & Wildlife Resources, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Monserud, RA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, 1221 SW Yarnhill,Suite 200, Portland, OR 97208 USA. EM hasenau@edv1.boku.ac.at; monserud/r6pnw_portland@fs.fed.us; tgg@vt.edu NR 38 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 44 IS 1 BP 87 EP 95 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA YY940 UT WOS:000072203200009 ER PT J AU Green, EJ Valentine, HT AF Green, EJ Valentine, HT TI Bayesian analysis of the linear model with heterogeneous variance SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE regression; loblolly pine; Bayesian inference; Markov chain Monte Carlo ID POSTERIOR DISTRIBUTIONS; COMPUTATION; PINE AB Linear models are among the most common statistical tools in forestry, and indeed in all science. It is widely known that when linear models are applied to attributes of size (e.g., individual tree volumes), the conditional variance may be heterogeneous. Under these circumstances, the usual least squares estimator remains consistent, but is no longer efficient. This has been appreciated in forestry for some time, and various solutions have been recommended over the years. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian solution. Bayesians would prefer this method to previous solutions for many reasons. However, even non-Bayesians may wish to consider the method as it yields (as will be shown) solutions quite close to the maximum likelihood solution, along with the marginal posterior distribution of each parameter. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Cook Coll, Dept Ecol Evolut & Nat Resources, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. US Forest Serv, Louis C Wyman Forest Sci Lab, USDA, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Green, EJ (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Cook Coll, Dept Ecol Evolut & Nat Resources, POB 231, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 44 IS 1 BP 134 EP 138 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA YY940 UT WOS:000072203200013 ER PT J AU Goelz, JCG Burk, TE AF Goelz, JCG Burk, TE TI Long-term trends in height growth of jack pine in north central Ontario SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE anthropogenic factors; climate; dendrochronology; model identification; site index ID SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; CHANGING STAND STRUCTURE; RED SPRUCE DECLINE; SITE-INDEX CURVES; ACIDIC DEPOSITION; TREE GROWTH; REDUCTIONS; DYNAMICS AB Although most investigations of long-term growth trends of trees involve description of radial growth of trees, investigation of height growth of dominant and codominant trees also warrants attention for two significant reasons-the dependent variable is largely independent of stand density and it represents an index of stand productivity. Residuals from a height growth equation for jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) were used to examine long-term trends in height growth. No consistent longterm trend was apparent; however, a period of superior growth was identified during the 1960s. Shortterm changes in climatic variables could account for a short duration of increased growth. As anthropogenic factors, such as air pollution, did not exhibit a trend coincident with the growth trend, they do not represent a reasonable explanation. An additional benefit of detailed examination of trends in residuals is the ability to uncover misidentification of models. The examination may suggest an inappropriate form for the equation was used, or may suggest that important variables are missing from the model. C1 US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, USDA, So Hardwoods Lab, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Goelz, JCG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, USDA, So Hardwoods Lab, POB 227, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 30 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 44 IS 1 BP 158 EP 164 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA YY940 UT WOS:000072203200016 ER PT J AU Iyengar, V Wolf, W AF Iyengar, V Wolf, W TI Global activities in the world of reference materials including the needs of developing countries SO FRESENIUS JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Symposium on Biological and Environmental Reference Materials (BERM-7) CY APR 21-25, 1997 CL ANTWERP, BELGIUM SP European Commiss, AOAC Int, European Inst Reference Mat & Measurements ID BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES AB Proceedings of previous BERM meetings have been used to assess emerging trends in the development of RMs to meet AQC requirements of clinical, food, nutrition, and environmental health areas. BRM-1 reflected a strong need to initiate and expand RM activities for certifying organic nutrients in foods. BRM-2 highlighted the distinction between primary (certified) and secondary (e.g. check samples for proficiency testing) RMs1. BRM-3 identified the need for producing different levels of an analyte in a given matrix (spiked standards) to address matrix related measurement problems in foods. BERM-4 highlighted the need for a global vision in dealing with standards, illustrated by the activities of GESREM. Also, the logistics required for setting up inter comparison programs related to food safety monitoring programs were outlined. BERM-5 presented the changing outlook of the AOAC International in recognizing the usefulness of incorporating RMs for use in conjunction with their methods validation protocol. BERM-6 brought to the forefront the concern for traceability of chemical measurements to internationally recognized standards. BERM-7 recognized the need for multidisciplinary approaches for preparing certain types of CRMs, partly in response to the measurement needs arising from governmental regulations dealing with food safety and environmental health criteria. Finally, BERM symposia have promoted a meaningful dialogue on the RM needs of African, Asian and South American countries and provided the developing countries opportunities to discuss their problems with the international analytical community. The issue of health safety is involved in movement of foodstuffs between countries, and therefore, international efforts as voiced by the World Health Organization to provide guidance and assistance in AQC matters to the needy countries deserve consideration. C1 NIST, SRMP, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USDA, BHNRC, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Iyengar, V (reprint author), NIST, SRMP, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0937-0633 J9 FRESEN J ANAL CHEM JI Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 360 IS 3-4 BP 282 EP 286 DI 10.1007/s002160050693 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA ZB305 UT WOS:000072457700003 ER PT J AU Wolf, WR Lacroix, DE AF Wolf, WR Lacroix, DE TI Sampling constants for niacin content in standard reference material 1846 Infant Formula SO FRESENIUS JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Symposium on Biological and Environmental Reference Materials (BERM-7) CY APR 21-25, 1997 CL ANTWERP, BELGIUM SP European Commiss, AOAC Int, European Inst Reference Mat & Measurements ID BIOLOGICAL REFERENCE MATERIALS AB Modem measurement systems for food components often require use of ever smaller sample sizes, down to mg for some new microtechniques, which puts a stronger demand on development of reference materials with defined homogeneity for subsampling. One approach to evaluate the homogeneity of materials is the characterization of sampling constants, defined as that amount of material that gives a 1% error for subsampling. This approach was developed for geological sampling and has been applied in a limited way for inorganic components in food/biological materials. We have extended this approach to the determination of the sampling constants for an organic component, niacin, in the SRM 1846 Infant Formula material. This material was produced by blending of a dry vitamin mix (5% weight) into the bulk spray dried powder, for long term stability purposes. By analyzing similar aliquots of a reconstituted homogeneous fluid solution of a large sample size, in comparison to smaller portions of dry powder, an estimate of the variation due to sampling can be separated from estimates of variation due to analysis. Using either the AOAC microbiological method or a newly developed HPLC method, sampling constants for the niacin content of SRM 1846 are in the range of 1-3 g; use of smaller sub-samples can introduce significant variation into determinations using this SRM. C1 ARS, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wolf, WR (reprint author), ARS, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 14 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0937-0633 J9 FRESEN J ANAL CHEM JI Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 360 IS 3-4 BP 459 EP 464 DI 10.1007/s002160050739 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA ZB305 UT WOS:000072457700049 ER PT J AU O'Donnell, K Cigelnik, E Casper, HH AF O'Donnell, K Cigelnik, E Casper, HH TI Molecular phylogenetic, morphological, and mycotoxin data support reidentification of the Quorn mycoprotein fungus as Fusarium venenatum SO FUNGAL GENETICS AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Fusarium; mycoprotein; mycotoxins; phylogenetics; Quorn; trichothecenes ID FUCKEL SENSU-LATO; GRAMINEARUM A3/5; MYCO-PROTEIN; SP-NOV; DIVERGENT AB Molecular phylogenetic, morphological, and mycotoxin data were obtained in order to investigate the relationships and identity of the Quorn mycoprotein fungus within Fusarium and to examine Quorn strains and commercial Quorn food products for trichothecene mycotoxins, Phylogenetic analyses of aligned DNA sequences obtained via the polymerase chain reaction from the nuclear 28S ribosomal DNA, nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region, and beta-tubulin gene exons and introns indicate that the Quorn fungus is Fusarium venenatum, rather than F. graminearum as previously reported. All of the Quorn strains examined were morphologically degenerate aconidial colonial mutants except for NRRL 25139, which produced chlamydospores in recurved terminal chains together with mostly 5-septate sporodochial conidia on doliform monophialides diagnostic of F. venenatum. Bootstrap and decay analyses provide strong support for a monophyletic lineage containing F. venenatum and several other type A trichothecene-producing species, while reference strains of F. guaminearum were nested in a separate clade of species that produce type B trichothecenes and/or zearalenone, Analysis of mycotoxins from rice cultures inoculated with Quorn strain NRRL 25416 revealed that four type A trichothecenes are produced, but at low levels relative to strain NRRL 22198 of F. venenatum. No trichothecene mycotoxins, however, were detected from the analysis of three commercial Quorn products marketed for human consumption in England. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Vet & Microbiol Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP O'Donnell, K (reprint author), ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 31 TC 64 Z9 67 U1 2 U2 19 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1087-1845 J9 FUNGAL GENET BIOL JI Fungal Genet. Biol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 23 IS 1 BP 57 EP 67 DI 10.1006/fgbi.1997.1018 PG 11 WC Genetics & Heredity; Mycology SC Genetics & Heredity; Mycology GA YZ696 UT WOS:000072281700005 PM 9501477 ER PT J AU Aradhya, MK Yee, LK Zee, FT Manshardt, RM AF Aradhya, MK Yee, LK Zee, FT Manshardt, RM TI Genetic variability in Macadamia SO GENETIC RESOURCES AND CROP EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE genetic variability; Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia; Isozyme polymorphism; Macadamia hildebrandii; M-integrifolia; M-tetraphylla; M-ternifolia ID STARCH-GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; ISOZYME VARIATION; COMPILATION AB A genetic variability analysis involving 45 accessions of Macadamia including four species, M. integrifolia, M. tetraphylla, M. ternifolia, and M. hildebrandii and a wild relative, Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia was performed using eight enzyme systems encoded by 16 loci (Gpi-1 and 2, Idh-1 and 2, Lap, Mdh-1, 2, and 3, 6Pgd-2, Pgm-2 and 3, Tpi-1 and 2, Ugpp-1, 2, and 3). Forty-three accessions possessed distinct isozyme fingerprints indicating a high level of genetic variation. Examination of multivariate relationships among accessions using a cluster analysis resulted in the identification of four clusters, two of which contained one accession each representing H. pinnatifolia and M. hildebrandii. All Hawaiian cultivars were included in two sub-clusters within the largest cluster, which encompassed all the M. integrifolia and three M. ternifolia accessions, suggesting that: (I) the Hawaiian cultivars must have originated from at least two genetically diverse ancestral populations and (2) M. ternifolia may be a conspecific variant of M. integrifolia. Macadamia tetraphylla has diverged marginally from the M. integrifolia and M. ternifolia complex suggesting that these taxa represent a species complex. The different measures of genetic variability such as mean number of alleles per locus, polymorphic index, and observed and expected levels of heterozygosity, indicated significant levels of genetic variation in the Macadamia collection. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Hort, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, Hilo, HI USA. RP Aradhya, MK (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Hort, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 21 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-9864 J9 GENET RESOUR CROP EV JI Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 45 IS 1 BP 19 EP 32 DI 10.1023/A:1008634103954 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA YX854 UT WOS:000072086300003 ER PT J AU Svitashev, S Bryngelsson, T Li, XM Wang, RRC AF Svitashev, S Bryngelsson, T Li, XM Wang, RRC TI Genome-specific repetitive DNA and RAPD markers for genome identification in Elymus and Hordelymus SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE Triticeae; genome-specific markers; repetitive DNA sequences; RAPDs ID AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA; REPEATED NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCES; HORDEUM-VULGARE; INTERGENERIC HYBRIDIZATION; GENETIC-ANALYSIS; TRITICEAE; WHEAT; POACEAE; PHYLOGENY; BARLEY AB We have developed RFLP and RAPD markers specific for the genomes involved in the evolution of Elymus species, i.e., the St, Y, H, P, and W genomes. Two P genome specific repetitive DNA sequences, pAgc1 (350 bp) and pAgc30 (455 bp), and three W genome specific sequences, pAnv3 (221 bp), pAuv7 (200 bp), and pAuv13 (207 bp), were isolated from the genomes of Agropyron cristatum and Australopyrum velutinum, respectively. Attempts to find Y genome specific sequences were not successful. Primary-structure analysis demonstrated that pAgc1 (P genome) and pAgc30 (P genome) share 81% similarity over a 227-bp stretch. The three W genome specific sequences were also highly homologous. Sequence comparison analysis revealed no homology to sequences in the EMBL-GenBank databases. Three to four genome-specific RAPD markers were found for each of the five genomes. Genome-specific bands were cloned and demonstrated to be mainly low-copy sequences present in various Triticeae species. The RFLP and RAPD markers obtained, together with the previously described H and St genome specific clones pHch2 and pP1Taq2.5 and the Ns genome specific RAPD markers were used to investigate the genomic composition of a few Elymus species and Hordelymus euraeus, whose genome formulas were unknown. Our results demonstrate that only three of eight Elymus species examined (the tetraploid species Elymus grandis and the hexaploid species Elymus caesifolius and Elymus borianus) really belong to Elymus. C1 Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Plant Breeding Res, S-26831 Svalov, Sweden. Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Bryngelsson, T (reprint author), Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Plant Breeding Res, S-26831 Svalov, Sweden. EM Tomas.Bryngelsson@vf.slu.se OI Bryngelsson, Tomas/0000-0002-7423-4569 NR 55 TC 48 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 0 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD FEB PY 1998 VL 41 IS 1 BP 120 EP 128 DI 10.1139/gen-41-1-120 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA ZE235 UT WOS:000072771700016 PM 9549065 ER PT J AU Rinaldi, M Simon, A AF Rinaldi, M Simon, A TI Bed-level adjustments in the Arno River, central Italy SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE channel adjustment; degradation; human impacts; Arno River; channel evolution; Italy AB Two distinct phases of bed-level adjustment over the past 150 years are identified for the principal alluvial reaches of the Arno River (Upper Valdarno and Lower Valdarno). The planimetric configuration of the river in these reaches is the result of a series of hydraulic works (canalization, rectification, artificial cut-offs, etc.) carried out particularly between the 18th and the 19th centuries. Subsequently, a series of interventions at basin level (construction of weirs, variations in land use), intense instream gravel-mining after World War LI, and the construction of two dams on the Arno River, caused widespread degradation of the streambed. Since about 1900, total lowering of the channel bed is typically between 2 and 4 m in the Upper Valdarno Reach and between 5 and 8 m in some areas of the Lower Valdarno Reach. Bed-level adjustments with time are analyzed for a large number of cross-sections and described by an exponential-decay function. This analysis identified the existence of two main phases of lowering: the first, triggered at the end of the past century; the second, triggered in the interval 1945-1960 and characterized by more intense degradation of the streambed. The first phase derived from changes in land-use and land-management practices. The second phase is the result of the superimposition of two factors: intense instream mining of gravel, and the construction of the Levane and La Penna dams. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. Univ Florence, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-50121 Florence, Italy. RP Simon, A (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Sedimentat Lab, POB 1157, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. EM simon@gis.sedlab.olemiss.edu RI Rinaldi, Massimo/C-7923-2012 NR 39 TC 75 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD FEB PY 1998 VL 22 IS 1 BP 57 EP 71 DI 10.1016/S0169-555X(97)00054-8 PG 15 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA ZB094 UT WOS:000072435100004 ER PT J AU Hatfield, JL AF Hatfield, JL TI Soil science SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Hatfield, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD FEB PY 1998 VL 43 IS 2 BP 42 EP 43 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YV281 UT WOS:000071807500048 ER PT J AU Makus, DJ Morris, JR AF Makus, DJ Morris, JR TI Preharvest calcium applications have little effect on mineral distribution in ripe strawberry fruit SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Fragaria x ananassa; fruit decay ID ROOT TEMPERATURE; PLANTS; NUTRITION; CHLORIDE; RATIO AB Supplemental Ca was supplied to 'Cardinal' and 'Fern' strawberry (Fragaria xananassa Duch.) plants grown in an Enders clayey silt loam soil as a foliar spray of Ca glutarate, as soil incorporated gypsum, as fertigated calcium nitrate (CaNO3), or as a combination of the above. Controls received no Ca. Individual fruits were partitioned into six parts: proximal, distal, inner and outer receptacle, and proximal and distal achenes. Mineral nutrient concentrations (dry mass basis) found in the inner and outer receptacle, and in achenes were, in descending order, K, P, Ca, Mg, Al, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, B, and Cu; K, P, Ca, Mg, Na, Mn, Fe, Zn, Al, B, and Cu; and Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Al, Cu, and B, respectively. Many nutrients, including Ca, tended to occur in greater concentrations in the proximal portion of the fruit than in the distal part. With the exception of Al, nutrient concentration gradients were lowest in the inner receptacle. Fruit Ca concentrations were highest in achenes and lowest in inner receptacle tissue. Differences among cultivars in Ca concentration were found in achenes but not in receptacle tissue. Calcium treatment had no effect on receptacle tissue Ca concentrations, regardless of cultivar, but CaNO3 and combination treatments increased Ca concentrations in the achenes in the proximal half of 'Cardinal' fruit. Concentrations of all other nutrients except Mn were unaffected by supplemental Ca treatments. C1 ARS, USDA, Subtrop Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. Univ Arkansas, Inst Food Sci & Engn, Fayetteville, AR 72704 USA. RP Makus, DJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Subtrop Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 22 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 1998 VL 33 IS 1 BP 64 EP 66 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA YY422 UT WOS:000072145000015 ER PT J AU Ehlenfeldt, MK AF Ehlenfeldt, MK TI Enhanced bud production in highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) in response to paclobutrazol SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE growth regulator ID GIBBERELLIN BIOSYNTHESIS; GROWTH; INITIATION; SEEDLINGS; PLANTS AB Blueberry cultivars were treated with either soil drenches or foliar applications of paclobutrazol. Soil drenches of 25 mg.L-1 inhibited shoot elongation and stimulated earlier and greater flower bud production on 'Bluetta', 'Bluecrop', and 'Jersey'. The treatments increased bud numbers 359% to 797%, and stimulated compound bud formation, while reducing formation of vegetative buds, This resulted in overcropping and reduced fruit size, Foliar applications at concentrations of 5, 10, 50, and 100 mg.L-1 increased bud set. Treatments did not significantly alter time to 50% flowering in 'Bluetrop' or 'Duke', but hastened flowering up to 5 days in 'Blueray' at 200 ppm. Fruit ripening was significantly delayed at 100 and 200 ppm in 'Bluecrop' due to overcropping, but no delays were observed in 'Blueray' or 'Duke'. Plant size and vigor appeared to be a determining factor in plant response. Chemical name used: PP333 or (2RS,3RS)-1(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-ol (paclobutrazol). C1 ARS, USDA, Rutgers Blueberry & Cranberry Res Ctr, Chatsworth, NJ 08019 USA. RP Ehlenfeldt, MK (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Rutgers Blueberry & Cranberry Res Ctr, 125A Lake Oswego Rd, Chatsworth, NJ 08019 USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 1998 VL 33 IS 1 BP 75 EP 77 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA YY422 UT WOS:000072145000018 ER PT J AU Miller, WR McDonald, RE AF Miller, WR McDonald, RE TI Amelioration of irradiation injury to Florida grapefruit by pretreatment with vapor heat or fungicides SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE postharvest quality; Citrus paradisi; quarantine treatment; vapor heat ID REDUCE CHILLING INJURY; GAMMA-IRRADIATION; TEMPERATURE; STORAGE AB Grapefruit shipped to certain markets must be certified free of Caribbean fruit fly (Anastrepha suspensa Loew) (CFF) infestation. Low-dose irradiation is effective for the control of CFF by sterilization. This treatment is expected to be approved for industry usage in the near future. 'Marsh' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) was treated with vapor heat (2 hours at 38 degrees C), and fungicidal treatments of thiabendazole (TBZ) (4 gm.L-1) and TBZ (1 gm.L-1) plus imazalil (1 gm.L-1) prior to irradiation at 0.5 or 1.0 kGy. Vapor heat reduced the severity and incidence of peel injury by approximate to 50% without adversely affecting other quality attributes. The fungicide did not reduce peel injury. The use of vapor heat before low-dose irradiation quarantine treatment of grapefruit may ameliorate or eliminate peel injury caused by irradiation. Chemical names used: 2-(4-thiazolyl)benzimidazole (thiabendazole); 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2(2-propenyloxy) ethyl]-1H-imidazole (imazalil). C1 ARS, USDA, US Hort Res Lab, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. RP Miller, WR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Hort Res Lab, 2120 Camden Rd, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. NR 18 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 1998 VL 33 IS 1 BP 100 EP 102 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA YY422 UT WOS:000072145000025 ER PT J AU Janisiewicz, WJ Conway, WS Glenn, DM Sams, CE AF Janisiewicz, WJ Conway, WS Glenn, DM Sams, CE TI Integrating biological control and calcium treatment for controlling postharvest decay of apples SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Malus x domestica; fungi; bacteria; Pseudomonas syringae; N fertilization; Penicillium expansum; blue mold ID PENICILLIUM-EXPANSUM; INOCULUM CONCENTRATION; PRESSURE INFILTRATION; DELICIOUS APPLES; HEAT-TREATMENT; CELL-WALL; DISEASES; FRUITS; VEGETABLES; BIOCONTROL AB Two nonfungicidal postharvest treatments and N fertility were evaluated for their effectiveness, singly and in combination, in controlling decay ("blue mold") of apple (Malus xdomestica Borkh.) by Penicillium expansum Link. The antifungal treatments were biological control using the antagonist Pseudomonas syringae van Hall (isolate ESC-11 used in BioSave-11 and BioSave-110 products), and pressure infiltration of fruit with 0.27 M CaCl2. Fruit susceptibility to decay was evaluated using fruit after 3 and 6 months of storage over 2 years. Calcium infiltration resulted in a 3-fold increase in Ca content of apple mesocarp. Both antagonist and Ca treatments reduced the severity and incidence of blue mold decay on 'Delicious' apples. Combining these treatments resulted in greater control than the individual treatments alone. The effects were most apparent on fruit stored 6 months at 1 degrees C. High N fertilization increased decay in only 1 of 2 years of the study. Antagonist recovery data suggest that the antagonist could be applied immediately after Ca treatment. Combining a biocontrol agent with Ca infiltration may allow reduced rates of both products to be used without compromising the control of blue mold. This practice will increase the performance margin for biocontrol with the added benefit of increased Ca to alleviate physiological storage maladies. C1 ARS, USDA, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Qual Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. RP Janisiewicz, WJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 39 TC 33 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 1998 VL 33 IS 1 BP 105 EP 109 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA YY422 UT WOS:000072145000027 ER PT J AU Yamauchi, N Watada, AE AF Yamauchi, N Watada, AE TI Chlorophyll and xanthophyll changes in broccoli florets stored under elevated CO2 or ethylene-containing atmosphere SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Brassica oleracea; pigment; yellowing; quality ID PARSLEY LEAVES; DEGRADATION; STORAGE; BREAKDOWN; OXIDASE AB Chlorophylls and xanthophylls were monitored in broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plen.) florets stored in air, air + 10 ppm ethylene, or 10% CO2 + 1% O-2 controlled atmosphere (CA) at 15 degrees C. Chlorophylls a and b, as measured with high-performance liquid chromatography, decreased in florets held in air. The decrease was accelerated by ethylene treatment and suppressed in CA. Chlorophyllide a and pheophorbide a were present in fresh broccoli florets, but the levels decreased significantly in all treatments during storage. The oxidized product of chlorophyll a, 13(2)-hydroxychlorophyll a, did not accumulate, Xanthophylls decreased, but new pigments, suggested to be esterified xanthophylls, formed with yellowing in stored florets. The chlorophyll degradative pathway in broccoli florets was not altered by ethylene or CA and differed from that reported for parsley (Petroselium crisum Nym.) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves. C1 ARS, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Yamauchi, N (reprint author), Yamaguchi Univ, Fac Agr, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753, Japan. NR 19 TC 22 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 1998 VL 33 IS 1 BP 114 EP 117 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA YY422 UT WOS:000072145000029 ER PT J AU Miklas, PN Schwartz, HF Salgado, MO Nina, R Beaver, JS AF Miklas, PN Schwartz, HF Salgado, MO Nina, R Beaver, JS TI Reaction of select tepary bean to ashy stem blight and Fusarium wilt SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli; Macrophomina phaseolina; Phaseolus acutifolius var. latifolius; pathology; resistance; disease ID F-SP PHASEOLI; COMMON BEANS; ACUTIFOLIUS AB Cultivated tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray var. latifolius Freeman) has received considerable interest as a crop for dryland production regions around the world. Successful tepary bean production will depend partly upon its resistance to endemic diseases. Thirteen select tepary bean lines were evaluated in the field and by rice-seed inoculation for resistance to ashy stem blight [Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Gold.] and by a root-clip inoculation method for resistance to fusarium wilt [Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.:Fr.f.sp. phaseoli J.B. Kendrick and W.C. Synder) (Fop)]. Three lines, Mex-114, PI 440806-s, and PI321637-s, exhibited high levels of resistance to both pathogens and their diseases. These reactions, combined with known resistances to other pathogens, will allow identification of multiple-disease-resistant tepary bean germplasm for use in different production regions and breeding programs. C1 ARS, USDA, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Bioagr Sci & Pest Management, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Agron & Soils, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. RP Miklas, PN (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, 24106 N Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 19 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 1998 VL 33 IS 1 BP 136 EP 139 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA YY422 UT WOS:000072145000036 ER PT J AU Miklas, PN Stavely, JR AF Miklas, PN Stavely, JR TI Incomplete dominance of rust resistance in tepary bean SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Phaseolus acutifolius; Uromyces appendiculatus; genetics ID UROMYCES-PHASEOLI; FIELD PERFORMANCE; ACUTIFOLIUS; VULGARIS AB Foliar diseases are a major constraint to cultivated tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray var. latifolius Freeman) production in some environments. The reactions of 12 cultivated teparies to eight individual races (41, 47, 49, 51, 53, 58, 67, and 73) of the bean rust fungus Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Unger var. appendiculatus maintained at Beltsville, Md., were examined under greenhouse conditions. These diverse races, used together, overcome all of the major rust-resistance genes present within the 19 host differential cultivars of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Seven lines (GN-605-s, GN-610-s, PI 321638-s, PI 502217-s, Neb-T-6-s, Neb-T-8a-s, and Neb-T-15-s) exhibited similarly high levels of resistance (immunity or necrotic spots without sporulation) to all eight races. Inheritance of resistance was examined across five susceptible x resistant (S x R) and three resistant x resistant (R x R) populations. The rust reactions in the F-1, F-2, and F-3 generations derived from Sr R crosses revealed that the immune or necrotic resistance response was conditioned by a single locus exhibiting incomplete dominance. The rust resistance of four lines tested for allelism in R x R crosses was found to be derived from the same gene. This apparent lack of variability for rust resistance suggests that a single introgression event may realize the full potential for cultivated tepary bean to contribute rust resistance to common bean through interspecific hybridization. In addition, the limited variability for resistance to the highly variable rust pathogen in cultivated tepary bean supports the occurrence of a "bottleneck effect" during domestication of this species, as observed in germplasm diversity studies. C1 ARS, USDA, Irrigated Agr & Extens Ctr, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. ARS, USDA, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Baltimore, MD 20705 USA. RP Miklas, PN (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Irrigated Agr & Extens Ctr, 24106 N Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 1998 VL 33 IS 1 BP 143 EP 145 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA YY422 UT WOS:000072145000038 ER PT J AU Lester, G AF Lester, G TI Diurnal growth measurements of honeydew and muskmelon fruits SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Cucumis melo; equatorial circumference C1 ARS, USDA, Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Lester, G (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 1998 VL 33 IS 1 BP 156 EP 156 PG 1 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA YY422 UT WOS:000072145000043 ER PT J AU Flerchinger, GN Cooley, KR Hanson, CL Seyfried, MS AF Flerchinger, GN Cooley, KR Hanson, CL Seyfried, MS TI A uniform versus an aggregated water balance of a semi-arid watershed SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE precipitation; snow; hydrological balance; aggregating; rangeland; evapotranspiration ID TEMPORALLY VARYING SNOWMELT; GROUNDWATER RESPONSE; SUBSURFACE FLOW; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; TEMPERATURE; IMPACTS; MODEL AB Hydrologists have long struggled with the problem of how to account for the effects of spatial variability in precipitation, vegetation and soils. This problem is particularly acute in snow-fed, semi-arid watersheds, which typically have considerable variability in snow distribution and vegetation communities on scales much smaller than that addressed by most hydrological modelling. In this study, two approaches were used to compute a water balance using two years of data collected at the Upper Sheep Creek Watershed, a 26-ha semi-arid mountainous sub-basin within the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed in south-west Idaho, USA. The first water balance approach (uniform approach) assumed that the entire watershed was homogeneous; the second approach computed a partial water balance for each of three landscape units and then computed an aggregated water balance for the watershed. Runoff and change in groundwater storage were not distinguishable between landscape units; thus, the only difference between the two approaches was in the estimation of the two major components, precipitation and evapotranspiration (ET). Precipitation, which occurs predominantly as snow, was measured within each landscape unit directly and adjusted for drifting. ET was estimated using the simultaneous heat and water model (SHAW) and validated with measurements from Bowen ratio instruments. Precipitation input for the two years was approximately 480 and 700 mm, respectively; ET was approximately 450 and 410 mm, respectively. The water balance for the aggregated approach had a discrepancy of -17 and 55 mm, respectively for the two years, while the uniform approach was within 42 and 86 mm, respectively. (Negative values indicate more estimated outflow than inflow.) The differences in precipitation estimates for the two approaches were greatest for the second year owing to more variability across the watershed, which the uniform approach did not adequately address. The largest difference between the aggregated and uniform approach for both years was the estimated ET. This was attributed to the inability of the uniform approach to associate areas of the watershed having more vegetation and leaf area with areas having soil water available for transpiration. Differences in ET estimates for the two approaches were least during the second year when water was less limiting and potential ET was less. This suggests that ET can be aggregated more easily when water is not limiting using the average leaf area index independently of the spatial variability in leaf area. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RP Flerchinger, GN (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. NR 35 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 12 IS 2 BP 331 EP 342 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199802)12:2<331::AID-HYP580>3.3.CO;2-5 PG 12 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA YZ218 UT WOS:000072232100008 ER PT J AU Trabelsi, S Kraszewski, AW Nelson, SO AF Trabelsi, S Kraszewski, AW Nelson, SO TI A microwave method for on-line determination of bulk density and moisture content of particulate materials SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference - Sensing, Processing, Networking (IMTC/97) CY MAY 18-22, 1997 CL OTTAWA, CANADA SP IEEE Instrumentat & Measurement Soc, IEEE Ottawa Sect DE bulk density measurement; dielectric properties; microwave measurement; moisture content measurement; particulate materials ID DIELECTRIC-PROPERTIES AB A new method for simultaneous and independent on-line determination of bulk density and moisture content in particulate materials by measurements of the relative complex permittivity is proposed, The bulk density is determined, based on a representation in the complex plane of relative complex permittivity normalized to bulk density, For moisture content determination, a new density-independent function, exclusively dependent on the dielectric properties, is used. Results obtained from measurements on wheat over broad ranges of microwave frequencies, temperatures, densities, and moisture contents are presented. C1 ARS, USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Trabelsi, S (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 16 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 47 IS 1 BP 127 EP 132 DI 10.1109/19.728804 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 136CZ UT WOS:000076841900027 ER PT J AU Nelson, SO Bartley, PG AF Nelson, SO Bartley, PG TI Open-ended coaxial-line permittivity measurements on pulverized materials SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference - Sensing, Processing, Networking (IMTC/97) CY MAY 18-22, 1997 CL OTTAWA, CANADA SP IEEE Instrumentat & Measurement Soc, IEEE Ottawa Sect DE bulk density; coal; dielectric properties; limestone; microwave measurements; open-ended coaxial-line measurements; particulate materials; permittivity measurements ID DIELECTRIC-PROPERTIES; MICROWAVE PERMITTIVITIES; COAL; GHZ; RF AB The open-ended, coaxial-line probe technique can be used to obtain estimates of the permittivities of some solid dielectrics over broad ranges of frequency by measurements on powdered or pulverized samples, but certain limitations must be recognized. Such a probe was used with a network analyzer to estimate the permittivities of coal and limestone from reflection coefficients measured on pulverized samples. The bulk density of the pulverized samples for the coaxial probe measurements was determined from auxiliary, single-frequency permittivity measurements on the samples at known bulk densities, and the permittivities of the solid materials over the frequency range from 0.2 GHz to 20 GHz were then estimated by computations based on the Landau and Lifshitz, Looyenga dielectric mixture equation and solid material densities. C1 ARS, USDA, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Nelson, SO (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Athens, GA 30604 USA. EM sonelson@bae.uga.edu NR 20 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 47 IS 1 BP 133 EP 137 DI 10.1109/19.728805 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 136CZ UT WOS:000076841900028 ER PT J AU Urban, JF Noben-Trauth, N Donaldson, DD Madden, KB Morris, SC Collins, M Finkelman, FD AF Urban, JF Noben-Trauth, N Donaldson, DD Madden, KB Morris, SC Collins, M Finkelman, FD TI IL-13, IL-4R alpha, and Stat6 are required for the expulsion of the gastrointestinal nematode parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis SO IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID RECEPTOR-ALPHA CHAIN; COMMON GAMMA-CHAIN; INTERLEUKIN-4 RECEPTOR; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; TRICHINELLA-SPIRALIS; PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY; RAPID EXPULSION; BINDING SUBUNIT; IGE RESPONSE AB Although IL-4 induces expulsion of the gastrointestinal nematode parasite, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, from immunodeficient mice, this parasite is expelled normally by IL-4-deficient mice. This apparent paradox is explained by observations that IL-4 receptor alpha chain (IL-4R alpha)-deficient mice and Stat6-deficient mice fail to expel N. brasiliensis, and a specific antagonist for IL-13, another activator of Stat6 through IL-4R alpha, prevents worm expulsion. Thus, N. brasiliensis expulsion requires signaling via IL-4R alpha and State, and IL-13 may be more important than IL-4 as an inducer of the State signaling that leads to worm expulsion. Additional observations made in the course of these experiments demonstrate that State signaling is not required for IL-4 enhancement of IgG1 production and actually inhibits IL-4-induction of mucosal mastocytosis. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Coll Med, Div Immunol, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NIH, Immunol Lab, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. Genet Inst, Cambridge, MA 02140 USA. Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Pediat, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. Vet Adm Med Ctr, Cincinnati, OH 45220 USA. RP Finkelman, FD (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Coll Med, Div Immunol, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. EM ffinkelman@mem.po.com OI Urban, Joseph/0000-0002-1590-8869 FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI35987, R01 AI37180] NR 56 TC 389 Z9 393 U1 1 U2 12 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 1050 MASSACHUSETTES AVE, CIRCULATION DEPT, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA SN 1074-7613 J9 IMMUNITY JI Immunity PD FEB PY 1998 VL 8 IS 2 BP 255 EP 264 DI 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80477-X PG 10 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA YY926 UT WOS:000072201800012 PM 9492006 ER PT J AU Eggleston, G AF Eggleston, G TI Changes in chemistry across evaporators SO INTERNATIONAL SUGAR JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID COLOR; SUGAR; BEET AB Chemical loss of sucrose, and formation of degradation products including colour compounds, across a beet factory's five-effect evaporator were investigated, using ion chromatography with integrated pulsed amperometric detection (IC-IPAD) to measure sucrose, glucose, fructose and mannose levels, Conventional sugar factory analyses for monitoring sugar losses, i.e., changes in pol, purity, pH and colour, were collected and compared to the IC-IPAD analyses, The data allow detailed assessment of the chemical processes involving sucrose losses, including description of the complete mechanism of colour-forming reactions, across the evaporators, Maillard reactions are dominant in the early stages of evaporation, and alkaline degradation reactions of invert sugars and sucrose in the latter stages, Glucose:sucrose ratios (as measured by IC), are shown not to be viable for determining sucrose losses in these samples, and are underestimates. C1 USDA ARS, SRRC, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Eggleston, G (reprint author), USDA ARS, SRRC, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT SUGAR JOURNAL LTD PI WEST GLAMORGAN PA PO BOX 26N ST PORT TALBOT, WEST GLAMORGAN SA13 1NX, WALES SN 0020-8841 J9 INT SUGAR J JI Int. Sugar J. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 100 IS 1190 BP 49 EP + PG 8 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA YZ009 UT WOS:000072211000002 ER PT J AU Goldade, DA Primus, TM Johnston, JJ Zapien, DC AF Goldade, DA Primus, TM Johnston, JJ Zapien, DC TI Reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatographic quantitation of difethialone residues in whole-body rodents with solid-phase extraction cleanup SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE difethialone; secondary hazard; rodenticide; anticoagulant; solid-phase extraction (SPE) ID ANTICOAGULANT RODENTICIDE; ANIMAL-TISSUES; FLUORESCENCE DETECTION; GLC DETERMINATION; HUMAN PLASMA; BRODIFACOUM; COUMARIN; WARFARIN; HPLC; LIVER AB A reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of difethialone residues in laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus). Difethialone was extracted from rat tissue with chloroform/acetone/formic acid. The extracts were cleaned up by a solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure using both, silica and aminopropyl SPE sorbents, concentrated, and analyzed by reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography. Difethialone was quantitated via ultraviolet absorbance at 262 nm. A surrogate compound, brodifacoum, was used to correct for method performance. The mean surrogate-corrected recoveries for whole ground rodent fortified at 0.2, 1.0, and 20 mu g/g difethialone were 92.3 +/- 7.7, 84.8 +/- 6.6, and 90.2 +/- 3.1%, respectively, The method limit of detection was 0.054 mu g/g. C1 USDA, Analyt Chem Project, APHIS, WS,Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Goldade, DA (reprint author), USDA, Analyt Chem Project, APHIS, WS,Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 3350 Eastbrook Dr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 33 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 46 IS 2 BP 504 EP 508 DI 10.1021/jf970715u PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA YY168 UT WOS:000072120100024 ER PT J AU Lu, FC Ralph, J AF Lu, FC Ralph, J TI The DFRC method for lignin analysis. 2. Monomers from isolated lignins SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE acetyl bromide; lignin; beta-aryl ether; thioacidolysis; beta-bromoether; quantitative analysis; reductive elimination; DFRC ID TRIMETHYLSILYL IODIDE; SELECTIVE CLEAVAGE; POPLAR LIGNINS; ETHER BONDS; THIOACIDOLYSIS; IDENTIFICATION; ACIDOLYSIS; PRODUCTS; UNITS AB Monomers released from derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC degradation) of lignins have been identified by mass spectra and/or comparison of their GC retention times with authentic compounds. The primary monomers from several isolated lignins representing softwoods, hardwoods grasses, and dicots have been quantified by GC. Sources of the minor monomeric components have been rationalized on the basis of the DFRC mechanisms; products from cinnamyl alcohol endgroups, aldehydes, arylglycerols, and alpha-carbonyl units have been identified. From isolated Lignins, the DFRC method produces its diagnostic primary monomers, the hydroxycinnamyl peracetates, with yields comparable to the production of monomers from other ether-cleaving analytical methods. C1 USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forestry, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Ralph, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, 1925 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM jralph@facstaff.wisc.edu NR 34 TC 79 Z9 81 U1 2 U2 30 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 46 IS 2 BP 547 EP 552 DI 10.1021/jf970676m PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA YY168 UT WOS:000072120100029 ER PT J AU Peng, JP Lu, FC Ralph, J AF Peng, JP Lu, FC Ralph, J TI The DFRC method for lignin analysis. 4. Lignin dimers isolated from DFRC-degraded loblolly pine wood SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE lignin; lignin dimer; structural elucidation; DFRC degradation; loblolly pine wood; Pinus taeda L.; acetyl bromide; NMR ID BIOSYNTHESIS AB Sixteen lignin dimers were directly isolated by gel permeation and reversed-phase TLC and HPLC followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC) procedure. Their structures were elucidated by GC/MS and NMR. These dimers included representatives from all of the common interunit linkages in softwood lignins (beta-1, beta-beta, 5-5, beta-5, and 5-O-4). The DFRC procedure efficiently cleaves beta-aryl ethers, the major structural unit, so beta-ethers were not found among the dimeric products. All but two of the isolated dimers were guaiacyl-guaiacyl (from coniferyl alcohol-derived units in lignin); small amounts of p-hydroxyphenyl/guaiacyl beta-5 and beta-1 dimers were characterized. Several dimers have benzaldehydes as one unit-since aldehydes are not created by the procedure, they are either present in the native lignin or are formed during the minimal preparation of the wood. The dimers isolated and identified here will eventually allow their quantitation to aid in the structural analyses of wide-ranging plant materials. C1 USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forestry, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Ralph, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, 1925 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 19 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 20 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 46 IS 2 BP 553 EP 560 DI 10.1021/jf970802m PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA YY168 UT WOS:000072120100030 ER PT J AU Papiernik, SK Spalding, RF AF Papiernik, SK Spalding, RF TI Atrazine, deethylatrazine, and deisopropylatrazine persistence measured in groundwater in situ under low-oxygen conditions SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE degradation; triazine; groundwater; denitrification; metabolite ID DIFFERENT NUTRIENT CONDITIONS; WETLAND SEDIMENT; MINERALIZATION RATES; HERBICIDE ATRAZINE; AQUIFER CONDITIONS; CYANURIC ACID; UNITED-STATES; DEGRADATION; WATER; SOIL AB The degradation of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine], deethylatrazine [DEA; 2-amino-4-chloro-6-(isopropylamino)-1,3,5-triazine], and deisopropylatrazine [DIA; 2-amino-4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazine] was assessed under limited oxygen conditions using in situ microcosms. Denitrification was induced in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer to measure the potential for degradation of atrazine, DEA, and DIA under low-O-2 conditions. The dissolved oxygen content decreased from 7-8 mg/L to less than or equal to 1 mg/L within 4 days and remained less than or similar to 3 mg/L for the remainder of the 45-day experiment. Atrazine, DEA, and DIA concentrations (normalized to the bromide concentration at each sampling time to account for dilution) did not show a significant decrease with time, indicating that these compounds are relatively stable under the low-O-2 conditions induced in the aquifer. Although removal of one alkyl group has been proposed as the rate-limiting step in atrazine degradation, no transformation of either monodealkylated metabolite (DEA or DIA) was observed in this study. C1 Univ Nebraska, Water Sci Lab, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Papiernik, SK (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 43 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 3 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 46 IS 2 BP 749 EP 754 DI 10.1021/jf9706235 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA YY168 UT WOS:000072120100063 ER PT J AU Yates, SR Gan, JY AF Yates, SR Gan, JY TI Volatility, adsorption, and degradation of propargyl bromide as a soil fumigant SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE propargyl bromide; methyl bromide alternative; Henry's law constant; degradation; solubility; hydrolysis; adsorption, vapor density ID ATMOSPHERIC METHYL-BROMIDE; COVERED FIELD; HYDROLYSIS; EMISSIONS; 1,3-DICHLOROPROPENE AB During the 1960s, propargyl bromide (3-bromopropyne, C3H3Br, or 3BP) was used in a soil fumigant Trizone, a combination of chloropicrin, methyl bromide, and propargyl bromide. Since a great deal of attention is being placed on finding replacements for methyl bromide (CH3Br, MeBr) in soil fumigation, there is a revived interest in developing propargyl bromide as an alternative fumigant. However, at present, no information exists for assessing its behavior and safety in the environment. In this study, several important parameters needed to determine its environmental fate are obtained. These include basic parameters such as solubility, saturated vapor density, the Henry's law constant, adsorption, and degradation. These parameters are compared to MeBr and 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D); a methyl bromide alternative. At 25 degrees C, the Henry's law constant, K-H, for 3-bromopropyne is 0.046, which is smaller than that for MeBr and similar in magnitude to that for 1,3-D. In water at 25 degrees C, the solubility is approximate to 1.5% and 3BP slowly degrades with a hydrolysis half-life of 47 days. In soil, the degradation half-life ranged from 1.2 to 5 days, depending on the soil type. Under typical agricultural conditions, 3BP will move readily in soils, a desirable characteristic for fumigants, but, due to its short soil degradation time, should not pose a serious environmental risk. C1 USDA, ARS, US Salin Lab, Soil Phys & Pesticides Res Unit, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Yates, SR (reprint author), USDA, ARS, US Salin Lab, Soil Phys & Pesticides Res Unit, 450 Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 40 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 46 IS 2 BP 755 EP 761 DI 10.1021/jf9707849 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA YY168 UT WOS:000072120100064 ER PT J AU Simpson, RB Chase, CC Hammond, AC Williams, MJ Olson, TA AF Simpson, RB Chase, CC Hammond, AC Williams, MJ Olson, TA TI Average daily gain, blood metabolites, and body composition at first conception in Hereford, Senepol, and reciprocal crossbred heifers on two levels of winter nutrition and two summer grazing treatments SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE heifers; Senepol; puberty; body composition; body fat ID LUTEINIZING-HORMONE SECRETION; DIETARY ENERGY-INTAKE; BEEF HEIFERS; CARCASS COMPOSITION; GROWTH-HORMONE; PUBERTY; WEIGHT; BREEDS; ONSET; SOMATOTROPIN AB Hereford (n = 48), Senepol (n = 42), and reciprocal crossbred (n = 34) heifers from two consecutive calf crops were stratified by breed, age, and BW to receive bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) hay offered free choice and 150 mg monensin.heifer(-1).d(-1) in addition to either 2.27 kg.heifer(-1).d(-1) of a 75% cracked corn and 25% soybean meal mixture (CS) or .91 kg.heifer(-1).d(-1) of soybean meal (SBM). Heifers in each treatment were divided into two winter pasture replicates and exposed to fertile bulls. In spring of each year, one-half of the heifers from each winter treatment were allotted to either a continuous (CONT) or rotational (ROTA) grazing system on bahiagrass pastures for the summer phase of the study. Heifers supplemented with CS had higher ADG from the beginning of the study to first conception than heifers fed SBM (.39 vs .31 +/- .02 kg/d; P < .01). Heifers fed CS were younger at first conception than SBM heifers (500 vs 563 +/- 32 d of age; P < .05) but had similar BW (312 vs 317 +/- 7 kg; P > .10). During the 2-yr study, a subset of Hereford (n = 12), Senepol (n = 15),: and reciprocal crossbred (n = 14) heifers were subjected to urea space measurements to determine body composition at first conception. Change in body composition over time was analyzed by regression and body composition at first conception was predicted from; these regressions. At first conception, percentage of empty body fat was not affected by treatment or year; however, percentage of empty body fat tended to be higher in crossbred than in Hereford and Senepol heifers (16.6 vs 14.3 and 14.4 +/- .94%; P < .10). Stepwise regression of BW, body condition score (BCS), fat thickness (determined by ultrasound), and body composition at first conception on age at first conception revealed that BCS and BW accounted for 55% of the variation in age at first conception (P < .01). C1 ARS, USDA, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Chase, CC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. NR 34 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 76 IS 2 BP 396 EP 403 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA YX058 UT WOS:000072002200007 PM 9498344 ER PT J AU MacNeil, MD Urick, JJ Snelling, WM AF MacNeil, MD Urick, JJ Snelling, WM TI Comparison of selection by independent culling levels for below-average birth weight and high yearling weight with mass selection for high yearling weight in line 1 Hereford cattle. SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef cattle; selection; genetic trend; growth factors; calving ID BEEF-CATTLE; GROWTH TRAITS; REPRODUCTION; DYSTOCIA; ANGUS; AGE; DAM AB Mass selection by independent culling levels (YB subline) for below-average birth weight (BWT) and high yearling weight (YWT) was compared with single-trait mass selection (YW subline) for high YWT in the inbred population of Line 1 Hereford cattle at Miles City, Montana. There were 4.2 generations of selection in YB and YW. Heritability estimates for the base population derived from multiple-trait REML were .28 and .31 for direct effects and .16 and .06 for maternal effects on BWT and YWT, respectively. Mid-parent cumulative selection differentials for BWT of YB and YW diverged ( -2.9 vs 8.2 kg, respectively), as did the associated genetic trends for direct effects (-.014 kg/yr vs .105 kg/yr, respectively). Mid-parent cumulative selection differential for YWT of YB (102.1 kg) was 64% of that attained in YW (160.7 kg). Likewise, response in YWT of YB (.91 kg/yr) was 61% of response attained in YW (1.5 kg/yr). For BWT and YWT, maternal genetic trends were similar across selection lines. Assistance at parturition of first-parity 2-yr-old heifers was consistently less frequent in YB than in YW. C1 ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, USDA, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. RP MacNeil, MD (reprint author), ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, USDA, Rt 1,Box 2021, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. RI MacNeil, Michael/A-6772-2009 NR 28 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 76 IS 2 BP 458 EP 467 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA YX058 UT WOS:000072002200016 PM 9498353 ER PT J AU Casas, E Keele, JW Shackelford, SD Koohmaraie, M Sonstegard, TS Smith, TPL Kappes, SM Stone, RT AF Casas, E Keele, JW Shackelford, SD Koohmaraie, M Sonstegard, TS Smith, TPL Kappes, SM Stone, RT TI Association of the muscle hypertrophy locus with carcass traits in beef cattle SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE double muscling; carcasses; beef; genetic markers ID BIOLOGICAL TYPES; RAPID METHOD; BREED AB A locus near the centromere of bovine chromosome 2 is responsible for muscle hypertrophy (mh) in cattle. The objectives of this study were to refine the genomic region in which the locus resides and to assess the effects of a single copy of the mh allele on carcass and birth traits. Two half-sib families were developed using a Belgian Blue x MARC III (n = 246) or a Piedmontese x Angus (n = 209) sire. Traits analyzed were calving ease (CE), birth weight (BWT, kg), longissimus rib eye area (REA), retail product yield (RPYD), USDA yield grade (YG), marbling (MAR); fat thickness (FAT), estimated kidney, pelvic, and heart fat (KPH), and longissimus tenderness measured as Warner-Bratzler shear force at 3 (S3) and 14 (S14) d postmortem. Six microsatellites were used to determine the presence or absence of the mh allele and to confirm the location of the locus affecting the traits, which was assessed to be 4 cM from the beginning of the linkage group, with the 95% confidence interval between 2 and 6 cM. Cattle with an mh allele had increased (P < .01) REA, RPYD, and BWT and decreased MAR, YG, FAT, and KPH, compared with those without the allele. The effects of the mh allele ( mh/+ vs +/+) were 1.35, 1.6, .41, -1.01, -1.42, -.84, and -.86 residual standard deviations, respectively. There were no effects (P > .10) for CE, S3, and S14. Allelic differences due to the mh locus were similar for both sources (Belgian Blue or Piedmontese). Individuals inheriting a single mh allele had a leaner, more heavily muscled carcass compared with those inheriting the alternative allele. Thus, mating schemes that maximize production of mh/+ genotypes provide a viable approach for improving carcass composition. C1 ARS, USDA, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Stone, RT (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 26 TC 80 Z9 86 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 76 IS 2 BP 468 EP 473 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA YX058 UT WOS:000072002200017 PM 9498354 ER PT J AU Belk, KE Scanga, JA Tatum, JD Wise, JW Smith, GC AF Belk, KE Scanga, JA Tatum, JD Wise, JW Smith, GC TI Simulated instrument augmentation of USDA yield grade application to beef carcasses SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef; carcasses; meat yield; composition; instrumentation; augmentation ID MEAT AB Because no instrument technology has been shown to predict beef carcass composition better than USDA yield grades, this study was conducted to determine whether an instrument could be used to augment and improve the accuracy of USDA yield grade placement. Adjusted preliminary yield grade (PYG), ribeye area (REA), estimated percentage of kidney, pelvic, and heart fat (KPH), hot carcass weight (HCW), and USDA yield grade (called and computed) were determined by five on-line USDA graders and two USDA grading supervisors for beef carcasses (n = 550) selected randomly in a commercial beef packing plant. Data were compared (2,737 comparisons) to Gold Standard yield grades and yield grade factors determined by an expert panel of carcass evaluators (unrestrained in access or time to evaluate carcasses). On-line USDA grader PYG were closely related (mean absolute error of .15 +/- .14 yield grade units; r =.91), and on-line REA and KPH were nominally related (mean absolute error of .51 +/- .35, .06 +/- .07 yield grade units and r = .48 and .66, respectively), to Gold Standard yield grade factors. On-line USDA graders determined adjusted PYG effectively, but they may require instrument assistance to evaluate carcass muscling traits and perform time-sensitive computations. To explain why instrument technology may not estimate beef carcass fatness as accurately as USDA yield grades, the absolute mean difference between Gold Standard measured PYG and adjusted PYG were compared. Only 5.6% of the sample population required no PYG adjustment, 94.4% required some adjustment, and 11.0% required over a .5 yield grade unit adjustment. Yield grades for beef carcasses, called by the USDA graders and supervisors at chain speeds, resulted in greater accuracy (absolute mean error of .24 +/- .43 yield grade units; r = .82) than when yield grades were computed for carcasses using the yield grade factors determined by on-line USDA graders and supervisors at chain speeds (absolute mean error of .52 +/- .41 yield grade units; r = .75). Gold Standard yield grade factors were sequentially substituted into the short-cut USDA yield grade equation for the yield grade factors determined at chain speeds by the USDA graders and supervisors. Results suggested that instrument augmentation would improve accuracy and precision of yield grade placement if on-line USDA graders determined PYG and an instrument determined REA and performed the necessary computations, incorporating KPH and actual HCW (P <.05). C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA, Agr Mkt Serv, Livestock & Seed Div, Livestock & Meat Standardizat Branch, Washington, DC 20090 USA. RP Belk, KE (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 9 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 76 IS 2 BP 522 EP 527 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA YX058 UT WOS:000072002200024 PM 9498361 ER PT J AU Mahan, DC Cromwell, GL Ewan, RC Hamilton, CR Yen, JT AF Mahan, DC Cromwell, GL Ewan, RC Hamilton, CR Yen, JT TI Evaluation of the feeding duration of a Phase 1 nursery diet to three-week-old pigs of two weaning weights SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE weaning; diets; nutrition programs; pigs ID BODY-WEIGHT; PERFORMANCE; GROWTH; COLOSTRUM; PROGRAMS; MILK AB A regional study involving a total of 618 nursery pigs with 468 continuing through the grower-finisher period evaluated the feeding duration of a Phase 1 starter diet (1, 2, or 3 wk) to 23-d old weanling pigs of two weaning weights (5.5 or 7.5 kg). The study was a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments in a randomized complete block design conducted in 19 replicates during the nursery period, with 14 replicates continuing through the grower-finisher period. Upon completion of feeding the Phase 1 diet for the experimental period, pigs were fed a Phase 2 diet (total of 5 wk for both Phases), whereupon a corn-soybean meal mixture formulated to .80% lysine was fed during the grower (to 56 kg BW) and a .65% lysine diet to a final body weight of 105 kg. Station effects were significant (P <.05) but station x treatment responses were not (P >.15). Pigs with heavier weaning weights gained faster (P <.01) and consumed more feed (P <.01) during each week of the nursery period. Nursery pig gains (P <.06) and gain: feed ratios improved (P <.01) when the Phase 1 diet had been fed for either 2 or 3 wk for both pig weight groups. There was no interaction response during the nursery period between weaning weight or duration of feeding the Phase 1 diet on daily gains or feed intake measurements; however, pigs in the heavier weight group were more efficient (P <.05) in feed utilization when fed the Phase 1 diet for 2 or 3 wk. During the grower-finisher period, gains were higher (P <.01) with the heavier pig group. When the Phase 1 diet had been fed for either 2 or 3 wk to the pigs of either weight group, gains (P <.01) and feed efficiency (P < .05) were improved. There was no evidence of compensatory growth for the lower weight pig group during the subsequent grower or finisher periods. Pigs with heavier weaning weights reached 105 kg BW approximately 8 d sooner (P <.01) and consumed less total feed (P <.05) from weaning to 105 kg than those in the lower weight group. Feeding the Phase 1 diet for 2 wk to pigs of either weight group reduced the time from weaning to 105 kg BW, but weaning heavier pigs seemed to have a greater effect on postweaning performance than the feeding duration of a Phase 1 diet. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Univ Kentucky, Lexington, KY USA. Iowa State Univ, Ames, IA 50011 USA. S Dakota State Univ, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. ARS, USDA, Clay Ctr, NE USA. RP Mahan, DC (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Room 205 Plumb Hall,2027 Coffey Rd, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RI Wilkinson, Stuart/C-2802-2013 NR 18 TC 39 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 76 IS 2 BP 578 EP 583 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA YX058 UT WOS:000072002200031 PM 9498368 ER PT J AU Ferrell, CL Jenkins, TG AF Ferrell, CL Jenkins, TG TI Body composition and energy utilization by steers of diverse genotypes fed a high-concentrate diet during the finishing period: I. Angus, Belgian Blue, Hereford, and Piedmontese sires SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cattle; body composition; organs; maintenance; weight gain ID RETAINED HETEROSIS; BEEF-CATTLE; EFFICIENCY; GROWTH; BREED AB Objectives of the study were to 1) describe body composition and composition of gain of crossbred steers sired by Angus, Hereford, Belgian Blue, or Piedmontese sires from Angus, Hereford, or MARC III dams and 2) determine the influence of sire and dam type on energy utilization during the finishing period. Beginning at 330 kg, 70 steers were adjusted to a high-corn diet and individual feeding. Steers were assigned, by sire and dam breed, to be billed as an initial slaughter group or fed either a limited amount or ad libitum for 140 d, then killed. Organ weights, carcass traits, and body composition were obtained. Effects included in the statistical model were nutritional treatment (T), sire breed (S), dam breed (D), and the S x T and D x T interactions. All traits were influenced (P <.05) by T. Sire influenced longissimus area, fat thickness, and quality and yield grade (P <.01); weight of hide, stomach complex, heart, lung, spleen, empty body fat, protein, ash, and energy; rates of fat, protein, and energy gains; and water, fat, ash, and energy content of gains (P <.10). Dam breed influenced (P <.10) DM and ME intake, fat thickness, yield grade, heart, lung, and spleen weights, and rates of water, fat, protein, and energy gains. Rates of DM or ME intake, live and empty body weights, and water, protein, ash, and energy gains were influenced (P <.05) by D x T. Neither S nor D influenced (P >.10) regressions of heat production on ME intake. Easting heat production and maintenance were estimated to be 80.6 and 124.4 kcal ME/(kg.(75).d). The nonlinear relationship between energy gain (Y, kcal/[kg(.75.)d]) and ME intake (X, kcal/[kg(.75.)d]) was Y = 74.69 x (1 - 2.60 x exp(-.0159x(ME - 80.597))), and indicated energy gain approached an asymptote (74.69) as ME intake increased. This relationship also implies that efficiency of ME use for gain decreased as ME intake increased. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Ferrell, CL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 29 TC 55 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 76 IS 2 BP 637 EP 646 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA YX058 UT WOS:000072002200038 PM 9498375 ER PT J AU Ferrell, CL Jenkins, TG AF Ferrell, CL Jenkins, TG TI Body composition and energy utilization by steers of diverse genotypes fed a high-concentrate diet during the finishing period: II. Angus, Boran, Brahman, Hereford, and Tuli sires SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cattle; efficiency; organs; maintenance; growth ID BEEF-CATTLE; EFFICIENCY; REQUIREMENTS; DENSITY; GROWTH; GAIN AB Objectives of the study were to determine the influence of Angus (A), Boran (BO), Brahman (BR), Hereford (H), or Tuli (T) sires on body composition, composition of gain, and energy utilization of crossbred steers during the finishing period. Beginning at 300 kg, 96 steers were adjusted to a high-corn diet and individual feeding. Steers were assigned, by sire breed, to be killed as an initial slaughter group or fed either a limited amount or ad libitum for 140 d then killed. Organ weights, carcass traits, and body composition were evaluated. The statistical model included sire breed (S), treatment (Trt), and the S x Trt interaction. Ad libitum feed intake was least for BO- and T-intermediate for BR- and H-, and greatest for A-sired steers. Rates of weight, fat, and energy gains were similar for A-, H-, and BR-sired steers but less (P <.01) for BO and T when fed ad libitum. Rates of protein or water gains did not differ among sire breeds (P >.12). Rates of water, fat, and protein gain increased linearly with increased rate of BW gain, but relationships differed (P <.05) among sire breeds. Linear regression analyses indicated energy requirements for maintenance and efficiency of energy use for energy gain differed (P <.05) among sire breeds. Evaluation by nonlinear regression indicated that heat production increased exponentially and energy gain increased asymptotically as feed intake increased above maintenance. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Ferrell, CL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 31 TC 88 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 76 IS 2 BP 647 EP 657 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA YX058 UT WOS:000072002200039 PM 9498376 ER PT J AU Meyer, SE Carlson, SL Garvin, SC AF Meyer, SE Carlson, SL Garvin, SC TI Seed germination regulation and field seed bank carryover in shadscale (Atriplex confertifolia : Chenopodiaceae) SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE dormancy; establishment; saltbush; salt desert; seed viability ID TEMPERATURE; PATTERNS AB In laboratory germination studies with 15 collections of Atriplex confertifolia, a dominant shrub of North American salt deserts, we found that seeds were dormant and largely unresponsive to chilling at dispersal but became chilling-responsive through dry after-ripening. Collections from warm desert habitats were more chilling-responsive and after-ripened more rapidly than those from cold desert habitats. In a field seed bank experiment, germination did not take place until the second spring, and 30% of the seeds remained viable and ungerminated after five springs. Cold desert collections showed highest seed bank carryover. Spring germination and seed bank carryover across years are important aspects of shadscale life history. (C) 1998 Academic Press Limited. C1 US Forest Serv, Intermt Res Stn, Shrub Sci Lab, USDA, Provo, UT 84606 USA. RP Meyer, SE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Intermt Res Stn, Shrub Sci Lab, USDA, 735 N 500 E, Provo, UT 84606 USA. NR 22 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 38 IS 2 BP 255 EP 267 DI 10.1006/jare.1997.0321 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZE330 UT WOS:000072781800009 ER PT J AU Yang, DQ Goodison, BE Metcalfe, JR Golubev, VS Bates, R Pangburn, T Hanson, CL AF Yang, DQ Goodison, BE Metcalfe, JR Golubev, VS Bates, R Pangburn, T Hanson, CL TI Accuracy of NWS 8" standard nonrecording precipitation gauge: Results and application of WMO intercomparison SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Meteorological Observations and Instrumentation CY MAR 27-31, 1995 CL CHARLOTTE, NORTH CAROLINA SP Amer Meteorol Soc ID UNITED-STATES; SNOWFALL AB The standard 8 " nonrecording precipitation gauge has been used historically by the National Weather Service (NWS) as the official precipitation measurement instrument of the U.S. climate station network. From 1986 to 1992, the accuracy and performance of this gauge (unshielded or with an Alter shield) were evaluated during the WMO Solid Precipitation Measurement Intercomparison at three stations in the United States and Russia representing a variety of climate, terrain, and exposure. The double-fence intercomparison reference (DFIR) was the reference standard used at all the intercomparison stations in the Intercomparison project. The Intercomparison data collected at different sites are compatible with respect to the catch ratio (gauge measured/DFIR) for the same gauges, when compared using wind speed at the height of gauge orifice during the observation period. The effects of environmental factors, such as wind speed and temperature, on the gauge catch were investigated. Wind speed was found to be the most important factor determining gauge catch when precipitation was classified into snow, mixed, and rain. The regression functions of the catch ratio versus wind speed at the gauge height on a daily time step were derived for various types of precipitation. Independent checks of the equations have been conducted at these intercomparison stations and good agreement was obtained. Application of the correction procedures for wind, wetting loss, and trace amounts was made on a daily basis at Barrow, Alaska, for 1958 and 1983, and, on average, the gauge-measured precipitation was increased by 20% for rain and 90% for snow. C1 Atmospher Environm Serv, Climate Res Branch, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. State Hydrol Inst, St Petersburg, Russia. USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. ARS, USDA, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID USA. RP Yang, DQ (reprint author), Atmospher Environm Serv, Climate Res Branch, 4905 Dufferin St, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. NR 36 TC 134 Z9 140 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 15 IS 1 BP 54 EP 68 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(1998)015<0054:AONSNP>2.0.CO;2 PN 1 PG 15 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YV252 UT WOS:000071804600007 ER PT J AU Rose, USR Lewis, WJ Tumlinson, JH AF Rose, USR Lewis, WJ Tumlinson, JH TI Specificity of systemically released cotton volatiles as attractants for specialist and generalist parasitic wasps SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gossypium hirsutum; cotton; parasitoids; Microplitis croceipes; Cotesia marginiventris; plant-insect interactions; volatile semiochemicals; systemic induction; plant defense; host-searching behavior; generalist; specialist ID MICROPLITIS-CROCEIPES CRESSON; PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTIONS; HOST-LOCATION; COTESIA-MARGINIVENTRIS; CHEMICAL SIGNALS; FLIGHT BEHAVIOR; DAMAGED PLANTS; BRACONIDAE; SEMIOCHEMICALS; HYMENOPTERA AB Cotton plants under herbivore attack release volatile semiochemicals that attract natural enemies of the herbivores to the damaged plant. The volatiles released in response to herbivory are not only released from the damaged leaves but from the entire cotton plant. We found that cotton plants that released myrcene, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (E)-beta-ocimene, linalool, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, (E)-beta-farnesene, and (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene systemically from undamaged leaves of caterpillar damaged plants were attractive to the generalist parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris and the specialist parasitoid Microplitis croceipes. Plants from which the caterpillar damaged leaves were removed and that released those compounds systemically were significantly preferred over undamaged control plants in two-choice experiments in a Right tunnel. Artificially damaged cotton plants that released green leafy volatiles and constitutive terpenoids were less attractive for M. croceipes and C. marginiventris. Only C. marginiventris preferred artificially damaged plants over undamaged control plants, whereas M. croceipes showed no preference. The apparent lack of specificity of systemically released compounds in response to different herbivores feeding on the lower leaves is discussed. C1 ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, USDA, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Tumlinson, JH (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RI Tumlinson, James/G-8358-2011 NR 35 TC 105 Z9 112 U1 5 U2 25 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 24 IS 2 BP 303 EP 319 DI 10.1023/A:1022584409323 PG 17 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YY393 UT WOS:000072142600007 ER PT J AU McAuslane, HJ Alborn, HT AF McAuslane, HJ Alborn, HT TI Systemic induction of allelochemicals in glanded and glandless isogenic cotton by Spodoptera exigua feeding SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE beet armyworm; Spodoptera exigua; cotton; Gossypium hirsutum; heliocides; gossypol; terpenes; volatiles; glands; feeding deterrent; induced defense; systemic response; plant-insect interaction ID GOSSYPIUM; LEPIDOPTERA; NOCTUIDAE; PLANTS; IDENTIFICATION; TERPENOIDS; BEHAVIOR; HYMENAEA; LARVAE; ANTS AB Induction of systemic resistance to feeding of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, was investigated in two isogenic lines of Stoneville 213 cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, that differed in the presence of pigment glands. In laboratory bioassays, larvae strongly preferred to feed on glandless cotton plants when presented a choice between undamaged terminal leaves of undamaged glanded and glandless plants. Feeding damage inflicted by S. exigua larvae on the two oldest leaves of glanded plants seven days prior to feeding bioassays caused larvae to prefer by 33-fold the undamaged terminal foliage from undamaged plants compared to that from damaged plants. Feeding damage on glandless plants caused only a 2.6-fold greater preference for terminal foliage from undamaged plants over foliage from previously damaged plants. Extracts of terminal foliage from glanded cotton damaged seven days earlier had significantly greater quantities of terpenoid aldehydes (hemigossypolone, gossypol, and heliocides) than did foliage from undamaged glanded plants. Terpenoid aldehydes were undetectable in extracts of both undamaged and previously damaged glandless plants. The profile of volatile compounds collected from the headspace of mechanically damaged terminal leaves of undamaged glanded and glandless plants differed. Both cotton isolines released large quantities of lipoxygenase products (hexenyl alcohols, acetates, and butyrates), but glandless plants released only small amounts of mono- and sesquiterpenes compared to glanded plants. Glandless plants damaged seven days prior to volatile collection released significantly greater quantities of lipoxygenase products, beta-ocimene, and alpha- and beta-farnesene than did undamaged glandless plants. Previously damaged glanded plants released significantly greater quantities of all mono-and sesquiterpenes and hexenyl acetates and butyrates, but not alcohols. The relative importance of volatile compounds versus terpenoid aldehydes in induced feeding deterrence in cotton to S. exigua larvae is still unclear. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. ARS, USDA, SEA, CMAVE, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP McAuslane, HJ (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, POB 110620, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 43 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 3 U2 13 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 24 IS 2 BP 399 EP 416 DI 10.1023/A:1022596812049 PG 18 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YY393 UT WOS:000072142600013 ER PT J AU Johns, MM Marshall, WE Toles, CA AF Johns, MM Marshall, WE Toles, CA TI Agricultural by-products as granular activated carbons for adsorbing dissolved metals and organics SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE soybean; rice; sugarcane; shells; activation; carbons; oxidation; adsorption; metals; organics ID ADSORPTION; REMOVAL; CADMIUM; ZINC; LEAD AB Surplus, low value agricultural by-products can be made into granular activated carbons (GACs) which are used in environmental remediation. This study characterized and evaluated GACs, made from these feedstocks, as effective removers of organics and metals from water. The by-products included soft lignocellulosics such as rice straw, soybean hull, sugarcane bagasse, peanut shell, and harder materials such as pecan and walnut shells. The softer materials were combined with a binder, molasses, to produce briquettes and pellets. The precursors were CO2- or steam-activated, and subsequent treatments included oxidation to enhance metal adsorption. Many of the GACs had acceptable physical GAC attributes, such as durability, for commercial usage. GACs made from pecan and walnut shells adsorbed higher levels of benzene, toluene, methanol, acetonitrile, acetone, and 1,4-dioxane from an aqueous mixture than commercial GACs. Neither CO2 nor steam activation was particularly advantageous in enhancing metal adsorption. Oxidation using O-2-N-2 gas increased metal adsorption while (NH4)S2O8 solution did not In a copper solution, oxidized GACs made from soybean hull had three to four times the Cu(II) adsorption capacity of metal-adsorbing, commercial GACs. Oxidized GACs made from soybean hull, sugarcane bagasse, peanut shell, and rice straw adsorbed from a mixture higher amounts of Pb(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) than any commercial GACs. Commercial GACs adsorbed only Pb(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II). The GACs made from the agricultural by-products have considerable potential for adsorption of organics and metals of environmental concern. (C) 1998 SCI. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Johns, MM (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 29 TC 135 Z9 137 U1 3 U2 34 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0268-2575 J9 J CHEM TECHNOL BIOT JI J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 71 IS 2 BP 131 EP 140 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4660(199802)71:2<131::AID-JCTB821>3.0.CO;2-K PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry; Engineering GA YY034 UT WOS:000072105600004 ER PT J AU Schultz, R Glaze, D Motil, K Hebert, D Percy, A AF Schultz, R Glaze, D Motil, K Hebert, D Percy, A TI Hand and foot growth failure in Rett syndrome SO JOURNAL OF CHILD NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS; STANDARDS AB Growth failure is a major aspect of the developmental arrest in Rett syndrome. Small hands and feet have been reported anecdotally, but the pattern of hand and foot growth has not been studied rigorously. The aims of this study were to characterize the hand and foot growth of 28 girls with Rett syndrome and to examine the relationship between their hand or foot size and height, Median hand length deviated to the 5th percentile at 11 years of age whereas median foot length and height deviated below the 5th percentile at 5.5 years of age. After adjusting for height-age, a greater proportion of foot lengths than hand lengths was less than the 50th percentile. In conclusion, the rate of hand and foot growth of girls with Rett syndrome is slower than that of the normal female. Moreover, the rate of deceleration of foot, but not hand, growth relative to height growth is greater. Thus, many girls with Rett syndrome have "small" feet, but not hands, for their height. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Rett Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Neurol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Pediat Neurol, Birmingham, AL USA. RP Schultz, R (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Rett Ctr, RM 315E, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR00188]; NICHD NIH HHS [5P01 HD 24234] NR 21 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 1 PU DECKER PERIODICALS INC PI HAMILTON PA 4 HUGHSON STREET SOUTH PO BOX 620, LCD 1, HAMILTON, ONTARIO L8N 3K7, CANADA SN 0883-0738 J9 J CHILD NEUROL JI J. Child Neurol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 13 IS 2 BP 71 EP 74 PG 4 WC Clinical Neurology; Pediatrics SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics GA YX513 UT WOS:000072048100004 PM 9512306 ER PT J AU Cutlip, RC Brogden, KA Lehmkuhl, HD AF Cutlip, RC Brogden, KA Lehmkuhl, HD TI Changes in the lungs of lambs after intratracheal injection of lipopolysaccharide from Pasteurella haemolytica A1 SO JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SHEEP; DEPOSITION; CALVES AB Ten lambs aged 8 weeks were inoculated intratracheally through the tracheal wall with lipopolysaccharide from Pasteurella haemolytica Al and examined in chronological sequence by light and electron microscopy for pulmonary lesions. An acute fibrinopurulent pneumonia was produced, which resolved within 72 h but bore many resemblances to field cases of pneumonic pasteurellosis. Sequestration of neutrophils in the capillaries of the lungs and aggregation of surfactant in the alveoli occurred rapidly, followed by swelling of the alveolar and capillary endothelia, oedema, haemorrhage, and emigration of neutrophils into the interstitium and small air spaces of the lungs. Necrosis of isolated neutrophils was a constant feature. Alveolar, interstitial and intravascular macrophages and lymphoid cells increased slowly to become the predominant inflammatory cells at 72 h. A surprising feature was the transient appearance of multinucleated cells in the lungs ar. 2 and Gh after inoculation. It is concluded that lipopolysaccharide makes a major contribution to the pathogenesis of P. haemolytica infection in the lungs of sheep. C1 USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Cutlip, RC (reprint author), USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9975 J9 J COMP PATHOL JI J. Comp. Pathol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 118 IS 2 BP 163 EP 167 DI 10.1016/S0021-9975(98)80009-1 PG 5 WC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences SC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences GA ZF960 UT WOS:000072950500008 PM 9573513 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Abbitt, B Topper, MJ Edwards, JF AF Dubey, JP Abbitt, B Topper, MJ Edwards, JF TI Hydrocephalus associated with Neospora caninum infection in an aborted bovine fetus SO JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TISSUE-SECTIONS; CALIFORNIA; CATTLE AB This paper describes Neospora caninum-associated hydrocephalus in an aborted Hereford bovine fetus of 7 months' gestational ape. Numerous tachyzoites were observed in areas of the cerebrum with lesions of non-suppurative necrotizing encephalitis. C1 USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Texas Vet Med Diagnost Lab, College Stn, TX 77841 USA. Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Div Pathol, Washington, DC 20306 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, BARC E, Bldg 1040, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 10 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9975 J9 J COMP PATHOL JI J. Comp. Pathol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 118 IS 2 BP 169 EP 173 DI 10.1016/S0021-9975(98)80010-8 PG 5 WC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences SC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences GA ZF960 UT WOS:000072950500009 PM 9573514 ER PT J AU Albuquerque, LG Keown, JF Van Vleck, LD AF Albuquerque, LG Keown, JF Van Vleck, LD TI Variances of direct genetic effects, maternal genetic effects, and cytoplasmic inheritance effects for milk yield, fat yield, and fat percentage SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE restricted maximum likelihood; variance components; Holsteins; cytoplasmic effects ID RESTRICTED MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; DAIRY-CATTLE; ANIMAL-MODEL; PRODUCTION TRAITS; BEEF-CATTLE; COMPONENTS; HOLSTEINS; GROWTH; SWINE AB Milk yield, fat yield, and fat percentage during the first three lactations were studied using New York Holsteins that were milked twice daily over a 305-d, mature equivalent lactation. Those data were used to estimate variances from direct and maternal genetic effects, cytoplasmic effects, sire by herd interaction, and cow permanent environmental effects. Cytoplasmic line was traced to the last female ancestor using DHI records from 1950 through 1991. Records were 138,869 lactations of 68,063 cows calving from 1980 through 1991. Ten random samples were based on herd code. Samples averaged 4926 dams and 2026 cytoplasmic lines. Model also included herd-year-seasons as fixed effects and genetic covariance for direct-maternal effects. Mean estimates of the effects of maternal genetic variances and direct-maternal covariances, as fractions of phenotypic variances, were 0.008 and 0.007 for milk yield, 0.010 and 0.010 for fat yield, and 0.006 and 0.025 for fat percentage, respectively. Average fractions of variance from cytoplasmic line were 0.011, 0.008, and 0.009 for milk yield, fat yield, and fat percentage. Removal of maternal genetic effects and covariance for maternal direct effects from the model increased the fraction of direct genetic variance by 0.014, 0.021, and 0.046 for milk yield, fat yield, and fat percentage; little change in the fraction was due to cytoplasmic line. Exclusion of cytoplasmic effects from the model increased the ratio of additive direct genetic variance to phenotypic variance by less than 2%. Similarly, when sire by herd interaction was excluded, the ratio of direct genetic variance to phenotypic variance increased 1% or less. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Estadual Paulista, FCAVJ, Dept Melhoramento Genet Anim, BR-14870000 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. RP Albuquerque, LG (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RI Albuquerque, Lucia/A-7402-2013 NR 31 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 81 IS 2 BP 544 EP 549 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA ZF300 UT WOS:000072883700028 PM 9532509 ER PT J AU Baker, JE Perez-Mendoza, J Beeman, RW Throne, JE AF Baker, JE Perez-Mendoza, J Beeman, RW Throne, JE TI Fitness of a malathion-resistant strain of the parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae (Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anisopteromalus calandrae; biological control; parasitoid; insecticide resistance; fitness; stored-products ID INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE; PESTICIDE RESISTANCE; GENETIC-IMPROVEMENT; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; RED SCALE; COLEOPTERA; SELECTION; APHYTIS; WHEAT AB Biological fitness of a malathion-resistant (R) and a malathion-susceptible (S) strain of the solitary parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) was compared when the wasps were parasitizing immature rice weevils, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), in stored wheat. Despite having a >2,500-fold naturally occurring resistance, in the absence of insecticide the R strain was equal to the S strain in ability to parasitize hosts and in several developmental parameters. Development times of cohorts of male and female progeny produced over 7 d by R and S females at 25 degrees C and 75% RH were not significantly different. There was no significant strain effect on daily fecundity. Parasitization of hosts was not significantly affected by strain-host density interactions. There was no significant effect of strain on total progeny production at different host densities, but more female progeny were produced by the susceptible strain at high host densities. Otherwise, the proportion of females among progeny of the 2 strains was not significantly different. Frequency of the R allele in Hardy-Weinberg populations, set up with an initial R allele frequency of 0.5, was lower than expected but tended to stabilize after 4 generations. Frequency of the R allele in a population started with hybrid females was not significantly different from values expected under the hypothesis of no fitness costs. Failure to detect fitness costs associated with malathion resistance in A. calandrae could be caused by the lack of negative pleiotropic effects associated with the R allele. C1 USDA ARS, Grain Mkt Prod & Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Baker, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grain Mkt Prod & Res Ctr, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 22 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 91 IS 1 BP 50 EP 55 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZH709 UT WOS:000073139800007 ER PT J AU Tamez-Guerra, P Castro-Franco, R Medrano-Roldan, H McGuire, MR Galan-Wong, LJ Luna-Olvera, HA AF Tamez-Guerra, P Castro-Franco, R Medrano-Roldan, H McGuire, MR Galan-Wong, LJ Luna-Olvera, HA TI Laboratory and field comparisons of strains of Bacillus thuringiensis for activity against noctuid larvae using granular formulations (Lepidoptera) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE granules; corn; formulation; Bacillus thuringiensis; lepidoptera; bioinsecticide ID PYRALIDAE AB The toxicity of 6 strains of Bacillus thuringiensis representing 4 serovars, aizawal, galleriae, kurstaki, and kumamotoensis, were evaluated in laboratory and field studies for activity against 3 lepidopteran crop pests, Heliothis virescens (F.), Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), and Trichoplusia ni (Hubner). Results of laboratory tests showed that some B. thuringiensis strains isolated from Mexico (GM-7 and GM-10), were sufficiently toxic to warrant further investigation as potential bioinsecticides for lepidopteran control. Nixtamalized corn flour was used to create a B. thuringiensis granule formulation that remained toxic For at least 2 yr. Field tests were conducted in 1994 and 1995 on corn plots in a semiarid region in central Mexico. Granular formulations were made with 2% (wt:wt) or 4% (wt:wt) of a spore-crystal B. thuringiensis concentrate and tested with carbaryl and Dipel 2X. In 1994, the corn yields obtained from plots treated with 2 strains from the Howard Dulmage collection (HD-187 and HD-199-kurstaki and galleriae, respectively) and 1 Mexican strain (GM-10, aizawai) at 2% were significantly higher than From plots treated with Dipel 2X or the untreated control. Formulations of 4% containing strains GM-7, GM-10, HD-187, HD-193, and HD-263 provided better insect control than formulations made with C-4. These tests indicated that B. thuringiensis survived in the nixtamalized flour matrix complex and was effective in causing pest reduction. In the 1995 field test, the 3 most toxic strains were evaluated individually or by mixing 2 in the same granular formulation at a total dose of 3%. The highest yields of corn were obtained from plots treated with strain HD-263 (kurstaki), which had originally shown the highest efficacy in laboratory bioassays, and with strain GM-10 (aizawai), formulated 2 yr earlier. These data suggest that the product can be produced and retain shelf life suitable for commercialization. C1 UANL, Fac Ciencias Biol, Dept Microbiol & Inmunol, San Nicolas De Los Garza 66450, NL, Mexico. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Unidad Reg Univ Zonas Aridas, UACH, Bermejillo, Durango, Mexico. ITD, Dept Biotecnol, Durango, Mexico. RP Tamez-Guerra, P (reprint author), UANL, Fac Ciencias Biol, Dept Microbiol & Inmunol, AP 414, San Nicolas De Los Garza 66450, NL, Mexico. NR 26 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 91 IS 1 BP 86 EP 93 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZH709 UT WOS:000073139800012 ER PT J AU Morales-Ramos, JA Rojas, MG Coleman, RJ King, EG AF Morales-Ramos, JA Rojas, MG Coleman, RJ King, EG TI Potential use of in vitro-reared Catolaccus grandis (Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae) for biological control of the boll weevil (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anthonomus grandis; artificial diet; parasitoid; mass propagation; evaluation ID BURKS HYMENOPTERA; INFESTATIONS; FECUNDITY; LONGEVITY; INCREASE AB The biological characteristics of the ectoparasitoid Catolaccus grandis (Burks) were evaluated after 1, 2, 5, and 10 generations of in vitro-rearing and compared with parasitoids reared on boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, larvae. Pupal weight of females was not significantly affected after 10 generations of in vitro-reared wasps. Fecundity of C. grandis was not significantly reduced after 5 generations of in vitro-rearing. However, the in vitro F-10 showed a significant reduction in fecundity. Females reared on bell weevils had a higher pupal weight and fecundity than females reared in vitro, but in vitro-reared females exhibited significantly higher survival during the period of most intensive reproductive activity. The movement, searching capacity, and survival under field conditions of in vitro and in vivo-reared C. grandis were compared in Ricardo and Lyford, TX. Dispersal ability and searching capacity a as not significantly different within a 30-m radius for parasitoid females reared by either method. However, a significantly higher proportion of stations with parasitism was recorded from in vivo-reared C. grandis at a 60-m radius from the release point. Nevertheless, no significant difference in boil weevil mortality induced by parasitism was recorded between the 2 methods. This shows that the use of artificial diets is a promising method for mass propagating C. grandis. C1 USDA ARS, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Morales-Ramos, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. OI Morales-Ramos, Juan/0000-0002-3506-3859 NR 22 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 91 IS 1 BP 101 EP 109 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZH709 UT WOS:000073139800014 ER PT J AU Jackson, CG Long, JP Klungness, LM AF Jackson, CG Long, JP Klungness, LM TI Depth of pupation in four species of fruit flies (Diptera : Tephritidae) in sand with and without moisture SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ceratitis capitata; Bactrocera; fruit flies; pupation; mortality ID FLY DIPTERA; PARASITOIDS AB Larvae (late 3rd instars) of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), B. cucurbitae (Coquillett), B. latifrons (Hendel), and Ceratitis capitata (Weidemann) were placed in either wet or dry sand for pupation. In dry sand, 91.1, 93.6, and 97.2% of the pupation by B. latifrons, B. cucurbitae, and B. dorsalis, respectively, occurred at a depth of 0-5.5 mm. The remainder of the Bactrocera spp. pupated within 11 mm of the surface. More C. capitata (54.0%) pupated at 5.5-11 mm than at 0-5.5 mm (42.5%) and 3.5% moved down to 27.5 mm. In wet sand (5% water by weight), 95.5% of all 4 species pupated at depths of 0-27.5 mm. Mortality of pupae was greatest in the dry sand at 0-5.5 mm. Cumulative mortality was 50% greater in dry sand than in wet sand. This indicates that both pupation depth and survival are affected by the moisture content of the sand. However, C. capitata is better adapted to the dry conditions than are the Bactrocera spp. C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Jackson, CG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 24 TC 26 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 91 IS 1 BP 138 EP 142 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZH709 UT WOS:000073139800018 ER PT J AU Kauffman, WC Waltz, RD Cummings, RB AF Kauffman, WC Waltz, RD Cummings, RB TI Shoot feeding and overwintering behavior of Tomicus piniperda (Coleoptera : Scolytidae): Implications for management and regulation SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Tomicus piniperda; bark beetles; quarantine; Scots pine; shoot feeding AB An accurate and efficient survey method is essential to ensure the proper regulatory and management decisions for Tomicus piniperda (L.), a recent bark beetle invader in the United States. The life cycle and cryptic habits of T. piniperda make its detection difficult. T. piniperda adults feed in shoots in the summer, overwinter in the bark at the base of live Dine trees, then oviposit into galleries in the bark of dead or dying trees. In 1992 and 1993, we characterized shoot damage and overwintering behavior of T. piniperda in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Shoot-feeding tunnels of T. piniperda were detectable in 7.4% of the shoots of Scots pine trees, Pinus sylvestris, sampled in northern Ohio in early October 1992. Adults of T. piniperda fed primarily in the upper third of the tree crowns. Live T. piniperda adults were present in the majority of shoots that exhibited discolored needles and drooping shoots. However, many shoots with T. piniperda adults present exhibited no visible symptoms of attack. In early October, live adults were more common in tunnels constructed in current-year shoots than in l-yr-old shoots. Scots, white (P. strobus), red (P. restnosa), and Austrian (P. nigra) pines attacked by T. piniperda developed yellow and brown needles, accompanied by drooping shoots only in Scots and white pines. In 1992 and 1993, the departure of T. piniperda adults from Scots pine shoots to their overwintering sites was correlated with subfreezing temperatures during late October through December. Bolts of Scots, white, and Austrian pines were readily used by T. piniperda for overwintering sites, but bolts of blue spruce were not. C1 USDA, Otis Plant Protect Ctr, APHIS, PPQ, Otis ANGB, MA 02542 USA. Indiana Dept Nat Resources, Div Entomol & Plant Pathol, Indianapolis, IN 46204 USA. RP Kauffman, WC (reprint author), USDA, Niles Plant Protect ctr, APHIS, PPQ, 2534 S 11th St, Niles, MI 49120 USA. NR 17 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 91 IS 1 BP 182 EP 190 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZH709 UT WOS:000073139800025 ER PT J AU Knight, AL AF Knight, AL TI Management of codling moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) in apple with overhead watering SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cydia pomonella; evaporative cooling; apple; pest management; irrigation ID RESISTANCE AB The effects of overhead watering on the management of codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., were examined during 1994-1995. Studies were conducted in small replicated plots of apple, Malus domestica (Borkham), in Yakima, UTA. Treatments varied with regard to the timing and length of watering, the amount of water applied, and whether watering was continuous or cycled. Water treatments reduced fruit injury from codling moth by 60-90% versus the untreated control. Moth flight, oviposition, and egg and larval survivorship all were significantly reduced with watering compared with the untreated control in replicated field assays. The major effects of these water treatments on apple trees were the accumulation of mineral deposits and a reduction in fruit size in 1994. Watering only during the evening appeared to minimize these effects. Apple scab, Venturia inaequalis (Cooke), increased during the 2nd yr of this study, but infection levels did not vary among treatments in either year. The potential implementation of overhead watering in apple to improve control of codling moth is discussed. C1 USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Knight, AL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 32 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 91 IS 1 BP 209 EP 216 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZH709 UT WOS:000073139800028 ER PT J AU Akey, DH Henneberry, TJ AF Akey, DH Henneberry, TJ TI Beet armyworm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) behavior and effects on insecticide efficacy in open and closed cotton flowers and boil abscission or damage from flower infestation SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Spodoptera exigua; cotton; insecticide timing; boil retention; flowers; economic AB Severe natural infestations of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), in upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., result in newer infestations as well as foliage infestations. Conventional insecticide applications did not control beet armyworms in the flowers when applications were applied in early morning before the flowers opened. This problem was remedied by delaying applications until flowers opened before initiating insecticidal control. Two tests were conducted to determine the validity of the observation. In both tests, insecticidal control was greater than or equal to 96% when flowers were open and less than or equal to 12% control when Bowers were closed. In a 3rd test, flowers were infested with beet armyworm larvae to determine if that would inhibit bell development or increase boil abscission. Seven days after the infestation, there was a significant reduction in bells developed from infested flowers compared with that in bells from noninfested flowers. C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Akey, DH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Pacific W Area,4135 E Broadway, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 91 IS 1 BP 263 EP 266 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZH709 UT WOS:000073139800035 ER PT J AU Yokoyama, VY Jang, EB Schneider, EL Miller, GT AF Yokoyama, VY Jang, EB Schneider, EL Miller, GT TI Laboratory infestation of cotton bolls by Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera : Tephritidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ceratitis capitata; Gossypium hirsutum; quarantine; host ID CIGARETTE BEETLE COLEOPTERA; PEST-FREE PERIOD; STONE FRUITS; ANOBIIDAE GROWTH; HOST STATUS; NEW-ZEALAND; PROTEIN; FOLIAGE AB Adults of laboratory-reared Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), laid eggs, and mature larvae developed in green intact bells of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., in laboratory cage tests. Cotton bells collected from early-season plants (102 d old) supported more larvae that developed to pupae (70.07 +/- 13.13 pupae per kilogram of bells) (mean +/- SEM) than bells collected from the top (23.34 +/- 5.66 pupae pet kilogram of boils) and bottom (0 pupae per kilogram of bolls) of late-season plants (175 d old). Pupal H eight and adult emergence was similar among insects reared from bells collected from either early-season plants (4.4 +/- 0.7 mg, 23.8 +/- 13.1% emergence) or the top of late-season plants (4.5 +/- 0.3 mg, 30.2 +/- 9.6% emergence). The number of eggs laid by adults and percentage egg hatch were similar between adults that had been reared from bells from early-season plants (47.6 eggs per female, 67.8% hatch) and bells from the tops of late-season plants (38 eggs per female, 81.6% hatch). C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RP Yokoyama, VY (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 91 IS 1 BP 293 EP 296 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZH709 UT WOS:000073139800040 ER PT J AU Neven, LG AF Neven, LG TI Effects of heating rate on the mortality of fifth-instar codling moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cydia pomonella; heating rate; LT95; quarantine ID FRUIT-FLY DIPTERA; QUARANTINE TREATMENT; METHYL-BROMIDE; THERMAL DEATH; 3RD INSTARS; HOT WATER; TEPHRITIDAE; APPLES; TEMPERATURE; LARVAE AB Models were developed to describe the effects of heating rate during heat treatments on the mortality of 5th-instar codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.). An old model, developed from previous studies over a limited range of heat treatments, was Ist formulated. Subsequent heat treatments, using a computerized water bath system and linear heating rates of 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 degrees C/h at 42, 44, and 46 degrees C, were used to test the old model. The mortality data from the water bath study were used to develop a new model. Although the old model provided a good estimate of the effects of heating rate on 5th-instar mortality, it overestimated mortality at midrange heating rates. Also, the old model was awkward to use because it required a correction for each treatment temperature. The new model incorporated treatment temperature into the equation, and was more accurate and easier to use. It was determined that the slower the rate of heating, the longer the exposure to the final treatment temperature was needed to achieve 95% mortality. C1 USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Neven, LG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 30 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 5 U2 7 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 91 IS 1 BP 297 EP 301 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZH709 UT WOS:000073139800041 PM 9495091 ER PT J AU Neven, LG AF Neven, LG TI Respiratory response of fifth-instar codling moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) to rapidly changing temperatures SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE codling moth; respiration; quarantine; moist forced air; vapor forced air ID GRANNY SMITH APPLES; FRUIT-FLY DIPTERA; HOT WATER; MORTALITY RELATIONSHIPS; HEAT-TREATMENTS; THERMAL DEATH; 3RD INSTARS; TEPHRITIDAE; EGGS; TIME AB Fifth-instar codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), larvae were exposed to 10 simulated heat treatments of apples and pears and CO2 levels were monitored as a measure of respiration. Marked increases in respiration rates (mu l CO2/mg/min) were noted during these treatments. Respiration peaked between 3.5 and 4.8 mu l CO2/mg/min; the amount of time to peak respiration depended on the heating rate and was correlated to the LT95. No differences were observed between male and female larvae in the timing of the peaks of CO2 production. In treatments where mortality occurred, CO2 levels dropped to zero, but only after a considerable time after death. Respiratory recovery rates, the time it took for CO2 levels to return to normal, were recorded after treatments at time points where CO2 production reached 3/4 and maximum peak. Respiration rates at constant temperatures were recorded within the range of 10-30 degrees C. Q(10)over this range was 1.49, whereas Q(10) was the greatest, 2.54, between 10 and 15 degrees C. C1 USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Neven, LG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 32 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 91 IS 1 BP 302 EP 308 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZH709 UT WOS:000073139800042 PM 9495092 ER PT J AU Flinn, PW AF Flinn, PW TI Temperature effects on efficacy of Choetospila elegans (Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae) to suppress Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera : Bostrichidae) in stored wheat SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Rhyzopertha dominica; Choetospila elegans; biological control; stored-products; temperature AB Laboratory studies were conducted to assess the effectiveness of the parasitoid wasp Choetospila elegans (Westwood) for controlling Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), lesser grain borer, in wheat at 38 and 25 degrees C. The 2 temperature regimes were used to simulate an unaerated bin of wheat and a bin aerated at harvest time. Two adult male and 2 adult female R. dominica were each released into containers with 19 kg of hard red winter wheat. An equal number of adult C. elegans were released into half of the containers. Half the containers were kept at 25 degrees C and half at 32 degrees C. Suppression of R. dominica population growth by C. elegans was much greater at 25 than at 32 degrees C. After 161 d, R. dominica density in the containers with C. elegans was 9,185/kg at 32 degrees C, and 10/kg at 25 degrees C. At 25 degrees C, C. elegans was able to locate and parasitize most of the larvae that were produced by the adult beetles. This resulted in a very high level of population suppression (99% in comparison to the control at 25 degrees C). In contrast, at 32 degrees C, beetle suppression was only 50% in comparison to containers without C. elegans at this temperature. This study suggests that when augmentative parasite releases are made with C. elegans, better host suppression would be achieved by cooling the grain to 2.5 degrees C shortly after harvest, rather than leaving it unaerated for the summer. C1 USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Flinn, PW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RI Flinn, Paul/B-9104-2013 NR 13 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 91 IS 1 BP 320 EP 323 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZH709 UT WOS:000073139800044 ER PT J AU Chen, YR Park, B Huffman, RW Nguyen, M AF Chen, YR Park, B Huffman, RW Nguyen, M TI Classification of on-line poultry carcasses with backpropagation neural networks SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB A transportable system equipped with an overhead shackle conveying line and a visible/near-infrared (Vis/NIR) spectrophotometer system was assembled and used at a poultry slaughter plant. The reflectance spectra of each poultry carcass hung on the moving shackle was measured with a stationary fiber optic probe, which was set 2 to 5 cm away from the carcass, depending on the size. Reflectance spectra of wholesome and unwholesome poultry carcasses on the moving shackle, set at 60 or 90 birds/min, were measured, either under room light or in a dark environment. The scanning time for each carcass was 0.32 s. Most of the unwholesome poultry carcasses for this study were septicemic and air-sacculitic. The average accuracy in classifying wholesome and unwholesome carcasses was above 94%. All the misclassified carcasses were air-sacculitic. With a shackle speed of 90 birds/min, the highest average accuracy was obtained when the reflectance was measured in the dark (97.5%). The results showed that the accuracy of classification could be improved with the maintenance of a consistent lighting environment. All results indicated; the Vis/NIR spectrophotometer system would be a highly accurate, robust tool for on-line, real-time classification of wholesome and unwholesome carcasses. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Chen, YR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 7 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0145-8876 J9 J FOOD PROCESS ENG JI J. Food Process Eng. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 21 IS 1 BP 33 EP 48 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4530.1998.tb00437.x PG 16 WC Engineering, Chemical; Food Science & Technology SC Engineering; Food Science & Technology GA ZG481 UT WOS:000073008000002 ER PT J AU Riordan, DCR Duffy, G Sheridan, JJ Eblen, BS Whiting, RC Blair, IS McDowell, DA AF Riordan, DCR Duffy, G Sheridan, JJ Eblen, BS Whiting, RC Blair, IS McDowell, DA TI Survival of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 during the manufacture of pepperoni SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the International-Association-of-Milk-Food-and-Environmental-Sanitarians CY JUN 30-JUL 03, 1996 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON SP Int Assoc Milk Food & Environm Sanitarians ID HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS; ACID TOLERANCE; SAUSAGE; MEAT; PH; PRODUCTS; SEROTYPE; O157/H7; NITRITE; SALAMI AB This study investigated the growth and survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 during the manufacture of pepperoni to determine whether a 5-log(10)-unit decline in numbers, as recommended by the U.S. Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), could be achieved. A range of pepperoni formulations with variations in salt (2.5 to 4.8%) and sodium nitrite (100 to 400 ppm) levels, and with pH (4.4 to 5.6) adjusted by manipulation of dextrose concentrations were prepared, The batters produced were inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 380-94 at a level of approximately 6.70 log(10) CFU/g; changes in pathogen numbers, pH, titratable acidity, and sodium nitrite concentrations were monitored during fermentation and drying. With the standard commercial formulation (i.e., 2.5% salt, 100 ppm sodium nitrite, pH 4.8) E. coli O157:H7 numbers declined by approximately 0.41 log(10) CFU/g during fermentation and a further 0.43 log(10) CFU/g during subsequent drying (7 days). A regression equation was fitted to the data which showed significantly (P < 0.001) greater reductions in pathogen numbers in samples with increased salt and sodium nitrite contents and lowered pH. However declines were in all cases less than the target reduction of 5 log(10) CFU/g. C1 TEAGASC, Natl Food Ctr, Dublin 15, Ireland. USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Univ Ulster, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, Antrim, North Ireland. RP Riordan, DCR (reprint author), TEAGASC, Natl Food Ctr, Dublin 15, Ireland. EM d.riordan@nfc.teagasc.ie RI McDowell, David/A-7963-2009 OI McDowell, David/0000-0002-0253-0027 NR 26 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 6 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 61 IS 2 BP 146 EP 151 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA YX716 UT WOS:000072070100002 PM 9708271 ER PT J AU Dorsa, WJ Siragusa, GR AF Dorsa, WJ Siragusa, GR TI A representative microbial sampling method for large commercial containers of raw beef based on purge SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article AB The purge from beef combos (a boxed collection of beef trimmings) was tested as a means of representatively sampling the microbial content of this raw product. In the first experiment, purge was sampled from model beef combos that had been inoculated with bovine feces. Data from this experiment indicated a strong correlation (r = 0.94) between the total aerobic bacteria counts derived from the purge samples of a model beef combo and the total aerobic bacteria present in a rinse sample of the entire model beef combo. In a second experiment, two 500-g meat pieces were inoculated with an antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli O157:H7 and placed at various levels within a 75-cm meat column. The marked bacteria were retrievable from the purge of the meat column after 24 h, showing that bacteria are carried downward into the purge. During the third part of the study, 90 beef combos (similar to 900 kg beef/combo) were randomly selected at the receiving dock of a commercial grinding facility and sampled using both purge and concurrently used Il-g core samples. Purge samples from these combos recovered significantly greater numbers of mesophilic and psychrotrophic aerobic bacteria, coliforms, and E. coli than core samples from the same combos. Additionally, coliforms and E. coli were recoverable from 100% and 80%, respectively, of the purge samples taken, whereas core samples were only able to recover 60% and 40%, respectively, from the same combos. These findings indicate that a purge sample from a beef combo is a more efficacious sampling method for determining the general bacterial profile and identifying the presence of coliforms and E. coli than randomly taken core samples. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Dorsa, WJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. EM dorsa@marcvm.marc.usda.gov NR 7 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 61 IS 2 BP 162 EP 165 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA YX716 UT WOS:000072070100005 PM 9708274 ER PT J AU Veeramuthu, GJ Price, JF Davis, CE Booren, AM Smith, DM AF Veeramuthu, GJ Price, JF Davis, CE Booren, AM Smith, DM TI Thermal inactivation of Escherichia coli O157 : H7, Salmonella senftenberg and enzymes with potential as time-temperature indicators in ground turkey thigh meat SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; LACTATE-DEHYDROGENASE; COOKING; BEEF; HEAT; POULTRY; ELISA; INTEGRATORS; SURVIVAL; GROWTH AB The USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service has proposed to amend cooking regulations to require that any thermal process used for poultry products be sufficient to cause a 7 D reduction in salmonellae. Several enzymes have been suggested as potential indicators of heat processing in poultry, yet no relationship between the inactivation rates of these enzymes and salmonellae has been determined. The thermal inactivation kinetics of endogenous muscle proteins, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella senftenberg were compared in ground turkey thigh meat in thermal death time studies. Bacteria counts were determined and muscle extracts were assayed for residual enzyme activity or protein concentration. D and z values were calculated using regression analysis. S. senftenberg had higher D values at all temperatures and was more heat resistant than E. coli. The z values of E. coli on Petrifilm Coliform Count plates and phenol red sorbitol agar plates were 6.0 and 5.7 degrees C, respectively. The z values of S. senftenberg were 5.6 and 5.4 degrees C on Petrifilm and agar, respectively. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was the most heat stable protein at 64 degrees C. LDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, triose phosphate isomerase (TPI), acid phosphatase, serum albumin, and immunoglobulin G had z values of 3.8, 4.3, 4.8, 5.8, 6.3, 6.7, and 8.6 degrees C, respectively, in turkey containing 4.3% fat. The z values for TPI decreased to 5.4 degrees C in thigh meat containing 9.8% fat. Temperature dependence of TPI was most similar to that of S. senftenberg, suggesting it might function as an endogenous time-temperature integrator to monitor adequacy of processing when a performance standard based an this pathogen is implemented. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30613 USA. RP Smith, DM (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RI Smith, Denise/E-7258-2016 NR 25 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 14 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 61 IS 2 BP 171 EP 175 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA YX716 UT WOS:000072070100007 PM 9708276 ER PT J AU Promsopone, B Morishita, TY Aye, PP Cobb, CW Veldkamp, A Clifford, JR AF Promsopone, B Morishita, TY Aye, PP Cobb, CW Veldkamp, A Clifford, JR TI Evaluation of an avian-specific probiotic and Salmonella typhimurium-specific antibodies on the colonization of Salmonella typhimurium in broilers SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID COMPETITIVE-EXCLUSION; DIETARY LACTOSE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; CECAL BACTERIA; CHICKS; PREVENTION; INFECTION; CULTURES; MICROFLORA; POULTRY AB Salmonella typhimurium colonizes the intestinal tract of poultry and causes food-borne illness in humans. Reduction of S. typhimurium colonization in the intestinal tract of poultry reduces potential carcass contamination during slaughter. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an avian-specific probiotic and S. typhimurium-specific antibodies on the colonization of S. typhimurium in broilers and on body weights. Broiler chicks were spray-vaccinated at the hatchery with the commercial product, Avian Pac Plus, which contains Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus faecium, and S. typhimurium-specific antibodies. At placement, these chicks were administered Avian Pac Plus in the water. Six hours postplacement, chicks were orally challenged with 1.8 x 10(7) CFU of S. typhimurium. Chicks were administered Avian Pac Plus for two additional days postchallenge. Chicks were evaluated for S. typhimurium colonization and shedding every 3 to 4 days for the first 2 weeks and every 7 days for 6 weeks. The mean cecal and colonic concentration of S. typhimurium from the Avian Pac Plus-treated group was significantly lower at day 31 (P = 0.0001), day 38 (P = 0.0005), and day 43 (P = 0.0001) than the nontreated control group. These results indicated that a combination of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus faecium, and S. typhimurium-specific antibodies have a beneficial effect in reducing the colonization of S. typhimurium in market-aged broilers. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Vet Prevent Med, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Loveland Ind Inc, Greeley, CO 80632 USA. US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Vet Serv, Pickerington, OH 43147 USA. RP Morishita, TY (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Vet Prevent Med, 1900 Coffey Rd, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 40 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 61 IS 2 BP 176 EP 180 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA YX716 UT WOS:000072070100008 PM 9708277 ER PT J AU Gordon, SH Wheeler, BC Schudy, RB Wicklow, DT Greene, RV AF Gordon, SH Wheeler, BC Schudy, RB Wicklow, DT Greene, RV TI Neural network pattern recognition of photoacoustic FTIR spectra and knowledge-based techniques for detection of mycotoxigenic fungi in food grains SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 37th Rocky Mountain Conference on Analytical Chemistry CY JUL 24, 1995 CL DENVER, CO ID FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; NATURAL OCCURRENCE; CORN; SPECTROSCOPY; FUMONISIN-B1; AFLATOXINS; GROWTH AB Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS), a highly sensitive probe of the surfaces of solid substrates, is used to detect toxigenic fungal contamination in corn. Kernels of corn infected with mycotoxigenic fungi, such as Aspergillus flavus, display FTIR-PAS spectra that differ significantly from spectra of uninfected kernels. Photoacoustic infrared spectral features were identified, and an artificial neural network was trained to distinguish contaminated from uncontaminated corn by pattern recognition. Work is in progress to integrate epidemiological information about cereal crop fungal disease into the pattern recognition program to produce a more knowledge-based, and hence more reliable and specific, technique. A model of a hierarchically organized expert system is proposed, using epidemiological factors such as corn variety, plant stress and susceptibility to infection, geographic location, weather, insect vectors, and handling and storage conditions, in addition to the analytical data, to predict A. flavus and other kinds of toxigenic fungal contamination that might be present in food grains. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biopolymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Univ Illinois, Beckman Inst, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Comp Sci Associates Inc, Lincoln, MA 01773 USA. RP Gordon, SH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biopolymer Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 49 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 61 IS 2 BP 221 EP 230 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA YX716 UT WOS:000072070100017 PM 9708286 ER PT J AU Laubach, C Rathgeber, J Oser, A Palumbo, S AF Laubach, C Rathgeber, J Oser, A Palumbo, S TI Microbiology of the swine head meat deboning process SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID PORK SAUSAGE; FRESH PORK; PREVALENCE; SALMONELLA AB The microbiology of swine head meat was evaluated by comparing the levels of aerobic plate count (APC), coliforms, and Escherichia coli as well as the incidence and levels of Salmonella spp. in swine head meat harvested by either the old or a new improved procedure, Based on 144 samples (72 by each procedure), the levels of APC, coliforms, and E. coli were 4.52 +/- 0.26, 2.37 +/- 0.42, and 2.25 +/- 0.42 log(10) CFU/g respectively, regardless of the procedure used for harvesting the meat. The incidence (27/72 versus 28/72) and MPN levels (4 to 93 versus 4 to 1100) of Salmonella spp. determined by the Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) methods also were the same for meat obtained using either the old or the new procedure. The BAM method detected a higher incidence of Salmonella spp. (55/144) than other methods, PCR (38/144; BAX, Du Pont) or DNA hybridization (41/144; Gene-Trak). Time of harvesting during the processing day or site of origin of the head meat (cheek versus tongue versus back of head) had no effect on the incidence of Salmonella spp. The data in this study indicate that the levels of bacteria encountered in swine head meat are a reflection of the harvesting procedures themselves, as well as levels in and around the head and oral cavity of swine. C1 Hatfield Qual Meats, Hatfield, PA 19440 USA. USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Oser, A (reprint author), Hatfield Qual Meats, POB 70, Hatfield, PA 19440 USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 61 IS 2 BP 249 EP 252 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA YX716 UT WOS:000072070100022 PM 9708291 ER PT J AU Davis, CE Cyrus, S AF Davis, CE Cyrus, S TI Evaluation of a rapid method for measurement of catalase activity in cooked beef and sausage SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID LACTATE-DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY; MAXIMUM COOKING TEMPERATURES; HEATING END-POINT; BOVINE MUSCLE; TREATED BEEF; SPECTROSCOPY AB Catalase (CAT) activity in ground beef and pork was determined on samples cooked from 60 to 71.1 degrees C. One-gram samples of ground round (4% fat), hamburger (24% fat), and commercial pork sausage (38% fat) were cooked in a controlled-temperature waterbath at 65, 68.3, and 71 degrees C. Chilled samples were immersed in direct contact with the cooking water; the test samples were removed every 15 s and immediately immersed in an ice-water bath (0 to 1 degrees C) to quick-chill the samples to prevent temperature over-run. Samples retained high (HMB value 20+, over range) CAT activity through 90, 60, and 45 a at 65, 68.3, and 71 degrees C, respectively, before showing rapid activity decreases. Four USDA-FSIS approved meat patty heating processes (66.1 degrees C, 41 s; 67.2 degrees C, 26 s; 68.3 degrees C, 16 a; and 69.4 degrees C, 10 s) were analyzed for CAT activity. CAT activity in meat frozen prior to cooking was slightly lower (P < 0.05) than in nonfrozen meat. CAT activity decreased (P < 0.05) among meat treated at 66.1 degrees C for 41 s, at 67.2 degrees C for 26 s, and at 68.3 degrees C for 16 s, but the treatment at 68.3 degrees C for 16 s was not different (P < 0.05) from that at 69.4 degrees C for 10 s. These results show this rapid (20 to 25 min) CAT activity test could be used to establish activity values at specific end-point temperatures for model heat-processed ground beef or sausage products and may be useful to USDA FSIS process inspectors and food processors in quality assurance and HACCP (hazard analysis critical control points) programs for thermal input verification. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30613 USA. Bio Tech Int Inc, SugarLand, TX 77478 USA. RP Davis, CE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30613 USA. EM cedavis@negia.net NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 61 IS 2 BP 253 EP 256 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA YX716 UT WOS:000072070100023 PM 9708292 ER PT J AU Anderson, DH Thompson, JL Jakes, PJ AF Anderson, DH Thompson, JL Jakes, PJ TI Professionals in environmental education - Helping kids learn about forestry SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, Cooperat Pk Studies Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, St Paul, MN USA. RP Anderson, DH (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, Cooperat Pk Studies Unit, 1530 N Cleveland Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 96 IS 2 BP 25 EP 29 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA YU719 UT WOS:000071747400007 ER PT J AU Wilkins, BL Kincaid, DB AF Wilkins, BL Kincaid, DB TI Award-winning technology transfer - Case studies of success SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Informat Serv Staff Grp, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, State & Private Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Wilkins, BL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Informat Serv Staff Grp, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 96 IS 2 BP 30 EP 33 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA YU719 UT WOS:000071747400008 ER PT J AU Rice, CE Kadavy, KC Robinson, KM AF Rice, CE Kadavy, KC Robinson, KM TI Roughness of loose rock riprap on steep slopes SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID MOUNTAIN RIVERS; FLOW; RESISTANCE AB A study was conducted to determine the roughness of rock riprap laid on steep slopes. Tests were conducted in a 1.07 m wide flume and two 2.74 m wide field-scale structures using angular riprap with median diameters D-50 ranging from 52 to 278 mm and bed slopes S-o ranging from 0.028 to 0.333 m/m. Empirical relationships were developed to predict the Manning roughness coefficient as a function of D-50 and S-o. The Darcy-Weisbach friction factor was predicted as a function of d/D-84, the relative submergence. Newly developed equations are applicable for riprap placed on slopes from 2.8%-33%. Roughness coefficients calculated using the developed equations were compared with roughness coefficients calculated using equations developed from observations on natural mountain streams. C1 USDA, ARS, Hydr Engrg Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. RP Rice, CE (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Hydr Engrg Res Unit, 1301 N Western St, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. NR 12 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 5 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD FEB PY 1998 VL 124 IS 2 BP 179 EP 185 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1998)124:2(179) PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA YT492 UT WOS:000071611600009 ER PT J AU Brewster, JD Mazenko, RS AF Brewster, JD Mazenko, RS TI Filtration capture and immunoelectrochemical detection for rapid assay of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE filtration; immunoelectrochemistry; E-coli O157 : H7; bacteria; detection ID EPIFLUORESCENT FILTER TECHNIQUE; IMMUNOMAGNETIC SEPARATION; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; FOODS; ENUMERATION; BIOSENSOR; BACTERIA; CELLS; PCR AB A new approach for rapid assay of bacteria in liquid samples is described. Cells were labeled by incubation with an enzyme-antibody conjugate and captured by filtration of the sample/conjugate mixture through a 0.2 mu m filter. The enzyme-labeled cells were detected by placing the filter on the surface of an electrode, incubating with enzyme substrate, and measuring the current produced by oxidation of the electroactive enzyme product. Assay time was 25 min and a detection limit of similar to 5000 cells/ml was obtained for E. coli O157:H7. Background current due to non-specific binding of conjugate to the filter was the primary factor controlling the detection limit, and fewer than 50 cells could be detected when very small sample volumes (10 mu l) were used to minimize background current. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19118 USA. RP Brewster, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19118 USA. NR 24 TC 55 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1759 J9 J IMMUNOL METHODS JI J. Immunol. Methods PD FEB 1 PY 1998 VL 211 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 8 DI 10.1016/S0022-1759(97)00161-0 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Immunology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Immunology GA ZM877 UT WOS:000073585300001 PM 9617826 ER PT J AU Howard, RW Miller, JS Stanley, DW AF Howard, RW Miller, JS Stanley, DW TI The influence of bacterial species and intensity of infections on nodule formation in insects SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Manduca sexta; Zophobas atratus; eicosanoids; cellular immunity; nodulation ID CELLULAR DEFENSE REACTIONS; GALLERIA-MELLONELLA; MANDUCA-SEXTA; HEMOCYTES; LARVAE; COCKROACH; PHAGOCYTOSIS; EICOSANOIDS; OCTOPAMINE; INVIVO AB Nodulation is the predominant cellular immune reaction to bacterial infection in insects. Nodulation is a complex process involving an unknown number of discrete cellular actions, Currently, there is only limited information on the signal transduction mechanisms that result in nodulation, In older larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, and of the tenebrionid beetle, Zophobas atratus, eicosanoids are involved in one or more steps in the overall process, and treating these insects with inhibitors of eicosanoid biosynthesis prior to bacterial infection severely impairs their ability to form nodules, In this paper we address more detailed questions on eicosanoid-mediated nodulation. The nodulation reaction to bacterial infection occurs in all larval stages we examined, specifically, second, third, and fourth instars of M. sexta. In both species, the number of nodules formed in response to bacterial infection is related in an exponential way to the number of bacterial cells in the infection. Nodulation is also not related to larval size. We also found that nodulation intensity varies according to the species of infecting bacteria. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Entomol, Insect Biochem Physiol Lab, Lincoln, NE 68586 USA. ARS, USDA, USGMRL, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Stanley, DW (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Entomol, Insect Biochem Physiol Lab, Lincoln, NE 68586 USA. NR 20 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-1910 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 44 IS 2 BP 157 EP 164 DI 10.1016/S0022-1910(97)00105-4 PG 8 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA ZP292 UT WOS:000073737700008 ER PT J AU Crawford, AM Kappes, SM Paterson, KA deGotari, MJ Dodds, KG Freking, BA Stone, RT Beattie, CW AF Crawford, AM Kappes, SM Paterson, KA deGotari, MJ Dodds, KG Freking, BA Stone, RT Beattie, CW TI Microsatellite evolution: Testing the ascertainment bias hypothesis SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE microsatellite; sheep; cattle; ascertainment bias ID GENETIC-LINKAGE MAP; DIRECTIONAL EVOLUTION; SHEEP GENOME; MUTATIONS; BOVINE AB Previous studies suggest the median allele length of microsatellites is longest in the species from which the markers were derived, suggesting that an ascertainment bias was operating. We have examined whether the size distribution of microsatellite alleles between sheep and cattle is source dependent using a set of 472 microsatellites that can be amplified in both species. For those markers that were polymorphic in both species we report a significantly greater number of markers (P<0.001) with longer median allele sizes in sheep, regardless of microsatellite origin. This finding suggests that any ascertainment bias operating during microsatellite selection is only a minor contributor to the variation observed. C1 Univ Otago, Ctr Gene Res, AgRes Mol Biol Unit, Dunedin, New Zealand. Univ Otago, Dept Biochem, Dunedin, New Zealand. USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Crawford, AM (reprint author), Univ Otago, Ctr Gene Res, AgRes Mol Biol Unit, Dunedin, New Zealand. EM crawforda@agresearch.cri.nz RI Freking, Brad/C-6494-2008; OI Dodds, Ken/0000-0002-9347-6379 NR 16 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0022-2844 J9 J MOL EVOL JI J. Mol. Evol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 46 IS 2 BP 256 EP 260 DI 10.1007/PL00006301 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA YW070 UT WOS:000071893100015 PM 9452528 ER PT J AU Wu, DY Han, SN Bronson, RT Smith, DE Meydani, SN AF Wu, DY Han, SN Bronson, RT Smith, DE Meydani, SN TI Dietary supplementation with mushroom-derived protein-bound glucan does not enhance immune function in young and old mice SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE mice; biological response modifier; protein-bound polysaccharide; immune response; aging ID BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE MODIFIER; CELL-MEDIATED-IMMUNITY; BETA-GLUCAN; ELDERLY SUBJECTS; IN-VITRO; TUMOR; PSK; PROLIFERATION; AGE; RESPONSIVENESS AB Decline in immune response is a well-documented age-associated biological change, Protein-bound polysaccharides (PSP) are biological response modifiers and have been shown to have immunoenhancing and antitumor effects, This study was conducted to examine the effect of dietary supplementation with PSP-containing extract derived from mycelia of Conolus versicolor on in vitro and in vivo indices of immune function of young and old mice. Young (5 mo) and old (23 mo) C57BL/6NIA mice were fed purified diets containing 0, 0.1, 0.5 or 1.0% PSP for 1 mo at which time indices of immune function were measured, PSP supplementation had no significant effect on mitogenic response to concanavalin A (Con A), phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or on production of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-4 and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). Of the in vivo indices of immune function tested, old mice fed 1.0% PSP had significantly higher delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response than those fed 0% PSP, No significant effect of PSP was observed on the DTH response of young mice. The antibody response to sheep red blood cells was not significantly influenced by PSP in young or old mice, These results suggest that PSP-containing extract from mycelia of Coriolus versicolor might have a modest immunoenhancing effect in aged mice, but not in young mice. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Immunol Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Meydani, SN (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Immunol Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 34 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC NUTRITIONAL SCIENCE PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, RM L-2407A, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 128 IS 2 BP 193 EP 197 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA YW531 UT WOS:000071945700008 PM 9446842 ER PT J AU Morlese, JF Forrester, T Del Rosario, M Frazer, M Jahoor, F AF Morlese, JF Forrester, T Del Rosario, M Frazer, M Jahoor, F TI Repletion of the plasma pool of nutrient transport proteins occurs at different rates during the nutritional rehabilitation of severely malnourished children SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE nutrient transport protein; protein-energy malnutrition; children ID RETINOL-BINDING PROTEIN; ENERGY MALNUTRITION; KINETICS; ALBUMIN AB Increased morbidity and mortality are associated with lower plasma protein concentrations in children with severe protein-energy malnutrition. However, the kinetic changes responsible for repletion of the plasma pools of nutrient transport proteins and the rapidity of their replenishment in these children have not been determined. This study was undertaken to determine whether an increased rate of synthesis is the mechanism responsible for repletion of the plasma retinol-binding protein, transthyretin and high density lipoprotein-apolipoprotein A1 concentrations of children with severe malnutrition during nutritional rehabilitation. The plasma concentrations and synthesis rates of retinol-binding protein, transthyretin and high density lipoprotein-apolipoprotein A1 were measured using a constant intragastric infusion of H-2(3)-leucine in 22 children with severe protein-energy malnutrition, at similar to 2 d postadmission (study 1), similar to 8 d post-admission when infections were under control (study 2) and similar to 59 d postadmission at recovery (study 3), In study 1 the plasma concentrations and rates of synthesis of all the proteins were lower compared with values at recovery, In study 2, retinol-binding protein and transthyretin concentrations and absolute synthesis rates increased to the recovered values seen in study 3, but the high density lipoprotein-apolipoprotein A1 concentration and synthesis rate remained significantly lower. These results suggest that repletion of the plasma pool of these three nutrient transport proteins occurs at different rates, through an increase in the rate of synthesis. C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ W Indies, Trop Metab Res Unit, Kingston 7, Jamaica. RP Jahoor, F (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [R01 HD-34224-01A1] NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 128 IS 2 BP 214 EP 219 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA YW531 UT WOS:000071945700012 PM 9446846 ER PT J AU Glahn, RP Lai, C Hsu, J Thompson, JF Guo, MR Van Campen, DR AF Glahn, RP Lai, C Hsu, J Thompson, JF Guo, MR Van Campen, DR TI Decreased citrate improves iron availability from infant formula: Application of an in vitro digestion Caco-2 cell culture model SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE Caco-2; in vitro digestion; iron availability; infant formula; citrate ID IN-VIVO; BIOAVAILABILITY; ABSORPTION; CYSTEINE; HUMANS; MEAT AB We have applied an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model to the assessment of iron availability from human milk and a generic cow's milk-based infant formula. Experiments were designed to determine the availability of iron from human milk relative to infant formula and whether known promoters of iron absorption would increase Caco-2 cell iron uptake and availability from the infant formula. In addition, we sought to determine if decreasing the citrate concentration in the infant formula would increase the iron uptake. Although approximately twice as much iron was in solution from digests of the infant formula relative to that of human milk, smaller or equal amounts of iron were taken up from the infant formula relative to the human milk digest. These results are qualitatively similar to in vivo studies. Addition of known iron uptake promoters to infant formula did not enhance Caco-2 cell iron uptake from the infant formula digest, indicating that the iron in the infant formula existed predominantly in a tightly bound unavailable form(s). Enzymatic pretreatment of the infant formula with citrate lyase and oxalacetate decarboxylase decreased the citrate concentration by 67% and resulted in a 64% increase of iron in solution, which corresponded to a 46% increase in the cell iron uptake. Iron uptake from the "low citrate" formula plus cysteine was 102% greater relative to the nontreated formula. The results indicate that too much citrate can reduce iron uptake, particularly if it is present at concentrations greater than promoters such as ascorbic acid and cysteine. C1 Univ Vermont, Dept Anim & Food Sci, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Glahn, RP (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 22 TC 72 Z9 73 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 128 IS 2 BP 257 EP 264 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA YW531 UT WOS:000071945700019 PM 9446853 ER PT J AU Baldwin, RL AF Baldwin, RL TI Use of isolated ruminal epithelial cells in the study of rumen metabolism SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Nutritional-Sciences CY APR 06-09, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Soc Nutr Sci DE rumen; metabolism; epithelium; isolated cells ID SHEEP; KETOGENESIS; GLUCOSE; BUTYRATE; PROPIONATE; CULTURE AB A comprehensive understanding of ruminal development and metabolism has not yet been achieved. The study of rumen epithelial metabolism during development of feeding strategies for developing pre-ruminant animals and mature animals. Understanding the effect of the physical form and nutrient composition of the diet on the ruminal epithelium will lead to changes in dietary regimens that exploit beneficial tissue responses. Characterization of the ontogenic shifts in ruminal metabolism, in association with the description of physical changes, has established more discrete periods during the development of the ruminal epithelium for future studies to be conducted, isolated ruminal epithelial cells, specifically cells of the strata bassale and spinosum, have been used for metabolic studies of rumen epithelial energy metabolism. Because the ruminal epithelium is a major producer of ketone bodies in the fed ruminant animal, it is integral to the energy metabolism of the whole animal. Arguably, whose tissue slices may provide better estimations of actual tissue performance; however, the benefits gained by maintaining tissue integrity are offset because of the high variability in tissue composition due to dietary influences. Use of enriched cell populations is ideal for short-term incubations and provides high cell yields with limited delay following removal of the tissue from the animal. Although the ruminal cell isolation system is continuously undergoing refinement, enriched cell cultures have provided realistic results with respect to known responses in vivo. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Nutrient Metab & Conservat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Baldwin, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Nutrient Metab & Conservat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 39 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 128 IS 2 SU S BP 293S EP 296S PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA YY669 UT WOS:000072171800001 PM 9478009 ER PT J AU McMurtry, JP AF McMurtry, JP TI Nutritional and developmental roles of insulin-like growth factors in poultry SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Nutritional-Sciences CY APR 06-09, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Soc Nutr Sci DE chickens; turkeys; metabolism; hormone ID I IGF-I; BROILER-CHICKENS; PLASMA-CONCENTRATIONS; PROTEIN RESTRICTION; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; FACTOR RECEPTORS; BODY-COMPOSITION; SATELLITE CELLS; FACTOR (IGF)-1; DOMESTIC-FOWL AB Insulin-like growth factor-I and -II are important multifunctional polypeptides that interact with membrane-bound receptors as well as soluble binding proteins. The biological actions of these hormones are multifaceted and dependent to a large extent on binding protein interactions. Some unique differences in insulin-like growth factor physiology and biochemistry are evident between mammalian and avian species. These include amino acid compositional and significant receptor differences as well as binding protein status. The biological response to both growth factors is different in birds. A greater proportion of the insulin-like growth factors exists in plasma as free peptide compared with the situation in mammals. This review is a brief summary of our knowledge of insulin-like growth factor physiology in domestic fowl. C1 USDA, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP McMurtry, JP (reprint author), USDA, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 39 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 128 IS 2 SU S BP 302S EP 305S PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA YY669 UT WOS:000072171800004 PM 9478012 ER PT J AU Davis, TA Reeds, PJ AF Davis, TA Reeds, PJ TI The roles of nutrition, development and hormone sensitivity in the regulation of protein metabolism: An overview SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Nutritional-Sciences CY APR 06-09, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Soc Nutr Sci C1 Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, ARS,Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Davis, TA (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, ARS,Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR44474-01, R01 AR044474] NR 5 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 128 IS 2 SU S BP 340S EP 341S PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA YY669 UT WOS:000072171800012 PM 9478020 ER PT J AU Davis, TA Burrin, DG Fiorotto, ML Reeds, PJ Jahoor, F AF Davis, TA Burrin, DG Fiorotto, ML Reeds, PJ Jahoor, F TI Roles of insulin and amino acids in the regulation of protein synthesis in the neonate SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Nutritional-Sciences CY APR 06-09, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Soc Nutr Sci DE development; insulin; amino acids; neonates; protein synthesis ID GROWTH-FACTOR (IGF)-I; SUCKLING RATS; WHOLE-BODY; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; FOOD-INTAKE; METABOLISM; PIGS; TURNOVER; INFUSION; GLUCOSE AB Neonates deposit protein at a very high rate and efficiently utilize dietary amino acids for protein deposition. This high efficiency is associated with an elevated stimulation of tissue protein synthesis by feeding, Our recent studies have focused on identification of the factors that mediate this response in the neonate, A positive curvilinear relationship between skeletal muscle protein synthesis and plasma insulin concentration was identified in fasted and fed suckling pigs; the relationship changes with development, To test the specific effects of insulin on protein metabolism in the neonate, a procedure to clamp amino acids, under hyperinsulinemic conditions, was developed, By using this technique, we showed that insulin-stimulated whole-body amino acid disposal is elevated in the neonate, and this response may account for the efficient use of dietary amino acids for protein accretion, More recent studies suggest that the enhanced stimulation of skeletal muscle protein synthesis by feeding in the neonate is primarily insulin mediated; however, the stimulation of liver protein synthesis by feeding seems to be largely a function of amino acid concentration. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, ARS,Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Davis, TA (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, ARS,Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR044474, R01 AR44474-01] NR 30 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 128 IS 2 SU S BP 347S EP 350S PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA YY669 UT WOS:000072171800014 PM 9478022 ER PT J AU Mertz, W AF Mertz, W TI A perspective on mineral standards SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Nutritional-Sciences CY APR 06-09, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Soc Nutr Sci DE nutrient recommendations; upper limits of intake; safe ranges of intake AB History has shown that the consumption of a balanced diet in adequate amounts is consistent with survival of mankind. This fact demonstrates that for each essential nutrient there is not one, but a range of safe and adequate intakes. In the past, the determination of the two endpoints of that range, one bordering on deficiency, the other on toxicity, has been sought independently by nutritionists and toxicologists, Refinement of the criteria of adequacy and safety during the past few decades has tended to raise estimates of requirements and to reduce those of toxicity, narrowing and in some cases, eliminating the range of safe and adequate intakes. The Herndon Conference in 1992 suggested some common principles, potentially useful to establish both endpoints of the ranges of safe and adequate intakes for essential trace elements, Some perspectives of implementing these are discussed. C1 USDA ARS, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Mertz, W (reprint author), USDA ARS, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 16 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 128 IS 2 SU S BP 375S EP 378S PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA YY669 UT WOS:000072171800021 PM 9478029 ER PT J AU Butte, NF Hopkinson, JM AF Butte, NF Hopkinson, JM TI Body composition changes during lactation are highly variable among women SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Nutritional-Sciences CY APR 06-09, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Soc Nutr Sci DE lactation; body composition; anthropometry; fat-free mass; fat mass ID POSTPARTUM WEIGHT CHANGE; HEALTHY SWEDISH WOMEN; FAT DISTRIBUTION; MATERNAL WEIGHT; MILK-PRODUCTION; ENERGY-BALANCE; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; MASS INDEX; PREGNANCY; METABOLISM AB Changes in body weight and composition in response to the metabolic load imposed by lactation are highly variable among and within diverse populations, In most reports, rates of weight loss did not differ between lactating and nonlactating women, Despite differences in the hormonal milieu between lactating and nonlactating women, only subtle short-term differences were observed in postpartum changes in body composition, Regional patterns of fat deposition and mobilization did not differ between lactating and nonlactating women in most studies, Changes in body composition during lactation are responses to a sequence of complex neuroendocrine and biochemical stimuli that may be significantly modified by environmental factors, Gestational weight gain was the strongest determinant of postpartum weight and fat mass change, which supports the premise that biological mechanisms are aimed at restoring prepregnancy body weight and composition. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, ARS,Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Butte, NF (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, ARS,Dept Pediat, 1110 Bates, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 45 TC 76 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 128 IS 2 SU S BP 381S EP 385S PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA YY669 UT WOS:000072171800023 PM 9478031 ER PT J AU Roberts, SB McDonald, R AF Roberts, SB McDonald, R TI The evolution of a new research field: Metabolic programming by early nutrition SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Nutritional-Sciences CY APR 06-09, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Soc Nutr Sci C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Roberts, SB (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 8 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 128 IS 2 SU S BP 400S EP 400S PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA YY669 UT WOS:000072171800027 PM 9478035 ER PT J AU Ferretti, A Nelson, GJ Schmidt, PC Bartolini, G Kelley, DS Flanagan, VP AF Ferretti, A Nelson, GJ Schmidt, PC Bartolini, G Kelley, DS Flanagan, VP TI Dietary docosahexaenoic acid reduces the thromboxane/prostacyclin synthetic ratio in humans SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE docosahexaenoic acid; diet; thromboxane; prostacylin; in vivo synthesis; humans ID SATURATED FATTY-ACIDS; FISH-OIL; PROSTACYCLIN PRODUCTION; EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; PLATELET-FUNCTION; THROMBOXANE PRODUCTION; MAMMARY-TUMOR; CANOLA OIL; PROSTAGLANDIN-I3; METABOLISM AB The effect of fish oils, rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), on eicosanoid production in vivo has been extensively studied, but data on the effects of dietary DHA alone on the synthesis of thromboxane (TXA(2)) and prostacyclin (PGI(2)) in humans are lacking. We quantified the effect of an isocaloric shift in DHA intake from trace (low-DHA diet) to about 6% of total fatty acids (high-DHA diet), ca. 2 en%, on the excretion of 11-dehydrothromboxane B-2 (11-DXTB2) and 2, 3-dinor-6-oxo-prostaglandin F-1 alpha (PGI(2)-M). In a longitudinal study, seven healthy men, living in a metabolic unit, were fed a 30% fat low-DHA diet for 30 days, then a high-DHA diet containing 6g/day of DHA for 90 days. A control group of four subjects remained on the low-DHA diet for the duration of the study (120 days). Three-day urine pools were collected at the end of each dietary period (around day 30 and day 120) and analyzed for eicosanoids by gas chromatography-electron capture negative ion-tandem mass spectrometry. Mean excretion of 11-DTXB2 was 590 +/- 256 ng/d (SD; n = 7) with the low-DHA diet, and 385 +/- 148 ng/d (n = 7) with the high-DHA diet, a 35% reduction (P = 0.013, n = 11 including the control group, when log transformed data were used). Production of 11-DXTB2 in the control group was unchanged. Mean excretion of PGI(2)M was 229 +/- 73 ng/day (SD; n = 7) and 210 +/- 102 ng/day with the low-DHA and the high DHA diet, respectively (a nonsignificant reduction). This study confirms that the synthesis of TXA(2) is more open to diet-induced modulation than the synthesis of PGI(2). The observed reduction of 11-DTXB2 excretion may be associated with measurable effects on several physiologically significant cellular functions, such as platelet aggregation in vivo and inflammation in response to immune challenges. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. RP Ferretti, A (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Bldg 308,Rm 122,BARC E,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 42 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0955-2863 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 9 IS 2 BP 88 EP 92 DI 10.1016/S0955-2863(97)00172-1 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA YW042 UT WOS:000071889800005 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Rudback, E Topper, MJ AF Dubey, JP Rudback, E Topper, MJ TI Sarcocystosis in capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) in Finland: Description of the parasite and lesions SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS; NEURONA-LIKE ORGANISM; HEPATIC SARCOCYSTOSIS; ETIOLOGIC AGENT; FALCATULA; PATHOGENESIS; APICOMPLEXA; BUDGERIGAR; BIRDS; HOST AB Acute generalized sarcocystosis was diagnosed in a capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) from Finland. Microscopic lesions were seen in the heart, lungs, spleen, liver, and brain. Protozoa were found in all organs, especially in the lungs and spleen. Only asexual stages were observed. The parasite divided by endopolygeny. Schizonts were usually 10 mu m wide and up to 55 mu m long. Merozoites are 3-4 mu m long and 1.5-2.0 mu m wide, Sarcocysts and sexual stages are unknown. The parasite was considered to be a species of Sarcocystis with an unknown life cycle. This is the first report of acute sarcocystosis in capercaillie from Finland. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 26 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 84 IS 1 BP 104 EP 108 DI 10.2307/3284538 PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA YY306 UT WOS:000072133900020 PM 9488346 ER PT J AU Canals, A Pasquali, P Zarlenga, DS Fayer, R Almeria, S Gasbarre, LC AF Canals, A Pasquali, P Zarlenga, DS Fayer, R Almeria, S Gasbarre, LC TI Local ileal cytokine responses in cattle during a primary infection with Cryptosporidium parvum SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GAMMA-INTERFERON; NEONATAL MICE; CELLS; LYMPHOCYTES; IMMUNOCOMPETENT; INTERLEUKIN-12; PROLIFERATION; RESOLUTION; IMMUNITY; ROLES AB In the present study, localized changes in cytokine transcription profiles were examined in neonatal calves following a primary infection with Cryptosporidium parvum, using competitive reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Total RNA was prepared from ileocecal lymph nodes (LN), lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL), and intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) isolated from neonatal calves 7 days after C. parvum infection. Competitive RT-PCR performed on cDNA samples containing internal cytokine gene competitor molecules showed increases in the levels of interferon-gamma and interleukin-12 (IL-12) (P40) mRNA in both LPL and IEL populations but not in the draining LN. In addition, the levels of mRNA of the newly identified growth factor IL-15 decreased in the IEL of the infected animals. No consistent differences were seen in any of the cell populations when the samples were analyzed for IL-10 and levels of mRNA for IL-2 and IL-4 were low and highly variable in both infected and control groups in all 3 lymphocyte populations. C1 USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, BARC E, LPSI, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Canals, A (reprint author), USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, BARC E, LPSI, Bldg 1180,Room 105, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Pasquali, Paolo/C-1111-2008; Almeria, Sonia/N-4663-2014 OI Almeria, Sonia/0000-0002-0558-5488 NR 32 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 84 IS 1 BP 125 EP 130 DI 10.2307/3284541 PG 6 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA YY306 UT WOS:000072133900023 PM 9488349 ER PT J AU Jenkins, MC Trout, J Fayer, R AF Jenkins, MC Trout, J Fayer, R TI Development and application of an improved semiquantitative technique for detecting low-level Cryptosporidium parvum infections in mouse tissue using polymerase chain reaction SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY; NEONATAL MICE; SCID MICE; SPOROZOITES; 15-KILODALTON; COCCIDIOSIS; DYNAMICS; OOCYSTS; ROLES; PCR AB An improved semiquantitative technique was developed for measuring low infectious doses of Cryptosporidium parvum in neonatal mice using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Separate litters of neonatal mice were inoculated with 0, 10(2), 10(3), or 10(4) C. parvum oocysts and killed 96 hr postinfection. A segment of the ileum or the entire whole intestine was then removed from subgroups of mice in each litter and total DNA was extracted using standard procedures. By employing a CP15/60-based semiquantitative PCR technique, C. parvum DNA was detected in mice infected with as few as 10(2) oocysts. DNA isolated from the ileum of infected mice produced a more intense PCR signal than DNA isolated from the whole intestine. This technique was used to study the intracellular development of C. parvum sporozoites that had been exposed in the oocyst stage to either 0, 15, 20, 25, or 30 kRad gamma-irradiation. A CP15/60 PCR signal was observed in ileum tissue from mice infected with O-kRad- or 15-kRad-irradiated C. parvum oocysts. A very slight PCR signal was generated by PCR on ileum tissue DNA from mice infected with 20-kRad-irradiated oocysts, whereas no signal was observed in PCR on intestinal DNA from mice infected with oocysts exposed to higher radiation doses. C1 USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Jenkins, MC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, BARC E, Bldg 1040, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 17 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 84 IS 1 BP 182 EP 186 DI 10.2307/3284557 PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA YY306 UT WOS:000072133900038 PM 9488364 ER PT J AU Lifschitz, CH Abrams, SA AF Lifschitz, CH Abrams, SA TI Addition of rice cereal to formula does not impair mineral bioavailability SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC GASTROENTEROLOGY AND NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE calcium; cereal; iron; mineral bioavailability; stable isotopes ID INTESTINAL CALCIUM-ABSORPTION; INFANT CEREAL; IRON; CHILDREN; MILK; EXCRETION; RESISTANT; PIGS AB Background: The effect of adding rice cereal to formula on calcium and iron bioavailability was studied. Methods: Fourteen healthy infants were studied at 2-week in tervals to assess the absorption of calcium and iron from formula or formula mixed with rice cereal. Infants were randomly assigned to initiate the study either on a lactose-containing formula (F) or the same formula mixed with 6.5 g/dl of rice cereal (F + R). Calcium and iron absorption were determined using a multiple tracer approach in which calcium and iron isotopes were given orally mixed with either F or F + R and a different tracer of calcium given intravenously. Nine infants underwent calcium and iron studies and five underwent calcium studies only. A tracer amount of Ca-46 was administered intravenously. Calcium absorption was determined as the ratio of the recovered oral versus intravenous tracer in the urine during the 24 hr after tracer administration. Iron incorporation into red blood cells (RBCs) was determined from the enrichment of the iron isotopes in the RBCs at 14 days after dosing. Results: Mean (+/-SD) percent absorption of calcium from F was 58% (+/-13) and from F + R 57% (+/-18). Absorption of iron from F was 5.8% (+/-7) and from F + R 6.3% (+/-4) (p = 0.06). Analyses of variance for repeated measures indicated no significant correlation between amount of calories, calcium, or iron ingested, and calcium or iron absorbed. Conclusions: Adding rice cereal to formula does not impair bioavailability of calcium or iron from infant formulas. Because of the increased total calcium and iron in the mixture of formula and cereal, the overall amount of minerals absorbed from F + R may be greater than from formula alone. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Lifschitz, CH (reprint author), 110 Bates, Houston, TX 77030 USA. OI Abrams, Steven/0000-0003-4972-9233 NR 22 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0277-2116 J9 J PEDIATR GASTR NUTR JI J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 26 IS 2 BP 175 EP 178 DI 10.1097/00005176-199802000-00011 PG 4 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pediatrics SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pediatrics GA YU611 UT WOS:000071735600010 PM 9481634 ER PT J AU Motil, KJ Schultz, RJ Wong, WW Glaze, DG AF Motil, KJ Schultz, RJ Wong, WW Glaze, DG TI Increased energy expenditure associated with repetitive involuntary movement does not contribute to growth failure in girls with Rett syndrome SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID BODY-COMPOSITION; CEREBRAL-PALSY; CHILDREN; ACID AB Objective: To determine whether increased total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) associated with repetitive, involuntary movements contributes to growth failure in girls with Rett syndrome (RS), Study design: Fourteen girls with RS and 11 healthy girls were studied for 10 days to obtain measurements of height, weight, body circumference, and skin-fold thickness with stadiometric and anthropometric methods; whole-body potassium by potassium 40 counting; 72-hour dietary energy intakes bg test weighing; 24-hour activity patterns using observational methods; and TDEE using the doubly-labeled water technique, Results: TDEE, when adjusted for differences in lean body mass, did not differ significantly between girls with RS and healthy girls. Although, girls with RS spent more waking hours in physical activity than their healthy counterparts (85% +/- 10% vs. 73% +/- 11% awake time per day, p < 0.05), their repetitive movements were not sufficiently intense to increase TDEE. However, girls with RS had significantly less lean body mass, but not body fat, which contributed to their lower absolute TDEE in comparison with that of healthy girls (845 +/- 251 vs. 1453 +/- 534 kcal/day, p < 0.01), Dietary energy intake, when adjusted for differences in body weight, was not significantly different in girls with RS compared with healthy girls. Conclusions: Increased TDEE as a result of repetitive, involuntary movements does not explain the alterations in growth and body composition of girls with RS. C1 ARS, USDA, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Neurol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Motil, KJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01 RR-00188]; NICHD NIH HHS [5P01 HD24234] NR 36 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-ELSEVIER PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0022-3476 EI 1097-6833 J9 J PEDIATR-US JI J. Pediatr. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 132 IS 2 BP 228 EP 233 DI 10.1016/S0022-3476(98)70436-6 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA ZA254 UT WOS:000072344800011 PM 9506632 ER PT J AU Schofield, O Evens, TJ Millie, DF AF Schofield, O Evens, TJ Millie, DF TI Photosystem II quantum yields and Xanthophyll-cycle pigments of the macroalga Sargassum natans (Phaeophyceae): Responses under natural sunlight SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fluorescence; photoinhibition; photosystem II; quantum yield; Sargassum; xanthophyll cycle pigments ID CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE; ULVA-ROTUNDATA; CHLORELLA-PYRENOIDOSA; GREEN-ALGA; PHOTOINHIBITION; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; LIGHT; ACCLIMATION; TEMPERATURE; PROTECTION AB Our understanding of the physiological mechanisms that allow marine photoautotrophs to thrive in a high light environment is limited. The pelagic phaeophyte, Sargassum natans (L.) Gaillon, exists at the air-sea interface and often is exposed to high irradiances. During a cruise in the Gulf of Mexico, aggregates of S. natans were collected and maintained in a shipboard incubator under natural sunlight. In vivo fluorescence and pigmentation dynamics were assessed over two daily cycles to characterize the photophysiological responses of this taxon to varying irradiance (i.e. overcast and sunny conditions). The relative proportion of the photosynthetic carotenoid, violaxanthin, to the photoprotective carotenoid, zeaxanthin, decreased during daylight hours. This mirrored the dynamics in the maximum quantum yield for stable charge separation at photosystem II (F-V/F-M [variable fluorescence / maximum fluorescence]), which decreased (relative to predawn levels) by 50%-60% during periods of sustained bright light and recovered to predawn values 3 h after sunset. The ratio of de-epoxidized to epoxidized components of the xanthophyll-cycle pigment pool (violaxanthin, zeaxanthin) was associated with energy dissipation activity within the pigment bed. The operational quantum yield for photosystem II activity (phi(IIe)) was substantially lower then F-V/F-M due to both a decreased probability that absorbed photons reached open reaction centers and to the induction of nonphotochemical fluorescence quenching (which was rapidly reversible). Bright light also affected the rate of electron flow from the reaction center chlorophyll through to the secondary electron acceptor, quinone B (Q(B)); specifically, single turnover decay curves indicated that the proportion of Q(B) bound to the D1-D2 complex in photosystem II decreased during the protracted periods of bright light. Kautsky curves suggested that the relative proportion of inactive light-harvesting complexes also increased during periods of bright light. Taken together, these findings suggest that S. natans can tolerate high irradiances by down-regulating its quantum yield during the day, decreasing its functional absorption coefficient through the uncoupling of light-harvesting complexes, and decreasing the efficiency with which absorbed light is utilized. These cellular responses appear to be driven by the absolute flux of light and not by an endogenous rhythm, which is phased to a particular time of day. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. Mote Marine Lab, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. RP Schofield, O (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. EM oscar@ahab.rutgers.edu OI schofield, oscar/0000-0003-2359-4131 NR 53 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 11 PU PHYCOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 34 IS 1 BP 104 EP 112 DI 10.1046/j.1529-8817.1998.340104.x PG 9 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZB981 UT WOS:000072527700012 ER PT J AU Groves, ML Wickham, ED Farrell, HM AF Groves, ML Wickham, ED Farrell, HM TI Environmental effects on disulfide bonding patterns of bovine kappa-casein SO JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE casein structure; molecular weight; disulfide interactions ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; MICELLES; MILK AB Bovine K-casein, the stabilizing protein of the colloidal milk protein complex, has a unique disulfide bonding pattern. The protein exhibits varying molecular sizes on SDS-PAGE ranging from monomer to octamer and above in the absence of reducing agents. Heating the samples with SDS prior to electrophoresis caused an apparent decrease in polymeric distribution: up to 60% monomer after 30 min at 90 degrees C as estimated by densitometry of SDS-PAGE. In contrast, heating the samples without detergent at 90 or 37 degrees C caused a significant increase in high-molecular-weight polymers as judged by electrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation. In 6M urea, the protein could be completely reduced, but upon dialysis, varying degrees of polymer reformation occurred depending on the dialysis conditions. Spontaneous reoxidation to polymeric forms is favored at low pH (<5.15) and low ionic strength. The results are discussed with respect to the influence of the method of preparation on the polymer size of K-caseins and on their resultant physical chemical properties. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Farrell, HM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 29 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 5 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0277-8033 J9 J PROTEIN CHEM JI J. Protein Chem. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 17 IS 2 BP 73 EP 84 DI 10.1023/A:1022518613574 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA ZB357 UT WOS:000072463600001 PM 9535269 ER PT J AU Wolf, D AF Wolf, D TI Guest editorial SO JOURNAL OF SURVEYING ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Forest Serv, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Wolf, D (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9453 J9 J SURV ENG-ASCE JI J. Surv. Eng.-ASCE PD FEB PY 1998 VL 124 IS 1 BP 1 EP 2 PG 2 WC Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA YU319 UT WOS:000071705400001 ER PT J AU Dixon, ZR Shie, FS Warden, BA Burri, BJ Neidlinger, TR AF Dixon, ZR Shie, FS Warden, BA Burri, BJ Neidlinger, TR TI The effect of a low carotenoid diet on malondialdehyde-thiobarbituric acid (MDA-TBA) concentrations in women: A placebo-controlled double-blind study SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE carotenoids; human; oxidative damage; malondialdehyde ID OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; BETA-CAROTENE; PLASMA; ANTIOXIDANTS; CANCER; HUMANS AB Objective: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of a low carotenoid diet (83 mu g beta-carotene) on malondialdehyde-thiobarbituric acid (MDA-TBA) concentrations of nine pre-menopausal women. Methods: Subjects lived on the metabolic research unit of the Western Human Nutrition Research Center (WHNRC), where diet, exercise and other activities were controlled. Five subjects (Group C, control group) consumed a low carotenoid diet and received an additional 0.5 mg/day of beta-carotene while four subjects (Group P,placebo group) received only the low carotenoid diet during days 1 to 60 period 1). All subjects received 0.5 mg/day of beta-carotene during days 60 to 100 (period 2), plus three capsules/day mixed carotenoid supplement (Neo-Life Company) during study days 100 to 120. Changes in MDA-TBA concentrations were analyzed during the study periods and between the groups, Results: At the start of the study (day 1), no significant difference in the MDA-TBA concentration was observed between the control (Group C) and the placebo (Group P) subjects. During period 1 (days 2 to 60), when Group P subjects consumed the low carotenoid diet without supplementation. the MDA-TBA values for Group P rose markedly and were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the MDA-TBA values for Group C subjects who were receiving carotenoid supplementation. During period 2 (days 60 to 100) when both groups received carotenoid supplementation, the MDA;TBA values of Group P subjects were significantly (p<0.05) reduced to the point where they were similar to the MDA-TBA values for Group C subjects. Conclusions: These findings provide evidence to support the beneficial effects of carotenoids in preventing lipid peroxidation in the cells. Further studies are needed to identify the exact mechanism by which carotenoids prevent lipid peroxidation and the amount needed for normal activity. C1 Florida Int Univ, Coll Hlth, Dept Nutr & Dietet, Miami, FL 33199 USA. USDA ARS, PWA, WHNRC, Presidio San Francisco, CA USA. RP Dixon, ZR (reprint author), Florida Int Univ, Coll Hlth, Dept Nutr & Dietet, Univ Pk, Miami, FL 33199 USA. RI Shie, Feng-Shiun/E-3836-2010 NR 26 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 USA SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 17 IS 1 BP 54 EP 58 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA YV639 UT WOS:000071847900010 PM 9477390 ER PT J AU Taylor, MM Cabeza, LF Marmer, WN Brown, EM Kolomaznik, K AF Taylor, MM Cabeza, LF Marmer, WN Brown, EM Kolomaznik, K TI Functional properties of hydrolysis products from collagen SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 93rd Annual Meeting of the American-Leather-Chemists-Association CY JUN 22-26, 1997 CL POCONO MANOR, PENNSYLVANIA SP Amer Leather Chemists Assoc ID PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; PROTEIN; FLOUR; ISOLATE; WASTE AB A gelable protein is isolated during the aqueous magnesium oxide treatment of chromium-containing solid leather waste. For this process to be cost effective, markets have to be identified for these gelatin-like protein products. Technical grade gelatins have many uses, such as in the preparation of adhesives, cosmetics, paints, encapsulating agents, flocculating agents and fireproofing agents. In order to demonstrate that our products compare to technical grade gelatins, the functional properties of the gelable protein were examined; a commercial gelatin product was used as a reference. In a previous study we demonstrated that the gelable protein products isolated from the alkali treatment of chrome shavings had adhesive properties comparable to commercial products. In this present study, ability to form a gel, foamability, capacity to form emulsions, and oil and water absorption properties are examined. A description of methodology to evaluate the properties is reported. The data show that the functional properties of the magnesium oxide extracted gels are comparable to, and sometimes superior to, technical grade gelatins. C1 Agr Res Serv, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA USA. Tech Univ Brno, Zlin, Czech Republic. RP Taylor, MM (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA USA. RI Cabeza, Luisa F./B-4587-2013 OI Cabeza, Luisa F./0000-0001-5086-872X NR 35 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI CINCINNATI PA ROOM 5 CAMPUS STATION-14 TANNER RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD FEB-MAR PY 1998 VL 93 IS 2 BP 40 EP 50 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA ZK362 UT WOS:000073312800003 ER PT J AU Arnold, JG Srinivasan, R Muttiah, RS Williams, JR AF Arnold, JG Srinivasan, R Muttiah, RS Williams, JR TI Large area hydrologic modeling and assessment - Part 1: Model development SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE simulation; surface water hydrology; erosion; sedimentation; nonpoint source pollution; large area modeling; plant growth; agricultural land management ID RUNOFF; SHE; CATCHMENTS; EUROPEEN; SYSTEM; CROP AB A conceptual, continuous time model called SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) was developed to assist water resource managers in assessing the impact of management on water supplies and nonpoint source pollution in watersheds and large river basins. The model is currently being utilized in several large area projects by EPA, NOAA, NRCS and others to estimate the off-site impacts of climate and management on water use, nonpoint source loadings, and pesticide contamination. Model development, operation, limitations, and assumptions are discussed and components of the model are described. In Part II, a GIS input/output interface is presented along with model validation on three basins within the Upper Trinity basin in Texas. C1 ARS, USDA, Temple, TX 76502 USA. Texas Agr Expt Stn, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RP Arnold, JG (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 808 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX 76502 USA. EM arnold@brcsun0.tamu.edu RI Srinivasan, R/D-3937-2009 NR 56 TC 2115 Z9 2310 U1 74 U2 502 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 34 IS 1 BP 73 EP 89 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb05961.x PG 17 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA ZB945 UT WOS:000072524100007 ER PT J AU Srinivasan, R Ramanarayanan, TS Arnold, JG Bednarz, ST AF Srinivasan, R Ramanarayanan, TS Arnold, JG Bednarz, ST TI Large area hydrologic modeling and assessment - Part II: Model application SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE simulation; GIS interface; watershed modeling; sedimentation; nonpoint source pollution ID POLLUTION; GIS AB This paper describes the application of a river basin scale hydrologic model (described in Part I) to Richland and Chambers Creeks watershed (RC watershed) in upper Trinity River basin in Texas, The inputs to the model were accumulated from hydrographic and geographic databases and maps using a raster-based GIS. Available weather data from 12 weather stations in and around the watershed and stream flow data from two USGS stream gauge station for the period 1965 to 1984 were used in the flow calibration and validation. Sediment calibration was carried out for the period 1988 through 1994 using the 1994 sediment survey data from the Richland-Chambers lake. Sediment validation was conducted on a subwatershed (Mill Creek watershed) situated on Chambers Creek of the RC watershed. The model was evaluated by well established statistical and visual methods and was found to explain at least 84 percent and 65 percent of the variability in the observed stream flow data for the calibration and validation periods, respectively. In addition, the model predicted the accumulated sediment load within 2 percent and 9 percent from the observed data for the RC watershed and Mill Creek watershed, respectively. C1 Texas Agr Expt Stn, Temple, TX 76502 USA. USDA ARS, Temple, TX 76502 USA. USDA, Nat Resource Conservat Serv, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RP Srinivasan, R (reprint author), Texas Agr Expt Stn, 808 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX 76502 USA. EM arnold@brcsun0.tamu.edu RI Srinivasan, R/D-3937-2009 NR 14 TC 179 Z9 191 U1 7 U2 51 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 34 IS 1 BP 91 EP 101 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb05962.x PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA ZB945 UT WOS:000072524100008 ER PT J AU Letson, D Gollehon, N AF Letson, D Gollehon, N TI Spatial economics of targeting manure policy SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE manure; water quality; targeting; aggregation; vertical integration; Clean Water Act; Farm Bill AB Increasing specialization separates animal production from cropland, complicating manure management. To assist policy targeting efforts, we highlight areas where on-farm use of manure may be problematic. Matching confined animal production with land, on the farm-rather than at the county-level, gives our analysis an advantage over previous studies in avoiding aggregation problems. With manure-based water quality problems, data aggregated to the county level may fail to convey the heterogeneity of animal production across regions and animal types. Aggregation bias blurs the distinction between areas with specialized animal production and those that merely have numerous animals. We estimate bias from using county aggregates, show its distribution spatially and by animal sector, and link it to concentration. Ongoing vertical integration in agriculture likely alters in-county variability in facility scale and scope, and may influence decisions about which data we should gather and use. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, MAF, Miami, FL 33149 USA. ERS, USDA, RED, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Letson, D (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, MAF, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 36 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 34 IS 1 BP 185 EP 193 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb05971.x PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA ZB945 UT WOS:000072524100017 ER PT J AU Svejcar, T Riegel, GM AF Svejcar, T Riegel, GM TI Spatial pattern of gas exchange for montane moist meadow species SO JOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE leaf area index; photosynthesis; riparian zone; water stress ID WATER AB Montane moist meadows of western North America are relatively unique in that they are characterized by annual cycles of spring inundation followed by summer drought. Thus, plants adapted to these ecosystems must cope with a wide range of environmental conditions. We compared gas exchange and water relations of upper canopy leaves and leaf area index (LAI) of three dominant montane meadow graminoids growing at both streamside and mid-meadow Locations (2.5 and 20.0 m, respectively from the stream edge). The two locations were environmentally very different in spite of their close proximity. The water table at the streamside location was ca. 40 cm closer to the surface compared to the mid-meadow. When averaged over season and species, photosynthetic rates were 12.5 % (p < 0.05) higher at the streamside compared to the mid-meadow location, but both conductance and transpiration were similar between locations (p > 0.05) The similarity in stomatal response was surprising given that streamside plants had midday xylem potentials that averaged 0.72 MPa less negative (less water-stressed) than that of mid-meadow plants (p < 0.05). There was no clear relationship between xylem potential and conductance for the species studied. Total LAI for the three species combined was nearly three times higher at the streamside compared to mid-meadow location. At the streamside location, Carer-nebrascensis had a LAI over twice as high as that of the other species (p < 0.05), but there were no significant differences among species (p > 0.05) at the mid-meadow location. Car-ex nebrascensis had a more conservative gas exchange strategy (lower photosynthesis and transpiration) than Juncus balticus or Deschampsia cespitosa, yet developed more leaf area than either of these species. Juncus had higher photosynthesis and transpiration compared to the other species, yet maintained less negative midday xylem potential (p < 0.05). Apparently, Juncus balticus maintained a greater supply of moisture to above-ground tissues than the other species, which is probably an indication of higher root length per unit leaf area, or a more efficient water conducting system. The other two species - Carex nebrascensis in particular, maintain relatively conservative gas exchange rates, but under favorable growing conditions (such as occurred at the streamside) can develop high leaf area indices. Wetland species with similar growth forms (graminoid) and distributions can have contrasting patterns of gas exchange and plant water relations. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Oregon Agr Res Ctr, Burns, OR 97720 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Bend, OR 97701 USA. RP Svejcar, T (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Oregon Agr Res Ctr, HC 71,4 51,Hwy 205, Burns, OR 97720 USA. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 10 PU OPULUS PRESS UPPSALA AB PI UPPSALA PA BOX 25137, S 752 25 UPPSALA, SWEDEN SN 1100-9233 J9 J VEG SCI JI J. Veg. Sci. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 9 IS 1 BP 85 EP 94 DI 10.2307/3237226 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA ZF201 UT WOS:000072873800009 ER PT J AU Sparks, JC Masters, RE Engle, DM Palmer, MW Bukenhofer, GA AF Sparks, JC Masters, RE Engle, DM Palmer, MW Bukenhofer, GA TI Effects of late growing-season and late dormant-season prescribed fire on herbaceous vegetation in restored pine-grassland communities SO JOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Arkansas; fire ecology; fire frequency; fire season; Ouachita mountains; restoration ecology ID CAROLINA COASTAL-PLAIN; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; FORESTS; DIVERSITY; DISTURBANCE; UNDERSTORY; GREECE; FORBS AB We compared the effects of late dormant-season and late growing-season prescribed fires on herbaceous species in restored shortleaf pine-(Pinus echinata) grassland communities in the Ouachita Highlands of western Arkansas. Herbaceous species richness, diversity, and total forb and legume abundance increased following fire. Late growing-season burns reduced distribution and abundance of panicums (primarily Panicum boscii, P. dichotomum, and P. linearifolium) while late dormant-season burns increased Panicum distribution and abundance. Density of legumes (such as Stylosanthes biflora) increased following frequent or annual dormant-season fires. However, season of fire influenced the distribution and abundance of fewer than 10 % of the species. Fire plays an essential role in pine-grassland communities by creating and maintaining open canopy conditions that perpetuate understory herbaceous plant communities. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Forestry, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Agron, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Bot, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. US Forest Serv, Heavener, OK 74937 USA. RP Masters, RE (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Forestry, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. EM rmaster@okway.okstate.edu RI Palmer, Michael/A-2519-2008 NR 67 TC 56 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 18 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1100-9233 J9 J VEG SCI JI J. Veg. Sci. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 9 IS 1 BP 133 EP 142 DI 10.2307/3237231 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA ZF201 UT WOS:000072873800014 ER PT J AU Nemchinov, L Hadidi, A AF Nemchinov, L Hadidi, A TI Specific oligonucleotide primers for the direct detection of plum pox potyvirus-cherry subgroup SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE PPV-cherry subgroup; direct PCR detection of PPV-C; specific primers for PPV-C ID STRAIN AB A specific polymerase chain reaction assay was developed for direct identification of the distinct subgroup of plum pox potyvirus (PPV) isolates from cherry trees (PPV-cherry, PPV-C) and its differentiation from other known subgroups of PPV. The specificity of the assay is based on using a pair of primers whose nucleotide sequences are located on the coat protein gene of PPV-sour cherry (SoC) at regions of high nucleotide divergence between PPV-SoC and other isolates of PPV. The technique will be useful for studying the epidemiology of PPV-C as well as for practical testing in certification and quarantine programs worldwide. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Natl Germplasm Resources Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hadidi, A (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Natl Germplasm Resources Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 17 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-0934 J9 J VIROL METHODS JI J. Virol. Methods PD FEB PY 1998 VL 70 IS 2 BP 231 EP 234 DI 10.1016/S0166-0934(97)00194-8 PG 4 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA ZE538 UT WOS:000072803400013 PM 9562418 ER PT J AU Zsak, L Caler, E Lu, Z Kutish, GF Neiland, JG Rock, DL AF Zsak, L Caler, E Lu, Z Kutish, GF Neiland, JG Rock, DL TI A nonessential African swine fever virus gene UK is a significant virulence determinant in domestic swine SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID HERPES-SIMPLEX VIRUS; MULTIGENE FAMILIES; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; VARIABLE REGIONS; RIGHT END; DNA; GENOME; INFECTION; PROTEIN; ISOLATE AB Sequence analysis of the right variable genomic region of the pathogenic African swine fever virus (ASFV) isolate E70 revealed a novel gene, UK, that is immediately upstream from the previously described ASFV virulence-associated gene NL-S (L. Zsak, Z. Lu, G. F. Kutish, J. G. Neilan, and D. L. Rock, J. Virol. 78:8865-8871, 1996), UK, transcriptionally oriented toward the right end of the genome, predicts a protein of 96 amino acids with a molecular mass of 10.7 kDa. Searches of genetic databases did not find significant similarity between UK and other known genes, Sequence analysis of the UK genes from several pathogenic ASFVs from Europe, the Caribbean, and Africa demonstrated that this gene was highly conserved among diverse pathogenic isolates, including those from both tick and pig sources, Polyclonal antibodies raised against the UK protein specifically precipitated a 15-kDa protein from ASFV-infected macrophage cell cultures as early as 2 h post infection. A recombinant UK gene deletion mutant, Delta UK, and its revertant, UK-R, were constructed from the E70 isolate to study gene function. Although deletion of UK did not affect the growth characteristics of the virus in macrophage cell cultures, Delta UK exhibited reduced virulence in infected pigs. While mortality among parental E70- or UK-R-infected animals was 100%, all Delta UK-infected pigs survived infection. Fever responses were comparable in E70-, UK-R-, and Delta UK-infected groups; however, Delta UK-infected animals exhibited significant, 100- to 1,000-fold, reductions in viremia titers, These data indicate that the highly conserved UK gene of ASFV, while being nonessential for growth in macrophages in vitro, is an important viral virulence determinant for domestic pigs. C1 USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. NR 58 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X EI 1098-5514 J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 72 IS 2 BP 1028 EP 1035 PG 8 WC Virology SC Virology GA YQ942 UT WOS:000071440200017 PM 9444996 ER PT J AU Boyle, KJ MacDonald, HF Cheng, HT McCollum, DW AF Boyle, KJ MacDonald, HF Cheng, HT McCollum, DW TI Bid design and yea saying in single-bounded, dichotomous-choice questions SO LAND ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID CONTINGENT VALUATION SURVEYS; MODELS; DISCRETE; SENSITIVITY; GOODS; BIAS AB Bid design in dichotomous-choice questions is an issue of considerable concern and debate. This paper investigates the effect of bid structures on welfare estimates using two pretest distributions (from open-ended and dichotomous-choice questions) and three bid structures (two-bid, five-bid, and multi-bid designs). Both Monte Carlo simulations and responses from a field experiment are used. Results support the growing evidence that "yea saying" occurs and the problem becomes worse when bids are clustered at discrete bid levels in the upper tail of the distribution. The systematic effect of bids on responses to dichotomous-choice questions reduces the effectiveness of optimal bid designs. C1 Univ Maine, Dept Resource Econ & Policy, Orono, ME 04469 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Forest & Range Expt Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Boyle, KJ (reprint author), Univ Maine, Dept Resource Econ & Policy, Orono, ME 04469 USA. NR 30 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 3 U2 5 PU UNIV WISCONSIN PI MADISON PA SOCIAL SCIENCE BLDG, MADISON, WI 53706 USA SN 0023-7639 J9 LAND ECON JI Land Econ. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 74 IS 1 BP 49 EP 64 DI 10.2307/3147212 PG 16 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZG981 UT WOS:000073059700004 ER PT J AU Murray, BC Wear, DN AF Murray, BC Wear, DN TI Federal timber restrictions and interregional arbitrage in US lumber SO LAND ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID SOFTWOOD LUMBER; UNITED-STATES; ONE PRICE; MARKET INTEGRATION; LAW; EXPECTATIONS; REGRESSIONS; HYPOTHESIS; INDUSTRY; VECTORS AB Harvesting restrictions to protect the habitat of the northern spotted owl on federal forests in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) substantially reduced timber available for processing by the forest products industry. We consider the extent to which these restrictions may have altered the degree of integration of the PNW and U.S. South in a national market for lumber. Descriptive statistics and econometric analysis of monthly price data suggest that a structural break occurred in the relationship between the two regions' product prices around the time of the harvest restrictions leading to a more integrated market after the restrictions were imposed. C1 Ctr Econ Res, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Murray, BC (reprint author), Ctr Econ Res, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 33 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 6 PU UNIV WISCONSIN PI MADISON PA SOCIAL SCIENCE BLDG, MADISON, WI 53706 USA SN 0023-7639 J9 LAND ECON JI Land Econ. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 74 IS 1 BP 76 EP 91 DI 10.2307/3147214 PG 16 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZG981 UT WOS:000073059700006 ER PT J AU Horwath, WR Elliott, LF Lynch, JM AF Horwath, WR Elliott, LF Lynch, JM TI Influence of soil quality on the function of inhibitory rhizobacteria SO LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MODIFIED PSEUDOMONAS-FLUORESCENS; RHIZOSPHERE COLONIZATION; ROOT COLONIZATION; WHEAT GROWTH; SURVIVAL; COMPETITION; STRAIN AB The successful release of wild type and genetically modified micro-organisms into soil has been impeded because efficacy is unpredictable. Evidence is presented showing that the plant-inoculum interaction can be strongly influenced by cropping system management or soil type. Rhizobacteria that inhibited the root growth of Poa annua and Lolium perenne were isolated from soil. The isolates, an inhibitory isolate (W7(+)) and a noninhibitory mutant (G2Y(-)), were identified as Pseudomonas putida. The rhizobacteria were used as soil inocula in a completely randomized block design that included Poa and Lolium, four soils, and three inoculum carriers. Of the possible 15 interactions, 10 significantly affected both the root and shoot growth. These results suggest that field trials conducted without consideration of soil quality factors and carrier delivery systems will be of dubious value when evaluating the performance of allochthonous micro-organisms in soil. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Agr Res Serv, USDA, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, Corvallis, OR USA. Univ Surrey, Sch Biol Sci, Surrey, England. RP Horwath, WR (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Hoagland Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 23 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0266-8254 J9 LETT APPL MICROBIOL JI Lett. Appl. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 26 IS 2 BP 87 EP 92 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA ZD425 UT WOS:000072683900001 ER PT J AU Kelley, DS Taylor, PC Nelson, GJ Mackey, BE AF Kelley, DS Taylor, PC Nelson, GJ Mackey, BE TI Arachidonic acid supplementation enhances synthesis of eicosanoids without suppressing immune functions in young healthy men SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID POLYUNSATURATED FATTY-ACIDS; BLOOD MONONUCLEAR-CELLS; DIETARY-FAT; LYMPHOCYTE-PROLIFERATION; INDEPENDENT MECHANISM; INHIBITION; MODULATION; METABOLITES; SECRETION; GROWTH AB This study was conducted to determine the effects of arachidonic acid (AA) supplementation on human immune response (IR) and on the secretion of prostaglandin E2 (PCE2) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4). Ten healthy men (20-38 yr) participated in the study and lived at the Metabolic Suite of the Western Human Nutrition Research Center. They were fed a basal diet (57, 27, and 16 energy percentage from carbohydrate, fat, and protein, respectively, and AA 200 mg/d) for the first 15 d of the study. Additional AA (1.5 g/d) was added to the diet of six men from day 16 to 65, while the remaining four subjects remained on the basal diet. The diets of the two groups were crossed-over from day 66 to 115. In vitro indices of IR were examined using blood drawn on days 15, 58, 65, 108, and 115. Influenza antibody titers were determined in the sera prepared from blood drawn on days 92 and 115 (23 d postimmunization). AA supplementation caused significant increases in the in vitro secretion of LTB4, and PCE2, but it did not alter the in vitro secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha; interleukins 1 beta, 2, 6; and the receptor for interleukin 2. Nor did it change the number of circulating lymphocytes bearing markers for specific subsets (B, T, helper, suppressor, natural killer) and the serum antibody titers against influenza vaccine. The opposing effects of PCE2 and LTB4 may have led to the lack of change in immune functions tested. C1 ARS, USDA, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. ARS, USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Kelley, DS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, POB 29997, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. NR 35 TC 73 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD FEB PY 1998 VL 33 IS 2 BP 125 EP 130 DI 10.1007/s11745-998-0187-9 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA YY163 UT WOS:000072119600001 PM 9507233 ER PT J AU Trapp, SC Hohn, TM McCormick, S Jarvis, BB AF Trapp, SC Hohn, TM McCormick, S Jarvis, BB TI Characterization of the gene cluster for biosynthesis of macrocyclic trichothecenes in Myrothecium roridum SO MOLECULAR AND GENERAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Myrothecium roridum; Fusarium sporotrichioides; macrocylic trichothecenes; gene cluster; TRI4-TRI5-TRI6 ID SITE-DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS; FUSARIUM-SPOROTRICHIOIDES; ASPERGILLUS-NIDULANS; TRICHODIENE SYNTHASE; AFLATOXIN PATHWAY; DISRUPTION; IDENTIFICATION; METABOLITES; PARASITICUS; MYCOTOXINS AB Macrocyclic trichothecenes are toxic sesquiterpenoids that are produced by certain fungi and plants. The unique structural features of macrocyclic trichothecenes result in increased toxicity relative to other trichothecene structural types. Here we report the sequences and relative locations of the MRTRI5, MRTRI6, and MRTRI4 genes in the biosynthetic pathway for macrocyclic trichothecenes in Myrothecium roridum. The deduced sequences of the products of MRTRI5 and MRTRI4 display overall identities of 75 and 63%, respectively, with the corresponding proteins in Fusarium sporotrichioides. Based on sequence comparisons, MRTRI5 encodes the enzyme trichodiene synthase, which has been shown to catalyze the first step in the trichothecene pathways of Fusarium and Trichothecium species. MRTRI6 encodes a transcription factor (392 amino acids) required for pathway gene expression, and the predicted MRTRI4 product (533 amino acids) is a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase responsible for the initial oxygenation step in the pathway. The sizes of the predicted products of MRTRI5 and MRTRI4 show good agreement with their apparent counterparts in the Fusarium pathway; however, the protein specified by MRTRI6 is almost twice the size of its putative homolog in F. sporotrichioides. Only the C-terminal 124 residues of MRTRI6, containing the proposed Cys(2)His(2) zinc finger motifs, show significant similarity (65% identity) to the TRI6 sequence in F. sporotrichioides. MRTRI4 can successfully complement a TRI4(-) mutant in F. sporotrichioides, although the resulting trichothecene profile differed from that observed in wild-type strains. Complemented mutants accumulated low levels of T-2 toxin, in addition to sambucinol, deoxysambucinol, and the pathway intermediates trichothecene and isotrichodiol. Mapping data indicate that the genes of the macrocyclic trichothecene pathway in M. roridum are clustered, but that their organization and orientation differ markedly from those of the trichothecene gene cluster found in F. sporotrichioides. These results show that the biosynthetic pathways for macrocyclic trichothecenes are closely related to other trichothecene pathways and that the evolution of gene clusters for the biosynthesis of natural products in fungi can involve significant rearrangements. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Hohn, TM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM thohn@mail.ncaur.usda.gov FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R0I GM 43724] NR 48 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 11 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0026-8925 J9 MOL GEN GENET JI Mol. Gen. Genet. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 257 IS 4 BP 421 EP 432 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA ZB234 UT WOS:000072450600005 PM 9529523 ER PT J AU Keller, KE Johansen, IE Martin, RR Hampton, RO AF Keller, KE Johansen, IE Martin, RR Hampton, RO TI Potyvirus genome-linked protein (VPg) determines pea seed-borne mosaic virus pathotype-specific virulence in Pisum sativum SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article ID TOBACCO ETCH VIRUS; RESISTANCE-BREAKING STRAIN; POLYPROTEIN CLEAVAGE SITE; INTERNAL CLEAVAGE; IN-VIVO; RNA; GENE; REPLICATION; AMPLIFICATION; SEQUENCE AB The mechanism of Pisum sativum pathotype-specific resistance to pea seed-borne mosaic potyvirus (PSbMV) was investigated and the coding region determinant of PSbMV virulence was defined. Homozygous recessive sbm-1 peas are unable to support replication of PSbMV pathotype 1 (P-l), whereas biochemically and serologically related pathotype 4 (P-4) is fully infectious in the sbm-1/sbm-1 genotype. We were unable to detect viral coat protein or RNA with double antibody sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in sbm-1/sbm-1 P-1-inoculated protoplasts and plants. Lack of viral coat protein or RNA in P-l transfected sbm-1/sbm-1 protoplasts suggests that sbm-1 resistance is occurring at the cellular level and that inhibition of cell-to-cell virus movement is not the operating form of resistance. In addition, because virus products were not detected at any time post-inoculation, resistance must either be constitutive or expressed very early in the virus infection process. P-l-resistant peas challenged with full-length, infectious P-1/P-4 recombinant clones demonstrated that a specific P-4 coding region, the 21-kDa, genome-linked protein (VPg), was capable of overcoming sbm-1 resistance, whereas clones containing the P-l VPg coding region were noninfectious to sbm-1/sbm-1 peas. VPg is believed to be involved in potyvirus replication and its identification as the PSbMV determinant of infectivity in sbm-1/sbm-1 peas is consistent with disruption of an early P-l replication event. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Danish Inst Plant & Soil Sci, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. RP Keller, KE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, 3420 NW Orchard Ave, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. EM kellerk@bcc.orst.edu RI Johansen, Ida/F-7792-2014 OI Johansen, Ida/0000-0001-8660-2018 NR 51 TC 86 Z9 90 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 11 IS 2 BP 124 EP 130 DI 10.1094/MPMI.1998.11.2.124 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA YR818 UT WOS:000071533300006 PM 9450335 ER PT J AU Raaijmakers, JM Weller, DM AF Raaijmakers, JM Weller, DM TI Natural plant protection by 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol - Producing Pseudomonas spp. in take-all decline soils SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article ID GRAMINIS VAR TRITICI; GAEUMANNOMYCES-GRAMINIS; FLUORESCENT PSEUDOMONADS; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; WHEAT ROOTS; SUPPRESSION; DISEASE; FUNGUS; MICROORGANISMS; NITROGEN AB Take-all decline (TAD) is a natural biological control of the wheat root disease "take-all" that develops in response to the disease during extended monoculture of wheat. The research to date on TAD has been mostly descriptive and no particular occurrence is yet fully understood. We demonstrate that root-associated fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. producing the antibiotic 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (PN) are key components of the natural biological control that operates in TAD soils in Washington State (U.S.A.). Phl-producing Pseudomonas spp, were present on roots of wheat grown in TAD soils at or above the threshold population density required for significant suppression of take-all of wheat. The specific suppression that operates in TAD soils was lost when Phl-producing fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. were eliminated, and conducive soils gained suppressiveness to take-all when Phl-producing Pseudomonas strains were introduced via mixing in small amounts of TAD soil. Introduction of selected Phl-producing strains into take-all conducive soils provided control of take-all of wheat to a level similar to that obtained in the complementary TAD soils. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Raaijmakers, JM (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, 367 Johnson Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Raaijmakers, Jos/D-1574-2014 OI Raaijmakers, Jos/0000-0003-1608-6614 NR 43 TC 247 Z9 258 U1 4 U2 31 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 11 IS 2 BP 144 EP 152 DI 10.1094/MPMI.1998.11.2.144 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA YR818 UT WOS:000071533300008 ER PT J AU Cantone, FA Vandenberg, JD AF Cantone, FA Vandenberg, JD TI Intraspecific diversity in Paecilomyces fumosoroseus SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID VEGETATIVE COMPATIBILITY GROUPS; POLYMORPHIC DNA MARKERS; NON-UTILIZING MUTANTS; F-SP LYCOPERSICI; FUSARIUM-OXYSPORUM; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; MOLECULAR MARKERS; INCOMPATIBILITY; STRAINS; CLASSIFICATION AB Two types of genetic markers, vegetative compatibility and RAPD, were evaluated for their ability to assess genetic variation among 38 isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. Both markers revealed significant polymorphisms. Nitrate non-utilizing mutants were generated from chlorate-containing media and used as forcing markers to observe heterokaryon formation and determine vegetative compatibility. Nineteen separate vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) were identified, only seven having at least two members and 12 represented by single isolates. No correlation was observed between VCG and either insect host or geographic origin. Nine RAPD primers produced 365 unique fragments and could distinguish three different phenetic groups. RAPD profiles conclusively showed that strains within some VCGs were genetically unrelated, indicating that these strains were not clonal in origin. The large number of VCGs suggests that formation of heterokaryons and possible genetic exchange are uncommon. DNA fingerprinting with RAPD-PCR provides high resolution of genotype distribution and could be useful in tracking the fate of biocontrol agents released into the environment. C1 USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Plant Protect Res Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Cantone, FA (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Plant Protect Res Unit, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Van den Berg, Johnnie/M-7256-2013 OI Van den Berg, Johnnie/0000-0002-6831-3180 NR 29 TC 37 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 7 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 102 BP 209 EP 215 DI 10.1017/S0953756297004590 PN 2 PG 7 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA YX186 UT WOS:000072015000016 ER PT J AU McGaughey, WH Gould, F Gelernter, W AF McGaughey, WH Gould, F Gelernter, W TI Bt resistance management SO NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS TOXINS; PLANTS C1 USDA ARS, N Cent Reg, US Grain Mkt Res Lab, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. PACE Consulting, San Diego, CA USA. NR 12 TC 52 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 8 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1087-0156 J9 NAT BIOTECHNOL JI Nat. Biotechnol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 16 IS 2 BP 144 EP 146 DI 10.1038/nbt0298-144 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA YV500 UT WOS:000071831300023 PM 9487517 ER PT J AU Meola, SM Clottens, FL Holman, GM Nachman, RJ Nichols, R Schoofs, L Wright, MS Olson, JK Hayes, TK Pendleton, MW AF Meola, SM Clottens, FL Holman, GM Nachman, RJ Nichols, R Schoofs, L Wright, MS Olson, JK Hayes, TK Pendleton, MW TI Isolation and immunocytochemical characterization of three tachykinin-related peptides from the mosquito, Culex salinarius SO NEUROCHEMICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE peptide identification; insect tachykinins; myotropins; homology; neuromodulators ID CULEKININ DEPOLARIZING PEPTIDE; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; INSECT NEUROPEPTIDES; CALLIPHORA-VOMITORIA; MYOTROPIC PEPTIDES; LEUCOPHAEA-MADERAE; AEDES-AEGYPTI; LOCALIZATION; INTESTINE; HOMOLOGY AB Three myotropic peptides belonging to the Arg-amide insect tachykinin family were isolated from whole-body extracts of the mosquito, Culex salinarius. The peptides, APSGFMGMR-NH(2), APYGFTGMR-NH(2) and APSGFFGMR-NH(2) (designated culetachykinin I, II, and III) were isolated and purified on the basis of their ability to stimulate muscle contractions of isolated Leucophaea maderae hindgut. Biologically inactive methionine sulfoxides of two of the three peptides were isolated using an ELISA system based upon antiserum raised against APYGFTGMR-NH(2) and identified with mass spectrometry. Immunocytochemistry localized these peptides in cells in the brain, antennae, subesophageal, thoracic and abdominal ganglion, proventriculus and midgut. Nerve tracts containing these peptides were found in the median nerve of the brain, central body, nervi corpus cardiaci, cervical nerve, antennal lobe and on the surface of the midgut. C1 USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Biol Chem & Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Catholic Univ Louvain, Inst Zool, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Dept Entomol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Inst Biosci & Technol, Dept Entomol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Meola, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 35 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-3190 J9 NEUROCHEM RES JI Neurochem. Res. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 23 IS 2 BP 189 EP 202 DI 10.1023/A:1022432909360 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA YU647 UT WOS:000071739700011 PM 9475514 ER PT J AU Ordovas, JM Lopez-Miranda, J Mata, P Perez-Jimenez, F AF Ordovas, JM Lopez-Miranda, J Mata, P Perez-Jimenez, F TI Gene-environment interactions in lipoprotein metabolism SO NUTRITION METABOLISM AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES LA English DT Review DE genetics; diet; environment; coronary heart disease; lipoproteins ID APOLIPOPROTEIN-A-IV; HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; ESTER TRANSFER PROTEIN; INSERTION-DELETION POLYMORPHISM; CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; FAMILIAL COMBINED HYPERLIPIDEMIA; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION SURVIVORS; REVERSE CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT; FREQUENTLY OCCURRING MUTATION; PLASMA HDL-CHOLESTEROL C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, JM,Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Ordovas, JM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, JM,Lipid Metab Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. OI Perez-Jimenez, Francisco/0000-0001-7499-7681; Perez Jimenez, Francisco/0000-0001-9808-1280; Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 NR 140 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0939-4753 J9 NUTR METAB CARDIOVAS JI Nutr. Metab. Carbiovasc. Dis. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 8 IS 1 BP 47 EP 61 PG 15 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA ZH580 UT WOS:000073125700007 ER PT J AU Kelley, DS Taylor, PC Johnson, HL Mackey, BE AF Kelley, DS Taylor, PC Johnson, HL Mackey, BE TI Energy restriction and immunocompetence in overweight women SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE immune response; natural killer cells; humans; energy restriction; cortisol ID KILLER-CELL-ACTIVITY; ANOREXIA-NERVOSA; IMMUNITY; DEPRIVATION; MICE AB The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of energy restriction on human immune functions and the mechanisms involved. Eight overweight (30-50%) women, 28-41 y, were fed a weight stabilization diet for 3 weeks; for the next 15 weeks their energy intake was reduced by 50%, while still providing adequate protein, vitamins and minerals. Indices of immune response were determined twice at the end of each metabolic period. Energy restriction caused a mean weight loss of 13.2 Kg, 25% decrease in NK cells numbers, and a 20-30% decrease in their in vitro activity determined at different effector to target cell ratios (p < 0.05). Energy restriction also caused a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the number of circulating monocytes, while the numbers of circulating granulocytes and lymphocytes were unaffected. In vitro secretion of IL1, IL2, and IL2R by peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with LPS or PHA were not altered by energy restriction. There was a 38% increase in the concentration of serum cortisol associated with energy restriction (p = 0.001), which may have lead to the decline in immune functions. Although, there were no obvious health risks to participants of this study, potentially they could be at increased risk for viral infections and tumor growth. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, San Francisco, CA USA. RP Kelley, DS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, POB 29997, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. EM dkelley@whnrc.usda.gov NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 18 IS 2 BP 159 EP 169 DI 10.1016/S0271-5317(98)00009-8 PG 11 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA YY924 UT WOS:000072201600007 ER PT J AU Kauffman, JB Cummings, DL Ward, DE AF Kauffman, JB Cummings, DL Ward, DE TI Fire in the Brazilian Amazon 2. Biomass, nutrient pools and losses in cattle pastures SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE cattle pastures; deforestation; nutrient cycling; biomass burning; tropical forests ID TROPICAL DEFORESTATION; EASTERN AMAZONIA; CARBON STOCKS; FORESTS; DYNAMICS; AMERICA; SOILS AB Conversion to cattle pasture is the most common fate of the approximate to 426,000 km(2) of tropical forest that has been deforested in the Brazilian Amazon. Yet little is known about the biomass, C, nutrient pools, or their responses to the frequent fires occurring in these pastures. We sampled biomass, nutrient pools and their losses or transformation during fire in three Amazonian cattle pastures with typical, but different, land-use histories. Total aboveground biomass (TAGB) ranged from to 53 to 119 Mg ha(-1). Residual wood debris from the forests that formally occupied the sites composed the majority of TAGB (47-87%). Biomass of fine fuels, principally pasture grasses, was approximate to 16-29 Mg ha(-1). Grasses contained as much as 52% of the aboveground K pool and the grass and litter components combined composed as much as 88% of the aboveground P pool. Fires consumed 21-84% of the TAGB. Losses of C to the atmosphere ranged from 11 to 21 Mg ha(-1) and N losses ranged from 205 to 261 kg ha(-1). Losses of S, P, Ca, and K were < 33 kg ha(-1). There were no changes in surface soil (0-10 cm) nutrient concentration in pastures compared to adjacent primary forests. Fires occur frequently in cattle pastures (i.e., about every 2 years) and pastures are now likely the most common type of land burned in Amazonia. The first 6 years of a pastures existence would likely include the primary forest slash fire and three pasture fires. Based upon our results, the cumulative losses of N from these fires would be 1935 kg ha(-1) (equivalent to 94% of the aboveground pool of primary forest). Postfire aboveground C pools in old pastures are as low as 3% of those in adjacent primary forest. The initial primary forest slash fire and the repeated fires occurring in the pastures result in the majority of aboveground C and nutrient pools being released via combustion processes rather than decomposition processes. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Intermt Res Stn, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Kauffman, JB (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI El Husny, Chafic/G-5410-2012 NR 38 TC 93 Z9 99 U1 1 U2 24 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD FEB PY 1998 VL 113 IS 3 BP 415 EP 427 PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YW708 UT WOS:000071964600014 ER PT J AU Sell, S Xu, KL Huff, WE Kabena, LF Harvery, RB Dunsford, HA AF Sell, S Xu, KL Huff, WE Kabena, LF Harvery, RB Dunsford, HA TI Aflatoxin exposure produces serum alphafetoprotein elevations and marked oval cell proliferation in young male pekin ducklings SO PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE liver; oval cells; ducks; aflatoxin; hepatitis virus; hepatocarcinogenesis; hepatocellular carcinoma ID HEPATITIS-B VIRUS; HEPATOCELLULAR-CARCINOMA; ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN; CHINESE DUCKS; LIVER; INFECTION; HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS; PATHOGENESIS; EXPRESSION; MUTATION AB Feeding of aflatoxin to ducks produces extensive oval cell proliferation in the liver associated with a prolonged elevation of serum alphafetoprotein (AFP), Short term feeding of 0.075-0.6 mu g/g of aflatoxin to young male Pekin ducks results in rapid and massive dose-related proliferation of "oval" cells, which extend from the portal zone across the hepatic lobule within three to five weeks. Longer term feeding of 0.15 mu g/g and 0.3 mu g/g results in prolonged elevations of serum AFP. Prolonged elevation of serum AFP serves as a marker of oval cell proliferation preceding hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. These results confirm that ducks are sensitive to low amounts of aflatoxin and develop early lesions that have been shown in other studies to be associated with hepatocarcinogenesis. These findings in ducks support the likelihood that aflatoxin exposure contributes to the risk for development of HCC in humans. C1 Univ Texas, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, College Stn, TX USA. USDA, Mycotoxin Res Unit, College Stn, TX USA. RP Sell, S (reprint author), Albany Med Coll, Dept Pathol, Albany, NY 12208 USA. NR 52 TC 18 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0031-3025 J9 PATHOLOGY JI Pathology PD FEB PY 1998 VL 30 IS 1 BP 34 EP 39 PG 6 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA ZA390 UT WOS:000072358700009 PM 9534206 ER PT J AU Avery, ML Primus, TM Mihaich, EM Decker, DG Humphrey, JS AF Avery, ML Primus, TM Mihaich, EM Decker, DG Humphrey, JS TI Consumption of fipronil-treated rice seed does not affect captive blackbirds SO PESTICIDE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE fipronil; seed treatment; rice; red-winged blackbird; color avoidance ID HOUSE SPARROWS; REPELLENCY; AVERSIONS; STARLINGS; COLOR AB Fipronil is an insecticide developed for use on rice seed and other crops. In a series of cage and pen trials, we evaluated the responses to dyed, fipronil-treated rice seed of three bird species likely to encounter it in the held. Individually caged red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus), brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater), and boat-tailed grackles (Quiscalus major) displayed no evidence of adverse reaction to treated seed. Chemical analyses of hulls from treated seeds eaten by captive birds revealed that 10-20% of the fipronil originally present was removed during feeding. In group enclosures, male red-winged blackbirds ate as much fipronil-treated rice as they did dyed, untreated seed. In four-day tests within a 0.2-ha flight pen, 10-bird blackbird docks removed 11.4% of fipronil-treated seed from a test plot compared to 12.5% of dyed, untreated seed removed from the alternate plot. When the alternate plot contained undyed rice, however, seed removal from the treated plot averaged 2.4% compared to 28.9% from the alternative plot, suggesting that the groups of test birds avoided treated seed based on its appearance. We conclude that 325 and 500 mg kg(-1) fipronil applications alone do not affect avian feeding activity. (C) 1998 SCI. C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32641 USA. USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Rhone Poulenc AG Co, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Avery, ML (reprint author), USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 2820 E Univ Ave, Gainesville, FL 32641 USA. NR 13 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0031-613X J9 PESTIC SCI JI Pestic. Sci. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 52 IS 2 BP 91 EP 96 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199802)52:2<91::AID-PS682>3.0.CO;2-K PG 6 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA YY095 UT WOS:000072112100001 ER PT J AU Crafts-Brandner, SJ Holzer, R Feller, U AF Crafts-Brandner, SJ Holzer, R Feller, U TI Influence of nitrogen deficiency on senescence and the amounts of RNA and proteins in wheat leaves SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE carbon metabolism; Clp protease; nitrogen metabolism; senescence; Triticum aestivum; wheat ID RIBULOSE-1,5-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE OXYGENASE; RIBULOSE 1,5-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE; AMINO-ACID-METABOLISM; LEAF SENESCENCE; RUBISCO ACTIVASE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; GENE-EXPRESSION; MESSENGER-RNA; CHLOROPLASTS; DEGRADATION AB Senescence-associated coordination in amounts of enzymes localized in different cellular compartments were determined in attached leaves of young wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Arina) plants. Senescence was initiated at the time of full lear elongation based on declines in total RNA and soluble protein. Removal of N from the growth medium just at the time of full leaf elongation enhanced the rate of senescence. Sustained declines in the amount of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco, EC 4.1.1.39), and a marked decrease in the rbcS transcripts, just after full leaf elongation indicated that Rubisco synthesis/degradation was very sensitive to the onset of senescence. Rubisco activase amount also declined during senescence but the proportion of rea transcript relative to the total poly A RNA pool increased 3-fold during senescence. Thus, continued synthesis of activase may be required to maintain functional Rubisco throughout senescence. N stress led to declines in the amount of proteins located in the chloroplast, the peroxisome and the cytosol. Transcripts of the Clp protease subunits also declined in response to N stress, indicating that Clp is not a senescence-specific protease. In contrast to the other proteins, mitochondrial NADH-glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.2) was relatively stable during senescence and was not affected by N stress. During natural senescence with adequate plant nitrate supply the amount of nitrile reductase (EC 1.7.7.1) increased, and those of glutamine synthetase (EC 1.4.7.1) and glutamate synthase (EC 6.3.1.2) were stable. These results indicated that N assimilatory capacity can continue or even increase during senescence if the substrate supply is maintained, Differential stabilities of proteins. even within the same cellular compartment, indicate that proteolytic activity during senescence must be highly regulated. C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Univ Bern, Inst Plant Physiol, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland. RP Crafts-Brandner, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Lab, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. EM crafts@ix.netcom.com RI Stephen, Jennifer/C-2469-2014; Feller, Urs/A-1807-2008 NR 35 TC 55 Z9 61 U1 4 U2 27 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 102 IS 2 BP 192 EP 200 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1998.1020206.x PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZE419 UT WOS:000072790700006 ER PT J AU LeCain, DR Morgan, JA AF LeCain, DR Morgan, JA TI Growth, gas exchange, leaf nitrogen and carbohydrate concentrations in NAD-ME and NADP-ME C-4 grasses grown in elevated CO2 SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE Andropogon gerardii (Big bluestem); Bouteloua gracilis (Blue grama); Buchloe dactyloides (Buffalo grass); C-4; carbohydrate; CO2; growth; NAD-ME; NADP-ME; nitrogen; Panicum virgatum (Switchgrass); photosynthesis; Schizachyrium scoparium (Little bluestem); Sorghastrum nutans (Indian grass); stomatal conductance ID PASCOPYRUM-SMITHII C-3; BOUTELOUA-GRACILIS C-4; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; CARBON-DIOXIDE; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; RESPONSES; TEMPERATURE; ENRICHMENT; PLANTS; ACCLIMATION AB Plants with the C-4 photosynthetic pathway have predominantly one of three decarboxylation enzymes in their bundle sheath cells. Within the grass family (Poaceae) bundle sheath leakiness to CO2 is purported to be lowest in the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-malic enzyme (NADP-ME, EC 1.1.1.40) group, highest in the NAD-ME (EC 1.1.1.39) group and intermediate in the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK, EC 4.1.1.32) group. We investigated the hypothesis that growth and photosynthesis of NAD-ME C-4 grasses would respond more to elevated CO2 treatment than NADP-ME grasses. Plants were frown in 8-1 pots in growth chambers with ample water and fertilizer for 39 days at a continuous CO2 concentration of either 350 or 700 mu l 1(-1). NAD-ME species included Bouteloua gracilis Lag. ex Steud (Blue grama), Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. (Buffalo grass) and Panicum virgatum L. (Switchgrass) and the NADP-ME species were Andropogon gerardii Vittman (Big bluestem), Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash (Little bluestem), and Sorghastrum mutans (L.) Nash (Indian grass). Contrary to our hypothesis, growth of the NADP-ME grasses was generally greater under elevated CO2 (significant for A. gerardii and S. mutans), while none of the NAD-ME grasses had a significant growth response. Increased leaf total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) was associated with greater growth responses of NADP-ME grasses. Decreased leaf nitrogen in NADP-ME species grown at elevated CO2 was found to be an artifact of TNC dilution. Assimilation (A) vs intercellular CO2 (C-i) curves revealed that leaf photosynthesis was not saturated at 350 mu l 1(-1) CO2, in any of these C-4 grasses. Assimilation of elevated CO2-grown A. gerardii was higher than in plants grown in ambient CO2. In contrast, B. gracilis grown in elevated CO2 displayed lower A, a trait more commonly reported in C-3 plants. Photosynthetic acclimation is B. gracilis was not related to leaf TNC or nitrogen concentrations, but A:C-i curves suggest a reduction in activity of both phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco, EC 4.1.1.39). Some adaptation of stomatal functioning was also seen in B. gracilis and A. gerardii leaves grown in elevated CO2. Our study shows that C-4 grasses have the capacity for increased growth and photosynthesis under elevated CO2 even when water and nutrients are non-limiting. While it was the NADP-ME species which had significant responses in the present study, we have previously reported significant growth increases in elevated CO2 for B. gracilis. C1 USDA ARS, Crops Res Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP LeCain, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crops Res Lab, 1701 Ctr Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 40 TC 55 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 14 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 102 IS 2 BP 297 EP 306 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1998.1020218.x PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZE419 UT WOS:000072790700018 ER PT J AU Lin, KC Bushnell, WR Smith, AG Szabo, LJ AF Lin, KC Bushnell, WR Smith, AG Szabo, LJ TI Temporal accumulation patterns of defence response gene transcripts in relation to resistant reactions in oat inoculated with Puccinia graminis SO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE; POWDERY MILDEW FUNGUS; PATHOGEN-INDUCED GENE; TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; F-SP TRITICI; ERYSIPHE-GRAMINIS; CDNA CLONING; LEAF-RUST; ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM; ANTIFUNGAL PROTEINS AB Transcript accumulation patterns for six defence response genes in oat inoculated with an incompatible isolate of Puccinia graminis f.sp. avenae (Pga-1H) or an isolate of an inappropriate forma specialis, P. graminis f.sp. tritici (Pgt-8D), were compared to the occurrence of hypersensitive cell death (HCD) and inhibition of colony elongation. HCD here occurred at 4-6% of infection sites by 36 h after inoculation (AI) increasing to only 26-32% of sites at 72 h Al, whereas colony growth was completely or partially inhibited at 42-48 h At, indicating that HCD was not a major factor in growth inhibition. By 24-30 h AI, transcripts of three genes accumulated preferentially in the incompatible or inappropriate interactions: 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (3-PGK), an enzyme of glycolysis, possibly associated with early respiratory increase; phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), related to increased phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and a gene of unknown function which hybridized to a cDNA, pCRL120, previously obtained from the incompatible interaction. These transcripts accumulated before HCD or fungal growth inhibition, implicating activation of the three genes in early events leading to resistance. By 36 h AI, at the time HCD was beginning to occur, transcripts of a gene for the glucose-regulating protein 94 (GRP94) began to accumulate in response to isolate Pga-IH. Finally, at 42-48 h, in association with HCD and colony growth inhibition, transcripts of genes for a pathogenesis-related protein (PR-1) and for thaumatin-like protein (tlp) accumulated. The results indicate sequential activation of genes, beginning with S-PGK, PAL and the gene corresponding to pCRL120, followed by GRP94, and ending with PR-1 and tip. (C) 1998 Academic Press Limited. C1 USDA ARS, Cereal Rust Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Hort Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Bushnell, WR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cereal Rust Lab, 1551 Lindig St, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 62 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0885-5765 J9 PHYSIOL MOL PLANT P JI Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 52 IS 2 BP 95 EP 114 DI 10.1006/pmpp.1997.0139 PG 20 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZT137 UT WOS:000074052400003 ER PT J AU Pare, PW Tumlinson, JH AF Pare, PW Tumlinson, JH TI Cotton volatiles synthesized and released distal to the site of insect damage SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Gossypium hirsutum; Malvaceae; cotton; volatiles; semiochemical; plant-insect interactions; systemic response ID PARASITIC WASPS; JASMONIC ACID; CHEMICAL SIGNALS; HERBIVORE; PLANTS; ELICITOR; IDENTIFICATION; SEMIOCHEMICALS; BIOSYNTHESIS; SEEDLINGS AB Cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum) damaged by herbivorous insects release volatile compounds that act as chemical signals to attract natural enemies of the herbivore to the damaged plant. Feeding by beet armyworm larvae (Spodoptera exigua) on the lower leaves of cotton plants triggers the systemic release of six readily detectable terpenes and hexenyl acetate, a product of the lipoxygenase pathway. Labelling with (CO2)-C-13 established that the terpenes released systemically after herbivore damage are synthesized de novo at or near the site of emission. Hexenyl acetate rapidly incorporated C-13 into the acetate but not into the hexenyl moiety within our pulse labelling interval. Thus, activation of the lipoxygenase pathway in undamaged leaves of insect damaged plants is indicated. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Tumlinson, JH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RI Tumlinson, James/G-8358-2011; Pare, Paul/E-3055-2013 OI Pare, Paul/0000-0003-1644-723X NR 29 TC 60 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD FEB PY 1998 VL 47 IS 4 BP 521 EP 526 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00442-1 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA YT243 UT WOS:000071580200006 ER PT J AU Pinkerton, JN Johnson, KB Stone, JK Ivors, KL AF Pinkerton, JN Johnson, KB Stone, JK Ivors, KL TI Factors affecting the release of ascospores of Anisogramma anomala SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EASTERN FILBERT BLIGHT; EUROPEAN HAZELNUT; VENTURIA-INAEQUALIS; APPLE ORCHARDS; INFECTION; DISCHARGE; DISPERSAL; CONIDIA; SUSCEPTIBILITY; BOTRYOSPHAERIA AB Relationships between environmental factors and release of ascospores of Anisogramma anomala, the causal agent of eastern filbert blight, were examined in four European hazelnut (Corylus avellana) orchards during a 2-year period. In each orchard, Burkhard volumetric spore traps and automated weather-monitoring equipment were deployed for 12-week periods beginning at budbreak, when hazelnut becomes susceptible to infection. Ascospores of A. anomala were released when stromata on the surface of hazelnut branches were wet from rain but not from dew. Release of ascospores ceased after branch surfaces dried. The duration of free moisture on branch surfaces regulated the initiation and rate of ascospore release, but no significant effects of temperature, relative humidity, wind, or light on ascospore release were apparent. Most (>90%) ascospores were captured during precipitation events that exceeded 20 h in duration, which represented about 10% of the total precipitation events each season. Quantitative relationships between the hourly capture of A. anomnla ascospores and hours since the beginning of a precipitation event were developed. With the onset of precipitation, the hourly rate of ascospore capture increased until the fifth hour of rain, remained relatively constant between the fifth and twelfth hours, and then declined gradually. During the 12-week spore-trapping periods, the likelihood and rates of ascospore release associated with precipitation were highest at budbreak and then declined through April and May until early June, when the reserve of ascospores ill the perithecia was depleted. targe numbers of ascospores were captured in the volumetric spore traps, indicating that ascospores may be commonly dispersed long distances on air currents as well as locally by splash dispersal within the canopy, as reported previously. The results indicate that monitoring seasonal precipitation patterns may be useful for estimating the quantity and temporal distribution of airborne inoculum during the period that the host is susceptible to infection. C1 ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Pinkerton, JN (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, 3340 NW Orchard Ave, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 33 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD FEB PY 1998 VL 88 IS 2 BP 122 EP 128 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.2.122 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YU758 UT WOS:000071751300006 PM 18944980 ER PT J AU Shi, AN Leath, S Murphy, JP AF Shi, AN Leath, S Murphy, JP TI A major gene for powdery mildew resistance transferred to common wheat from wild einkorn wheat SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; RFLP MARKERS; IDENTIFICATION; VIRULENCE; PM3 AB A major gene for resistance to wheat powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp, tritici = Elysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici) has been successfully transferred into hexaploid common wheat (Triticum aestivum, 2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD) from wild einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum subsp, aegilopoides, 2n = 2x = 14, AA). NC96BGTA5 is a germ plasm line with the pedigree Saluda x 3/PI427662. The response patterns for powdery mildew resistance in NC96BGTA5 were tested with 30 differential isolates of B. graminis f. sp. tritici, and the line was resistant to all tested isolates. The analyses of P-1, P-2, F-1, F-2, and BC1F1 populations derived from NC96BGTA5 revealed two genes for wheat powdery mildew resistance in the NC96BGTA5 line. One gene, Pm3a, was from its recurrent parent Saluda, and the second was a new gene introgressed from wild einkorn wheat. The gene was determined to be different from Pml to Pm21 by gene-for-gene and pedigree analyses. The new gene was identified as linked to the Pm3a gene based on the F-2 and BC1F1 populations derived from a cross between NC96BGTA5 and a susceptible cultivar NK-Coker 68-15, and the data indicated that the gene was located on chromosome 1A. It is proposed that this new gene be designated Pm25 for wheat powdery mildew resistance in NC96BGTA5. Three random amplified polymorphic DNA markers, OPX06(1050), OPAG04(950), and OPAI14(600), were found to be linked to this new gene. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Leath, S (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 23 TC 47 Z9 66 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD FEB PY 1998 VL 88 IS 2 BP 144 EP 147 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.2.144 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YU758 UT WOS:000071751300009 PM 18944983 ER PT J AU Skinner, RH Hanson, JD Benjamin, JG AF Skinner, RH Hanson, JD Benjamin, JG TI Root distribution following spatial separation of water and nitrogen supply in furrow irrigated corn SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE corn; growth; nitrogen; root; water ID SOIL; PATTERNS; WHEAT; PROLIFERATION; EXPLOITATION; FLOW AB Proper management of water and fertilizer placement in irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) has the potential to reduce nitrate leaching into the groundwater. Potential management practices tested in a two year field experiment included row or furrow fertilizer placement combined with every or alternate furrow irrigation. To understand how fertilizer availability to plants could be affected by these management practices, root growth and distribution in a Ulm clay loam soil were examined. Spring rains were greater than normal in both years providing adequate moisture for early root growth in both irrigated and non-irrigated furrows. As the non-irrigated furrow began to dry, root biomass increased as much as 126% compared with the irrigated furrow. The greatest increase was at lower depths, however, where moisture was still plentiful. When early season moisture was available, roots proliferated throughout the soil profile and quickly became available to take up fertilizer N in both irrigated and non-irrigated furrows. Root growth responded positively to fertilizer placement in the furrow in 1996 but not in 1995. Excessive N leaching in 1995 may have limited the response to fertilizer N. C1 USDA ARS, Great Plains Syst Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Skinner, RH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Great Plains Syst Res Unit, 301 S Howes,POB E, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 24 TC 24 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD FEB PY 1998 VL 199 IS 2 BP 187 EP 194 DI 10.1023/A:1004369227455 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA ZN958 UT WOS:000073701100002 ER PT J AU Hampton, RO Keller, KE Baggett, JR AF Hampton, RO Keller, KE Baggett, JR TI Beet western yellows luteovirus in western Oregon: Pathosystem relationships in a vegetable-sugar beet seed production region SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID NORTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; POTATO LEAFROLL VIRUS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; WEEDS; RESISTANCE; DISEASES; COLUMBIA C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Hort, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA ARS, Small Fruit Virus Lab RR Martin, Corvallis, OR USA. RP Hampton, RO (reprint author), 2170 Bonnie Dr, Payette, ID 83661 USA. NR 40 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 82 IS 2 BP 140 EP 148 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.2.140 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YU013 UT WOS:000071671100001 ER PT J AU Juzwik, J Cease, KR Meyer, JM AF Juzwik, J Cease, KR Meyer, JM TI Acquisition of Ophiostoma quercus and Ceratocystis fagacearum by nitidulids from O-quercus-colonized oak wilt mats SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Graphium pirinum; Ophiostoma picea ID FUNGUS; PICEAE AB Field experiments were conducted to determine whether the frequency of Ceratocystis fagacearum and Ophiostoma quercus propagule acquisition by nitidulids visiting oak wilt fungal mats is affected by the presence of O. quercus on the mats. Augmentation sprays with O. quercus were used to achieve different levels of mat colonization by that fungus. The extent of colonization by O. quercus 7 to 14 days after spraying was greatest for postmature mats with open cracks (>0.5 cm) observed on the spray date (P < 0.02). Specifically, all six subsamples assayed per mat for 16 of 18 open, O. quercus-sprayed, postmature mats yielded O. quercus. The frequency of nitidulids with O. quercus was also highest (83%) for those collected from O. quercus-treated, postmature mats that were open on the spray date. The frequency of nitidulids with viable C. fagacearum (88%), however, was also greatest for beetles from the postmature mats. Thus, O. quercus colonization did not affect vector acquisition of C. fagacearum from the mats. In addition, O. quercus vectored by nitidulids probably does not result in natural biological control of overland transmission of C. fagacearum at fresh wound surfaces on healthy oaks, as previously suggested. C1 US Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Juzwik, J (reprint author), US Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 24 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 82 IS 2 BP 239 EP 243 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.2.239 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YU013 UT WOS:000071671100019 ER PT J AU Kraft, JM Dunne, B Goulden, D Armstrong, S AF Kraft, JM Dunne, B Goulden, D Armstrong, S TI A search for resistance in peas to Mycosphaerella pinodes SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE foliar disease AB In 1991, 1992, and 1994, 2,936 accessions of Pisum sativum from the USDA Plant Introduction collection were screened under field conditions for resistance to Mycosphaerella pinodes without replication due to seed supply. These trials were conducted at the Oak Park Research Station at Carlow, Ireland, where conditions are highly favorable for disease expression. In 1995, the 157 most resistant accessions were again screened at Carlow and at the Food and Crops Re search Station at Gore, New Zealand, in replicated trials. At both locations, disease was severe and ranged from 20 to 100% foliar blight. Five accessions were as resistant as the commercial cultivar Radley at both locations: PI 142441, PI 142442, PI 381132, PI 404221, and PI 413691. No accessions were more resistant than the cultivar Radley. C1 USDA ARS, PWA, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. Oak Pk Agr Ctr, Carlow, Ireland. Crop & Food Res, Christchurch, New Zealand. RP Kraft, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, PWA, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 12 TC 41 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 82 IS 2 BP 251 EP 253 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.2.251 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YU013 UT WOS:000071671100022 ER PT J AU Gee, D Anderson, LWJ AF Gee, D Anderson, LWJ TI Influence of leaf age on responsiveness of Potamogeton nodosus to ABA-induced heterophylly SO PLANT GROWTH REGULATION LA English DT Article DE abscisic acid; heterophylly; Potamogeton nodosus; aquatic angiosperm; leaf development ID HIPPURIS-VULGARIS L; ABSCISIC-ACID; LEAVES; MORPHOLOGY; STRESS AB The heterophyllous aquatic angiosperm, Potamogeton nodosus, produces morphologically distinct leaves above and beneath the surface of the water. Application of abscisic acid induced entirely submerged plants to produce leaves normally formed at the water surface. A 1 mu M application of abscisic acid for 4 h was effective in inducing these developmental changes. There was a "window of responsiveness" to ABA in that changes in leaf morphology were evident within 2 to 3 days after the treatment and continued for only 4 to 5 days. In addition, only leaves that emerged subsequent to the ABA application developed stomata. This pattern was repeated consistently in plants of different age indicating that leaf age and not plant age was the determining factor in this response to ABA. C1 Univ Calif Davis, USDA, ARS, Aquat Weed Control Lab,Weed Sci Program, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Gee, D (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, USDA, ARS, Aquat Weed Control Lab,Weed Sci Program, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 23 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6903 J9 PLANT GROWTH REGUL JI Plant Growth Regul. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 24 IS 2 BP 119 EP 125 DI 10.1023/A:1005912727159 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZA226 UT WOS:000072342000005 ER PT J AU Janssen, BJ Williams, A Chen, JJ Mathern, J Hake, S Sinha, N AF Janssen, BJ Williams, A Chen, JJ Mathern, J Hake, S Sinha, N TI Isolation and characterization of two knotted-like homeobox genes from tomato SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PROTEIN SECONDARY STRUCTURE; STRUCTURE PREDICTION; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; NEURAL NETWORKS; LINKAGE MAP; HOMEODOMAIN; ARABIDOPSIS; EXPRESSION; SEQUENCE; ANTENNAPEDIA AB Homeobox genes are known to play a role in developmental regulation. The knotted-like homeobox (knox) genes fall into two classes. The class I knox-genes like kn1, stm1, and knat1 are involved in maintaining meristem identity in cells. The function of class II knox genes is at yet undetermined. We have characterized two knox genes from tomato. LeT6 and LeT12 map to distinct chromosome locations that are different from the location for a recently cloned knox gene from tomato, tkn1, confirming that plant homeobox genes are not clustered on chromosomes. These genes have a distinct expression pattern. Unlike other class I kn1-like genes, LeT6 is expressed in developing lateral organs and developing ovaries in flowers. LeT12 is more ubiquitously expressed in the mature plant. RNA in situ localization data suggest that both these genes may have a role to play in formative events in ovule and embryo morphogenesis. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Plant Biol Sect, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. USDA, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Sinha, N (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Plant Biol Sect, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RI Janssen, Bart/J-4880-2014; OI Janssen, Bart/0000-0002-5871-2831 NR 43 TC 51 Z9 55 U1 3 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 36 IS 3 BP 417 EP 425 DI 10.1023/A:1005925508579 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA YW671 UT WOS:000071960900009 PM 9484482 ER PT J AU Armengol, J Sanz, E Martinez-Ferrer, G Sales, R Bruton, BD Garcia-Jimenez, J AF Armengol, J Sanz, E Martinez-Ferrer, G Sales, R Bruton, BD Garcia-Jimenez, J TI Host range of Acremonium cucurbitacearum, cause of Acremonium collapse of muskmelon SO PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MONOSPORASCUS-CANNONBALLUS; AGENT AB The pathogenicity of Acremonium cucurbitacearum to 31 cucurbits, 18 crop plant species, and 15 weed species was evaluated under greenhouse conditions. This study demonstrates that many other cucurbits in addition to muskmelon and watermelon can potentially serve as hosts of A. cucurbitacearum. Using a disease severity index (DSI), all muskmelon and watermelon cultivars were ranked as susceptible or highly susceptible, with the exception of honeydew cultivar TAM Dew Improved, which ranked resistant in one study. Highly resistant cucurbits included Cucurbita maxima (autumn squash), Luffa acutangula, L. aegyptiaca (sponge gourd) and Benincasa hispida (ash gourd). Cyclanthera pedata and Cucumis miriocarpus were rated as resistant. The percentage recovery of A. cucurbitacearum ranged from 8% to 100% and tended to be higher in plants with a higher DSI. Other crops and weed species common to muskmelon production fields are not likely to be involved in the perpetuation or propagation of the fungus. C1 Univ Politecn Valencia, ETSIA, Dept Prod Vegetal, Unidad Patol Vegetal, Valencia 46020, Spain. ARS, USDA, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. RP Armengol, J (reprint author), Univ Politecn Valencia, ETSIA, Dept Prod Vegetal, Unidad Patol Vegetal, Camino Vera SN, Valencia 46020, Spain. OI Armengol, Josep/0000-0003-3815-8578 NR 26 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0032-0862 J9 PLANT PATHOL JI Plant Pathol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 47 IS 1 BP 29 EP 35 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3059.1998.00199.x PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA ZA376 UT WOS:000072357300005 ER PT J AU Feller, U Crafts-Brandner, SJ Salvucci, ME AF Feller, U Crafts-Brandner, SJ Salvucci, ME TI Moderately high temperatures inhibit ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activase-mediated activation of Rubisco SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RIBULOSE-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE; OXYGENASE ACTIVATION; ARABIDOPSIS LEAVES; LEAF TEMPERATURE; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; LIGHT; STATE; CYCLE; CHLOROPLASTS; INACTIVATION AB We tested the hypothesis that light activation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) is inhibited by moderately elevated temperature through an effect on Rubisco activase. When cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) or wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaf tissue was exposed to increasing temperatures in the light, activation of Rubisco was inhibited above 35 and 30 degrees C, respectively, and the relative inhibition was greater for wheat than for cotton. The temperature-induced inhibition of Rubisco activation was fully reversible at temperatures below 40 degrees C. In contrast to activation state, total Rubisco activity was not affected by temperatures as high as 45 degrees C. Nonphotochemical fluorescence quenching increased at temperatures that inhibited Rubisco activation, consistent with inhibition of Calvin cycle activity. Initial and maximal chlorophyll fluorescence were not significantly altered until temperatures exceeded 40 degrees C. Thus, electron transport, as measured by chi fluorescence, appeared to be more stable to moderately elevated temperatures than Rubisco activation. Western-blot analysis revealed the formation of high-molecular-weight aggregates of activase at temperatures above 40 degrees C for both wheat and cotton when inhibition of Rubisco activation was irreversible. Physical perturbation of other soluble stromal enzymes, including Rubisco, phosphoribulokinase, and glutamine synthetase, was not detected at the elevated temperatures. Our evidence indicates that moderately elevated temperatures inhibit light activation of Rubisco via a direct effect on Rubisco activase. C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Univ Bern, Inst Plant Physiol, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland. RP Crafts-Brandner, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. EM crafts@ix.netcom.com RI Feller, Urs/A-1807-2008 NR 35 TC 194 Z9 204 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 116 IS 2 BP 539 EP 546 DI 10.1104/pp.116.2.539 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YX252 UT WOS:000072021600012 ER PT J AU Burkey, KO Mathis, JN AF Burkey, KO Mathis, JN TI Identification of a novel isoform of the chloroplast-coupling factor alpha-subunit SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LIGHT-INTENSITY; THYLAKOID MEMBRANES; PHOTOSYNTHETIC RESPONSES; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; PISUM-SATIVUM; ACCLIMATION; IRRADIANCE; PROTEIN; GROWTH; COMPONENTS AB Studies were conducted to identify a 64-kD thylakoid membrane protein of unknown function. The protein was extracted from chloroplast thylakoids under low ionic strength conditions and purified to homogeneity by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Four peptides generated from the proteolytic cleavage of the wheat 64-kD protein were sequenced and found to be identical to internal sequences of the chloroplast-coupling factor (CF1) alpha-subunit. Antibodies for the 64-kD protein also recognized the alpha-subunit of CF1. Both the 64-kD protein and the 61-kD CF1 alpha-subunit were present in the monocots barley (Hordeum vulgare), maize (Zea mays), oat (Avena sativa), and wheat (Triticum aestivum); but the dicots pea (Pisum sativum), soybean (Glycine max Merr.), and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) contained only a single polypeptide corresponding to the CF1 alpha-subunit. The 64-kD protein accumulated in response to high irradiance (1000 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1)) and declined in response to low irradiance (80 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1)) treatments. Thus, the 64-kD protein was identified as an irradiance-dependent isoform of the CF1 alpha-subunit found only in monocots. Analysis of purified CF1 complexes showed that the 64-kD protein represented up to 15% of the total CF1 alpha-subunit. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Bot, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. State Univ W Georgia, Dept Biol, Carrollton, GA 30118 USA. RP Burkey, KO (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM koburkey@unity.ncsu.edu NR 26 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 116 IS 2 BP 703 EP 708 DI 10.1104/pp.116.2.703 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YX252 UT WOS:000072021600030 PM 9489017 ER PT J AU Whitmer, S Canel, C Hallard, D Goncalves, C Verpoorte, R AF Whitmer, S Canel, C Hallard, D Goncalves, C Verpoorte, R TI Influence of precursor availability on alkaloid accumulation by transgenic cell line of Catharanthus roseus SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SUSPENSION CULTURES; INDOLE ALKALOIDS; TABERNAEMONTANA-DIVARICATA; TRYPTOPHAN DECARBOXYLASE; TIME-COURSE; INVITRO AB We have used a transgenic cell line of Catharanthus roseus (L.) C. Don to study the relative importance of the supply of biosynthetic precursors for the synthesis of terpenoid indole alkaloids. Line S10 carries a recombinant, constitutively overexpressed version of the endogenous strictosidine synthase (Str) gene. Various concentrations and combinations of the substrate tryptamine and of loganin, the immediate precursor of secologanin, were added to suspension cultures of S10. Our results indicate that high rates of tryptamine synthesis can take place under conditions of low tryptophan decarboxylase activity, and that high rates of strictosidine synthesis are possible in the presence of a small tryptamine pool. It appears that the utilization of tryptamine for alkaloid biosynthesis enhances metabolic flux through the indole pathway. However, a deficiency in the supply of either the iridoid or the indole precursor can limit flux through the step catalyzed by strictosidine synthase. Precursor utilization for the synthesis of strictosidine depends on the availability of the cosubstrate; the relative abundance of these precursors is a cell-line-specific trait that reflects the metabolic status of the cultures. C1 Leiden Univ, Gorlaeus Labs, Dept Pharmacognosy, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands. RP Canel, C (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Nat Prod Ctr, Room 2021, University, MS 38677 USA. EM CCanel@olemiss.edu NR 21 TC 69 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 116 IS 2 BP 853 EP 857 DI 10.1104/pp.116.2.853 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YX252 UT WOS:000072021600046 ER PT J AU Barker-Bridgers, M Ribnicky, DM Cohen, JD Jones, AM AF Barker-Bridgers, M Ribnicky, DM Cohen, JD Jones, AM TI Red-light-regulated growth - Changes in the abundance of indoleacetic acid in the maize (Zea mays L.) mesocotyl SO PLANTA LA English DT Article DE auxin; growth; epidermis; indole-3-acetic acid; red light; Zea (mesocotyl) ID AUXIN-INDUCED ELONGATION; CHOLODNY-WENT THEORY; EPIDERMAL-CELL-WALL; STEM ELONGATION; UNIQUE TARGET; PEA STEM; COLEOPTILES; OUTER; SEEDLINGS; SEGMENTS AB The etiolated maize (Zea mays L.) shoot has served as a model system to study red light (R)-regulated growth. Previous studies have shown that R inhibition of maize mesocotyl elongation involves a change in the auxin economy. Shown here is that R causes an increased tension in the epidermis relative to the inner tissue indicating that the growth of the epidermis is preferentially inhibited by R irradiation. This observation, taken together with previous indirect estimates of auxin within the epidermis, has prompted the hypothesis that R mediates the inhibition of mesocotyl elongation by preferentially decreasing auxin in the epidermis, a tissue which constrains the growth of the organ. We tested this hypothesis using gas chromatography-selected ion monitoring-mass spectrometry analysis of free indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels in both the apical 1 cm of the mesocotyl and the corresponding epidermis of etiolated and 4-h, R-irradiated seedlings. Red light irradiation caused a 1.4-fold reduction in free IAA within the whole section of the apical mesocotyl. However, within the peeled mesocotyl epidermis, R irradiation caused at least a 1.9-fold reduction in free IAA. To determine if the nearly twofold decrease in epidermal auxin occurring after R is physiologically significant, IAA was differentially applied to opposite sides of shoots. A twofold difference in IAA application rate caused asymmetrical growth. Thus, the twofold R-induced decrease in free IAA level in the epidermis, a difference sufficient to affect growth, and the rapid R-induced change in growth rate in the epidermis are consistent with the hypothesis that R causes growth of the mesocotyl to decrease by preferentially regulating the free IAA level in the mesocotyl epidermis. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. USDA ARS, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, Pembroke, NC 28372 USA. RP Jones, AM (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, CB 3280, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. OI Cohen, Jerry/0000-0003-2816-8676 NR 37 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0032-0935 J9 PLANTA JI Planta PD FEB PY 1998 VL 204 IS 2 BP 207 EP 211 DI 10.1007/s004250050248 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YV525 UT WOS:000071833800010 ER PT J AU Beale, CL Johnson, KM AF Beale, CL Johnson, KM TI The identification of recreational counties in nonmetropolitan areas of the USA SO POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW LA English DT Article DE local government; nonmetropolitan; recreation; US population change ID AMERICA; EXPENDITURES; IMPACT AB Nonmetropolitan counties in the USA with significant concentrations of recreational activity are identified using a combination of quantitative and contextual indicators. The 285 counties identified as recreational encompass 12 percent of the nonmetropolitan counties and 15 percent of the 1990 nonmetropolitan population. Population growth in such counties has consistently exceeded that in other nonmetropolitan areas as well as that in metropolitan areas. Net migration accounted for most of the population growth in such counties during the 24 years considered. The revenue and expenditure patterns of local governments in recreational counties differ from those elsewhere suggesting significant policy concerns. C1 Loyola Univ, Dept Sociol, Chicago, IL 60626 USA. USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC USA. RP Johnson, KM (reprint author), Loyola Univ, Dept Sociol, 933 Damen Hall,6525 N Sheridan Rd, Chicago, IL 60626 USA. NR 20 TC 65 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-5923 J9 POPUL RES POLICY REV JI Popul. Res. Policy Rev. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 17 IS 1 BP 37 EP 53 DI 10.1023/A:1005741302291 PG 17 WC Demography SC Demography GA ZG749 UT WOS:000073035500003 ER PT J AU Ballenger, N AF Ballenger, N TI The National Research Council report on the Colleges of Agriculture at the Land Grant Universities: Some issues of interest to poultry science SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE funding; research; extension; teaching AB The recently released National Research Council report, Colleges of Agriculture at the Land Grant Universities: Public Service and Public Policy (NRC 1996), may be of particular interest to poultry scientists. The dramatic changes in U.S. agriculture, which were among the factors that spawned the NRC's interest in a study of the land grant colleges, are probably nowhere more evident than in the poultry industry. Furthermore, there is considerable discussion in the report about the value of multi-state and multi-disciplinary efforts in teaching, research, and extension. The need to attract nontraditional students to poultry science curricula and to produce graduates well-suited for modern, vertically integrated agricultural enterprises, such as poultry, are a high priority. C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Commercial Agr Div, Washington, DC 20005 USA. Natl Res Council, Comm Future Land Grant Coll Agr, Washington, DC USA. RP Ballenger, N (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, Commercial Agr Div, 1301 New York Ave NW, Washington, DC 20005 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 77 IS 2 BP 197 EP 200 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA ZF301 UT WOS:000072883800003 PM 9495478 ER PT J AU Proudman, JA AF Proudman, JA TI Circulating prolactin levels at the end of the photophase and the end of the scotophase throughout the reproductive cycle of the turkey hen SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE prolactin; photoperiod; turkey; reproductive cycle; incubation behavior ID MELEAGRIS-GALLOPAVO; PLASMA PROLACTIN; INCUBATION AB Plasma prolactin (PRL) levels rise following long daily photostimulation and increase dramatically at the onset of incubation behavior. Previous work has shown that a daily rhythm in PRL secretion may occur, with the lowest PRL levels found prior to Lights out and the highest levels found prior to lights on. It has been suggested that an early event in the onset of incubation behavior may be an increase in nocturnal PRL levels. A retrospective study was conducted to contrast the morning and evening PRL secretion patterns at weekly intervals throughout the reproductive cycle in birds that exhibited: 1) incubation behavior; 2) high egg production and low nesting frequency for the last 16 wk of a 21-wk reproductive cycle; 3) high egg production while nesting frequently; or 4) photorefractoriness (defined by a cessation of egg production without incubation behavior). All hens showed an increase in PRL, levels following photostimulation. When day and night PRL levels for each hen were compared over the entire reproductive cycle, more than 50% of those studied had significantly higher PRL levels at the end of the scotophase than at the end of the photophase. Circulating PRL levels increased greatly with the onset of incubation behavior, but morning and evening PRL levels changed in parallel. Good layers had moderate PRL levels throughout egg production, but PRL levels did not differ among laying hens with high or low nesting frequency. Plasma PRL levels declined to low levels in photorefractory hens. These results show that daytime PRL measurements accurately reflect reproductive state, and that moderate PRL levels seem consistent with optimum egg production. C1 ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Proudman, JA (reprint author), ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 14 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 77 IS 2 BP 303 EP 308 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA ZF301 UT WOS:000072883800023 PM 9495498 ER PT J AU Northcutt, JK Pringle, TD Dickens, JA Buhr, RJ Young, LL AF Northcutt, JK Pringle, TD Dickens, JA Buhr, RJ Young, LL TI Effects of age and tissue type on the calpain proteolytic system in turkey skeletal muscle SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE muscle proteinases; calpain; calpastatin; protein degradation; growth ID PROTEIN-DEGRADATION; LAYER CHICKENS; BODY-WEIGHT; GROWTH; CALPASTATIN; BROILER; MEAT AB A study was conducted to examine the effects of bird age and muscle tissue type on calpain and calpastatin activities in turkey skeletal muscle. Enzymatic activities of calpains and calpastatin were found to vary with bird age and muscle type. Breast muscle from younger birds (age 5 wk) had higher mu-calpain, m-calpain, and calpastatin activities (P < 0.05) than breast muscle from older birds (9, 13, and 17 wk of age). Thigh muscle calpain activities were not affected by bird age, but thigh calpastatin activity was found to increase with age, with muscle from 17-wk-old birds having 35% higher activity than muscle from 13-wk-old birds. When extracted from 9-wk-old turkeys, breast muscle mu-calpain activity was 30% higher than thigh muscle mu-calpain. By 13 wk of age, breast muscle mu-calpain activity was 20% less than thigh mu-calpain. Thigh muscle m-calpain and calpastatin activities were found to be significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that found in breast muscle, with some values more than double in older birds (17 wk of age). C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Poultry Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Anim Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. ARS, USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30613 USA. RP Northcutt, JK (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Poultry Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM jnorthct@uga.cc.uga.edu NR 33 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 77 IS 2 BP 367 EP 372 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA ZF301 UT WOS:000072883800032 PM 9495507 ER PT J AU Wang, S Holyoak, GR Panter, KE Liu, G Liu, Y Evans, RC Bunch, TD AF Wang, S Holyoak, GR Panter, KE Liu, G Liu, Y Evans, RC Bunch, TD TI Resazurin reduction assay for ram sperm metabolic activity measured by spectrophotometry SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID SEMEN; PARAMETERS AB Resazurin (7-hydroxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one 10-oxide) is a redox dye that can be reduced by metabolically active spermatozoa to resorufin and manifested as visual color change from blue (resazurin) to pink (resorufin). This study combined the resazurin reduction test with spectrophotometric methods and investigated the correlation between metabolic activity and fertilization potential of spermatozoa, using ram semen as a model, The absorbance at specific wavelengths of resazurin and resorufin was determined by scanning photo spectrometer (600 nm for resazurin and 570 nm for resorufin, respectively), The absorbance at wavelengths of 600 nm (A600) and 570 nm (A570) was measured by spectrophotometry and used to evaluate sperm metabolic activity. A600 decreased and A570 increased in relationship to the increased concentrations of motile spermatozoa and increased resazurin reaction times, We observed, upon using a retrospective experimental design, that fertile rams had greater relative absorbance values than rams with lower fertility, Also, we observed a wide range Variation of absorbance between the fertile rams, which is highly correlated to the sperm motility, We conclude that the spectrophotometric measurement of resazurin reduction for sperm activity might be a good assay for ram fertility. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Anim Dairy & Vet Sci, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Agr Res Serv, Poisonous Res Lab, USDA, Logan, UT 84341 USA. RP Wang, S (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Anim Dairy & Vet Sci, Logan, UT 84322 USA. EM swang@cc.usu.edu NR 16 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0037-9727 J9 P SOC EXP BIOL MED JI Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 217 IS 2 BP 197 EP 202 PG 6 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA YQ977 UT WOS:000071444200011 PM 9452144 ER PT J AU Goldberg, S Forster, HS AF Goldberg, S Forster, HS TI Factors affecting molybdenum adsorption by soils and minerals SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE aluminum oxide; iron oxide; kaolinite; montmorillonite; illite; soils ID COMPETITIVE-ADSORPTION; PHOSPHATE; MOLYBDATE; SORPTION; KAOLINITE; SURFACE; ALUMINA; MONTMORILLONITE; COEFFICIENTS; ARSENATE AB Molybdenum adsorption behavior was investigated an a variety of crystalline and X-ray amorphous aluminum and iron oxide minerals, clay minerals, and arid-zone soils as a function of solution pH, molybdenum concentration, ionic strength, particle concentration, competing anion concentrations, and temperature. All of these factors influenced the extent of the Mo adsorption reaction. Adsorption on all materials showed pronounced pH dependence in the pH range 3 to 10.5. Maximum adsorption occurred at low pH and then decreased rapidly with increasing pH until adsorption was virtually zero near pH 8. Adsorption as a function of pH was studied at two initial molybdenum concentrations. Adsorption on a percentage basis was greater for the smaller Mo concentration. Adsorption as a function of pH tvas studied at two particle concentrations. At the larger particle concentration, adsorption reached 100% over most of the pH range. At the smaller particle concentration, 100% adsorption did not occur, allowing better definition of the shape of the adsorption envelopes. The effect of ionic strength was studied in background electrolyte concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 M NaCl. On all materials, Mo adsorption was smallest for the largest solution ionic strength. The adsorbents exhibited diverse behavior in ionic strength dependence. Molybdenum adsorption was investigated as a function of temperature at 10, 25, and 40 degrees C and was found to be endothermic, increasing with increasing temperature. In competitive systems containing arsenate or phosphate in concentrations equimolar or twice equimolar to molybdate, Mo adsorption was affected very little by the presence of the competing ion. Molybdenum adsorption on a variety of adsorbents showed dependence on solution Mo concentration and solution pH. Adsorption was affected little by other factors, including particle concentration, solution ionic strength, temperature, and competing ion concentration. These results will facilitate the incorporation of Mo adsorption reactions into chemical speciation and transport codes because only a few factors affecting Mo adsorption will have to be considered. C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Goldberg, S (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. EM sgoldberg@ussl.ars.usda.gov NR 34 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 3 U2 34 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 163 IS 2 BP 109 EP 114 DI 10.1097/00010694-199802000-00004 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA YZ635 UT WOS:000072274100004 ER PT J AU Rutledge-Cropsey, K Klungness, JH Abubakr, SM AF Rutledge-Cropsey, K Klungness, JH Abubakr, SM TI Performance of enzymatically deinked recovered paper on paper machine runnability SO TAPPI JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PRODUCT QUALITY; SECONDARY FIBER; INDUSTRY; ENZYMES; IMPROVE; LASER AB The process of enzymatic deinking has been proven to be an effective method for removing noncontact inks from recovered paper. A secondary effect of enzyme treatment is enhanced pulp drainage. This study investigated the effects of enzymatic deinking on paper machine runnability, specifically drainage and wet-web strength enhancement. Three deinking trials were conducted on industrial-scale equipment. Two trials used the enzymatic deinking method developed at the Forest Products Laboratory, and one trial was a surfactant control. Pulp produced in each of the three trials was used in a pilot paper machine run. During each run, overall runnability, drainage, pressing response, and wet-web strength were evaluated. In general, the enzyme-treated pulp ran better than the control pulp. Mainly, it was the enhanced drainage and wet-web strength that contributed to the improvement in runnability. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Rutledge-Cropsey, K (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 16 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 1 PU TECH ASSN PULP PAPER IND INC PI NORCROSS PA 15 TECHNOLOGY PARK SOUTH, NORCROSS, GA 30092 USA SN 0734-1415 J9 TAPPI J JI TAPPI J. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 81 IS 2 BP 148 EP 151 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA YW719 UT WOS:000071965800033 ER PT J AU Saliklis, EP Kuskowski, SJ AF Saliklis, EP Kuskowski, SJ TI Constitutive modeling of paper accounting for rate of load and transient relative humidity effects SO TAPPI JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CREEP-BEHAVIOR; WOOD AB A nonlinear viscoelastic model was developed for predicting the strain response of paper subjected to compressive stress. The model can be calibrated to incorporate the hygroexpansive component of strain that occurs in transient humidity environments. In this study, data gathered from tests of virgin 205-g/m2 linerboard paper were used to calibrate and verify the model. Calibration was accomplished through long-term (16-h) experiments. The results showed that the linear superposition of strains that resulted from hygroexpansion does not fully account for the total response of the material. The model was also extended to account for strains resulting from creep loads. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Saliklis, EP (reprint author), Lafayette Coll, 315 Alumni Hall, Easton, PA 18042 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU TECH ASSN PULP PAPER IND INC PI NORCROSS PA 15 TECHNOLOGY PARK SOUTH, NORCROSS, GA 30092 USA SN 0734-1415 J9 TAPPI J JI TAPPI J. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 81 IS 2 BP 181 EP 188 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA YW719 UT WOS:000071965800039 ER PT J AU Brushwood, DE AF Brushwood, DE TI Carbohydrates on silverleaf whitefly contaminated cottons SO TEXTILE CHEMIST AND COLORIST LA English DT Article DE cotton; honeydew; HPLC; reducing sugar content; stickiness; thermodetector ID BEMISIA-TABACI; HONEYDEW AB Honeydew contamination from insects has become a major problem in the worldwide production of cotton, In certain western regions of the U.S., particularly in the last decade, stickiness on harvested cotton caused by the presence of the silverleaf whitefly has caused problems for growers, ginners, and textile processors, Whitefly sugars, unlike natural sugars, are deposited randomly in heavy sticky specks on the lint surface. Honeydew has been found to contain specific sugars that are not present on normal non-insect contaminated cottons. Quantitative determinations of the individual sugar contents from a large number of whitefly contaminated cottons and their relationship to total reducing sugar measurements and lint stickiness as measured by the thermodetector are described. C1 USDA, Cotton Qual Res Stn, Clemson, SC USA. RP Brushwood, DE (reprint author), Clemson Univ, USDA, ARS, Cotton Qual Res, POB 792, Clemson, SC 29633 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSN TEXT CHEM COLOR PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12215, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA SN 0040-490X J9 TEXT CHEM COLOR JI Text. Chem. Color. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 30 IS 2 BP 33 EP 35 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA YY613 UT WOS:000072165800013 ER PT J AU Lieberman, MA Bragg, CK Brennan, SN AF Lieberman, MA Bragg, CK Brennan, SN TI Determining gravimetric bark content in cotton with machine vision SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB A method is needed to accurately and rapidly determine the gravimetric bark content of a cotton sample. Gravimetric bark content represents the percent bark mass throughout the volume of a cotton sample. The current method for measuring gravimetric bark content is a labor intensive, lengthy process. Machine vision, on the other hand, is a fast, inexpensive method to measure this bulk cotton property. Ten acquired images of surfaces throughout each sample are used. Classical digital image processing techniques isolate foreign matter regions in monochrome video images. Geometric properties (area and perimeter) are used to identify which foreign matter is bark and to predict the gravimetric bark content in forty-eight cotton samples with varying bark and total foreign matter content. We suggest a model with six features and intercept, which has an estimated error of 0.46% bark mass. C1 ARS, USDA, SW Cotton Ginning Res Lab, Mesilla Pk, NM 88047 USA. ARS, USDA, Cotton Qual Res Stn, Clemson, SC 29631 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Lieberman, MA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SW Cotton Ginning Res Lab, Mesilla Pk, NM 88047 USA. NR 13 TC 16 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 4 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 USA SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 68 IS 2 BP 94 EP 104 DI 10.1177/004051759806800203 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA YV019 UT WOS:000071780900003 ER PT J AU Westman, AL Kresovich, S AF Westman, AL Kresovich, S TI The potential for cross-taxa simple-sequence repeat (SSR) amplification between Arabidopsis thaliana L. and crop brassicas SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Brassica; genome conservation; microsatellite; molecular genetic variation; short tandem repeat (STR) ID MOLECULAR MARKERS; DNA; ABUNDANCE; OLERACEA; IDENTIFICATION; POLYMORPHISMS; GENOME; NAPUS; LOCI; RFLP AB Simple-sequence repeats (SSRs) may prove to be valuable descriptors of plant genetic variation, but developing markers for each of many taxa is costly. The applicability of SSR markers may be increased if they can be amplified across taxa. In this study, we examined whether 30 primer pairs designed to amplify single-locus SSRs in Arabidopsis thaliana could be used to amplify marker loci in six Brassica crop species. Most of the pairs amplified multiple fragments in Brassica. In initial assays, 17 pairs generated products that were identified as likely to contain SSRs. Most of these products were similar in size to A. thaliana SSRs; many were variable for product length, and many of the variants were species-or genome-specific. In subsequent hybridization assays, however, not all of the identified Brassica products hybridized to SSR probes. A Brassica product's length variation and its size similarity to A. thaliana SSRs were not good predictors of whether the product contained repeats. In addition, some products of two-primer reactions hybridized to SSR probes but were the same size as single-primer reaction products, so they may have been amplified by only one primer. In summary, Brassica products amplified by A. thaliana SSR primer pairs may be useful as markers, but additional tests (hybridization, DNA sequencing, and single-primer assays) are necessary in order to determine whether the products contain SSRs and whether they are amplified by one or two primers. The results of this study are consistent with conservation, duplication, and rearrangement between Arabidopsis and Brassica genomes. C1 Univ Georgia, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Resources Conservat Unit, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. RP Kresovich, S (reprint author), Univ Georgia, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Resources Conservat Unit, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. EM skresov@gaes.griffin.peachnet.edu NR 34 TC 42 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 96 IS 2 BP 272 EP 281 DI 10.1007/s001220050736 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA ZB225 UT WOS:000072449600015 ER PT J AU Schmelz, EM Dombrink-Kurtzman, MA Roberts, PC Kozutsumi, Y Kawasaki, T Merrill, AH AF Schmelz, EM Dombrink-Kurtzman, MA Roberts, PC Kozutsumi, Y Kawasaki, T Merrill, AH TI Induction of apoptosis by fumonisin B-1 in HT29 cells is mediated by the accumulation of endogenous free sphingoid bases SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LEUKEMIC HL-60 CELLS; PROTEIN-KINASE-C; HUMAN ESOPHAGEAL CANCER; D-ERYTHRO-SPHINGOSINE; HAMSTER OVARY CELLS; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; INDUCED CYTOTOXICITY; DNA FRAGMENTATION; INHIBITION; DIFFERENTIATION AB Fumonisin B-1 (FB1) and aminopentol (AP(1)) (which is formed by hydrolysis of FB1) are found in corn contaminated with some strains of Fusarium moniliforme. Incubation of HT29 cells (a human colonic cell line) with FB1 or AP(1) caused a significant reduction in cell number; AP(1) was less potent, with 50 mu M AP(1) causing the same reduction (ca. 30% after 24 h) as 10 mu M FB1. The reduction in cell number reflected increases in DNA fragmentation and the percentage of apoptotic cells. Both FB1 and AP(1) caused the accumulation of sphinganine (25- and 35-fold by 10 mu M FB1 and 50 mu M AP(1), respectively); thus, concentrations of FB1 and AP(1) that caused comparable reductions in cell number were also similar with respect to elevation of sphinganine, a compound that is growth inhibitory and cytotoxic. Inhibition of the first step of sphingolipid biosynthesis with ISP-1 prevented the elevation in sphinganine, DNA fragmentation, and apoptosis induced by F-1. Therefore, these effects of FB1 on HT29 cells can be attributed to the accumulation of sphinganine. Since consumption of food contaminated with Fusarium moniliforme (Sheldon) exposes colonic cells to these mycotoxins, the possibility that FB1 and AP(1) are toxic for intestinal cells in vivo should be evaluated, especially in the light of the recent report (Bhat et al., Clin. Toxicol. 35, 249, 1997) describing intestinal disturbances in humans after consumption of moldy corn and sorghum containing fumonisins. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Immunol & Microbiol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Kyoto Univ, Dept Biol Chem, Kyoto 606, Japan. RP Schmelz, EM (reprint author), Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. EM eschmel@emory.edu; amerril@emory.edu RI Schmelz, Eva/E-6579-2012 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM46368] NR 58 TC 123 Z9 124 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 148 IS 2 BP 252 EP 260 DI 10.1006/taap.1997.8356 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YZ186 UT WOS:000072228900008 PM 9473533 ER PT J AU Bostom, AG Shemin, D Gohh, RY Verhoef, P Nadeau, MR Bianchi, LA Hopkins-Garcia, BJ Jacques, PF Selhub, J Dworkin, L Rosenberg, IH AF Bostom, AG Shemin, D Gohh, RY Verhoef, P Nadeau, MR Bianchi, LA Hopkins-Garcia, BJ Jacques, PF Selhub, J Dworkin, L Rosenberg, IH TI Lower fasting total plasma homocysteine levels in stable renal transplant recipients versus maintenance dialysis patients SO TRANSPLANTATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 33rd Annual Congress of the Japan-Society-for-Transplantation CY SEP 16-18, 1997 CL OSAKA, JAPAN SP Japan Soc Transplantat ID CONTAINING AMINO-ACIDS; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; CYSTEINE-HOMOCYSTEINE; VASCULAR-DISEASE; RISK FACTOR; HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA; HEMODIALYSIS; SERUM; ACCUMULATION; DETERMINANTS C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Vitamin Bioavailabil Lab, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Rhode Isl Hosp, Div Renal Dis & Transplant Serv, Providence, RI USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Agr Univ Wageningen, Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Gohh, RY (reprint author), Rhode Isl Hosp, Div Transplant Serv, 593 Eddy St, Providence, RI 02903 USA. NR 34 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0041-1345 J9 TRANSPLANT P JI Transplant. Proc. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 30 IS 1 BP 160 EP 162 DI 10.1016/S0041-1345(97)01219-0 PG 3 WC Immunology; Surgery; Transplantation SC Immunology; Surgery; Transplantation GA ZA145 UT WOS:000072333400051 PM 9474989 ER PT J AU Kelly, JF Finch, DM AF Kelly, JF Finch, DM TI Tracking migrant songbirds with stable isotopes SO TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION LA English DT Editorial Material ID DIET; MARINE C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. RP Kelly, JF (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 2205 Columbia SE, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. RI Finch, Deborah/H-2876-2015 OI Finch, Deborah/0000-0001-9118-7381 NR 14 TC 36 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0169-5347 J9 TRENDS ECOL EVOL JI Trends Ecol. Evol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 13 IS 2 BP 48 EP 49 DI 10.1016/S0169-5347(97)01299-8 PG 2 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA YV381 UT WOS:000071817100004 PM 21238198 ER PT J AU Temple, SJ Vance, CP Gantt, JS AF Temple, SJ Vance, CP Gantt, JS TI Glutamate synthase and nitrogen assimilation SO TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID ALFALFA NODULES; SYNTHETASE; SEQUENCE; MUTANTS; GENE; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; EXPRESSION; CLONING; NITRATE; PLANTS AB The assimilation of ammonia by a wide variety of organisms is the primary route for the introduction of nitrogen into the biosphere. The assimilatory enzymes glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase catalyze reactions that convert a-ketoglutarate and ammonia to glutamate, which is then used in a wide variety of biosynthetic reactions. These enzymes also play a major role in the reassimilation of ammonia derived from photorespiration in C-3 plants. Recent biochemical, molecular and genetic studies are leading to a better understanding of the factors that determine the activity and function of glutamate synthase. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA, ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Gantt, JS (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM steve@biosci.cbs.umn.edu NR 33 TC 104 Z9 108 U1 3 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1360-1385 J9 TRENDS PLANT SCI JI Trends Plant Sci. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 3 IS 2 BP 51 EP 56 DI 10.1016/S1360-1385(97)01159-X PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YW722 UT WOS:000071966100006 ER PT J AU Kreutz, LC AF Kreutz, LC TI Cellular membrane factors are the major determinants of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus tropism SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus; virus binding; cell tropism; RNA transfection; virus replication ID DEHYDROGENASE-ELEVATING VIRUS; ISOLATE ATCC VR-2332; SWINE INFERTILITY; LELYSTAD VIRUS; SYNDROME PRRS; CELLS; SUBPOPULATION; PROTEINS; DISEASE; FUSION AB The mechanism that restricts porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) replication in a variety of cell-lines has been investigated in this study. Using a virus binding assay, it was found that PRRSV could not bind to most cell-lines tested. However, vero cells, which are non-permissive to PRRSV infection, were able to bind and internalize a virus almost as efficiently as the permissive cell-line MARC-145. In addition, MARC-145 and vero cells internalized PRRSV in an infectious form, indicating that virus entry occurred by receptor mediated endocytosis. Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated fusion of virus with cells induced the production of infectious virus from vero and MARC-145, bur not from the others cells tested. Infectious virus was also recovered from vero and several other non-permissive cell types after trasnfection of viral RNA, indicating that the viral genome is infectious per se. Thus, absence of PRRSV binding to cells might be one major determinant of PRRSV cell tropism. However, because vero cells restricted PRRSV replication following virus binding and internalization but prior to RNA replication, it is possible that multiple viral and cellular components might be involved in allowing PRRSV replication on cells. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, Virol Swine Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Kreutz, LC (reprint author), Univ Fed Santa Maria, Dept Microbiol, Virol Lab, BR-97119900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. EM lck-reutz@creta.ccr.ufsm.br RI Kreutz, Luiz Carlos/A-3729-2015 OI Kreutz, Luiz Carlos/0000-0002-7685-7401 NR 22 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 53 IS 2 BP 121 EP 128 DI 10.1016/S0168-1702(97)00134-2 PG 8 WC Virology SC Virology GA ZK870 UT WOS:000073372100002 PM 9620204 ER PT J AU Audley, DE Skelly, JM McCormick, LH Jackson, WA AF Audley, DE Skelly, JM McCormick, LH Jackson, WA TI Crown condition and nutrient status of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) in West Virginia SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article ID GROWTH DECLINE; HIGH-ELEVATION; NORTH-AMERICA; BALSAM FIR; MOUNTAINS; FORESTS; FOLIAGE AB The appearance, foliar nutrient status, and soil nutrient availability were determined for 9 trees in each of 39 red spruce stands in West Virginia. Visual evaluation of crown conditions for all 351 trees sampled resulted in median values of 5% for discoloration and 10% for defoliation. The most common symptom of discoloration was needle chlorosis, found on the upper surface of collected branches. Defoliation generally occurred beginning with the older year-classes of needles and progressed outward toward the branch tips. The levels of discoloration and defoliation varied to such an extent among stands, plots, and trees within a plot that a single causal agent was not likely responsible for the observed symptoms. Foliar nutrient levels were compared to observed crown condition but were inconclusive in proving a definite relationship between crown condition and any individual nutrient; levels of foliar N and P were negatively correlated to defoliation, but not to discoloration or live crown ratio; yet, foliar K was negatively correlated to both discoloration and defoliation and positively correlated to live crown ration. While individual sample trees exhibited symptoms of reduced health and vigor, the majority of red spruce sampled during the course of this study appeared healthy. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Sch Forest Resources, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Ashville, NC 28802 USA. RP Audley, DE (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 48 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 102 IS 1-2 BP 177 EP 199 DI 10.1023/A:1004964706338 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA ZB750 UT WOS:000072503900011 ER PT J AU Wang, Z Feyen, J van Genuchten, MT Nielsen, DR AF Wang, Z Feyen, J van Genuchten, MT Nielsen, DR TI Air entrapment effects on infiltration rate and flow instability SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID WETTING FRONT INSTABILITY; STABILITY ANALYSIS; LAYERED SOILS; WATER INFILTRATION; PREFERENTIAL FLOW; POROUS-MEDIA; PRESSURE; COLUMN; ENCAPSULATION; IRRIGATION AB Experiments were conducted to quantify the effects of entrapped air on water infiltration into a loamy sand. Transparent three-dimensional (3-D) and 2-D columns were used for experiments carried out for two infiltration conditions: (1) when air was free to move ahead of the wetting front and leave the bottom of the column (air draining) and (2) when air was confined ahead of the wetting front and hence could escape only through the soil surface (air confining). The measurement setup was composed of a tension-pressure infiltrometer, an air flowmeter, water manometers, and video-picture cameras. We applied both positive and negative water pressures at the soil surface and measured the simultaneous changes in the rates of water inflow and air outflow, the air pressure ahead of the wetting front, and the dynamic behavior and advance of the wetting front. The air pressure ahead of the wetting front for the air-confining condition was generally found to increase with time rather than reaching a constant level, as observed in other studies by other researchers. The air pressure fluctuated locally because of air escaping from the soil surface. On the basis of an analysis of the results we present two empirical equations to predict the maximum air pressure at which air begins to erupt from the soil surface and to predict the minimum air pressure at which air eruption stops. We found that the infiltration rate was always equal to, and controlled by, the rate of air outflow. The infiltration rate varied inversely with the air pressure ahead of the wetting front and with the pending depth at the soil surface. The infiltration rate fluctuated with time rather than undergoing changes in a three-stage process, as is often characterized in the literature. The volume of residual entrapped air in the air-confining condition increased 7% on average, and the infiltration rate decreased threefold to tenfold as compared to the air-draining condition. Finally, it was shown that the air-confining infiltration flow is fingered and unstable, consistent with the predictions of an existing theory. C1 Catholic Univ Louvain, Inst Land & Water Management, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Wang, Z (reprint author), Catholic Univ Louvain, Inst Land & Water Management, Vital Decosterstr 102, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. RI van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013 OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858 NR 44 TC 82 Z9 91 U1 2 U2 21 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 34 IS 2 BP 213 EP 222 DI 10.1029/97WR02804 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA YU041 UT WOS:000071673900006 ER PT J AU Graczyk, TK Cranfield, MR Helmer, P Fayer, R Bostwick, EF AF Graczyk, TK Cranfield, MR Helmer, P Fayer, R Bostwick, EF TI Therapeutic efficacy of hyperimmune bovine colostrum treatment against clinical and subclinical Cryptosporidium serpentis infections in captive snakes SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cryptosporidium serpentis; reptilian cryptosporidiosis; hyperimmune bovine colostrum; therapy ID PARVUM; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; OOCYSTS; APICOMPLEXA; SPOROZOITES; ANTIBODIES; MICE AB Therapy based on the protective passive immunity of Hyperimmune Bovine Colostrum (HBC) (raised against Cryptosporidium parvum in dairy cows immunized during gestation) was tested for heterologous efficacy in subclinical and clinical infections of 12 captive snakes with C. serpentis. Six gastric HBC treatments of 1% snake weight at 1-week. intervals each, have histologically cleared C. serpentis in three subclinically infected snakes, and regressed gastric histopathological changes in one of these snakes. In all snakes, each subsequent HBC treatment significantly decreased the number of oocysts recovered in gastric lavage eluants (P < 0.03). The treatments induced oocyst-negative gastric eluants and stools in all snakes, and improved clinical signs of infection. Clinically infected snakes displayed severe histopathological changes in the gastric region; however, the numbers of developmental stages of C. serpentis were moderate. Considering the severity of pathology, much lower than expected pathogen numbers were observed, and it is believed that clinically infected snakes did not have enough time to repair tissue damage that had occurred over the years of infection. As the HBC treatment was safe and highly efficacious, it is recommended to gastrically administer the HBC therapeutically to snakes that ari: clinically or subclinically infected with C. serpentis. Hyperimmune bovine colostrum can also be used in snake supportive therapy or prophylaxis. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Baltimore Zoo, Dept Med, Baltimore, MD 21217 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Div Comparat Med, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Immun & Dis Prevent Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. GalaGen, Arden Hills, MN 55126 USA. RP Graczyk, TK (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. EM tgraczyk@phnet.sph.jhu.edu NR 28 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD JAN 31 PY 1998 VL 74 IS 2-4 BP 123 EP 132 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(97)00153-2 PG 10 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA ZD838 UT WOS:000072729500004 PM 9561700 ER PT J AU Davey, RB Ahrens, EH George, JE Hunter, JS Jeannin, P AF Davey, RB Ahrens, EH George, JE Hunter, JS Jeannin, P TI Therapeutic and persistent efficacy of fipronil against Boophilus microplus (Acari : Ixodidae) on cattle SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Boophilus microplus; acari; fipronil; acaricide; pour-on ID GATED CHLORIDE CHANNEL; PHENYLPYRAZOLE INSECTICIDES; TICK ACARI; RESISTANCE; COUMAPHOS AB Cattle infested with all parasitic life-stages of Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) were treated once with a pour-on formulation of fipronil at 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0% active ingredient (AI) to determine the therapeutic efficacy. Additionally, cattle were infested at weekly intervals for 13 consecutive weeks after treatment to determine the persistent effectiveness: of the three concentrations. Results of therapeutic efficacy of fipronil showed that with each increase in concentration there was a corresponding and often significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the numbers, fecundity and fertility of engorged females. The overall control of the Index of Reproduction (IR) achieved at 0.25 and 0.5% AI was 86.2 and 93.3%, respectively, while the control of the IR at the 1.0% AI concentration was 99.7%. The persistent efficacy of fipronil, like the therapeutic efficacy, was also dose related. The 0.25% AI treatment failed to provide complete protection (100%) against larval reinfestation, although control of the IR remained high (> 95%) for the first 6 weeks after treatment. In contrast, at 0.5% AI the control of the IR remained at 100% for the first 4 weeks after treatment, and was > 90% for an additional 2 weeks (6 weeks posttreatment). The 1.0% AI concentration afforded the longest residual activity, providing virtually 100% protection against larval reinfestation for 8 weeks after treatment was applied. Based on the results, neither the 0.25 or 0.5% AI concentration completely eliminated the immature stages of the tick (nymphs and larvae) on the host at the time of treatment (therapeutic efficacy), and the residual activity (persistent efficacy) did not prevent reinfestation by lan ae for long periods after treatment. While the 1.0% Al concentration provided both therapeutic and residual efficacy thar would be suitable for use in the eradication program, caution is still warranted because a few engorged females detached for up to 25 days after treatment, although none reproduced after the 6th day. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Cattle Fever Tick Res Lab, Mission, TX 78572 USA. USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res Lab, Kerrville, TX 78029 USA. Rhone Merieux, Athens, GA 30601 USA. Rhone Merieux, Lab Toulouse, F-31057 Toulouse, France. RP Davey, RB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cattle Fever Tick Res Lab, POB 969, Mission, TX 78572 USA. NR 40 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD JAN 31 PY 1998 VL 74 IS 2-4 BP 261 EP 276 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(97)00152-0 PG 16 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA ZD838 UT WOS:000072729500016 PM 9561711 ER PT J AU Hattel, AL Castro, MD Gummo, JD Weinstock, D Reed, JA Dubey, JP AF Hattel, AL Castro, MD Gummo, JD Weinstock, D Reed, JA Dubey, JP TI Neosporosis-associated bovine abortion in Pennsylvania SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE neosporosis; Neospora caninum; abortion; cattle; Pennsylvania ID PROTOZOAN INFECTION; DAIRY-CATTLE; CALIFORNIA AB Neospora caninum was found in fetal tissues of 34 of 688 cases of bovine abortion submitted to the Pennsylvania Animal Diagnostic Laboratory System during the period from May 1994 to November 1996. The aborted fetuses ranged in gestational age from 3 to 8 months. Microscopic lesions consisted primarily of encephalitis and myocarditis. A labeled (strept) avidin-biotin staining procedure using anti-N. caninum polyclonal rabbit serum revealed N. caninum organisms within the fetal brain (27 of 27), heart (10 of 13), placenta (5 of 6), kidney (2 of 2), liver (1 of 4) and skeletal muscle (1 of 1). (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Penn State Univ, Anim Diagnost Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 14 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD JAN 31 PY 1998 VL 74 IS 2-4 BP 307 EP 313 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(97)00158-1 PG 7 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA ZD838 UT WOS:000072729500020 PM 9561715 ER PT J AU Nichols, BL Eldering, J Avery, S Hahn, D Quaroni, A Sterchi, E AF Nichols, BL Eldering, J Avery, S Hahn, D Quaroni, A Sterchi, E TI Human small intestinal maltase-glucoamylase cDNA cloning - Homology to sucrase-isomaltase SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE; LYSOSOMAL ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE; BRUSH-BORDER MEMBRANE; NEUTRAL MALTASE; MOLECULAR-CLONING; AMINOPEPTIDASE-N; SUCKLING RAT; EXPRESSION; COMPLEX; GENE AB It has been hypothesized that human mucosal glucoamylase (EC 3.2.1.20 and 3.2.1.3) activity serves as an alternate pathway for starch digestion when luminal cu-amylase activity is reduced because of immaturity or malnutrition and that maltase-glucoamylase plays a unique role in the digestion of malted dietary oligosaccharides used in food manufacturing, As a first step toward the testing of this hypothesis, we have cloned human small intestinal maltase-glucoamylase cDNA to permit study of the individual catalytic and binding sites for maltose and starch enzyme hydrolase activities in subsequent expression experiments, Human maltase-glucoamylase was purified by immunoisolation and partially sequenced, Maltase-glucoamylase cDNA was amplified from human intestinal RNA using degenerate and gene-specific primers with the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The 6,513-base pair cDNA contains an open reading frame that encodes a 1,857-amino acid protein (molecular mass 209,702 Da). Maltase-glucoamylase has two catalytic sites identical to those of sucrase-isomaltase, but the proteins are only 59% homologous, Both are members of glycosyl hydrolase family 31, which has a variety of substrate specificities, Our findings suggest that divergences in the carbohydrate binding sequences must determine the substrate specificities for the four different enzyme activities that share a conserved catalytic site. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Cornell Univ, Sch Vet Med, Dept Physiol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Bern, Inst Biochem & Mol Biol, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. RP Nichols, BL (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 53 TC 77 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD JAN 30 PY 1998 VL 273 IS 5 BP 3076 EP 3081 DI 10.1074/jbc.273.5.3076 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA YU621 UT WOS:000071736600079 PM 9446624 ER PT J AU Pachepsky, Y Timlin, D AF Pachepsky, Y Timlin, D TI Water transport in soils as in fractal media SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE water movement in soil; soil physical properties; fractals; unsaturated zone; Richards' equation; soil characterization ID POROUS-MEDIA; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; DISPERSION; DIFFUSION; NETWORKS; TIME AB Fractal scaling laws of water transport were Found For soils. A water transport model is needed to describe this type of transport in soils. We have developed a water transport equation using the physical model of percolation clusters, employing the mass conservation law, and assuming that hydraulic conductivity is a product of a focal component dependent on water content and a scaling component depending on the distance traveled. The model predicts scaling of water contents with a variable x/t(1/(2+beta)) where beta deviates from the zero value characteristic for the Richards equation. A change in the apparent water diffusivity with the distance is predicted if the apparent diffusivity is calculated using the Richards equation. An equation for the time and space invariant soil water diffusivity is obtained. Published data sets of five authors were used to test the scaling properties predicted by the model. The value of beta was significantly greater than zero in almost all data sets and typically was in the range from 0.05 to 0.5. This exponent was found from regression equations that had correlation coefficients From 0.97 to 0.995. In some cases a dependence of beta on water content was found indicating changes in scaling as the water transport progressed. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Duke Univ, Duke Univ Phytotron, Durham, NC 27708 USA. USDA ARS, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Pachepsky, Y (reprint author), Duke Univ, Duke Univ Phytotron, Durham, NC 27708 USA. OI Pachepsky, Yakov/0000-0003-0232-6090 NR 33 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD JAN 30 PY 1998 VL 204 IS 1-4 BP 98 EP 107 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(97)00110-8 PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA YZ756 UT WOS:000072288500007 ER PT J AU Saalmuller, A Pauly, T Lunney, JK Boyd, P Aasted, B Sachs, DH Arn, S Bianchi, A Binns, RM Licence, S Whyte, A Blecha, F Chen, Z Chu, RM Davis, WC Denham, S Yang, H Whittall, T Parkhouse, RM Dominguez, J Ezquerra, A Alonso, F Horstick, G Howard, C Sopp, P Kim, YB Lipp, J Mackay, C Magyar, A McCullough, K Arriens, A Summerfield, A Murtaugh, M Nielsen, J Novikov, B Pescovitz, MD Schuberth, HJ Leibold, W Schutt, C Shimizu, M Stokes, C Haverson, K Bailey, M Tlaskalova, H Trebichavsky, I Valpotic, I Walker, J Lee, R Zuckermann, F AF Saalmuller, A Pauly, T Lunney, JK Boyd, P Aasted, B Sachs, DH Arn, S Bianchi, A Binns, RM Licence, S Whyte, A Blecha, F Chen, Z Chu, RM Davis, WC Denham, S Yang, H Whittall, T Parkhouse, RM Dominguez, J Ezquerra, A Alonso, F Horstick, G Howard, C Sopp, P Kim, YB Lipp, J Mackay, C Magyar, A McCullough, K Arriens, A Summerfield, A Murtaugh, M Nielsen, J Novikov, B Pescovitz, MD Schuberth, HJ Leibold, W Schutt, C Shimizu, M Stokes, C Haverson, K Bailey, M Tlaskalova, H Trebichavsky, I Valpotic, I Walker, J Lee, R Zuckermann, F TI Overview of the Second International Workshop to define swine cluster of differentiation (CD) antigens SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Workshop on Swine Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens CY JUL 16, 1995 CL DAVIS, CA SP Int Union Immunol Soc, Vet Immunol Comm DE swine; Cluster of Differentiation (CD); antigens; monoclonal antibodies (mAb) ID CYTOLYTIC T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; NATURAL-KILLER; PORCINE CD44; CELLS; MOLECULES; PIG; GRANULOCYTES; EXPRESSION; SUBSETS AB The aim of the Second International Swine Cluster of Differentiation (CD) Workshop, supported by the Veterinary Immunology Committee (VIC) of the International Union of Immunological Societies (MS), was to standardize the assignment of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) reactive with porcine leukocyte differentiation antigens and to define new antibody clusters. At the summary meeting of the workshop in July, 1995, revisions in the existing nomenclature for Swine CD were approved, so that the rules are now in accord with those for human and luminant CD. Swine CD numbers will now be given to clusters of mAb to swine orthologues of human CD molecules when homology is proven by (1) suitable tissue distribution and lymphoid cell subset expression, (2) appropriate molecular mass of the antigen recognized by the mAbs, and (3) reactivity of mAbs with the cloned swine gene products, or cross-reactivity of the mAb on the human gene products. In some cases: this reactivity would not be fully proven, mainly due to the lack of cloned gene products; for these CD antigens, the respective clusters will be assigned by the prefix 'w' which will lead to 'wCD' antigens. As a result of the Second International Swine CD Workshop the assignment of IG mAb to existing CD groups (CD2a, CD4a, CD5a, wCD6, wCD8, CD14, CD18a, wCD21, wCD25) was confirmed. and 2 mAb to existing swine workshop clusters (SWC). More importantly, for the work an the porcine immune system, was the definition of 5 new swine CD antigens, namely CD3 (recognized by 6 new mAb and 3 epitopes), CD16 (I new mAb), wCD29 (2 mAb), CD45RA (3 mAb) and CD45RC (1 new mAb), Finally, the demarcation of two new SWC molecules in swine, SWC8 (2 mAb) and SWC9 (2 mAb) was confirmed. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Fed Res Ctr Virus Dis Anim, D-7400 Tubingen, Germany. USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Royal Vet Univ, Dept Vet Virol & Immunol, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Transplantat Biol Res Ctr, Charlestown, MA USA. CDI, Cent Vet Inst, Lelystad, Netherlands. AFRC, Inst Anim Physiol, Cambridge CB2 4AT, England. Kansas State Univ, Dept Anat & Physiol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Diagn & Clin Res, Pharmingen, San Diego, CA USA. Pig Res Inst Taiwan, Chunan, Taiwan. Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. IAH Pirbright Lab, Woking, Surrey, England. CISA, INIA, Madrid, Spain. Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Med Klin 2, D-6500 Mainz, Germany. IAH, BBSRC, Newbury RG20 7NN, Berks, England. Finch Univ Hlth Sci Chicago Med Sch, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, N Chicago, IL 60064 USA. Leukosite INC, Boston, MA 02115 USA. VIRCC, Lab Transplantat Immunol, Vienna, Austria. Eotvos Lorand Univ, Dept Immunol, H-1364 Budapest, Hungary. Inst Viruskrankheiten & Immunprophylaxe, CH-3147 Mittelhausern, Switzerland. Univ Minnesota, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. State Vet Inst Virus Res, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark. All Russian Res Inst Vet Virol & Microbiol, Pokrov, Russia. Indiana Univ Hosp, Dept Surg, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. TH Hannover, Hannover, Germany. EMA Univ, Inst Immunol & Transfus Med, Greifswald, Germany. Natl Inst Anim Hlth, Ibaraki, Osaka 305, Japan. Univ Bristol, Sch Med, Dept Vet Med, Bristol, Avon, England. Acad Sci Czech Republic, Inst Microbiol, Prague, Czech Republic. Gnotobiol Lab, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic. Univ Zagreb, Fac Vet, Dept Biol, Zagreb 41000, Croatia. Univ Melbourne, Sch Vet Sci, Ctr Anim Biotechnol, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia. Univ Illinois, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Saalmuller, A (reprint author), Fed Res Ctr Virus Dis Anim, POB 1149, D-7400 Tubingen, Germany. RI Mackay, Charles/A-9673-2008; Ezquerra, Angel/I-3440-2012; Dominguez, Javier/I-1210-2015 OI Mackay, Charles/0000-0002-6338-7340; Parkhouse, Michael/0000-0001-5967-3291; Ezquerra, Angel/0000-0002-1824-5087; Summerfield, Artur/0000-0001-8292-4634; NR 44 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD JAN 30 PY 1998 VL 60 IS 3-4 BP 207 EP 228 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(97)00098-6 PG 22 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA ZL333 UT WOS:000073422400002 PM 9589560 ER PT J AU Saalmuller, A Pauly, T Aasted, B Jensen, KT Sachs, DH Arn, S Davis, WC Park, YH McCullough, K Summerfield, A Murtaugh, M Pampusch, MS Burger, KD Laber, J Nielsen, J Pescovitz, MD Stokes, C Haverson, K Boyd, P Lunney, JK AF Saalmuller, A Pauly, T Aasted, B Jensen, KT Sachs, DH Arn, S Davis, WC Park, YH McCullough, K Summerfield, A Murtaugh, M Pampusch, MS Burger, KD Laber, J Nielsen, J Pescovitz, MD Stokes, C Haverson, K Boyd, P Lunney, JK TI Summary of the first round analyses of the Second International Swine CD Workshop SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Workshop on Swine Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens CY JUL 16, 1995 CL DAVIS, CALIFORNIA SP Int Union Immunol Soc, Vet Immunol Comm DE monoclonal antibodies; flow cytometry; clustering analysis ID CYTOLYTIC T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; DIFFERENTIATION ANTIGENS; PORCINE CD44; CELL-LINES; EXPRESSION; PIG; MOLECULES; DEFINE; MURINE AB The reactivity of 176 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) submitted to the Second International Swine CD Workshop, together with 19 internal standards, was analyzed by flow cytometry on 16 different cell types as a means of establishing the proper cell subset for later detailed clustering analyses. The exact CD subset reactivity of the 19 internal standard mAb had been characterized in the First International Swine CD Workshop. The flow cytometric analyses resulted in 40 data sets which were then subjected to statistical clustering using the Leukocyte Typing Database IV (LTDB4) software, As result of this work, 22 clusters were defined. After review of these results, panels of mAb from the defined first round clusters were assigned to cell subsets. The respective mAb in those first round clusters were then distributed to subset group researchers for, further examination during the second round of the workshop. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Fed Res Ctr Virus Dis Anim, D-7400 Tubingen, Germany. Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Dept Vet Virol & Immunol, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Transplant Biol Res Ctr, Charlestown, MA USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Inst Viruskrankheiten & Immunprophylaxe, CH-3147 Mittelhausern, Switzerland. Univ Minnesota, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. State Vet Inst Virus Res, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark. Indiana Univ Hosp, Dept Surg, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. Univ Bristol, Sch Med, Dept Vet Med, Bristol, Avon, England. USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Saalmuller, A (reprint author), Fed Res Ctr Virus Dis Anim, POB 1149, D-7400 Tubingen, Germany. OI Summerfield, Artur/0000-0001-8292-4634 NR 38 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD JAN 30 PY 1998 VL 60 IS 3-4 BP 237 EP 249 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(97)00100-1 PG 13 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA ZL333 UT WOS:000073422400004 PM 9589562 ER PT J AU Pescovitz, MD Book, BK Aasted, B Dominguez, J Ezquerra, A Trebichavsky, I Novikov, B Valpotic, I Sver, L Nielsen, J Arn, S Sachs, DH Lunney, JK Boyd, PC Walker, J Lee, R Davis, W Barbosa, IR Zuckermann, F Saalmuller, A AF Pescovitz, MD Book, BK Aasted, B Dominguez, J Ezquerra, A Trebichavsky, I Novikov, B Valpotic, I Sver, L Nielsen, J Arn, S Sachs, DH Lunney, JK Boyd, PC Walker, J Lee, R Davis, W Barbosa, IR Zuckermann, F Saalmuller, A TI Summary of workshop findings for antibodies reacting with porcine T-cells and activation antigens: results from the Second International Swine CD Workshop SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Workshop on Swine Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens CY JUL 16, 1995 CL DAVIS, CALIFORNIA SP Int Union Immunol Soc, Vet Immunol Comm DE monoclonal antibodies; T-cells; Swine CD Workshop; porcine ID LYMPHOCYTES AB After initial evaluation of the 176 new and 19 control monoclonal antibodies (mAb) submitted to the Second International Swine CD Workshop, 57 were assigned to the T-cell/activation marker subgroup. These 57 mAb were further analyzed using flow cytometry on whole blood lymphocytes, splenocytes, Peyer's patch lymphocytes, in vitro cell lines, broncho-alveolar lavage cells, Con A and PHA blasts, fetal cell populations, and by 2-color flow cytometry against mAb to porcine CD2, CD4: and CD8. Finally, the molecular weights of the target antigens were characterized when possible. As a result of these analyses, 23 mAb were distributed into 7 CD clusters. Newly confirmed mAb assignments included: two CD2; one CD4; two CD5; one wCD6; and one wCD25. Three new mAb were found that reacted with wCD8, one of which defined a new epitope, wCD8c. For the first time, mAb against porcine CD3 were identified, including 6 mAb that reacted with three different epitopes. Several new mAb reacted with antigens whose expression varied depending on the activation state of the test cell. These will require further characterization in order to assign a CD number. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Surg & Microbiol Immunol, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. INIA, Ctr Invest Sanidad Anim, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain. Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Microbiol, Prague, Czech Republic. All Russian Res Inst Vet Virol & Microbiol, Vlasimizskaya, Russia. Univ Zagreb, Fac Vet, Dept Biol, Zagreb 41000, Croatia. Danish Vet Inst Virus Res, Kalvehave, Denmark. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Transplantat Biol Res Ctr, Charlestown, MA USA. USDA ARS, LPSI, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Melbourne, Ctr Anim Biotechnol, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia. Washington State Univ, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Vet Pathol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Fed Res Ctr Virus Dis Anim, D-7400 Tubingen, Germany. RP Pescovitz, MD (reprint author), Indiana Univ, Dept Surg & Microbiol Immunol, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. RI Ezquerra, Angel/I-3440-2012; Dominguez, Javier/I-1210-2015; OI Ezquerra, Angel/0000-0002-1824-5087 NR 11 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD JAN 30 PY 1998 VL 60 IS 3-4 BP 251 EP 260 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(97)00101-3 PG 10 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA ZL333 UT WOS:000073422400005 PM 9589563 ER PT J AU Pescovitz, MD Book, BK Aasted, B Dominguez, J Ezquerra, A Trebichavsky, I Novikov, B Valpotic, I Nielsen, J Arn, S Sachs, DH Lunney, JK Boyd, PC Walker, J Lee, R Lackovic, G Kirkham, P Parkhouse, RME AF Pescovitz, MD Book, BK Aasted, B Dominguez, J Ezquerra, A Trebichavsky, I Novikov, B Valpotic, I Nielsen, J Arn, S Sachs, DH Lunney, JK Boyd, PC Walker, J Lee, R Lackovic, G Kirkham, P Parkhouse, RME TI Analyses of monoclonal antibodies reacting with porcine CD3: results from the Second International Swine CD Workshop SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Workshop on Swine Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens CY JUL 16, 1995 CL DAVIS, CALIFORNIA SP Int Union Immunol Soc, Vet Immunol Comm DE monoclonal antibodies; resting peripheral lymphocytes; epitope; porcine; CD3 ID RENAL-ALLOGRAFT REJECTION; T-CELL ACTIVATION; CORTICOSTEROIDS; POLYPEPTIDE; CD3-EPSILON; LYMPHOCYTES; EPITOPES; INVIVO AB Among the 57 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) analyzed within the T-cell group from the Second Swine CD Workshop, six mAb fell within clusters T10 and T11 (No. 088, STH164; No. 148, FY1A3; No. 149, FY2C1; No. 150, FY1H2; No. 151, FY2A11; No. 169, BB23-8E6), The mAb within these two groups gave a similar appearance on flow cytometry and stained all peripheral blood T-cells as defined by CD4 and wCD8 staining, All six mAb precipitated a 24 kDa protein. On the basis of inhibition analyses performed as part of the workshop and fi om published data, the mAb define at least three epitopes. There is only minimal stimulation of resting peripheral lymphocytes, but four of the mAb produce strong stimulation in the presence of PMA. With the exception of STH164, all have been shown to react with CD3 epsilon-transfected COS cells. The new mAb, therefore, react with three epitopes on porcine CD3 epsilon designated CD3a (BB23-8E6, FY2A11), CD3b (FY1A3, FY2C1), and CD3c (FY1H2). mAb STH164 appears to be reactive with another epitope, however, since its reactivity with CD3 has not been confirmed it is designated as wCD3. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Surg & Microbiol Immunol, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. INIA, Ctr Invest Sanidad Anim, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain. Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Microbiol, Prague, Czech Republic. All Russian Res Inst Vet Virol & Microbiol, Vlasimizskaya, Russia. Univ Zagreb, Fac Vet, Dept Biol, Zagreb 41000, Croatia. Danish Vet Inst Virus Res, Kalvehave, Denmark. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Transplantat Biol Res Ctr, Charlestown, MA USA. USDA ARS, LPSI, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Melbourne, Ctr Anim Biotechnol, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia. Univ Zagreb, Fac Sci, Dept Zool, Zagreb 41000, Croatia. Inst Anim Hlth, Pirbright Lab, Surrey, England. Fed Res Ctr Virus Dis Anim, D-7400 Tubingen, Germany. RP Pescovitz, MD (reprint author), Indiana Univ, Dept Surg & Microbiol Immunol, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. RI Ezquerra, Angel/I-3440-2012; Dominguez, Javier/I-1210-2015; OI Parkhouse, Michael/0000-0001-5967-3291; Ezquerra, Angel/0000-0002-1824-5087 NR 18 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD JAN 30 PY 1998 VL 60 IS 3-4 BP 261 EP 268 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(97)00102-5 PG 8 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA ZL333 UT WOS:000073422400006 PM 9589564 ER PT J AU Pescovitz, MD Book, BK Aasted, B Dominguez, J Bullido, R Trebichavsky, I Novikov, B Valpotic, I Tomaskovic, M Nielsen, J Arn, S Sachs, DH Lunney, JK Boyd, PC Walker, J Lee, R Saalmuller, A AF Pescovitz, MD Book, BK Aasted, B Dominguez, J Bullido, R Trebichavsky, I Novikov, B Valpotic, I Tomaskovic, M Nielsen, J Arn, S Sachs, DH Lunney, JK Boyd, PC Walker, J Lee, R Saalmuller, A TI Analyses of monoclonal antibodies reacting with porcine CD5: results from the Second International Swine CD Workshop SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Workshop on Swine Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens CY JUL 16, 1995 CL DAVIS, CALIFORNIA SP Int Union Immunol Soc, Vet Immunol Comm DE monoclonal antibodies; CD5; T-cell; porcine AB Among the 57 monoclonal antibodies analyzed within the T-cell group, three mAbs fell within cluster T13 including the CD5a standard b53b7 (No. 174). The two new mAbs 1H6/8 (No. 058) and BB6-9G12 (No, 166) both precipitated 55 and 60 kDa proteins that were of similar molecular weights as the standard. Staining patterns on the various cell types were similar. Both new antibodies inhibited the binding of the CD5a reference mAbs b53b7 to peripheral lymphocytes. These mAbs, therefore both react with the CD5a epitope bringing the number of anti-porcine CD5 mAbs to eight, all of which appear to recognize the same epitope. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Surg & Microbiol Immunol, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. INIA, Ctr Invest Sanidad Anim, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain. Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Microbiol, Prague, Czech Republic. All Russian Res Inst Vet Virol & Microbiol, Vlasimizskaya, Russia. Univ Zagreb, Fac Vet, Dept Biol, Zagreb 41000, Croatia. Danish Vet Inst Virus Res, Kalvehave, Denmark. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Transplantat Biol Res Ctr, Charlestown, MA USA. USDA ARS, LPSI, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Melbourne, Ctr Anim Biotechnol, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia. Fed Res Ctr Virus Dis Anim, D-7400 Tubingen, Germany. RP Pescovitz, MD (reprint author), Indiana Univ, Dept Surg & Microbiol Immunol, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. RI Dominguez, Javier/I-1210-2015 NR 5 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD JAN 30 PY 1998 VL 60 IS 3-4 BP 269 EP 273 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(97)00103-7 PG 5 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA ZL333 UT WOS:000073422400007 PM 9589565 ER PT J AU Pescovitz, MD Book, BK Aasted, B Dominguez, J Bullido, R Trebichavsky, I Novikov, B Valpotic, I Nielsen, J Arn, S Sachs, DH Lunney, JK Boyd, PC Walker, J Lee, R Petrinec, N Saalmuller, A AF Pescovitz, MD Book, BK Aasted, B Dominguez, J Bullido, R Trebichavsky, I Novikov, B Valpotic, I Nielsen, J Arn, S Sachs, DH Lunney, JK Boyd, PC Walker, J Lee, R Petrinec, N Saalmuller, A TI Analyses of monoclonal antibodies reacting with porcine wCD6: results from the Second International Swine CD workshop SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Workshop on Swine Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens CY JUL 16, 1995 CL DAVIS, CA SP Int Union Immunol Soc, Vet Immunol Comm DE monoclonal antibodies; T-cells; porcine wCD6 AB Among the 57 monoclonal antibodies analyzed within the T-cell group of the Second International Swine CD Workshop, one mAb fell within cluster T14a that included the CD6 standard a38b2 (No. 175). The new mAb MIL8 (No. 082) and a38b2 both precipitated from activated T-cells a 150 kDa monomeric protein. Staining patterns on the various cell types were similar. There was no inhibition of binding of either mAb to peripheral blood T-cells with the opposite mAb. The new mAb, MIL8, reacts with a separate epitope on porcine wCD6. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Surg & Microbiol Immunol, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. INIA, Ctr Invest Sanidad Anim, Madrid, Spain. Acad Sci Czech Republic, Inst Microbiol, Prague, Czech Republic. All Russian Res Inst Vet virol & Microbiol, Vlasimizskaya, Russia. Univ Zagreb, Fac Vet, Dept Biol, Zagreb 41000, Croatia. Danish Vet Inst Virus Res, Kalvehave, Denmark. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Transplantat Biol Res Ctr, Charlestown, MA USA. USDA ARS, LPSI, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Melbourne, Ctr Anim Biotechnol, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia. Univ Zagreb, Inst Immunol, Zagreb, Croatia. Fed Res Ctr Virus Dis Anim, D-7400 Tubingen, Germany. RP Pescovitz, MD (reprint author), Indiana Univ, Dept Surg & Microbiol Immunol, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. RI Dominguez, Javier/I-1210-2015 NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD JAN 30 PY 1998 VL 60 IS 3-4 BP 285 EP 289 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(97)00105-0 PG 5 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA ZL333 UT WOS:000073422400009 PM 9589567 ER PT J AU Zuckermann, FA Pescovitz, MD Aasted, B Dominguez, J Trebichavsky, I Novikov, B Valpotic, I Nielsen, J Arn, S Sachs, DH Lunney, JK Boyd, P Walker, J Lee, R Davis, WC Barbosa, IR Saalmuller, A AF Zuckermann, FA Pescovitz, MD Aasted, B Dominguez, J Trebichavsky, I Novikov, B Valpotic, I Nielsen, J Arn, S Sachs, DH Lunney, JK Boyd, P Walker, J Lee, R Davis, WC Barbosa, IR Saalmuller, A TI Report on the analyses of mAb reactive with porcine CD8 for the second international swine CD workshop SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Workshop on Swine Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens CY JUL 16, 1995 CL DAVIS, CALIFORNIA SP Int Union Immunol Soc, Vet Immunol Comm DE porcine CD8; peripheral blood lymphocytes; two-color cytofluorometry ID CYTOLYTIC T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; FUNCTIONAL-CHARACTERIZATION; CELL ACTIVATION; EXPRESSION; DIFFERENTIATION; BLOOD; SUBPOPULATIONS; ANTIGENS; ISOFORMS AB Based on an analysis of their reactivity with porcine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), only three of the 57 mAbs assigned to the T cell/activation marker group were grouped into cluster T9 along with the two wCD8 workshop standard mAbs 76-2-11 (CD8a) and 11/295/33 (CD8b). Their placement was verified through the use of two-color cytofluorometry which established that all three mAbs (STH101, #090; UCP1H12-2, #139; and PG164A, #051) bind exclusively to CD8(+) cells. Moreover, like the CD8 standard mAbs, these three mAbs reacted with two proteins with a MW of 33 and 35 kDa from lymphocyte lysates and were, thus, given the wCD8 designation. Because the mAb STH101 inhibited the binding of mAb 76-2-11 but not of 11/295/33, it was given the wCD8a designation. The reactivity of the other two new mAbs in the T9 cluster with the various subsets of CD8(+) lymphocytes were distinct from that of the other members in this cluster including the standards. Although the characteristic porcine CD8 staining pattern consisting of CD8(low) and CD8(high) cells was obtained with the mAb UCP1H12-2: a hider gap between the fluorescence intensity of the CD8(low) and CD8(high) lymphocytes was observed. In contrast, the mAb PG164A, not only exclusively reacted with CD4(-)/CD8(high) lymphocytes, but it also failed to recognize CD4/CD8 double positive lymphocytes. It was concluded that this mAb is specific for a previously unrecognized CD8 epitope, and was, thus, given the wCD8c designation. A very similar reactivity pattern to that of PG164A was observed for two other mAbs (STH106, #094; and SwNL554.1, #009). Although these two mAbs were not originally positioned in the T cell subgroup because of their reactivity and their ability to inhibit the binding of PC164A, they were given the wCD8c designation. Overall, five new wCD8 mAbs were identified. Although the molecular basis for the differences in PBL recognition by these mAbs is not yet understood, they will be important in defining the role of CD8(+) lymphocyte subsets in health and disease. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Indiana Univ, Dept Surg & Microbiol Immunol, Indianapolis, IN 46204 USA. Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. INIA, Dept Sanidad Anim, Madrid, Spain. Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Microbiol, Prague, Czech Republic. All Russian Res Inst Vet Virol & Microbiol, Vlasimizskaya, Russia. Univ Zagreb, Fac Vet, Dept Biol, Zagreb 41000, Croatia. State Vet Inst Virus Res, Kalvehave, Denmark. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Transplantat Biol Res Ctr, Charlestown, MA USA. USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Melbourne, Ctr Anim Biotechnol, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia. Washington State Univ, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Fed Res Ctr Virus Dis Anim, D-7400 Tubingen, Germany. RP Zuckermann, FA (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Vet Pathobiol, 2001 So Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RI Dominguez, Javier/I-1210-2015 NR 24 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD JAN 30 PY 1998 VL 60 IS 3-4 BP 291 EP 303 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(97)00106-2 PG 13 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA ZL333 UT WOS:000073422400010 PM 9589568 ER PT J AU Zuckermann, FA Peavey, C Schnitzlein, WM Schabacker, D Husmann, RJ Yang, HZ Saalmuller, A Lunney, JK AF Zuckermann, FA Peavey, C Schnitzlein, WM Schabacker, D Husmann, RJ Yang, HZ Saalmuller, A Lunney, JK TI Definition of the specificity of monoclonal antibodies against porcine CD45 and CD45R: report from the CD45/CD45R and CD44 subgroup of the Second International Swine CD Workshop SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Workshop on Swine Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens CY JUL 16, 1995 CL DAVIS, CALIFORNIA SP Int Union Immunol Soc, Vet Immunol Comm DE monoclonal antibodies; swine cell binding analyses; swine lymphoid cell; CD45 ID LEUKOCYTE-COMMON ANTIGEN; T-CELL POPULATIONS; EXPRESSION; ISOFORMS; DIFFERENTIATION; LYMPHOCYTES; ACTIVATION; FAMILY; LCA AB Swine cell binding analyses of a set of 48 monoclonal antibodies (II Abs), including eleven standards, assigned to the CD44 and CD45 subset group of the Second International Swine CD Workshop yielded 13 clusters. Although none of these corresponded to CD44, seven mAbs formed a cluster which was identified as being specific for restricted epitopes of CD45 (CD45R). In addition, a T-cell subset specific cluster comprised of four mAbs was also identified. Two mAbs (STH106 and SwNL 554.1) reacted exclusively with CDS bright lymphocytes, the other two (2B11 and F01G9) with a subset of CD4 lymphocytes. The other 10 clusters were either specific for MHC-class I like molecules or overlapped with clusters identified by the adhesion molecule subgroup and are therefore just briefly discussed in this report. The specificity of all the mAbs in the CD45R cluster was verified by their ability to immunoprecipitate distinct proteins and to react with CHO cells expressing individual isoforms of CD45. Three CD45R mAbs (3a56,MILS, -a2) did react with a 210 kDa isoform(s), while another three (STH267, FG2F9, 6E3/7) only recognized a 226 kDa isoform(s). The remaining one (MAC326) precipitated both a 210 and 226 kDa protein. The specificity of all the mAbs in the CD45R cluster, and of the CD45 common mAbs, was confirmed by their reactivity with CHO cells transfected with cDNAs encoding the extracellular and transmembrane portions of distinct CD45R isoforms. Those mAbs recognizing a 210 kDa protein reacted with CHO cells expressing the CD45RC isoform, while those capable of precipitating a 226 kDa, but not the 210 kDa, polypeptide recognized CHO cells expressing either the CD45RAC and the relatively rare CD45RA isoform. MAC326 was unique in its inability to react with CHO cells engineered to produce the CD45RC and CD45RAC isoforms. Thus, three mAbs (6E3/7, STH267, and FG2F9) appear to be specific for an epitope(s) encoded by the A exon, while one (MAC326) recognizes a determinant encoded by the C exon. The remaining three mAbs (3a56, -a2, MIL5) are apparently specific for an epitope(s) which results from the fusion of the C exon to the invariant leader sequence and is destroyed by inclusion of the A exon. All three CD45 common mAbs, K252.1E4, MAC323 and 74.9.3. did react with the CHO cells lines expressing either the CD45RA: CD45RC, CD45RAC or CD45RO isoforms, but not with untransfected CHO cells. When the natural expression of CD45 isoforms was examined by reacting lymphocytes with CD;I SR mAbs, a high level expression of isoforms containing the A axon-generated domain was detected in all B cells while the majority of CD4(+) T cells had undetectable or lower expression density of this protein than B cells. In contrast, the density of expression of the CD45 isoform(s) containing the C exon-generated domain ranged from undetectable to high in CD4(+) T cells whereas the amounts were approximately ten-fold lower in B cells. Overall this panel of CD45 mAbs will be very useful in analyzing the maturation and differentiation of swine lymphoid cells subsets. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. AFRC, Inst Anim Hlth, Pirbright Lab, Woking GU24 0NF, Surrey, England. Fed Res Ctr Virus Dis Anim, D-7400 Tubingen, Germany. USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Zuckermann, FA (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Vet Pathobiol, 2001 S Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM fazaaa@uiuc.edu NR 27 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD JAN 30 PY 1998 VL 60 IS 3-4 BP 367 EP 387 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(97)00112-8 PG 21 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA ZL333 UT WOS:000073422400016 PM 9589574 ER PT J AU Smith, BI Donovan, GA Risco, CA Young, CR Stanker, LH AF Smith, BI Donovan, GA Risco, CA Young, CR Stanker, LH TI Serum haptoglobin concentrations in Holstein dairy cattle with toxic puerperal metritis SO VETERINARY RECORD LA English DT Article ID ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE; FEEDLOT CATTLE; BOVINE; INTERLEUKIN-6; COW AB The serum concentration of haptoglobin was measured in 51 cows with toxic puerperal metritis;which were being treated with one of three different antimicrobial regimens. The mean concentration of haptoglobin was 19.0 mg/dl on the day that the treatments began and declined steadily during the five day treatment period to a mean concentration of 7.35 mg/dl, There was no correlation between the serum haptoglobin concentrations and the rectal temperatures of the cows during the five days. C1 Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Rural Anim Med Serv, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Smith, BI (reprint author), Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Rural Anim Med Serv, POB 100136, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. NR 18 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 3 PU BRITISH VETERINARY ASSOC PI LONDON PA 7 MANSFIELD ST, LONDON, ENGLAND W1M 0AT SN 0042-4900 J9 VET REC JI Vet. Rec. PD JAN 24 PY 1998 VL 142 IS 4 BP 83 EP 85 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA YW598 UT WOS:000071952400009 PM 9491528 ER PT J AU Slusser, J Liu, X Stamnes, K Shaw, G Smith, R Storvold, R Murcray, F Lee, A Good, P AF Slusser, J Liu, X Stamnes, K Shaw, G Smith, R Storvold, R Murcray, F Lee, A Good, P TI High-latitude stratospheric NO2 and HNO3 over Fairbanks (65 degrees N) 1992-1994 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID NITRIC-ACID; NITROGEN-DIOXIDE; OZONE; COLUMN; AEROSOLS; ANTARCTICA; MCMURDO; MODEL; VARIABILITY; CHEMISTRY AB Column measurements of NO2 and HNO3 were made over Fairbanks, Alaska, between August 1992 and April 1994. The seasonal minimum of the NO2 column occurs in late December, while the minimum of the HNO3 column is in early August. The high HNO3 column amounts observed in February as opposed to the lower winter value predicted by gas phase two-dimensional models suggest that the storage reservoir species N2O5 does not accumulate during the winter. Instead, it appears to be converted to HNO3 on sulfate aerosols. Three-dimensional model calculations which include the heterogeneous reaction of N2O5 with aerosols simulate the anticorrelation relationship between NO2 and HNO3 well for the summer and predict the magnitude of the NO2 maximum but overestimate the HNO3 minimum. C1 Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, USDA UVB Program Off, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England. Univ Denver, Dept Phys, Denver, CO 80210 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Slusser, J (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, USDA UVB Program Off, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM sluss@nrel.colostate.edu; xliu@du.edu; knut@gi.alaska.gi; shaw@gi.alaska.gi; rune@gi.alaska.gi; fmurcray@du.edu; adrian@atm.ch.cam.ac.uk; good@atm.ch.cam.ac.uk NR 40 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 20 PY 1998 VL 103 IS D1 BP 1549 EP 1554 DI 10.1029/97JD02968 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YR851 UT WOS:000071537300015 ER PT J AU Liu, FPP Rials, TG Simonsen, J AF Liu, FPP Rials, TG Simonsen, J TI Relationship of wood surface energy to surface composition SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID INVERSE GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; FIBERS; SPECTROSCOPY; ADSORPTION; CELLULOSE; COVERAGE; DYNAMICS; POLYMERS; ALKANES; PULPS AB The wood cell wall is composed of cellulose, lignin, hemicelluloses, and extractives. Thus, the surface energy of the wood material must be some combination of the surface energies of these components. The influence of extractives on wood surface chemistry can be important in diverse industrial applications, such as coating, pulping, and wood-based composites. In this study, pine wood meal was subjected to heating, washing with toluene, and extraction with acetone/water, dichloromethane, and ethanol/benzene. The surface properties and composition were then determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and inverse gas chromatography (IGC). The dispersive component of the surface free energy, the enthalpy, the entropy, and the acid/base interactions were calculated from IGC measurements and compared to the surface composition as revealed by XPS. Heating and washing with toluene altered surface properties only slightly. Extraction of wood meals with acetone/water, dichloromethane, and ethanol/benzene appeared to partially and selectively remove most extractives from the wood, resulting in an increased dispersive component of the surface energy, increased acidity, and increased basicity. The surface energy appeared to be related to the distribution of surface oxygen-containing functional groups. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Prod, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. RP Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Prod, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 30 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 2 U2 28 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD JAN 20 PY 1998 VL 14 IS 2 BP 536 EP 541 DI 10.1021/la970573y PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA YU006 UT WOS:000071670400042 ER PT J AU Subbarao, K Klimov, A Katz, J Regnery, H Lim, W Hall, H Perdue, M Swayne, D Bender, C Huang, J Hemphill, M Rowe, T Shaw, M Xu, XY Fukuda, K Cox, N AF Subbarao, K Klimov, A Katz, J Regnery, H Lim, W Hall, H Perdue, M Swayne, D Bender, C Huang, J Hemphill, M Rowe, T Shaw, M Xu, XY Fukuda, K Cox, N TI Characterization of an avian influenza A (H5N1) virus isolated from a child with a fatal respiratory illness SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID A VIRUSES; HEMAGGLUTININ; CONJUNCTIVITIS; PATHOGENICITY; NEURAMINIDASE; CHICKENS; GENE AB An avian H5N1 influenza A virus (A/Hong Kong/156/97) was isolated from a tracheal aspirate obtained from a 3-year-old child in Hong Kong with a fatal illness consistent with influenza. Serologic analysis indicated the presence of an H5 hemagglutinin. All eight RNA segments were derived from an avian influenza A virus. The hemagglutinin contained multiple basic amino acids adjacent to the cleavage site, a feature characteristic of highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses. The virus caused 87.5 to 100 percent mortality in experimentally inoculated White Plymouth Rock and White Leghorn chickens. These results may have implications for global influenza surveillance and planning for pandemic influenza. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Queen Mary Hosp, Govt Virus Unit, Hong Kong, Hong Kong. ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, USDA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Subbarao, K (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 21 TC 932 Z9 1072 U1 18 U2 187 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JAN 16 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 5349 BP 393 EP 396 DI 10.1126/science.279.5349.393 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA YT158 UT WOS:000071570800049 PM 9430591 ER PT J AU Kreutz, LC Johnson, RP Seal, BS AF Kreutz, LC Johnson, RP Seal, BS TI Phenotypic and genotypic variation of feline calicivirus during persistent infection of cats SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE positive-sense RNA virus; viral antigenic diversity; serum-virus neutralization; nucleic acid amplification ID CAPSID PROTEIN GENE; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; CARRIER-STATE; NEUTRALIZATION; VIRUS; IDENTIFICATION; EXPRESSION; SITES AB Amino acid sequence of the capsid protein hypervariable region of nine feline calicivirus (FCV) isolates recovered from cats persistently infected after inoculation with the FCV strain 255 parent virus is reported. Capsid proteins from all the isolates were highly cross reactive by Western blot analysis using polyclonal antisera to FCV. Reverse-transcription PCR was used to obtain sequence information of the FCV capsid protein highly variable E region. Amino acid substitutions occurred between residues 426 and 458 of the FCV capsid protein E region. The sequence data and phylogenetic reconstructions based on the sequence information correlated well with antigenic differences among isolates determined by two-way cross neutralization. These results agree with previous reports using divergent isolates of FCV that correlated amino acid differences with serology. This further supports the hypothesis that the FCV capsid protein E region from residues 426 to 458 contains the serotypic determinants of FCV important to antigenic variation. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Virol Swine Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Hlth Canada, Hlth Anim Lab, Guelph, ON N1G 3W4, Canada. RP Seal, BS (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RI Kreutz, Luiz Carlos/A-3729-2015 OI Kreutz, Luiz Carlos/0000-0002-7685-7401 NR 49 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD JAN 16 PY 1998 VL 59 IS 2-3 BP 229 EP 236 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(97)00158-2 PG 8 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA ZA334 UT WOS:000072353100013 PM 9549862 ER PT J AU Koszewski, NJ Reinhardt, TA Langub, MC Malluche, HH Horst, RL AF Koszewski, NJ Reinhardt, TA Langub, MC Malluche, HH Horst, RL TI Selectivity of a C-terminal peptide antiserum for different DNA-binding states of the vitamin D receptor SO ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE vitamin D; vitamin D receptor; antiserum ID RETINOID-X-RECEPTOR; D-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT; 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D-3 RECEPTOR; HUMAN OSTEOCALCIN GENE; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL DETECTION; TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION; INTESTINAL RECEPTOR; RAT; ACID AB Antisera against peptides from the extreme N- and C-terminal regions of the VDR were evaluated, The N-terminal antiserum Ab192 functioned as a general-purpose antibody, being able to supershift the rhVDR in heterodimeric or homodimeric binding complexes in the ERISA, and detect both recombinant and native forms of the receptor on Western blots, The C-terminal antiserum, Ab195, also identified the receptor on Western blots, but in contrast, it displayed differential sensitivity to the conditions employed in the EMSA. In the presence of 1,25(OH)(2)D-3, rhVDR, rhRXR alpha, and nonspecific DNA, Ab195 produced a weak supershift of the heterodimer complex in the EMSA, Significantly, omission of hormone from the binding buffer resulted in a complete shift of the bound complex with the antiserum. A complete supershift was also observed if only the nonspecific DNA was removed, Together these results indicate antiserum sensitivity to the ligand status in the rhVDR C-terminus as pare of a DNA-bound heterodimer complex, Inclusion of 9-cis RA resulted in a modest increase in the amount of shifted product relative to 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 alone, Finally, Ab195 completely supershifted the rhVDR homodimer binding complex under all tested conditions, including those analogous to where it was largely ineffective in shifting the heterodimer, Thus, Ab195 is sensitive to the ligand binding status of the VDR, discriminates heterodimer and homodimer binding interactions, and should provide an additional tool for exploring conformational changes induced in the receptor. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Univ Kentucky, Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Div Nephrol Bone & Mineral Metab, Lexington, KY 40536 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Metab Dis & Immunol Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Univ Kentucky, Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Div Nephrol Bone & Mineral Metab, Room MN562,800 Rose St, Lexington, KY 40536 USA. RI Reinhardt, Timothy/A-7536-2009 OI Reinhardt, Timothy/0000-0001-5552-2509 FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK47883] NR 41 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0003-9861 EI 1096-0384 J9 ARCH BIOCHEM BIOPHYS JI Arch. Biochem. Biophys. PD JAN 15 PY 1998 VL 349 IS 2 BP 388 EP 396 DI 10.1006/abbi.1997.0481 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA YT028 UT WOS:000071556800024 PM 9448730 ER PT J AU Bennett, SJ Bridge, JS Best, JL AF Bennett, SJ Bridge, JS Best, JL TI Fluid and sediment dynamics of upper stage plane beds SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Review ID TURBULENT BOUNDARY-LAYER; LASER-DOPPLER ANEMOMETER; SUSPENDED-SEDIMENT; OPEN-CHANNEL; LADEN FLOWS; VELOCITY PROFILES; BEDLOAD TRANSPORT; PARTICLE BEHAVIOR; SOLID PARTICLES; LOAD TRANSPORT AB To understand more fully the fluid and sediment dynamics of upper stage plane beds, laboratory experiments were conducted using mobile and fixed beds where turbulent motions of fluid and sediment were measured using laser anemometry. Bed-elevation fluctuations on mobile upper stage plane beds reveal millimeter-high bed waves. Vertical profiles of flow velocity, mixing length, and eddy viscosity (diffusivity) are represented well by the law of the wall. For the mobile bed, von Karman's kappa approximate to 0.33 and equivalent sand roughness to mean bed-grain size varies from 9 to 17 because of the presence of bed load and low-relief bed waves. For fixed beds with no sediment transport, kappa approximate to 0.41 and equivalent sand roughness is equal to the mean bed-grain size. The decrease in kappa for mobile beds is related to the relative motion of grains and fluid. Mobile-bed turbulence intensities are greater than those for sediment-free fixed beds because of enhanced wake formation from the 1ee side of near-bed grains and low-relief bed waves. Sediment diffusivities epsilon(s) calculated in a similar way to fluid diffusivities epsilon indicate that epsilon(s) approximate to epsilon. Sediment diffusivities calculated using the equilibrium balance between upward diffusion and downward settling of sediment are similar to epsilon in near-bed regions (y/d < 0.3) but are larger than epsilon higher in the flow, suggesting that suspended-sediment concentration higher in the flow is not closely related to mean fluid turbulence. Sediment diffusivities calculated for high-magnitude ejection events are comparable to those calculated using the diffusion-settling balance for y/d > 0.3, suggesting that larger, more energetic turbulent eddies are responsible for sediment suspension higher in the flow. C1 Univ Leeds, Dept Earth Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. SUNY Binghamton, Dept Geol Sci, Binghamton, NY 13902 USA. RP ARS, USDA, Natl Sedimentat Lab, POB 1157, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. EM bennett@sedlab.olemiss.edu; jbridge@binghamton.edu; J.Best@earth.leeds.ac.uk NR 121 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD JAN 15 PY 1998 VL 103 IS C1 BP 1239 EP 1274 DI 10.1029/97JC02764 PG 36 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA YQ713 UT WOS:000071415800016 ER PT J AU Garris, G AF Garris, G TI Veterinarian averts screwworm outbreak SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT News Item C1 USDA, APHIS, Natl Ctr Import & Export, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Garris, G (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, Natl Ctr Import & Export, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 15 PY 1998 VL 212 IS 2 BP 159 EP 159 PG 1 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA YR329 UT WOS:000071484500001 PM 9448814 ER PT J AU James, W AF James, W TI Poultry farm study probes sources of Campylobacter SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT News Item C1 Food Safety & Inspect Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP James, W (reprint author), Food Safety & Inspect Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 15 PY 1998 VL 212 IS 2 BP 164 EP 164 PG 1 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA YR329 UT WOS:000071484500008 PM 9448816 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP AF Dubey, JP TI Refinement of pepsin digestion method for isolation of Toxoplasma gondii from infected tissues SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Toxoplasma gondii; tissue cysts; digestion; pepsin; neutralization; sodium bicarbonate AB Modification of the acid pepsin digestion procedure to isolate Toxoplasma gondii from animal muscular tissues is described. Muscles were incubated for 60 min instead of 90 min and acid was neutralized with 1.2% (w/v) sodium bicarbonate instead by repeated washings and centrifugations. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Bldg 1040,Rm 103, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 5 TC 162 Z9 174 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD JAN 15 PY 1998 VL 74 IS 1 BP 75 EP 77 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(97)00135-0 PG 3 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA YU466 UT WOS:000071720700007 PM 9493311 ER PT J AU Murthy, NS Akkapeddi, MK Orts, WJ AF Murthy, NS Akkapeddi, MK Orts, WJ TI Analysis of lamellar structure in semicrystalline polymers by studying the absorption of water and ethylene glycol in nylons using small-angle neutron scattering SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID X-RAY-SCATTERING; AMORPHOUS PHASE; POLY(ETHYLENE-TEREPHTHALATE); RELAXATIONS; HYDRATION; FIBERS; STARCH AB Preferential diffusion of deuterated solvents into the amorphous regions of a semicrystalline polymer enhances the contrast between the crystalline and amorphous regions measurable by small-angle neutron scattering. This scattering in nylons from the diffusion of D2O and deuterated ethylene glycol (d-EG) is analyzed by identifying the distinct contribution to scattering From the two amorphous regions, one in the interlamellar spaces and the other outside the lamellar stacks. The central diffuse scattering (I-d) is the non-Bragg, liquidlike, or independent scattering, and is attributed to the solvents (D2O/d-EG) in the amorphous domains outside the lamellar stacks. The lamellar scattering (I-l) is the interference peak from the lamellae in the stacks and is used to evaluate the distance between the lamellae, the thickness of the interlamellar spaces, and the coherence length of the lamellar stacks. The invariant calculations show that 70%-80% of the lamellar stack is crystalline. About one-third of the amorphous material in a highly crystalline nylon is in the interlamellar space, and two-thirds is outside the lamellar stacks. The thickness of the interlamellar amorphous regions into which solvent molecules diffuse varies from 10 to 60 Angstrom depending on the thermal history and is a major contributor to the observed increase in lamellae spacing. Structural changes in nylon 6 immersed in water are accelerated at 125 degrees C, and this temperature could be the hydrated-equivalent of the Brill transition observed at 160 degrees C in dry nylon 6. Water or EG diffuses into the fold surfaces of nylon lamellae at elevated temperatures, and subsequent structural changes are accompanied by hydrolysis of the nylon chains. EG being a stronger solvent reduces the lamellar thickness at elevated temperatures. C1 Allied Signal Inc, Engn Mat Ector Res Labs, Morristown, NJ 07962 USA. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, CPU, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Murthy, NS (reprint author), Allied Signal Inc, Engn Mat Ector Res Labs, Morristown, NJ 07962 USA. NR 32 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 4 U2 21 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD JAN 13 PY 1998 VL 31 IS 1 BP 142 EP 152 DI 10.1021/ma9707603 PG 11 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA YT025 UT WOS:000071556500019 ER PT J AU Schikora, B Lu, ZQ Kutish, GF Rock, D Magyar, G Letchworth, GJ AF Schikora, B Lu, ZQ Kutish, GF Rock, D Magyar, G Letchworth, GJ TI The bovine herpesvirus type 1 U-L 3.5 open reading frame encodes a virion structural protein SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID COMPLETE DNA-SEQUENCE; TRANSCRIPTIONAL ANALYSIS; GENE-CLUSTER; RHINOTRACHEITIS VIRUS; IDENTIFICATION; ANTIBODY; MEMBRANE; CLEAVAGE; UL1; MICROTUBULES AB The bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) open reading frame (ORF) U(L)3.5 is similar to ORFs found in pseudorabies virus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, equine herpesvirus type 1, and varicella zoster virus, but clearly absent from herpes simplex virus. The published sequence for this ORF predicts a 126-amino-acid (13.2 kDa) protein product with an isoelectric point of 12.3. We confirmed the U(L)3.5 sequence, expressed the ORF as a glutathione-S-transferase fusion protein, and made rabbit antibodies against the purified fusion protein. The antiserum detected a 13-kDa protein in Western blots of MDBK cells infected with BHV-1, but not with other herpesviruses or uninfected cells. The BHV-1 U(L)3.5 protein was characterized as a component of the virion envelope or tegument because it was expressed as a late protein, it was present in the cytoplasm but not the nucleus of infected cells, and it was removed from purified virions by detergent extraction. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Anim Hlth & Biomed Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Letchworth, GJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Anim Hlth & Biomed Sci, 1655 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 34 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD JAN 5 PY 1998 VL 240 IS 1 BP 76 EP 82 DI 10.1006/viro.1997.8918 PG 7 WC Virology SC Virology GA YR928 UT WOS:000071545900008 PM 9448691 ER PT J AU Hu, XP Shasha, BS McGuire, MR Prokopy, RJ AF Hu, XP Shasha, BS McGuire, MR Prokopy, RJ TI Controlled release of sugar and toxicant from a novel device for controlling pest insects SO JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE LA English DT Article DE controlled release; sugar; insecticide; biodegradable device; pest insect control ID APPLE MAGGOT FLIES; PESTICIDE-TREATED SPHERES; POMONELLA WALSH DIPT; BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; RED SPHERES; TEPHRITIDAE; STARCH AB A novel biodegradable device, designed for long-lasting residual effectiveness of feeding stimulant (sugar) and insecticide (dimethoate) against apple maggot flies and other insects, was formulated. The device is an 8-cm diameter fruit-mimicking sphere, consisting of 42-50% sugar entrapped in a mixture of gelatinized corn flour and wheat flour in the presence of glycerin, and coated with a layer of latex paint containing dimethoate and sugar. We found that the outer layer of paint prevents cracking of the sphere upon drying and creates a barrier to control the release of both sugar and dimethoate. Releases of each ingredient were screened first by chemical analysis and then by bioassays in the laboratory and in field cages against apple maggot flies. Chemical analysis demonstrated strong potential for controlled release of water-soluble feeding stimulant and water-insoluble insecticide measured as a function of the amount of rainfall and duration of exposure time. Field results showed greater than 70% insecticidal activity after 11 weeks of sphere exposure in an orchard. This device has the potential to be used for a variety of insect-control applications through manipulating its shape, color and texture into forms known to be attractive to target insects, and by employing various toxicants designed to be effective against such insects. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Entomol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Hu, XP (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Entomol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 26 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 3 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-3659 J9 J CONTROL RELEASE JI J. Control. Release PD JAN 2 PY 1998 VL 50 IS 1-3 BP 257 EP 265 DI 10.1016/S0168-3659(97)00144-2 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Chemistry; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA YU373 UT WOS:000071710600026 PM 9685892 ER PT B AU Kelley, DS Taylor, PC Nelson, GJ Schmidt, PC Ferretti, A Erickson, KL Mackey, BE AF Kelley, DS Taylor, PC Nelson, GJ Schmidt, PC Ferretti, A Erickson, KL Mackey, BE BE Talwar, GP Nath, I Ganguly, NK Rao, KVS TI Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) feeding to healthy men inhibits select immune functions and eicosanoid synthesis SO 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON IMMUNOLOGY, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Congress of Immunology CY NOV 01-06, 1998 CL NEW DELHI, INDIA AB We examined the effects of dietary DHA on the fatty acid composition, eicosanoid production, and indices of immune status in a study conducted at the Metabolic Unit of WHNRC. Four men (control group) were fed the basal diet for 120 d. Seven other men were fed the basal diet for the first 30 d, followed by the addition of 6 g DHA/d to their diet for the next 90 d, DHA feeding increased its concentration from 2.3 to 7.4 % in the total lipids extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC), and decreased arachidonic acid concentration from 19.8 to 10.7 %. It also caused a 40-60 % reduction in the in vitro secretion of PGE2, LTB4, IL1 beta and TNF alpha by the PBMNC stimulated with LPS. The number of circulating neutrophils and NK cell activity were also significantly reduced by DHA feeding, while T and B cell numbers/functions were not altered. Our results show that neutrophils, monocytes and NK cells are more responsive to DHA feeding than T and B cells, and immune-inhibitory effects of DHA are not mediated through increased PGE2 or LTB4 production. C1 USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. RP Kelley, DS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, POB 29997, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MEDIMOND S R L PI 40128 BOLOGNA PA VIA MASERATI 5, 40128 BOLOGNA, 00000, ITALY BN 88-323-1101-1 PY 1998 BP 701 EP 706 PG 6 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA BM18S UT WOS:000077938500118 ER PT S AU Nemchinov, L Hadidi, A Faggioli, F AF Nemchinov, L Hadidi, A Faggioli, F BE Hadidi, A TI PCR-detection of apple stem pitting virus from pome fruit hosts and sequence variability among viral isolates SO 17TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VIRUS AND VIRUS-LIKE DISEASES OF TEMPERATE FRUIT CROPS: FRUIT TREE DISEASES, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Symposium on Virus and Virus-Like Diseases of Temperate Fruit Crops CY JUN 23-27, 1997 CL BETHESDA, MD SP Int Soc Hort Sci, USDA, Agdia Inc, Bioreba Ag, Friends Agr Res Ctr-Beltsville (FAR-B), Nippon Del Monte Corp, Perkin Elmer/Appl Biosyst, USDA Agr Res Serv, USDA Animal & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, US Dept Hlth, NIH DE apple stem pitting virus; quarantine; nucleic acid extraction; polymerase chain reaction; immunocapture ID CDNA AMPLIFICATION; RNA AB A relatively simple and rapid PCR assay has been developed for the detection of apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) from apples and its pear strain known as pear vein yellows virus (PVYV), from pears. The assay allows accurate diagnosis of ASPV and PVYV from leaf, bark and bud tissues of stem pitting or pear vein yellows diseased apple and pear trees, respectively. Nucleotide sequences of the cloned PCR products, derived from different ASPV isolates, have been obtained and analyzed; inserts were used to generate ASPV-and PVYV-specific DIG-labeled cRNA probes. Sequencing and hybridization analyses revealed a potentially high level of molecular variability among the isolates of the virus. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Nemchinov, L (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-960-5 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 1998 IS 472 BP 67 EP 73 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BM27L UT WOS:000078240700005 ER PT S AU Damsteegt, VD Stone, AL Waterworth, HE Mink, GI Howell, WE Levy, L AF Damsteegt, VD Stone, AL Waterworth, HE Mink, GI Howell, WE Levy, L BE Hadidi, A TI The versatility of Prunus tomentosa as a bioindicator of viruses SO 17TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VIRUS AND VIRUS-LIKE DISEASES OF TEMPERATE FRUIT CROPS: FRUIT TREE DISEASES, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Symposium on Virus and Virus-Like Diseases of Temperate Fruit Crops CY JUN 23-27, 1997 CL BETHESDA, MD SP Int Soc Hort Sci, USDA, Agdia Inc, Bioreba Ag, Friends Agr Res Ctr-Beltsville (FAR-B), Nippon Del Monte Corp, Perkin Elmer/Appl Biosyst, USDA Agr Res Serv, USDA Animal & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, US Dept Hlth, NIH AB A repository of graft-transmissible fruit tree virus or virus-like disorders has been established in quarantine containment at the Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit (FDWSRU) in Frederick, MD for the purpose of developing diagnostic detection methodology for each disorder. Isolates from France, Great Britain, Hungary, New Zealand, Turkey, Presser, WA and Glenn Dale, MD, USA were incorporated into the repository. Budwood of each disorder was grafted into eleven different woody indicators. Most of the indicators under evaluation failed to exhibit any symptoms of any isolate, however, descriptive and/or diagnostic symptoms developed in P. tomentosa (hybrid selection IR473 X IR474) for many disorders not found in the US, including all forms of plum pox (PP), apple chlorotic leaf spot/plum bark split (ACLS/PBS), apricot stone pitting (ASP), cherry Amasya disease (AV), cherry raspleaf-Hungary (CHRL), cherry rusty mottle - European (ERM), false cherry mottle leaf (FCML), Myrobalan latent ringspot (MLRS), and plum mottle leaf(PM). El tomentosa also exhibited symptoms of several viral diseases found in the US including apricot ring pox (ARP), cherry mottle leaf(CML), cherry necrotic rusty mottle (CNRM), cherry rusty mottle (CRM), cherry twisted leaf (CTL), little cherry (LC), American plum line pattern (PLP), prunus necrotic ringspot (PNRS), prune dwarf (PD), and sour cherry green ring mottle (GRM). P. tomentosa was shown to be useful both as a woody indicator and stock culture plant because it is easily grown and maintained under greenhouse conditions and retains symptoms after repeated severe prunings. C1 USDA ARS, Foreign Dis Weed Sci Res Unit, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. RP Damsteegt, VD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Foreign Dis Weed Sci Res Unit, 1301 Ditto Ave, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. EM damsteegt@ncifcrf.gov; pgqohw@ars-grin.gov; gmink@beta.tricity.wsu.edu; bhowell@tricity.wsu.edu; llevy@aphis.usda.gov NR 7 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-960-5 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 1998 IS 472 BP 143 EP 146 PG 4 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BM27L UT WOS:000078240700014 ER PT S AU Nemchinov, L Hadidi, A AF Nemchinov, L Hadidi, A BE Hadidi, A TI Apricot latent virus: A novel stone fruit pathogen and its relationship to apple stem pitting virus SO 17TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VIRUS AND VIRUS-LIKE DISEASES OF TEMPERATE FRUIT CROPS: FRUIT TREE DISEASES, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Symposium on Virus and Virus-Like Diseases of Temperate Fruit Crops CY JUN 23-27, 1997 CL BETHESDA, MD SP Int Soc Hort Sci, USDA, Agdia Inc, Bioreba Ag, Friends Agr Res Ctr-Beltsville (FAR-B), Nippon Del Monte Corp, Perkin Elmer/Appl Biosyst, USDA Agr Res Serv, USDA Animal & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, US Dept Hlth, NIH DE fruit tree viruses; apricot latent virus; molecular diagnosis ID PLUM-POX-VIRUS; YELLOWS AB Apricot latent virus (ALV) has been recently identified in Moldova from symptomless apricot plants and has been shown to produce yellow-green spots on leaves of infected peach seedlings. Molecular hybridization experiments using cRNA probe of apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) with tissue extracts from ALV-infected peach seedlings revealed that the genome of ALV contains nucleotide sequences related to that of ASPV. Western blot analysis indicated that ALV reacted with polyclonal antiserum against ASPV; however, the viral coat protein was different in size than that of ASPV. Subsequent extraction of double stranded RNA from ALV-infected peach leaves, followed by molecular cloning of synthesized cDNA and its sequencing, demonstrated that ALV is a novel virus, whose coat protein coding region contains ASPV-related sequence. The sequenced fragment (1444 nt) includes the putative coat protein gene and the 3' non-translated region of ALV. Its 5' portion (1-651 nt) is highly distinct but the 3' half is 77% identical to the corresponding region of ASPV. Based on the sequencing data obtained we have designed ALV-specific PCR-primers and developed a viral-specific cRNA probe; these diagnostic tools may be useful for virus detection in stone fruits and for the study of its epidemiology and geographical distribution. The sequence of ALV coat protein gene has been deposited at GenBank on April 1, 1998, as accession number AF057035. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Nemchinov, L (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 13 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-960-5 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 1998 IS 472 BP 159 EP 173 PG 15 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BM27L UT WOS:000078240700017 ER PT S AU Heuss, K Liu, Q Hammerschlag, FA Hammond, RW AF Heuss, K Liu, Q Hammerschlag, FA Hammond, RW BE Hadidi, A TI Transmission of prunus necrotic ringspot virus to three peach cultivars as measured by RNA hybridization following in vitro micrografting SO 17TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VIRUS AND VIRUS-LIKE DISEASES OF TEMPERATE FRUIT CROPS: FRUIT TREE DISEASES, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Symposium on Virus and Virus-Like Diseases of Temperate Fruit Crops CY JUN 23-27, 1997 CL BETHESDA, MD SP Int Soc Hort Sci, USDA, Agdia Inc, Bioreba Ag, Friends Agr Res Ctr-Beltsville (FAR-B), Nippon Del Monte Corp, Perkin Elmer/Appl Biosyst, USDA Agr Res Serv, USDA Animal & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, US Dept Hlth, NIH DE PNRSV; Prunus persica ID RESISTANCE; INFECTION; ORCHARDS; CHERRY; CALLUS; PROBE; TREES AB As part of our program to develop transgenic peach cultivars with improved disease resistance, we showed that grafting of in vitro cultured 'Suncrest' peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] tips onto decapitated stems of prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) -infected 'Suncrest' shoot cultures, resulted in consistent transfer of virus across grafts as demonstrated by RNA hybridization analysis, suggesting that such a system could be useful for measuring resistance to PNRSV in peach shoot cultures (Heuss-LaRosa et al., 1995). We have extended those studies to include grafts of 'Springcrest' and 'Nemaguard' test tips onto 'Suncrest' stocks. RNA hybridization analysis showed that PNRSV persists in shoot cultures for 18 months after initiation from PNRSV-infected 'Suncrest' trees and after 16 weeks of treatment at 4 degrees C in the dark, suggesting that a supply of infected shoot cultures could be maintained for repeated use. Graft success for grafts of 'Springcrest' onto 'Suncrest' and 'Nemaguard' onto 'Suncrest' equalled or exceeded success rates for 'Suncrest" onto 'Suncrest'. Virus was transmitted from infected stocks to 'Suncrest: 'Springcrest', and 'Nemaguard' test tips by two weeks in most successful micrografts. There was no significant difference in the virus concentrations among the three scions at two, four, and six weeks after grafting, suggesting that there is equal efficacy of virus transfer through grafts from 'Suncrest' to the three cultivars, and that no differences in resistance to PNRSV exist among these cultivars. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Heuss, K (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-960-5 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 1998 IS 472 BP 211 EP 217 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BM27L UT WOS:000078240700022 ER PT S AU Hammond, RW Howell, WE Mink, GI Crosslin, JM AF Hammond, RW Howell, WE Mink, GI Crosslin, JM BE Hadidi, A TI Strain-specific polymerase chain reaction assays for discrimination of prunus necrotic ringspot virus isolates SO 17TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VIRUS AND VIRUS-LIKE DISEASES OF TEMPERATE FRUIT CROPS: FRUIT TREE DISEASES, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Symposium on Virus and Virus-Like Diseases of Temperate Fruit Crops CY JUN 23-27, 1997 CL BETHESDA, MD SP Int Soc Hort Sci, USDA, Agdia Inc, Bioreba Ag, Friends Agr Res Ctr-Beltsville (FAR-B), Nippon Del Monte Corp, Perkin Elmer/Appl Biosyst, USDA Agr Res Serv, USDA Animal & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, US Dept Hlth, NIH DE cherry; PNRSV ID WOODY-PLANTS; PCR; WASHINGTON AB Nucleotide sequence alignment of a 1.65 kb PCR product obtained from RNA3 of several biologically distinct PNRSV sweet cherry isolates revealed correlations between symptom type and the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the 3a (putative movement protein) and 3b (coat protein) open reading frames (Hammond and Crosslin, 1998). Based upon this analysis, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays have been developed that can distinguish between symptom types. The results of PCR amplification using type-specific primers that amplify a portion of the coat protein gene show that the primer-selection procedure developed for PNRSV constitutes a reliable method of viral strain discrimination in cherry. C1 USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hammond, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-960-5 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 1998 IS 472 BP 235 EP 242 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BM27L UT WOS:000078240700025 ER PT S AU Zhou, Y Civerolo, EL Melvin, JA AF Zhou, Y Civerolo, EL Melvin, JA BE Hadidi, A TI Comparative nucleotide sequences of the coat protein-encoding region of the genomes of cherry leafroll virus strains infecting walnut SO 17TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VIRUS AND VIRUS-LIKE DISEASES OF TEMPERATE FRUIT CROPS: FRUIT TREE DISEASES, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Symposium on Virus and Virus-Like Diseases of Temperate Fruit Crops CY JUN 23-27, 1997 CL BETHESDA, MD SP Int Soc Hort Sci, USDA, Agdia Inc, Bioreba Ag, Friends Agr Res Ctr-Beltsville (FAR-B), Nippon Del Monte Corp, Perkin Elmer/Appl Biosyst, USDA Agr Res Serv, USDA Animal & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, US Dept Hlth, NIH DE blackline disease; IC-RT-PCR; nepovirus AB Walnut blackline disease is caused by a strain of cherry leafroll virus, CLRV-W. In California, a number of English walnut cultivars grown on Northern California black and Paradox hybrid are susceptible to the disease caused by CLRV-W8. In order to help clarify the relationships among CLRV-W isolates around the world, the sequences of the coat protein encoding regions in the genomes of CLRV-WRS from Italy, CLRV-Wsp from Spain, and CLRV-WOx from England were determined and compared to the corresponding genomic region of CLRV-W8 from California. The coat protein-encoding regions of CLRV-WOx and CLRV-W8 share more than 99% homology. The corresponding genomic regions of CLRV-Wsp and CLRV-WRS share 96.0% and 94.7% homology with that of CLRV-W8, respectively. The only structural variation that was detected in the genomic regions of the isolates analyzed here was at the 3'-end of coat protein gene of CLRV-WRS. This structural variation in the coal protein gene of CLRV-WRS may partly contribute to the serological distinctiveness of this strain from other CLRV-W strains. C1 Agr Res Serv, USDA, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Zhou, Y (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, USDA, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-960-5 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 1998 IS 472 BP 321 EP 329 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BM27L UT WOS:000078240700038 ER PT S AU Scorza, R Callahan, AM Levy, L Damsteegt, V Ravelonandro, M AF Scorza, R Callahan, AM Levy, L Damsteegt, V Ravelonandro, M BE Hadidi, A TI Transferring potyvirus coat protein genes through hybridization of transgenic plants to produce plum pox virus resistant plums (Prunus domestica L.) SO 17TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VIRUS AND VIRUS-LIKE DISEASES OF TEMPERATE FRUIT CROPS: FRUIT TREE DISEASES, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Symposium on Virus and Virus-Like Diseases of Temperate Fruit Crops CY JUN 23-27, 1997 CL BETHESDA, MD SP Int Soc Hort Sci, USDA, Agdia Inc, Bioreba Ag, Friends Agr Res Ctr-Beltsville (FAR-B), Nippon Del Monte Corp, Perkin Elmer/Appl Biosyst, USDA Agr Res Serv, USDA Animal & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, US Dept Hlth, NIH DE breeding; genetics; transformation; tree fruit ID EXPRESS AB Sharka or plum pox, caused by plum pox virus (PPV) is a major disease of stone fruit and causes severe economic losses in Europe. With the paucity of natural resistance to PPV in Prunus, the concept of non-conventional protection based on the integration of viral coat protein (CP) genes into the host's genome offers potential for protection against PPV. Transgenic plums (Prunus domestica L.) expressing the heterologous papaya ringspot virus (PRV) or the homologous PPV-CP gene were produced through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. These transgenic plum clones were grafted onto I! domestica rootstock and evaluated for resistance to PPV infection under greenhouse conditions by graft or aphid inoculation with PPV. While symptoms of PPV appeared to a lesser or greater extent on most transgenic clones, all plants of PPV-CP transgenic clone C5 were symptomless and ELISA or PCR negative for over three years following inoculation with two strains of PPV. Clone C5 contains multiple copies of the PPV-CP transgene. It produces a low level of PPV-CP RNA and no detectable PPV-CP (Scorza ct al., Plant Cell Repts 14:18-22, 1994). PRV-CP transgenic plants were hybridized with the resistant PPV-CP clone C5 or self-pollinated, and progeny were obtained containing only the PPV-CP, only the PRV-CP or both the PRV-CP and PPV-CP transgenes. Seedlings were graft-inoculated with PPV. After 5 and 11 months post inoculation seedlings containing the PPV-CP gene from C5 were symptomless and PPV ELISA negative. Seedlings containing only PRV-CP transgenes or non-transformed controls showed symptoms and were ELISA positive for PPV infection. These results indicate that the PPV-CP transgenes can be transferred to progeny through hybridization and that these genes impart resistance to PPV in transgenic seedlings. The inheritance of the multicopy inserts of the PPV-CP and PRV-CP transgenes is being analyzed. The combined effects of both transgenes on resistance to PPV, and the stability of PPV resistance in the progeny of the resistant C5 transgenic line are currently under evaluation. C1 ARS, USDA, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25443 USA. RP Scorza, R (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25443 USA. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-960-5 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 1998 IS 472 BP 421 EP 427 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BM27L UT WOS:000078240700050 ER PT S AU Hammond, J Puhringer, H Machado, AD Machado, MLD AF Hammond, J Puhringer, H Machado, AD Machado, MLD BE Hadidi, A TI A broad-spectrum PCR assay combined with RFLP analysis for detection and differentiation of plum pox virus isolates SO 17TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VIRUS AND VIRUS-LIKE DISEASES OF TEMPERATE FRUIT CROPS: FRUIT TREE DISEASES, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Symposium on Virus and Virus-Like Diseases of Temperate Fruit Crops CY JUN 23-27, 1997 CL BETHESDA, MD SP Int Soc Hort Sci, USDA, Agdia Inc, Bioreba Ag, Friends Agr Res Ctr-Beltsville (FAR-B), Nippon Del Monte Corp, Perkin Elmer/Appl Biosyst, USDA Agr Res Serv, USDA Animal & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, US Dept Hlth, NIH DE apricot; plum; stone fruit; epidemiology ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; COMPLETE NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; DOT HYBRIDIZATION DETECTION; SOUR CHERRY STRAIN; POTYVIRUS DETECTION; RNA; REGION; PROBE; PPV AB Primers from the NIb (replicase) gene of plum pox virus (PPV) were used in a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay to detect field isolates from apricot and plum trees. A PPV-specific PCR product of c.1040bp was obtained from each infected tree. PCR products were digested with restriction enzymes, and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns were compared to those from characterized isolates PPV-D, PPV-Ran, and PPV-NAT (D-serotype), PPV-SK68 (M-serotype), PPV-El Amar, and PPV-SoC (sour cherry). PCR products of characterized D-serotype isolates had a Tag I RFLP pattern that was distinct from patterns unique to each of SK68, El Amar, and SoC isolates. PPV-NAT was distinguished from PPV-D and PPV-Ran by Dde I and Rsa I RFLPs; SK68, El Amar, and SoC each had unique RFLP patterns with each enzyme. Field isolates could be differentiated by RFLP patterns; most had Tag I RFLPs typical of the D-serotype, but PCR products from some trees produced RFLP patterns distinct from any of the characterized isolates. Heterogeneity in the viral population from single trees was also observed, with two distinct RFLP patterns obtained from PCR products of some trees. The NIb PCR product is much larger than the coat protein (CP) PCR product of Wetzel et al., (1991a; 1040bp compared to 243bp), and more restriction sites differentiate between and within serotypes. Thus SK68 (M-serotype) was distinct from El Amar, SoC and D-serotype isolates, and some D-serotype isolates were differentiated. The combination of the PPV NIb RT-PCR with RFLP analysis will be valuable for studies of epidemiology and phylogeny. C1 USDA ARS, USNA, FNPRU, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hammond, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, USNA, FNPRU, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI da Camara Machado, Artur/J-8668-2013; OI da Camara Machado, Artur/0000-0002-6098-502X; Margit, Laimer/0000-0002-6796-8126 NR 32 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-960-5 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 1998 IS 472 BP 483 EP 490 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BM27L UT WOS:000078240700060 ER PT S AU Nemchinov, L Hadidi, A Kolber, M Nemeth, M AF Nemchinov, L Hadidi, A Kolber, M Nemeth, M BE Hadidi, A TI Molecular evidence for the occurrence of plum pox virus - Cherry subgroup in Hungary SO 17TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VIRUS AND VIRUS-LIKE DISEASES OF TEMPERATE FRUIT CROPS: FRUIT TREE DISEASES, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Symposium on Virus and Virus-Like Diseases of Temperate Fruit Crops CY JUN 23-27, 1997 CL BETHESDA, MD SP Int Soc Hort Sci, USDA, Agdia Inc, Bioreba Ag, Friends Agr Res Ctr-Beltsville (FAR-B), Nippon Del Monte Corp, Perkin Elmer/Appl Biosyst, USDA Agr Res Serv, USDA Animal & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, US Dept Hlth, NIH ID POTYVIRUS; STRAIN AB Leaf samples from peach GF 305 seedlings graft-inoculated with bud chips from sweet cherry trees cv. 'Van', which tested positive for plum pox virus (PPV) by ELISA, were analyzed by molecular methods for the presence or absence of PPV-Cherry (PPV-C). These analyses indicated that the sweet cherry cultivar is infected with a member of the established PPV-C subgroup as shown by RT-PCR amplification of PPV cDNA of the expected size using DNA primers specific for PPV-C and the demonstration that nucleotide sequence analysis of the cloned RT-PCR product contains the distinct 5'-terminal sequence of the coat protein coding region, characteristic for PPV-C members. Our results also suggest that PPV-C may be more widespread in eastern Europe than was originally thought. C1 USDA ARS, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Nemchinov, L (reprint author), USDA ARS, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-960-5 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 1998 IS 472 BP 503 EP 508 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BM27L UT WOS:000078240700063 ER PT S AU Postman, JD AF Postman, JD BE Hadidi, A TI Temperate fruit germplasm borne pathogen collections at NCGR-Corvallis SO 17TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VIRUS AND VIRUS-LIKE DISEASES OF TEMPERATE FRUIT CROPS: FRUIT TREE DISEASES, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Symposium on Virus and Virus-Like Diseases of Temperate Fruit Crops CY JUN 23-27, 1997 CL BETHESDA, MD SP Int Soc Hort Sci, USDA, Agdia Inc, Bioreba Ag, Friends Agr Res Ctr-Beltsville (FAR-B), Nippon Del Monte Corp, Perkin Elmer/Appl Biosyst, USDA Agr Res Serv, USDA Animal & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, US Dept Hlth, NIH AB More than 180 isolates of 70 temperate fruit germplasm borne pathogens are maintained in a collection at the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)/Agricultural Research Service (ARS) gene bank for temperate fruit crops in Corvallis, Oregon. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, OR USA. RP Postman, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, OR USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-960-5 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 1998 IS 472 BP 543 EP 546 PG 4 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BM27L UT WOS:000078240700069 ER PT S AU Zhu, SF Hammond, RW Hadidi, A AF Zhu, SF Hammond, RW Hadidi, A BE Hadidi, A TI Agroinfection of pear and apple with dapple apple viroid results in systemic infection SO 17TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VIRUS AND VIRUS-LIKE DISEASES OF TEMPERATE FRUIT CROPS: FRUIT TREE DISEASES, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Symposium on Virus and Virus-Like Diseases of Temperate Fruit Crops CY JUN 23-27, 1997 CL BETHESDA, MD SP Int Soc Hort Sci, USDA, Agdia Inc, Bioreba Ag, Friends Agr Res Ctr-Beltsville (FAR-B), Nippon Del Monte Corp, Perkin Elmer/Appl Biosyst, USDA Agr Res Serv, USDA Animal & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, US Dept Hlth, NIH DE agroinfection; apple scar skin viroid; dapple apple viroid ID AGROBACTERIUM-MEDIATED INOCULATION; TI PLASMID; SCAR SKIN; POTATO; VIRUS; PLANTS; CDNA AB Dapple apple viroid (DAVd) is a member of the apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd) group of viroids. Attempts to transmit these viroids to herbaceous hosts have been unsuccessful; transmission to woody hosts has been primarily by grafting from infected materials. In order to complete Koch's postulates and to show that DAVd is responsible for the systemic infection in infected trees, cloned dimeric copies of DAVd were inserted into a binary vector containing the CaMV35S promoter, which was subsequently transformed into Agrobacterium strain LBA4404. Apple and pear seedlings were agroinoculated on their stems with a solution of the Agrobacteria containing the plasmid pBI121:DAVd construct. Seedlings were kept in a growth chamber and monitored for viroid infection by dot and Northern blot hybridization analyses. A few seedlings of pear and apple became systemically infected with DAVd and the viroid progeny were confirmed by nucleotide sequence analysis to be identical to that of the inoculum. C1 USDA ARS, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Zhu, SF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-960-5 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 1998 IS 472 BP 613 EP 616 PG 4 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BM27L UT WOS:000078240700081 ER PT S AU Zhu, SF Hadidi, A Lee, IM Gundersen, DE Zhang, CL AF Zhu, SF Hadidi, A Lee, IM Gundersen, DE Zhang, CL BE Hadidi, A TI Characterization of the phytoplasmas associated with cherry lethal yellows and jujube witches'-broom diseases in China SO 17TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VIRUS AND VIRUS-LIKE DISEASES OF TEMPERATE FRUIT CROPS: FRUIT TREE DISEASES, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Symposium on Virus and Virus-Like Diseases of Temperate Fruit Crops CY JUN 23-27, 1997 CL BETHESDA, MD SP Int Soc Hort Sci, USDA, Agdia Inc, Bioreba Ag, Friends Agr Res Ctr-Beltsville (FAR-B), Nippon Del Monte Corp, Perkin Elmer/Appl Biosyst, USDA Agr Res Serv, USDA Animal & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, US Dept Hlth, NIH DE cherry phytoplasma; nucleotide sequence; RFLP; phylogeny ID MYCOPLASMALIKE ORGANISMS; ASTER YELLOWS; X-DISEASE; CLASSIFICATION; SEQUENCE; DIVERSITY; DNA AB Phytoplasmas detected in cherry trees with lethal yellows (CLY) symptoms and in jujube trees with witches'-broom (JWB) symptoms in China were previously classified as a new subgroup in the 16S rRNA group V (elm yellows [EY] and related phytoplasmas) on the basis of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA sequences. Based on phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of these two phytoplasmas and representatives of known phytoplasma groups, the CLY and JWB phytoplasmas form a distinct phylogenetic subgroup within the elm yellows phytoplasma subclade, which is consistent with the differentiation based on RFLP analysis of the same gene sequence. Further characterization by RFLP analysis of ribosomal protein gene sequence and coral genomic DNA using selected DNA probes derived from EY phytoplasma indicates that CLY and JWB phytoplasmas are closely related, but distinct strains. It is proposed that CLY and JWB phytoplasmas represent a new taxon distinct, at the rank of subspecies, from other members of the 16S rRNA group V. A CLYJWB subgroup-specific primer pair were designed and used to detect CLY and JWB phytoplasmas. C1 USDA ARS, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Zhu, SF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 24 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-960-5 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 1998 IS 472 BP 701 EP 714 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BM27L UT WOS:000078240700094 ER PT S AU Uyemoto, JK Bethell, RE Kirkpatrick, BC Munkvold, GP Marois, JJ Brown, KW AF Uyemoto, JK Bethell, RE Kirkpatrick, BC Munkvold, GP Marois, JJ Brown, KW BE Hadidi, A TI Eradication as a control measure for X-disease in California cherry orchards SO 17TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VIRUS AND VIRUS-LIKE DISEASES OF TEMPERATE FRUIT CROPS: FRUIT TREE DISEASES, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Symposium on Virus and Virus-Like Diseases of Temperate Fruit Crops CY JUN 23-27, 1997 CL BETHESDA, MD SP Int Soc Hort Sci, USDA, Agdia Inc, Bioreba Ag, Friends Agr Res Ctr-Beltsville (FAR-B), Nippon Del Monte Corp, Perkin Elmer/Appl Biosyst, USDA Agr Res Serv, USDA Animal & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, US Dept Hlth, NIH DE sweet cherry; phytoplasma; leafhopper vectors; sanitation; hybridization assay ID SWEET CHERRY AB When X-disease phytoplasma (X-phytoplasma) first became established in the sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) orchards under study, affected trees were randomly distributed, indicating chance migration patterns of infective leafhoppers onto the site. Secondary spread, however, was highly clustered around known diseased-tree sites, suggesting that these trees served as reservoirs for pathogen acquisition by leafhopper vectors residing onsite. Monitoring leafhopper activity with yellow sticky traps over several cropping seasons helped to identify potentially infective leafhoppers by using extracts of vector species for dot-blot nucleic acid hybridization assays using a P-32-labeled DNA probe specific for X-phytoplasma. Although infections were not totally eliminated, the incidence of disease spread was significantly less when an insecticide application was made prior to roguing of diseased trees. C1 Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Uyemoto, JK (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-960-5 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 1998 IS 472 BP 715 EP 721 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BM27L UT WOS:000078240700095 ER PT S AU Williams, MJ Chase, CC Hammond, AC AF Williams, MJ Chase, CC Hammond, AC BE Phillips, M TI Interaction of dam breed and creep grazing on growth of Romosinuano calves SO 1998 AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, PROCEEDINGS: FORAGES AT THE CROSSROADS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 Forage and Grassland Conference CY MAR 08-10, 1998 CL INDIANAPOLIS, IN SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Indiana Forage Council ID RHIZOMA PEANUT AB Creep grazing in temperate areas has produced mixed results, but where tropical grasses make up the base forage, the benefits of creep grazing should be more consistent. This would be particularly so if the milking ability of the dam breed was relatively low. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dam breed [Angus (n=30), Senepol. (n=36), or Romosinuano (n=30)] and creep grazing of rhizoma perennial peanut (RPP), Arachis glabrata, on the development of Romosinuano calves [natural conception (n=30) or embryo transfer (ET;n=66)]. At the end of the breeding season in mid June, calves and their dams were stratified by dam breed and age of calf and assigned to either straight bahiagrass, Paspalum notatum, or bahiagrass+RPP creep area for a 98-d period until weaning. At the initiation of the trial and every 28 d thereafter, weight (1b), hip height (in.), and body condition score (BCS, 1-9 scale) were determined for each calf. Two weeks after the initiation of the creep study and every 28 d thereafter utilization of the creep areas was determined by recording the presence of individual calves on the creep areas every 2 hr from 6 AM to 8 PM. Calves on the creep grazing treatment readily utilized RPP creep area, and utilization increased as the grazing season progressed. Average daily gain (ADG) of calves on RPP creep was higher (P<.05) than those on bahiagrass (2.0 vs. 1.6 lb/d). There was a breed x calf sex x grazing treatment interaction (P<.05) for change in BCS. This was due to the general response of non-creeped bull and heifer calves from all dams to lose condition (-.3 and -.2 BCS. respectively), while the BCS of creeped bull calves from all dams and heifer calves from Angus and Romosinuano dams remained unchanged. Creeped heifer calves from Senepol dams lost BCS (-.9); the reason for this decline is unknown. In general though, access to RPP creep resulted in improved ADG and higher weaning weight and allowed the calves to increase in frame size (hip height) without experiencing BCS declines. C1 USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Stn, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. RP Williams, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Stn, 22271 Chinsegut Hill Rd, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 1998 VL 7 BP 88 EP 92 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA BQ88R UT WOS:000089938700020 ER PT S AU Sanderson, MA Elwinger, GF Tracy, BF AF Sanderson, MA Elwinger, GF Tracy, BF BE Phillips, M TI Cultivar, plant density, and soil type effects on orchardgrass-white clover mixtures. SO 1998 AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, PROCEEDINGS: FORAGES AT THE CROSSROADS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 Forage and Grassland Conference CY MAR 08-10, 1998 CL INDIANAPOLIS, IN SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Indiana Forage Council AB Competitive interactions between grasses and clover in mixture are affected by the grass field study to examine how these factors interacted in orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) mixtures. 'Dawn' and 'Pennlate' orchardgrass were established at several plant densities in mixture with 'Will' white clover. The experiment was conducted on three sites in pennsylvania of different soil type and elevation. Increasing grass plant density significantly reduced grass tillering and increased competition with white clover. Grass and white clover plant structure was affected by plant density and environment. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Sanderson, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 1998 VL 7 BP 98 EP 102 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA BQ88R UT WOS:000089938700022 ER PT S AU Aiken, GE Miesner, JR Springer, TL AF Aiken, GE Miesner, JR Springer, TL BE Phillips, M TI Reducing stocking rate and pasture expense as a management option during low cattle markets SO 1998 AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, PROCEEDINGS: FORAGES AT THE CROSSROADS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 Forage and Grassland Conference CY MAR 08-10, 1998 CL INDIANAPOLIS, IN SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Indiana Forage Council AB Economic success and stability of any cattle operation depends heavily on the stocking rates imposed on pastures. The impact that stocking rates has on monetary return, however, likely depends on the economic condition of the cattle market. Hypothetical markets were established for buying steers at 500 lb weights and selling at 800 lb weights. High and low cattle markets were calculated by setting buying costs and selling prices at $100/cwt and $84.00/cwt for the high market, and $60/cwt and $50.00/cwt for the row market, respectively. Return above pasture expenses was examined for high and low markets with high stocking (.75, 1.0, and 1.25 acres/steer) and pasture expenses ($85.66/acre), intermediate stocking rates (1.5, 2.0, 2.5 acres/steer) and pasture expenses ($40.58/acre), and low stocking rates (3.0, 3.5, and 4.0 acres/steer) and pasture expenses ($17.94/acre). Return per acre for the high cattle market generally increased with increases of stocking rate, even as pasture expenses increased. Although return per acre above pasture expenses for the low cattle market did not exhibit steady increases with stocking rate, stocking rate and pasture expense could be reduced with either slight increases or minimal losses in return. Reducing stocking rates and pasture expense during low cattle markets is a feasible option in minimizing financial risk. C1 USDA, ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. RP Aiken, GE (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 1998 VL 7 BP 122 EP 126 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA BQ88R UT WOS:000089938700029 ER PT S AU Malinowski, DP Belesky, DP Brauer, DK Alloush, GA AF Malinowski, DP Belesky, DP Brauer, DK Alloush, GA BE Phillips, M TI Modification of rhizosphere activity of tall fescue by the fungal endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum and consequences for mineral uptake SO 1998 AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, PROCEEDINGS: FORAGES AT THE CROSSROADS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 Forage and Grassland Conference CY MAR 08-10, 1998 CL INDIANAPOLIS, IN SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Indiana Forage Council ID ACREMONIUM-COENOPHIALUM AB Mechanisms involved in tolerance of cool season grasses infected with Neotyphodium endophytes to abiotic stresses, particularly to mineral stress, are not known. This paper summarizes our ongoing research on tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) infected with N. coenophialum (Morgan-Jones and Gams) Glenn, Bacon and Hanlin in response to phosphorus (P) deficiency stress. Endophyte-infected tall fescue grown in soil or nutrient solution with low P availability had greater relative growth rate, uptake of P and other minerals, and higher P use efficiency when compared to noninfected (E-) isolines. We have identified two mechanisms associated with tolerance of P deficiency in E+ plants. One involves chemical changes in the rhizosphere (release of phenolic compounds), resulting in increased reducing activity in the rhizosphere of E+ plants. The other mechanism involves morphological adaptations of roots as a function of endophyte infection, which includes reduced root diameter and increased root hair length, resulting in increased root surface area. C1 USDA, ARS, Appalachian Soil & Water Conservat Res Lab, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Malinowski, DP (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Appalachian Soil & Water Conservat Res Lab, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 1998 VL 7 BP 176 EP 180 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA BQ88R UT WOS:000089938700046 ER PT B AU Nelson, SO Kraszewski, AW AF Nelson, SO Kraszewski, AW BE Nelson, TL TI Microwave resonant cavity measurements for determining proportions of coal and limestone in powdered mixtures SO 1998 CONFERENCE ON PRECISION ELECTROMAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS DIGEST LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 98) CY JUL 06-10, 1998 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bur Int Poids & Mesures, IEEE, Instrumentat & Measurement Soc, Natl Res Council Canada, Union Radio Sci Int, Amer Assoc Lab Accreditat, Andeen Hagerling Inc, APS, Instrument & Measurement Sci Top Grp, APS, Precis Measurement & Fundamental Constants, Baltimore Gas & Elect, Cal Lab Magazine, Clarke Hess Commun Res Corp, Creat Mkt Assoc, Fluke Corp, Guildline Instruments, Hewlett Packard Co, Instrument Support Solut Div, IEEE, Instrument & Measurement Soc, Washington Chapter, IEEE, Natl Capital Area Council, Natl Conf Stand Lab, Org Amer States, Wavetek Corp AB Microwave resonant cavity measurements on mixtures of pulverized coal and limestone show that the proportions of the two components can be determined from the ratio of the resonant frequency shift and the change in the transmission factor when mixed coal and limestone samples are inserted into the cavity. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30613 USA. RP Nelson, SO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30613 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-5018-9 PY 1998 BP 485 EP 486 DI 10.1109/CPEM.1998.700017 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Spectroscopy SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Spectroscopy GA BL51B UT WOS:000075725900254 ER PT B AU Trabelsi, S Kraszewski, AW Nelson, SO AF Trabelsi, S Kraszewski, AW Nelson, SO BE Nelson, TL TI Free-space transmission method for wide-band microwave wheat permittivity measurements SO 1998 CONFERENCE ON PRECISION ELECTROMAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS DIGEST LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 98) CY JUL 06-10, 1998 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bur Int Poids & Mesures, IEEE, Instrumentat & Measurement Soc, Natl Res Council Canada, Union Radio Sci Int, Amer Assoc Lab Accreditat, Andeen Hagerling Inc, APS, Instrument & Measurement Sci Top Grp, APS, Precis Measurement & Fundamental Constants, Baltimore Gas & Elect, Cal Lab Magazine, Clarke Hess Commun Res Corp, Creat Mkt Assoc, Fluke Corp, Guildline Instruments, Hewlett Packard Co, Instrument Support Solut Div, IEEE, Instrument & Measurement Soc, Washington Chapter, IEEE, Natl Capital Area Council, Natl Conf Stand Lab, Org Amer States, Wavetek Corp AB A free-space transmission technique was used to determine the dielectric properties of wheat at frequencies from 4 to 12 GHz. Undesirable effects such as multiple reflections and diffraction at the edges of the sample were minimized by selecting optimum conditions and use of a microwave focused beam. C1 ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Trabelsi, S (reprint author), ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, USDA, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-5018-9 PY 1998 BP 536 EP 537 DI 10.1109/CPEM.1998.700043 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Spectroscopy SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Spectroscopy GA BL51B UT WOS:000075725900280 ER PT B AU Stetson, LE AF Stetson, LE GP IEEE TI Electrical codes and standards in agricultural applications SO 1998 RURAL ELECTRIC POWER CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 Rural Electric Power Conference CY APR 26-28, 1998 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP IEEE, Ind Applicat Soc, Rural Elect Power Comm C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Stetson, LE (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, 252 Chase Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4459-6 PY 1998 BP D41 EP D416 PG 376 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA BK95N UT WOS:000073940100019 ER PT B AU Klungness, JH Tan, FY Gleisner, R Abubakr, S AF Klungness, JH Tan, FY Gleisner, R Abubakr, S GP TAPPI TI Process water recovery: Dissolved air flotation compared to high smear rate separation SO 1998 TAPPI RECYCLING SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT TAPPI Recycling Symposium CY MAR 08-12, 1998 CL NEW ORLEANS MARRIOTT, NEW ORLEANS, LA SP TAPPI HO NEW ORLEANS MARRIOTT AB Process water from recovered paper pulp recycling operations is often discarded from papermill operations because even low percentages of hydrophobic contaminants, such as stickies, are a problem to papermakers. This study compared the use of dissolved air flotation (DAF) and a high shear field (HSF) separator for removing a pressure-sensitive/hot-melt adhesive (PSA/HMA) from process water. The adhesive was applied to dried pulp sheets, pulped, and then screened for subsequent preparation of low-consistency process water. An experimental DAF cell (about 200 L/min) was constructed and used to compare with an experimental HSF separator (about 40 L/min). Total stickie removal efficiency of the DAF cell was between 83% and 84%. Total stickie removal efficiency of the HSF separator was improved to about 60% for all stickie sizes measured by adding dissolved air and flocculating polymers. The HSF separator performed best (about 80% total stickie removal efficiency) when calcium hydroxide was added to the feed without dissolved air or with the addition of dual polymer flocculating polymers. Although fiber loss was not optimized for the HSF separator, it was about half that measured for the DAF cell. We expect to improve both the DAF cell operation and the HSF by adding more dissolved air capacity. We also intend to investigate the effect of pacifying stickies by precipitating calcium carbonate with carbon dioxide after the addition of calcium hydroxide. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Klungness, JH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAPPI PRESS PI ATLANTA PA TECHNOLOGY PARK, PO BOX 105113, ATLANTA, GA 30348 USA BN 0-89852-712-0 PY 1998 BP 123 EP 132 PG 10 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BK70Q UT WOS:000073131700013 ER PT B AU Sykes, M Klungness, J Gleisner, R Abubakr, S AF Sykes, M Klungness, J Gleisner, R Abubakr, S GP TAPPI TI Stickie removal using neutral enzymatic repulping and pressure screening SO 1998 TAPPI RECYCLING SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT TAPPI Recycling Symposium CY MAR 08-12, 1998 CL NEW ORLEANS MARRIOTT, NEW ORLEANS, LA SP TAPPI HO NEW ORLEANS MARRIOTT AB Removal of stickie contaminants is currently a major focus of paper recycling research. Medium consistency alkaline repulping followed by pressure screening has proven to be effective for stickie removal. There is, however, an alternate method that is equally effective and more environmentally benign. This study compares the effectiveness of this alternative method, neutral enzymatic repulping, with conventional alkaline repulping for contaminant removal from a controlled office paper furnish spiked with typical pressure-sensitive adhesives. Neutral repulping on a pilot scale was performed using a mixture of cellulase and lipase preparations at the ambient pH of the paper furnish. Sequential pressure screenings, flotation, and washing comprised the deinking process, and contaminant count on handsheets prepared after each step was used for these evaluations. We found that pressure screening was substantially more effective for contaminant removal when the pH was neutral. The enzyme mixture further enhanced both the freeness and brightness of the deinked pulp. Process water from the enzyme treatment also contained fewer microstickies, an added benefit for improved water quality and mill performance. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Sykes, M (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAPPI PRESS PI ATLANTA PA TECHNOLOGY PARK, PO BOX 105113, ATLANTA, GA 30348 USA BN 0-89852-712-0 PY 1998 BP 291 EP 296 PG 6 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BK70Q UT WOS:000073131700027 ER PT B AU Abubakr, S Bormett, D AF Abubakr, S Bormett, D GP TAPPI TI Pilot testing and recycling evaluation of newly developed environmentally benign pressure sensitive adhesives SO 1998 TAPPI RECYCLING SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT TAPPI Recycling Symposium CY MAR 08-12, 1998 CL NEW ORLEANS MARRIOTT, NEW ORLEANS, LA SP TAPPI HO NEW ORLEANS MARRIOTT AB As a result of an initiative by the U.S. Postal Service (USPS), a team is working cooperatively to help solve the problem of pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) in recovered paper. The team consists of the USPS; the USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory (FPL); Springborn Testing and Research (STR); and industry representatives including papermakers, paper recyclers, paper collectors, equipment manufacturers, and adhesive and chemical suppliers The team's goal is to work with industry to develop new environmentally benign PSAs for postal applications that will fulfill both USPS specifications and be compatible with the USPS environmental strategic plan. Environmentally benign PSA is a form of adhesive that places no significant additional burden on plants that are using recycled fiber. Based on the criteria set by the paper industry, the adhesive industry is now striving to formulate new PSAs that are mostly removable in the screening step of the recycling process. As a result of these combined efforts, a pilot-scale separation sequence has been developed to assess the removal of adhesives from various feed stocks containing PSA. This pilot-testing protocol simulates a typical recycling operation, including high consistency pulping, coarse and fine pressure screening, forward and reverse cleaning, washing, and flotation deinking. An optical protocol using image analysis was developed to measure residual adhesive. Handsheets made from pulp accept samples taken after each unit operation and on paper samples from the paper machine runs were analyzed by this protocol. The recycling protocol simulates a typical recycling operation and uses both preconsumed, postconsumed, and control stocks and was further refined to reflect optimum operating conditions, such as temperature, consistency, screen size, repulping energy, and chemical additives. In this paper, the development of the protocol is explained and data analysis is given for control trials and a trial using experimental PSA that was screenable and appears to meet established criteria for recyclability. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Abubakr, S (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAPPI PRESS PI ATLANTA PA TECHNOLOGY PARK, PO BOX 105113, ATLANTA, GA 30348 USA BN 0-89852-712-0 PY 1998 BP 339 EP 354 PG 16 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BK70Q UT WOS:000073131700033 ER PT B AU Sutherland, NR Shilts, R Spielvogel, S AF Sutherland, NR Shilts, R Spielvogel, S GP TAPPI TI Pilot-scale evaluation of environmentally benign PSA stamps SO 1998 TAPPI RECYCLING SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT TAPPI Recycling Symposium CY MAR 08-12, 1998 CL NEW ORLEANS MARRIOTT, NEW ORLEANS, LA SP TAPPI HO NEW ORLEANS MARRIOTT AB Along with the increased use of pressure-sensitive adhesive products, concerns have emerged about their environmental impact. To address these concerns, the U.S. Postal Service initiated an environmentally benign pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) program to develop postal stamps that do not adversely affect the environment. As part of this program, experimental adhesives were evaluated for stamp performance specifications, laboratory recycling, and pilot-scale recycling. Laboratory and pilot-scale recycling trial results are presented in this paper. Synthetic rubber or acrylic-type experimental PSAs were rupulpable, and adhesive levels were removed satisfactorily by screening, cleaning, and flotation processes. Compared with synthetic rubber or acrylic-types, dispersible acrylic-type experimental PSAs produced adhesive levels that were not as effectively removed in pilot-scale recycling trials. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Sutherland, NR (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAPPI PRESS PI ATLANTA PA TECHNOLOGY PARK, PO BOX 105113, ATLANTA, GA 30348 USA BN 0-89852-712-0 PY 1998 BP 453 EP 467 PG 15 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BK70Q UT WOS:000073131700039 ER PT B AU Winandy, JE AF Winandy, JE BE Natterer, J Sandoz, JL TI Using kinetics-based models to address serviceability concerns for fire retardant treated wood at elevated in-service temperatures SO 5TH WORLD CONFERENCE ON TIMBER ENGINEERING, VOL 1, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th World Conference on Timber Engineering CY AUG 17-20, 1998 CL MONTREUX, SWITZERLAND SP Swiss Fed Inst Technol AB During the last decade, much North American research has evaluated the cause of inservice thermal degrade of fire retardant (FR) treated plywood and lumbar. Both the American Society for Testing and Materials and the American Wood Preservers' Association have now developed new testing or treating standards to evaluate end qualify new FR treated products Research continues on assessing current rendition (i.e., residual strength) of FR treated plywood roof sheathing and lumber. The final phase of that research looks at predicting residual future serviceability. This paper is an update on work in that final phase. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Winandy, JE (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PRESSES POLYTECHNIQUES ET UNIVERSITAIRES ROMANDES PI LAUSANNE PA CENTRE MIDI, CH-1015 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND BN 2-88074-380-X PY 1998 BP 794 EP 795 PG 2 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Forestry SC Engineering; Forestry GA BQ76Z UT WOS:000089466700140 ER PT B AU Gjinolli, AE Wolfe, RW Misini, M Pllana, N AF Gjinolli, AE Wolfe, RW Misini, M Pllana, N BE Natterer, J Sandoz, JL TI Roof systems: Light frame truss system analysis SO 5TH WORLD CONFERENCE ON TIMBER ENGINEERING, VOL 1, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th World Conference on Timber Engineering CY AUG 17-20, 1998 CL MONTREUX, SWITZERLAND SP Swiss Fed Inst Technol AB This paper summarizes basis research being conducted to lay the foundation for future development of design models for wood structural assemblies. The problem of using a structural wood component in repetitive member systems was analyzed. The first part of the analysis Include utilization of SAWFT (Structural Analysis of Wood Frames and Trusses) [1], a nonlinear finite element program for analysis of metal plate connected wood trusses. The second part deals with comparing the results with the other computer program that is able to perform a dynamic analysis to. As the metal plate connected trusses are becoming important structural components In the region of Kosova, which is In the high seismic rone; a dynamic analysis was performed in four-story light wood frame structure. The multimodal response spectrum analysis was performed according to Eurocode-8. C1 USDA, FS, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Gjinolli, AE (reprint author), USDA, FS, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PRESSES POLYTECHNIQUES ET UNIVERSITAIRES ROMANDES PI LAUSANNE PA CENTRE MIDI, CH-1015 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND BN 2-88074-380-X PY 1998 BP 796 EP 797 PG 2 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Forestry SC Engineering; Forestry GA BQ76Z UT WOS:000089466700141 ER PT B AU Green, DW Evans, JW Logan, JD Allen, J AF Green, DW Evans, JW Logan, JD Allen, J BE Natterer, J Sandoz, JL TI Temperature corrections for mechanically graded lumber SO 5TH WORLD CONFERENCE ON TIMBER ENGINEERING, VOL 2, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th World Conference on Timber Engineering CY AUG 17-20, 1998 CL MONTREUX, SWITZERLAND SP Swiss Fed Inst Technol C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Green, DW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PRESSES POLYTECHNIQUES ET UNIVERSITAIRES ROMANDES PI LAUSANNE PA CENTRE MIDI, CH-1015 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND BN 2-88074-387-7 PY 1998 BP 844 EP 845 PG 2 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Forestry SC Engineering; Forestry GA BQ77A UT WOS:000089466800181 ER PT B AU Jeffries, TW Shi, NQ Cho, JY Lu, P Dahn, K Hendrick, J Sreenath, HK Davis, BP AF Jeffries, TW Shi, NQ Cho, JY Lu, P Dahn, K Hendrick, J Sreenath, HK Davis, BP GP CANADIAN PULP & PAPER ASSOC TI Genetic engineering of Pichia stipitis for fermentation of xylose SO 7TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY - POSTER PRESENTATIONS VOL C LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Biotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Industry CY JUN 16-19, 1998 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP Canadian Pulp & Paper Assoc AB A useful genetic system has been developed for the transformation of Pichia stipitis. This includes two selectable markers (URA3 and LEU2), integrating and autonomous replication vectors, a pop-out cassette that enables multiple targeted disruptions, and a genomic h-library for rapid cloning. Using this system we have cloned two genes for alcohol dehydrogenase (PsADH1 and PsADH2), two genes for pyruvate decarboxylase (PsPDC1 and PsPDC2), and cytochrome c (PsCYC1). Disruption of PsADH1, but not PsADH2, resulted in increased xylitol production. Disruption of PsCYC1 resulted in lower growth and higher ethanol yields. We have used it to heterologously express the gene for S. cerevisiae dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. This conferred the capacity for anaerobic growth. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Jeffries, TW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU CANADIAN PULP & PAPER ASSOC TECHNICAL SECTION PI MONTREAL PA SUN LIFE BLDG, 23RD FLOOR, 1155 METCALFE ST, MONTREAL, PQ H3B 2X9, CANADA BN 1-896742-36-X PY 1998 BP C215 EP C218 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering; Materials Science GA BL22B UT WOS:000074749700052 ER PT B AU Jeffries, TW Davis, M Rosin, B Landucci, LL AF Jeffries, TW Davis, M Rosin, B Landucci, LL GP CANADIAN PULP & PAPER ASSOC TI Mechanisms for kappa reduction and color removal by xylanases SO 7TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY - POSTER PRESENTATIONS VOL C LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Biotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Industry CY JUN 16-19, 1998 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP Canadian Pulp & Paper Assoc AB Xylanases reduce kappa and release UV- and visibly-absorptive materials from kraft pulps. The extents of these actions depend on the origin and processing of the pulp, access of enzymes to the substrate, and the natures of the enzymes. Hexeneuronic acid (HexA) is a component of kraft pulp xylans that accounts for a fi action of the kappa content. It absorbs strongly in the UV region (235 nm), and its release can be used to monitor xylanase activity. This report shows that HexA release correlates closely with release of xylooligo-saccharides, but not with the reduction in kappa. C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Jeffries, TW (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CANADIAN PULP & PAPER ASSOC TECHNICAL SECTION PI MONTREAL PA SUN LIFE BLDG, 23RD FLOOR, 1155 METCALFE ST, MONTREAL, PQ H3B 2X9, CANADA BN 1-896742-36-X PY 1998 BP C41 EP C43 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering; Materials Science GA BL22B UT WOS:000074749700010 ER PT B AU Srebotnik, E Jensen, KA Hammel, KE AF Srebotnik, E Jensen, KA Hammel, KE GP CANADIAN PULP & PAPER ASSOC TI Cleavage of nonphenolic lignin structures by laccase in the presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole SO 7TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY, VOL B: POSTER PRESENTATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Biotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Industry CY JUN 16-19, 1998 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP Canadian Pulp & Paper Assoc AB The degradation of nonphenolic lignin model compounds by laccase in the presence of a mediator, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT), was investigated. The results show that the laccase/HBT couple is able to accomplish the C-beta-O-aryl cleavage of a nonphenolic beta-O-4-linked lignin dimer, presumably via a one-electron oxidation mechanism. The alpha-carbonyl derivative of the beta-O-4-linked model was also cleaved by laccase/HBT. C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Srebotnik, E (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU CANADIAN PULP & PAPER ASSOC TECHNICAL SECTION PI MONTREAL PA SUN LIFE BLDG, 23RD FLOOR, 1155 METCALFE ST, MONTREAL, PQ H3B 2X9, CANADA BN 1-896742-35-1 PY 1998 BP B195 EP B197 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering; Materials Science GA BL24B UT WOS:000074797500051 ER PT S AU Davis, RE Jomantiene, R Dally, EL Maas, JL Legard, DE Postman, JD AF Davis, RE Jomantiene, R Dally, EL Maas, JL Legard, DE Postman, JD BE Martin, RR Spiegel, S Converse, R TI Possible link between the rare plant taxon "Fragaria multicipita" in Canada and a disease problem in strawberry in Florida SO 8TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SMALL FRUIT VIRUS DISEASES SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Small Fruit Virus Diseases CY JUN 24-26, 1997 CL BETHESDA, MD SP Int Soc Hort, Working Grp Virus Dis Small Fruit Crops, Agdia Inc, Bioreba Ag, Friends Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, Nippon Del Monte Corp, Perkin Elmer, Appl Biosyst, USDA, Agr Res Serv, USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, US Dept Hlth, NIH ID DIFFERENTIATION; PHYTOPLASMAS; YELLOWS AB The rare plant taxon, Fragaria multicipita Fernald, is characterized by dwarfing, a cushion-like growth habit with multiple crowns, lack of runners, and development of floral aberrations. Through the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-RFLP based analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences, we found the unusual, but species diagnostic, vegetative morphology of F. multicipita to be associated with a previously undescribed phytoplasma that is capable of inducing the same vegetative morphotype in healthy strawberry plants (F. chiloensis) grafted with tissues from F. multicipita. Analyses of 16S rDNA indicated that the F. multicipita phytoplasma was phylogenetically related to, but distinct from, clover proliferation (CP) phytoplasma reported in Canada. During simultaneous investigations of a strawberry disease problem in winter production fields in Florida, we found phytoplasmas including strains FLmulti1 and FLmulti2 associated with symptoms of strawberry multiplier disease. On the basis of RFLP analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA, we concluded that strains FLmulti1 and FLmulti2 were very similar or identical to the F. multicipita phytoplasma. These and other findings indicate a possible link between phytoplasma strains found in Canada and phytoplasma strains found in diseased strawberry plants in Florida; such a link may be an evolutionary/taxonomic one and/or an epidemiological one. C1 USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Davis, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-910-9 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 1998 IS 471 BP 25 EP 30 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BM26Y UT WOS:000078230300001 ER PT S AU Postman, JD Catling, PM AF Postman, JD Catling, PM BE Martin, RR Spiegel, S Converse, R TI Fragaria multicipita - A pathogen induced taxon SO 8TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SMALL FRUIT VIRUS DISEASES SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Small Fruit Virus Diseases CY JUN 24-26, 1997 CL BETHESDA, MD SP Int Soc Hort, Working Grp Virus Dis Small Fruit Crops, Agdia Inc, Bioreba Ag, Friends Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, Nippon Del Monte Corp, Perkin Elmer, Appl Biosyst, USDA, Agr Res Serv, USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, US Dept Hlth, NIH AB Fragaria multicipita Fernald was originally described as a rare strawberry species known only from a few sites in eastern Canada. It was characterized by small leaves, multiple crowns and lack of runners. These are also symptoms of strawberry multiplier disease. Fragaria chiloensis, when graft inoculated with leaflets from F. multicipita, developed the same symptoms. Several plants of F. multicipita both with and without antibiotic and heat treatments, temporarily reverted to a form and habit characteristic off. virginiana. Molecular data (presented in a companion abstract at this symposium) implicate a phytoplasma as the cause of the multicipital growth habit. F. multicipita is thus demonstrated to be a diseased form of F. virginiana. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Clonal Germplasm Respository, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Postman, JD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Clonal Germplasm Respository, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-910-9 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 1998 IS 471 BP 31 EP 33 PG 3 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BM26Y UT WOS:000078230300002 ER PT S AU Martin, RR AF Martin, RR BE Martin, RR Spiegel, S Converse, R TI Raspberry viruses in Oregon, Washington and British Columbia SO 8TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SMALL FRUIT VIRUS DISEASES SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Small Fruit Virus Diseases CY JUN 24-26, 1997 CL BETHESDA, MD SP Int Soc Hort, Working Grp Virus Dis Small Fruit Crops, Agdia Inc, Bioreba Ag, Friends Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, Nippon Del Monte Corp, Perkin Elmer, Appl Biosyst, USDA, Agr Res Serv, USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, US Dept Hlth, NIH ID BUSHY DWARF VIRUS; TOBACCO-STREAK; TRANSMISSION AB A survey of viruses in raspberry production fields was undertaken, and leaflets were collected from seventy-two plants per field in Oregon, Washington and British Columbia. Leaflets were collected from three or four rows in each field spaced to give a representative sampling of the field. Cultivar and age of plantings were noted. Three leaflets were pooled to make a single sample, thus 24 individual samples (72 leaflets) were tested per field by ELISA. Each sample was tested in duplicate for raspberry bushy dwarf (RBDV), tomato ringspot (ToRSV) and tobacco streak (TSV) viruses. Known infected raspberry plants maintained in a greenhouse were used as positive controls in all of the tests. In the Fraser Valley (northwestern Washington and southwestern British Columbia), RBDV was widespread (25/28 fields had RBDV) and occurred at a high incidence within fields (20/28 fields had greater than 50% infection rate). The three fields that did not have RBDV in this area were less than two years old. ToRSV and TSV were not found in the Fraser Valley. In southern Washington and Oregon, TSV, ToRSV and RBDV were all found sporadically in red raspberry. In this area, RBDV, TSV and ToRSV occurred in 7/49, 8/49 and 10/49 fields, respectively. None of the fields in this area had RBDV infection rates over 50%. In black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis) fields in Oregon both RBDV and TSV were found commonly at infection rates greater than 50%. However, RBDV and TSV were not found in native R. leucodermis plants adjacent to black raspberry fields with high levels of RBDV and TSV infections. C1 ARS, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Martin, RR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 3420 NW Orchard Ave, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-910-9 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 1998 IS 471 BP 71 EP 74 PG 4 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BM26Y UT WOS:000078230300011 ER PT S AU Postman, JD AF Postman, JD BE Martin, RR Spiegel, S Converse, R TI Temperate fruit germplasm borne pathogen collections at NCGR-Corvallis SO 8TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SMALL FRUIT VIRUS DISEASES SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Small Fruit Virus Diseases CY JUN 24-26, 1997 CL BETHESDA, MD SP Int Soc Hort, Working Grp Virus Dis Small Fruit Crops, Agdia Inc, Bioreba Ag, Friends Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, Nippon Del Monte Corp, Perkin Elmer, Appl Biosyst, USDA, Agr Res Serv, USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, US Dept Hlth, NIH AB More than 180 isolates of 70 temperate fruit germplasm-borne pathogens are maintained in a collection at the USDA gene bank for temperate fruit crops in Corvallis, Oregon. These pathogens are maintained as infected potted plants in screenhouses, and are available to researchers to use as controls for detection programs, and as reference cultures for developing and evaluating new technologies. C1 Agr Res Serv, USDA, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Postman, JD (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, USDA, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-910-9 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 1998 IS 471 BP 111 EP 114 PG 4 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BM26Y UT WOS:000078230300018 ER PT S AU Martin, RR AF Martin, RR BE Martin, RR Spiegel, S Converse, R TI Appendix I - Recommended procedures for detection of viruses of small fruit crops SO 8TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SMALL FRUIT VIRUS DISEASES SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Small Fruit Virus Diseases CY JUN 24-26, 1997 CL BETHESDA, MD SP Int Soc Hort, Working Grp Virus Dis Small Fruit Crops, Agdia Inc, Bioreba Ag, Friends Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, Nippon Del Monte Corp, Perkin Elmer, Appl Biosyst, USDA, Agr Res Serv, USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, US Dept Hlth, NIH ID MYCOPLASMALIKE ORGANISMS; HOST RANGE; HOP LATENT; DISEASE; CLASSIFICATION; IDENTIFICATION; AMPLIFICATION; INVOLVEMENT; STRAWBERRY; INFECTIONS C1 ARS, USDA, HCRL, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Martin, RR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, HCRL, 3420 NW Orchard Ave, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 47 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-910-9 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 1998 IS 471 BP 115 EP + PG 11 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BM26Y UT WOS:000078230300019 ER PT B AU Lee, FA AF Lee, FA GP NATL TAX ASSOC NATL TAX ASSOC TI Tax design in a deregulated local telecommunications industry SO 90TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON TAXATION, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 90th Annual Conference on Taxation CY NOV 09-11, 1997 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Natl Tax Assoc ID IMPERFECT COMPETITION; PUBLIC PRODUCTION; OPTIMAL TAXATION; RULES C1 USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATIONAL TAX ASSOCIATION PI WASHINGTON PA 725 15TH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-2109 USA PY 1998 BP 135 EP 143 PG 9 WC Business, Finance; Economics; Public Administration SC Business & Economics; Public Administration GA BM36R UT WOS:000078504000016 ER PT J AU Rinderer, TE AF Rinderer, TE TI The identification of Africanized honey bees: An assessment of morphometric, biochemical, and molecular approaches SO ACTA ZOOLOGICA ACADEMIAE SCIENTIARUM HUNGARICAE LA English DT Article DE Apis mellifera scutellata; Africanized bees; morphometrics; biochemical identification; molecular identification ID APIS-MELLIFERA L; EUROPEAN HONEYBEES; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; POPULATIONS; HYMENOPTERA; APIDAE; DIFFERENTIATION; HYBRIDIZATION; HERITABILITY; CHARACTERS AB African honey bees (Apis mellifera scutellata) were introduced into Brazil in 1955 with the intention of providing improved honey bee breeding stock for Brazilian apiculture. The spread of the descendants of the introduced African bees, known as Africanized bees, was a matter for scientific study and regulatory concern. This attention produced the need for an identification tool that could be employed in research, survey, and detection and regulation. In part due to a long history of study and in part due to its intrinsic value, the discriminant analysis of morphometric data has become the tool of choice for identifying Africanized honey bees. Cost of analysis led to the development of simple methods to screen large numbers of samples without sacrificing the overall quality of identifications. With these screening procedures, all colonies that are determined to be European at a P greater than or equal to 0.99 are considered European. All colonies that are not determined to be European are considered unidentified. Samples which remain unidentified after the initial screening are identified by a more complex morphometric procedure called USDA-ID. USDA-ID was developed primarily to provide several laboratories that were established to morphologically identify honey bees for regulatory purposes more accurate identification tools based on new discriminant analysis procedures. The characteristics of these procedures are discussed and their weaknesses and strengths are compared to those of several other identification tools. C1 ARS Honey Bee Breeding, USDA, Genet & Physiol Lab, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. RP Rinderer, TE (reprint author), ARS Honey Bee Breeding, USDA, Genet & Physiol Lab, 1157 Ben Hur Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. NR 43 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU HUNGARIAN NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PI BUDAPEST PA BAROSS U 13, H-1088 BUDAPEST, HUNGARY SN 1217-8837 J9 ACTA ZOOL ACAD SCI H JI Acta Zool. Acad. Sci. Hung. PY 1998 VL 44 IS 1-2 BP 177 EP 194 PG 18 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 136XM UT WOS:000076884400010 ER PT J AU Taylor, NL Smith, RR AF Taylor, NL Smith, RR TI Kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum MB) breeding, culture, and utilization SO ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY, VOL 63 SE ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY LA English DT Review ID BIEB CAUCASIAN CLOVER; WHITE CLOVER; INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS; BIRDSFOOT-TREFOIL; FORAGE QUALITY; OVULE CULTURE; CV MONARO; REGISTRATION; REPENS; LEGUMES C1 Univ Kentucky, Dept Agron, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Taylor, NL (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Dept Agron, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. NR 100 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0065-2113 J9 ADV AGRON PY 1998 VL 63 BP 153 EP 178 PG 26 WC Agronomy; Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BM55D UT WOS:000079078900003 ER PT S AU Jauhar, PP Hanna, WW AF Jauhar, PP Hanna, WW BE Sparks, DL TI Cytogenetics and genetics of pearl millet SO ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY, VOL 64 SE Advances in Agronomy LA English DT Review ID HETEROTIC CHROMOSOME BLOCKS; IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; PENNISETUM-GLAUCUM; DISEASE RESISTANCE; QUALITATIVE TRAITS; BRASSICA-OLERACEA; MOLECULAR MARKERS; PRIMARY TRISOMICS; MALE-STERILITY; FORAGE YIELD C1 USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, State Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. USDA ARS, Cent Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Jauhar, PP (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, State Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 121 TC 22 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0065-2113 BN 0-12-000764-9 J9 ADV AGRON JI Adv. Agron. PY 1998 VL 64 BP 1 EP 26 DI 10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60501-5 PG 26 WC Agronomy; Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BM55U UT WOS:000079094600001 ER PT J AU Gerik, TJ Oosterhuis, DM Torbert, HA AF Gerik, TJ Oosterhuis, DM Torbert, HA TI Managing cotton nitrogen supply SO ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY, VOL 64 SE ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY LA English DT Review ID GOSSYPIUM-HIRSUTUM; NUTRIENT-UPTAKE; WATER RELATIONS; DRY-MATTER; GROWTH; PLANTS; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; FERTILIZATION; ACCUMULATION; ABSORPTION C1 Texas Agr Expt Stn, Blackland Res Ctr, Temple, TX 76502 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Agron, Fayetteville, AR 72703 USA. USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RP Gerik, TJ (reprint author), Texas Agr Expt Stn, Blackland Res Ctr, Temple, TX 76502 USA. NR 110 TC 44 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0065-2113 J9 ADV AGRON PY 1998 VL 64 BP 115 EP 147 DI 10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60503-9 PG 33 WC Agronomy; Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BM55U UT WOS:000079094600003 ER PT J AU Farahani, HJ Peterson, GA Westfall, DG AF Farahani, HJ Peterson, GA Westfall, DG TI Dryland cropping intensification: A fundamental solution to efficient use of precipitation SO ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY, VOL 64 SE ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY LA English DT Review ID STORAGE EFFICIENCY; TILLAGE SYSTEMS; GREAT-PLAINS; WATER; SOIL; SORGHUM; WHEAT C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. ARS, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Farahani, HJ (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Peterson, Gary/B-8119-2013 NR 28 TC 82 Z9 84 U1 1 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0065-2113 J9 ADV AGRON PY 1998 VL 64 BP 197 EP 223 DI 10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60505-2 PG 27 WC Agronomy; Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BM55U UT WOS:000079094600005 ER PT S AU McMurtrey, J Cecchi, G Chappelle, E Kim, M Bazzani, M Corp, L AF McMurtrey, J Cecchi, G Chappelle, E Kim, M Bazzani, M Corp, L BE Narayanan, RM Kalshoven, JE TI Aquatic and terrestrial optical measurements - Laser induced fluorescence technique (ATOM-LIFT), Summer 1997 field measurement campaign SO ADVANCES IN LASER REMOTE SENSING FOR TERRESTRIAL AND HYDROGRAPHIC APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advances in Laser Remote Sensing for Terrestrial and Hydrographic Applications CY APR 13-14, 1998 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE aquatic and terrestrial optical monitoring; fluorescence; FLIDAR; FIS AB A joint IROE-CNR, NASA/GSFC, and USDA/ARS measurement campaign was conducted in Italy for a three week period in July, 1997. The campaign was split into two parts: the first part for aquatic vegetation studies and the second part for terrestrial vegetation studies. The main objective of the campaign was to study optical properties of intact plant material as it relates to photosynthetic activity of living vegetation The aquatic studies were carried out at an aquarium-laboratory in the seashore city of Livorno on the West coast of Italy. The investigations involved an important sea grass species that is native to the Mediterranean Sea. The terrestrial studies were carried out Northeast of the town of St. Stefano di Cadore (Belluno), Italy. Measurements were taken in a wooded site at a Italian Department of Forestry Station on species of natural alpine vegetation. Instrumentation available for the studies were the Italian fluorescence Light Detection And Ranging (FLIDAR) System, the NASA/USDA Fluorescence Imaging System (FIS), the Perkin Elmer Spectrofluorometer and LI-COR 6400 infrared gas exchange analyzer for photosynthesis measurements. Preliminary evaluations, analysis, and summaries were made by personnel from both Italian and United States groups on data collected during the measurement campaign. The joint Italian/American data collection effort with Aquatic and Terrestrial Optical Measurements produced a range of data for characterizing the relationships between fluorescence and the photosynthetic potentials of vegetative scenes. C1 USDA ARS, Remote Sensing & Modelling Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP McMurtrey, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, Remote Sensing & Modelling Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2831-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3382 BP 112 EP 117 DI 10.1117/12.312616 PG 6 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BL36P UT WOS:000075291200011 ER PT B AU Atalla, RH Weinstock, IA Reiner, RS Houtman, CJ Sullivan, C Hill, CG Hill, CL Wemple, M Cowan, J Barbuzzi, E AF Atalla, RH Weinstock, IA Reiner, RS Houtman, CJ Sullivan, C Hill, CG Hill, CL Wemple, M Cowan, J Barbuzzi, E BE Varios, A TI The second generation of polyoxometalate delignification agents for effluent-free bleaching SO ADVANCES IN LIGNOCELLULOSICS CHEMISTRY FOR ECOLOGICALLY FRIENDLY PULPING AND BLEACHING TECHNOLOGIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th European Workshop on Lignocellulosics and Pulp (EWLP'98) CY AUG 30-SEP 02, 1998 CL UNIV AVEIRO, AVEIRO, PORTUGAL SP Tecnicelpa, Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Technologia (FCT), CAIMA, Portucel Ind, Soporcel, Stora Celbi HO UNIV AVEIRO AB The polyoxometalates (POMs) are a class of delignification agents that promise to provide the basis for a new closed-mill bleaching technology. Rt:cent advances in synthesis and fundamental understanding resulted in a second generation of POMs, which are described here for the first time. They all operate at pH levels between 7 and 9, so hydrolysis of cellulose is limited anti the yield levels are high The results presented here are based on the use of Na6SiV2W10O40. It has been shown that this POM is effectivein reducing kappa from above 30 to below 10 with limited loss in viscosity. Furthermore, it has also been applied to linerboard gulps at kappa levels of 65 and reduced the kappa to below 10, while maintaining the viscosity above 20 mPa.s. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI USA. RP Atalla, RH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV AVEIRO PI AVEIRO PA CAMPUS DE SANTIAGO, AVEIRO 3800, PORTUGAL BN 972-8021-66-6 PY 1998 BP 593 EP 597 PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BL97B UT WOS:000077311700148 ER PT S AU Russell, JB DiezGonzalez, F AF Russell, JB DiezGonzalez, F BE Poole, RK TI The effects of fermentation acids on bacterial growth SO ADVANCES IN MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY, VOL 39 SE Advances in Microbial Physiology LA English DT Review ID VOLATILE FATTY-ACIDS; PROTON MOTIVE FORCE; UNCOUPLER-RESISTANT MUTANTS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; STREPTOCOCCUS-BOVIS; CLOSTRIDIUM-ACETOBUTYLICUM; RUMINAL BACTERIUM; LACTIC-ACID; INTRACELLULAR PH; RUMEN BACTERIA C1 CORNELL UNIV, MICROBIOL SECT, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA. RP Russell, JB (reprint author), USDA ARS, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA. NR 119 TC 227 Z9 237 U1 5 U2 35 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL ROAD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0065-2911 BN 0-12-027739-5 J9 ADV MICROB PHYSIOL JI Adv.Microb.Physiol. PY 1998 VL 39 BP 205 EP 234 PG 30 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA BJ77Y UT WOS:A1998BJ77Y00004 PM 9328648 ER PT B AU Laflen, JM AF Laflen, JM BE Pierce, FJ Frye, WW TI Understanding and controlling soil erosion by rainfall SO ADVANCES IN SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on 50-Years of Soil and Water Conservation Research - Past Accomplishments and Future Challenges, at the SWCS 1995 Annual Meeting CY AUG, 1995 CL DES MOINES, IA SP Soil & Water Conservat Soc C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Laflen, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ANN ARBOR PRESS, INC PI CHELSEA PA 310 NORTH MAIN STREET, CHELSEA, MI 48118 USA BN 1-57504-083-2 PY 1998 BP 1 EP 19 PG 19 WC Agronomy; Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BK92S UT WOS:000073874500002 ER PT B AU Sojka, RE AF Sojka, RE BE Pierce, FJ Frye, WW TI Understanding and managing irrigation-induced erosion SO ADVANCES IN SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on 50-Years of Soil and Water Conservation Research - Past Accomplishments and Future Challenges, at the SWCS 1995 Annual Meeting CY AUG, 1995 CL DES MOINES, IA SP Soil & Water Conservat Soc C1 USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Sojka, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ANN ARBOR PRESS, INC PI CHELSEA PA 310 NORTH MAIN STREET, CHELSEA, MI 48118 USA BN 1-57504-083-2 PY 1998 BP 21 EP 37 PG 17 WC Agronomy; Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BK92S UT WOS:000073874500003 ER PT B AU Fryrear, DW Bilbro, JD AF Fryrear, DW Bilbro, JD BE Pierce, FJ Frye, WW TI Mechanics, modeling, and controlling soil erosion by wind SO ADVANCES IN SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on 50-Years of Soil and Water Conservation Research - Past Accomplishments and Future Challenges, at the SWCS 1995 Annual Meeting CY AUG, 1995 CL DES MOINES, IA SP Soil & Water Conservat Soc C1 USDA ARS, Big Spring, TX 79721 USA. RP Fryrear, DW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Big Spring, TX 79721 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ANN ARBOR PRESS, INC PI CHELSEA PA 310 NORTH MAIN STREET, CHELSEA, MI 48118 USA BN 1-57504-083-2 PY 1998 BP 39 EP 49 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BK92S UT WOS:000073874500004 ER PT B AU Unger, PW Sharpley, AN Steiner, JL Papendick, RI Edwards, WM AF Unger, PW Sharpley, AN Steiner, JL Papendick, RI Edwards, WM BE Pierce, FJ Frye, WW TI Soil management research for water conservation and quality SO ADVANCES IN SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on 50-Years of Soil and Water Conservation Research - Past Accomplishments and Future Challenges, at the SWCS 1995 Annual Meeting CY AUG, 1995 CL DES MOINES, IA SP Soil & Water Conservat Soc C1 USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RP Unger, PW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ANN ARBOR PRESS, INC PI CHELSEA PA 310 NORTH MAIN STREET, CHELSEA, MI 48118 USA BN 1-57504-083-2 PY 1998 BP 69 EP 97 PG 29 WC Agronomy; Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BK92S UT WOS:000073874500006 ER PT B AU Allmaras, RR Wilkins, DE Burnside, OC Mulla, DJ AF Allmaras, RR Wilkins, DE Burnside, OC Mulla, DJ BE Pierce, FJ Frye, WW TI Agricultural technology and adoption of conservation practices SO ADVANCES IN SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on 50-Years of Soil and Water Conservation Research - Past Accomplishments and Future Challenges, at the SWCS 1995 Annual Meeting CY AUG, 1995 CL DES MOINES, IA SP Soil & Water Conservat Soc C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Allmaras, RR (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 0 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU ANN ARBOR PRESS, INC PI CHELSEA PA 310 NORTH MAIN STREET, CHELSEA, MI 48118 USA BN 1-57504-083-2 PY 1998 BP 99 EP 158 PG 60 WC Agronomy; Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BK92S UT WOS:000073874500007 ER PT B AU Soffran, M AF Soffran, M BE Smith, JW TI Figuring 7-day runoff in depressional basins SO AFTER THE RAIN HAS FALLEN LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Water Resources Engineering Conference on Water Resources Development and Protection CY AUG 03-07, 1998 CL MEMPHIS, TN SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Water Resources Engn Div, Amer Soc Civil Engineers, W Tennessee Branch, Univ Memphis, Ground Water Inst, US Geol Survey AB The USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly SCS) in Kansas developed a procedure to estimate the 50% chance runoff for depressional basins in Kansas. Runoff from each precipitation event was computed using 30+ years of precipitation records and SCS runoff curve numbers. A computer program was developed to compute the runoff. High intensity storms are site specific in this region. Correcting for the nonuniformity between stations, equal runoff lines were drawn across the state using the 50% chance runoff values for the annual maximum 7-day runoff for each station. Equal runoff lines were developed using a statistical analysis procedure incorporating each station's 7-day runoff value, Latitude and Longitude. A map of the state was drawn for runoff curve numbers 65, 70, 75, 80 and 85. The maps are used to figure the estimated runoff volume to a depression. A water budget is developed using the soil's permeability and water holding capacity and evaporation to determine the water losses. If the runoff volume is greater than the water losses, then the wetland hydrology criteria has been met. To maintain consistency, equal runoff maps covering the portions of Texas, Oklahoma and New Mexico within the High Plains Playa Region and the state of Kansas are being created. The parameters and procedures that were used to develop the Kansas maps are being followed. Creating equal runoff maps to provide continuity across county and state boundaries will permit consistency in evaluating the hydrology criteria; as well as reducing the confusion of the 50 percent chance 7-day runoff calculations. C1 USDA, NRCS, Garden City, KS 67846 USA. RP Soffran, M (reprint author), USDA, NRCS, 1502 E Harding Ave,Suite 11, Garden City, KS 67846 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0362-7 PY 1998 BP 229 EP 234 PG 6 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BL59T UT WOS:000075967000038 ER PT J AU Sharpley, A Gburek, W Heathwaite, L AF Sharpley, A Gburek, W Heathwaite, L TI Agricultural phosphorus and water quality: sources, transport and management SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE IN FINLAND LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Seminar in Honour of the 100th Anniversary of MTT CY AUG 11, 1998 CL JOKIOINEN, FINLAND DE animal manure; catchments; critical source areas; drainflow; erosion; fertiliser; leaching; macropores; nonpoint source pollution; remediation; surface runoff; subsurface flow ID SOIL-PHOSPHORUS; POULTRY LITTER; SURFACE RUNOFF; BIOAVAILABILITY; AMENDMENTS; TOXINS; LAKES AB Freshwater eutrophication is usually controlled by inputs of phosphorus (P). To identify critical sources of P export from agricultural catchments we investigated hydrological and chemical factors controlling P export from a mixed land use (30% wooded, 50% cultivated, 20% pasture) 39.5-ha catchment in east-central Pennsylvania, USA. Mehlich-3 extractable soil P, determined on a 30-m grid over the catchment, ranged from 7 to 788 mg kg(-1). Generally, soils in wooded areas had low Mehlich-3 P (<30 mg kg(-1)), grazed pasture had Mehlich-3 P values between and 200 mg kg(-1), and cropped fields receiving manure and fertiliser applications were in most cases above 200 mg kg(-1). Average P concentrations for ten storms during 1996 decreased 50% downstream from segment 4 to segment 1 (catchment outlet). Flow-weighted streamflow P concentrations were more closely related to the near-stream (within 60 m) than whole catchment distribution of high-P soils. This suggests that near-stream surface runoff and soil P are controlling P export from the catchment. Remedial measures should be targeted to these critical P source areas in a catchment. Measures include source (fertiliser and manure application) and transport management (reduce surface runoff and erosion). C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Sharpley, A (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM ans3@psu.edu OI Heathwaite, Ann Louise/0000-0001-8791-0039 NR 63 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 4 U2 14 PU AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTRE FINLAND PI JOKIOINEN PA DATA AND INFORMATION SERVICES SARI TORKKO, 31600 JOKIOINEN, FINLAND SN 1239-0992 J9 AGR FOOD SCI FINLAND JI Agr. Food Sci. Finland PY 1998 VL 7 IS 2 BP 297 EP 314 PG 18 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 111KD UT WOS:000075435400011 ER PT S AU Kubicek, QB AF Kubicek, QB BE Ives, CL Bedford, BM TI Trade in conventional and biotechnology agricultural products SO AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY IN INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT SE BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on the Biotechnology for a Better World CY APR 28-30, 1997 CL PACIFIC GROVE, CA SP Michigan State Univ, Agr Biotechnol Sustainable Prod Project, US Agcy Int Dev, UST, Garst Seed Co, Michigan State Univ, Inst Int Agr AB The US consumer takes it for granted that the food they purchase is safe, clean, wholesome and relatively inexpensive. Several federal and state agencies have negotiated the entry and export of agricultural products, ensuring that these products are safe, not only to humans but to agriculture as well. This type of negotiation is ongoing and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) is primarily responsible for ensuring these imports do not present a risk to US agriculture, It is the role of APHIS that is discussed here, especially within the context of the treatment of biotechnology-based products. C1 USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Kubicek, QB (reprint author), USDA, Room 1128-5, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CABI PUBLISHING-C A B INT PI WALLINGFORD PA CABI PUBLISHING, WALLINGFORD 0X10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-202X BN 0-85199-278-1 J9 BIOTECHN AG PY 1998 IS 21 BP 311 EP 314 PG 4 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA BM72E UT WOS:000079604900023 ER PT J AU Pattanayak, S Mercer, DE AF Pattanayak, S Mercer, DE TI Valuing soil conservation benefits of agroforestry: contour hedgerows in the Eastern Visayas, Philippines SO AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE agroforestry; contour hedgerows; soil conservation; bio-economic framework ID FARM-LEVEL ECONOMICS; EROSION AB Trees can be considered as investments made by economic agents to prevent depreciation of natural assets such as stocks of top soil and water. In agroforestry systems farmers use trees in this manner by deliberately combining them with agricultural crops on the same unit of land. Although advocates of agroforestry have asserted that soil conservation is one of its primary benefits, empirical estimates of these benefits have been lacking due to temporal and spatial complexity of agroforestry systems and the nonmarket aspect of soil capital assets. This study designs and applies a bio-economic framework for valuing the soil conservation benefits of agroforestry. The framework is tested with econometric analysis of data from surveys of households in Eastern Visayas, Philippines, where USAID/Government of Philippines introduced contour hedgerow agroforestry in 1983. By constructing a weighted soil quality index that also incorporates measures of soil fertility, texture and color in addition to erosion, we extend previous economic studies of soil resources. This index is regressed on a variety of farming and site specific bio-physical variables. Next, we use a Cobb-Douglas profit function to directly relate agricultural profits and soil quality. Thus, the value of soil conservation is measured as a quasi-rent differential or the share of producer surplus associated with a change in soil quality. Because this framework assumes the existence of markets, the assumption is tested by analysing the statistical significance of consumption side variables, e.,a., number of household members, on production side variables, e.g., profits. Instrumental variables are used to handle the endogeneity of the soil index in the profit equation. Seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) analysis is used to accommodate correlation of errors across the soil and profit equations. Regression results reveal the importance of agroforestry intensity, private ownership, land fragmentation, and familiarity with soil conservation as positive covariates of soil quality. Analysis of production data indicate the importance of market prices, education, farming experience, farm size, topography, and soil quality as positive covariates of household profits. Investments in agroforestry to improve or maintain soil capital can increased annual agricultural profits by US$53 for the typical household, which is 6% of total income. However, there are significant up-front costs. Given that small farmers in tropical uplands are important players in the management of deteriorating soil and forest resources, policy makers may want to consider supporting farmers in the early years of agroforestry adoption. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Duke Univ, Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA. RP Mercer, DE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, POB 12254, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RI RASTOIN, Jean-Louis/F-3853-2011 NR 35 TC 40 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 29 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0169-5150 EI 1574-0862 J9 AGR ECON-BLACKWELL JI Agric. Econ. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 18 IS 1 BP 31 EP 46 DI 10.1016/S0169-5150(97)00037-6 PG 16 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA YQ445 UT WOS:000071388200003 ER PT J AU Arnade, C Pick, D AF Arnade, C Pick, D TI Seasonality and unit roots: the demand for fruits SO AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE seasonality; unit roots; US fruits ID COINTEGRATION; TIME AB We apply seasonal unit root tests to apple and pear price and quantity data. We then develop a method for testing shifts in amplitude and/or phase of the seasonal cycles. The results have implications to econometric specifications of models which use short-run data (quarterly, monthly). Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Econ Res Serv, USDA, Trade Anal Branch, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Arnade, C (reprint author), Econ Res Serv, USDA, Trade Anal Branch, 1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 11 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0169-5150 EI 1574-0862 J9 AGR ECON-BLACKWELL JI Agric. Econ. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 18 IS 1 BP 53 EP 62 DI 10.1016/S0169-5150(97)00039-X PG 10 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA YQ445 UT WOS:000071388200005 ER PT B AU Collins, K AF Collins, K BE Holland, TE VandenBroecke, MPR TI Agricultural statistics for public policy issues SO AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS 2000, PROCEEDINGS: AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Agricultural Statistics CY MAR 18-20, 1998 CL USDA, NATL AGR STAT SERV, WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Int Stat inst, FAO, Natl Agr Stat Serv, Eurostat HO USDA, NATL AGR STAT SERV C1 USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Collins, K (reprint author), USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT STATISTICAL INST PI VOORBURG PA 428 PRINSES BEATRIXLAAN, PO BOX 950, 2270 VOORBURG, NETHERLANDS BN 90-73592-15-1 PY 1998 BP 7 EP 12 PG 6 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Statistics & Probability SC Agriculture; Mathematics GA BP89Y UT WOS:000086544500001 ER PT B AU Goebel, JJ AF Goebel, JJ BE Holland, TE VandenBroecke, MPR TI The National Resources Inventory and its role in US agriculture SO AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS 2000, PROCEEDINGS: AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Agricultural Statistics CY MAR 18-20, 1998 CL USDA, NATL AGR STAT SERV, WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Int Stat inst, FAO, Natl Agr Stat Serv, Eurostat HO USDA, NATL AGR STAT SERV AB This paper discusses various aspects of the National Resources Inventory program, which is conducted by the Natural Resources Conservation Service, an agency of the United States Department of Agriculture, in cooperation with the Iowa State University Statistical Laboratory. The Natural Resources Conservation Service. formerly the Soil Conservation Service, has been collecting natural resources data since the 1930s. The current inventory is a longitudinal survey of soil, water and related resources designed to assess condition and trends every five years on the non-federal lands of the United States. An historical overview of this multi-resource inventory is provided. Sample design and data collection are described. Data analysis techniques and modeling are discussed in relation to agri-environmental issues and policy. The National Resources Inventory has evolved over the decades as resource issues have changed; it will continue to evolve as part of an ongoing effort to better assess soil conservation, natural resources health, and other environmental issues. C1 USDA, NRCS, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP Goebel, JJ (reprint author), USDA, NRCS, Washington, DC 20013 USA. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU INT STATISTICAL INST PI VOORBURG PA 428 PRINSES BEATRIXLAAN, PO BOX 950, 2270 VOORBURG, NETHERLANDS BN 90-73592-15-1 PY 1998 BP 181 EP 192 PG 12 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Statistics & Probability SC Agriculture; Mathematics GA BP89Y UT WOS:000086544500019 ER PT J AU Howell, TA Tolk, JA Schneider, AD Evett, SR AF Howell, TA Tolk, JA Schneider, AD Evett, SR TI Evapotranspiration, yield, and water use efficiency of corn hybrids differing in maturity SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN HIGH-PLAINS; GRAIN-YIELD; IRRIGATED CORN; MANAGEMENT; MAIZE; CALIBRATION; WHEAT AB Short-season corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids may reduce irrigation requirements and permit earlier harvest. We measured and compared evapotranspiration (ET) of a short-season (SS, Pioneer 3737) and full-season (FS, Pioneer 3245) hybrid under full irrigation in 1994 at Bushland, TX, and examined differences in growth, yield, and water use efficiency (WUE). Both hybrids were planted the same day in contiguous 4-ha fields (each field with a weighing lysimeter to measure ET directly), were irrigated simultaneously until the SS hybrid reached mid grain fill (R5 dent stage), and were managed for high productivity. Harvest was at the normal field-dried grain water content of 136 g kg(-1) for the region, Rainfall was 320 mm; 465 and 577 mm of irrigation was applied to the SS and FS hybrid fields, respectively. Seasonal ET was reduced with the SS hybrid (SS, 673 mm; FS, 802 mm), with the primary reduction after SS anthesis. Peak daily ET rates (some >10 mm d(-1)) were not affected by hybrid type. Grain yields (dry basis) declined from 1322 to 1130 g m(-2), but grain water use efficiency (WUEg = grain yield/ET) was similar across hybrids: SS, 1.68 kg m(-3); FS, 1.65 kg m(-3). Dry matter (DM) was reduced by >390 g m(-2) for the SS hybrid, but DM water use efficiency (WUEd = DM/ET) was identical for the two hybrids, at 3.02 kg m(-3). The SS hybrid reached physiological maturity 12 d earlier than the FS hybrid and was harvested 11 d sooner. Leaf area index was >5.5 m(2) m(-2) for the FS hybrid, but barely >4 m(2) m(-2) for the SS hybrid. The WUEd, WUEg, and peak daily ET rates were not appreciably different for the two hybrids when fully irrigated, although seasonal ET was less with the SS hybrid. A shorter-maturity hybrid can reduce ET and seasonal irrigation requirement, but it will not reduce the needed irrigation capacity (now per unit area) by more than 5 to 10%, as that is largely dictated by the near-maximum daily ET rate needed to avoid soil water deficits and a corresponding yield reduction. With prevailing regional pumping and production costs, the reduced production income with a SS hybrid would be more than six to eight times the saving in irrigation water cost, but this could be offset by higher grain marketing prices with an earlier harvest and by the opportunity for grazing income from a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) double-crop. C1 ARS, USDA, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RP Howell, TA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, 2300 Expt Stn Rd,PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. NR 40 TC 82 Z9 90 U1 3 U2 28 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 90 IS 1 BP 3 EP 9 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA ZC171 UT WOS:000072547900003 ER PT J AU MacKown, CT Sutton, TG AF MacKown, CT Sutton, TG TI Using early-season leaf traits to predict nitrogen sufficiency of burley tobacco SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FIELD CHLOROPHYLL MEASUREMENTS; METER; CORN; WHEAT; EVALUATE; LEAVES; LIGHT; RICE AB Burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) requires large amounts of fertilizer N to produce high yields of good-quality air-cured leaf. On well-drained soils, fertilizer N typically is applied as much as 4 wk before transplanting. This results in a delay of up to 9 wk before the onset of rapid growth and N accumulation at about 5 wk after transplanting. Abundant rainfall often occurs during this period and creates the potential for losses of soil and fertilizer N. An early-season N-sufficiency tissue test could guide the tobacco grower in adjusting fertilizer needs of the crop before the last cultivation, which normally occurs about 5 wk after transplanting. The objective of this study was to determine relationships among selected N-nutrition-related leaf traits of tobacco measured 3, 4, and 5 wk after transplanting and to determine if these traits are related to yields of air-cured leaf. Burley tobacco was grown in 1993 at two locations, with 0 to 336 kg N ha(-1) applied before transplanting. One site had a well-drained soil; the other site, moderately well-drained. Total N, extracted chlorophyll, and chlorophyll meter readings were measured on leaf lamina disks taken from lower leaves. Leaf yields at both sites were equivalent at 336 kg N ha(-1), with increases in yield due to added N being less for the well-drained soil. The response patterns of the leaf traits to fertilizer N were different for the two soil types and corresponded to the respective yield response patterns for each site. Neither extracted chlorophyll (335-760 mg m(-2)) nor chlorophyll meter readings (23.0-42.6 SPAD units) plateaued with increasing total N of leaf disks (3.50-6.26 g m(-2); 41.2-66.6 mg g(-1) dry wt.). Models for linear relationships among leaf traits were significant (R-2 = 0.60-0.66; P < 0.001). A 20% increase in relative yield corresponded to about a 25% increase in concentrations of total N and extracted chlorophyll, hut only a 5% increase in chlorophyll meter readings. After more testing and calibration with comparisons to to a high-N-fertility reference strip, these early season leaf tissue traits may prove useful in predicting sidedress fertilizer N requirements. C1 ARS, USDA, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. Univ Kentucky, Dept Agron, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. RP MacKown, CT (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 7207 W Cheyenne St, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. NR 30 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 90 IS 1 BP 21 EP 27 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA ZC171 UT WOS:000072547900006 ER PT J AU Burns, JC Chamblee, DS Belesky, DP Fisher, DS Timothy, DH AF Burns, JC Chamblee, DS Belesky, DP Fisher, DS Timothy, DH TI Nitrogen and defoliation management: Effects on yield and nutritive value of flaccidgrass SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID COASTAL BERMUDAGRASS; SWITCHGRASS AB 'Carostan' flaccidgrass (Pennisetum flaccidum Griseb.), a C-4 perennial grass, has shown high quality potential in animal trials. Its yield response to defoliation frequency and N fertilization, however, has not been reported. We examined the influence of stubble height and of a range of N applications in two defoliation experiments over 4 yr. Experiment 1 (Raleigh, NC) combined two harvest heights, 76 and 38 cm, with two stubble heights, 25 and 15 cm (76-25, 76-15, 38-25, 38-15); all treatments received 380 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1). After Year 1, the 76-15 defoliation produced higher yields than 76-25 (Year 2: 11 330 vs. 7930 kg ha(-1), P < 0.001; Year 3: 8950 vs. 6270 g kg(-1), P < 0.001), while in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) was similar (Year 3) (mean = 582 g kg(-1)). Compared with 38-15, the 38-8 defoliation resulted in lower yields (Year 2: 8638 vs. 9344 kg ha(-1), P < 0.001; Year 3, 6173 vs. 8090 kg ha(-1), P = 0.07) but higher IVDMD (Year 3, 651 vs. 635 g kg(-1), P < 0.01). Experiment 2 (Raleigh, NC, and Watkinsville, GA) had four defoliations: clipping to 5 cm at 20 and 51 cm (vegetative) and to 8 cm at boot and anthesis stages (20-5, 51-5, Boot-8, Anthesis-8). All defoliation treatments were topdressed with 291 kg N ha(-1), and 51-5 and Boot-8 were also evaluated with 179 and 403 kg N ha(-1) (eight N-defoliation treatments in all). At both locations, highest yields were obtained with Anthesis-8, averaging 19 010 kg ha(-1) st Raleigh and 12 390 kg ha(-1) at Watkinsville. The 20-5 defoliation resulted in lowest yields at both locations, averaging 7648 kg ha(-1) at Raleigh and 5100 kg ha(-1) at Watkinsville. Defoliation frequency altered IVDMD (range = 550 to 789 g kg(-1)), but N application did not; however, increasing N application increased N concentrations linearly (P = 0.05). Flaccidgrass had high yield potential and high nutritive value at the Raleigh Location, and warrants further evaluation in the upper South. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. ARS, USDA, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Burns, JC (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Box 7620, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 90 IS 1 BP 85 EP 92 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA ZC171 UT WOS:000072547900017 ER PT J AU Zhu, YP Sheaffer, CC Russelle, MP Vance, CP AF Zhu, YP Sheaffer, CC Russelle, MP Vance, CP TI Dry matter accumulation and dinitrogen fixation of annual Medicago species SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SYMBIOTICALLY FIXED NITROGEN; SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA; DIFFERENCE-METHODS; ISOTOPE-DILUTION; ALFALFA; LEGUMES; PASTURE; GRAIN; N-15 AB Assessment of the N-2 fixation potential of annual medics (Medicago spp.) in the upper Midwest is important for predicting the net N contribution to cropping systems. Our objectives were to determine the dry matter (DM) accumulation pattern of herbage, roots, and nodules of several annual medic species used as summer annuals and to measure the percentage and amount of N derived from NI fixation by annual medics using isotope dilution and difference methods. Experiments were conducted on a Hubbard loamy sand (Udorthentic Haploboroll) at Becker, MN, and a Tallula silt loam (Typic Hapludoll) at Rosemount, MN. The experimental design at both locations was a randomized complete block with six replicates. Medicago truncatula Gaertn., M. polymorpha L., M. scutellata (L.) Mill., and M. rugosa Desr. mere inoculated with commercial rhizobial inoculant and were seeded in late May. Herbage, root, and nodule DM of N-2-fixing annual medics continued to increase until about 72 d after planting (DAP). The highest maximum herbage, root, and nodule DM yields were 10 669, 648, and 169 kg ha(-1), respectively, from M. polymorpha in 1993. Based on the estimate from the isotope dilution (ID) method, herbage of annual medics at maximum DM accumulation contained 86% N derived from atmosphere (%Ndfa), using ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) as a reference crop, or 79% Ndfa, using noninoculated M. rugosa as a reference crop. The amount of Ndfa in annual medic herbage ranged from 100 to 200 kg ha(-1) based on estimates using either the ID method or the difference method (D-method), with M. polymorpha producing the highest and M. rugosa producing the lowest amount. Estimates of Ndfa from the ID and D-methods were strongly correlated. We conclude that annual medics have the potential to contribute a significant amount of N to cropping systems when seeded in the spring and harvested or incorporated into the soil 2 to 3 mo. later. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Sheaffer, CC (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, 411 Borlaug Hall,1991 Buford Cir, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 25 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 90 IS 1 BP 103 EP 108 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA ZC171 UT WOS:000072547900020 ER PT J AU Ginn, LH Adams, ER Heatherly, LG Wesley, RA AF Ginn, LH Adams, ER Heatherly, LG Wesley, RA TI A canopied sprayer for accurate application of herbicides SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID WIND AB Preemergent and postemergent herbicides applied to research plots must be confined to the target area and crop. Our objective was to develop an apparatus that could be used to apply herbicides effectively for weed control in randomized field plots of multiple crops with no injury to nontarget crops in adjacent plots. A canopied sprayer that attaches to a row-crop tractor having a standard Category I or II three-point hitch and a PTO was designed and constructed. This sprayer delivered broadcast and band-applied herbicides to small plots without causing drift-related injury to nontarget crops planted in adjacent plots. Use of this sprayer eliminated wind-blown drift, and ensured the confinement of herbicides to target plots, alleys, and borders. C1 ARS, USDA, Soybean Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. ARS, USDA, Applic & Prod Technol Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Heatherly, LG (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Soybean Res Unit, POB 343, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 4 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 90 IS 1 BP 109 EP 112 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA ZC171 UT WOS:000072547900021 ER PT J AU Schmoldt, DL AF Schmoldt, DL TI Knowledge acquisition using linguistic-based knowledge analysis SO AI APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article ID EXPERT SYSTEM; MANAGEMENT; PSYCHOLOGY AB Most knowledge-based system development efforts include acquiring knowledge from one or more sources. Difficulties associated with this knowledge acquisition task are readily acknowledged by most researchers. While a variety of knowledge acquisition methods have been reported, little has been done to organize those different methods and to suggest how to apply them within a conceptual framework. The linguistic-based knowledge analysis approach described here offers a conceptual approach wherein knowledge in a subject area is analyzed as (1) lexical, (2) syntactic, and (3) semantic knowledge. Analysis of these three separate components of knowledge creates a domain "language" that completely describes the knowledge of a particular subject area in logical detail. This "language" serves as a knowledge model that can be readily translated into a software implementation. The resulting knowledge-based system is able to "converse" in the language of its domain about particular types of problems. Many previously reported knowledge acquisition techniques are effective, to varying degrees, for acquiring lexical, syntactic, and semantic knowledge. C1 Virginia Tech, US Forest Serv, USDA, Brooks Forest Prod Ctr, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Schmoldt, DL (reprint author), Virginia Tech, US Forest Serv, USDA, Brooks Forest Prod Ctr, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 56 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 4 PU AI APPLICATIONS PI MOSCOW PA PO BOX 3066, UNIV STATION, MOSCOW, ID 83843 USA SN 1051-8266 J9 AI APPLICATIONS JI AI Appl. PY 1998 VL 12 IS 1-3 BP 1 EP 20 PG 20 WC Agronomy; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Agriculture; Computer Science; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 131MR UT WOS:000076580300001 ER PT J AU Rickel, BW Anderson, B Pope, R AF Rickel, BW Anderson, B Pope, R TI Using fuzzy systems, object-oriented programming, and GIS to evaluate wildlife habitat SO AI APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article ID MULE DEER; MOVEMENTS AB The Southwestern Region of the USDA Forest Service is developing wildlife habitat evaluation and management models for various species. The objectives of these models are: 1) to determine the quantity and quality of habitat; 2) to display landscapes spatially and use the capabilities of a GIS to analyze the landscape; 3) to identify the habitat parameters that limit the quality of habitat; 4) to help direct changes in management; and 5) to allow users to test different management scenarios. To accomplish these objectives, we employ object-oriented programming (OOP), fuzzy systems, and geographic information systems (GIS). The use of objects and fuzzy logic allows for high-level abstractions of species/habitat relationships. OOP is used to create landscape and animal objects. Landscape objects represent habitat patches and are attributed with the specific habitat parameters a wildlife species needs for desirable habitat. Animal objects evaluate each patch. Since there is always inherent imprecision in defining wildlife species/habitat relationships, fuzzy systems are employed in developing the animal's abilities to evaluate the habitat. A GIS is utilized to display the outputs of the OOP/fuzzy system and to analyze the habitat spatially. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Albuquerque, NM 87102 USA. USDA Forest, Gila Natl Forest, Silver City, NM 88061 USA. RP Rickel, BW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, SW Reg,517 Gold Ave, Albuquerque, NM 87102 USA. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU AI APPLICATIONS PI MOSCOW PA PO BOX 3066, UNIV STATION, MOSCOW, ID 83843 USA SN 1051-8266 J9 AI APPLICATIONS JI AI Appl. PY 1998 VL 12 IS 1-3 BP 31 EP 40 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Agriculture; Computer Science; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 131MR UT WOS:000076580300003 ER PT B AU Nowak, DJ McHale, PJ Ibarra, M Crane, D Stevens, JC Luley, CJ AF Nowak, DJ McHale, PJ Ibarra, M Crane, D Stevens, JC Luley, CJ BE Gryning, SE Chaumerliac, N TI Modeling the effects of urban vegetation on air pollution SO AIR POLLUTION MODELING AND ITS APPLICATION XII SE NATO CHALLENGES OF MODERN SOCIETY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd NATO/CCMS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and its Application CY JUN 02-06, 1997 CL CLERMONT FERRA, FRANCE SP NATO, CCMS, CNRS, Observ Phys Globe Clermont-Ferrand, Univ Blaise Pascal, Elect France, Inst Francais Petr, Conseil Reg d'Auvergne, Conseil Gen Puy de Dome, Marie Clermont-Ferrand, SATCAR, European Assoc Sci Air Pollut, Riso Natl Lab, Danish Environm Res Programme C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Forest Expt Stn, Moon Lib 5, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. RP Nowak, DJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Forest Expt Stn, Moon Lib 5, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. NR 0 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 13 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-45821-7 J9 NATO CHAL M PY 1998 VL 22 BP 399 EP 407 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL96F UT WOS:000077292800041 ER PT S AU Weixelman, DA Bowyer, RT Van Ballenberghe, V AF Weixelman, DA Bowyer, RT Van Ballenberghe, V BE Ballard, WB Rodgers, AR TI Diet selection by Alaskan moose during winter: Effects of fire and forest succession SO ALCES 34 SE ALCES : NORTH AMERICAN MOOSE CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 33rd North American Moose Conference and Workshop / 4th International Moose Symposium CY MAY 17-23, 1997 CL FAIRBANKS, AK SP Alaska Div Wildlife Conservat, Dept Fish & Game DE Alaskan moose; Alces alces gigas; diet selection; fire; forest succession; optimal foraging; snow depth; winter AB We studied forage available to and used by Alaskan moose (A Ices alces gigas) during winter 1988-1989 on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, USA, to test the hypothesis that changes in the quality and abundance of browse during winter affected selection of diet. Random plots were located in 3 age classes of vegetation (7-10, 20-30, and 70-80 years since the last fire), which varied in abundance and quality of browse. Dominant species of browse we studied on those seral stands included scouler willow (Salix scouleriana), Kenai birch (Betula papyrifera kenaica), aspen (Populus tremuloides), and black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa). We made twig counts of current annual growth in early (December), mid- (February), and late (April) winter to determine amounts of woody browse available to and used by moose. Overall, moose browsed scouler willow, Kenai birch, and aspen in proportion to their availability, and avoided black cottonwood. Plant secondary compounds offer a likely explanation for moose avoiding cottonwood and not consuming white spruce (Picea glauca). Percent use of a browse species, however, was not significantly related to its availability or to those measures of nutrient content we analyzed. Black cottonwood was not browsed to a greater degree in stands with low resource availability, contrary to a prediction of optimal foraging theory. Patterns of diet selection did not vary between periods of winter even though abundance of forage did so. Distance from escape cover affected diet selection by moose; selectivity of diet declined with increasing distance from cover, indicating risk of predation played a role in the foraging dynamics of moose. The use of fire holds the potential to improve habitat for moose, but the population dynamics of this large herbivore also need to be considered for such management to be effective. Likewise, the sound management of moose requires that suitable habitat be available in other seasons as well as winter. C1 US Forest Serv, Toiyabe Natl Forest, Sparks, NV 89431 USA. RP Weixelman, DA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Toiyabe Natl Forest, 1200 Franklin Way, Sparks, NV 89431 USA. NR 0 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 14 PU LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY BOOKSTORE PI THUNDER BAY PA THUNDER BAY, ON P7B 5EI, CANADA SN 0835-5851 J9 ALCES-N AM MOOSE CON PY 1998 VL 34 IS 1 BP 213 EP 238 PG 26 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA BL26N UT WOS:000074938700022 ER PT J AU Loper, GM AF Loper, GM TI Penncap-M research SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Letter C1 ARS, USDA, Carl Hayden Bee Lab, Tucson, AZ 85712 USA. RP Loper, GM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Carl Hayden Bee Lab, 4434 E Blacklidge Dr, Tucson, AZ 85712 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 USA SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 138 IS 1 BP 12 EP 13 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YQ520 UT WOS:000071396000006 ER PT J AU O'Dowd, DJ Pemberton, RW AF O'Dowd, DJ Pemberton, RW TI Leaf domatia and foliar mite abundance in broadleaf deciduous forest of north Asia SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE broadleaf deciduous forest; Korea; leaf domatia; mites; mutualism; north Asia; plant defense ID PREDATORY MITES; PLANTS; PHYTOSEIIDAE; ACARI; ASSOCIATIONS; MORPHOLOGY; MUTUALISM; VINEYARDS AB Plant morphology may be shaped, in part, by the third trophic level. Leaf domatia, minute enclosures usually in vein axils on the leaf underside, may provide the basis for protective mutualism between plants and mites. Domatia are particularly frequent among species of trees, shrubs, and vines in the temperate broadleaf deciduous forests in north Asia where they may be important in determining the distribution and abundance of mites in the forest canopy. In lowland and montane broadleaf deciduous forests at Kwangnung and Chumbongsan in Korea, we found that approximately half of all woody species in all forest strata, including many dominant trees, have leaf domatia. Pooling across 24 plant species at the two sites, mites occupied a mode of 60% (range 20-100%) of domatia and used them for shelter, egg-laying, and development. On average, 70% of all active mires and 85% of mite eggs on leaves were found in domatia; over three-quarters of these were potentially beneficial to their hosts. Further, mite abundance and reproduction (expressed as the proportion of mites at the egg stage) were significantly greater on leaves of species with domatia than those without domatia in both forests. Effects of domatia on mite abundance were significant only for predaceous and fungivorous mite taxa; herbivore numbers did not differ significantly between leaves of species with and without domatia. Comparable patterns in broadleaf deciduous forest in North America and other biogeographic regions suggest that the effect of leaf domatia on foliar mire abundance is general. These results are consistent with several predictions of mutualism between plants and mites, and indicate that protective mutualisms may be frequent in the temperate zone. C1 Monash Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia. USDA ARS, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. RP O'Dowd, DJ (reprint author), Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, Forestry Res Lab, 19 E Kawili St, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. NR 47 TC 30 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 8 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 85 IS 1 BP 70 EP 78 DI 10.2307/2446556 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YU123 UT WOS:000071684600010 PM 21684881 ER PT J AU van den Berg, RG Miller, JT Ugarte, ML Kardolus, JP Villand, J Nienhuis, J Spooner, DM AF van den Berg, RG Miller, JT Ugarte, ML Kardolus, JP Villand, J Nienhuis, J Spooner, DM TI Collapse of morphological species in the wild potato Solanum brevicaule complex (Solanaceae : sect. Petota) SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE potato; section Petota; Solanaceae; Solanum brevicaule complex; South America ID GERMPLASM; REEXAMINATION; BOUNDARIES; EVOLUTION; HAWKES AB The major cultivated potato, Solanum tuberosum, and six other related cultivated species, are hypothesized to have arisen from a group of weedy relatives indigenous to the central Andes of central Peru, Bolivia, and northern Argentina. A major problem hindering investigations of the origins of the cultivated species has been a continuing debate over the species boundaries of their putative progenitors. This study investigated the morphological phenetic species boundaries of these putative progenitors and five cultivated taxa, here collectively referred to as the Solanum brevicaule complex. Two hundred fifteen accessions of 30 taxa in the S. brevicaule complex and 42 accessions of six taxa outside of the complex were assessed for 53 morphological traits in replicate plots ina common garden, resulting in a total of over 81000 data points. Phenetic analyses of these data are unable to support 30 taxa, suggesting instead a single variable complex at best only weakly divided into three widely intergrading sets of populations: (1) Peruvian and geographically adjacent Bolivian accessions (including wild species and all the cultigens), (2) Bolivian and Argentinian accessions and S. verrucosum from Mexico (including only wild species), and (3) the Bolivian and Argentinian wild species S. oplocense. These and other data suggest that Hawkes's 1990 treatment (The Potato: Evolution, Biodiversity, and Genetic Resources, Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington, DC.) of 232 morphological species is an overestimate for sect. Petota. C1 Agr Univ Wageningen, Dept Plant Taxon, NL-6700 ED Wageningen, Netherlands. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Res Unit,Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Inst Boliviano Tecnol Agropecuaria, PROINPA, Programa Invest Papa, Cochabamba, Bolivia. RP van den Berg, RG (reprint author), Agr Univ Wageningen, Dept Plant Taxon, Gen Foulkesweg 37,POB 8010, NL-6700 ED Wageningen, Netherlands. RI Miller, Joe/D-2729-2009; Miller, Joe/M-2693-2016 OI Miller, Joe/0000-0002-5788-9010 NR 51 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 4 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 85 IS 1 BP 92 EP 109 DI 10.2307/2446559 PG 18 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YU123 UT WOS:000071684600013 PM 21684884 ER PT J AU Coss-Bu, JA Jefferson, LS Walding, D David, Y Smith, EO Klish, WJ AF Coss-Bu, JA Jefferson, LS Walding, D David, Y Smith, EO Klish, WJ TI Resting energy expenditure in children in a pediatric intensive care unit: comparison of Harris-Benedict and Talbot predictions with indirect calorimetry values SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE energy metabolism; critical illness; artificial respiration; pediatric intensive care unit; indirect calorimetry; Harris-Benedict equation; Talbot equation; prediction equation; resting energy expenditure ID TOTAL PARENTERAL-NUTRITION; CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS; SURGICAL PATIENTS; INJURY; TRAUMA; REQUIREMENTS; SEPSIS; SCORE AB The use of prediction equations has been recommended for calculating energy expenditure. We evaluated two equations that predict energy expenditure, each of which were corrected for two different stress factors, and compared the values obtained with those calculated by indirect calorimetry. The subjects were 55 critically ill children on mechanical ventilation. Basal metabolic rates were calculated with the Harris-Benedict and Talbot methods. Measured resting energy expenditure was 4.72 +/- 2.53 MJ/d. The average difference between measured resting energy expenditure and the Harris-Benedict prediction with a stress factor of 1.5 was -0.98 MJ/d, with an SDDelta of 1.56 MJ/d and limits of agreement from -4.12 to 2.15; for a stress factor of 1.3 the average difference was -0.22 MJ/d, with an SDDelta of 1.57 MJ/d and limits of agreement from -3.37 to 2.93. The average difference between measured resting energy expenditure and the Talbot prediction with a stress factor of 1.5 was -0.23 MJ/d, with an SD Delta of 1.36 MJ/d and limits of agreement from -2.95 to 2.48; for a stress factor of 1.3, it was 0.42 MJ/d, with an SDDelta of 1.24 MJ/d and limits of agreement from -2.04 to 2.92. These limits of agreement indicate large differences in energy expenditure between the measured value and the prediction estimated for some patients. Therefore, neither the Harris-Benedict nor the Talbot method will predict resting energy expenditure with acceptable precision for clinical use. Indirect calorimetry appears to be the only useful way of determining resting energy expenditure in these patients. C1 Texas Childrens Hosp, Crit Care Sect, Dept Biomed Instrumentat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Agr Res Serv, USDA, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX USA. RP Coss-Bu, JA (reprint author), Texas Childrens Hosp, Crit Care Sect, Dept Biomed Instrumentat, MC 2-3450,6621 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 45 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 67 IS 1 BP 74 EP 80 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA YQ214 UT WOS:000071362100015 PM 9440378 ER PT J AU Forman, MR Johnson, EJ Lanza, E Graubard, BI Beecher, GR Muesing, R AF Forman, MR Johnson, EJ Lanza, E Graubard, BI Beecher, GR Muesing, R TI Effect of menstrual cycle phase on the concentration of individual carotenoids in lipoproteins of premenopausal women: a controlled dietary study SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE carotenoids; lipoproteins; menstrual cycle; premenopausal women; controlled diet; Carotenoid, Lipids, Hormones Study ID HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEINS; BETA-CAROTENE; CORPUS-LUTEUM; HUMAN-PLASMA; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; VITAMIN-A; SUPPLEMENTATION; SEPARATION; INVITRO AB Because premenopausal women experience cyclic fluctuations of plasma carotenoids and their lipoprotein carriers, it is hypothesized that carotenoid concentrations in lipoprotein fractions fluctuate by phase of the menstrual cycle. Nine women ate a standard set of carotenoid-rich foods daily for two cycles under isoenergetic conditions. In the second cycle, hormones and carotenoids in lipoprotein fractions were measured in the early and late follicular and luteal phases. alpha-Carotene concentrations in the LDL fraction were lower in the early than in the late follicular phase (P = 0.03) on the basis of regression analysis. beta-carotene concentrations in the LDL fraction and the HDL2 subfraction were higher in the late follicular than in the luteal phase (P = 0.02 and P = 0.04, respectively). Lutein/zeaxanthin concentrations in the LDL and HDL fractions were higher in the late follicular than in the luteal phase (P = 0.03 and P = 0.02, respectively). In each phase, 80% of alpha-carotene, 82% of beta-carotene, 85% of lycopene, and 64% of lutein/zeaxanthin were distributed in the LDL fraction. Among the hydrocarbon cartenoids, 18% of alpha-carotene and of beta-carotene and 13% of lycopene were distributed in the HDL fraction, with slightly more in the HDL2 than in the HDL3 subfraction. In contrast 34% of lutein/zeaxanthin was distributed in the HDL fraction with more concentrated in the HDL3.than in the HDL2 subfraction. Less than 4% of any carotenoid was found in the VLDL+IDL (intermediate-density-lipoprotein) fractions. Thus, the hydrocarbon carotenoids were highly concentrated in the LDL fraction and xanthophyll was more evenly distributed in the LDL and HDL fractions. The cyclic fluctuations of these carotenoids in lipoprotein fractions add another dimension to the understanding of their transport and physiologic function. C1 NCI, DCPC, CPRP, CPSB, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Agr Res Serv, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. George Washington Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Lipid Res Clin Lab, Washington, DC 20037 USA. RP Forman, MR (reprint author), NCI, DCPC, CPRP, CPSB, Execut Plaza N,Suite 211,6130 Execut Blvd MSC 732, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. EM mf63p@nih.gov NR 42 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 67 IS 1 BP 81 EP 87 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA YQ214 UT WOS:000071362100016 PM 9440379 ER PT J AU Vasudevan, L Wolf, TK Welbaum, GG Wisniewski, ME AF Vasudevan, L Wolf, TK Welbaum, GG Wisniewski, ME TI Anatomical developments and effects of artificial shade on bud necrosis of Riesling grapevines SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ENOLOGY AND VITICULTURE LA English DT Article DE grapevine; bud necrosis; physiological disorder; carbohydrates; shade; anatomy ID SEEDLESS GRAPEVINES; THOMPSON SEEDLESS; FRUIT ABSCISSION; VITIS-VINIFERA; LOW LIGHT; RESERVES; STRESS; FLOWER; LEAVES; GROWTH AB Bud necrosis (BN) destroys lateral buds of grapevine in their first year of development. The incidence of BN varies worldwide, among cultivars, and among nodes of a given shoot, but the fundamental causes remain unclear. Riesling buds were collected at 10-day intervals during the 1994 growing season to characterize temporal and anatomical features of BN. Ultrathin (1 to 5 mm) tissue sections revealed that the earliest microscopic evidence of BN appeared as groups or discrete zones of misshapen cells, in the base of the primary bud axis, above the nodal cushion. Affected cells began to show distorted or pleated cell walls 66 days after bud break, with cell compression and cell lysis apparent about 90 days after bud break. Scanning electron microscopy revealed similar lesions, and confirmed that the observed cell destruction was not an artifact of tissue preparation or microtomy. The role of shade was examined in two separate experiments to determine its effect on BN incidence and on tissue carbohydrate levels. In 1994, 92% shade cloth was erected over Riesling canopies for three-week periods, starting at either 90, 40, or 60 days after bud break in one vineyard, and starting 40 days after bud break in a second vineyard. BN incidence was unaffected. In 1996, shade was maintained for a 40-day period, starting at either 25 or 65 days after bud break. Both 1996 shade periods increased BN incidence. Shade effect on BN was more pronounced among nodes that emerged during the shade treatment, as opposed to nodes that had already appeared on the shoot prior to shade. Levels of sucrose, glucose, fructose, and starch in bud, leaf, and stem tissues were lower in shaded vines than in control vines at the time the shade treatment was terminated. Localized, transient reductions in carbohydrates or other essential substrates may be a contributing factor in grapevine BN incidence. C1 VPI & SU, AHS Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Winchester, VA 22602 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Hort, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA. ARS, USDA, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Wolf, TK (reprint author), VPI & SU, AHS Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Winchester, VA 22602 USA. NR 34 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ENOLOGY VITICULTURE PI DAVIS PA PO BOX 1855, DAVIS, CA 95617-1855 USA SN 0002-9254 J9 AM J ENOL VITICULT JI Am. J. Enol. Vitic. PY 1998 VL 49 IS 4 BP 429 EP 439 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Agriculture GA 168EW UT WOS:000078679400013 ER PT J AU Wester, TJ Davis, TA Fiorotto, ML Burrin, DG AF Wester, TJ Davis, TA Fiorotto, ML Burrin, DG TI Exogenous growth hormone stimulates somatotropic axis function and growth in neonatal pigs SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM LA English DT Article DE insulin-like growth factor I; protein synthesis; insulin; insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 ID RECOMBINANT PORCINE SOMATOTROPIN; FACTOR-BINDING-PROTEINS; FACTOR-I; GROWING PIGS; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; IGF-I; PITUITARY REGULATION; GLUCOSE KINETICS; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; SOMATIC GROWTH AB We studied the effects of exogenous porcine growth hormone (pGH) administration on circulating insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentration, IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP), tissue growth, and protein synthesis in neonatal pigs. One-day-old pigs were given daily intramuscular injections of either pGH (1 mg/kg body wt) (n = 6) or saline (n = 5) for 7 days, after which time we measured in vivo protein synthesis using a bolus of [H-3]-phenylalanine. Mean plasma pGH concentration in pGH-treated pigs measured on day 7 was 22-fold higher than in controls. The plasma IGF-I concentration in pGH-treated pigs was significantly greater than in controls after 1 day of treatment and plateaued at 285% of control values after 4 days. After 7 days of treatment, plasma IGFBP-3 concentrations and the plasma glucose response to a meal were also greater in pGH-treated than control pigs. pGH treatment significantly increased body weight gain and food conversion efficiency and the protein synthesis rate in several visceral organs. Our results demonstrate that exogenous pGH increases circulating IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations and visceral organ growth in neonatal pigs, suggesting that the somatotrophic axis is functional in the neonate. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Burrin, DG (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR044474]; NICHD NIH HHS [T32-HD-07445-02] NR 46 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0193-1849 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-ENDOC M JI Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 274 IS 1 BP E29 EP E37 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology GA YR535 UT WOS:000071505000005 PM 9458744 ER PT J AU Dudley, MA Wykes, LJ Dudley, AW Burrin, DG Nichols, BL Rosenberger, J Jahoor, F Heird, WC Reeds, PJ AF Dudley, MA Wykes, LJ Dudley, AW Burrin, DG Nichols, BL Rosenberger, J Jahoor, F Heird, WC Reeds, PJ TI Parenteral nutrition selectively decreases protein synthesis in the small intestine SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE brush border; enteral; lactase phlorizin hydrolase ID ENTERAL NUTRITION; DISACCHARIDASE ACTIVITY; SUCRASE-ISOMALTASE; NEONATAL PIGLET; MESSENGER-RNA; MINIATURE PIG; MUCOSA; RAT; GROWTH; EXPRESSION AB We investigated the effects of an elemental diet fed parenterally or enterally on total mucosal protein and lactase phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) synthesis. Catheters were placed in the stomach, jugular vein, and carotid artery of 12 3-day-old pigs. Half of the animals were given an elemental regimen enterally and the other half parenterally. Six days later, animals were infused intravenously with [H-2(3)]leucine for 6 h and killed, and the midjejunum of each animal was collected for analysis. The weight of the midjejunum was 8 +/- 1.5 and 17 +/- 1.6 g in parenterally fed and enterally fed piglets, respectively. LPH activities (mu mol.min(-1).g protein(-1)) were significantly higher in parenterally vs. enterally fed piglets. Total small intestinal LPH activities were lower in parenterally vs. enterally fed animals. The abundance of LPH mRNA relative to elongation factor-1 alpha mRNA was not different between groups. The fractional synthesis rate of total mucosal protein and LPH was significantly lower in parenterally fed animals (67 +/- 7 and 66 +/- 7%/day, respectively) than in enterally fed animals (96 +/- 7 and 90 +/- 6%/day, respectively). The absolute synthesis rate (the amount of protein synthesized per gram of mucosa) of total mucosal protein was significantly lower in parenterally fed than in enterally fed piglets. However, the absolute synthesis rate of LPH was unaffected by the route of nutrient administration. These results suggest that the small intestine partially compensates for the effects of parenteral feeding by maintaining the absolute synthesis rate of LPH at the same levels as in enterally fed animals. C1 New Jersey Sch Dent & Med, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Houston, TX 77030 USA. McGill Univ, Sch Dietet & Human Nutr, Montreal, PQ H9X 3V9, Canada. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Pathol & Lab Med Serv, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. RP Dudley, MA (reprint author), New Jersey Sch Dent & Med, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, 185 S Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. NR 32 TC 66 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0193-1857 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-GASTR L JI Am. J. Physiol.-Gastroint. Liver Physiol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 274 IS 1 BP G131 EP G137 PG 7 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Physiology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Physiology GA YR449 UT WOS:000071496400017 PM 9458782 ER PT J AU Spooner, DM Hoekstra, R Van den Berg, RG Martinez, V AF Spooner, DM Hoekstra, R Van den Berg, RG Martinez, V TI Solanum sect. Petota in Guatemala; Taxonomy and genetic resources SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE collecting expedition; germplasm; potatoes ID GERMPLASM COLLECTING EXPEDITION; POTATOES; MEXICAN AB There are five wild potato species in Guatemala: Solanum agrimonifolium, S. bulbocastanum, S. clarum, S. demissum, and S. morelliforme. We conducted a collecting expedition there from September 11 to November 5, 1995. The goals of the expedition were to gather field data for taxonomic studies of the five species of Guatemalan wild potatoes and to collect potato germplasm. Our 43 true seed collections nearly quadruple the available wild potato germplasm for Guatemala, provide germplasm from most previously known localities, and add new ones. We provide a systematic treatment of Guatemalan wild potatoes, geographic and logistical data for collecting wild potatoes in Guatemala, statistics on human population growth and deforestation to help explain decline of wild potato populations, recommend areas for future collecting, and suggest two areas as in-situ reserves for wild potatoes. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA, ARS, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. DLO, Ctr Plant Breeding & Reprod Res, Ctr Genet Resources, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. Wageningen Agr Univ, Dept Plant Taxon, NL-6700 ED Wageningen, Netherlands. Inst Ciencia & Tecnol Agricolas, Barcenas, Villa Neuva, Guatemala. RP Spooner, DM (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA, ARS, Dept Hort, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 31 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU POTATO ASSOC AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE, 5715 COBURN HALL, RM 6, ORONO, ME 04469-5715 USA SN 0003-0589 J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 75 IS 1 BP 3 EP 17 PG 15 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA ZC312 UT WOS:000072564500001 ER PT J AU Love, SL Pavek, JJ Thompson-Johns, A Bohl, W AF Love, SL Pavek, JJ Thompson-Johns, A Bohl, W TI Breeding progress for potato chip quality in North American cultivars SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE yield; total solids; chip color; reducing sugars; sucrose; defects; cultivars; recondition AB Forty-four potato cultivars, released in the period between 1876 and the present were grown concurrently in field trials, stored simultaneously in three different environments, then evaluated for chip quality. They represented cultivars historically used and/or bred for potato chip production. Quality factors measured were tuber solids, chip color, reducing sugar levels, sucrose levels, and percent of defect-free chips. Tuber solids tended to increase in the late period cultivars, but trends were erratic. The release of Lenape marked the beginning of an increase in tuber solids that has continued to the present. There was a significant trend for lower reducing sugars and better chip color that corresponded to increasingly later cultivar release dates. Since about 1960, progress toward lower reducing sugars and better chip color has been constant, regardless of whether tubers were stored at 4.4 C, stored at 4.4 C and reconditioned, or stored at 10 C. Late period cultivars tended to have a greater percentage of defect-free chips in comparison to those released earlier, with most of the improvement coming during the last few years. This study provided evidence that potato breeders have made significant progress in developing cultivars with good chip quality. Evidence was also found that Lenape was a landmark cultivar and has been an important contributor to the observed breeding progress. C1 Univ Idaho, Aberdeen R&E Ctr, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. ARS, USDA, Aberdeen R&E Ctr, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. Colorado State Univ, San Luis Valley Res Ctr, Center, CO 81125 USA. Univ Idaho, Bingham Cty Extens Off, Blackfoot, ID 83221 USA. RP Love, SL (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Aberdeen R&E Ctr, POB AA, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. NR 18 TC 38 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 10 PU POTATO ASSOC AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE, 5715 COBURN HALL, RM 6, ORONO, ME 04469-5715 USA SN 0003-0589 J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 75 IS 1 BP 27 EP 36 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA ZC312 UT WOS:000072564500003 ER PT J AU Lee, EK Kehrli, ME AF Lee, EK Kehrli, ME TI Expression of adhesion molecules on neutrophils of periparturient cows and neonatal calves SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI MASTITIS; NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA; HOLSTEIN CATTLE; LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION; TRANSENDOTHELIAL MIGRATION; CELL-SURFACE; DAIRY-COWS; PARTURITION; DEFICIENCY; ADHERENCE AB Objective-To determine expression of the beta(2)-integrin (CD18) family of adhesion molecules and L-selectin (CD62L) on neutrophils from periparturient cows and calves. Animals-8 periparturient Holstein cows and 9 Holstein calves. Procedure-Constitutive CD18 and CD62L expression on neutrophils was determined by flow cytometry, using specific monoclonal antibodies. Platelet-activating factor was used to activate neutrophils in vitro to measure down-regulation of CD62L and up-regulation of CD18 on activated neutrophils. Results-Mean values for constitutive and platelet-activating factor-stimulated CD18 expression on neutrophils from cows and calves were highest at parturition, then decreased during the first 24 hours after parturition on calf neutrophils, whereas CD62L expression decreased markedly by 9 to 24 hours after parturition on cow and calf neutrophils. Constitutive amounts of CD18 and CD62L on cow neutrophils returned to prepartum values by day 3 after parturition. Amounts of CD18 expression on calves' neutrophils recovered by 1 week of age, but did not reach original birth values, whereas CD62L expression exceeded birth values by day 3 after parturition. Cows had leukocytosis (neutrophilia), with a doubling of circulating neutrophils 9 hours after calving that was inversely correlated with CD62L expression on neutrophils. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Low amounts of CD62L and CD18 on calf neutrophils and of CD62L on neutrophils from cows for several days after parturition may result in impaired inflammatory response. Low CD62L expression may contribute to increased susceptibility to disease. C1 ARS, Metab Dis & Immunol Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Prevent Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Kehrli, ME (reprint author), ARS, Metab Dis & Immunol Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 62 TC 65 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 59 IS 1 BP 37 EP 43 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA YP669 UT WOS:000071302100007 PM 9442240 ER PT J AU Mengeling, WL Lager, KM Vorwald, AC AF Mengeling, WL Lager, KM Vorwald, AC TI Clinical effects of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on pigs during the early postnatal interval SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Objective-To determine the effect of congenital and early postnatal infection of pigs with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) on postnatal survival and growth. Animals-20 pregnant gilts and their pigs and fetuses. Procedure-16 pregnant gilts (principals) comprising 4 groups (4 gilts/group) were exposed oronasally to 4 strains of PRRSV (a vaccine strain, and 3 field strains) at or about day 90 of gestation. Four pregnant gilts (controls) were kept under similar conditions, except for exposure to PRRSV. Samples collected from pigs before ingestion of colostrum and samples and specimens collected from pigs at selected limes thereafter were tested for PRRSV and homologous antibody. Pigs were observed for clinical signs and were weighed at birth and at weekly intervals until they were euthanatized and necropsied at about 3 weeks of age. Results-At least some members of all litters of principal gills were infected congenitally. Most noninfected, liveborn littermates became infected within the first week of life. Infection of pigs with field strains did, and infection of pigs with the vaccine strain did not, adversely affect postnatal survival and growth rate. All infected pigs had generalized lymph node enlargement. Conclusion-Exposure of pregnant gilts to either attenuated (vaccine) or virulent (field) strains of PRRSV can result in congenital infection. Vaccine as well as field strains can be transmitted postnatally from infected to noninfected littermates. Pigs infected with field strains have a poorer rate of survival and growth than do noninfected pigs. Clinical Relevance-Because attenuated (vaccine) PRRSV can cause congenital infection and be transmitted postnatally from congenitally infected to immune-naive pigs, the use of attenuated virus during gestation is, at best, questionable. C1 ARS, Virol Swine Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Mengeling, WL (reprint author), ARS, Virol Swine Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, 2300 Dayton Ave,POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 11 TC 22 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 59 IS 1 BP 52 EP 55 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA YP669 UT WOS:000071302100010 PM 9442243 ER PT J AU Tunick, MH Malin, EL Shieh, JJ Smith, PW Holsinger, VH AF Tunick, MH Malin, EL Shieh, JJ Smith, PW Holsinger, VH TI Detection of mislabeled butter and cheese by differential scanning calorimetry and rheology SO AMERICAN LABORATORY LA English DT Article AB Sometimes inexpensive substitutes are passed off as genuine cheese and butter either due to mislabeling or in the perpetration of fraud by importers and manufacturers. However, methods described in this paper that employ DSC and rheology may be used to identify genuine materials. C1 Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Tunick, MH (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Ln, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM mtunick@arserrc.gov RI Tunick, Michael/C-9761-2010 NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT SCIENTIFIC COMMUN INC PI SHELTON PA PO BOX 870, 30 CONTROLS DRIVE, SHELTON, CT 06484-0870 USA SN 0044-7749 J9 AM LAB JI Am. Lab. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 30 IS 1 BP 28 EP + PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA YR193 UT WOS:000071470100011 ER PT J AU Rexroad, CE AF Rexroad, CE TI The science of transgenic animals for food and agriculture SO ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 USDA, Natl Program Staff, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Rexroad, CE (reprint author), USDA, Natl Program Staff, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1049-5398 J9 ANIM BIOTECHNOL JI Anim. Biotechnol. PY 1998 VL 9 IS 3 BP 161 EP + PG 40 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 153UP UT WOS:000077851400002 ER PT J AU Da, Y VanRaden, PM Li, N Beattie, CW Wu, CX Schook, LB AF Da, Y VanRaden, PM Li, N Beattie, CW Wu, CX Schook, LB TI Designs of reference families for the construction of genetic linkage maps SO ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE reference families; map cost; sample size; linkage detection; locus ordering ID GENOME; MARKERS; CATTLE; LOCI AB The reference family panel is the foundation of a gene mapping program because it affects the cost and quality of the genetic linkage maps, and should be designed to yield reliable linkage detection and locus ordering at minimal gene mapping cost. A map cost function was defined as the number of genotypes required per marker per unit of genome coverage and was used to obtain optimal designs with respect to linkage detection. An ordering reliability function was defined as the likelihood ratio of the most likely order to the second most likely order of genetic markers and was used to find optimal designs with respect to locus ordering. Optimum levels of recombination frequency were found to be in the neighborhood of 0.11-0.15 for linkage detection and were in the region of 0.05-0.20 for locus ordering. Therefore, recombination frequencies optimal for linkage detection are also optimal for locus ordering. Based on the optimal detection levels, sample size (number of offspring) and map cost requirements were derived for six representative designs, assuming gender-specific linkage maps and two alleles with equal frequency for each marker. The sample size required for linkage detection ranged from 168 to 432 offspring for full-sib designs and ranged from 350 to 600 offspring for half-sib designs depending on the family size and the target LOD score, with corresponding minimal map costs of 10-20 genotypes per marker per centiMorgan map coverage. Locus ordering generally requires more genotypes than linkage detection. For full-sib designs, meioses from both genders should be used for locus ordering even when the maps are gender-specific. For half-sib designs, additional families may be needed for locus ordering. Sample size for ordering closely linked loci as required by positional cloning were provided. Effects of family size, grandparents, and marker polymorphism on design efficiency were analyzed. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Pathobiol, Program Comparat Genom, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. China Agr Univ, Beijing 100094, Peoples R China. RP Da, Y (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Pathobiol, Program Comparat Genom, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. OI Schook, Lawrence/0000-0002-6580-8364 NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1049-5398 J9 ANIM BIOTECHNOL JI Anim. Biotechnol. PY 1998 VL 9 IS 3 BP 205 EP 228 PG 24 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 153UP UT WOS:000077851400003 PM 9914814 ER PT J AU Losinger, WC Bush, EJ Smith, MA Corso, BA AF Losinger, WC Bush, EJ Smith, MA Corso, BA TI Mortality in the grower/finisher phase on farrow-to-finish swine operations in the United States SO ANNALES DE ZOOTECHNIE LA English DT Article DE farrow-to-finish; finisher pig; mortality; national survey; logistic regression analysis ID PRODUCTIVITY; HERDS AB For 327 farrow-to-finish swine operations that had greater than or equal to 300 finisher pigs and that provided mortality information in the National Animal Health Monitoring System 1995 National Swine Study, conducted in 16 states in the USA, mortality ranged from 0 to 27.5% in the grower/finisher production phase over a 6-month period. Mean mortality was estimated to be 2.1% (S.E. = 0.2%) during the grower/finisher production phase for farrow-to-finish operations with greater than or equal to 300 finisher pigs in the 16 states included in the study. Overall, 8.9% (S.E. = 2.1%) of far row-to-finish operations had greater than or equal to 4% mortality among finisher pigs. Stepwise logistic regression revealed that operations that used a below-floor slurry or deep-pit waste-storage system in the grower/finisher facility were less likely to have greater than or equal to 4% mortality than operations that did not have a below floor slurry or deep pit waste storage system. In addition, operations where the average weaning age was less than 28 days had higher odds of having greater than or equal to 4% mortality than operations that weaned their pigs later. Operations where pseudorabies virus had been diagnosed among finisher pigs in the 12 months prior to interview also had increased odds of experiencing greater than or equal to 4% mortality. ((C) Elsevier/Inra). C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Ctr Epidemiol, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Ctr Anim Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Losinger, WC (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Ctr Epidemiol, 555 S Howes St,Suite 200, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 0003-424X J9 ANN ZOOTECH JI Ann. Zootech. PY 1998 VL 47 IS 2 BP 99 EP 105 DI 10.1051/animres:19980202 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Veterinary Sciences SC Agriculture; Veterinary Sciences GA ZM039 UT WOS:000073498600002 ER PT J AU Cienciala, E Kucera, J Ryan, MG Lindroth, A AF Cienciala, E Kucera, J Ryan, MG Lindroth, A TI Water flux in boreal forest during two hydrologically contrasting years; species specific regulation of canopy conductance and transpiration SO ANNALES DES SCIENCES FORESTIERES LA English DT Article DE transpiration deficit; sap flow; spruce; pine; drought ID SAP-FLOW; NORWAY SPRUCE; REGIONAL APPLICATIONS; ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES; GENERAL-MODEL; GAS-EXCHANGE; SOUTH SWEDEN; SCOTS PINE; TREES; DROUGHT AB We estimated the reduction of transpiration from drought for tree species in a mixed boreal 60-year-old stand in central Sweden. Actual transpiration was estimated from direct measurements of sap flow rate in Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies trees during two consecutive years with contrasting precipitation. Drought-induced reduction of transpiration (transpiration deficit) was quantified as the difference between the measured sap flow and the transpiration calculated for non-limiting soil water conditions. The drought-free transpiration was estimated on an hourly basis from Penman-Monteith equation with the parameterized canopy conductance (g(c)) functions for individual species. The values of g(c) for fitting a two-parameter function of radiation and vapour pressure deficit were obtained for a 3-d period by inverting the Penman-Monteith equation. Canopy conductance of pine was similar relative to spruce on ground area basis. This made g(c) of pine larger relative to spruce per leaf area unit, since pine tree foliage mass was about one third that of spruce. Transpiration deficit was small in the growth season of 1995. It reached about 10 % for spruce during the summer months. In 1994, however, the transpiration deficit was large for both species and extended throughout most of the growth season. During summer 1994, the decreased canopy conductance caused a 20 and 22 % reduction in gross photosynthesis for pine and spruce, respectively, indicating a loss of production of at least that proportion. Pines were less sensitive to drought spells as compared to the more shallow-rooted spruces. On the other hand, spruce utilised the precipitation incoming in small quantities more effectively and responded faster. Species composition of boreal forest can affect stand scale fluxes and this should be recognised by process models. ((C) Inra/Elsevier, Paris.). C1 Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Soil Sci, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. Lab Environm Measuring Syst, Brno 62100, Czech Republic. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Expt Stn, Ft Collins, CO USA. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Prod Ecol, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. RP Cienciala, E (reprint author), Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Soil Sci, Box 7014, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. RI Ryan, Michael/A-9805-2008; Cienciala, Emil/F-1873-2011; Kucera, Jiri/F-2022-2014; Lindroth, Anders/N-4697-2014 OI Ryan, Michael/0000-0002-2500-6738; Cienciala, Emil/0000-0002-1254-4254; Lindroth, Anders/0000-0002-7669-784X NR 37 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 7 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 0003-4312 J9 ANN SCI FOREST JI Ann. Sci. For. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 55 IS 1-2 BP 47 EP 61 PG 15 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA ZG822 UT WOS:000073043300004 ER PT J AU DeGrandi-Hoffman, G Watkins, JC Collins, AM Loper, GM Martin, JH Arias, MC Sheppard, WS AF DeGrandi-Hoffman, G Watkins, JC Collins, AM Loper, GM Martin, JH Arias, MC Sheppard, WS TI Queen developmental time as a factor in the Africanization of European honey bee (Hymenoptera : Apidae) populations SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Apis mellifera; population genetics; mating ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; APIS-MELLIFERA; HYBRIDIZATION; RECOGNITION; KIN AB The development times of daughter queens from African and European matrilines mated to both African and European drones were recorded. Regardless of the matriline, African patriline queens completed their development and emerged 8-12 h before those with European paternity. A probability distribution function derived from the emergence time data indicated that because of differences in development times between patrilines, the probability that an African patriline queen will emerge Ist can be 2-3 times greater than the proportion of the African patrilines in the colony population. Because the Ist queen to emerge has the best chance of becoming the colony's new queen, differences in queen development times between African and European patrilines might be a factor contributing to the asymmetrical gene now between African and European honey bee, Apis mellifera L., populations, and the eventual loss of European nuclear markers and behavioral attributes in European honey bee populations where African bees have migrated. C1 USDA ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP DeGrandi-Hoffman, G (reprint author), USDA ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RI Arias, Maria/A-1965-2015; OI Arias, Maria/0000-0003-1477-101X NR 32 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 91 IS 1 BP 52 EP 58 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZH499 UT WOS:000073117200005 ER PT J AU Horton, DR Lewis, TM Hinojosa, T Broers, DA AF Horton, DR Lewis, TM Hinojosa, T Broers, DA TI Photoperiod and reproductive diapause in the predatory bugs Anthocoris tomentosus, A-antevolens, and Deraeocoris brevis (Heteroptera : Anthocoridae, Miridae) with information on overwintering sex ratios SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Anthocoris; Deraeocoris; Orius; photoperiod; reproductive diapause; preoviposition period ID INDUCTION AB The effect of photoperiod on induction of reproductive diapause was determined for 3 species of predatory bugs inhabiting the pear and apple growing regions of the Pacific Northwest. Females of Anthocoris tomentosus Pericart, A. antevolens White (Anthocoridae), and Deraeocoris brevis (Uhler) (Miridae) were more likely to enter reproductive diapause (characterized by undeveloped ovaries and well-developed fat body) under short-day conditions than under long-day conditions. Critical photoperiods were between 16:8 and 15:9 (L:D) h in D. brevis, and between 15:9 and 14:10 [L:D] h in A. tomentosus. Results for A. antevolens were less clear because females in this species often failed to reproduce even under long-day conditions (18:6 and 16:8 (L:D) h). A small number of A. tomentosus and A. antevolens that failed to mature ovaries also failed to accumulate large fat reserves. Duration of the preoviposition period in nondiapausing insects was shortest in A. tomentosus (9 d), of intermediate duration in D, brevis (10-11 d), and longest in A. antevolens (12-13 d). Overwintering sex ratios were highly biased in the 2 anthocorids (79-95% female), and were moderately biased in D. brevis (60% female). Overwintering samples of 2 other anthocorid species. Grins tristicolor (White) and A. whitei Reuter, also were female-biased (100% female for both species). Dissections of females indicated that insects having undeveloped ovaries and well-developed fat body could be collected from the field most of the summer. Numbers of teneral adults in the dissections showed peaks in late July (A. tomentosus and A. antevolens) and in early August (D. brevis). C1 USDA ARS, Fruit & Vegetable Insect Res Unit, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Horton, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Fruit & Vegetable Insect Res Unit, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 23 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 91 IS 1 BP 81 EP 86 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZH499 UT WOS:000073117200008 ER PT J AU Cohen, AC Wheeler, AG AF Cohen, AC Wheeler, AG TI Role of saliva in the highly destructive fourlined plant bug (Hemiptera : Miridae : Mirinae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE fourlined plant bugs; mirid; pectinase; salivary glands; extra-oral digestion ID HOMOPTERA; ENZYMES AB The fourlined plant bug, Poecilocapsus lineatus (F.), is among the more damaging hemipterans, causing immediate and conspicuous lesions at feeding sites on leaves. The damage appears histologically to involve complete loss of cellular integrity and removal of the palisade cell layer. The ability of P. lineatus to cause such remarkable damage appears to reside in the chemical nature of its salivary products; however, among tests of the salivary enzymes that included assays for pectinase, cellulase, proteinase, polyphenol oxidase, lipase, and amylase, only an exopectinase was found. The size of the salivary gland complex in later instars and adults (approximate to 14-21% of total body mass) was proportionately far greater than that found in other Heteroptera, such as in another mirid, Lygus hesperus Knight (where salivary gland complexes were only 4-7% of total body mass). Ultrastructure analysis of the salivary glands revealed that the vast majority of the cellular make-up of the glands is rough endoplasmic reticulum. A complex of proteins was present in salivary gland extracts with molecular weights of 87, 79, 42, 33, 30, and 21 kDa. Gel filtration chromatography revealed a major peak of exopectinase activity corresponding to a molecular weight of approximate to 30-35 kDa; and ion exchange chromatography revealed 2 peaks of exopectinase activity eluting with an ion strength of approximate to 0.4 and 0.5 M NaCl. C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Entomol, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Cohen, AC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 25 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 91 IS 1 BP 94 EP 100 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZH499 UT WOS:000073117200010 ER PT J AU Howard, RW AF Howard, RW TI Ontogenetic, reproductive, and nutritional effects on the cuticular hydrocarbons of the host-specific ectoparasitoid Cephalonomia tarsalis (Hymenoptera : Bethylidae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Cephalonomia tarsalis; pheromone; gender recognition; ontogeny; courtship; behavior ID COFFEE BERRY BORER; CRYPTOLESTES-FERRUGINEUS COLEOPTERA; HYPOTHENEMUS-HAMPEI COLEOPTERA; WATERSTONI HYMENOPTERA; CUCUJIDAE; STEPHANODERIS; PARASITOIDS; SCOLYTIDAE; OVIPOSITION; APHELINIDAE AB Cuticular hydrocarbons have been identified from adult males and females of the bethylid wasp Cephalonomia tarsalis (Ashmead). The 2 sexes possess the same cuticular hydrocarbons, but in different amounts and proportions. Hydrocarbon components identified include n-alkanes (C-23-C-37), 5-methyl alkanes (5-MeC25-5MeC(29)), 5,X-dimethyl alkanes (5,17- and 5,19-d(MeC29 and 5,17- and 5,19-diMeC(33)), and a homologous series of Z-monones with double bonds at &UDELTA;(11), &UDELTA;(9), and &UDELTA(7) (C-25.1-C-37.1). The n-alkanes and alkenes are the predominant components in all cases, the 5-methyl alkanes being only minor components. The dimethyl components are only in trace amounts. Age, mating status, and, for females, host-feeding status, were examined for their effect on hydrocarbon quantities and proportions. Males showed little change in their hydrocarbon profiles, but females showed strong age, host feeding and age x host feeding effects on total hydrocarbon quantities and on individual hydrocarbon components. Mating status did not affect female hydrocarbons. The silk cocoons from which the parasites emerged yielded the same cuticular hydrocarbon components as were found on the newly emerged male and female wasps, but n-alkanes were now the major components. Hydrocarbon profiles of female cocoons differed from male cocoon hydrocarbons primarily in the relative abundances of the monene isomers. Bioassays of male response to hexane extracts of female and male cocoons indicated that the male could differentiate between the two. The primary gender recognition cue is not the cocoon hydrocarbons, but rather a female-produced sex pheromone, the hydrocarbons serving as a secondary recognition cue. C1 USDA ARS, US Grain Mkt Res Lab, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Howard, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Grain Mkt Res Lab, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 33 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 91 IS 1 BP 101 EP 112 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZH499 UT WOS:000073117200011 ER PT J AU Jang, EB McInnis, DO Lance, DR Carvalho, LA AF Jang, EB McInnis, DO Lance, DR Carvalho, LA TI Mating-induced changes in olfactory-mediated behavior of laboratory-reared normal, sterile, and wild female Mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera : Tephritidae) mated to conspecific males SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Mediterranean fruit fly; behavior; sterile insect technique; accessory glands; olfaction ID CERATITIS-CAPITATA DIPTERA; VARIABLE-SEX-RATIO; FLY DIPTERA; FIELD CAGES; EFFICIENCIES; POPULATIONS; SUPPRESSION; RELEASE; SYSTEM AB Laboratory-reared normal, sterile, and wild female Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), were mated with laboratory-reared normal, sterile, and wild male flies to assess the ability of males to alter olfactory-mediated behavioral responses of females to male-produced pheromone or host fruit odor. Virgin females of all 3 types showed a preferential attraction and arrestment on yellow spheres emitting male-produced pheromone in a laboratory night tunnel. Laboratory-reared normal and wild females mated to laboratory-reared normal, sterile, or wild males switched their behavior showing strong preferential attraction to, arrestment on, and egg-laying in (for laboratory-reared females) yellow spheres emitting host fruit odor (guava) over male-produced pheromone. Sterile females did not show a significant switch in behavior except when mated to sterile males. The olfactory-mediated behavioral switch was most evident in the laboratory-reared normal female x laboratory-reared normal male mating. These Endings suggest that irradiation of males inducing gamete sterility does not affect the factor(s) from the male accessory gland associated with altering female olfactory behavior. The ability of sterile males to alter adequately olfactory-mediated behavior of wild females is discussed in the contest of the sterile insect technique for control of Mediterranean fruit flies in the field. C1 USDA ARS, Trop Fruit Vegetable & Ornamental Crop Res Lab, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RP Jang, EB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Trop Fruit Vegetable & Ornamental Crop Res Lab, POB 4459, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. NR 28 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 91 IS 1 BP 139 EP 144 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZH499 UT WOS:000073117200016 ER PT J AU Van Giessen, WA Jackson, DM AF Van Giessen, WA Jackson, DM TI Rapid analysis of electronically monitored homopteran feeding behavior SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE electronic monitoring; electrical penetration graph; data analysis; waveform; spreadsheet ID STYLET PENETRATION; PLANT PENETRATION; WAVE-FORMS; APHIDS; RESISTANCE; CICADELLIDAE; CULTIVARS; VIRUS; VIDEO AB Historically, a bottleneck in the analysis of electronically monitored insect feeding behavior (EMIF) of homopterans has been the conversion of raw waveform data into a format that is easy to analyze. Here we present an efficient method for the analysis of EMIF recordings using Microsoft Excel, a popular spreadsheet program. Recordings were made with WinDaq, data-acquisition software from Dataq Instruments. Waveform transitions were saved to file using WinDaq's annotation utility. Subsequent data analysis of the WinDaq data file was performed using a custom-designed Microsoft Excel EMIF workbook. After experiment-specific variables are entered and the data ale is imported by the user, a complete analysis is performed automatically. The Excel workbook summarizes the results and generates an output file for further statistical analysis. Any EMIF data file containing waveform codes and cumulative time (i.e., time from the beginning of the recording, in seconds) can be analyzed. The new method described in this article was used to analyze EMIF recordings of 2 homopteran species, Aphis gossypii Clover (Aphididae) and Empoasca kraemeri Ross & Moore (Cicadellidae). Identification and file export took an average of 5 s per waveform occurrence; the total time required to identify all waveforms and export them to file will depend on the number of occurrences of each waveform in the EMIF recording, quality of the recording, waveform variability. level of user experience, and computer speed. The subsequent analysis of each recording with the EMIF workbook took between 1 and 2 min. Use of the EMIF workbook has the following advantages: (1) it can be used to analyze EMIF recordings of any homopteran species: (2) it is compatible with any data acquisition software capable of exporting data files containing waveform codes and cumulative time, as well as with data files with a similar format; (3) it can be used in conjunction with both AC and DC EMIF systems; and (4) it is fast, flexible, and user-friendly. C1 USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. RP Van Giessen, WA (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Physiol, 120 Long Hall,Box 340377, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 40 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0013-8746 EI 1938-2901 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 91 IS 1 BP 145 EP 154 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZH499 UT WOS:000073117200017 ER PT J AU McCullough, DG Werner, RA Neumann, D AF McCullough, DG Werner, RA Neumann, D TI Fire and insects in northern and boreal forest ecosystems of North America SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Review DE succession; fire ecology; fire suppression; bark beetles; Choristoneura; biological diversity ID JACK PINE BUDWORM; CARABID BEETLES COLEOPTERA; WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM; PEAR THRIPS DAMAGE; PRESCRIBED FIRE; DISTURBANCE; CANADA; DIVERSITY; FREQUENCY; OUTBREAKS AB Fire and insects are natural disturbance agents in many forest ecosystems, often interacting to affect succession, nutrient cycling, and forest species composition. We review literature pertaining to effects of fire-insect interactions on ecological succession, use of prescribed fire for insect pest control, and effects of fire on insect diversity from northern and boreal forests in North America. Fire suppression policies implemented in the early 1900s have resulted in profound changes in forest species composition and structure. Associated with these changes was an increased vulnerability of forest stands to damage during outbreaks of defoliating insects. Information about the roles that both fire and insects play in many northern forests is needed to increase our understanding of the ecology of these systems and to develop sound management policies. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Entomol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Forestry, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. US Forest Serv, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP McCullough, DG (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Entomol, 243 Nat Sci Bldg, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM mccullod@msue.msu.edu; nwerner@polarnet.com; FORESTDN@aol.com NR 178 TC 220 Z9 233 U1 9 U2 97 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0066-4170 J9 ANNU REV ENTOMOL JI Annu. Rev. Entomol. PY 1998 VL 43 BP 107 EP 127 DI 10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.107 PG 21 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YQ924 UT WOS:000071438300006 PM 15012386 ER PT J AU Wray-Cahen, CD Kerr, DE Evock-Clover, CM Steele, NC AF Wray-Cahen, CD Kerr, DE Evock-Clover, CM Steele, NC TI Redefining body composition: Nutrients, hormones, and genes in meat production SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF NUTRITION LA English DT Review DE livestock; muscle development; genetic engineering ID GROWTH-FACTOR-I; BETA-ADRENERGIC AGONIST; SEVERE FEED RESTRICTION; BC3H-1 MUSCLE-CELLS; FINISHING GILTS 45; FACTORS IGF-I; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; TRANSGENIC MICE; CARCASS COMPOSITION; NUTRITIONAL REGULATION AB Growth rate and body composition of livestock can be optimized to meet consumer needs for a leaner product and to improve the efficiency of meat-animal production. Optimization strategies have traditionally focused on genetic selection and cost-effective ration formulation to achieve the genetic potential. Advances in understanding the mechanisms of growth and its control have led to additional opportunities for its manipulation. These include nutritional manipulation, the use of growth promotants, and, more recently, the ability to change the genetic potential through genetic engineering. Selection of appropriate candidate genes for manipulation depends on understanding the mechanisms underlying differentiation and growth of embryonic muscle cells. Recent advances in genetic engineering techniques, including gene therapy and germline transgenesis, will likely hasten the genetic progress toward a leaner carcass in domestic livestock. Such strategies may prove to be more beneficial than the controlled enhancement of somatotropin expression. C1 USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. RP Wray-Cahen, CD (reprint author), USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM dianew@ggpl.arsusda.gov; david.kerr@uvm.edu; chrisc@ggpl.arsusda.gov; steele@ggpl.arsusda.gov NR 186 TC 4 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS INC PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0199-9885 J9 ANNU REV NUTR JI Annu. Rev. Nutr. PY 1998 VL 18 BP 63 EP 92 DI 10.1146/annurev.nutr.18.1.63 PG 30 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 106YR UT WOS:000075179500005 PM 9706219 ER PT J AU Beck, MA Levander, OA AF Beck, MA Levander, OA TI Dietary oxidative stress and the potentiation of viral infection SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF NUTRITION LA English DT Review DE selenium; vitamin E; coxsackievirus; viral mutation ID NF-KAPPA-B; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; SELENIUM-DEFICIENT MICE; THIOREDOXIN REDUCTASE-ACTIVITY; GOLD SODIUM THIOMALATE; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; GLUTATHIONE-PEROXIDASE; COXSACKIEVIRUS B3; INFLUENZA-VIRUSES; IMMUNE-RESPONSES AB Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of several viral infections, including hepatitis, influenza, and AIDS. Dietary oxidative stress due to either selenium or vitamin E deficiency increases cardiac damage in mice infected with a myocarditic strain of coxsackievirus B3. Such dietary oxidative stress also allows a normally benign (i.e. amyocarditic) coxsackievirus B3 to convert to virulence and cause heart damage. This conversion to virulence is due to a nucleotide sequence change in the genome of the benign virus, which then resembles more closely the nucleotide sequence of virulent strains. Although it has been known for many years that poor nutrition can affect host response to infection, this is the first report of host nutrition affecting the genetic sequence of a pathogen. Further research is needed to determine whether poor host nutrition plays any role in the emergence of new viral diseases via alterations in the genotype of an infectious agent. C1 Univ N Carolina, Frank Porter Graham Child Dev Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutr Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Beck, MA (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Frank Porter Graham Child Dev Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM melinda-beck@unc.edu; levander@307.bhnrc.usda.gov NR 122 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 5 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS INC PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0199-9885 J9 ANNU REV NUTR JI Annu. Rev. Nutr. PY 1998 VL 18 BP 93 EP 116 DI 10.1146/annurev.nutr.18.1.93 PG 24 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 106YR UT WOS:000075179500006 PM 9706220 ER PT J AU Urzua, U Kersten, PJ Vicuna, R AF Urzua, U Kersten, PJ Vicuna, R TI Manganese peroxidase dependent oxidation of glyoxylic and oxalic acids synthesized by Ceriporiopsis subvermispora produces extracellular hydrogen peroxide SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BASIDIOMYCETE PHANEROCHAETE-CHRYSOSPORIUM; SYNTHETIC LIGNIN MINERALIZATION; GLYOXAL OXIDASE; MN-PEROXIDASE; CORIOLUS-VERSICOLOR; ENZYME; MECHANISM; LACCASE; OXALATE; BIODEGRADATION AB The ligninolytic system of the basidiomycete Ceriporiopsis subvermispora is composed of manganese peroxidase (MnP) and laccase, In this work, the source of extracellular hydrogen peroxide required for MnP activity was investigated. Our attention was focused on the possibility that hydrogen peroxide might be generated by MnP itself through the oxidation of organic acids secreted by the fungus. Both oxalate and glyoxylate were found in the extracellular fluid of C. subvermispora cultures grown in chemically defined media, where MnP is also secreted, The in vivo oxidation of oxalate was measured; (CO2)-C-14 evolution was monitored after addition of exogenous [C-14]oxalate to cultures at constant specific activity. In standard cultures, evolution of CO2 from oxalate was maximal at day 6, although the MnP titers were highest at day 12, the oxalate concentration was maximal (2.5 mM) at day 10, and the glyoxylate concentration was maximal (0.24 mM) at day 5, However, in cultures containing low nitrogen levels, in which the pH is more stable, a better correlation between MnP titers and mineralization of oxalate was observed, Both MnP activity and oxidation of [C-14]oxalate were negligible in cultures lacking Mn(II). In vitro assays confirmed that Mn(II)-dependent oxidation of [C-14]oxalate by MnP occurs and that this reaction is stimulated by glyoxylate at the concentrations found in cultures, IG addition, both organic acids supported phenol red oxidation by MnP without added hydrogen peroxide, and glyoxylate was more reactive than oxalate in this reaction, Based on these results, a model is proposed for the extracellular production of hydrogen peroxide by C. subvermispora. C1 Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Dept Mol Genet & Microbiol, Santiago, Chile. US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Vicuna, R (reprint author), Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Dept Mol Genet & Microbiol, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile. RI Urzua, Ulises/A-3982-2013; OI Urzua, Ulises/0000-0003-0522-5754 NR 41 TC 88 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 20 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 64 IS 1 BP 68 EP 73 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA YP406 UT WOS:000071273600011 PM 16349495 ER PT J AU Lu, P Davis, BP Jeffries, TW AF Lu, P Davis, BP Jeffries, TW TI Cloning and characterization of two pyruvate decarboxylase: Genes from Pichia stipitis CBS 6054 SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; CANDIDA-SHEHATAE; STRUCTURAL GENES; D-XYLOSE; YEAST; PDC1; ETHANOL; ENZYME; AUTOREGULATION AB In Pichia stipitis, fermentative and pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) activities increase with diminished oxygen rather than in response to fermentable sugars, To better characterize PDC expression and regulation, two genes for PDC (PsPDC1 and PsPDC2) were cloned and sequenced from P. stipitis CBS 6054, Aside from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, from which three PDC genes have been characterized, P. stipitis is the only organism from which multiple genes for PDC have been identified and characterized, PsPDC1 and PsPDC2 have diverged almost as far from one another as they have from the next most, closely related known yeast gene, PsPDC1 contains an open reading frame of 1,791 nucleotides encoding 597 amino acids, PsPDC2 contains a reading Game of 1,710 nucleotides encoding 570 amino acids, An 81-nucleotide segment in the middle of the beta domain of PsPDC1 codes for a unique segment of 27 amino acids, which may play a role in allosteric regulation, The 5' regions of both P. stipitis genes include two putative TATA elements that make them similar to the PDC genes from S. cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces marxianus, and Hanseniaspora uvarum. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Inst Microbial & Biochem Technol, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bacteriol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Jeffries, TW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Inst Microbial & Biochem Technol, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RI Jeffries, Thomas/I-8576-2012 OI Jeffries, Thomas/0000-0001-7408-4065 NR 32 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 64 IS 1 BP 94 EP 97 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA YP406 UT WOS:000071273600015 PM 9435065 ER PT J AU Saha, BC Bothast, RJ AF Saha, BC Bothast, RJ TI Purification and characterization of a novel thermostable alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase from a color-variant strain of Aureobasidium pullulans SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ASPERGILLUS-NIGER; BACILLUS-STEAROTHERMOPHILUS; CELL-WALL; ENZYMES; ARABINOSIDASES; NIDULANS AB A color-variant strain of Aureobasidium pullulans (NRRL Y-12974) produced alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase (alpha-L-AFase) when grown in liquid culture on oat spelt xylan. An extracellular alpha-L-AFase nas purified 215-fold to homogeneity front the culture supernatant by ammonium sulfate treatment, DEAE Bio-Gel A agarose column chromatography, gel filtration on a Bio-Gel A-0.5m column, arabinan-Sepharose 6B affinity chromatography, and SP-Sephadex C-50 column chromatography. The purified enzyme had a native molecular weight of 210,000 and was composed of two equal subunits. It had a half-life of 8 h at 75 degrees C, displayed optimal activity at 75 degrees C and pH 4.0 to 4.5, and had a specific activity of 21.48 mu mol . min(-1) . mg(-1) of protein against p-nitrophenyl-alpha-L-arabinofuranoside (pNP alpha AF). The purified alpha-L-AFase readily hydrolyzed arabinan acid debranched arabinan and released arabinose from arabinoxylans but was inactive against arabinogalactan. The K-m values of the enzyme for the hydrolysis of pNP alpha AF, arabinan, and debranched arabinan at 75 degrees C and pH 4.5 were 0.26 mM, 2.14 mg/ml, and 3.25 mg/ml, respectively. The alpha-L-AFase activity was not inhibited at all by L-arabinose (1.2 M). The enzyme did not require a metal ion for activity, and its activity was not affected by p-chloromercuribenzoate (0.2 mM), EDTA (10 mM), or dithiothreitol (10 mM). C1 Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, ARS, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Saha, BC (reprint author), Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, ARS, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 37 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 64 IS 1 BP 216 EP 220 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA YP406 UT WOS:000071273600034 PM 9435077 ER PT J AU Alexander, NJ Hohn, TM McCormick, SP AF Alexander, NJ Hohn, TM McCormick, SP TI The TRI11 gene of Fusarium sporotrichioides encodes a cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase required for C-15 hydroxylation in trichothecene biosynthesis SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ALIGNMENT; FAMILY AB Several genes in the trichothecene biosynthetic pathway of Fusarium sporotrichiodes have been shown to reside in a gene cluster. Sequence analysis of a cloned DNA fragment located 3.8 kb downstream from TRI5 has led to the identification of the TRI11 gene. The nucleotide sequence of TRI11 predicts a polypeptide of 492 residues (M-r = 55,579) with significant similarity to members of the cytochrome P-450 superfamily. TRI11 is most similar to several fungal cytochromes P-450 (23 to 27% identity) but is sufficiently distinct to define a new cytochrome P-450 gene family, designated CYP65A1. Disruption of TRI11 results in an altered trichothecene production phenotype characterized by the accumulation of isotrichodermin, a trichothecene pathway intermediate. The evidence suggests that TRI11 encodes a C-15 hydroxylase involved in trichothecene biosynthesis. C1 Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, USDA, Agr Res Serv, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Hohn, TM (reprint author), Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, USDA, Agr Res Serv, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 26 TC 95 Z9 103 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 64 IS 1 BP 221 EP 225 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA YP406 UT WOS:000071273600035 PM 9435078 ER EF