FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Huwe, JK Feil, VJ Larsen, GL Wiener, C AF Huwe, JK Feil, VJ Larsen, GL Wiener, C TI Metabolism and disposition of 1,4,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds CY AUG 12-16, 1996 CL AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS ID 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZOFURAN; IDENTIFICATION; EXCRETION; DIOXINS; TCDD AB Metabolism studies of 1,4,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a relatively nontoxic dioxin congener, were undertaken to gain a better understanding of mammalian metabolism of dioxins without the problems associated with the use of the most toxic congener, 2,3,7,8-TCDD. C-14,1,4,7,8-TCDD was dosed to conventional and bile-cannulated rats at a level of 8 mg/kg. The C-14 was excreted almost entirely in 72 hours with the major routes of excretion feces and bile. Metabolites were identified from the feces, bile, and urine by GC-MS or negative ion FAB MS and H-1 NMR. The two major fecal metabolites were hydroxylated tetra- and triCDDs. Glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of these hydroxyl metabolites were found in the urine and bile. Minor metabolites included dichlorocatechol, dihydroxylated tetra- and triCDDs, and conjugates of these compounds. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Huwe, JK (reprint author), USDA, Biosci Res Lab, POB 5674 Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 22 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD OCT-NOV PY 1998 VL 37 IS 9-12 BP 1885 EP 1893 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00255-0 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 132FB UT WOS:000076618700025 PM 9828317 ER PT J AU Pachepsky, Y Timlin, D AF Pachepsky, Y Timlin, D TI Generating spatially correlated fields with a genetic algorithm SO COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE geostatistical simulations; random fields; genetic algorithm ID POROUS-MEDIA; TRANSPORT AB Generated realizations of random fields are used to quantify the natural variability of geological properties. When the realizations are used as inputs for simulations with a deterministic model, it may be desirable to minimize differences between statistics of sequential realizations and make the statistics close to ones specified at generating the realizations. We describe the use of a genetic algorithm (GA) for this purpose. In unconditioned simulations, statistics of the GA-generated realizations were significantly closer to the input ones than those from sequential Gaussian simulations. Distributions of generated values at a particular node over sequential realizations were close to the normal distribution. The GA is computationally intensive and may not be suitable for fine grids. The sequential Gaussian algorithm conditioned with GA-generated values on a coarse grid can produce a set of realizations with similar statistics for the fine grids embedding the coarse one. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Duke Univ, Duke Univ Phytotron, Durham, NC 27708 USA. RP Pachepsky, Y (reprint author), USDA ARS, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM ypachepsky@asrr.arsusda.gov OI Pachepsky, Yakov/0000-0003-0232-6090 NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-3004 J9 COMPUT GEOSCI-UK JI Comput. Geosci. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 24 IS 8 BP 765 EP 769 DI 10.1016/S0098-3004(98)00066-1 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA 132QN UT WOS:000076641200005 ER PT J AU Marshall, E Haight, R Homans, FR AF Marshall, E Haight, R Homans, FR TI Incorporating environmental uncertainty into species management decisions: Kirtland's warbler habitat management as a case study SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POPULATION VIABILITY ANALYSIS; HEALTH RISKS; COST AB We present a framework for expressing species management objectives that incorporates the inherent riskiness of species management strategies. This framework identifies two critical parameters in the management objective: the population level that one would like to achieve and the minimum acceptable probability of attaining that population objective with a given management strategy-the safety margin. We then explore the implications of imposing a management objective in this form on habitat management decisions for the Kirtland's Warbler (Dendroica kirtlandii). We used a stochastic simulation model to generate probability distributions for Kirtland's Warbler population outcomes under different management strategies. The management parameter we varied was rotation length of commercial logging, and the cost of each rotation length was calculated as the opportunity cost of not operating at the profit-maximizing rotation length. The cost and warbler population distribution associated with each rotation length were then used to derive cost curves for the two critical decision parameters-population level and safety margin. For most of the range of values analyzed, the relationships between cost and both population objective and safety margin are linear. In addition, the rate at which cost rises with population objective increases as the safety margin required for that objective is raised. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Appl Econ, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. US Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Appl Econ, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Marshall, E (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Appl Econ, 316E Classroom Off Bldg,1994 Buford Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM mars0117@gold.tc.umn.edu NR 26 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0888-8892 EI 1523-1739 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 12 IS 5 BP 975 EP 985 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96468.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 126BL UT WOS:000076272800011 ER PT J AU Straus, DC Purdy, CW Loan, RW Briggs, RE Frank, GH AF Straus, DC Purdy, CW Loan, RW Briggs, RE Frank, GH TI In vivo production of neuraminidase by Pasteurella haemolytica in market stressed cattle after natural infection SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BOVINE PNEUMONIA; COLONIZATION; SEROTYPES; DISEASE; CALVES; A1 AB Pasteurella haemolytica (Ph) is the most important cause of the bovine acute fibrinohemorrhagic pneumonia that occurs in market stressed calves after shipment to feedyards. Recent characterization of neuraminidase production by these organisms has shown that all 16 serotypes produce an immunologically similar form of the enzyme. Anti-neuraminidase antibody against PhA1 and PhA6 was determined in 101 2- to 5-month-old calves, on their farms of origin, at the order buyer barn (OBB), and through 28 days in the feedyard. Half of the calves were vaccinated with a killed Ph serotype-A1 (PhA1) product. Nasal secretion and tonsil wash specimens were cultured for Ph and Pasteurella multocida (Pm). Serum antibody against PhA1 and PhA6 was measured by indirect hemagglutination (IHA), and anti-neuraminidase antibody was determined by the neutralization assay. At the feedyard, 73 calves had respiratory tract disease. IHA values ranged between 1:2 and 1:1024 for PhA1 and between 1,2 and 1:512 for Ph serotype A6 (PhA6). Forty-two, 24, and 28% of the calves were infected with PhA1, PhA6, and Pm, respectively. Ninety-six percent of the calves experienced an increase in anti-PhA1 neuraminidase antibody when sera drawn on feedyard day 28 were compared with sera drawn on the farm. These data demonstrate that the enzyme neuraminidase is produced in vivo in market stressed cattle after a natural Ph infection. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA. USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Texas Vet Med Ctr, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Straus, DC (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 37 IS 4 BP 240 EP 244 DI 10.1007/s002849900372 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 118VL UT WOS:000075861200005 PM 9732530 ER PT J AU Alig, RJ Adams, DM McCarl, BA AF Alig, RJ Adams, DM McCarl, BA TI Ecological and economic impacts of forest policies: interactions across forestry and agriculture SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE land reallocation; forest sector; agriculture; interregional ID CARBON; MANAGEMENT; LAND; COST AB A linked model of the US forest and agriculture sectors was used to examine the economic and ecological impacts of two forest policies: a minimum harvest age limitation and a reduced public harvest policy. Simulated private responses to both policies indicate that landowners could undertake a range of adjustments to minimize their welfare impacts, but imposition of constraints on the management of existing timber stocks have particularly potent effects. Environmental changes associated with the responses include: (I) impacts on biodiversity trends and wildlife habitat conditions when economic incentives prompt afforestation of cropland in the North and less conversion of hardwood forest types to softwood plantations in the South; (2) age class distributions in all regions are 'shortened', compressing a larger inventory volume into fewer, younger age classes; (3) reductions in the area of the earliest forest successional stages, despite the concentration of inventory in the earlier ages, because of rising timber management intensity in some regions; and (4) sequestered carbon in all parts of the forest system may continue to rise even after total product volumes have begun to fall. Interregional economic impacts include higher prices for private forest land and timber products in the southern US, due to a reduced public harvest policy concentrated in the West. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Agr Econ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Alig, RJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI McCarl, Bruce/E-9445-2011 NR 26 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8009 J9 ECOL ECON JI Ecol. Econ. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 27 IS 1 BP 63 EP 78 DI 10.1016/S0921-8009(97)00129-8 PG 16 WC Ecology; Economics; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Business & Economics GA 141CK UT WOS:000077124900006 ER PT J AU Pineros, MA Shaff, JE Kochian, LV Bakker, E AF Pineros, MA Shaff, JE Kochian, LV Bakker, E TI Selectivity of liquid membrane cadmium microelectrodes based on the ionophore N,N,N ',N '-tetrabutyl-3,6-dioxaoctanedithioamide SO ELECTROANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE selectivity; vibrating liquid membrane; cadmium microelectrode; separate solution method; fixed interference method; matched potential method; Bakker method ID ELECTRODES; ION; COEFFICIENTS AB The selectivity of heavy metal ion-selective electrodes has often bee inadequately characterized in the past. Only recently, alternative methods have become available to assess the response toward highly discriminated ion solutions. In this article, the selectivity of vibrating liquid membrane cadmium-selective microelectrodes was characterized using the separate solution method, the fixed interference method, the matched potential method. and Bakker's method which demands one to condition the electrode membrane in discriminated ion solutions prior to measurement. Tn this study, the matched potential method gave selectivity values for the two least discriminated ions, lead(II) and copper(II), that were comparable to the ones obtained with SSM. Bakker's method, on the other hand: was the only method that reveals the extremely high ion selectivity over all other discriminated ions. This study shows that carrier-based cadmium microelectrodes possess sufficient selectivity for many in situ applications, and that experimental biases may sometimes lead to experimental selectivity coefficient variations of about 12 orders of magnitude depending on the chosen method. C1 Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Chem, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Bakker, E (reprint author), Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Bakker, Eric/B-7940-2009; OI Bakker, Eric/0000-0001-8970-4343; Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X; Pineros, Miguel/0000-0002-7166-1848 NR 19 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1040-0397 J9 ELECTROANAL JI Electroanalysis PD OCT PY 1998 VL 10 IS 14 BP 937 EP 941 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4109(199810)10:14<937::AID-ELAN937>3.0.CO;2-C PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry GA 141EZ UT WOS:000077130800001 ER PT J AU Carde, RT Staten, RT Mafra-Neto, A AF Carde, RT Staten, RT Mafra-Neto, A TI Behaviour of pink bollworm males near high-dose, point sources of pheromone in field wind tunnels: insights into mechanisms of mating disruption SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE Lepidoptera; Gelechiidae; Pectinophora gossypiella; cotton; pheromone; wind tunnel; attraction ID SEX-PHEROMONE; COTTON FIELDS; LEPIDOPTERA; GELECHIIDAE; GOSSYPLURE; MOTHS; TRAPS AB The mechanisms by which the application of formulated pheromone interferes with mating in the pink bollworm moth (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella were examined in 0.4 ha cotton fields using high-dose (78 mg A.I.) sealed polyethylene dispensers. Walk-in, field wind tunnels 6.2 m long were placed over two rows of cotton. Treatments consisted of a control, a tunnel in a field free of disruptant formulation; a 3-rope treatment, in which the field was free of pheromone but one of the cotton rows in the wind tunnel was treated with 3 PEW ropes; and a rope-grid treatment, in which the field was treated with PEW ropes at the standard density of 1000 ha(-1) and one of the cotton rows inside the wind tunnel was treated with 3 PEW ropes. We released marked males into the tunnels near sunset or held them in field cages for 24 h prior to assay. Two pheromone traps at the tunnel's upwind end monitored the ability of males to locate point sources of pheromone. In the 3-rope tunnel, traps placed upwind of the cotton row treated with disruptant pheromone captured far fewer males than those placed upwind of the untreated cotton row. In the tunnel situated in the centre of the rope-gridded field, very few males were caught in traps in both rows, indicating a camouflage of the pheromone plumes from the traps by the background of airborne disruptant drawn into the tunnel from the field. Activity of moths near the synthetic pheromone sources was video-recorded. Males oriented to, landed on or near, and walked on or near, PEW ropes, indicating competition between pheromone sources as a mechanism of mating disruption. Most males Visiting PEW ropes became quiescent or disappeared from the field of view after a few minutes, suggesting a habituation/adaptation of response. The rhythm of attraction of males held in the field for 24 h before release was comprised of a small peak of activity near 2000 h, with the majority of attraction between 2300 and 0300 h. Much of the attraction before 0100 appears to be an advancement of the male's normal diel rhythm, caused by the presence of disruptant. Together these findings indicate that mating disruption of pink bollworm using the PEW ropes is achieved by a combination of mechanisms: a camouflage of natural plumes, competition between pheromone sources, habituation, and some advancement of the male's rhythm of response. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Entomol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Carde, RT (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Entomol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. NR 39 TC 30 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 89 IS 1 BP 35 EP 46 DI 10.1046/j.1570-7458.1998.00379.x PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 155DM UT WOS:000077931000004 ER PT J AU Bautista, RC Harris, EJ Lawrence, PO AF Bautista, RC Harris, EJ Lawrence, PO TI Biology and rearing of the fruit fly parasitoid Biosteres arisanus: clues to insectary propagation SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE Biosteres arisanus; tephritid fruit fly parasitoid; rearing biology; demographic parameters ID FLIES DIPTERA; KULA AREA; HYMENOPTERA; TEPHRITIDAE; BRACONIDAE; HAWAII; PARASITIZATION; CERATITIS; ABUNDANCE; BEHAVIOR AB Aspects of Biosteres arisanus (Sonan) (= Opius oophilus Fullaway) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) development on the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera (= Dacus) dorsalis (Hendel), were investigated to facilitate mass production in the insectary. Life table statistics were generated for cohorts of B. arisanus females. Overlap in the emergence of fruit flies and parasitoids necessitated a procedure for segregation, preferably before adult eclosion. Rate of parasitization by B. arisanus increased with host clutch size reaching a plateau at 20:1 host egg to female parasitoid ratio. Duration of the oviposition period influenced the level of host parasitization; host eggs were exposed to parasitoids for 24 h with minimal superparasitism. Females were highly productive within 3 weeks after emergence producing 40-70% females in the progeny. Adult males were shorter lived than females by approximate to 5 days. Based on a net reproductive rate (R-0) of >16 daughters per female parent, a population increase of 10% was predicted each day. Handling procedures that could facilitate efficient production of parasitoids are discussed. C1 USDA ARS, Trop Fruit Vegetable & Ornamental Crop Res Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Lawrence, PO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Trop Fruit Vegetable & Ornamental Crop Res Lab, 2727 Woodlawn Dr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 32 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 11 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 89 IS 1 BP 79 EP 85 DI 10.1046/j.1570-7458.1998.00384.x PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 155DM UT WOS:000077931000009 ER PT J AU Mohamed, MAM Osman, MA Potter, TL Levin, RE AF Mohamed, MAM Osman, MA Potter, TL Levin, RE TI Lead and cadmium in Nile River water and finished drinking water in greater Cairo, Egypt SO ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article AB Lead and cadmium were measured in raw Nile River water and in finished drinking water at four treatment plants in Greater Cairo, Egypt. Samples were collected monthly during the period September 1993 to August 1994. The river water mean concentrations were 29.6 +/- 8.74 mu g/L for lead and 4.15 +/- 0.88 mu g/L, for cadmium. These levels were 14 and 24 times less than levels reported in a study published in 1995 (Gomaa 1995). In the drinking water, the means were 9.93 +/- 0.5 mu g/L for lead and 2.2 +/- 0.63 mu g/L for cadmium. The drinking water mean concentrations were below internationally-recognized drinking water standards. Comparison of the raw and finished drinking water data showed that the water treatment facilities reduced concentrations of lead by 33% and cadmium by 53%. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Cairo Univ Giza, Fac Agr, Dept Biochem, Giza, Egypt. RP Potter, TL (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 8 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0160-4120 J9 ENVIRON INT JI Environ. Int. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 24 IS 7 BP 767 EP 772 DI 10.1016/S0160-4120(98)00058-0 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 129QE UT WOS:000076473800009 ER PT J AU Seiler, GJ AF Seiler, GJ TI Influence of temperature on primary and lateral root growth of sunflower seedlings SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Helianthus annuus; growth pouch; root fresh weight; root chronology; branching density; number of lateral roots; hypocotyl growth and fresh weight; Helianthus anomalus; Helianthus argophyllus; Helianthus exilis; Helianthus praecox; Helianthus petiolaris ID FORAGE LEGUMES; EXOTIC COTTONS; ENVIRONMENT; POPULATION; ELONGATION; SYSTEMS AB Roots play a major role in maintaining the supply of water and nutrients to plant tissues. There are numerous environmental factors such as temperature that can influence the growth and function of root systems. While we have some information about rooting depth in sunflower, we lack information about early root growth and its response to temperature in diverse genotypes based on wild sunflower species. The wild progenitors of the crop species are potential sources for enhancing the rooting system of cultivated sunflower. Root growth characteristics of seedlings of six genetically diverse sunflower (Helianthus) genotypes and two cultivated hybrids were evaluated during a 10-day period to determine early chronological root growth as influenced by temperature. Root growth was evaluated at temperatures of 10-40 degrees C in 5 degrees C increments. Primary root length, lateral root length, number of lateral roots, root fresh weight, and hypocotyl length and fresh weight were determined beginning at 3 days after planting (DAP), 7 DAP, and 10 DAP. An analysis of variance indicated that genotypes, temperatures, and days were significant sources of variation for primary and lateral root lengths, number of lateral roots, root branching density, root fresh weight, and hypocotyl length and fresh weight. Averaged over all genotypes, primary and lateral root growth was greatest in the 25-30 degrees C temperature range at 10 DAP. Generally, very little root growth occurs at 10, 15 or 40 degrees C. Semi-dwarf hybrid 471D had the greatest primary and lateral root growth at 30 degrees C with 154 cm, as well as the highest number of lateral roots with 48 roots per plant. Interspecific genotypes had similar total root growth compared to cultivated hybrid 894 at 30 degrees C. Temperature-dependent root growth information will be useful in crop modeling of sunflower. There appears to be a temperature-specific response in laboratory evaluated sunflower genotypes, but further studies are needed to correlate the studies with rooting responses under field conditions. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Sunflower Res Unit, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Seiler, GJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Sunflower Res Unit, POB 5677, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 29 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-8472 J9 ENVIRON EXP BOT JI Environ. Exp. Bot. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 40 IS 2 BP 135 EP 146 DI 10.1016/S0098-8472(98)00027-6 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 125LR UT WOS:000076239500005 ER PT J AU Snodgrass, GL AF Snodgrass, GL TI Distribution of the tarnished plant bug (Heteroptera : Miridae) within cotton plants SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lygus lineolaris; cotton; within-plant distribution ID LYGUS-LINEOLARIS HETEROPTERA; ESTIMATING ABSOLUTE DENSITY; SAMPLING METHODS; INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE; ARTHROPOD POPULATIONS; MISSISSIPPI DELTA AB The within-plant distribution of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., was determined during June through the Ist week in August in 1992 and 1993 at Stoneville, MS. Locations of adults and nymphs in cotton were determined weekly using visual searches of whole plants or plant sections (mainstem terminals, upper and lower plant halves below the mainstem terminals). The distributions of adults and nymphs found in the morning (0900-1100 hours) in 1992 were not significantly different from their distributions found in the afternoon (1300-1500 hours). Adults had a significantly different distribution than nymphs on vegetative structures (mainly leaves), fruiting structures (squares, bells, and blooms) and mainstem terminals in both years. The distributions of adults and nymphs also were significantly different in both years on the mainstem terminals and upper and lower plant halves below the terminal. Nymphs and adults were found in both years to have 75% of their populations (on average) in the mainstem terminal plus the fruit and vegetative structures on the top 6 nodes of the plant. Nymphs showed a strong preference for fruiting structures, and high percentages of adults were found on vegetative structures through the first 3 wk of squaring (June through the Ist week in July) in both years. Adults then became more dispersed among the vegetative structures, fruit, and mainstem terminals. These types of distributions would make the drop cloth an excellent method for sampling nymphs, whereas the sweep net would work well for adults especially through the first 3 wk of squaring. If visual examination of plants for nymphs and adults is used to sample cotton, it should include mainstem terminals plus vegetative and fruiting structures in the upper halves of plants. C1 USDA ARS, So Insect Management Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Snodgrass, GL (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Insect Management Res Unit, POB 346, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 20 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 27 IS 5 BP 1089 EP 1093 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 132PV UT WOS:000076639500005 ER PT J AU Peck, SL McQuaid, B Campbell, CL AF Peck, SL McQuaid, B Campbell, CL TI Using ant species (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) as a biological indicator of agroecosystem condition SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ants; Formicidae; indicator species; agroecosystem condition; biological indicator ID COMMUNITY; RECOLONIZATION; BIODIVERSITY; ASSEMBLAGES; DIVERSITY; AUSTRALIA; CARABIDAE; BEETLES; MINES; SOIL AB Ant species assemblages have been used as biological indicators of environmental condition in many different ecosystems. To assess the potential of using ants as environmental indicators of agroecosystem condition, ants were collected from a stratified random sample of agricultural fields planted in annually harvested herbaceous crops at 90 sites in North Carolina and Virginia The ants were identified to species and correlations with soil, management and crop variables were examined as the Ist step in developing an environmental indicator of agroecosystem condition. A total of 41 species of ants was found. Ant species assemblages were found to differ significantly between the fields and the field margin. Ant species assemblages were correlated with soil variables, tillage practices, and insecticide use, suggesting that ants have potential as a biological indicator of agroecosystem condition. C1 Environm Monitoring & Assessment Program, Agr Lands Resouce Grp, Raleigh, NC 27608 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. USDA, Natl Resource Conservat Serv, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Peck, SL (reprint author), Environm Monitoring & Assessment Program, Agr Lands Resouce Grp, 1509 Vars Dr, Raleigh, NC 27608 USA. NR 40 TC 86 Z9 95 U1 0 U2 17 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 27 IS 5 BP 1102 EP 1110 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 132PV UT WOS:000076639500007 ER PT J AU Frankie, GW Thorp, RW Newstrom-Lloyd, LE Rizzardi, MA Barthell, JF Griswold, TL Kim, JY Kappagoda, S AF Frankie, GW Thorp, RW Newstrom-Lloyd, LE Rizzardi, MA Barthell, JF Griswold, TL Kim, JY Kappagoda, S TI Monitoring solitary bees in modified wildland habitats: Implications for bee ecology and conservation SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Megachile; Osmia; Megachilidae; trap nests; bee conservation; bee monitoring ID RICAN DRY FOREST; BODY-SIZE; MEGACHILIDAE; HYMENOPTERA; PREFERENCES; BEHAVIOR AB The long-term goal of this study was to use solitary bees to assess the impact of advancing Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera scutellata Lepeletier) on the native California bee fauna. Cavity-nesting, solitary bee species were systematically monitored in wooden trap nests at 6 sites in northern central California from 1990 to 1992. Three sites were in the San Joaquin Valley in wildlife refuges or preserves; 3 were in coastal mountain or Sierran foothill parks or reserves. Differences in frequencies of nesting bees were observed and recorded among sites and habitats through time. A Poisson regression indicated that all explanatory variables and their Ist order interactions were highly significant. There were significant differences among bee taxa, sites and years, and their interactions (bee x site; bee x year; site x year). Megachile species were the predominant cavity nesters in the 3 valley sites; Osmia species were the common group in coastal mountain/foothill sites. In a computer simulation, using a variation of the Poisson regression, several significant differences were also observed between yearly frequency counts for certain bee species at the same site. Possible reasons for year to year changes included differential natural mortality, extreme annual weather patterns, use of marginal habitats, and negative impacts from exotic solitary bee species. Three exotic megachilids (Megachile rotundata (F.), M. apicalis Spinola, and M. concinna Smith) have successfully invaded and become established in California. Possibly, M. apicalis has affected other cavity nesting bee species, including the exotic M rotundata in our Central Valley sites. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, CNR, Div Insect Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Entomol, Livermore, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Biostat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Bee Biol & Syst Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Frankie, GW (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, CNR, Div Insect Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 39 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 38 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 27 IS 5 BP 1137 EP 1148 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 132PV UT WOS:000076639500010 ER PT J AU Landolt, PJ AF Landolt, PJ TI Chemical attractants for trapping yellowjackets Vespula germanica and Vespula pensylvanica (Hymenoptera : Vespidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Vespula germanica; Vespula pensylvanica; yellowjackets; attractants; trapping ID BAIT PREFERENCES; NEW-ZEALAND; LEPIDOPTERA; NOCTUIDAE; VULGARIS AB Worker yellowjackets (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) were captured in traps baited with combinations of an aqueous solution of acetic acid and polyethylene caps loaded with either butyl butyrate, heptyl butyrate, or isobutanol. Vespula germanica (F.) were captured in large numbers in traps baited with acetic acid and isobutanol or acetic acid and butyl butyrate. Vespula pansylvanica (Saussure) were captured in large numbers in traps baited with heptyl butyrate, acetic acid and heptyl butyrate, acetic acid and butyl butyrate, and acetic acid and isobutanol. Acetic acid generally enhanced the attractiveness of these other compounds to V. pensylvanica and V. germanica. Vespula atropilosa (Sladen) were captured in large numbers in traps baited with heptyl butyrate or acetic acid and heptyl butyrate, with no apparent effect of the addition of acetic acid to the trap, and they were only weakly attracted to other baits. The importance of acetic acid to attraction of V. garmanica and V. pensylvanica to these lures supports the hypothesis that this response is food-finding behavior. The chemical lure comprised of acetic acid and isobutanol can be used for trapping the worldwide pest V. germanica, with the added advantage of simultaneous attractiveness to V, pensylvanica. C1 USDA ARS, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Landolt, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 29 TC 35 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 12 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 27 IS 5 BP 1229 EP 1234 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 132PV UT WOS:000076639500020 ER PT J AU Champ, PA Loomis, JB AF Champ, PA Loomis, JB TI WTA estimates using the method of paired comparison: Tests of robustness SO ENVIRONMENTAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE context effect; public goods experiment; scope test; stated preferences; willingness to accept AB The method of paired comparison is modified to allow choices between two alternative gains so as to estimate willingness to accept (NTA) without loss aversion. The robustness of WTA values for two public goods is tested with respect to sensitivity of the WTA measure to the context of the bundle of goods used in the paired comparison exercise and to the scope (scale) of the public good project. There was no statistical difference in WTA measures for open space based on independent treatments with different contexts. One treatment involved valuing open space within a set of goods with similar value. The other treatment involved valuing open space within a choice set of goods which had lower dollar values than open space. There was a statistical difference in WTA between a permanent expansion in the bus system and a temporary expansion in the bus system. We conclude the method of paired comparison appears to be a very promising approach to elicit measures of WTA. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Champ, PA (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, 3825 E Mulberry St, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. NR 21 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-6460 J9 ENVIRON RESOUR ECON JI Environ. Resour. Econ. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 12 IS 3 BP 375 EP 386 DI 10.1023/A:1008265128762 PG 12 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 155DG UT WOS:000077930400007 ER PT J AU Uri, ND AF Uri, ND TI Conservation tillage in US agriculture SO ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE agricultural production; conservation tillage; environmental impact; soil erosion ID TECHNOLOGY AB Conservation tillage was used on nearly 36% of planted hectares in 1996 in the United States. This level has remained relatively unchanged since 1993. The use of conservation tillage varies by crop and is dependent on site-specific factors including soil type, topsoil depth and local climatic conditions. A number of economic, demographic, geographic and policy factors have affected the adoption of conservation tillage. While it is not possible to quantify exactly the impact of these factors, it is clear that management complexities and profitability are key factors impeding the further adoption of conservation tillage. C1 USDA, RID, NRCS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Uri, ND (reprint author), USDA, RID, NRCS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 37 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SELPER LTD, PUBLICATIONS DIV PI LONDON PA 79 RUSTHALL AVENUE, LONDON, ENGLAND W4 1BN SN 0959-3330 J9 ENVIRON TECHNOL JI Environ. Technol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 19 IS 10 BP 1017 EP 1027 DI 10.1080/09593331908616759 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 135DD UT WOS:000076784500005 ER PT J AU McConnell, LL LeNoir, JS Datta, S Seiber, JN AF McConnell, LL LeNoir, JS Datta, S Seiber, JN TI Wet deposition of current-use pesticides in the Sierra Nevada mountain range, California, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE pesticide; Sierra Nevada mountains; atmospheric transport; precipitation ID ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT; LAW CONSTANTS; GAS-EXCHANGE; AIR; ENDOSULFAN; WATER; TEMPERATURE; MICROCOSMS AB Atmospheric inputs of pesticides transported from California's Central Valley to the Sierra Nevada mountains (California, USA) were investigated by collecting winter-spring precipitation (rain and snow) from Sequoia National Park and from the Lake Tahoe basin. Pesticides currently used in California's Central Valley were detected in snow and rain samples from two elevations in Sequoia National Park (SNP) in the southern Sierras. At the lower elevation site (533 m), chlorothalonil was present at the highest levels (<0.4-85 ng/L), followed by malathion (<0.046-24 ng/L), diazinon (<0.21-19 ng/L), and chlorpyrifos (1.3-4.4 ng/L). At 1,920 m elevation, chlorothalonil was also present at the highest levels (<0.57-13 ng/L) followed by diazinon (<0.057-14 ng/L), chlorpyrifos (1.1-13 ng/L), and malathion (<0.045-6 ng/L). Trifluralin, alpha- and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), and alpha- and beta-endosulfan were also detected at both locations and at lower concentrations, generally ranging from 0.5 to 2 ng/L. In the Lake Tahoe basin, elevation 2,200 m, malathion was also found in snow at concentrations ranging from <0.046 to 18 ng/L, as was diazinon (<0.057-7 ng/L), chlorpyrifos (0.30-3.4 ng/L), and chlorothalonil (0.66-1.7 ng/L). Chlorothalonil, chlorpryifos, alpha- and gamma-HCH, and alpha-endosulfan were found in surface and deep water samples at two locations in Lake Tahoe and at concentrations similar to those found in snow within the lake basin. Lake Tahoe basin snow samples in general had lower concentrations than those from SNP. This difference in concentration levels reflects the closer proximity of downwind pesticide usage to SNP than the Lake Tahoe basin. An estimated annual loading of one chemical, chlorpyrifos, of 24 to 31 kg/year was made for the SNP land area. Comparisons of observed concentrations were made with reported aquatic toxicity and water criteria levels. C1 ARS, USDA, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Nevada, Ctr Environm Sci & Engn, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Environm Resource Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Toxicol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP McConnell, LL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM mcconnel@asrr.arsusda.gov RI McConnell, Laura/H-1519-2011 NR 47 TC 74 Z9 74 U1 2 U2 18 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 17 IS 10 BP 1908 EP 1916 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 121WJ UT WOS:000076038500003 ER PT J AU Gibson, RS Ferguson, EL Lehrfeld, J AF Gibson, RS Ferguson, EL Lehrfeld, J TI Complementary foods for infant feeding in developing countries: their nutrient adequacy and improvement SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE complementary foods; developing countries; infants; estimated nutrient needs; phytate; nutrient intakes ID IRON-ABSORPTION; ASCORBIC-ACID; INOSITOL PHOSPHATES; ZINC-ABSORPTION; PHYTATE; PROTEIN; POLYPHENOLS; NUTRITION; CEREALS; COPPER AB Objective: To assess the energy and nutrient adequacy of a variety of complementary foods used in parts of Africa, India. Papua New Guinea, the Philippines and Thailand. Method: The energy, nutrient and anti-nutrient (dietary fibre and phytic acid) content (per 100 g as eaten, per 100 kcal, and per day) of twenty-three plant-based complementary foods consumed in developing countries was calculated from food composition values based on chemical analysis for the trace minerals, non-starch polysaccharide and phytic acid, and the literature. Results were compared with the estimated nutrient needs (per day; per 100 kcal) from complementary foods for infants 9-11 months, assuming a breast milk intake of average volume and composition and three complementary feedings per day, each of 250 g. Results: Complementary foods should provide approximately 25-50% of total daily requirements for protein, riboflavin and copper; 50-75% for thiamin, calcium and manganese; and 75-100% for phosphorus, zinc and iron. Most or all appear to meet the estimated daily nutrient needs (per day; per 100 kcal) from complementary foods for protein, thiamin and copper (per day), but not for calcium, iron, and in some cases zinc, even if moderate bioavailability for iron and zinc is assumed. Some of those based on rice are also inadequate in riboflavin (per day; per 100 kcal). Conclusions: Even if strategies to improve the bioavailability of iron and zinc are employed, they are probably insufficient to overcome the deficits in calcium, iron and zinc. Therefore, research on the feasibility of fortifying plant-based complementary foods in developing countries with calcium, iron and zinc is urgently required. C1 Univ Otago, Dept Human Nutr, Dunedin, New Zealand. USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Gibson, RS (reprint author), Univ Otago, Dept Human Nutr, POB 56, Dunedin, New Zealand. NR 43 TC 120 Z9 124 U1 0 U2 12 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0954-3007 J9 EUR J CLIN NUTR JI Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 52 IS 10 BP 764 EP 770 DI 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600645 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 128EE UT WOS:000076391700013 PM 9805226 ER PT J AU Goenaga, R Irizarry, H AF Goenaga, R Irizarry, H TI Yield of banana grown with supplemental drip-irrigation on an Ultisol SO EXPERIMENTAL AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article AB A three-year study was conducted on an Ultisol to determine the water requirement, yield and fruit-quality traits of three ratoon crops (R1, R2, R3) of 'Grande Naine' banana (Musa acuminata Colla, AAA group) subjected to four levels of irrigation. The irrigation treatments were based on Class A pan factors ranging from 0.0 (rainfed) to 1.0 in increments of 0.25. When needed, drip irrigation was supplied three times a week on alternate days. Results showed significant (p < 0.01) irrigation treatment and crop effects on bunch weight, yield, bunch mean hand weight, weight and fruit diameter of the third and last hands, and length of fruits of the third hand. Highest marketable yield (47.9 t ha(-1)) was obtained from the R2 crop with water application according to a pan factor of 1.0. It was concluded that irrigating the crop according to a pan factor of 1.0 was sufficient to justify the investment of a drip-irrigation system for a farm in the mountain region. C1 USDA ARS, Trop Agr Res Stn, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. RP Goenaga, R (reprint author), USDA ARS, Trop Agr Res Stn, POB 70, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. NR 10 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 2 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0014-4797 J9 EXP AGR JI Exp. Agric. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 34 IS 4 BP 439 EP 448 DI 10.1017/S0014479798004062 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 132QC UT WOS:000076640200006 ER PT J AU Rincon, MT Allison, MJ Michelangeli, F De Sanctis, Y Dominguez-Bello, MG AF Rincon, MT Allison, MJ Michelangeli, F De Sanctis, Y Dominguez-Bello, MG TI Anaerobic degradation of mimosine-derived hydroxypyridines by cell free extracts of the rumen bacterium Synergistes jonesii SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Synergistes jonesii; rumen bacteria; pyridinediol detoxification; Leucaena leucocephala ID LEUCAENA; STRAIN AB Synergistes jonesii is a rumen bacterium that degrades toxic pyridinediols from Leucaena leucocephala. This work presents progress on the characterization of the degradation of dihydroxypyridines from L. leucocephala by S. jonesii, and particularly by its cell free extracts. The substrate 3-hydroxy-4-[1H]-pyridone (3,4-DHP) induced degradation of both 3,4- and 2,3-dihydroxypyridine (2,3-DHP) isomers, while 2,3-DHP induced only degradation of 2,3-DHP. The 2,3-DHP was an intermediate of the degradation of 3,4-DHP by cultures. The compound 2,6-dihydroxypyridine inhibited degradation of 2,3 DHP by extracts of cells previously induced with this substrate. Cell-free extracts from S, jonesii had a high hydrogenase activity and degraded 2,3-DHP anaerobically either in the presence of methyl viologen under H-2 or in the presence of alpha-ketoacids under H-2 or N-2. Specific activity of 2,3-DHP degradation was increased when FAD(+) or CoA were present. The pyridine ring of the 2,3-DHP is enzymatically reduced by S. jonesii in reactions that demand reducing power provided by hydrogenase activity or by the metabolism of pyruvate. An unidentified non-polar amino compound appeared in thin layer chromatography as 2,3-DHP was degraded. We anticipate that gas chromatography mass spectrometry will permit the purification and identification of products from the cell-free reaction mix, which represents a simpler system than cell cultures, so that a pathway for pyridinediol metabolism by S. jonesii can be proposed. (C) 1998 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Inst Venezolano Invest Cient, CBB, Lab Fis Gastrointestinal, Caracas, Venezuela. Inst Venezolano Invest Cient, Ctr Quim, Caracas, Venezuela. USDA ARS, Natl Dis Ctr, Iowa City, IA USA. RP Dominguez-Bello, MG (reprint author), BAMCO CCS 119 00, Biblioteca Marcel Roche, POB 025322, Miami, FL 33102 USA. NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-6496 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL ECOL JI FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 27 IS 2 BP 127 EP 132 DI 10.1016/S0168-6496(98)00057-9 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 128YV UT WOS:000076436700003 ER PT J AU Smith, KR AF Smith, KR TI Against the grain. Agri-environmental reform in the United States and the European Union SO FOOD POLICY LA English DT Book Review C1 US Econ Res Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Smith, KR (reprint author), US Econ Res Serv, USDA, 1800 M St,NW Rm 5119, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0306-9192 J9 FOOD POLICY JI Food Policy PD OCT PY 1998 VL 23 IS 5 BP 452 EP 454 PG 3 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 170PC UT WOS:000078814000010 ER PT J AU Kurtzman, CP AF Kurtzman, CP TI Yeast systematics - from phenotype to genotype SO FOOD TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE yeast taxonomy; molecular systematics; rRNA/rDNA; gene sequences ID RIBOSOMAL-RNA SEQUENCES; PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; HETEROBASIDIOMYCETOUS YEASTS; EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS; HIGHER FUNGI; GENERA; IDENTIFICATION; DNA; DEBARYOMYCES; DIVERGENCE AB Yeast systematics is in transition from reliance on phenotypic characters to application of molecular comparisons. Measurements of molecular divergence represent a quantitative means for assessing genetic relationships among species, and these molecular comparisons have revealed that the standard phenotypic tests used in yeast taxonomy are often poor indicators of relatedness. The impact of molecular comparisons on yeast systematics is discussed and examples of application of these data for rapid species identification are given. C1 ARS, Microbial Properties Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM kurtzman@mail.ncaur.usda.gov NR 39 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 7 PU FACULTY FOOD TECHNOLOGY BIOTECHNOLOGY PI ZAGREB PA UNIV ZAGREB, KACIECEVA 23, 41000 ZAGREB, CROATIA SN 1330-9862 J9 FOOD TECHNOL BIOTECH JI Food Technol. Biotechnol. PD OCT-DEC PY 1998 VL 36 IS 4 BP 261 EP 266 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 155TX UT WOS:000077963400001 ER PT J AU Blatner, KA Alexander, S AF Blatner, KA Alexander, S TI Recent price trends for non-timber forest products in the Pacific Northwest SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Many of the industries that comprise the non-timber forest products (NTFPs) market in the Pacific Northwest have existed since the early 1900s. NTFPs have recently been receiving more attention from land managers and researchers. There is very little information about year-to-year prices for products within the different industries, so although large general trends can be discussed, specific prices and industry trends are not well understood. This paper defines the NTFP industry segments, discusses some of the history and markets in the various industries, and presents a price series dating back to 1989. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Blatner, KA (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 18 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 48 IS 10 BP 28 EP 34 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 130DY UT WOS:000076505700006 ER PT J AU Clark, A McAlister, RH AF Clark, A McAlister, RH TI Visual tree grading systems for estimating lumber yields in young and mature southern pine SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB New visual tree grading systems for mature southern pine greater than or equal to 35 years old and young pine < 35 years old based on number and size of branches in the lower bole are described. A series of lumber grade yield studies was conducted to test the new grading rules. A total of 214 natural loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and shortleaf pine (P. echinata Mill) trees 9 to 20 inches diameter at breast height (DBH) were harvested from 37-, 39-, 42-, 56- and 73-year-old stands and 152 loblolly pine trees 9 to 18 inches DBH were harvested from 22-, 25-, 27-, 34- and 39-year-old planted stands in the Georgia Piedmont. The study trees were graded using the new rules and processed into lumber. Results show the new grading rules separated trees into three significantly different stumpage value classes based on lumber grade yield. Average stumpage value per hundred cubic feet (CCF) of sawlog was 16 percent higher for grade 1 trees compared to grade 2 trees, and that for grade 2 trees was 27 percent higher than for grade 3 trees using the rules for trees greater than or equal to 35 years old. Average stumpage value per CCF of sawlog was 13 percent higher for grade 1 trees compared to grade 2 trees; that for grade 2 trees was 19 percent higher than for grade 3 trees using the rules for trees < 35 years old. Regression equations are presented for estimating lumber grade yield based on tree grade, dimensions, and age. The grading systems were developed with the cooperative effort of state and federal agencies and industry.(1) C1 US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Clark, A (reprint author), US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 320 Green St, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 10 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 48 IS 10 BP 59 EP 67 PG 9 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 130DY UT WOS:000076505700010 ER PT J AU Hummer, KE Rom, CR AF Hummer, KE Rom, CR TI Preserving a healthy fruit crop industry in the United States SO FRUIT VARIETIES JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA ARS, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Hummer, KE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, 33447 Peoria Rd, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER POMOLOGICAL SOC PI UNIVERSITY PK PA 103 TYSON BUILDING, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA SN 0091-3642 J9 FRUIT VARIETIES J JI Fruit Var. J. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 52 IS 4 BP 210 EP 210 PG 1 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 136MN UT WOS:000076863200006 ER PT J AU Kim, HS Richardson, RL Hausman, GJ AF Kim, HS Richardson, RL Hausman, GJ TI The expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 during adipogenesis in vivo: Effect of thyroxine SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fetus; insulin-like growth factor; hypophysectomy; thyroxine; adipogenesis ID I IGF-I; ADIPOSE-TISSUE METABOLISM; BINDING-PROTEINS; ENDOCRINE REGULATION; SITU HYBRIDIZATION; CELL-CULTURES; PIG; DIFFERENTIATION; ONTOGENY; SECRETION AB The expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) was examined in subcutaneous (SQ) adipose tissue from 105-day pig fetuses by ribonuclease protection assays and in situ hybridization using a porcine IGF-1 riboprobe. Fetuses were hypophysectomized (hypox) at 70 days of gestation and at 90 days thyroxine (T4) pellets were implanted into some of the hyper fetuses. Fetuses were removed and SQ tissues collected on day 105 of gestation. RNase protection assays followed by scanning laser densitometry revealed that IGF-1 mRNA in SQ adipose tissue in hyper fetuses was significantly decreased to 19.8 +/- 1.2% of control values. T4 treatment increased the expression of IGF-1 by 174 +/- 26.6% of values for hyper fetuses. Using in situ hybridization we showed that fetal hypophysectomy reduced and T4 treatment increased expression of IGF-1 mRNA in the outer SQ adipose tissue layer (P < 0.05). However, T4 treatment after hyper did not influence IGF-1 expression in the inner SQ layer (P > 0.05). IGF-1 was expressed around capillaries, in small fat cells, and in fibroblasts in loose and dense connective tissue. Large fat cells, however, did not express IGF-1. Collectively, we concluded that (1) IGF-1 mRNA was decreased after hyper and increased by T4 treatment in SQ tissue of 105-day fetuses; (2) The expression of the IGF-1 gene was more sensitive to T4 treatment after hyper in outer SQ tissue than in inner SQ tissue; (3) Most stromal cells produced IGF-1 mRNA, and as a result they may influence adipogenesis in the outer layer of SQ adipose tissue; and (4) Once fat cells enlarged, expression of IGF-1 was not detected. Therefore, these studies provide evidence that IGF-1 may mediate the influence of T4 on fetal adipogenesis. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Anim Physiol Unit, Athens, GA 30613 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Nutr & Foods, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Hausman, GJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Anim Physiol Unit, 950 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30613 USA. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 112 IS 1 BP 38 EP 45 DI 10.1006/gcen.1998.7126 PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 125WU UT WOS:000076260700005 PM 9748401 ER PT J AU Simunek, J Angulo-Jaramillo, R Schaap, MG Vandervaere, JP van Genuchten, MT AF Simunek, J Angulo-Jaramillo, R Schaap, MG Vandervaere, JP van Genuchten, MT TI Using an inverse method to estimate the hydraulic properties of crusted soils from tension-disc infiltrometer data SO GEODERMA LA English DT Article DE parameter estimation; soil hydraulic properties; tension-disc infiltrometer; neural networks ID PEDO-TRANSFER FUNCTIONS; WATER-RETENTION; PARAMETER-ESTIMATION; NEURAL NETWORKS; CONDUCTIVITY; INFILTRATION; MODELS; CLASSIFICATION; PERMEAMETERS; EQUATION AB An inverse procedure was used to estimate the soil hydraulic characteristics of a two-layered soil system-soil surface crust and subsoil-from data obtained during a tension-disc infiltration experiment. The inverse procedure combined the Levenberg-Marquardt nonlinear parameter optimization method with a numerical solution of the axisymmetric variably-saturated flow equation. The objective function was defined in terms of the cumulative infiltration curve and the final water content measured directly below the tension-disc infiltrometer at the end of the experiment; this final water content was assumed to correspond to the final supply pressure head. We analyzed two infiltration experiments carried out with a 25-cm diameter tension-disc infiltrometer. One experiment was carried out on a two-layered system, and a second after removal of the surface crust covering the sandy subsoil. Both experiments were performed with six consecutive supply tensions. We first analyzed the infiltration experiment for the subsoil only, thus yielding its hydraulic characteristics. Subsequent analysis of the infiltration experiment for the two-layered system with known hydraulic properties of the subsoil provided estimates of the hydraulic properties of the surface crust. We further compared the estimated hydraulic parameters of the subsoil with those obtained using Wooding's analytical method [Wooding, R.A., 1968. Steady infiltration from a shallow circular pond. Water Resour. Res. 4, 1259-1273] and predictions based on a neural network model requiring textural input information. All three methods generated roughly the same results. The numerical inversion technique proved to be a convenient tool for estimating the soil hydraulic properties of both the surface crust and the subsoil. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, US Salin Lab, USDA, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Univ Grenoble 1, INPG, LTHE, CNRS URA 1512,Lab Etud Transferts Hydrol & Enviro, F-38041 Grenoble 9, France. RP Simunek, J (reprint author), ARS, US Salin Lab, USDA, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. EM jsimunek@ussl.ars.usda.gov RI Simunek, Jiri/F-3196-2011; van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013 OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858 NR 50 TC 68 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD OCT PY 1998 VL 86 IS 1-2 BP 61 EP 81 DI 10.1016/S0016-7061(98)00035-4 PG 21 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 123TB UT WOS:000076139500004 ER PT J AU Gan, J Yates, SR Ohr, HD Sims, JJ AF Gan, J Yates, SR Ohr, HD Sims, JJ TI Production of methyl bromide by terrestrial higher plants SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CH3BR; VOLATILIZATION; BIOSYNTHESIS; HALOMETHANES; METHANETHIOL; DEGRADATION; EMISSIONS; SYSTEM AB Methyl bromide (CH3Br) is considered to play an important role in stratospheric ozone depletion, but its sources are currently not well defined. We have observed that Brassica plants can take up Br- from soil, produce CH3Br and release it into the air. Emission of CH3Br was detected from plants grown in natural soils containing 0.06-0.31 mg/kg Br-; the emission increases with increasing soil Br- level. We estimate that cabbage produces 0.4 +/- 0.2 Gg/yr, and rapeseed plants 6.6 +/- 1.8 Gg/yr. Given the ubiquitous distribution of Br- in soil, CH3Br production by terrestrial higher plants is likely a large source for atmospheric CH3Br. C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Plant Pathol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Gan, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. EM jgan@ussl.ars.usda.gov; syates@ussl.ars.usda.gov; jsims@ucrac1.cr.edu NR 24 TC 70 Z9 74 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 1 PY 1998 VL 25 IS 19 BP 3595 EP 3598 DI 10.1029/98GL52697 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 125KJ UT WOS:000076236500014 ER PT J AU Butler, RN Davis, R Lewis, CB Nelson, ME Strauss, E AF Butler, RN Davis, R Lewis, CB Nelson, ME Strauss, E TI Physical fitness: Benefits of exercise for the older patient - Part 2 of a roundtable discussion SO GERIATRICS LA English DT Article ID RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; DEPRESSION AB Exercise provides important benefits for older adults in the areas of cardiovascular function, strength and muscle mass, postural stability, and psychological function. These benefits can be achieved by those who are healthy, as well as by the frail and very old. Physicians can use a simple screening test to identify patients at risk for loss of mobility and function, due to muscle weakness. Exercise helps prevent hip fractures from falls by increasing bone density, coordination, balance, and muscle strength. It is also an important treatment for patients with arthritis, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and other chronic diseases of aging. Patients who exercise show improvements in depressive symptoms and sleep disorders. C1 Mt Sinai Med Ctr, Dept Geriatr & Adult Dev, New York, NY 10029 USA. Int Longev Ctr USA Ltd, New York, NY USA. George Washington Univ, Coll Med, Washington, DC 20052 USA. Washington DC Inc, Phys Therapy Serv, Washington, DC USA. Amer Coll Sports Med, Indianapolis, IN USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Nutr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Butler, RN (reprint author), Mt Sinai Med Ctr, Dept Geriatr & Adult Dev, New York, NY 10029 USA. NR 12 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU ADVANSTAR COMMUNICATIONS PI DULUTH PA 131 W FIRST ST, DULUTH, MN 55802 USA SN 0016-867X J9 GERIATRICS JI Geriatrics PD OCT PY 1998 VL 53 IS 10 BP 46 EP + PG 7 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 129TK UT WOS:000076478900005 PM 9791196 ER PT J AU Bates, JD Miller, RF Svejcar, T AF Bates, JD Miller, RF Svejcar, T TI Understory patterns in cut western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis spp. occidentalis Hook.) woodlands SO GREAT BASIN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE western juniper; understory patterns; diversity; juniper debris; species composition; zonal succession ID NEW-MEXICO AB Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis spp. occidentalis) has rapidly expanded into shrub steppe communities in die Inter-mountain Northwest during the past 120 yr. Cutting juniper is a management tool used to restore shrub steppe communities. Response of the understory after cutting is strongly influenced by plant species composition existing prior to treatment. This study assessed distribution patterns of understory plants over 2 growing seasons after tree cutting in a western juniper woodland. Cover density, and diversity of understory species were compared among 3 locations: interspaces, duff zones (previously under tree canopies), and debris zones (beneath cut trees). Plant cover and density increased in all zones following tree cutting. Understory vegetation in cut woodlands exhibited strong zonal distribution. Cover and density of Pea sandbergii and Sitanion hystrix and canopy cover of annual forbs were greatest in duff zones (P < 0.05). Density and cover of other perennial grasses and total densities of perennial forbs and annual forbs were greatest in interspaces (P < 0.05). Debris zones tended to have the lowest overall understory cover and plant density values. Under juniper debris many species common to inter spaces were reduced in density although plants that survived or established beneath debris grew larger than their counter-parts in interspaces. Species that increased in density and cover under debris were plants characteristic of duff zones and whose seeds are typically wind dispersed. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Rangeland Resources, Eastern Oregon Agr Res Ctr, Burns, OR 97720 USA. USDA, Agr Res Serv, Burns, OR 97720 USA. RP Miller, RF (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Rangeland Resources, Eastern Oregon Agr Res Ctr, Burns, OR 97720 USA. NR 32 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 5 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0017-3614 J9 GREAT BASIN NAT JI Gt. Basin Nat. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 58 IS 4 BP 363 EP 374 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 133RK UT WOS:000076699400006 ER PT J AU McMichael, BL Burke, JJ AF McMichael, BL Burke, JJ TI Soil temperature and root growth SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Colloquium on Municipal Waste Compost Production and Utilization for Horticultural Crops at the 93rd ASHS Annual Conference CY OCT 08, 1996 CL LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY SP Amer Soc Hort Sci, Vegetable Crops Management Working Grp, Seedling Establishment Working Grp, Nursery Crops Working Grp, Mineral Nutr Working Grp, Consumer Hort Working Grp, Waste Utilizat Hort Working Grp ID COTTON; SYSTEM; CULTIVARS; ELONGATION; SHOOT; RAPE C1 USDA, Cropping Syst Res Lab, Plant Stress & Germplasm Dev Unit, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA. RP McMichael, BL (reprint author), USDA, Cropping Syst Res Lab, Plant Stress & Germplasm Dev Unit, Rt 3,Box 215, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA. NR 47 TC 43 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 1998 VL 33 IS 6 BP 947 EP 951 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 134MU UT WOS:000076747500008 ER PT J AU Baligar, VC Fageria, NK Elrashidi, MA AF Baligar, VC Fageria, NK Elrashidi, MA TI Toxicity and nutrient constraints on root growth SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Colloquium on Municipal Waste Compost Production and Utilization for Horticultural Crops at the 93rd ASHS Annual Conference CY OCT 08, 1996 CL LEXINGTON, KY SP Amer Soc Hort Sci, Vegetable Crops Management Working Grp, Seedling Establishment Working Grp, Nursery Crops Working Grp, Mineral Nutr Working Grp, Consumer Hort Working Grp, Waste Utilizat Hort Working Grp ID MINERAL NUTRIENTS; NITROGEN FORM; PH; MORPHOLOGY; POTASSIUM; CADMIUM; BARLEY; WHEAT; CORN; CULTIVARS C1 ARS, USDA, Appalachian Soil & Water Conservat Res Lab, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. EMBRAPA, Natl Rice & Bean Res Ctr, BR-74001197 Goiania, Go, Brazil. RP Baligar, VC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Appalachian Soil & Water Conservat Res Lab, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. NR 65 TC 43 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 1998 VL 33 IS 6 BP 960 EP 965 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 134MU UT WOS:000076747500010 ER PT J AU Russo, VM Williamson, J Roberts, K Wright, JR Maness, N AF Russo, VM Williamson, J Roberts, K Wright, JR Maness, N TI 13C-nmr spectroscopy to monitor sugars in pith of internodes of a sh2 corn at developmental stages SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Zea mays; glucose; fructose; sucrose; HPLC; carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ID ZEA-MAYS-L; MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; DEVELOPING KERNELS; NMR-SPECTROSCOPY; MAIZE; METABOLISM; SUCROSE; GLUCOSE; STALKS; C-13 AB Sugars move through stalks to he deposited in kernels in sweet corn (Zea mays L.). Concentrations of sugars in stalks change as plants pass through developmental stages. To follow such changes, carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (C-nmr), a technology that can measure concentrations of sugars in tissues, was compared with analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A shrunken-2 hybrid (cv. Illini Gold), was monitored from mid-whorl to fresh-market maturity (R3). Internodes near the base of the stalk, just below the ear, and between an ear and the tassel were sampled at each developmental stage. Chemical shifts in C-nmr spectra were measured in parts per million hertz (ppm) down-field relative to tetramethyl silane. Through silk emergence (R1) C-nmr spectra were similar regardless of internode, having line positions between 60 and 105 ppm. Unique lines for glucose, fructose, and sucrose were at 96, 98, and 104 ppm, respectively, and mole fractions were similar to those determined by HPLC. The highest concentrations were recorded at R1 for sucrose (26.1 mg.mL(-1)), from tasseling (VT) through R3 for fructose (avg. 30.4 mg.mL(-1)), and from VT to R1 for glucose (alg. 32 mg.mL(-1)). Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can be used, with minimal sample handling, to monitor sugar concentrations in sweet corn. C1 ARS, USDA, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. SE Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Phys Sci, Stn A, Durant, OK 74701 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Hort, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Russo, VM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, S Cent Agr Res Lab, POB 159, Lane, OK 74555 USA. EM vrusso-usda@lane-ag.org NR 24 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 1998 VL 33 IS 6 BP 980 EP 983 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 134MU UT WOS:000076747500014 ER PT J AU Wang, ZC Acock, MC Acock, B AF Wang, ZC Acock, MC Acock, B TI Phases of development to flowering in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) under various inductive photoperiods SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE anthesis; days to flower; predicting time to flower ID INSENSITIVE PHASES; DURATIONS AB Four phases of development from emergence to anthesis of the-opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) are recognized based on transfer studies using 9- and 16-hour photoperiods: a photoperiod-insensitive juvenile phase (JP), a photoperiod-sensitive inductive phase (PSP), a photoperiod-sensitive postinductive phase (PSPP), and a photoperiod-insensitive postinductive phase (PIPP). The objective of this experiment was to determine how the durations of the photoperiod-sensitive phases changed when the plants were exposed to different photoperiods. Plants were grown in lamplit growth chambers with a 12-hour thermoperiod of 25 degrees C day/20 degrees C night. They were transferred from a noninductive 9-h to an inductive 12-, 14-, or 16-hour photoperiod or vice versa at 1- to 4-day intervals to determine the durations of the four phases. The average number of days to flower by plants grown continuously in a 16-hour photoperiod was 32 days. Days to flower were delayed by 10 days in the 14-hour photoperiod and by 36 days in the 12-hour photoperiod. The durations of the four phases were not equally affected by photoperiod. The first three phases were photoperiod-dependent, the photoperiod effect being nonlinear. The durations of JP, PSP, and PSPP were 3, 5, and 17 days in the 16-hour; 4, 8, and 23 days in the 14-hour; and 7, 14, and 40 days in the 12-hour photoperiod, respectively. The final phase was not sensitive to photoperiod (i.e., PIPP lasted 7 days regardless of photoperiod). Based on these results, we conclude that the so-called juvenile phase cannot be regarded as photoperiod-insensitive. To model the development of opium poppy under field conditions, a knowledge of daylength as early as seedling emergence may be necessary. The number of inductive cycles needed for floral induction and the rate of floral development largely depend on the photoperiod experienced. C1 ARS, USDA, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wang, ZC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 1998 VL 33 IS 6 BP 999 EP 1002 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 134MU UT WOS:000076747500019 ER PT J AU Ponder, F Jones, JE Haines, J AF Ponder, F Jones, JE Haines, J TI Annual applications of N, P, and K for four years moderately increase nut production in black walnut SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Juglans nigra; nut; nutmeat; nutrition; costs; returns; economics AB Annual applications of N, P, and K fertilizers were broadcast for 4 years around black walnut trees (Juglans nigra L.) in an upland plantation to determine their effect on nut production and foliar nutrient levels. Fertilization significantly (P = 0.05) increased nut production, treatments containing P with N and/or K being most effective. Doubling the rate of application did not produce a corresponding yield in nuts. Increases in leaf concentrations of N, P, and K were associated with increasing treatment levels of these elements. Levels of all elements tested, except P, were above deficiency levels. The modest gain in production suggests that soil fertility was not a major factor limiting nut production for trees in this study. C1 Lincoln Univ, USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, Jefferson City, MO 65102 USA. Hammons Prod Co, Stockton, MO USA. RP Ponder, F (reprint author), Lincoln Univ, USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, 208 Foster Hall, Jefferson City, MO 65102 USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 1998 VL 33 IS 6 BP 1011 EP 1013 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 134MU UT WOS:000076747500022 ER PT J AU Miller, WR McDonald, RE AF Miller, WR McDonald, RE TI Reducing irradiation damage to 'Arkin' carambola by plastic packaging or storage temperature SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Anastrepha suspensa; Averrhoa carambola; quarantine treatment; shelf-life; market quality ID LOW-DOSE IRRADIATION; QUARANTINE TREATMENT; SWEET CHERRIES; BLUEBERRIES; QUALITY AB Carambolas (Averrhoa carambola L.) require quarantine treatment for control of the Caribbean fruit fly (Anastrepha suspensa Loew) (CFF) prior to shipment to certain domestic and export markets. Low-dose irradiation, less than or equal to 1.0 kGy, is effective for sterilizing CFF and other fruit flies: however, carambolas are susceptible to irradiation-induced peel injury. Low-dose gamma irradiation treatment generally reduced fruit quality, but the effects were mitigated by packaging carambola fruit in "clamshell" polystyrene containers, rather than conventional fiberboard boxes, prior to treatment. Use of clamshell containers reduced peel pitting, stem-end breakdown, shriveling, and loss of mass after storage for 14 day at 5 or 7 degrees C. In addition, fruit held in clamshell containers were firmer, with slightly less green peel, and had lower total soluble solids, but the flavor was not quite as good as that of fruit stored in fiberboard boxes, There was no difference in the mastication texture or acidity of fruit by package type at final storage. Packing carambolas in clamshell containers increased their tolerance to irradiation-induced peel disorders and improved the potential for usage of low-dose irradiation for quarantine treatment. C1 ARS, US Hort Res Lab, USDA, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. RP Miller, WR (reprint author), ARS, US Hort Res Lab, USDA, 2120 Camden Rd, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 1998 VL 33 IS 6 BP 1038 EP 1041 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 134MU UT WOS:000076747500031 ER PT J AU Beckman, TG Okie, WR Nyczepir, AP Pusey, PL Reilly, CC AF Beckman, TG Okie, WR Nyczepir, AP Pusey, PL Reilly, CC TI Relative susceptibility of peach and plum germplasm to Armillaria root rot SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Prunus persica; Armillaria tabescens; rootstock ID SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; LONGEVITY AB Nearly 5000 seedling trees representing more than 100 peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch,] and plum (Prunus spp.) lines were planted at a 4 x 0.6-m spacing in Jan. 1983, on a site with a known history of peach tree short life (PTSL) and Armillaria root rot (ARR). Trees were arranged in a randomized complete-block with eight replicates of six trees each, Beginning in Spring 1984 and each year thereafter the cause of tree death was determined. At the end of 9 years, 50 % of the trees had succumbed to PTSL and 35 % had been killed by ARR apparently caused by Armillaria tabescens. Analysis of the data for trees killed by ARR showed a wide range in mortality, some peach lines appeared significantly more tolerant to ARR than others. Plum lines derived from native North American species also appeared to be a potential source of improved tolerance. We did not establish whether ARR tolerance is affected by PTSL. C1 ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, USDA, Byron, GA 31008 USA. RP Beckman, TG (reprint author), ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, USDA, 21 Dunbar Rd, Byron, GA 31008 USA. NR 11 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 1998 VL 33 IS 6 BP 1062 EP 1065 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 134MU UT WOS:000076747500039 ER PT J AU Jomantiene, R Davis, RE Dally, EL Maas, JL Postman, JD AF Jomantiene, R Davis, RE Dally, EL Maas, JL Postman, JD TI The distinctive morphology of "Fragaria multicipita" is due to phytoplasma SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE nested-PCR; mycoplasmalike organism; strawberry; multiplier disease; strawberry germplasm ID STRAWBERRY AB The rare plant, Fragaria multicipita Fern., was characterized by an unusual vegetative morphology that was long presumed to be suggestive of an ice front relict. While an additional species of Fragaria would be a potential source of genetic diversity for enhancing cultivated strawberry germplasm, evidence now indicates that such potential is not present in F. multicipita. Grafting of F. multicipita to F. chiloensis Duchesne resulted in transmission of a subgroup 16SrVI-B phytoplasma to, and the development of multicipital growth in,F. chiloensis. The results indicated that F. mulficipita is a phytoplasma-diseased aberrant growth form of F. virginiana Duchesne and is an unfounded taxon. It is apparent that this plant population offers no unique potential for increasing genetic diversity in cultivated strawberry germplasm, but the phytoplasma may be capable of infecting commercial strawberry. C1 ARS, USDA, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Davis, RE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 21 TC 16 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 1998 VL 33 IS 6 BP 1069 EP 1072 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 134MU UT WOS:000076747500041 ER PT J AU Ramming, DW AF Ramming, DW TI 'Spring Gem' peach SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Prunus; fruit breeding; embryo rescue; fruit quality C1 ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, USDA, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RP Ramming, DW (reprint author), ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, USDA, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 1998 VL 33 IS 6 BP 1080 EP 1081 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 134MU UT WOS:000076747500045 ER PT J AU Smith, BJ Gupton, CL Galletta, GJ Maas, JL Enns, JM Ballington, JR Constantin, RJ DiVittorio, TJ Himelrick, D AF Smith, BJ Gupton, CL Galletta, GJ Maas, JL Enns, JM Ballington, JR Constantin, RJ DiVittorio, TJ Himelrick, D TI 'Pelican' strawberry SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Fragaria x ananassa; fruit breeding; anthracnose resistance; Colletotrichum fragariae; Colletotrichum acutatum; red-stele resistance; Phytophthora fragariae C1 ARS, Small Fruit Res Stn, USDA, Poplarville, MS 39470 USA. ARS, Fruit Lab, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr,USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Hort, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Hammond Res Stn, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Ctr Agr, Hammond, LA 70403 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Hort, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Smith, BJ (reprint author), ARS, Small Fruit Res Stn, USDA, Poplarville, MS 39470 USA. NR 8 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 1998 VL 33 IS 6 BP 1082 EP 1084 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 134MU UT WOS:000076747500046 ER PT J AU Zimmerman, RH AF Zimmerman, RH TI Miklos Faust - Obituary SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Zimmerman, RH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 1998 VL 33 IS 6 BP 1096 EP 1097 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 134MU UT WOS:000076747500053 ER PT J AU Nelson, SO Kraszewski, AW AF Nelson, SO Kraszewski, AW TI Sensing pulverized material mixture proportions by resonant cavity measurements SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article DE coal; dielectric properties; limestone; mixtures; permittivity; resonant cavity measurements; sensing ID DIELECTRIC-PROPERTIES; OBJECTS AB Based on differences in the permittivity of coal and limestone rock, a resonant cavity measurement technique is presented for the rapid determination of the proportions of coal and limestone in powdered mixtures. The ratio of the resonant frequency shift and the change in the transmission factor when mixed coal and limestone samples are inserted into the cavity provides a means for estimating the percentage of coal in the mixture relatively independent of the bulk density of the mixture, The technique might be developed for rapid tests of dust in coal mines to determine whether the 65% noncombustible content requirement is being met for prevention of coal mine explosions. C1 ARS, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Nelson, SO (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 9 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 47 IS 5 BP 1201 EP 1204 DI 10.1109/19.746583 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 168AA UT WOS:000078666900033 ER PT J AU Yachmenev, VG Blanchard, EJ Lambert, AH AF Yachmenev, VG Blanchard, EJ Lambert, AH TI Use of ultrasonic energy in the enzymatic treatment of cotton fabric SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Application of enzymes in the textile industry is becoming increasingly popular because of mild processing conditions and the capability for replacing harsh organic/inorganic chemicals. The combination of ultrasound with conventional enzymatic treatment of cotton offers significant advantages such as less consumption of expensive enzymes, shorter processing time, less fiber damage, and better uniformity of enzymatic treatment. Our laboratory research has shown that introduction of ultrasonic energy during enzymatic treatment resulted in significant improvement in the performance of cellulase enzyme (CELLUSOFT L). It was established that ultrasound does not inactivate the complex structure of the enzyme molecules and weight loss of cotton fabric sonicated and treated with cellulase enzyme increased up to 25-35%. The experimental data indicate that the maximum benefit provided by sonification occurs at relatively low enzyme concentrations. Ultrasonic energy significantly intensified the enzymatic treatment of the cotton fabrics but did not contribute to a decrease in tensile strength of the cotton textiles. C1 USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Yachmenev, VG (reprint author), USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. EM yachmene@nola.srrc.usda.gov NR 20 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0888-5885 J9 IND ENG CHEM RES JI Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 37 IS 10 BP 3919 EP 3923 DI 10.1021/ie980274j PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 127UX UT WOS:000076369900016 ER PT J AU Zaks-Zilberman, M Salkowski, CA Elsasser, T Cuttitta, F Vogel, SN AF Zaks-Zilberman, M Salkowski, CA Elsasser, T Cuttitta, F Vogel, SN TI Induction of adrenomedullin mRNA and protein by lipopolysaccharide and paclitaxel (taxol) in murine macrophages SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; POTENTIAL ANTITUMOR AGENTS; NF-KAPPA-B; HYPOTENSIVE PEPTIDE; NITRIC-OXIDE; INDUCIBLE GENES; SEPTIC SHOCK; TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; FACTOR-ALPHA AB Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a potent inflammatory stimulus derived from the outer membrane of gramnegative bacteria, has been implicated in septic shock. Plasma levels of adrenomedullin (Ah/I), a potent vasorelaxant, are increased in septic shock and possibly contribute to the characteristic hypotension. As macrophages play a central role in the host response to LPS, we studied AM production by LPS-stimulated macrophages. When peritoneal exudate macrophages from C3H/OuJ mice were treated with protein-free LPS (100 ng/ml) or the LPS mimetic paclitaxel (Taxol; 35 mu M), an similar to 10-fold increase in steady-state AM mRNA levels was observed, which peaked between 2 and 4 h. A three- to fourfold maximum increase in the levels of immunoreactive AM protein was detected after 6 to 8 h of stimulation. While LPS-hyporesponsive C3H/HeJ macrophages failed to respond to protein-free LPS with an increase in steady-state AM mRNA levels, increased levels were observed after stimulation of these cells with a protein-rich (butanol-extracted) LPS preparation. In addition, increased AM mRNA was observed following treatment of either C3H/OuJ or C3H/HeJ macrophages with soluble Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite antigen or the synthetic flavone analog 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid. Gamma interferon also stimulated C3H/OuJ macrophages to express increased AM mRNA levels yet was inhibitory in the presence of LPS or paclitaxel. In vivo, mice challenged intraperitoneally with 25 mu g of LPS exhibited increased AM mRNA levels in the lungs, liver, and spleen; the greatest increase (>50-fold) was observed in the liver and lungs. Thus, AM is produced, by murine macrophages, and furthermore, LPS induces AM mRNA in vivo in a number of tissues. These data support a possible role for AM in the pathophysiology of sepsis and septic shock. C1 Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Immunol & Microbiol, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NCI, Biomarkers & Prevent Res Branch, Div Clin Sci, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Vogel, SN (reprint author), Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Immunol & Microbiol, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. EM vogel@usuhsb.usuhs.mil FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-18797, R01 AI018797, R37 AI018797, R56 AI018797] NR 51 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 66 IS 10 BP 4669 EP 4675 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 122WU UT WOS:000076095100011 PM 9746563 ER PT J AU Numfor, FA Walter, WM Schwartz, SJ AF Numfor, FA Walter, WM Schwartz, SJ TI Emulsifiers affect the texture of pastes made from fermented and non-fermented cassava flours SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE finger cohesiveness; fufu; glycerol monostearate; sodium steroyl lactylate; texture profile analysis ID WHEAT-STARCH; VISCOSITY; GELATINIZATION AB The effects of glycerol monostearate (GMS) and sodium steroyl lactylate (SSL) on the rheological properties of native, naturally fermented (NF) and mixed culture fermented (MCF) cassava flour pastes were measured using instrumental texture profile analysis (TPA) and by finger cohesiveness (difficulty in separation). Fermentation reduced the TPA parameters, hardness, cohesiveness and gumminess, but not springiness/elasticity. These were reduced further when either GMS or SSL were incorporated into the pastes. Pastes made from native and naturally fermented flours were scored by a Cameroonian sensory panel as difficult to separate, whereas scores for native and fermented flour pastes treated with 1% or more of GMS or SSL were easy to separate. Increased internal stability of the cassava flour starch granules was suggested as the cause of the effects. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Food Sci, N Carolina Agr Res Serv, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Walter, WM (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Box 7624, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. OI Schwartz, Steven/0000-0002-1427-5780 NR 22 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-5423 J9 INT J FOOD SCI TECH JI Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 33 IS 5 BP 455 EP 460 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2621.1998.00194.x PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 166XH UT WOS:000078602800003 ER PT J AU Belant, JL Seamans, TW Dwyer, CP AF Belant, JL Seamans, TW Dwyer, CP TI Cattle guards reduce white-tailed deer crossings through fence openings SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEST MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE cattle guards; exclusion device; Odocoileus virginianus; white-tailed deer AB In response to increased white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) encroachment on airports, we evaluated the effectiveness of cattle guards as deer exclusion devices. We conducted three experiments in a 2200 ha fenced facility in northern Ohio with high (91/km(2)) deer densities during 1994-1995. In each experiment, we monitored deer crossings at two or three cattle guards (4.6[L] x 3[W] x 0.5 or 1.0[D] m) constructed at fence openings for 2 weeks pre- and post-installation. For each experiment, the mean daily number of deer crossings after installation of cattle guards was reduced (P<0.01) by greater than or equal to 88% compared with respective crossing rates during pretreatment Reduction in deer crossings using cattle guards with 0.5 or 1.0 m deep excavations were similar (95-96% vs 98%) overall. Cattle guards at permanent openings used for vehicular traffic appear a viable technique to reduce deer movements into fenced airports and other facilities where reductions in deer intrusions are desired. C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. RP Belant, JL (reprint author), US Natl Pk Serv, Denali Natl Pk & Preserve, POB 9, Denali Pk, AK 99755 USA. NR 6 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 0967-0874 J9 INT J PEST MANAGE JI Int. J. Pest Manage. PD OCT-DEC PY 1998 VL 44 IS 4 BP 247 EP 249 DI 10.1080/096708798228176 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 159MW UT WOS:000078178400009 ER PT J AU Lee, IM Gundersen-Rindal, DE Davis, RE Bartoszyk, IM AF Lee, IM Gundersen-Rindal, DE Davis, RE Bartoszyk, IM TI Revised classification scheme of phytoplasmas based an RFLP analyses of 16S rRNA and ribosomal protein gene sequences SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE phytoplasma classification; RFLP; 16S rRNA; ribosomal protein; mycoplasma-like organism ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; PATHOGENIC MYCOPLASMALIKE ORGANISMS; WITCHES-BROOM DISEASE; LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM ANALYSES; NUCLEIC-ACID HYBRIDIZATION; LETHAL YELLOWING DISEASE; SOUTHERN BLOT ANALYSIS; CLONED DNA PROBES; GRAPEVINE YELLOWS; ASTER YELLOWS AB RFLP analyses of 16S rDNA nested PCR products from 34 phytoplasma strains with 17 restriction enzymes delineated distinct pattern types. Based on similarity coefficients derived from RFLP analyses, the 34 representative phytoplasma strains were differentiated into 14 major groups (termed 16Sr groups) and 32 sub-groups. The similarity coefficients of RFLP patterns between distinct groups were 90% or below. By including additional groups and sub-groups from which RFLP analyses were not performed but for which 16S rDNA sequence data were available to predict restriction sites, a total of 14 groups and 41 sub-groups were proposed. By combined RFLP analyses of 16S rRNA and ribosomal protein gene sequences, thus far, a total of 46 subgroups have been recognized. The phytoplasma 16Sr groups were consistent with the phylogenetic groups (subclades) defined by phylogenetic analysis of near-full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences, indicating that the RFLP-based groups are phylogenetically valid. The approach using RFLP analyses of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA (and ribosomal protein gene sequences) provides a simple, reliable and rapid means for differentiation and classification of unknown phytoplasmas. C1 BARC W, Mol Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lee, IM (reprint author), BARC W, Mol Pathol Lab, Bldg 011A,Rm 252, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM imlee@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 145 TC 637 Z9 735 U1 4 U2 39 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0020-7713 J9 INT J SYST BACTERIOL JI Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 48 BP 1153 EP 1169 PN 4 PG 17 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 138LU UT WOS:000076974000008 ER PT J AU Tully, JG Whitcomb, RF Hackett, KJ Williamson, DL Laigret, F Carle, P Bove, JM Henegar, RB Ellis, NM Dodge, DE Adams, J AF Tully, JG Whitcomb, RF Hackett, KJ Williamson, DL Laigret, F Carle, P Bove, JM Henegar, RB Ellis, NM Dodge, DE Adams, J TI Entomoplasma freundtii sp. nov., a new species from a green tiger beetle (Coleoptera : Cicindelidae) SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Entomoplasma fueundtii sp. nov.; mollicute; green tiger beetle ID STEROL-REQUIRING MOLLICUTES; RIBOSOMAL-RNA GENE; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; ACHOLEPLASMA-FLORUM; DNA; CLASSIFICATION; CLUSTER; PLANTS; RRNB AB A mollicute (strain BARC 318(T)) isolated from gut tissue of a green tiger beetle (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) was found by dark-field microscopy to consist of non-helical, non-motile, pleomorphic coccoid forms of various sizes. In ultrastructural studies, individual cells varied in diameter from 300 to 1200 nm, were surrounded by a cytoplasmic membrane and showed no evidence of cell wall. The organisms were readily filterable through membrane filters with mean pore diameters of 450 and 300 nm, with unusually large numbers of organisms filterable through 200 nm pore membrane filters. Growth occurred over a temperature range of 15-32 degrees C with optimum growth at 30 degrees C. The organism fermented glucose and hydrolysed arginine but did not hydrolyse urea. Strain BARC 318(T) was insensitive to 500 U penicillin ml(-1) and required serum or cholesterol for growth. It was serologically distinct from all currently described sterol-requiring, fermentative Mycoplasma species and from 12 non-sterol-requiring Mesoplasma species, 13 non-sterol-requiring Acholeplasma species and 5 previously described sterol-requiring Entomoplasma species. Strain BARC 318(T) was shown to have a G+C content of 34 mol% and a genome size of 870 kbp. The 16S rDNA sequence of strain BARC 318(T) was compared to 16S rDNA sequences of several other Entomoplasma species and to other representative species of the genera Spiroplasma and Mycoplasma, and to other members of the class Mollicutes. These comparisons indicated that strain BARC 318(T) had close phylogenetic relationships to other Entomoplasma species. On the basis of these findings and other similarities in morphology, growth and temperature requirements and genomic features, the organism was assigned to the genus Entomoplasma. Strain BARC 318(T) (ATCC 51999(T)) is designated the type strain of Entomoplasma freundtii sp. nov. C1 NIAID, Mycoplasma Sect, Mol Microbiol Lab, Frederick Canc Res Facil, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. USDA, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Anat Sci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. INRA, Biol Cellulaire & Mol Lab, F-33833 Villenave Dornon, France. Univ Bordeaux 2, F-33833 Villenave Dornon, France. Perkin Elmer Appl Biosyst, Foster City, CA 94404 USA. RP Tully, JG (reprint author), NIAID, Mycoplasma Sect, Mol Microbiol Lab, Frederick Canc Res Facil, Bldg 550, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. EM jvt@cu.nih.gov NR 46 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 7 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0020-7713 J9 INT J SYST BACTERIOL JI Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 48 BP 1197 EP 1204 PN 4 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 138LU UT WOS:000076974000012 PM 9828421 ER PT J AU Parris, N Vergano, PJ Dickey, LC Cooke, PH Craig, JC AF Parris, N Vergano, PJ Dickey, LC Cooke, PH Craig, JC TI Enzymatic hydrolysis of zein-wax-coated paper SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE zein; paraffin wax; coating; paper; recycle; enzyme; hydrolysis; digestion; alpha-chymotrypsin ID RESISTANCE AB Enzyme hydrolysis of zein-wax-coated paper was investigated as part of an effort to develop a recyclable waxed paper product. Brown Kraft paper was coated with corn zein and paraffin wax, and the grease proofing and water vapor barrier properties of the paper were determined. Grease permeation was found to depend on the amount and the method of application of zein present in the zein-wax coating. Water vapor transmission values were strongly dependent on the amount of wax in the coating. We have shown that alpha-chymotrypsin was able to hydrolyze the zein and cleanly separate the coating fi om the paper fibers. Treatment with Tris buffer pH 8.5, containing 0.1% SDS and alpha-chymotrypsin (E:S ratio = 1:100) for 0.5 h effectively removed more than 97% of the zein-wax coating from the paper. Zein removal was followed by SDS-capillary electrophoresis of liquid samples taken during hydrolysis. SEM images of the extraccted paper indicated that the paper fibers were free of coating material. C1 USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Clemson Univ, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Parris, N (reprint author), USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 8 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 46 IS 10 BP 4056 EP 4059 DI 10.1021/jf980406j PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 132XD UT WOS:000076655800029 ER PT J AU Hedin, PA Creech, RG AF Hedin, PA Creech, RG TI Altered amino acid metabolism in root-knot nematode inoculated cotton plants SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE root-knot nematode; Meloidogyne incognita; cotton; Gossypium spp.; amino acids; protein; cellulose ID RESISTANCE; PENETRATION AB The root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood, is a sedentary endoparasite that retards growth and development of cotton, Gossypium spp. L., by attacking the root system, causing galling, stunting, and other adverse effects. All commercial cultivars have susceptibility to RKN, although they vary in degree of susceptibility. Plant breeding has led to the development of resistant germplasm. Subsequent work has indicated that the mechanism of resistance may involve two major genes and that resistant lines may produce a unique 14 kDa protein. In the present study, the protein content of roots increased more in a susceptible line than in a resistant line after inoculation with RKN. The mole ratios of individual amino acids in RKN infected roots also were different from those of uninfected roots, and changes due to infection were greater in the susceptible line than in the resistant line. The results indicate protein synthesis in roots is modified by RKN. Alternatively, increases in protein content may be attributed in part to RKN protein. Cellulose was lower after infection in both susceptible and resistant lines. C1 ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, USDA, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Hedin, PA (reprint author), ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, USDA, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 46 IS 10 BP 4413 EP 4415 DI 10.1021/jf980411n PG 3 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 132XD UT WOS:000076655800091 ER PT J AU Perdue, DO Mitcham, EJ Neven, LG AF Perdue, DO Mitcham, EJ Neven, LG TI Transient expression of HSC70 in cherry fruit subjected to heat shock SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE heat shock proteins (HSP); heat shock cognate proteins (HSC); postharvest heat treatment ID CODLING MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; COGNATE GENE; PROTEINS; INDUCTION; ACCLIMATION; FAMILY; COLD; TORTRICIDAE; MORTALITY; MEMBER AB Temperature extremes are being investigated as an alternative method for postharvest control of quarantined insects. This study examined the heat shock response of cherry fruit under conditions that effectively destroy pests. Five different antibodies against members of the 70-kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) family were used to investigate the heat shock responses of treated cherry fruits. Western blots of total protein extracts revealed constitutive expression of heat shock cognate (HSC70) proteins. Each antibody recognized a pair of constitutively expressed HSC70 proteins that varied in size and relative abundance. Cherries subjected to heat treatment for 1 h at 45 degrees C followed by transfer to cold storage (0 degrees C) contained a 70-kDa polypeptide recognized by all of the antibodies used. In heat-treated fruits this induced polypeptide appeared at 12 h after heat treatment, disappeared by 24 h following treatment, and reappeared after 2 weeks in cold storage (0 degrees C). Cold storage alone did not alter constitutive expression or induce novel polypeptides recognized by anti-HSP70 antibodies. Thirty minutes or more of treatment at 45 degrees C was required to elicit the appearance of the 70-kDa polypetide recognized by all of the anti-HSP70 antibodies used. C1 ARS, USDA, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Pomol, Livermore, CA 95616 USA. RP Neven, LG (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 46 IS 10 BP 4447 EP 4450 DI 10.1021/jf980329s PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 132XD UT WOS:000076655800098 ER PT J AU Knipling, EF AF Knipling, EF TI Role of parasitoid augmentation and sterile insect techniques in areawide management of agricultural insect pests SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20905 USA. RP Knipling, EF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Bldg 005,BARC-W Rm 010, Beltsville, MD 20905 USA. NR 8 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOUTH CAROLINA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI CLEMSON PA PO BOX 582, CLEMSON, SC 29633 USA SN 0735-939X J9 J AGR ENTOMOL JI J. Agr. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 15 IS 4 BP 273 EP 301 PG 29 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 159VT UT WOS:000078196300001 ER PT J AU Chandler, LD Faust, RM AF Chandler, LD Faust, RM TI Overview of areawide management of insects SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Heliothis; Helicoverpa; codling moth; boll weevil; pink bollworm; areawide pest management; IPM; pest suppression AB In 1995 the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS) implemented a new areawide pest management initiative. This program, targeted at key pests across the United States, has resulted in renewed discussion of the pros and cons of this integrated-pest-management-related control tactic. This introduction to an areawide pest management symposium presented at the 1997 Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting provides information on the development of areawide pest management as we know it today. Additionally, a comparison of areawide management to conventional pest control strategies, as well as examples of historic and current programs are presented. C1 USDA ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. RP Chandler, LD (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, 2923 Medary Ave, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. NR 21 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 6 PU SOUTH CAROLINA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI CLEMSON PA PO BOX 582, CLEMSON, SC 29633 USA SN 0735-939X J9 J AGR ENTOMOL JI J. Agr. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 15 IS 4 BP 319 EP 325 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 159VT UT WOS:000078196300003 ER PT J AU Calkins, CO AF Calkins, CO TI Review of the codling moth areawide suppression program in the western United States SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cydia pomonella; codling moth; mating disruption; pest management; areawide; apple; pear; IPM AB A regional, multi-institutional program was implemented in 1994 to assess and test an integrated strategy for suppression of populations of codling moth [Cydia pomonella (L.)] in fruit orchards in the western United States. The program was designed to alleviate the impact of neurotoxic pesticides on natural enemies while continuing to control insect pest populations. Reduced use of organophosphate insecticides created the opportunity for exploring more environmentally friendly control tactics for secondary pest control. Five pilot test sites were selected, one each in California and Oregon and three in Washington State, to demonstrate the value of using mating disruption, biological control, and in one site, release of sterile moths to control codling moth and secondary pests with a minimum use of neurotoxic chemicals. Results from the first 3 yr indicated that this latter strategy is an effective control measure. Research at the pilot sites will continue through 1999. Funding for the codling moth program is shared currently by the Agricultural Research Service and the fruit industry. Additional support is provided by state universities in California. Oregon, and Washington. A series of research projects impacting the pilot test sites was funded as well. This program may eventually be adopted and supported entirely by the growers. C1 USDA ARS, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Calkins, CO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 5 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 8 PU SOUTH CAROLINA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI CLEMSON PA PO BOX 582, CLEMSON, SC 29633 USA SN 0735-939X J9 J AGR ENTOMOL JI J. Agr. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 15 IS 4 BP 327 EP 333 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 159VT UT WOS:000078196300004 ER PT J AU Faust, RM Chandler, LD AF Faust, RM Chandler, LD TI Future programs in areawide pest management SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE areawide pest management; insects; mites; ticks; plant pathogens; weeds; biological control; cultural control; chemical control AB The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service's (ARS) Areawide Pest Management Program is a coordinated partnership between the federal and state systems with active grower participation. Two highly ranked proposals were selected for initiation in 1995 and 1996-one involving the codling moth [Cydia pomonella (L.)] and the other, corn rootworms (Diabrotica spp.). In 1996, the ARS expanded the program. Based on peer reviews of proposals, followed by full proposal evaluations, two new projects targeting the weed leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) and insect pests in stored wheat (Triticum spp.) were implemented in 1997. The ARS plans to expand its integrated pest management (IPM) research activities in areawide pest management as funds become available, either from new congressional appropriations or from the completion of ongoing projects. New areawide pest management projects judged to be of highest priority and merit will be implemented for insect, mite, tick, plant pathogen, or weed pests. The vision of the USDA-ARS Areawide Program is to provide farmers, consultants, and local organizations with mature areawide pest management systems that are affordable, operational, and adoptable, and that contribute to the overall goals of the USDA IPM Initiative. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Program Staff, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Faust, RM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Program Staff, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 5 TC 13 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOUTH CAROLINA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI CLEMSON PA PO BOX 582, CLEMSON, SC 29633 USA SN 0735-939X J9 J AGR ENTOMOL JI J. Agr. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 15 IS 4 BP 371 EP 376 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 159VT UT WOS:000078196300008 ER PT J AU Dodenhoff, J Van Vleck, LD Kachman, SD Koch, RM AF Dodenhoff, J Van Vleck, LD Kachman, SD Koch, RM TI Parameter estimates for direct, maternal, and grandmaternal genetic effects for birth weight and weaning weight in Hereford cattle SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef cattle; growth; genetic parameters ID RESTRICTED MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; BEEF-CATTLE; VARIANCE-COMPONENTS; ANIMAL-MODELS; GROWTH TRAITS; SELECTION AB Birth and weaning weights adjusted for age of dam from four lines of Hereford cattle were analyzed to determine the relationships among grandmaternal, maternal, and direct genetic effects. Three lines were selected for 1) weaning weight (WWL), 2) yearling weight (YWL), and 3) an index of yearling weight and muscle score (IXL). The fourth line was an unselected control Line (CTL). Numbers of observations ranged from 1,699 (CTL) to 2,811 (WWL), and number of animals in the pedigree file ranged from 2,266 to 3,192. Two animal models were used to obtain estimates by REML using an average information method. Model 1 included random direct and maternal genetic, permanent maternal environmental, and residual environmental effects, and fixed sex x year effects. Model 2 additionally included random grandmaternal genetic and permanent grandmaternal environmental effects. For birth weight, Models 1 and 2 gave almost identical estimates for direct and maternal heritability, and for the fraction of variance that was due to maternal permanent environmental effects. Estimates for grandmaternal heritability could be obtained only for IXL (.03) and CTL (.01). For weaning weight, estimates for direct heritability were similar from both models. Estimates far maternal heritability from Model I were .18,.20,.13, and .20, and corresponding estimates from Model 2 were .34, .31,.13, and .34 for WWL, YWL, IXL, and CTL, respectively. For IXL, estimates for variances that were due to grandmaternal genetic and grandmaternal permanent environmental variances could not be obtained and were set to zero. Grandmaternal heritability estimates for WWL YWL, and CTL were .05, .09, and .12. Estimates of correlations between direct and maternal genetic effects were -.13, -.44, -.11, and -.26 for WWL, YWL, ML, and CTL. Estimates of correlations between direct and grandmaternal genetic effects were .21, .83, and .55, and those between maternal and grandmaternal genetic effects were -.99, -.84, and -.76 for WWL, YWL, and CTL, respectively. These results indicate that grandmaternal effects may be important for weaning weight and that maternal heritability may be underestimated if grandmaternal effects are not included in the model. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Biometry, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Dodenhoff, J (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, 109 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 23 TC 83 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 76 IS 10 BP 2521 EP 2527 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 132PT UT WOS:000076639300003 PM 9814889 ER PT J AU Cundiff, LV Gregory, KE Koch, RM AF Cundiff, LV Gregory, KE Koch, RM TI Germplasm evaluation in beef cattle - Cycle IV: Birth and weaning traits SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef cattle; breeds; germplasm; gestation length; survival; growth ID BIOLOGICAL TYPES; PREWEANING GROWTH; GESTATION LENGTH; HEREFORD CATTLE; CALF SURVIVAL; YOUNG COWS; F1 CALVES; BRAHMAN; WEIGHT; PERFORMANCE AB Gestation length, unassisted calving percentage, perinatal mortality, calf crop weaned (survival from birth to weaning), birth weight, and 200-d weaning weight of 2,597 calves born and 2,433 calves weaned are reported for F-1 crosses resulting from matings of Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Gelbvieh, Pinzgauer, Shorthorn, Galloway, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, and Salers sires to Angus and Hereford dams (greater than or equal to 3 yr of age) in Cycle IV of the Germplasm Evaluation (GPE) Program at the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center. Hereford and Angus sires included 1) reference sires born from 1963 to 1971 used in previous cycles of the GPE Program, 2) sires born from 1982 to 1985 (1980s), and 3) sires born from 1983 to 1985 used in natural service clean-up matings. Effects of sire breed of calf were significant for gestation length, unassisted calving percentage, birth weight, and 200-d weaning weight. Gestation length was significantly longer for Nellore than for Charolais, Galloway, Longhorn, Piedmontese, and Salers, which were in turn longer than for Hereford-Angus and Shorthorn. Rankings for birth weight tended to be inversely related to those for calving ease, except for Shorthorn and Salers sires, which required low assistance relative to their heavy birth weights. Rankings for 200-d weight among AI-sired progeny were as follows: Charolais (231.3), Nellore (229.7), Salers (225.5), Shorthorn (223.8), 1980s Hereford-Angus (223.1), Piedmontese (220.0), Galloway (209.5), reference Hereford-Angus (210.1), and Longhorn (199.0); differences greater than or equal to 6.5 kg were significant. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Cundiff, LV (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 24 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 76 IS 10 BP 2528 EP 2535 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 132PT UT WOS:000076639300004 PM 9814890 ER PT J AU Vargas, CA Elzo, MA Chase, CC Chenoweth, PJ Olson, TA AF Vargas, CA Elzo, MA Chase, CC Chenoweth, PJ Olson, TA TI Estimation of genetic parameters for scrotal circumference, age at puberty in heifers, and hip height in Brahman cattle SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE zebu; variance components; genetic parameters; puberty; testes; height ID AUSTRALIAN BEEF-CATTLE; GROWTH TRAITS; REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS; ADJUSTMENT FACTORS; PHENOTYPIC RELATIONSHIPS; BULLS; WEIGHT; HERITABILITIES; SELECTION; HEREFORD AB Genetic parameters were estimated for scrotal circumference (SC; n = 287), age at puberty in heifers (AP; n = 292), and hip height in both sexes (HH; n = 684) for Brahman cattle born from 1984 to 1994 at the Subtropical Agricultural Research Station, Brooksville, Florida. Age at puberty was defined as the age (days) at first detected ovulatory estrus. Measurements of SC and HH were taken at 18 mo of age. Fixed effects considered in the SC model were year of birth (YOB), age of dam (AOD), and age at measurement (AGE) as a linear covariate. Fixed effects fitted to the AP model were YOB and AOD. Fixed effects in the HH model were YOB, sex, AOD, and AGE as a linear covariate. Variances and covariances were estimated using REML with a derivative-free algorithm and fitting a multiple trait animal model. Estimates of heritability for SC, AP, and HH were .28, .42, and .65, respectively. Estimates of genetic correlations between SC and AP, SC and HH, and AP and HH were -.32, .19, and .25, respectively. Estimates of environmental correlations were .19 between SC and HH, and -.13 between AP and HH. Estimates of genetic parameters indicate a favorable genetic relationship between SC in Brahman bulls and AP in Brahman heifers under subtropical conditions. There was also evidence that selecting Brahman bulls for HH would not adversely affect SC but would have some detrimental effect on AP in female progeny. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Anim Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA, ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Stn, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. RP Elzo, MA (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Anim Sci, POB 110910, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 35 TC 43 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 76 IS 10 BP 2536 EP 2541 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 132PT UT WOS:000076639300005 PM 9814891 ER PT J AU Freking, BA Keele, JW Nielsen, MK Leymaster, KA AF Freking, BA Keele, JW Nielsen, MK Leymaster, KA TI Evaluation of the ovine Callipyge locus: II. Genotypic effects on growth, slaughter, and carcass traits SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Callipyge; sheep; carcass composition; genotypes ID SUBCUTANEOUS FAT PROPORTION; 10 SIRE BREEDS; CROSSBRED LAMBS; PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION; GENE; MUSCLE AB A resource flock of 362 F-2 lambs provided phenotypic and genotypic data to estimate effects of callipyge (CLPG) genotypes on growth, slaughter, and carcass traits. Lambs were serially slaughtered in six groups at 3-wk intervals starting at 23 wk of age to allow comparisons at different end points. Probabilities of CLPG genotypes were calculated at a position 86 cM from the most centromeric marker of chromosome 18. A contrast of CLPG genotypic effects, based on the paternal polar overdominance model, was used to evaluate callipyge and normal phenotypes. Relationships of traits with slaughter age, carcass weight, or 12th-rib fat depth for callipyge and normal phenotypic groups were estimated by regression. Callipyge and normal lambs did not differ for growth traits measured from birth to slaughter. Callipyge lambs produced 55.9% of live weight as chilled carcass weight compared with 51.7% for normal lambs at the same mean live weight of 48.32 kg. Lighter pelt, kidney-pelvic fat, and liver weights contributed to this advantage of callipyge lambs for dressing percentage (P < .001). Estimated accretion rates of carcass protein at the mean slaughter age were 12.5 and 10.2 g/d for callipyge and normal carcasses, respectively. Corresponding values for carcass fat were 35.2 and 42.1 g/d. Compositional differences in favor of callipyge carcasses were detected at constant values of slaughter age, carcass weight, and 12th-rib fat depth. Callipyge carcasses had 2.56 kg greater fat-free lean and 1.39 kg less fat than normal carcasses at the same mean age of 214.9 d (P < .001). The majority of these differences were established before the initial group was slaughtered and were maintained as age increased. Callipyge carcasses consisted of 24.3% fat and 71.3% fat-free lean, compared with 31.5 and 64.0% for normal carcasses at 25.6 kg of carcass weight. When evaluated at .49 cm of 12th-rib fat depth, callipyge lambs were 15.4 d older and produced 4.1 bg heavier carcasses with 4.3% less fat (P < .001). Effects of CLPG genotypic groups on carcass composition were greater than virtually all reported breed substitution effects. Use of the CLPG mutant allele in structured mating systems can dramatically increase production of lean lamb. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Freking, BA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Freking, Brad/C-6494-2008 NR 20 TC 47 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 76 IS 10 BP 2549 EP 2559 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 132PT UT WOS:000076639300007 PM 9814893 ER PT J AU Pariacote, F Van Vleck, LD Hunsley, RE AF Pariacote, F Van Vleck, LD Hunsley, RE TI Genetic and of phenotypic parameters for carcass traits American Shorthorn beef cattle SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef cattle; genetic parameters; carcass quality ID COMPOSITE POPULATIONS; RETAINED HETEROSIS; MEAT TRAITS; GROWTH; HEREFORD; MODEL AB Carcass measurements were taken on 1,292 steers and collected by the American Shorthorn Association. The sires were purebred or appendix-registered Shorthorn. Because all dams were not Shorthorn, genetic fractions of breeds of origin were determined for each dam. Measurements for hot carcass weight; dressing percentage; fat thickness; ribeye area; kidney, pelvic, and heart fat (KPH); marbling; and yield grade were analyzed jointly with a multivariate REML algorithm to estimate heritabilities of and genetic and phenotypic correlations among the traits. The sire model chosen as best fit of the data included fixed effects of herd of origin (377 classes), slaughter group (118 classes), year of birth (1979-1995), and covariates for linear effects of genetic fractions of breeds (13) of dam and slaughter age, with sire (n = 409) as a random effect. Estimates of heritability were .60 +/- .19, .49 +/- .19, .46 +/- .19, .97 +/- .21, .45 +/- .19, .88 +/- .21, and .54 +/- .19 for previous order of traits, respectively. Most genetic correlations were not significantly different from zero. Genetic correlations of hot carcass weight were significant and positive with dressing percentage (.65 +/- .19) and with ribeye area (.70 +/- .14). Dressing percentage was significantly positively genetically correlated with ribeye area (.79 +/- .16) and negatively genetically correlated with yield grade (-.56 +/- .29). Yield grade was also significantly negatively genetically correlated with ribeye area (-.85 +/- .10) and positively genetically correlated with fat thickness (.67 +/- .15). Most phenotypic correlations were significant and positive. Only the phenotypic correlations of dressing percentage with marbling and with yield grade, and ribeye area with KPH and with marbling were not significantly different from zero. Significant negative correlations were fat thickness with ribeye area (-.16 +/- .04) and ribeye area with yield grade (-.61 +/- .03). Results seem to indicate that genetic antagonisms between quantity and quality traits were small to moderate. Thus, the opportunity seems to exist for breeding plans to improve carcass quality without having any adverse genetic effect on hot; carcass weight, dressing percentage, or ribeye area. The high heritability observed for marbling indicates that a low genetic potential for marbling can be remedied by selection within breed. C1 USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Amer Shorthorn Assoc, Omaha, NE 68124 USA. RP Van Vleck, LD (reprint author), USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 24 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 76 IS 10 BP 2584 EP 2588 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 132PT UT WOS:000076639300011 PM 9814897 ER PT J AU Morrow-Tesch, J Dailey, JW Jiang, H AF Morrow-Tesch, J Dailey, JW Jiang, H TI A video data base system for studying animal behavior SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ASAS 89th Annual Meeting CY JUL, 1997 CL NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE SP ASAS DE animal behavior; video recordings; cattle; pigs AB Classification of farm animal behavior is based on oral or written descriptions of the activity in which the animal is engaged. The quantification of animal behavior for research requires that individuals recognize and code the behavior of the animal under study. The classification of these behaviors can be subjective and may differ among observers. Illustrated guides to animal behavior do not convey the motion associated with most behaviors. Video-based guides offer a method of quantifying behaviors with real-time demonstrations of the components that make up a behavior. An animal behavior encyclopedia has been developed to allow searching and viewing of defined (video-recorded) behaviors on the Internet. This video data base is being developed to initiate a system that automatically extracts animal motion information from an input animal activity video clip using a multiobject tracking and reasoning system. Eventually, the extracted information will be analyzed and described using standard animal behavior definitions (the behavior encyclopedia). The intended applications of the behavior encyclopedia and video tracking system are 1) an accessible data base for defining and illustrating behaviors for both research and teaching and 2) to further automate the collection of animal behavior data. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, MWA Livestock Behav Res Unit, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Comp Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Anim Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Morrow-Tesch, J (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, MWA Livestock Behav Res Unit, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 15 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 76 IS 10 BP 2605 EP 2608 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 132PT UT WOS:000076639300014 PM 9814900 ER PT J AU Shackelford, SD Wheeler, TL Koohmaraie, M AF Shackelford, SD Wheeler, TL Koohmaraie, M TI Coupling of image analysis and tenderness classification to simultaneously evaluate carcass cutability, longissimus area, subprimal cut weights, and tenderness of beef SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef; carcasses; cutability; instrumentation; tenderness ID USDA YIELD GRADE; QUALITY; SYSTEM AB The present experiment was conducted to determine whether image analysis of the 12th-rib cross-section used for tenderness classification could accurately predict carcass cutability, longissimus area, and subprimal cut weights. The right side of crossbred steer and heifer carcasses (n = 66) was fabricated, and the yield of totally trimmed retail product was determined. Following procedures that we have described for tenderness classification, 2.54-cm-thick steak was removed from the 12th-rib region of the left side of each carcass, and image analysis was conducted using off-the-shelf technology. Image analysis accounted for more of the variation in retail product yield (RPYD; 89 vs 77%) and retail product weight (95 vs 90%) than did calculated yield grade. Also, image analysis accurately predicted longissimus area (R-2 = .88). For most subprimals, the combination of image analysis-predicted RPYD and hot carcass weight (HCW) accounted for more of the variation in subprimal weight than did the combination of calculated yield grade and HCW. Whereas HCW, by itself, accounted for only 30 to 34% of the variation in weights of round cuts, the combination of image analysis-predicted RPYD and HCW accounted for 78 to 82% of the variation in weights of round cuts. Hot carcass weight, the combination of calculated yield grade and HCW, and the combination of image analysis-predicted RPYD and HCW accounted for 54, 83, and 91% of the variation in the weight of 80% lean trimmings. Thus, image analysis could be used by the beef industry to more accurately predict individual subprimal weights. In turn, that information and appropriate price extensions could be used to more accurately estimate carcass value. Thus, image analysis could be used by the beef industry in combination with tenderness classification to accurately characterize beef carcasses for cutability and tenderness, These tools should help facilitate the development of value-based marketing systems. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Shackelford, SD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 24 TC 18 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 76 IS 10 BP 2631 EP 2640 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 132PT UT WOS:000076639300018 PM 9814904 ER PT J AU Vallet, JL Christenson, RK Trout, WE Klemcke, HG AF Vallet, JL Christenson, RK Trout, WE Klemcke, HG TI Conceptus, progesterone, and breed effects on uterine protein secretion in swine SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Meishan; uteroferrin; retinol binding protein ID RETINOL-BINDING PROTEIN; CHINESE MEISHAN; LARGE WHITE; OXYTOCIN RECEPTORS; ACID-PHOSPHATASE; EARLY-PREGNANCY; PIG BLASTOCYST; ESTROUS-CYCLE; GROWTH-FACTOR; LITTER SIZE AB This experiment consisted of the following treatment-breed groups: 1) White crossbred gilts, 2) White crossbred gilts treated with progesterone (200 mg/d in corn oil given on d 2 and 3 after estrus), and 3) Chinese Meishan gilts. Pregnant and nonpregnant gilts (n = 3 to 6) from each treatment-breed combination were assigned to be slaughtered on d 10, 11, 12, 13, and 15. At slaughter each uterine horn was flushed with 20 mt of minimal essential medium. Uterine flushings were assayed for total protein, acid phosphatase, uteroferrin, retinol-binding protein, and oxytocin. Uterine flush total protein was increased by progesterone treatment, was unaffected by pregnancy status, and was less in Meishans. Similar patterns were found for retinol binding protein and uteroferrin, except that uteroferrin was greater in pregnant than in nonpregnant gilts. Oxytocin was greater in pregnant than in nonpregnant gilts, was not influenced by progesterone treatment, and was similar in Meishan and in White crossbred gilts. These results indicate that the conceptus does not influence secretion of either total protein or retinol binding protein during pregnancy and that the onset of secretion of these uterine proteins may be controlled by progesterone. The presence of the conceptus is associated with increased uteroferrin and oxytocin production. The decreased secretion of uterine proteins in Meishan gilts may partially explain the slower embryonic development that has been reported for this breed. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Univ Missouri, Anim Sci Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Vallet, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 43 TC 46 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 76 IS 10 BP 2657 EP 2670 PG 14 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 132PT UT WOS:000076639300021 PM 9814907 ER PT J AU Goetsch, AL AF Goetsch, AL TI Splanchnic tissue energy use in ruminants that consume forage-based diets ad libitum SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ASAS 89th Annual Meeting CY JUL, 1997 CL NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE SP ASAS DE digestive tract; liver; energy; feed intake ID FEED-INTAKE REGULATION; EPITHELIAL-CELL PROLIFERATION; PORTAL-DRAINED VISCERA; TO-CONCENTRATE RATIO; GROWING BEEF HEIFERS; CHAIN FATTY-ACIDS; NET FLUX; OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION; ORGAN MASS; GRAZING BEHAVIOR AB The effects that characteristics of forage-based diets on gut and liver energy use in sheep with ad libitum consumption were discussed, and practical consequences of diet and animal effects on splanchnic energy use were projected. Explained variation in portal-drained viscera (PDV) and hepatic energy use by sheep in recent experiments increased when independent variables were included in regressions on DE intake (DEI) (PDV: R-2 = 33 vs 22%; liver: R-2 = 48 vs 25%). The regression equations used were the following: PDV energy use, Mcal/d = -.0194 + (.1207.DEI, Mcal/d) + (1.1173.fecal NDF excretion, kg/d) - (.2860.DEI.fecal NDF excretion) and hepatic energy use, Mcal/d = .0014 + (.0266.DEI, Mcal/d) + (.3325.PDV energy use, Mcal/d) + (.0745.urea N hepatic net flux, mol/d) + (.0016.BW, kg). Thus, gut digesta, as implied by fecal NDF excretion, seemed to influence PDV energy use in addition to the effect of DEI, and energy consumption by the Liver seemed affected by PDV energy use and hepatic ureagenesis. A regression equation (R-2 = 49%) for splanchnic bed energy use, expressed as a percentage of DEI, was 43.61 - (9.531.DEI, Mcal/d) + (15.914.fecal NDF excretion, kg/d) + (6.057.urea N hepatic net flux, mol/d). If physiological control of feed intake with effect of efficiency of energy metabolism is assumed, and if whole-body efficiency of energy metabolism with ad libitum intake is constant, then efficiency of energy metabolism in extrasplanchnic tissues decreases as level of ad libitum intake and the ratio of splanchnic bed energy use to DEI decrease. Therefore, animal characteristics (e.g., maturity, body condition, and biological type) and grazing conditions (e.g., forage mass) may affect feed intake by influencing heat production by peripheral tissues. In conclusion, an increased understanding of dietary influences on efficiency of splanchnic tissue metabolism may lead to enhanced efficiency of forage utilization and ruminant production systems. C1 USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. RP Goetsch, AL (reprint author), Langston Univ, E Kika De La Garza Inst Goat Res, Langston, OK 73050 USA. NR 92 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 76 IS 10 BP 2737 EP 2746 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 132PT UT WOS:000076639300031 PM 9814917 ER PT J AU Siconolfi, SF Gretebeck, RJ Wong, WW Moore, SS Gilbert, JH AF Siconolfi, SF Gretebeck, RJ Wong, WW Moore, SS Gilbert, JH TI Determining bone and total body mineral content from body density and bioelectrical response spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE multicompartment models; body composition; underwater weighing; osteoporosis ID X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; NEUTRON-ACTIVATION ANALYSIS; ACCURACY; WATER AB We hypothesized that one could assess total body mineral (TBM) and bone mineral content (BMC) from measurements of body density and bioelectrical response spectroscopy (BRS)-determined total body water by using a three-compartment (3C) model. We compared TBM and BMC computed from measurements of water ((H2O)-H-2 dilution or BRS) and body density (underwater weighing) with [4-compartment (4C)] and without (3C) mineral (dual X-ray absorptiometry) in 15 women and 16 men. BRS used multifrequency or single-frequency estimates of water. Mean differences between the 3C and 4C models ranged from -6.1 to 2.2%. Correlations between models were 0.82-0.91. Standard errors of the estimate of 8.5-9.3% were within the range of those previously reported, i.e., 4.9-13%. Use of BRS did not significantly decrease the strength of the correlations between the models. A significant mean difference (only in women) was found only with 3C single-frequency BRS estimates of TBM and BMC. We concluded that investigators can assess TBM and BMC 3C multifrequency BRS estimates in men and women. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Space & Life Sci Res Labs SD3, Neurosci Neuromuscular Lab, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr,Stable Isotope Program, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Space Res Assoc, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Aerosp Consultant Enterprises, Houston, TX 77059 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Foods & Nutr, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Siconolfi, SF (reprint author), Wayne State Univ, Coll Pharm & Allied Hlth Profess, 121 Shapero Hall, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 85 IS 4 BP 1578 EP 1582 PG 5 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA 126RJ UT WOS:000076306700052 PM 9760356 ER PT J AU Ellis, KJ Shypailo, RJ AF Ellis, KJ Shypailo, RJ TI Bone mineral and body composition measurements: Cross-calibration of pencil-beam and fan-beam dual-energy X-ray absorptiometers SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON-ACTIVATION ANALYSIS; SOFT-TISSUE MEASUREMENTS; LUNAR; DENSITOMETERS; QDR-2000; QDR-1000; ACCURACY; SYSTEMS AB Pencil-beam dual-energy X-ray absorptiometers (DXA) are being replaced with instruments that rely solely on fan-beam technology. However, information has been lacking regarding the translation of bone mineral and body composition data between the two devices. We have compared total body scans using pencil-beam (Hologic QDR-2000W) and fan-beam (Hologic QDR-4500A) instruments for 33 children (ages 3-18 years) and 14 adults. Bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), fat, lean, and body fatness (%fat) values were highly correlated (r(2) = 0.984-0.998) between the two DXA instruments. The mean differences between the paired measurements were: Delta BMC = 7.5 +/- 73.6 g, Delta BMD = 0.0074 +/- 0.0252 g/cm(2), Delta lean = 1.05 +/- 1.8 kg, Delta fat = -0.77 +/- 1.7 kg, and Delta%fat = -0.94% +/- 2.5%. The BMC and BMD values,were not statistically different, whereas the differences for the body composition values were significant (p < 0.02-0.005). Regression equations are provided for conversion of bone and body composition data between pencil-beam and fan-beam values for the whole body. To test the performance of these equations for a second group (23 subjects), predicted values were compared with the measured data obtained using the fan-beam instrument. The mean differences were -1.0% to 1.4%, except for body fat mass, where the difference was 6.4%. For cross-sectional studies, the two DXA technologies can be considered equivalent after using the translational equations provided. For longitudinal studies in which small changes in body composition for the individual are to be detected, we recommend that the same DXA instrument be used whenever possible. For example, transition from a pencil-beam to a fan-beam instrument could, in extreme cases, result in differences as large as 19% for the estimate of body fat mass. C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat,Body Composit Lab, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Ellis, KJ (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat,Body Composit Lab, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 20 TC 82 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 13 IS 10 BP 1613 EP 1618 DI 10.1359/jbmr.1998.13.10.1613 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 125BD UT WOS:000076216800012 PM 9783550 ER PT J AU Wong, WW Nicolson, M Stuff, JE Butte, NF Ellis, KJ Hergenroeder, AC Hill, RB Smith, EO AF Wong, WW Nicolson, M Stuff, JE Butte, NF Ellis, KJ Hergenroeder, AC Hill, RB Smith, EO TI Serum leptin concentrations in Caucasian and African-American girls SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM LA English DT Article ID BODY-MASS INDEX; PLASMA LEPTIN; ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; PUBERTAL STAGE; OB/OB MICE; CHILDREN; GENDER; INSULIN; OBESE; HUMANS AB Because African-American girls are heavier, taller, and mature earlier than Caucasian girls, we hypothesized that the serum leptin concentration differs between the two groups. Serum leptin concentrations were measured by immunoassay in 12-h fasted blood samples collected from 79 Caucasian and 57 African-American girls between 8 and 17 yr of age. Body composition was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, sexual maturity by physical examination, and physical fitness by treadmill testing. Serum leptin concentrations were positively correlated (P < 0.01) with maturation, body fatness, and insulin and were higher (6.6 ng/mL, P < 0.01) in the African-American girls after adjusting for age. The difference remained significant (P < 0.01) but was reduced to 3.2 ng/mL after controlling for differences in maturation, fat mass, and physical fitness. The higher serum leptin levels might play an important role in the accelerated growth and sexual maturation of African-American girls. C1 USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320 USA. RP Wong, WW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM wwong@bcm.tmc.edu NR 33 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 3 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI CHEVY CHASE PA 8401 CONNECTICUT AVE, SUITE 900, CHEVY CHASE, MD 20815-5817 USA SN 0021-972X EI 1945-7197 J9 J CLIN ENDOCR METAB JI J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 83 IS 10 BP 3574 EP 3577 DI 10.1210/jc.83.10.3574 PG 4 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 126CN UT WOS:000076275500033 PM 9768667 ER PT J AU Peterson, SW Sigler, L AF Peterson, SW Sigler, L TI Molecular genetic variation in Emmonsia crescens and Emmonsia parva, etiologic agents of adiaspiromycosis, and their phylogenetic relationship to Blastomyces dermatitidis (Ajellomyces dermatitidis) and other systemic fungal pathogens SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEQUENCES; TAXONOMY; ONYGENACEAE; NOV AB Emmonsia crescens, an agent of adiaspiromycosis, Blastomyces dermatitidis, the agent of blastomycosis, and Histoplasma capsulatum, the agent of histoplasmosis, are known to form meiotic (sexual) stages in the ascomycete genus Ajellomyces (Onygenaceae, Onygenales), but no sexual stage is known for E. parva, the type species of the genus Emmonsia. To evaluate relationships among members of the putative Ajellomyces clade, large-subunit ribosomal and internal transcribed spacer region DNA sequences were determined from PCR-amplified DNA fragments. Sequences were analyzed phylogenetically to evaluate the genetic variation within the genus Emmonsia and evolutionary relationships to other taxa. E. crescens and E. parva are distinct species. E, a crescens isolates are placed into two groups that correlate with their continents of origin. Considerable variation occurred among isolates previously classified as E. parva. Most isolates are placed into two closely related groups, but the remaining isolates, including some from human sources, are phylogenetically distinct and represent undescribed species. Strains of B. dermatitidis are a sister species off. palya. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Histoplasma capsulatum are ancestral to most Emmonsia isolates, and P. brasiliensis, which has no known teleomorph, falls within the Ajellomyces clade. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Properties Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Univ Alberta, Microfungus Collect, Devonian Bot Garden, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada. RP Peterson, SW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Properties Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM speterson@sunca.ncaur.usda.gov NR 45 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 36 IS 10 BP 2918 EP 2925 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 119LD UT WOS:000075896800021 PM 9738044 ER PT J AU Muller-Doblies, UU Li, H Hauser, B Adler, H Ackermann, M AF Muller-Doblies, UU Li, H Hauser, B Adler, H Ackermann, M TI Field validation of laboratory tests for clinical diagnosis of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; VIRUS; RUMINANTS; AGENT; PCR AB Until recently, sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF) was diagnosed mainly on the basis of clinical presentation and histopathological changes. Using clinically diagnosed field cases, me have evaluated a seminested PCR and a competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CI-ELISA) and compared these assays in the diagnosis of SA-MCF in cattle with histopathology as a provisional "gold standard." Samples from 44 cattle with clinical signs suggestive of SA-MCF mere examined by histopathology, PCR, and CI-ELISA, In addition, samples from healthy cattle were evaluated by PCR (n = 96) and CI ELISA (n = 75), Based on histopathology, 38 of the 44 clinical cases mere classified as SA-MCF positive, 3 were classified as inconclusive, and 3 were classified as SA-MCF negative. The sensitivity, of PCR was 95 to 97%, whereas the specificity ranged between 94 and 100%. The CI-ELISA showed a sensitivity of 56 to 87% and a specificity between 91 and 100%. In the field, there is good correlation between the diagnoses of SA-MCF by histopathology, PCR, and CI-ELISA, These data also confirm the close association of ovine herpesvirus 2 with SA-MCF in Switzerland. C1 Univ Zurich, Inst Virol, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland. Univ Zurich, Inst Vet Pathol, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Ackermann, M (reprint author), Univ Zurich, Inst Virol, Winterthurerstr 266A, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland. NR 13 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 36 IS 10 BP 2970 EP 2972 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 119LD UT WOS:000075896800029 PM 9738052 ER PT J AU Meehan, JT Lehmkuhl, HD Cutlip, RC Bolin, SR AF Meehan, JT Lehmkuhl, HD Cutlip, RC Bolin, SR TI Acute pulmonary lesions in sheep experimentally infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus SO JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INTRAVASCULAR MACROPHAGES; MUCOSAL DISEASE; CATTLE; CALVES; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; LUNG; PESTIVIRUS; PLATELET; TRACT; PIGS AB Six sheep, aged 6-8 months and seronegative for pestivirus, were inoculated intranasally, through the tracheal wall, and intrabronchially with a noncytopathogenic isolate of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (ncpBVDV). Infected sheep were killed in pairs on post-inoculation day (PID) 2, 4 and 6. They all exhibited transient leucopenia or lymphopenia, or both. Platelet counts decreased but remained within normal limits. BVDV was isolated from buffy coats and tissues of all sheep inoculated with ncpBVDV but not from two uninfected control animals. Pulmonary lesions, evident in ncpBVDV-inoculated sheep, consisted of moderate oedema with multifocal alveolar septal necrosis and haemorrhage, infiltrates of mononuclear inflammatory cells, and degenerative changes in alveolar epithelium, endothelium and pulmonary intravascular macrophages. Additionally, there was morphological evidence of platelet activation and pulmonary intravascular macrophage stimulation. Lesions were not observed in the two control sheep. C1 ARS, Resp & Neurol Dis Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Wyeth Ayerst Labs, Rouses Point, NY USA. RP Lehmkuhl, HD (reprint author), ARS, Resp & Neurol Dis Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 66 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9975 J9 J COMP PATHOL JI J. Comp. Pathol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 119 IS 3 BP 277 EP 292 DI 10.1016/S0021-9975(98)80050-9 PG 16 WC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences SC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences GA 127ZH UT WOS:000076380400006 PM 9807729 ER PT J AU Dowd, PF Behle, RW McGuire, MR Nelsen, TC Shasha, BS Simmons, FW Vega, FE AF Dowd, PF Behle, RW McGuire, MR Nelsen, TC Shasha, BS Simmons, FW Vega, FE TI Adherent malathion flour granules as an environmentally selective control for chewing insect pests of dent corn ears: Insect control SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Helicoverpa; Carpophilus; Orius; Ostrinia; Zea; coccinellidae ID ENCAPSULATED BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; BORER LEPIDOPTERA; ROOTWORM COLEOPTERA; PYRALIDAE; CHRYSOMELIDAE; FORMULATIONS; BAITS AB In a small-plot field study, malathion formulated in pregelatinized corn flour as granules at 0.1% was hand applied at a rate of 11.1 kg/ha of granules (0.011 kg [AI]/ha) of granules in 1992 and 1993. Control of Carpophilus lugubris Murray and Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) with ii single treatment of the granules was generally equivalent to that seen when a commercial formulation of malathion was applied in 5 sprays at a rate of 1.1 kg (AI)/ha (1 lb [AI]/acre) DPT spray. In 1994 and 1995, 1% malathion granules at 11.1 kg/ha of granules significantly reduced corn ear insect pests in 2 different corn varieties. No significant effect on coccinellid or Orius spp, numbers was noted compared with untreated plots when the malathion granules were used. Over the top treatments of 0.1-10% granular malathion at 11.1 kg/ha of granules were less effective in controlling ear feeding insects at another site in 1994 compared with the multiple sprays of malathion applied to the ear zone. However, when granules were applied at ear level in 1995, equal or greater control of ear-feeding insects compared with the conventional malathion sprays was noted, depending on the level of active ingredients in the granules. All active ingredients rates of granules had no significant effect on coccinellids compared with untreated plots in 1995, but the conventional malathion sprays killed up to 95% of the coccinellids. When properly applied, these adherent granules should provide acceptable control of many ear-feeding insects in field corn, be more selective toward predators. and use loa er levels of active ingredient compared with conventional malathion sprays. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Dowd, PF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. OI Vega, Fernando E./0000-0001-8103-5640 NR 32 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 91 IS 5 BP 1058 EP 1066 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 134JA UT WOS:000076738700008 ER PT J AU De Guzman, LI Rinderer, TE Delatte, GT AF De Guzman, LI Rinderer, TE Delatte, GT TI Comparative resistance of four honey bee (Hymenoptera : Apidae) stocks to infestation by Acarapis woodi (Acari : Tarsonemidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Apis mellifera; Acarapis woodi; honey bee; tracheal mite; resistance ID APIS-MELLIFERA L; TRACHEAL MITES; VARROA-JACOBSONI; COLONIES; RENNIE; SUSCEPTIBILITY AB The prevalence, mean intensity, and abundance of Acarapis woodi (Rennie) in 4 selected stocks of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) were monitored under field conditions. The test stocks used were ARS-Y-C-1 (A. mellifera carnica imported from Yugoslavia), Hastings (A. mellifera carnica imported from northern Saskatchewan), F-1 hybrid between ARS-Y-C-1 and Hastings, and Louisiana stock available at the Baton Rouge laboratory apiaries. Two trials were conducted. The Ist trial used 20 colonies per stock and continued for 2 yr. The 2nd trial used 10 colonies per stock and was monitored For 1 yr. Results of both trials showed that ARS-Y-C-1 and F-1 hybrids consistently maintained approximately a 10% level of A. woodi infestation, which is below the level that causes economic damage to host colonies. These stocks also had significantly lower mean intensities of mites than the Hastings and Louisiana bees. A. woodi was least abundant in the F-1 hybrid. Similar numbers of mites per bee were found in ARS-Y-C-1, Hastings and Louisiana stocks. These observations suggest that both ARS-Y-C-1 and F-1 hybrids are resistant to A. woodi. C1 USDA ARS, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Res Lab, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. RP De Guzman, LI (reprint author), USDA ARS, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Res Lab, 1157 Ben Hur Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. NR 23 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 91 IS 5 BP 1078 EP 1083 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 134JA UT WOS:000076738700011 ER PT J AU Barker, JF AF Barker, JF TI Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki toxin on the mortality and development of the larval stages of the banded sunflower moth (Lepidoptera : Cochylidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bacillus thuringiensis; Cochylis hospes; sunflower insect; entomopathogen AB A 66-kDa subunit of the protoxin from Bacillus thuringicnsis subsp. kurstaki was isolated and incorporated into an insect diet to study its effect on mortality and development of the larval stages of the banded sunflower moth, Cochylis hospes Walsingham. Intact B. thuringiensis caused death in approximate to 48 h but the purified toxin had a range of effects depending on the dosage and the instar. Feeding stopped almost immediately when toxin was present in the diet, but death occurred over times that ranged up to 60 d or more. One microgram of toxin per mi of diet was sufficient to cause 100% mortality of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th instars and >80% of 5th instars. The total development time from the beginning of the Ist first instar to the pupal stage was 21.4 +/- 0.1 (mean +/- SEM) and 33.8 +/- 1.1 d (P < 0.05) d for the controls and surviving larvae that were fed a sublethal dosage of B, thuringiensis toxin, respectively. The LD,, of the 3rd instar was estimated to he 0.152 +/- 0.016 mu g toxin per milliliter of diet. Fifty percent of Ist instars and greater than or equal to 80% of the the Inter instars that were exposed to a lethal dosage of 1 mu g toxin per milliliter of diet recovered and resumed development if they were transferred to control diet without the toxin. The ability to recover after exposure to a lethal dosage may be helpful in strategies to delay development of resistance to the toxin. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Barker, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, POB 5674, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 16 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 91 IS 5 BP 1084 EP 1088 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 134JA UT WOS:000076738700012 ER PT J AU Ramos, LHM McGuire, MR Wong, LJG AF Ramos, LHM McGuire, MR Wong, LJG TI Utilization of several biopolymers for granular formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bacillus thuringiensis; Trichoplusia ni; formulation encapsulation; biopolymer ID ENCAPSULATION; LEPIDOPTERA; PYRALIDAE; AGENTS AB Bacillus thuringiensis variety aizawai was encapsulated within several biopolymers (gelatin, pectin, chitin, alginate, and cornstarch) and assayed for biological activity against neonate Trichoplusia ni (Hubner). Granules were made with various solvents, and a total of 8 formulations were tested. Nearly 100% mortality occurred with all formulations except those made with chitin. B. thuringiensis formulations made with gelatin, pectin, or cornstarch and stored in the laboratory for 12 mo exhibited no detectable decrease in toxic activity against T. ni larvae. Assays that measured resistance to wash-off demonstrated that granules made with gelatin and pectin were retained on cotton leaves. Experiments were conducted to determine palatability of several formulations in 2-choice preference tests. T. ni larvae preferred granules containing gelatin or pectin. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. UANL, Fac Ciencias Biol, Dept Microbiol & Inmunol, Monterrey 66450, NL, Mexico. RP McGuire, MR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 20 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 91 IS 5 BP 1109 EP 1113 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 134JA UT WOS:000076738700015 ER PT J AU Bloem, S Bloem, KA Knight, AL AF Bloem, S Bloem, KA Knight, AL TI Assessing the quality of mass-reared codling moths (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) by using field release-recapture tests SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE codling moth; sterile insect technique; duality control; dispersal; trapping; diapause ID MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT-FLIES AB Following small-scale field releases of sterile, mass-reared codling moths, Cydia pomonella (L.), in the spring of 1995, significantly higher numbers of adults originating from larvae that had been induced into diapause were recaptured in passive interception traps compared, with standard (nondiapaused) colony moths reared under either constant or fluctuating temperatures. When releases were made in the summer, significantly more diapaused females were again recaptured and similar numbers of diapaused and fluctuating temperature-reared standard males were trapped. Our field data showed that both male and female codling moths dispersed farther as ambient temperatures increased. When standard and. diapaused sterile codling moths were released into replicated 1-ha plots under large-scale Sterile Insect Release program conditions in the summer and fall of 1996 and the spring of 1997, the proportion of recaptured diapaused males was significantly higher than for standard (nondiapaused) moths. This was true for recapture of moles with passive interception, pheromone-baited, and virgin female-halted traps. C1 USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. Okanagan Kootenay Sterile Insect Release Program, Osoyoos, BC V0H 1V0, Canada. RP Bloem, S (reprint author), USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 23 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 91 IS 5 BP 1122 EP 1130 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 134JA UT WOS:000076738700017 ER PT J AU Valles, SM Osbrink, WLA Oi, FM Brenner, RJ Powell, JE AF Valles, SM Osbrink, WLA Oi, FM Brenner, RJ Powell, JE TI Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity in the dark southern subterranean termite (Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Reticulitermes virginicus; termite; cytochrome P450; detoxication ID FLORIDA AB Microsomal oxidases were characterized using surrogate substrates in the economically important dark southern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes virginicus (Banks). Aldrin epoxidase activity required NADPH and was inhibited by carbon monoxide and piperonyl butoxide (I-50 = 4.72 +/- 0.31 x 10(-6) M), indicating that the enzyme(s) involved was a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase. Aldrin epoxidase activity was highest at 22 degrees C and pH 7.2. Also, the activity was linear up to 0.5 mg of protein per incubate and increased with reaction time up to 15 min, Although neither substrate nor cofactor was found to be a limiting factor, aldrin epoxidase activity failed to produce a linear response with respect to time at temperatures >22 degrees C, indicating enzyme inhibition. Although increased incubation temperature >22 degrees C resulted in decreased aldrin epoxidase activity, similar heat treatments did not result in a concomitant increase in cytochrome P420. Significant variation (2.7-fold) in aldrin epoxidase activity was observed among 4 R, virginicus colonies collected from different locations in Florida. Additionally, cytochrome P450 and b(5) content, cytochrome c reductase, and methoxyresorufin O-demethylase activities were measured in R virginicus. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Valles, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1600 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 91 IS 5 BP 1131 EP 1135 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 134JA UT WOS:000076738700018 ER PT J AU Poland, TM Borden, JH AF Poland, TM Borden, JH TI Semiochemical-induced competition between Dendroctonus rufipennis and two secondary species, Ips tridens and Dryocoetes affaber (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Dendroctonus rufipennis; Ips tridens; Dryocoetes affaber; interspecific competition; competitive displacement; pheromone ID BARK BEETLE POPULATIONS; MOUNTAIN PINE-BEETLE; INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION; FIELD EXPERIMENTS; INHIBITORS VERBENONE; LODGEPOLE PINE; PARACONFUSUS; IPSDIENOL; ATTACK; SPRUCE AB We investigated the hypothesis that interspecific interactions between the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby, and 2 secondary species, Ips tridens Mannerheim and Dryocoetes affaber Mannerheim, adversely affect spruce beetle progeny production and survival. In field experiments in the British Columbia interior, attack by the secondary species was induced by placing pheromone baits on felled trees just after spruce beetle attack. Spruce beetle attack densities, gallery length per square meter, and progeny densities Mere significantly reduced in trees that were baited. with D. affaber pheromones or D. affaber and I tridens pheromones. Resource exploitation and synomonal interference with subsequent spruce beetle attacks were the primary competitive mechanisms. No evidence for direct interference was found. Because the impact of the secondary species was not pronounced, semiochemical-induced competitive displacement of the spruce beetle after it has established would not be practical for retarding the development of, or suppressing, beetle outbreaks. C1 Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Ctr Pest Management, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. RP Poland, TM (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, 1407 S Harrison Rd,Room 220, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 44 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 91 IS 5 BP 1142 EP 1149 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 134JA UT WOS:000076738700020 ER PT J AU Poland, TM Borden, JH AF Poland, TM Borden, JH TI Competitive exclusion of Dendroctonus rufipennis induced by pheromones of Ips tridens and Dryocoetes affaber (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Dendroctonus rufipennis,; Ips tridens; Dryocoetes affaber; interspecific competition; competitive exclusion; pheromone ID GREEN LEAF VOLATILES; SPRUCE BEETLE; INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTIONS; AGGREGATION PHEROMONES; WHITE SPRUCE; PINE-BEETLE; KIRBY COL; 4-ALLYLANISOLE; STANDS; ALASKA AB We tested the feasibility of competitive exclusion as a potential management tactic for the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby, using pre-attack baiting with pheromones of 2 secondary species, Ips tridens Mannerheim and Dryocoetes affaber Mannerheim. Spruce beetle attack densities, gallery lengths per square meter, and progeny densities were significantly reduced by up to 78% in individual felled trees baited with the I. tridens pheromones (+/-)-ipsdienol and (-)-cis-verbernol, and the D. affaber pheromones (+/-)-exo- and (+)-endo-brevicomin, or pheromones of both secondary species. A simplified D. affaber bait consisting of only (+/-)-endo-brevicomin also significantly reduced spruce beetle attacks, resource exploitation, and progeny production. Baiting with I tridens pheromones also reduced spruce beetle attack and success in simulated patches of windthrown trees. Resource exploitation and indirect interference by synomonal inhibition of spruce beetle attack are the most likely competitive mechanisms invoked. Competitive exclusion of the spruce beetle may provide an alternative management tactic where traditional methods based on tree removal, widespread harvesting, and the use of insecticides are not feasible. C1 Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Ctr Pest Management, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. RP Poland, TM (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, N Cent Res Stn, US Forest Serv, 1407 S Harrison Rd,Rm 220, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 29 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 91 IS 5 BP 1150 EP 1161 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 134JA UT WOS:000076738700021 ER PT J AU Zlotina, MA Mastro, VC Leonard, DE Elkinton, JS AF Zlotina, MA Mastro, VC Leonard, DE Elkinton, JS TI Survival and development of Lymantria mathura (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) on North American, Asian, and European tree species SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lymantria mathura; host plant suitability; survival; rate of development ID GYPSY-MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; FOLIAGE AB The moth Lymantria mathura Moore is a polyphagous defoliator of forest and fruit trees in the Russian Far East, Japan, India, and China, and it would cause serious economic consequences if established in North America. To project the host range of this insect if accidentally introduced into North America, we examined survival and development of Ist inst;us of L. mathura on 21 broadleafed and conifer tree species from North America, Europe, and Asia. L. mathura performed well on hosts in the family Fagaceae regardless of the species origin. Survival and rate of development on European Leech, Fagus grandifolia Ehrh., and American Leech, Fagus sylvatica L., was equivalent to survival on oriental oak, Quercus variabilis Blume. Performance of larvae was also high on white oak, Quercus alba L., and chestnut oak, Quercus prinus L. Suitability of other oaks, such as red oak, Quercus rubra L., black oak, Quercus velutina Lamarck, and pin oak, Quo ars palustris Muenchh., was intermediate and equivalent to suitability of species from the families Juglandaceae, Betulaceae, and Oleaceae. Survival was poor on hosts from Aceraceae and Pinaceae. Comparison of host preferences and larval survival of L.,mathura and of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, (L.), indicates differences between these species when tested on the same or congeneric host plants. C1 USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Otis Methods Dev Ctr, Otis ANGB, MA 02542 USA. RP Zlotina, MA (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Entomol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 23 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 91 IS 5 BP 1162 EP 1166 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 134JA UT WOS:000076738700022 ER PT J AU Henneberry, TJ Jech, LF Hendrix, DL Brushwood, DE AF Henneberry, TJ Jech, LF Hendrix, DL Brushwood, DE TI Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) population relationships to cotton and lint stickiness in long and short staple cottons SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bemisia argentifolii; whiteflies; cotton; lint stickiness; long- and short-staple cottons ID SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; TABACI HOMOPTERA; SAMPLING PLANS; STICKY COTTON; HONEYDEW; INSECT AB Whitefly honeydew contamination resulting in sticky cotton lint is a significant problem in the textile industry throughout the world. We conducted studies in 1995 and 1996 to determine the effects of cotton cultivars, cotton plant densities, and insecticides on Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring populations and the subsequent effects on honeydew cotton lint contamination. In 1995, cotton plant densities of 25 or 100,000 plants per hectare had no effect on numbers of B. argentifolii, adults, eggs, or nymphs based on adult leaf turns and immatures counted on leaf disks. There also was no effect on extracted honeydew sugars from lint samples or thermodetector sticky cotton counts (the international standard for measuring cotton lint stickiness). Higher numbers of whiteflies occurred in early-season in 'Pima S-7' cotton than in 'Deltapine (DPL) 50' in 1995 and 1996 or 'DPL 5415' cotton in 1995. In 1995, amounts of trehalulose and melezitose (insect honeydew sugars) extracted from cotton lint and thermodetector counts of lint samples were higher for DPL 50 compared with Pima S-7 but not DPL 5415. Insecticide treatments, in both years, reduced thermodetector counts and, honeydew sugars extracted from lint. Increases in thermodetector sticky cotton counts and trehalulose and melezitose were significantly correlated to increasing B. argentifolii nymphal and adult populations. Thermodetector sticky cotton counts did not reach levels of concern (greater than or equal to 5) until adult leaf-turn counts were 8.9 or when all life stage nymphs were 3.2 per square centimeter of leaf disk during the open mature cotton boil period. C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Henneberry, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 31 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 91 IS 5 BP 1196 EP 1207 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 134JA UT WOS:000076738700027 ER PT J AU Davis, FM Williams, WP Buckley, PM AF Davis, FM Williams, WP Buckley, PM TI Growth responses of southwestern corn borer (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) and fall armyworm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) larvae fed combinations of whorl leaf tissue front a resistant and a susceptible maize hybrid SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Diatraea grandiosella; Spodoptera frugiperda; Zea mays; plant resistance ID FEEDING RESISTANCE; PYRALIDAE; MECHANISMS AB Maize, Zea mays L., germplasm with resistance to leaf feeding by southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella Dyar, and fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda da (J. E. Smith), neonates has been developed and released. Laboratory studies were conducted over 2 yr to determine if this resistance extends to older larvae initially fed susceptible leaf tissue and if larvae initially fed resistant leaf tissue recover when switched to similar susceptible tissue. Our results indicate a resistance and a recovery response by larvae of both species, depending on leaf tissue feeding regime. Southwestern corn borer larvae fed susceptible tissue for 3 or 7 d before switching to resistant tissue gained significantly less weight after the switch than those fed on only susceptible tissue. In contrast, southwestern corn borer larvae fed resistant tissue for 3 or 7 d before switching to susceptible tissue gained significantly more weight after the switch than those fed resistant tissue only. Similar results were observed for the fall armyworm. An interesting response occurred with fall armyworm larvae fed resistant tissue after being initially fed susceptible tissue for 7 d. Although the larvae gained less weight after the tissue switch than those reared only on susceptible tissue, the number of days to pupation did not differ. However, the resulting pupae weighed only 138.5 mg compared with 182.1 mg for those reared on only susceptible tissue. Our findings provide evidence that resistance to later instars does occur in maize and useful information when considering using a mixture of resistant and susceptible seed as an integrated pest management strategy. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Davis, FM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Unit, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 91 IS 5 BP 1213 EP 1218 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 134JA UT WOS:000076738700029 ER PT J AU DeMilo, AB Lee, CJ Schroder, RFW Schmidt, WF Harrison, DJ AF DeMilo, AB Lee, CJ Schroder, RFW Schmidt, WF Harrison, DJ TI Spectral characterization of cucurbitacins in a bitter mutant of Hawkesbury watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris Schrad) that elicit a feeding response to diabroticite beetles (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE corn rootworm; southern corn rootworm; western corn rootworm; phagostimulant; cucurbitacin-E glycoside; Citrullus vulgaris Schrad; bait ID CORN-ROOTWORM COLEOPTERA; TOXIC BAITS; MANAGEMENT; VOLATILES; ADULTS AB Fractions obtained by open-column flash chromatography of a crude methanolic extract of the rind of a bitter mutant of Hawkesbury watermelon, Citrullus vulgaris Schrad, were further purified by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to isolate chemical component(s) that elicit a visitation/feeding stimulancy response to the southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber. Activity of chromatographic fractions were followed with a laboratory bioassay involving total insect-response counts. The chemical structure of the most active component in C. vulgaris was confirmed by chemical ionization mass spectrometry and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to be cucurbitacin-E glycoside. Two other cucurbitacin-like compounds were isolated and structures for them postulated. A procedure to prepare a crude, biologically active, extract of C. vulgaris is reported. Dose-response data for the crude extract in laboratory tests against two diabroticite beetles D. undecimpunctata howardi and D. virgifera virgifera LeConte are also reported. C1 ARS, Insect Chem Ecol Lab, USDA, PSI, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP DeMilo, AB (reprint author), ARS, Insect Chem Ecol Lab, USDA, PSI, BARC-W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 25 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 33 IS 4 BP 343 EP 354 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 135BU UT WOS:000076780800003 ER PT J AU Schroder, RFW DeMilo, AB Lee, CJ Martin, PAW AF Schroder, RFW DeMilo, AB Lee, CJ Martin, PAW TI Evaluation of a water-soluble bait for corn rootworm (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) control SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Diabrotica virgifera virgifera; Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi; cucurbitacin E glycoside; phloxine B, D & C Red Dye No. 28; Hawkesbury watermelon ID CUCUMBER BEETLE COLEOPTERA; TOXIC BAITS; CUCURBITACINS; MANAGEMENT; ADULTS AB Laboratory and field-cage experiments evaluated the efficacy of a water-soluble bait for control of adult diabroticites. The bait was composed of a water-soluble feeding stimulant derived from a bitter mutant of Hawkesbury watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris Schrad), a dye toxin (phloxine B: D & C Red Dye No. 28), and a modified food starch (Mira Sperse 626). In the laboratory, southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber adults, were exposed to separate bait components and combinations thereof. Eighty percent of adults exposed to the complete bait formulation died within 24 h. Adult mortality increased with higher concentrations of dye and increasing light intensity. Incorporation of the feeding stimulant with the dye reduced the lethal time. The complete bait was most active in sunlight, killing 90% adults in 1 h. Under fluorescent lights, the LT90 for the adults was 48 h. In field cages, using corn plants treated with the bait formulation, numbers of live western corn rootworm, D. virgifera virgifera LeConte, adults were reduced by 80% compared with the untreated control. This new water soluble toxic bait appears suitable for testing on a larger scale in the field as a component of an IPM program for corn rootworm pests. C1 ARS, USDA, PSI Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Schroder, RFW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, PSI Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 26 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 3 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 33 IS 4 BP 355 EP 364 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 135BU UT WOS:000076780800004 ER PT J AU Klun, JA Khrimian, AP Oliver, JE AF Klun, JA Khrimian, AP Oliver, JE TI Evidence of pheromone catabolism via beta-oxidation in the European corn borer (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE methyl-4-bromocrotonate; methyl-4-bromo-E-2-butenoate; (Z)-[11,12-H-3(2)]-11-tetradecen-1-ol acetate; 2-fluoro-(Z)-[11,12-H-3(2)]-11-tetradecen-1-ol acetate; Ostrinia nubilalis ID SEX-PHEROMONE AB Experiments were conducted using tritiated European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), pheromone, (Z)-[11,12-H-3(2)]-11-tetradecen-1-ol acetate, a tritiated fluorinated analog of the European corn borer pheromone, 2-fluoro-(Z)-[11,12-H-3(2)]-11-tetradecen-1-ol acetate, and methyl-4-bromocrotonate (MBC) to determine if pheromone catabolism proceeds on the moth's antennae via the beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acid degradation. When antennae were treated with tritiated natural pheromone plus MBC (a precursor of the known beta-oxidation inhibitor, 4-bromocrotonic acid), catabolism of the pheromone was significantly inhibited. When the 2-fluoro pheromone analog was applied alone to antennae, it was hydrolyzed to the corresponding alcohol but was not degraded. MBC had no effect on catabolism of the 2-fluoro analog, and 2-fluoro substitution inhibited entrance of the compound into beta-oxidation. These results demonstrate that beta-oxidation is the primary oxidative pathway by which pheromone is degraded on the antennae of European corn borer moths. C1 ARS, Insect Chem Ecol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Klun, JA (reprint author), ARS, Insect Chem Ecol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 33 IS 4 BP 400 EP 406 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 135BU UT WOS:000076780800008 ER PT J AU Wolfenbarger, DA Riley, DG Staetz, CA Leibee, GL Herzog, GA Gage, EV AF Wolfenbarger, DA Riley, DG Staetz, CA Leibee, GL Herzog, GA Gage, EV TI Response of silverleaf whitefly (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) to bifenthrin and endosulfan by vial bioassay in Florida, Georgia and Texas SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Bemisia argentifolii; insecticide resistance; bifenthrin; endosulfan ID RESISTANCE AB Median lethal concentration (LC50) values of bifenthrin and endosulfan were determined for dead and moribund + dead categories for adults of the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii (Bellows and Perring) (formerly sweetpotato whitefly, B. tabaci (Gennadius), strain B), in 3-h vial bioassays in Florida, Georgia, and Texas in 1991 and 1992. For the moribund + dead category in Florida, LC50 values for bifenthrin ranged from 0.00076 to 1.48 mu g/vial, a 1,947-fold difference. An LC50 as high as 128.1 mu g bifenthrin/vial for adults from cabbage in Texas was determined for the dead category. For endosulfan in Florida, LC50 values of the moribund plus dead categories for endosulfan ranged from 0.04 to 35.6 mu g/vial, an 890-fold difference. An LC50 as high as 119.7 mu g endosulfan/vial was determined for adults from cotton in Texas for the dead category. The wide ranges of LC50 values for both insecticides suggest the presence of resistant and susceptible whiteflies in all three dates. C1 ARS, USDA, Subtrop Agr Res Lab, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Wolfenbarger, DA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Subtrop Agr Res Lab, 2413 E Highway, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 33 IS 4 BP 412 EP 420 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 135BU UT WOS:000076780800010 ER PT J AU Siragusa, GR Dorsa, WJ Cutter, CN Bennett, GL Keen, JE Koohmaraie, M AF Siragusa, GR Dorsa, WJ Cutter, CN Bennett, GL Keen, JE Koohmaraie, M TI The incidence of Escherichia coli on beef carcasses and its association with aerobic mesophilic plate count categories during the slaughter process SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID MICROBIAL ATP BIOLUMINESCENCE; DETECT CONTAMINATION; INDICATOR ORGANISMS; TISSUE AB An analysis of 535 prefabricated beef carcass samples taken in three processing plants demonstrated an association between the mesophilic aerobic plate count (APC) class and the incidence of obtaining an Escherichia coli-positive ample. Beef carcasses were sampled from three separate plants; one was a fed-beef processing plant and the other two were cow/bull plants. Samples were obtained by sponging and were analyzed for APC and E. coli. When samples were classified into four APC levels or classes(class 1: <2, class 2: greater than or equal to 2 and <3, class 3: greater than or equal to 3 and <4, and class 4: greater than or equal to 4 log CFU/cm(2)), a trend indicating that samples from higher APC classes were more likely to be positive for E. coli biotype I was observed. Of the APC class 4 samples (greater than or equal to 4 log CFU/cm2), 88% were positive for the presence of E. coli, as opposed to 21% in APC class 1 (<2 log CFU/cm2). Univariate chi-square analysis of the resulting contingency tables from reclassified data (class 1: <2, class 2: greater than or equal to 2 and <3, and class 3: greater than or equal to 3 log CFU/cm(2)) indicated a strong association between APC class and the incidence (presence or absence) of an E. coli-positive sample. Using multivariate analysis to account for influences of plant and within plant processing site, the data indicated a strong positive Linear trend between the presence of E. coli and the APC class. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Siragusa, GR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. EM siragusa@email.marc.usda.gov RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 22 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 61 IS 10 BP 1269 EP 1274 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 129UD UT WOS:000076481100002 PM 9798140 ER PT J AU Haynes, RW Graham, RT Quigley, TM AF Haynes, RW Graham, RT Quigley, TM TI A framework for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia basin SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article AB A framework was developed to set forth the relationship of science to management for the Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project. It incorporates a general planning model that has four iterative steps: monitoring, assessment, decisionmaking, and implementation. In this effort we recognized that people are part of ecosystems and that stewardship must resolve the challenge of how to meet multiple demands with finite resources. Science helps decisionmakers choose among options for dynamic systems, but the real challenge is determining whose values will influence land management. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portland, OR 97208 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Moscow, ID USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR USA. RP Haynes, RW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, POB 3890, Portland, OR 97208 USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 96 IS 10 BP 4 EP 9 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 125RH UT WOS:000076250500004 ER PT J AU Hann, WJ Jones, JJ Keane, RE Hessburg, PF Gravenmier, RA AF Hann, WJ Jones, JJ Keane, RE Hessburg, PF Gravenmier, RA TI Landscape dynamics SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article AB Assessment of the landscape dynamics of the ecosystems within the interior Columbia River basin included both natural and human changes. We describe the relationships between land use, ecosystem health, species diversity, and interactions with inherent disturbance processes and biophysical capabilities. We found that both traditional commodity and reserve system management strategies cause short-term fragmentation leading to long-term simplification of biophysical and socioeconomic landscape systems; active ecological management, on the other hand, can sustain the capabilities of these systems. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Silver Thorne, CO 80498 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Flathead Natl Forest, Kalispell, MT USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn Fire Lab, Missoula, MT USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Wenatchee, WA USA. USDI Bur Land Management, Oregon State Off, Portland, Dorset, England. RP Hann, WJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, POB 620, Silver Thorne, CO 80498 USA. EM whann/@amigo.net NR 16 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 96 IS 10 BP 10 EP 15 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 125RH UT WOS:000076250500005 ER PT J AU Lee, DC Sedell, JR Rieman, BE Thurow, F Williams, JE AF Lee, DC Sedell, JR Rieman, BE Thurow, F Williams, JE TI Aquatic species and habitats SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article ID WASHINGTON; OREGON AB Continuing human activities threaten the highly prized aquatic resources of the interior Columbia basin. Precipitous declines in native species, particularly Pacific salmon, and a large influx of introduced species have radically altered the composition and distribution of native fishes. Fortunately, areas of relatively high aquatic integrity remain, much of it on federally administered lands. These areas can provide a starting point for protecting and restoring aquatic resources throughout the basin if decisive action is taken. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDI Bur Land Management, Idaho State Off, Boise, ID USA. RP Lee, DC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 316 E Myrtle St, Boise, ID 83702 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 96 IS 10 BP 16 EP 21 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 125RH UT WOS:000076250500006 ER PT J AU Raphael, MG Marcot, BG Hotlhausen, RS Wisdom, MJ AF Raphael, MG Marcot, BG Hotlhausen, RS Wisdom, MJ TI Terrestrial species and habitats SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article AB The assessment of interior Columbia basin terrestrial species compared prehistoric, historical, and current terrestrial environments and plant and animal communities and look closely at habitat changes that would affect sensitive vertebrates. We then projected three management scenarios and estimated future distributions of forest cover and other habitat elements on the viability of plant and animal populations. Among the implications for biodiversity conservation strategies: identifying and managing groups of species with similar ecological functions may be more effective than managing individual keystone species. The assessment also revealed gaps in our scientific knowledge of biodiversity in the region. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portland, OR 97208 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Flagstaff, AZ USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR USA. RP Raphael, MG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3625 93rd Ave SW, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. EM mgraphael@compuserve.com NR 5 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 96 IS 10 BP 22 EP 27 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 125RH UT WOS:000076250500007 ER PT J AU Haynes, RW Reyna, NE Allen, SD AF Haynes, RW Reyna, NE Allen, SD TI Social and economic systems SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article AB The social and economic assessments conducted for the Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project characterized and social and economic conditions and trends. the basin has a robust economy that is growing, diversifying, and reducing the importance of traditional resource industries. Even so, there remain many places that are not sharing in this prosperity or easily adapting to the changes to traditional rural lifestyles that growth brings. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portland, OR 97208 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Walla Walla, WA USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Haynes, RW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, POB 3890, Portland, OR 97208 USA. EM rhaynes/r6pnw_portland@fs.fed.us NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 96 IS 10 BP 28 EP 32 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 125RH UT WOS:000076250500008 ER PT J AU Quigley, RM Haynes, RW Hann, WJ Lee, DC Holthausen, RS Gravenmier, RA AF Quigley, RM Haynes, RW Hann, WJ Lee, DC Holthausen, RS Gravenmier, RA TI Using an ecoregion assessment for integrated policy analysis SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article AB In broad terms, managing an ecosystem means maintaining both the integrity of ecological systems and the resilience of social and economic systems. Ratings of ecological integrity and socioeconomic resilience are combined to make general statements about ecosystem conditions in the interior Columbia basin. Risks to integrity and resilience arise from many sources, both natural and human-caused, and reducing risks in one component may increase risks to another. Three management alternatives-maintaining current practices, restoring with active management, and setting up reserves-present different opportunities to manage the risks inherent in biophysical and social systems and meet ecosystem management goals. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portland, OR 97208 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Silver Thorne, CO USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Boise, ID USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Flagstaff, AZ USA. USDI Bur Land Management, Oregon State Off, Portland, OR USA. RP Quigley, RM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, 1401 Gekler Lane, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 96 IS 10 BP 33 EP 38 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 125RH UT WOS:000076250500009 ER PT J AU Humphrey, C Perez, J Sutton, J AF Humphrey, C Perez, J Sutton, J TI Public comment on the ICBEMP process SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Editorial Material AB More than 83,000 citizens and interested parties heeded the Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project's call for public comment; the content of their letters has been compiled by analysts not involved in the project itself. For every issue raised there were both proponents and critics. Nevertheless, the ICBEMP scientists will seek to incorporate the information and opinions in the final environmental impact statements due to next year. C1 Interior Columbia Basin Ecosyst Management Projec, Walla Walla, WA 99362 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Content Anal Enterprise Team, Salt Lake City, UT USA. RP Humphrey, C (reprint author), Interior Columbia Basin Ecosyst Management Projec, 112 E Poplar St, Walla Walla, WA 99362 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 96 IS 10 BP 39 EP 39 PG 1 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 125RH UT WOS:000076250500010 ER PT J AU Afonso, CL Zsak, L Carrillo, C Borca, MV Rock, DL AF Afonso, CL Zsak, L Carrillo, C Borca, MV Rock, DL TI African swine fever virus NL gene is not required for virus virulence SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID PRIMARY RESPONSE GENE; HERPES-SIMPLEX VIRUS; DNA; GROWTH; NEUROVIRULENCE; INFECTION; IDENTIFICATION; SIMILARITY; CLONING; MALAWI AB Previously, we described a highly conserved nonessential African swine fever virus (ASFV) right variable region gene, NL, Deletion of NL from the European pathogenic isolate E70 resulted in almost complete attenuation of the virus in domestic swine. To study gene function further, NL gene deletion mutants were constructed from two pathogenic African ASFV isolates, Malawi Lil-20/1 (Mal) and Pretoriuskop/96/4 (Pr4). Unexpectedly, both Mal (Mal-Delta NL) and PR4 (Pr4 Delta NL) null mutants remained highly virulent when inoculated in swine. Mal-Delta NL exhibited a disease and virulence phenotype indistinguishable from its revertant, Mal-NLR, which caused 100% mortality. Mortality among Pr4 Delta NL-infected animals was also high; however, a significant delay in onset of fever and viraemia and in time to death was observed. These data indicate that NL gene function is not required for ASFV virulence and that other yet-to-be identified viral determinants perform significant virulence functions in these African field isolates. C1 ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Rock, DL (reprint author), ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. NR 38 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG7 1AE SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 79 BP 2543 EP 2547 PN 10 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 124MQ UT WOS:000076186500030 PM 9780062 ER PT J AU Jackson, MA Frymier, JS Wilkinson, BJ Zorner, P Evans, S AF Jackson, MA Frymier, JS Wilkinson, BJ Zorner, P Evans, S TI Growth requirements for production of stable cells of the bioherbicidal bacterium Xanthomonas campestris SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bacterial bioherbicide; freeze drying; growth phase; liquid culture production; shelf life; biological control ID XANTHAN PRODUCTION; ANNUAL BLUEGRASS; CULTURE; MEMBRANES; TREHALOSE; AGENTS AB Xanthomonas campestris MB245, a specific pathogen of the weedy grass Poa annua (annual bluegrass), is being developed as a bioherbicide to control this pest in turf. Nutritional and environmental factors were evaluated based on their ability to support rapid submerged culture growth and high cell yield. Temperature optima for the growth of X. campestris cells in submerged culture were between 27 end 30 degrees C. At 30 degrees C, optimal nutritional conditions for X. campestris growth supported generation times of 150-175 min and cell yields after 24 h growth of 1-2 x 10(10) cells ml(-1). Media containing sucrose or glucose as the carbon source and various organic nitrogen sources supported optimal X. campestris growth and cell yield. The addition of vitamin mixtures to complex and defined media had no significant effect on growth or cell yield. The age of X. campestris cultures had a significant impact on cell survival after freeze drying. Following freeze drying, log phase cell survival (44%) was significantly tower than early and late stationary phase cell survival, 62% and 68%, respectively. Cells harvested in stationary phase, freeze dried and stored under vacuum at 4 degrees C, showed no significant loss in viability after 6 months. Thus, high cell concentrations of the bioherbicide X. campestris can be rapidly produced in submerged culture and stabilized as freeze-dried preparations. C1 ARS, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA,FBR, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Illinois State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Normal, IL 61790 USA. RP Jackson, MA (reprint author), ARS, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA,FBR, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 25 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1367-5435 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD OCT-NOV PY 1998 VL 21 IS 4-5 BP 237 EP 241 DI 10.1038/sj.jim.2900580 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 158VC UT WOS:000078137200013 ER PT J AU Race, R Jenny, A Sutton, D AF Race, R Jenny, A Sutton, D TI Scrapie infectivity and proteinase K-resistant prion protein in sheep placenta, brain, spleen, and lymph node: Implications for transmission and antemortem diagnosis SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB-DISEASE; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL DETECTION; NATURAL SCRAPIE; SUFFOLK SHEEP; VARIANT CJD; BSE; AGENT; TISSUES; DECADE; MICE AB Probable transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy to humans has focused intense interest on all of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) and how they spread. In all TSEs, an abnormal disease-associated, proteinase K-resistant protein referred to as PrP-res or PrPSc accumulates in brain. In some species, PrP-res accumulates in other tissues as well. Sheep placenta, brain, spleen, and lymph node were analyzed in detail for PrP-res and infectivity. Both were detected in all brain and spleen samples and in placenta and lymph nodes of 80% of the scrapie-infected sheep. A perfect correlation was observed between infectivity and PrP-res detection. These results substantiate the probability that placenta plays an important role in natural transmission of scrapie, suggest that analysis of placenta for PrP-res could be the basis for an antemortem test for sheep scrapie, and show that PrP-res, scrapie infectivity, and scrapie disease are closely associated. C1 NIAID, Persistent Viral Dis Lab, Rocky Mt Labs, Hamilton, MT 59840 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Vet Serv, Ames, IA USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Vet Serv, Riverdale, MD USA. RP Race, R (reprint author), NIAID, Persistent Viral Dis Lab, Rocky Mt Labs, Hamilton, MT 59840 USA. NR 29 TC 143 Z9 145 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 178 IS 4 BP 949 EP 953 DI 10.1086/515669 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 125QF UT WOS:000076248000004 PM 9806020 ER PT J AU Buzby, JC Allos, BM Roberts, T AF Buzby, JC Allos, BM Roberts, T TI Guillain-Barre syndrome incidence based on hospital discharge data - Reply SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter C1 ERS, USDA, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Buzby, JC (reprint author), ERS, USDA, 1800 M St NW,Room 3067, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 178 IS 4 BP 1228 EP 1228 DI 10.1086/515704 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 125QF UT WOS:000076248000053 ER PT J AU Ferens, WA Goff, WL Davis, WC Fox, LK Deobald, C Hamilton, MJ Bohach, GA AF Ferens, WA Goff, WL Davis, WC Fox, LK Deobald, C Hamilton, MJ Bohach, GA TI Induction of type 2 cytokines by a staphylococcal enterotoxin superantigen SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL TOXINS LA English DT Article ID TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME; CD8(+) T-CELLS; INTERFERON-GAMMA; BOVINE INTERLEUKIN-4; IN-VIVO; EXPRESSION; LYMPHOCYTES; HELPER; PROLIFERATION; ACTIVATION AB Persistent intramammary infections of dairy cows with Staphylococcus aureus may involve immunosuppression mediated by bacterial toxins such as enterotoxins and other superantigens (SAgs). Previously we found that stimulation of bovine PBMC with staphylococcal enterotoxin C (SEC) induced a unique phenotype of activated CD8(+) T cells expressing a newly identified activation molecule, ACTS. In the present study we found that SEC induced the expression of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 mRNAs, two cytokines associated with type 2 responses. Elevated levels of IL-4 and IL-10, observed between day 0 and day 4 of culture, were associated with temporary inhibition of proliferative responses of T cells, evidenced by a decrease in numbers of CD4(+) T cells and a small increase in numbers of CD8(+) T cells. Vigorous proliferation of T cells occurred between days 4 and 7 of culture and with a bias towards CD8(+) T cells. Acquisition of the ACT3(+) phenotype by CD8(+) T cells was preceded by induction of IL-4 mRNA. Thus, in the bovine system, SAgs may hinder protective responses by inducing type 2 cytokines, which interfere with immune clearance of many microbial pathogens. The results of the study are consistent with the hypothesis that SAgs are involved in immunosuppression, and suggest possible immunomodulatory mechanisms. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Microbiol Mol Biol & Biochem, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM gbohach@uidaho.edu NR 53 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU ALAKEN, INC PI FT COLLINS PA 305 W MAGNOLIA ST, STE 196, FT COLLINS, CO 80521 USA SN 1058-8108 J9 J NAT TOXINS JI J. Nat. Toxins PD OCT PY 1998 VL 7 IS 3 BP 193 EP 213 PG 21 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Toxicology GA 139ZM UT WOS:000077061200001 PM 9783259 ER PT J AU Joseph, JA Shukitt-Hale, B Denisova, NA Prior, RL Cao, G Martin, A Taglialatela, G Bickford, PC AF Joseph, JA Shukitt-Hale, B Denisova, NA Prior, RL Cao, G Martin, A Taglialatela, G Bickford, PC TI Long-term dietary strawberry, spinach, or vitamin E supplementation retards the onset of age-related neuronal signal-transduction and cognitive behavioral deficits SO JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE antioxidants; aging; diet; dopamine; GABA; norepinephrine; striatum; cerebellum; cognitive behavior ID GINKGO-BILOBA EXTRACT; EVOKED DOPAMINE RELEASE; RAT-BRAIN; STRIATAL DOPAMINE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; CHOLINERGIC MARKERS; MUSCARINIC CONTROL; MEMORY IMPAIRMENT; MEMBRANE FLUIDITY; GARLIC EXTRACT AB Recent research has indicated that increased vulnerability to oxidative stress may be the major factor involved in CNS functional declines in aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases, and that antioxidants, e.g., vitamin E, may ameliorate or prevent these declines. Present studies examined whether long-term feeding of Fischer 344 rats, beginning when the rats were 6 months of age and continuing for 8 months, with diets supplemented with a fruit or vegetable extract identified as being high in antioxidant activity, could prevent the age-related induction of receptor-mediated signal transduction deficits that might have a behavioral component. Thus, the following parameters were examined: (1) oxotremorine-enhanced striatal dopamine release (OX-K+-ERDA), (2) cerebellar beta receptor augmentation of GABA responding, (3) striatal synaptosomal Ca-45(2+) clearance, (4) carbachol-stimulated GTPase activity, and (5) Morris water maze performance. The rats were given control diets or those supplemented with strawberry extracts (SE), 9.5 gm/kg dried aqueous extract (DAE), spinach (SPN 6.4 gm/kg DAE), or vitamin E (500 IU/kg). Results indicated that SPN-fed rats demonstrated the greatest retardation of age-effects on all parameters except GTPase activity, on which SE had the greatest effect, whereas SE and vitamin E showed significant but equal protection against these age-induced deficits on the other parameters. For example, OX-K+-ERDA enhancement was four times greater in the SPN group than in controls. Thus, phytochemicals present in antioxidant-rich foods such as spinach may be beneficial in retarding functional age-related CNS and cognitive behavioral deficits and, perhaps, may have some benefit in neurodegenerative disease. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Chem & Genet, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. Dept Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Denver, CO 80262 USA. RP Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Room 919,711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Bickford, Paula/J-5970-2012 OI Bickford, Paula/0000-0001-9657-7725 FU NIA NIH HHS [AG04418, AG007728] NR 73 TC 283 Z9 296 U1 4 U2 23 PU SOC NEUROSCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 11 DUPONT CIRCLE, NW, STE 500, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0270-6474 J9 J NEUROSCI JI J. Neurosci. PD OCT 1 PY 1998 VL 18 IS 19 BP 8047 EP 8055 PG 9 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 122EZ UT WOS:000076060100039 PM 9742171 ER PT J AU Lichtenstein, AH AF Lichtenstein, AH TI Soy protein, isoflavones and cardiovascular disease risk SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE soybean; soy protein; isoflavones; phytoestrogens; cholesterol; LDL; coronary heart disease; genistein; daidzein; glycetein ID SOYBEAN PROTEIN; PLASMA-LIPIDS; CHOLESTEROL REDUCTION; SERUM-CHOLESTEROL; LOW-FAT; OXIDATIVE MODIFICATION; THYROID-HORMONES; DIETARY-PROTEIN; WOMEN; CONSUMPTION AB Since the early 1940s, scientists have examined the effect of soy protein on blood cholesterol concentrations. Although studies in animals have suggested that soy protein lowers blood cholesterol concentrations, similar studies in humans have yielded less consistent results. The presence or absence of the soybean isoflavone fraction may be a confounding factor. This fraction, consisting primarily of genistein, daidzein and glycetein, has been shown to have a hypocholesterolemic effect in animals and humans. Potential mechanisms by which soy protein and/or isoflavones induce lowering of blood cholesterol concentrations include thyroid status, bile acid balance and the estrogenic effects of genistein and daidzein. Some studies have suggested that isoflavones exhibit antioxidant properties and have favorable effects on arterial compliance. In addition to the aforementioned potential beneficial effects, the increased consumption of products containing soy protein may displace foods relatively high in saturated fat and cholesterol from the diet and hence have an indirect blood cholesterol-lowering effect. C1 Tufts Univ, Lipid Metab Lab, USDA, Jean Meyer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Lichtenstein, AH (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Lipid Metab Lab, USDA, Jean Meyer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL58008] NR 56 TC 128 Z9 140 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 128 IS 10 BP 1589 EP 1592 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 124YQ UT WOS:000076210700001 PM 9772121 ER PT J AU Schwab, US Vogel, S Lammi-Keefe, CJ Ordovas, JM Schaefer, EJ Li, ZG Ausman, LM Gualtieri, L Goldin, BR Furr, HC Lichtenstein, AH AF Schwab, US Vogel, S Lammi-Keefe, CJ Ordovas, JM Schaefer, EJ Li, ZG Ausman, LM Gualtieri, L Goldin, BR Furr, HC Lichtenstein, AH TI Varying dietary fat type of reduced-fat diets has little effect on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE dietary fatty acids; oxidative modification; LDL; humans; tocopherol ID LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; VITAMIN-E; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; BETA-CAROTENE; PLASMA-LIPOPROTEINS; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; ENRICHED DIETS; PARTICLE-SIZE; OLEATE-RICH; CHOLESTEROL AB The effect of the fatty acid composition of reduced-fat diets on the in vitro oxidation of LDL was examined in 14 moderately hypercholesterolemic [low density lipoprotein (LDL) > 3.36 mmol/L] postmenopausal female and male subjects (age 44-78 y), Each subject consumed each of five reduced-fat diets [30 energy percent (E%) fat, 17 E% protein and 53 E% carbohydrate] enriched in beef tallow, canola oil, corn oil, olive oil or rice bran oil (20 E%) for 32-d periods. In vitro oxidation of LDL was assessed by incubating LDL with hemin and hydrogen peroxide, and measuring the time required for the reaction to reach maximum velocity (lag time). LDL lag times were 93.2 +/- 25.8, 95.9 +/- 26.4, 104.2 +/- 32.7, 108.0 +/- 26.6 and 113.1 +/- 24.0 min for corn oil, beef tallow, rice bran oil, canola oil and olive oil periods, respectively. When the data from all dietary phases were pooled, LDL alpha-tocopherol level (r = 0.30, P = 0.01) and plasma 18:1/18:2 ratio (r = 0.22, P = 0.08) were positively related to resistance of LDL to oxidation, Differences induced by the dietary perturbations in LDL content of beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, lycopene, alpha-carotene or beta-carotene, and LDL particle size were not related to resistance of LDL to oxidation, In conclusion, in middle-aged and elderly moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects, the consumption of reduced-fat diets enriched in animal fat or vegetable oils with a relatively wide range of fatty acid profiles did not alter the in vitro susceptibility of LDL to oxidation. The advantages of reducing the saturated fat content of the diet were reflected in lower total and LDL cholesterol levels. C1 Tufts Univ, Lipid Metam Lab, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Connecticut, Dept Nutr Sci, Storrs, CT 06268 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Lichtenstein, AH (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Lipid Metam Lab, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL39326] NR 51 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 128 IS 10 BP 1703 EP 1709 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 124YQ UT WOS:000076210700019 PM 9772139 ER PT J AU Reeves, PG Briske-Anderson, M Johnson, L AF Reeves, PG Briske-Anderson, M Johnson, L TI Physiologic concentrations of zinc affect the kinetics of copper uptake and transport in the human intestinal cell model, Caco-2 SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Experimental Biology 98 Meeting CY APR 18-22, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA DE Caco-2 cells; zinc; copper; transport; interaction ID PLASMA-MEMBRANE; CANDIDATE GENE; MENKES DISEASE; DIETARY ZINC; ABSORPTION; MONOLAYERS; APPARATUS; MECHANISM; ATPASE; MEDIA AB Copper uptake was enhanced and copper transport was reduced in Caco-2 cells cultured in media containing high concentrations of zinc. Here we show that physiologic zinc concentrations also affect copper movement into and out of Caco-2 cells. Cells were seeded onto Falcon membranes with high pore density and maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, nonessential amino acids, glucose and glutamine. In one experiment, the cells were exposed to media containing either 5 or 25 mu mol zinc/L from d 14 to 21 after seeding. Then, copper uptake and transport, in both apical and basolateral directions, were measured by using (CU)-C-64. Cells exposed to 25 mu mol zinc/L had a 25% higher (P < 0.05) uptake of (CU)-C-64 from the apical side than those exposed to 5 mu mol zinc/L. There was no effect of zinc on (CU)-C-64 uptake from the basolateral side, even though the amount of label taken up was as much as threefold higher (P > 0.05) than from the apical side. Transport of (CU)-C-64 across the cell layer in both directions was 50% less (P < 0.05) in cells exposed to 25 mu mol zinc/L vs. 5 mu mol zinc/L. In another experiment, zinc-exposed cells were labeled with Cu-64 and efflux of the label to the apical and basolateral sides was measured over time. The rate of efflux to the apical side was linear and not affected by zinc. However, there was a 37% reduction (P < 0.05) in (CU)-C-64 efflux to the basolateral side by the higher zinc concentration. Curve-fit analysis showed that the basolateral efflux was made up of an exponential and a linear component. Cellular zinc concentrations were proportional to the zinc concentrations in the media. Although the data suggest that high media zinc inhibited the copper efflux transporter and enhanced the influx transporter, copper did not accumulate in the cell. C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Reeves, PG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 23 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 128 IS 10 BP 1794 EP 1801 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 124YQ UT WOS:000076210700031 PM 9772151 ER PT J AU Schaeffer, MC Gretz, D Gietzen, DW Rogers, QR AF Schaeffer, MC Gretz, D Gietzen, DW Rogers, QR TI Dietary excess of vitamin B-6 affects the concentrations of amino acids in the caudate nucleus and serum and the binding properties of serotonin receptors in the brain cortex of rats SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE vitamin B-6; amino acids; brain; blood; rats ID PYRIDOXINE-DEFICIENCY; STIMULATION; METABOLISM; DOPAMINE; REGIONS; SYSTEM; MOTOR AB Vitamin B-6 is a cofactor in many reactions of nitrogen metabolism. Deficiency alters tissue amino acid concentrations but effects of excess vitamin B-6 have not been well described. We fed female rats (218 g, 7 per group) 1 (control), 10, 100, 175 or 250x) the National Research Council recommended level of pyridoxine HCl (7 mg/kg) for 10 wk and measured serum amino acids, amino acids and neurotransmitters in brain regions and the binding properties of serotonin receptors in the cerebral cortex using a ketanserin binding assay. Rats were decapitated, and unheparinized blood was obtained. In the caudate nucleus, concentrations of glutamate, threonine, taurine, methionine, gamma-amino-butyric acid and the sum of the essential amino acids in groups 10X and 100X were similar to 130 to 180% of control levels (P < 0.05); groups 1X, 175X and 250X were not different. A similar pattern was seen in the serum for serine, glycine, aspartate and ornithine; the tatter two amino acids increased to over 200% of control in group 100X. In the ketanserin binding assay, both the antagonist binding affinity and the maximal number of binding sites were higher for group 100X than for 1X, 175X and 250X, and were higher for 10X than for 1X, Norepinephrine in the raphe nucleus followed a similar biphasic pattern. Excess dietary pyridoxine affected brain and serum concentrations of some amino acids and binding properties of cortical serotonin receptors in a biphasic pattern over the range of concentrations fed in this study. C1 USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Anat, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Physiol & Cell Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Mol Biosci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Schaeffer, MC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, POB 29997, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. NR 44 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC NUTRITIONAL SCIENCE PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, RM L-2407A, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 128 IS 10 BP 1829 EP 1835 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 124YQ UT WOS:000076210700037 PM 9772157 ER PT J AU Reeves, PG AF Reeves, PG TI Copper metabolism in metallothionein null mice fed a high-zinc diet SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Experimental Biology 97 Conference CY APR 06-10, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA DE MT null mouse; zinc; copper; ceruloplasmin amine oxidase; metallothionein ID ORTHO-DIANISIDINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE; INTESTINAL METALLOTHIONEIN; RODENT DIET; TRANSPORT; CERULOPLASMIN; ABSORPTION; RATS; CADMIUM; ATPASE; SERUM AB Humans and animals develop low copper (Cu) status when fed diets containing large amounts of zinc (Zn) far an extended period Current theory states that Zn-induced metallothionein (MT) in the intestinal mucosa binds Co and pi-events its absorption. We tested this theory by using a mouse model with a disruption in the MT gene that renders it incapable of producing functional MT-I and MT-II (MT-null). If the theory is true, their the MT-null mouse should not develop low Cu status when fed a high Zn diet. For I week, groups of 4-week-old MT-null and control mice were fed a diet that contained 35 mg Zn and < I mg Cu/kg. Each genotype it ns then divided into two groups each. One group was fed a diet containing 35 mg Zn and 1.5 mg Cu/kg and the other was fed a diet containing 400 mg Zn and 1.5 mg Cu/kg. After 14 days, plasma was harvested and plasma ceruloplasmin amine oxidase (CPAO) activity, a good indicator of Ctl status, was determined The plasma CPAO activity of control mice fed 400 mg Zn/kg diet was 50% of that bz similar mice fed 35 mg Zn/kg. Likewise, plasma CPAO activity; in MT-null mice fed 400 mg Zn/kg diet was 40% of that in MT-null mice fed 35 mg Zn/kg. These data suggest that MT induction is nor required for the development of low Cte status in mice fed a high Zn dirt and that the actual mechanism may involve the modulation or inhibition of a Cu transporter protein by Zn. C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58203 USA. RP Reeves, PG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, 2420 2nd Ave N, Grand Forks, ND 58203 USA. NR 19 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0955-2863 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 9 IS 10 BP 598 EP 601 DI 10.1016/S0955-2863(98)00055-2 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 126NR UT WOS:000076300500009 ER PT J AU Graczyk, TK Farley, CA Fayer, R Lewis, EJ Trout, JM AF Graczyk, TK Farley, CA Fayer, R Lewis, EJ Trout, JM TI Detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in the tissues of eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) carrying principal oyster infectious diseases SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEMOCYTES; PARVUM AB The potential cross-reactivity of the combined Cryptosporidium/Giardia direct immunofluorescence antibodies (IFA) of MERIFLUOR(TM) and HYDROFLUOR(TM)-COMBO tests was examined against tissues containing known developmental stages of 12 pathogens causing the principal infectious diseases in oysters. Spores of Haplosporidium nelsoni and Haplosporidium costale produced positive acid-fast stain (AFS) reactions similar in intensity to Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Hexamita nelsoni trophozoites produced positive IFA reactions in both IFA tests; however, the intensity of fluorescence was considerably lower and the fluorescein-staining pattern different than those of Giardia cysts. The applicability of AFS for screening oysters for Cryptosporidium oocysts is low, and positive identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts cannot be accomplished based on the AFS. Presumptive IFA identification of the Cryptosporidium oocysts or Giardia cysts in the oyster tissue should fulfill 3 criteria, i.e., bright-green fluorescence of the same intensity as C, parvum oocysts and Giardia cysts in the positive control, correct size and shape of the fluorescein-stained objects, and oocyst or cyst shell clearly visible. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. US Dept Commerce, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Cooperat Oxford Lab, Oxford, MD 21654 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Immun & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Graczyk, TK (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. NR 19 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 84 IS 5 BP 1039 EP 1042 DI 10.2307/3284641 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 130JX UT WOS:000076517900029 PM 9794651 ER PT J AU Nutter, FB Levine, JF Stoskopf, MK Gamble, HR Dubey, JP AF Nutter, FB Levine, JF Stoskopf, MK Gamble, HR Dubey, JP TI Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella spiralis in North Carolina black bears (Ursus americanus) SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEROLOGIC SURVEY; PENNSYLVANIA; PREVALENCE; TRICHINOSIS; ANTIBODIES; RESPONSES; OOCYSTS; ISOLATE; TESTS; PIGS AB Serum samples from 143 hunter-killed black bears were collected during the 1996 and 1997 black bear hunting seasons in eastern North Carolina. All samples were tested for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii by the modified agglutination test. Antibodies to T. gondii were present in 120 of 143 (84%) bears. Females had significantly higher liters than males (Wilcoxon rank sums test, P = 0.045), and titers increased with age (Jonckheere test, P = 0.01). Samples collected during 1996 (n = 79) were tested for antibodies to Trichinella spiralis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. No samples were positive for antibodies to T. spiralis. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Compan Anim & Special Species Med, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Microbiol Pathol & Parasitol, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Environm Med Consortium, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Nutter, FB (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Compan Anim & Special Species Med, 4700 Hillsborough St, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. NR 22 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 84 IS 5 BP 1048 EP 1050 DI 10.2307/3284644 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 130JX UT WOS:000076517900032 PM 9794654 ER PT J AU Heiser, I Osswald, W Baker, R Nemec, S Elstner, EF AF Heiser, I Osswald, W Baker, R Nemec, S Elstner, EF TI Activation of Fusarium naphthazarin toxins and other p-quinones by reduced thioctic acid SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Fusarium solani toxins; dihydrofusarubin; reactive oxygen species; superoxide; dithiols; thioctic acid ID ROUGH LEMON SEEDLINGS; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; OXYGEN ACTIVATION; SOLANI; DIHYDROFUSARUBIN; ISOMARTICIN; MECHANISMS; REDUCTION; TOXICITY AB Dihydrofusarubin, marticin and isomarticin are naphthazarin toxins produced by Fusarium solani, a pathogen of citrus, peas and tomato. Like other p-quinones such as 1,4-naphthoquinone, menadione or juglone, these compounds can be reductively activated by dithiols such as dihydrolipoic acid (reduced thioctic acid) or dithiothreitol but not by monothiols such as cystein or glutathione. Upon autoxidation, reduced p-quinones with appropriately negative redox potentials between -100 and -250 mV activate oxygen in a dithiol-dependent reaction producing superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and a strong oxidant similar to the OH-radical-type oxidant ("crypto-OH"), but apparently not identical to the free OH-radical. C1 Tech Univ Munich, Inst Phytopathol, D-85350 Freising, Germany. Univ Munich, D-85354 Freising, Germany. USDA ARS, Winter Haven, FL 33883 USA. USDA ARS, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. RP Heiser, I (reprint author), Tech Univ Munich, Inst Phytopathol, D-85350 Freising, Germany. NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 2 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA VILLENGANG 2, D-07745 JENA, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 153 IS 3-4 BP 276 EP 280 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 133LV UT WOS:000076688800003 ER PT J AU Tu, SI Patterson, D Brauer, D Hsu, AF AF Tu, SI Patterson, D Brauer, D Hsu, AF TI Effects of H+-ATPase activities on Cd2+ movement induced by NADH-linked electron transfer in root plasma membrane vesicles SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE corn (Zea mays); cadmium transport; NADH-linked electron transfer; root plasma membrane; vanadate-sensitive H+-ATPase ID PROTON TRANSPORT; PLANT AB The vanadate-sensitive H+-ATPase activities, proton pumping and ATP hydrolysis of the corn root plasma membrane vesicles were not significantly affected by the electron transfer from NADH to ferricyanide. Similarly, the electron transfer activity was also not affected by activation of the H+-ATPase. These results suggested a lack of direct interaction between the two energy-yielding processes in the plasma membrane. The NADH-linked electron transfer induced a Cd2+ concentration-dependent increase in the light scattering of the membrane vesicles. The increase was previously determined to be an indication of Cd2+ uptake by the vesicles (Tu et al., 1996). The rate of the light scattering increase was significantly decreased when the ATPase was activated by the addition of Mg-ATP. Neither free ATP nor free Mg2+ had the inhibitory effect on the light scattering change. The inhibition of the light scattering increase associated with the activation of the ATPase exhibited a pH dependence and vanadate sensitivity similar to those of the ATPase activities. The results suggest that the ATPase activities could regulate the Cd2+ movement activated by the NADH-linked electron transfer. C1 USDA ARS, NAA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Tu, SI (reprint author), USDA ARS, NAA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 25 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER GMBH, URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, 07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 153 IS 3-4 BP 347 EP 353 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 133LV UT WOS:000076688800012 ER PT J AU Albrecht, A Heiser, I Baker, R Nemec, S Elstner, EF Osswald, W AF Albrecht, A Heiser, I Baker, R Nemec, S Elstner, EF Osswald, W TI Effects of the Fusarium solani toxin dihydrofusarubin on tobacco leaves and spinach chloroplasts SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Fusarium solani; dihydrofusarubin; spinach chloroplasts; reactive oxygen species; chlorosis; ethane production ID NAPHTHAZARIN TOXINS; OXYGEN ACTIVATION; CITRUS; CERCOSPORIN; SEEDLINGS; TOXICITY; STRESS AB The effects of the Fusarium solani toxin dihydrofusarubin on tobacco leaves and on spinach chloroplasts have been studied in comparison with the herbicide methylviologen. Toxin treatment of tobacco leaves and leaf discs resulted in a light dependent chlorophyll degradation and a simultaneous ethane production. Experiments with spinach chloroplasts showed that dihydrofusarubin interacted with the electron transport chain, thus forming reactive oxygen species. Experiments with DCMU and DBMIB proved that superoxide was produced on photosystem I in a light dependent reaction. Furthermore, we showed that NADPH formation was blocked by dihydrofusarubin. Inhibition started with 10 mu mol/L DHE whereas about 80 % inhibition of NADP(+)-reduction was achieved with 100 mu mol/L toxin. Inhibition of NADPH-formation was accompanied by a simultaneous increase in ATP-production. Experiments with methylviologen proved that the effects of the Fusarium solani toxin dihydrofusarubin on chloroplasts were comparable with the effects of this herbicide. The significance of the dihydrofusarubin toxin for symptom development on citrus trees infected with Fusarium solani is discussed. C1 Tech Univ Munich, Inst Phytopathol, D-85350 Freising, Germany. ARS, USDA, Winter Haven, FL 33883 USA. USDA ARS, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. Univ Munich, D-85354 Freising, Germany. RP Albrecht, A (reprint author), Tech Univ Munich, Inst Phytopathol, D-85350 Freising, Germany. NR 40 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA VILLENGANG 2, D-07745 JENA, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 153 IS 3-4 BP 462 EP 468 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 133LV UT WOS:000076688800026 ER PT J AU Bauer, PJ May, OL Camberato, JJ AF Bauer, PJ May, OL Camberato, JJ TI Planting date and potassium fertility effects on cotton yield and fiber properties SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article ID UPLAND COTTON; QUALITY; REGISTRATION; GERMPLASM AB Late planting causes cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to flower later in the season so boil development occurs at lower temperatures. Potassium deficiency elicits some of the same responses in cotton that delayed planting does. Together, these stresses may affect the yield and fiber quality beyond the individual effects of late planting and K deficiency. Our objective was to determine the effect of K fertilization on normal- and late-planted cotton. In 1991, 1992, and 1993, three cotton genotypes (PD 5286, PD 5358, and PD 5472) were seeded in late April and late May on a Hornsville loamy sand (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Aquic Hapludult) soil with and without annual applications of 100 Ib K2O/acre. Soil K in the upper 6-in, was 95 Ib/acre at the initiation of the experiment. Soil K did not differ between the two K fertilizer treatments after the 1991 growing season. After the 1992 and 1993 seasons, K in the 0- to 6- and 6- to 12-in. soil layers was greater in the 100 Ib K2O/acre treatment than in the 0 Ib K2O/acre treatment, but no differences occurred at greater depths. Potassium fertilization did not affect flower production in either planting date in any year. Potassium deficiency reduced the lint yield and fiber length of PD 5286 and PD 5358 but not that of PD 5472. Besides yield and fiber length, fiber perimeter was the only parameter reduced by K deficiency. Late planting caused reduced yield in only 1 of the 3 yr, and for only two of the three genotypes. In general, cotton planted in late May had higher yarn strength, elongation, and fiber length, but lower micron-aire and fiber maturity than cotton planted in late April. No interactions that included both K and planting date were significant for lint yield, yarn strength, or any of the fiber properties. This indicates that additional attention to IC fertility is not needed in production systems where the boil maturation period is delayed. C1 USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, Florence, SC 29501 USA. RP Bauer, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, 2611 W Lucas St, Florence, SC 29501 USA. NR 19 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0890-8524 J9 J PROD AGRIC JI J. Prod. Agric. PD OCT-DEC PY 1998 VL 11 IS 4 BP 415 EP 420 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 161BJ UT WOS:000078267800001 ER PT J AU Nielsen, DC AF Nielsen, DC TI Snow catch and soil water recharge in standing sunflower residue SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article ID WHEAT; STUBBLE; YIELD AB Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an economically viable crop for dryland rotations in the central Great Plains. Sunflower's ability to extract large amounts of soil water can depress subsequent crop yields unless significant soil water recharge occurs, The objectives of this study were to measure the effects of differences in standing sunflower stalk height and population on snow deposition and subsequent overwinter soil water recharge. Observations of snow depth and overwinter soil water recharge were made at seven sites near Akron, CO, over three winters. Sunflower stalks were laid flat after harvest, or left standing at approximately 18 or 28 in. Stalk population varied from approximately 10 600 to 26 100/acre. Silhouette factor (stalk height x diameter x population) ranged from 0 to 111 sq in./1600 sq in. Soil types in the study areas were Rage silt loam (fine, smectitic, mesic Pachic Argiustoll) or Weld silt loam (fine, smectitic, mesic Aridic Paleustoll). Increasing stalk height (and silhouette factor) increased snow catch and soil water content during the winter, but amounts of increase varied depending on wind speed and snow amount. With near-average snowfall amounts and number of drifting storms, soil water recharged linearly with increasing silhouette factor, thereby increasing stored soil water by nearly 5 in. where silhouette factor was 80 sq in./1600 sq in. Maintaining standing sunflower residue during the winter and spring following sunflower harvest can provide critically needed soil water recharge by increasing depth of snow deposition. C1 USDA ARS, Cent Great Plains Res Stn, Akron, CO 80720 USA. RP Nielsen, DC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cent Great Plains Res Stn, POB 400, Akron, CO 80720 USA. RI Nielsen, David/A-8044-2009 OI Nielsen, David/0000-0002-8240-7183 NR 23 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0890-8524 J9 J PROD AGRIC JI J. Prod. Agric. PD OCT-DEC PY 1998 VL 11 IS 4 BP 476 EP 480 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 161BJ UT WOS:000078267800010 ER PT J AU Buxton, DR Anderson, IC Hallam, A AF Buxton, DR Anderson, IC Hallam, A TI Intercropping sorghum into alfalfa and reed canarygrass to increase biomass yield SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article ID SWEET SORGHUM; ETHANOL; NITROGEN; DIGESTIBILITY; GRASSES AB Forage production requires high yields with minimal soil erosion to lessen production cost per unit forage and to protect the soil. Some annual crops have higher yield potential than perennial forage crops but allow more erosion on sloping soils. This study was conducted to learn if intercropping sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] into alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) or reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) could increase biomass yields over alfalfa or reed canarygrass grown alone and still protect soil from erosion. The study was conducted near Ames and Chariton, IA. Sorghum establishment in alfalfa or reed canarygrass was aided by using a power slot tiller to prepare the seedbed and by using band applications of paraquat to control growth of alfalfa or reed canarygrass, Interseeding 'M-81E' sweet sorghum or 'FFR 201' forage sorghum into 'Arrow' alfalfa increased dry-matter yields by an average of 38% (1.8 tons/acre) at Ames and 28% (1.2 tons/acre) at Chariton. Interseeding sorghum into reed canarygrass ('Venture'; Ames only) increased average yields by 35% (similar to 1 ton/acre). Sorghum intercropped into reed canarygrass appeared chlorotic and lacked the vigor of sorghum intercropped into alfalfa. Estimated annual soil erosion on the sloping soil at Chariton was less than 1 ton/acre for alfalfa and alfalfa intercropped with sorghum, whereas that for sole sorghum was more than 14 tons/acre. The forage produced was of moderate quality for livestock with neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentrations ranging from about 50% for alfalfa to about 64% for reed canarygrass. So, we conclude that sorghum can be successfully interseeded into alfalfa and reed canarygrass to improve biomass yield if proper precautions are used to control plant competition during establishment and soil water is adequate. C1 USDA ARS, NPS, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Buxton, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, NPS, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 37 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0890-8524 J9 J PROD AGRIC JI J. Prod. Agric. PD OCT-DEC PY 1998 VL 11 IS 4 BP 481 EP 486 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 161BJ UT WOS:000078267800011 ER PT J AU Fernandez-Cornejo, J Castaldo, C AF Fernandez-Cornejo, J Castaldo, C TI The diffusion of IPM techniques among fruit growers in the USA SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article ID AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY; UNITED-STATES; TECHNOLOGY AB This paper examines the diffusion paths of selected integrated pest management (IPM) techniques for 24 fruit crops in nine states, forecasts when the adoption of IPM techniques will reach 75% of the fruit-bearing acres, and examines the determinants of the rate of diffusion. The adoption of IPM techniques follows the logistic functional form and 75% adoption of most IPM techniques will be reached before the year 2035, if current conditions prevail. Differences in rates of adoption of IPM techniques can be accounted for by the type of crop, the region where the crop is grown, revenues per acre, and level of research investment. C1 USDA, Serv Econ Res, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Fernandez-Cornejo, J (reprint author), USDA, Serv Econ Res, 1800 M St NW,Room 4052, Washington, DC 20036 USA. EM jorgef@econ.ag.gov NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0890-8524 J9 J PROD AGRIC JI J. Prod. Agric. PD OCT-DEC PY 1998 VL 11 IS 4 BP 497 EP 506 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 161BJ UT WOS:000078267800014 ER PT J AU Ellis, KJ Shypailo, RJ AF Ellis, KJ Shypailo, RJ TI Total body fat mass based on the 4.4 MeV carbon peak in the in vivo prompt-gamma spectrum of the human body using Am-241,Be neutrons SO JOURNAL OF RADIOANALYTICAL AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Methods and Applications of Radioanalytical Chemistry CY APR 06-11, 1997 CL KAILUA KONA, HAWAII SP Amer Nucl Soc, Isotopes & Radiat Div, Amer Nucl Soc, Biol & Med Div, Canadian Nucl Soc, Amer Chem Soc, Div Nucl Chem & Technol ID INVIVO; NITROGEN; HYDROGEN AB The feasibility of measuring total body carbon (TBC) based on prompt-gamma activation analysis (PGAA) of the human body was examined. Preliminary analyzes for 33 healthy pre-menopausal women indicated a range of TBC values (7.1+/-4.4 kg) which translated to 17.1+/-6.5 kg body fat (27.9%+/-7.9% of body weight). An advantage of the PGAA measurement is that fat mass can be obtained simultaneous with that of total body protein mass, both indices serving as useful body composition markers of the nutritional status. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS,Body Composit Lab, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Ellis, KJ (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS,Body Composit Lab, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0236-5731 J9 J RADIOANAL NUCL CH JI J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 236 IS 1-2 BP 15 EP 18 DI 10.1007/BF02386310 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 131KD UT WOS:000076574100003 ER PT J AU Shypailo, RJ Ellis, KJ AF Shypailo, RJ Ellis, KJ TI In vivo total body chlorine measurements using prompt-gamma neutron activation analysis SO JOURNAL OF RADIOANALYTICAL AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Methods and Applications of Radioanalytical Chemistry CY APR 06-11, 1997 CL KAILUA KONA, HI SP Amer Nucl Soc, Isotopes & Radiat Div, Amer Nucl Soc, Biol & Med Div, Canadian Nucl Soc, Amer Chem Soc, Div Nucl Chem & Technol ID INVIVO; NITROGEN; HYDROGEN; CAPTURE AB Total body chlorine (TBCl) provides an estimate of extracellular water. We have examined the feasibility of measuring TBCl using the 5.6, 6.1, and 8.6 MeV Cl peaks produced during in vivo prompt-gamma neutron activation (dose < 0.3 mSv). In subjects, background interference permitted the use of only the 8.6 MeV peak in Cl analysis. Preliminary analyses of the prompt-gamma spectra for 33 healthy females (ages: 24-40 yr) provided a mean estimate of 0.85 g Cl per kg body weight. It is therefore feasible to measure TBCl concurrently with body nitrogen using relatively low-dose prompt-gamma neutron activation analysis. C1 Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat,Body Composit Lab, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Shypailo, RJ (reprint author), Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat,Body Composit Lab, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM shypailo@bcm.tmc.edu NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0236-5731 J9 J RADIOANAL NUCL CH JI J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 236 IS 1-2 BP 19 EP 23 DI 10.1007/BF02386311 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 131KD UT WOS:000076574100004 ER PT J AU Hagstrum, DW Flinn, PW Subramanyam, B AF Hagstrum, DW Flinn, PW Subramanyam, B TI Predicting insect density from probe trap catch in farm-stored wheat SO JOURNAL OF STORED PRODUCTS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE detection; monitoring; sampling; trapping; insects; stored wheat ID CRYPTOLESTES-FERRUGINEUS COLEOPTERA; SIMULATED FIELD-TEST; RUSTY GRAIN BEETLE; CHLORPYRIFOS-METHYL; PRODUCT INSECTS; CUCUJIDAE; CORN; CAPTURE; ATTRACTANTS; TEMPERATURE AB Insect populations infesting wheat stored in four bins on two Kansas farms were monitored from early July 1996 through to the middle of January 1997, Estimates of adult insect density based upon the numbers of adult insects caught using probe traps differed from those based upon the number of insects found in grain samples. These differences were a result of differences in numbers of insects found and percentages of traps or grain samples with insects. Traps detected insects 15 to 37 d earlier than grain samples, The depth of traps below the grain surface tended to influence both the total number and species composition of the insects that were caught. Traps inserted with the top just below the grain surface collected an average of 1.9 times more Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), 1.2 times more Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), 4.1 times more Ahasverus advena (Waltl) and 77.4 times more Typhaea sterdominica (L.) than traps inserted with the top 7.6 cm below the grain surface, However, trap depth did not have a significant effect on the number of R, dominica caught and on only 12 to 21% of sampling dates did trap depth have a significant effect on the number of insects of other species that were caught, Grain temperatures in three of the bins averaged 30 degrees C during the first 70 d of storage and then decreased by 0.2 degrees C/d. Grain in the other bin was initially more than 10 degrees C warmer and grain temperature decreased by 0.2 degrees C/d over the full storage period. The numbers of insects captured in traps decreased as grain temperature decreased even though grain samples indicated that insect populations were still growing, Thus, trap catches did not estimate insect population density consistently throughout the storage period, A method was developed in the current paper to adjust for the effect of seasonal changes in temperature on trap catch. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, USDA, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Entomol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Hagstrum, DW (reprint author), ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, USDA, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RI Flinn, Paul/B-9104-2013 NR 40 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-474X J9 J STORED PROD RES JI J. Stored Prod. Res. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 34 IS 4 BP 251 EP 262 DI 10.1016/S0022-474X(98)00006-X PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 130YZ UT WOS:000076549400006 ER PT J AU Wicklow, DT Weaver, DK Throne, JE AF Wicklow, DT Weaver, DK Throne, JE TI Fungal colonists of maize grain conditioned at constant temperatures and humidities SO JOURNAL OF STORED PRODUCTS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE maize; storage; temperature; humidity; Eurotium; fungi ID CORN KERNELS; STORED-CORN; WATER ACTIVITY; ASPERGILLUS; PENICILLIUM; AFLATOXIN; STORAGE; GROWTH; CURCULIONIDAE; INTERFERENCE AB Fungal colonization of shelled maize (Pioneer 3320) harvested from a field near Furman, South Carolina, in 1992 was determined after 348 and 751 days of continuous storage at each of seven temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, or 40 degrees C) and four constant relative humidities, giving equilibrium grain moisture contents ranging from 9.4% to 17.5% m.c. in 28 grain conditioning environments. Twenty fungal species infected surface sterilized seeds and were recorded from these conditioned grain treatments, including species commonly found in preharvest maize [e.g. Acremonium zeae, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium moniliforme (syn. F. verticillioides), Pennicillium pinophilum (syn. P. funiculosum), etc.]. Eupenicillium cinnomopurpureum and Monascus ruber were recorded only from conditioned grain treatments, Eurotium chevalieri colonized 50-96% of the kernels from grain conditioning treatments with the highest moisture content for each incubation temperature. Grain samples with >33% E. chevalieri infection had a decreased occurrence of F. moniliforme, and A. zeae, and no kernels from these samples germinated. No fungi colonized more than 50% of the kernels conditioned at 30-40 degrees C and 9.4-14.2% m.c. The results of this study indicate that individual patterns of fungal colonization during grain conditioning were a function of the survival rates for preharvest fungal colonists and their potential replacement by E. chevalieri. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, USDA, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Wicklow, DT (reprint author), ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 37 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-474X J9 J STORED PROD RES JI J. Stored Prod. Res. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 34 IS 4 BP 355 EP 361 DI 10.1016/S0022-474X(98)00021-6 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 130YZ UT WOS:000076549400016 ER PT J AU Ahn, KK Kim, KS Gergerich, RC Jensen, SG AF Ahn, KK Kim, KS Gergerich, RC Jensen, SG TI High plains disease of corn and wheat: ultrastructural and serological aspects SO JOURNAL OF SUBMICROSCOPIC CYTOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cytopathology; ultrastructure; plant virus disease; double membrane-bound virus-like particles; immunogold labeling; eriophyid mite ID MAIZE STRIPE VIRUS; MAJOR NONCAPSID PROTEIN; CHLOROTIC MOTTLE VIRUS; PLANT-VIRUSES; INCLUSIONS AB Virus-like particles with unique size and morphology were consistently associated with a new eriophyid mite-borne disease of maize and wheat, the high plains disease. In cells of symptomatic leaves, double membrane-bound particles (DMPs), quasi-spherical structures 120-200 nm in diameter, were present throughout the cytoplasm in association with electron-dense amorphous inclusions. No DMPs and inclusions were observed in symptomless plants. The DMPs were morphologically indistinguishable from those associated with eriophyid mite-borne diseases of uncertain etiology: fig mosaic, rose rosette, yellow ringspot of redbud, thistle mosaic, wheat spot chlorosis and wheat spot mosaic diseases. The DMPs and associated viroplasm-like inclusions in maize and wheat were specifically immunogold labeled in situ with an antiserum to the 32 kDa protein associated specifically with the high plains disease. Thread-like structures, present in the purified preparations from diseased maize were also immunogold labeled with the antiserum. It is suggested that the thread-like structures are derived from the DMPs. In many cells of symptomatic maize and wheat samples, DMPs occurred together with flexuous rod-shaped particles and cylindrical inclusions of wheat streak mosaic potyvirus (WSMV), indicating that these cells are infected doubly with WSMV and the agent represented by the DMPs. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Plant Pathol, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Seoul Natl Univ, Coll Agr & Life Sci, NICEM, Suwon, South Korea. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Kim, KS (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Plant Pathol, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. EM kskim@comp.uark.edu NR 43 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 3 PU EDITRICE COMPOSITORI BOLOGNA PI BOLOGNA PA VIA STALINGRADO 97/2, I-40128 BOLOGNA, ITALY SN 1122-9497 J9 J SUBMICR CYTOL PATH JI J. Submicrosc. Cytol. Pathol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 30 IS 4 BP 563 EP 571 PG 9 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA 141FT UT WOS:000077132900013 PM 9851064 ER PT J AU Yeum, KJ Ferland, G Patry, J Russell, RM AF Yeum, KJ Ferland, G Patry, J Russell, RM TI Relationship of plasma carotenoids, retinol and tocopherols in mothers and newborn infants SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE cord blood; lutein; cryptoxanthin; beta-carotene; retinol; tocopherol ID VITAMIN-E; BETA-CAROTENE; CORD-BLOOD; ANTIOXIDANT; LIPOPROTEIN AB Objective: We studied the relationship between maternal and cord plasma concentrations of carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols in normal mother-baby pairs. Methods: Healthy pregnant women (n=10) were recruited at a Montreal hospital. Venous blood samples were collected from the mothers at delivery and cord blood was obtained immediately post partum from the umbilical vein after clamping of the cord. All deliveries were full term deliveries and all babies had normal birth weights. Maternal and umbilical cord blood samples were handled identically. Plasma was digested with lipase and plasma carotenoids were extracted and measured using HPLC. Results: Cord plasma concentration of carotenoids were significantly lower than that of maternal plasma (p<0.001). There was a high correlation of lutein (r=0.889, p=0.006) and cryptoxanthin (r=0.912, p=0.0002) between maternal plasma concentrations and cord plasma concentrations. The concentrations of the hydrocarbon carotenoids, alpha-carotene and beta-carotene, were also correlated (r=0.779, p=0.0133, & r=0.782, p=0.0076, respectively) between maternal plasma and cord plasma. Whereas the plasma concentration of the acyclic carotenoid, lycopene, showed no correlation between the two groups, after adjustment for plasma triglycerides, the lycopene correlation between maternal and cord plasma was the highest (r=0.975, p=0.0001) of all the carotenoids tested. Cord plasma retinol concentration, which was 50% of that of maternal plasma, was also found to have no correlation with that of maternal plasma. Plasma concentration of alpha-tocopherol showed no correlation between two groups, whereas there was high correlation between cord and maternal gamma-tocopherol concentrations (r=0.808, p=0.0047). Conclusion: The nutritional status of mothers affects the nutritional status of their babies for certain fat soluble nutrients. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Montreal, Dept Nutr, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada. RP Yeum, KJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [R01CA49195-04A1] NR 28 TC 58 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 USA SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 17 IS 5 BP 442 EP 447 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 123GF UT WOS:000076116900007 PM 9791840 ER PT J AU King, JW Taylor, SL Snyder, JM Holliday, RL AF King, JW Taylor, SL Snyder, JM Holliday, RL TI Total fatty acid analysis of vegetable oil soapstocks by supercritical fluid extraction/reaction SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide; extraction; reaction; soapstock; supercritical fluid ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; QUANTITATIVE EXTRACTION; ESTERS; LIPIDS AB Soapstock from vegetable oil refining operations is a value-added by-product that finds further industrial use based on its fatty acid content. Since the fatty acid content of soapstock can vary according to its vegetable oil source or method of refining, determination of its total fatty acid (TFA) by an accurate analytical method is of key importance to purchasers of this refinery by-product. Traditionally, the TFA content of soapstock has been determined by the AOCS Official Method G3-53 based on a gravimetric assay. Unfortunately, this gravimetric-based assay requires considerable time and incorporates a considerable quantity of organic solvent per assay. In this study, the authors have applied supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with an enzymatic-based reaction (SFR), in the presence of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2), to determine the TFA content of soapstocks. The SFE/SFR sequence was conducted using two commercially available extractors using an in situ supported lipase in the extraction cell to form fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Gas chromatographic (GC) determination of the individual FAME, followed by quantitation based on the calculated sum of all the fatty acids from the CC analysis, allowed a precise determination to be made of the soapstock's TFA content. The TFA contents of three different soapstocks determined by this method were slightly higher than the values derived from Official Method G3-53. The reported method takes less than one-half of the time of Official Method G3-53 and reduces organic solvent use from 575 mt to under 2 mt of solvent by using SC-CO2. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP King, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM kingj@mail.ncaur.usda.gov NR 30 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 75 IS 10 BP 1291 EP 1295 DI 10.1007/s11746-998-0174-9 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 135CL UT WOS:000076782600008 ER PT J AU Wan, PJ Pakarinen, DR Wakelyn, PJ AF Wan, PJ Pakarinen, DR Wakelyn, PJ TI Concerns for the determination of free fatty acid in cottonseed SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE butt tube; cottonseed; free fatty acid; Soxhlet AB The official AOCS method for the determination of free fatty acid (FFA) in cottonseed requires dehulling the seed, grinding the meats with a 12-blade food processor, and extracting the ground meats in a butt tube with three portions of room-temperature petroleum ether. The extracted oil, after desolventization, is then titrated with NaOH to the end point of phenolphthalein in a mixed solvent of isopropanol and hexane. Our study showed that this procedure tends to underestimate the amount of FFA present in the oil of cottonseed by as much as 11.5%. It was also found that to obtain consistent and accurate FFA content, a desirable particle size is smaller than 10 mesh (preferably <14 mesh), minimum extraction temperature should be no less than 40 degrees C (preferably greater than 50 degrees C), and the extraction time should be longer than 2 h in a Soxhlet extractor. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Natl Cotton Council, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Wan, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 5 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 75 IS 10 BP 1321 EP 1324 DI 10.1007/s11746-998-0178-5 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 135CL UT WOS:000076782600012 ER PT J AU Carlson, KD Phillips, BS Isbell, TA Nelsen, TC AF Carlson, KD Phillips, BS Isbell, TA Nelsen, TC TI Extraction of oil from meadowfoam flakes SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE flake thickness; Limnanthes; meadowfoam; oil extraction efficiency; seed flaking; seed moisture and temperature at flaking AB As part of a program to improve meadowfoam seed processing, the authors examined the effects of seed moisture, seed temperature, and flaking roll opening on oil extraction efficiency in meadowfoam flakes. Flakes were prepared using a Wolf Mill with dual horizontal, unheated 12-in. diameter rolls. Roll openings of 0.005, 0.013, and 0.020 in. (0.127, 0.330, and 0.508 mm, respectively) gave average flake thicknesses of 0.013, 0.021, and 0.031 in., respectively (0.330, 0.533, and 0.787 mm). Seed moistures of 9, 12, and 15% and seed temperatures of 65, 190, and 210 degrees F (18, 88, and 99 degrees C) chosen for flaking were known to provide a range of conditions suitable for enzyme inactivation during seed cooking prior to flaking. Experimental flakes were examined for extractable oil content (petroleum ether extraction); this was compared to total oil content (31.5%) determined on finely ground flakes. Roll opening was the dominant variable determining Rake thickness, the primary parameter affecting oil extraction efficiency. Thus, the thinnest flakes at 0.013 in, were only slightly less extractable (29.8%) than finely ground flakes (31.5%), but intermediate (0.021 in.) and thick (0.031 in.) flakes were significantly less extractable (28.0 and 26.0%, respectively). There was a slight but significant (P < 0.01) trend toward thicker flakes with increasing seed moisture (15 > 12 > 9%) during flaking. A similar trend to thicker flakes with increasing temperature was significant (P< 0.01) only for the thickest flakes produced at the largest roll opening (0.020 in.). Lower seed moisture and higher seed temperature significantly impacted extractable oil content of the thickest flakes, but negligibly affected extractability of the thinnest flakes. The authors conclude that meadowfoam flakes must be as thin as possible (e.g., <0.015 in.) for efficient oil extraction. Further, seed cooking temperatures >190 degrees F at moistures >10% and <15% that are adequate for efficient enzyme inactivation in the whole seed are also suitable for seed flaking. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, MWA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. USDA ARS, Off Area Director, MWA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Phillips, BS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, MWA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 3 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 75 IS 10 BP 1429 EP 1436 DI 10.1007/s11746-998-0194-5 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 135CL UT WOS:000076782600028 ER PT J AU Wigington, PJ Church, MR Strickland, TC Eshleman, KN Van Sickle, J AF Wigington, PJ Church, MR Strickland, TC Eshleman, KN Van Sickle, J TI Autumn chemistry of Oregon Coast Range streams SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE hydrochemistry; forested watersheds; nitrogen; red alder; nutrient cycling; sea salt; marine influence; water quality ID SOUTHWESTERN BRITISH-COLUMBIA; WESTERN OREGON; NATIONAL-PARK; CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS; EPISODIC ACIDIFICATION; SOIL ACIDIFICATION; HUBBARD BROOK; UNITED-STATES; DOUGLAS-FIR; SEA SALTS AB During an autumn runoff event we sampled 48 streams with predominantly forested watersheds and igneous bedrock in the Oregon Coast Range. The streams had acid neutralizing capacities (ANC) > 90 mu eq/L and pH > 6.4. Streamwater Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ concentrations were greater than KC concentrations. Anion concentrations generally followed the order of Cl- > NO3- > SO42-. Chloride and Na+ concentrations were highest in samples collated in streams near the Pacific Ocean and decreased markedly as distance from the coast increased. Sea salt exerted no discernible influence on stream water acid-base status during the sampling period. Nitrate concentrations in the study streams were remarkably variable, ranging from below detection to 172 mu eq/L. We hypothesize that forest vegetation is the primary control of spatial variability of the NO3- concentrations in Oregon Coast Range streams. We believe that symbiotic N fixation by red alder in pure or mixed stands is the primary source of N to forested watersheds in the Oregon Coast Range. C1 US EPA, Nalt Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. USDA, Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Appalachian Soil & Water Conservat Res Lab, Frostburg, MD 21532 USA. Dynamac Inc, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Wigington, PJ (reprint author), US EPA, Nalt Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM pjw@mail.cor.epa.gov RI Eshleman, Keith/J-6531-2015; OI Strickland, Timothy/0000-0001-6889-503X NR 56 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 34 IS 5 BP 1035 EP 1049 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb04152.x PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 137MR UT WOS:000076919000006 ER PT J AU Katz, JB Alstad, D Jenny, AL Carbone, KM Rubin, SA Waltrip, RW AF Katz, JB Alstad, D Jenny, AL Carbone, KM Rubin, SA Waltrip, RW TI Clinical, serologic, and histopathologic characterization of experimental Borna disease in ponies SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID INFECTED-RATS; VIRUS; ANTIBODIES; EXPRESSION; PROTEIN; HORSES; CELLS AB Borna disease was originally described as an equine neurologic syndrome over 200 years ago, although the infectious etiology of the disorder was unproven until the early 20th century. Borna disease virus (BDV) was finally isolated from horses dying of the disorder, and that virus has been used to experimentally reproduce Borna disease in several species of laboratory animals. However, BDV has never been inoculated back into horses to experimentally and etiologically confirm the classic clinical, pathologic, and serologic characteristics of the disease in that species. Three ponies were intracerebrally inoculated with different amounts of BDV and were evaluated clinically, serologically, and neurohistopathologically. All 3 animals developed the clinical signs characteristically described for naturally occurring Borna disease, including ataxia, torticollis, postural unawareness, rhythmic repetitive motor activities, muscle fasciculation, and cutaneous hyperesthesia and hypoesthesia over several body surfaces. Two ponies died after rapid onset of these signs 28-30 days postinoculation. The third animal made a nearly complete clinical recovery. Seroconversion occurred only after the onset of signs and to a marked degree only in the convalescent animal. Virus was recovered postmortem from 2 of the 3 ponies, and a BDV-specific nucleic acid sequence was detectable in all 3 animals using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction procedure. Gross neural lesions were absent, but histopathologically there was generalized intense mononuclear perivascular cuffing, glial nodule formation, and astrocytosis in all 3 brains. Confirming a diagnosis of Borna disease is difficult and perhaps best accomplished using a combination of the clinical, serologic, and histopathologic indicators of this unusual disease supported by positive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction findings. C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Diagnost Virol Lab, Natl Vet Serv Labs, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. US FDA, Lab Pediat Viral Dis & Resp Viruses, US Dept HHS, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Katz, JB (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Diagnost Virol Lab, Natl Vet Serv Labs, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 18 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 10 IS 4 BP 338 EP 343 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 126QA UT WOS:000076303600005 PM 9786521 ER PT J AU Leard, AT Wagner, BA Camp, KL Wise, DJ Gao, XD AF Leard, AT Wagner, BA Camp, KL Wise, DJ Gao, XD TI Seasonal values of selected blood parameters of farm-raised channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in the Mississippi Delta SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID AMMONIA TOXICITY; CORTISOL; PONDS; PH AB Hematocrit, sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, glucose, and pH were measured in whole blood of 1,522 channel catfish collected from 3 commercial food-fish ponds in the Mississippi Delta. Samples were collected from March 1995 to March 1996 to monitor seasonal fluctuations. A total of 10-20 fish were arbitrarily collected with snag lines from each pond on each sample day. The mean monthly hematocrits fluctuated seasonally from a low of 14.5% in midwinter to a high of 25.7% in midsummer (annual (x) over bar = 21%, SE = 0.15). Sodium levels were consistent throughout the year with a mean (SE) of 134 (0.13) mM/liter. Mean chloride values for the year were 120 (0.14) mM/liter but increased to 132 mM/liter in midwinter. By March 1996, the chloride levels had returned to levels observed during spring 1995. Potassium and glucose levels varied throughout the year with means of 4.43 (0.06) mM/liter and 26.9 (0.46) mg/dl, respectively, and coefficients of variation of 51.8% and 63.3%, respectively. Calcium and pH values were fairly stable with means of 1.31 (0.004) mM/liter and 7.13 (0.004), respectively. All parameters except glucose and potassium may be adequately evaluated with a sample size of 25 or less. These data were collected to provide baseline information for ongoing pond health studies. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, Mississippi Agr & Forestry Expt Stn, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. USDA, Natl Anim Hlth Monitoring Syst, APHIS, VS, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Leard, AT (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 29 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 10 IS 4 BP 344 EP 349 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 126QA UT WOS:000076303600006 PM 9786522 ER PT J AU Hafner, S Latimer, K AF Hafner, S Latimer, K TI Cilia-associated respiratory bacillus infection and pneumonia in a pig SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID RNA GENE SEQUENCE; CAR BACILLUS; RATS; EPITHELIUM; DISEASE C1 Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Pathol Sect, Eastern Lab, Off Publ Hlth & Sci,USDA,Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathol, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Hafner, S (reprint author), Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Pathol Sect, Eastern Lab, Off Publ Hlth & Sci,USDA,Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 10 IS 4 BP 373 EP 375 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 126QA UT WOS:000076303600014 PM 9786530 ER PT J AU Reidarson, TH McBain, J House, C King, DP Stott, JL Krafft, A Taubenberger, JK Heyning, J Lipscomb, TP AF Reidarson, TH McBain, J House, C King, DP Stott, JL Krafft, A Taubenberger, JK Heyning, J Lipscomb, TP TI Morbillivirus infection in stranded common dolphins from the Pacific Ocean SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Delphinus delphis; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; morbillivirus; polymerase chain reaction; rehabilitation; virus neutralization ID BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHINS; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; PHOCINE DISTEMPER VIRUS; GULF-OF-MEXICO; STENELLA-COERULEOALBA; TURSIOPS-TRUNCATUS; ATLANTIC; EPIZOOTICS; DIAGNOSIS; PORPOISE AB From August 1995 to August 1997, six of 18 common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) that stranded along beaches of southern California (USA) tested antibody positive for dolphin morbillivirus (DMV). Titers ascertained by virus neutralization ranged from 1:50 to 1:910 while those determined by ELISA ranged from 1:80 to 1:195. The first individual to strand survived and was released back into the Pacific Ocean 14 mo later. Histopathologic examination of tissues from the other five dolphins did not reveal lesions characteristic of morbilliviral disease; however, morbilliviral RNA was detected in three of the five by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction testing. This is the first report of morbilliviral infection in any marine mammal species in the northern hemisphere of the Pacific Ocean. These data indicate that DMV, or a closely related morbillivirus, is present in the Pacific Ocean and infection of common dolphins may not be associated with morbillivirus disease. C1 Sea World Calif, San Diego, CA 92109 USA. USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. Marine Mammal Ctr, GGNRA, Marin Headlands, Sausalito, CA 94965 USA. Univ Calif Davis, VM PMI, Lab Marine Mammal Immunol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Los Angeles Cty Nat Hist Museum, Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA. Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Washington, DC 20306 USA. RP Reidarson, TH (reprint author), Sea World Calif, 500 Sea World Dr, San Diego, CA 92109 USA. EM tom.reidarson@anheuser-busch.com NR 21 TC 46 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 34 IS 4 BP 771 EP 776 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 137DF UT WOS:000076899000012 PM 9813847 ER PT J AU Frolich, K Li, H Muller-Doblies, U AF Frolich, K Li, H Muller-Doblies, U TI Serosurvey for antibodies to malignant catarrhal fever-associated viruses in free-living and captive cervids in Germany SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE captive deer; Cervus dama; epizootiology; free-ranging deer; malignant catarrhal fever; ovine herpesvirus 2; polymerase chain reaction; serosurvey ID DEER CERVUS-TIMORENSIS; ALCELAPHINE HERPESVIRUS-1; EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION; RUMINANTS; SHEEP; PREVALENCE; DIAGNOSIS; RABBITS; CATTLE; WILD AB A total of 486 serum samples collected from several species of both free-living and captive cervids in Germany was examined for antibodies against malignant catarrhal fever (MCF)-associated viruses (MCFV) by a competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CI-ELISA). Eleven (2%) of these samples were positive for antibodies against MCFV: Among 157 serum samples collected from 16 different species of captive deer including four (7%) of 54 fallow deer and one (7%) of 14 sika deer (Cervus nippon) were seropositive. Among 329 samples from three species of free-ranging deer, including 253 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), 22 red deer (Cervus elaphus) and 54 fallow deer (Cervus dama), only fallow deer were antibody-positive. Of the 25 fallow deer samples collected between 1990 and 1993, four (16%) were seropositive. Among 29 free-ranging fallow deer samples collected in the hunting period 1996-1997, antibodies to MCFV were detected in two (7%) of these sera. All of these fallow deer samples were collected from a circumscribed area in northern Germany. In the same area a high seroprevalence (72%) to MCFV was observed in domestic sheep (n = 50). Among 20 sheep samples (buffy coat) and 15 fallow deer samples (spleen or lymph nodes) examined for ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) by PCR, all 20 sheep samples examined were OvHV-2 positive, but all of the 15 fallow deer samples, including seven seropositive deer, were OVHV-2 negative. C1 Inst Zoo Biol & Wildlife Res Berlin, D-10252 Berlin, Germany. Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, USDA, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Zurich, Fac Med Vet, Inst Virol, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland. RP Frolich, K (reprint author), Inst Zoo Biol & Wildlife Res Berlin, Alfred Kowalke Str 17,POB 601103, D-10252 Berlin, Germany. EM Froelich@izw-berlin.de NR 32 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSOC, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 EI 1943-3700 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 34 IS 4 BP 777 EP 782 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 137DF UT WOS:000076899000013 PM 9813848 ER PT J AU Drew, ML Wigle, WL Graham, DL Griffin, CP Silvy, NJ Fadly, AM Witter, RL AF Drew, ML Wigle, WL Graham, DL Griffin, CP Silvy, NJ Fadly, AM Witter, RL TI Reticuloendotheliosis in captive greater and Attwater's prairie chickens SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Attwater's prairie chicken; captivity; greater prairie chicken; reticuloendotheliosis; reticuloendotheliosis virus; Tympanuchus cupido attwateri; Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus ID TURKEY MELEAGRIS-GALLOPAVO; VIRUS-INFECTION; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; STRAIN AB Reticuloendotheliosis in captive greater (Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus) and Attwater's (T. cupido attwateri) prairie chickens is reported for the first time. Between September 1993 and August 1994, two adult female wild-caught greater prairie chickens housed at Texas A&M University (College Station, Texas, USA) were observed with multiple subcutaneous nodules. Both birds were euthanatized. Complete necropsy examinations revealed lesions limited to the skin of each bird. Histopathologic examination of lesions revealed pleomorphic lymphoreticular cells suggestive of reticuloendotheliosis and reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) was demonstrated in tumor tissue by polymerase chain reaction and virus isolation. Between September 1994 and June 1995, five additional greater prairie chickens and two Attwater's prairie chickens were euthanatized or found dead with evidence of lymphoreticular neoplasia in multiple organ systems. Initial testing of the captive flock in December 1994 for evidence of viremia and antibody to reticuloendotheliosis virus revealed over 50% of the tested birds were viremic, but none developed antibodies. Subsequent testing between January 1995 and January 1996 indicated that once infected with reticuloendotheliosis virus, Attwater's prairie chickens tended to remain outwardly healthy despite persistent viremia compared to infected greater prairie chickens which had higher morbidity and mortality rates within 60 to 90 days after initial detection of viremia and did not usually develop persistent viremia. Antibodies to REV were detected in only three captive greater prairie chickens and only in 1995. Six of the nine birds that were euthanatized or found dead due to reticuloendotheliosis developed viremia prior to death; three birds were not tested prior to death. Testing of free-ranging greater and Attwater's prairie chickens for reticuloendotheliosis is recommended prior to translocation or release. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Large Anim Med & Surg, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas Vet Med Diagnost Lab, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, USDA, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Drew, ML (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Large Anim Med & Surg, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 27 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 10 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 34 IS 4 BP 783 EP 791 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 137DF UT WOS:000076899000014 PM 9813849 ER PT J AU Hill, RE Zimmerman, JJ Wills, RW Patton, S Clark, WR AF Hill, RE Zimmerman, JJ Wills, RW Patton, S Clark, WR TI Seroprevalence of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in free-ranging mammals in Iowa SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE epidemiology; field study; prevalence; serologic survey; Toxoplasma gondii; wild mammals ID DIRECT AGGLUTINATION; SWINE FARMS; INFECTION; PREVALENCE; OOCYSTS AB Serum samples from raccoons (Procyon lotor), striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana), and free-ranging house cats trapped in Iowa between 1984 and 1988 were tested for antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii using the modified direct agglutination test (MAT). Antibody titers greater than or equal to 1:32 were considered indicative of infection. Prevalence rates by species were estimated for raccoons at 134/885 (15%), skunks at 38/81 (47%), opossums at 12/53 (23%), and cats at 16/20 (80%). C1 US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Vet Serv, USDA, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Vet Diagnost Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Ecol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Environm Practice, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. RP Hill, RE (reprint author), US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Vet Serv, USDA, POB 844, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 24 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 34 IS 4 BP 811 EP 815 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 137DF UT WOS:000076899000019 PM 9813854 ER PT J AU Elzer, PH Edmonds, MD Hagius, SD Walker, JV Gilsdorf, MJ Davis, DS AF Elzer, PH Edmonds, MD Hagius, SD Walker, JV Gilsdorf, MJ Davis, DS TI Safety of Brucella abortus strain RB51 in bison SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE American bison; Bison bison; Brucella abortus; safety; strain RB51; vaccine ID CATTLE; RESPONSES AB To determine the safety of Brucella abortus strain RB51 (SRBE51) vaccine in American bison (Bison bison), 31 animals from a herd with brucellosis were used. In October 1996, 10 adult bison males and seven calves were vaccinated with the standard calfhood cattle dose of 1.8 X 10(10) colony forming units (CFU) of SRB51 subcutaneously while the adult females received the standard adult cattle dose of 1 x 10(9) CFU. Western immunoblot indicated the presence of SRB51 antibodies following vaccination. To evaluate prolonged bacterial colonization of tissues, the adult males, calves, and three adult females were divided into two groups which were slaughtered at either 13 or 16 wk post-vaccination. At necropsy, tissue samples were obtained for B. abortus culture from the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and reproductive tract of each animal. While B. abortus field strain was cultured from one adult bull, no SRB51 was isolated from any of the animals. Seven pregnant females were monitored until parturition for signs of abortions and fetal lesions. Six cows delivered healthy calves and one delivered a dead fullterm calf that was brucellae negative. Based on these results, administration of SR51 to bison did not cause prolonged bacterial colonization of tissues in calves, adult males, or adult females. Furthermore, SRB51 did not induce abortions following vaccination in the second month of gestation. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Vet Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Parasitol, Sch Vet Med, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Vet Serv, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Elzer, PH (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Vet Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM pelzer@unix1.sncc.lsu.edu NR 12 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 34 IS 4 BP 825 EP 829 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 137DF UT WOS:000076899000022 PM 9813857 ER PT J AU Dolbeer, RA Seamans, TW Blackwell, BF Belant, JL AF Dolbeer, RA Seamans, TW Blackwell, BF Belant, JL TI Anthraquinone formulation (Flight Control (TM)) shows promise as avian feeding repellent SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE airport; anthraquinone; blackbirds; Branta canadensis; brown-headed cowbirds; Canada goose; damage; feeding; grass; millet; Molothrus ater; repellent ID RED-WINGED BLACKBIRDS; CANADA GOOSE PROBLEMS; METHYL ANTHRANILATE; DAMAGE; GEESE AB We evaluated the effectiveness of Flight Control(TM) (FC), which contains 50% anthraquinone (AQ), as a grazing repellent for Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and as a seed-treatment repellent for brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) in northern Ohio in 1997. For the turf test, FC was applied at 4.5 L/ha in 6 18.3- x 30.5-m pens. There were 2.5 times more (P < 0.01) bill contacts/min observed on untreated plots (26.4 +/- 6.0; (x) over bar +/- SE) compared to treated plots (10.4 +/- 3.8) during a 7-day test with captive geese. Mean numbers of geese per observation were also greater (P = 0.02) on untreated plots (2.6 +/- 0.4) compared to treated plots (1.4 +/- 0.4). Residue analyses indicated AQ declined from 2.02 kg/ha at application to 0.22 kg/ha after 1 week. Individually caged cowbirds were presented untreated millet or millet treated with FC at 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0% (g/g) levels in 1- and 2-choice tests for 3-4 days. Flight Control(TM) was repellent to cowbirds at all levels in both 1- and 2-choice tests. In the 2-choice test, birds in the 1.0% treatment level lost body mass (P = 0.04), whereas birds at the other levels did not. Each group of treated birds in the 1-choice test lost mass (P less than or equal to 0.01), whereas the control group did not. Birds in the 0.5 and 1.0% groups ate minimal amounts; 3 of 12 birds died. We conclude that FC was an effective foraging repellent for Canada geese in a 7-day pen experiment and for brown-headed cowbirds as a seed repellent in aviary experiments. Flight Control(TM) shows promise as an avian feeding repellent. Further lab and field studies are needed to refine minimum repellent levels and to enhance retention of AQ on treated vegetation. C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. RP Dolbeer, RA (reprint author), USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 6100 Columbus Ave, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. NR 28 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 62 IS 4 BP 1558 EP 1564 DI 10.2307/3802022 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 134BL UT WOS:000076722900042 ER PT J AU Schoen, R AF Schoen, R TI Online journals: Features, usage, access SO LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USNC, IUMS, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Natl Res Council, USNC, IUMS, Washington, DC 20418 USA. RP Schoen, R (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USNC, IUMS, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE PI CORDOVA PA 70 TIMBERCREEK DR, SUITE 5, CORDOVA, TN 38018 USA SN 0023-6764 J9 LAB ANIM SCI JI Lab. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 48 IS 5 BP 431 EP 432 PG 2 WC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology SC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology GA 139PN UT WOS:000077038100002 ER PT J AU Bolstad, PV Swank, W Vose, J AF Bolstad, PV Swank, W Vose, J TI Predicting Southern Appalachian overstory vegetation with digital terrain data SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE deciduous forests; community; composition; prediction; landscape; DEM; terrain shape AB Vegetation in mountainous regions responds to small-scale variation in terrain, largely due to effects on both temperature and soil moisture. However there are few studies of quantitative, terrain-based methods for predicting vegetation composition. This study investigated relationships between forest composition, elevation, and a derived index of terrain shape, and evaluates methods for predicting forest composition. Trees were measured on 406 permanent plots within the boundaries of the Coweeta Hydrologic Lab, located in the Southern Appalachian Mountains of western North Carolina, USA. All plots were in control watersheds, without human or major natural disturbance since 1923. Plots were 0.08 ha and arrayed on transects, with approximately 380 meters between parallel transects. Breast-height diameters were measured on all trees. Elevation and terrain shape (cove, ridge, sideslope) were estimated for each plot. Density (trees/ha) and basal area were summarized by species and by forest type (cove, xeric oak-pine, northern hardwoods, and mixed deciduous). Plot data were combined with a digital elevation data (DEM), and a derived index of terrain shape at two sampling resolutions: 30 m (US Geological Survey), and 80 m (Defense Mapping Agency) sources. Vegetation maps were produced using each of four different methods: 1) linear regression with and without log transformations against elevation and terrain variables combined with cartographic overlay, 2) kriging, 3) co-kriging, and 4) a mosaic diagram. Predicted vegetation was compared to known vegetation at each of 77 independent, withheld data points, and an error matrix was determined for each mapping method. We observed strong relationships between some species and elevation and/or terrain shape. Cove and xeric oak/pine species basal areas were positively and negatively related to concave landscape locations, respectively, while species typically found in the mixed deciduous and northern hardwood types were not. Most northern hardwood species occurred more frequently and at higher basal areas as elevation increased, while most other species did not respond to elevation. The regression and mosaic diagram mapping approaches had significantly higher mapping accuracies than kriging and co-kriging. There were significant effects of DEM resolution on map accuracy, with maps based on 30 m DEM data significantly more accurate than those based on 80 m data. Taken together, these results indicate that both the mapping method and terrain data resolution significantly affect the resultant vegetation maps, even when using relatively high resolution data. Landscape or regional models based on 100 m or lower resolution terrain data may significantly under-represent terrain-related variation in vegetation composition. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USFS, SFES, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, Otto, NC 28763 USA. RP Bolstad, PV (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 38 TC 59 Z9 71 U1 2 U2 16 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2973 J9 LANDSCAPE ECOL JI Landsc. Ecol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 13 IS 5 BP 271 EP 283 DI 10.1023/A:1008060508762 PG 13 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA V2651 UT WOS:000165537200001 ER PT J AU Ollinger, SV Aber, JD Federer, CA AF Ollinger, SV Aber, JD Federer, CA TI Estimating regional forest productivity and water yield using an ecosystem model linked to a GIS SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE forest productivity; NPP; runoff; climate; nitrogen; northeastern US; modeling AB We used the PnET-II model of forest carbon and water balances to estimate regional forest productivity and runoff for the northeastern United States. The model was run at 30 are sec resolution (approximately 1 km) in conjunction with a Geographic Information System that contained monthly climate data and a satellite-derived land cover map. Predicted net primary production (NPP) ranged from 700 to 1450 g m(-2) yr(-1) with a regional mean of 1084 g m-2 yr(-1). Validation at a number of locations within the region showed close agreement between predicted and observed values. Disagreement at two sites was proportional to differences between measured foliar N concentrations and values used in the model. Predicted runoff ranged from 24 to 150 cm yr(-1) with a regional mean of 63 cm yr(-1). Predictions agreed well with observed values from U.S. Geologic Survey watersheds across the region although there was a slight bias towards overprediction at high elevations and underprediction at lower elevations. Spatial patterns in NPP followed patterns of precipitation and growing degree days, depending on the degree of predicted water versus energy limitation within each forest type. Randomized sensitivity analyses indicated that NPP within hardwood and pine forests was limited by variables controlling water availability (precipitation and soil water holding capacity) to a greater extent than foliar nitrogen, suggesting greater limitations by water than nitrogen for these forest types. In contrast, spruce-fir NPP was not sensitive to water availability and was highly sensitivity to foliar N, indicating greater limitation by available nitrogen. Although more work is needed to fully understand the relative importance of water versus nitrogen limitation in northeastern forests, these results suggests that spatial patterns of NPP for hardwoods and pines can be largely captured using currently available data sets, while substantial uncertainties exist for spruce-fir. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Forest Expt Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Ollinger, SV (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RI Ollinger, Scott/N-3380-2014 OI Ollinger, Scott/0000-0001-6226-1431 NR 36 TC 63 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 12 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2973 J9 LANDSCAPE ECOL JI Landsc. Ecol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 13 IS 5 BP 323 EP 334 DI 10.1023/A:1008004423783 PG 12 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA V2651 UT WOS:000165537200004 ER PT J AU Venter, GJ Paweska, JT van Dijk, AA Mellor, PS Tabachnick, WJ AF Venter, GJ Paweska, JT van Dijk, AA Mellor, PS Tabachnick, WJ TI Vector competence of Culicoides bolitinos and C-imicola for South African bluetongue virus serotypes 1, 3 and 4 SO MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Culicoides bolitinos; C-imicola; C-variipennis sonorensis; bluetongue virus; infection prevalence; South Africa ID VARIIPENNIS-SONORENSIS DIPTERA; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; ORAL INFECTION; CERATOPOGONIDAE; TRANSMISSION; LIVESTOCK; ARBOVIRUSES; ABUNDANCE; AREA AB The susceptibility of field-collected Culicoides bolitinos to infection by oral ingestion of bluetongue virus serotypes 1, 3 and 4 (BLU 1, 3 and 4) was compared with that of field-collected C. imicola and laboratory reared C. variipennis sonorensis. The concentration of the virus per millilitre of bloodmeal was 10(5.0) and 10(6.0)TCID(50) for BLU 4 and 10(7.2)TCID(50) for BLU 1 and 3. Of 4927 C. bolitinos and 9585 C. imicola fed, 386 and 287 individual midges survived 10 days extrinsic incubation, respectively. Midges were assayed for the presence of virus using a microtitration assay on BHK-21 cells and/or an antigen capture ELISA. Infection prevalences for the different serotypes as determined by virus isolation ranged from 22.7 to 82.0% in C, bolitinos and from 1.9 to 9.8% in C. imicola; infection prevalences were highest for BLU 1, and lowest for BLU 4 in both species. The mean log(10) TCID50 titre of the three BLU viruses per single fly was higher in C, bolitinos than in C. imicola. The results suggested that C. bolitinos populations are capable vectors of the BLU viruses in South Africa. A high correlation was found between virus isolation and ELISA results for the detection of BLU 1, and less for BLU 4; the ELISA failed to detect the presence of BLU 3 in infected flies. The C. v. sonorensis colonies had a significantly lower susceptibility to infection with BLU 1, 3 and 4 than C. bolitinos and C. imicola. However, since infection prevalence of C. v. sonorensis was determined only by ELISA, this finding may merely reflect the insensitivity of this assay at low virus titres, compared to virus isolation. C1 Onderstepoort Vet Inst, Dept Entomol, ZA-0110 Onderstepoort, South Africa. USDA ARS, Arthropod Borne Anim Dis Res Lab, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Venter, GJ (reprint author), Onderstepoort Vet Inst, Dept Entomol, ZA-0110 Onderstepoort, South Africa. NR 42 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-283X J9 MED VET ENTOMOL JI Med. Vet. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 12 IS 4 BP 378 EP 385 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2915.1998.00116.x PG 8 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 137TU UT WOS:000076933100005 PM 9824821 ER PT J AU De Lucca, AJ Bland, JM Jacks, TJ Grimm, C Walsh, TJ AF De Lucca, AJ Bland, JM Jacks, TJ Grimm, C Walsh, TJ TI Fungicidal and binding properties of the natural peptides cecropin B and dermaseptin SO MEDICAL MYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cecropin B; conidia; dermaseptin; fungicidal; peptides ID CELL-WALL; ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; AMPHOTERICIN-B; ANTIFUNGAL SUSCEPTIBILITY; PHOSPHOLIPID-MEMBRANES; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; INSECT IMMUNITY; PROTEINS; ANALOGS; YEAST AB In vitro fungicidal properties of cecropin B and dermaseptin were explored using nongerminating and germinating conidia from Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, Fusarium moniliforme and F. oxysporum. Cecropin B produced LD50 values for germinating A. flavus, A. fumigatus and A. niger conidia of 3.0, 0.5 and 2.0 mu M, respectively, while dermaseptin gave LD50 values of 4.0, 0.05 and 2.0 mu M, respectively. Cecropin B produced an LD50 value of 0.2 mu M for non-germinating F. morzilifoi me and F. oxysporum conidia, while dermaseptin did not reduce either as much as 50% at any level tested. LD50 levels for CB were 0.2 and 0.1 mu M, respectively, for germinating F. moniliforme and F. oxysporum conidia. Dermaseptin was less effective, giving LD50 values for germinating F. moniliforme and F. oxysporum conidia of 0.3 and 0.8 mu M, respectively. Neither peptide reduced conidial viabilities of non-germinating Aspergillus spp. Physicochemical studies indicated cecropin B and dermaseptin bound to ergosterol and cholesterol, conidial wall constituents, but not to chitin or beta-1,3-glucan. C1 ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NCI, Pediat Oncol Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP De Lucca, AJ (reprint author), ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. EM adelucca@nola.srrc.usda.gov NR 42 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1369-3786 J9 MED MYCOL JI Med. Mycol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 36 IS 5 BP 291 EP 298 DI 10.1080/02681219880000461 PG 8 WC Infectious Diseases; Mycology; Veterinary Sciences SC Infectious Diseases; Mycology; Veterinary Sciences GA 130UB UT WOS:000076537800007 PM 10075498 ER PT J AU Striffler, JS Bhathena, SJ Michaelis, OE Campbell, JD Hansen, CT Scalbert, E Thibault, N Velasquez, MT AF Striffler, JS Bhathena, SJ Michaelis, OE Campbell, JD Hansen, CT Scalbert, E Thibault, N Velasquez, MT TI Long-term effects of perindopril on metabolic parameters and the heart in the spontaneously hypertensive/NIH-corpulent rat with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and hypertension SO METABOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL LA English DT Article ID CONVERTING ENZYME-INHIBITION; LEFT-VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY; IMPAIRED GLUCOSE-TOLERANCE; MUSCLE BLOOD-FLOW; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; LIPID-METABOLISM; NIDDM PATIENTS; RESISTANCE; ENALAPRIL; CAPTOPRIL AB The spontaneously hypertensive/NIH-corpulent (SHR/N-cp) rat is a genetic model that exhibits both non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and hypertension. To determine the impact of long-term treatment with the long-acting angiotensin-coverting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor perindopril (PE) on the glucose metabolism, lipid levels, and heart in this model, studies were performed in three groups of SHR/N-cp rats maintained on a diet containing 54% carbohydrate with 18% sucrose and 36% starch. One group of obese rats received PE (0.5 to 1.0 mg/kg body weight/d) for 3 to 4 months, a second group of obese rats received no treatment, and a third group of lean rats were used as controls. The mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) increased gradually in both untreated obese and lean rats, with lean animals showing slightly higher levels compared with untreated obese rats. By contrast, SEP was reduced to normal levels in PE-treated obese rats throughout the treatment period. Compared with lean rats, obese rats showed significantly higher body weight and fasting serum levels of glucose, insulin, total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG). However, no significant differences were observed in these metabolic parameters between PE-treated and untreated obese rats. Plasma renin activity measured at the end of the treatment period was significantly higher in PE-treated rats compared with untreated obese and untreated lean rats. The mean heart weight and left ventricular weight, expressed in absolute terms or indexed to body weight, were significantly lower in PE-treated versus untreated obese and untreated lean rats. To further determine whether glucose metabolism is directly affected by PE treatment, in vitro glycogen synthesis was evaluated in isolated soleus muscles obtained from three additional groups of animals. The basal rate of muscle glycogen synthesis was significantly lower in obese compared with lean rats (P < .05), but did not differ between PE-treated and untreated obese rats. Maximal insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis increased threefold in PE-treated obese rats, but this increase did not differ from the increases observed in untreated obese and lean rats. In conclusion, the present study shows that long-term PE treatment in obese SHR/N-cp rats with NIDDM and hypertension effectively controlled systemic arterial pressure and resulted in a significant reduction in left ventricular weight. However, these favorable effects of PE were not associated with significant improvement in glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperlipidemia in this model. PE also had no direct stimulatory effects on either basal or insulin-mediated glycogen synthesis in the isolated soleus muscle of obese rats, perhaps because of the severe insulin-resistant state of the animals. Our results support the clinical observations that antihypertensive therapy with ACE inhibitors has neutral effects on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in patients with combined hypertension and NIDDM. Copyright (C) 1998 by W.B. Saunders Company. C1 George Washington Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Renal Dis & Hypertens, Washington, DC 20037 USA. ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. NIH, Vet Res Program, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Inst Rech Int Serv & Compagnie Dev, Paris, France. RP Velasquez, MT (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Renal Dis & Hypertens, 2150 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20037 USA. NR 55 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0026-0495 J9 METABOLISM JI Metab.-Clin. Exp. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 47 IS 10 BP 1199 EP 1204 DI 10.1016/S0026-0495(98)90323-7 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 128FP UT WOS:000076395300006 PM 9781621 ER PT J AU Lee, C Young, C AF Lee, C Young, C TI Murine neurovirulence studies with a chimeric poliovirus: in vivo generation of a mutant base-paired stable attenuated poliovirus SO MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS LA English DT Article DE neurovirulence; CNS; 5 ' noncoding region; base-paired stable poliovaccine; RNA sequencing ID 5' NONCODING REGION; CAP-INDEPENDENT TRANSLATION; INTERNAL INITIATION; 5'-NONCODING REGION; TYPE-3 POLIOVIRUS; BINDING PROTEIN; MESSENGER-RNA; SEQUENCE; ELEMENTS; POLIOMYELITIS AB We investigated the neurovirulence of a chimeric poliovirus consisting of the coding region of Lansing type 2 poliovirus and the 5'NCR of type 3 poliovirus. Specifically we carried out studies on the effects of stable base pairing, between nucleotides 472 and 537, on neurovirulence. Mice were injected intracranially with the attenuated chimeric virus MAS 27 plaque 1 having the following nucleotide base pair at 472-537, G-G. Mutants recovered from the CNS of inoculated mice were divided into three groups according to the nucleotide sequence of the 5'NCR; MAS 27C type viruses having a single base change (G-C) at the position 472, MAS 27G type mutants having a single base change (G-C) at the position 537, and MAS 27U type viruses having a single base change (G-U) at the position 537. The isolate MAS 27C had back-mutated to the wild type, and 100 000 fold more virulent than attenuated NIAS 27G and MAS 27U. MAS 27C type mutants were predominant, suggesting that base C at position 472 is favoured to form a stable secondary structure with guanine at position 537. Attenuated MAS 27G, however, carries guanine and cytosine at nucleotides 472 and 537 respectively, and was a stable attenuated virus following passage in four serial generations of mice. Furthermore, attenuated MAS 27G poliovirus produced viral proteins less efficiently and had slower growth rates than the revertant MAS 27C. The stable attenuated base paired MAS 27G might provide the basis for a prototype for a live attenuated stable type 3 poliovaccine. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Dept Microbiol, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. USDA, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77945 USA. RP Young, C (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 30 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0882-4010 J9 MICROB PATHOGENESIS JI Microb. Pathog. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 25 IS 4 BP 215 EP 225 DI 10.1006/mpat.1998.0231 PG 11 WC Immunology; Microbiology SC Immunology; Microbiology GA 140EF UT WOS:000077073500007 PM 9817825 ER PT J AU Cripps, CL Caesar, TJ AF Cripps, CL Caesar, TJ TI A conidia-forming basidiomycete in the Pterulaceae SO MYCOTAXON LA English DT Article DE Basidiomycetes; clavarioid; conidia; fungi; Pterulaceae AB During an investigation on exotic weeds, a small, branched clavarioid fungus was collected in Montana grasslands. The clavarioid form and presence of a dimitic hyphal system place it in Pterulaceae (Aphyllophorales). Prolific conidia are a consistent feature of the mycelium in pure culture, and examination of the basidiocarps revealed similar conidia on the attenuated branch tips of some specimens. The taxon is designated here as Pterula subulata Fr. conidial form. Conidia formation while not unknown in clavarioid fungi, is rare, and has not been reported for this genus. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. ARS, USDA, Sidney, MT 59270 USA. RP Cripps, CL (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU MYCOTAXON LTD PI ITHACA PA PO BOX 264, ITHACA, NY 14851-0264 USA SN 0093-4666 J9 MYCOTAXON JI Mycotaxon PD OCT-DEC PY 1998 VL 69 BP 153 EP 158 PG 6 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 150FB UT WOS:000077652100013 ER PT J AU Rudis, VA AF Rudis, VA TI Regional forest resource assessment in the ecological framework: The southern United States SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE ecoregion; forest resources; regional classifications; southern United States AB Information about forest resources grouped by ecologically homogeneous area can be used to discern relationships between those resources and ecological processes. I used forest resource data from 0.4-ha plots, and data on population and land area (by county), together with a global-to-local hierarchical framework of land areas with similar ecological potential to assess extant forest resources in the southern United States. Because each data source differed in resolution and types of information, I referenced all to a common county land unit. I also characterized and tested the importance of other resource indicators by ecological province. Data were largely from U.S. Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis surveys for the southern United States (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, east Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, east Texas, and Virginia). Findings described differences by province in the proportion of forest types, public land, private land, protected forests, forest plantations, disturbances, and human uses. Analysis of resource value indicators showed significant differences among provinces in livestock grazing, selected recreation, wildlife habitat, timber resources, and vulnerability to urban and agricultural influences. Ecological perspectives suggested a need to tailor forest resource analysis, planning, and incentive programs and focused attention on selected disturbances and complementary and competing uses. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Forest Inventory & Anal Unit, Starkville, MS 39760 USA. RP Rudis, VA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Forest Inventory & Anal Unit, POB 928, Starkville, MS 39760 USA. NR 54 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOC PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD ST, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 18 IS 4 BP 319 EP 332 PG 14 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 133QH UT WOS:000076696900005 ER PT J AU Rodman, JS Lipman, R Brown, A Bronson, RT Dice, JF AF Rodman, JS Lipman, R Brown, A Bronson, RT Dice, JF TI Rate of accumulation of luxol fast blue staining material and mitochondrial ATP synthase subunit 9 in motor neuron degeneration mice SO NEUROCHEMICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Batten Disease; neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis; lysosomal storage diseases; protein accumulation ID LIPOFUSCINOSIS BATTENS DISEASE; CEROID-LIPOFUSCINOSIS; LYSOSOMAL STORAGE; PROTEIN; PROTEOLIPIDS; MODEL; DEGRADATION; PROTEOLYSIS; MND AB The rate of accumulation of Luxol Fast Blue staining material in the hippocampus of motor neuron degeneration (mnd/mnd) mice, a model of Batten Disease, was quantitated. Stained material increased linearly up to 8 months of age. A quantitative immunoassay was used to measure levels of mitochondrial ATP synthase subunit 9 in brain and liver of mnd/mnd mice. Levels of subunit 9 increased progressively throughout the lifespan of mnd/mnd mice reaching levels approximately 5-fold higher than in control animals. The rate of accumulation of subunit 9 is not consistent with any simple complete or partial degradation defect that is constant throughout the animal's life. Two more complicated models are discussed which are consistent with the observed accumulation rate of subunit 9. C1 Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Boston, MA 92111 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 92111 USA. Jackson Lab, Bar Harbor, ME 04690 USA. RP Dice, JF (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 92111 USA. EM jdice@opal.tufts.edu FU NINDS NIH HHS [NS 30148, NS 30153] NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-3190 J9 NEUROCHEM RES JI Neurochem. Res. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 23 IS 10 BP 1291 EP 1296 DI 10.1023/A:1020748317608 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 131BY UT WOS:000076556900010 PM 9804285 ER PT J AU Mosier, A Kroeze, C Nevison, C Oenema, O Seitzinger, S van Cleemput, O AF Mosier, A Kroeze, C Nevison, C Oenema, O Seitzinger, S van Cleemput, O TI Closing the global N(2)O budget: nitrous oxide emissions through the agricultural nitrogen cycle - OECD/IPCC/IEA phase II development of IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventory methodology SO NUTRIENT CYCLING IN AGROECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE animal waste; fertilizer; greenhouse gas; inventory; nitrous oxide ID WASTE-WATER TREATMENT; SEASONAL-VARIATION; GRASSLAND SOIL; PEAT SOILS; DENITRIFICATION; FLUXES; NITRATE; NITRIFICATION; SEDIMENTS; COASTAL AB In 1995 a working group was assembled at the request of OECD/IPCC/IEA to revise the methodology for N(2)O from agriculture for the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Methodology. The basics of the methodology developed to calculate annual country level nitrous oxide (N(2)O) emissions from agricultural soils is presented herein. Three sources of N(2)O are distinguished in the new methodology: (i) direct emissions from agricultural soils, (ii) emissions from animal production, and (iii) N(2)O emissions indirectly induced by agricultural activities. The methodology is a simple approach which requires only input data that are available from FAO databases. The methodology attempts to relate N(2)O emissions to the agricultural nitrogen (N) cycle and to systems into which N is transported once it leaves agricultural systems. These estimates are made with the realization that increased utilization of crop nutrients, including N, will be required to meet rapidly growing needs for food and fiber production in our immediate future. Anthropogenic N input into agricultural systems include N from synthetic fertilizer, animal wastes, increased biological N-fixation, cultivation of mineral and organic soils through enhanced organic matter mineralization, and mineralization of crop residue returned to the field. Nitrous oxide may be emitted directly to the atmosphere in agricultural fields, animal confinements or pastoral systems or be transported from agricultural systems into ground and surface waters through surface runoff. Nitrate leaching and runoff and food consumption by humans and introduction into sewage systems transport the N ultimately into surface water (rivers and oceans) where additional N(2)O is produced. Ammonia and oxides of N (NO,) are also emitted from agricultural systems and may be transported off-site and serve to fertilize other systems which leads to enhanced production of N(2)O. Eventually, all N that moves through the soil system will be either terminally sequestered in buried sediments or denitrified in aquatic systems. We estimated global N(2)O-N emissions for the year 1989, using midpoint emission factors from our methodology and the FAO data for 1989. Direct emissions from agricultural soils totaled 2.1 Tg N, direct emissions from animal production totaled 2.1 Tg N and indirect emissions resulting from agricultural N input into the atmosphere and aquatic systems totaled 2.1 Tg N(2)O-N for an annual total of 6.3 Tg N(2)O-N. The N(2)O input to the atmosphere from agricultural production as a whole has apparently been previously underestimated. These new estimates suggest that the missing N(2)O sources discussed in earlier IPCC reports is likely a biogenic (agricultural) one. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Mosier, A (reprint author), USDA ARS, POB E, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RI Ducey, Thomas/A-6493-2011 NR 137 TC 678 Z9 738 U1 29 U2 251 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-1314 J9 NUTR CYCL AGROECOSYS JI Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 52 IS 2-3 BP 225 EP 248 DI 10.1023/A:1009740530221 PG 24 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 133LN UT WOS:000076688200014 ER PT J AU Ben-David, M Hanley, TA Schell, DM AF Ben-David, M Hanley, TA Schell, DM TI Fertilization of terrestrial vegetation by spawning Pacific salmon: the role of flooding and predator activity SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID SEASONAL-CHANGES; STABLE ISOTOPES; COHO SALMON; NITROGEN; CARBON; STREAM; DIETS; DELTA-C-13; ALASKA; RIVER AB Spawning Pacific salmon (Onchorhynchus) transport marine-derived nutrients into streams and rivers. Subsequently, these marine-derived nutrients are incorporated into freshwater and terrestrial food webs through decomposition and predation. In this study, we investigated the influence of spawning Pacific salmon on terrestrial vegetation using stable isotope analysis. We hypothesized that terrestrial vegetation near streams or in areas with activity of piscivorous predators will show higher delta(15)N values compared with the same species growing elsewhere. The influence of spawning Pacific salmon as observed in elevated delta(15)N in terrestrial consumers was also investigated. Data collected from five species of plants in 18 transects from the stream to the upland forest (0 to 1000 m) indicated that a significant decrease in delta(15)N values occurred with increase in distance and relative elevation from the stream in three of the five plant species sampled. Values of delta(15)N in plants at sites actively used by piscivorous predators were higher than those of the same plants growing elsewhere, and similar to values measured near the stream. A decrease in values of delta(15)N and increase in values of delta(13)C in muscles of small mammals, with increase in distance from the stream, indicated that this signature was not a result of direct consumption of salmon carcasses but rather an indirect assimilation of marine-derived nitrogen through terrestrial vegetation. These results indicate that salmon carcasses contribute to the nitrogen pool available to riparian vegetation. The spatial distribution of the marine-derived nitrogen is apparently determined by flooding and the activity patterns of piscivorous predators. The importance of these nitrogen additions to the riparian zone, however, will depend on whether nitrogen is a limiting factor to plant growth in this system, and requires further investigation. C1 Univ Alaska, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. USDA, US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska, Water Res Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Ben-David, M (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM ftmbl@aurora.alaska.edu NR 41 TC 157 Z9 162 U1 5 U2 50 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0030-1299 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD OCT PY 1998 VL 83 IS 1 BP 47 EP 55 DI 10.2307/3546545 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 119BX UT WOS:000075876400006 ER PT J AU Lang, RF Richard, RD AF Lang, RF Richard, RD TI Native parasitoids attacking Urophora affinis Frauenfeld (Diptera; Tephritidae), an introduced biological control agent of spotted and diffuse knapweeds (Centaurea spp.) in the United States SO PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article C1 Montana State Univ, USDA, PPO, Forestry Sci Lab, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Lang, RF (reprint author), Montana State Univ, USDA, PPO, Forestry Sci Lab, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOL SOC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA CALIFORNIA ACAD OF SCIENCES GOLDEN GATE PARK, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94118 USA SN 0031-0603 J9 PAN-PAC ENTOMOL JI Pan-Pacific Entomol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 74 IS 4 BP 223 EP 227 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 193HB UT WOS:000080128900006 ER PT J AU McDonald, MC Abrams, SA Schanler, RJ AF McDonald, MC Abrams, SA Schanler, RJ TI Iron absorption and red blood cell incorporation in premature infants fed an iron-fortified infant formula SO PEDIATRIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID BIRTH-WEIGHT INFANTS; BREAST-MILK; COWS MILK; CHILDREN; CALCIUM; ANEMIA; FE-58 AB This study was designed to identify differences in red blood cell (RBC) incorporation and iron absorption in premature infants between iron provided in a premature infant formula compared with iron provided as a supplement between feedings. We used a triple stable isotope technique in which 13 infants received Fe-57 mixed with Enfamil Premature Formula on d 1 of the study, and Fe-54 with a multivitamin supplement between meals on d 2. Two weeks later, blood was drawn for isotope analysis and Fe-58 was given i.v. The percentage RBC incorporation of the Fe-54 and Fe-57 was calculated, and the percent absorption of these tracers was estimated by dividing by the percentage of Fe-58 identified in RBCs 14 d after its infusion. We found a small, but significantly greater, percentage of RBC incorporation of the Fe-54 given as a supplement compared with the Fe-57 given in the formula (9.7 +/- 3.8% versus 7.8 +/- 3.1%, p = 0.02). The RBC Fe-57 incorporation was closely correlated with the reticulocyte count (r = 0.80, p = 0.001), but not the serum ferritin or the Hb concentration. Approximately 68% of an i.v. dose of Fe-58 was incorporated into RBCs. These findings indicate 1) iron is incorporated well into RBCs from preterm infant formula, with only a small increase in incorporation when given as a supplement, and 2) the reticulocyte count, but not the Hb concentration, is a good measure of RBC iron-incorporating capacity. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Sect Neonatol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Abrams, SA (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. OI Abrams, Steven/0000-0003-4972-9233 FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01RR00188] NR 20 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 2 PU INT PEDIATRIC RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 USA SN 0031-3998 J9 PEDIATR RES JI Pediatr. Res. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 44 IS 4 BP 507 EP 511 DI 10.1203/00006450-199810000-00007 PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 123WL UT WOS:000076148500007 PM 9773838 ER PT J AU Shulman, RJ Schanler, RJ Lau, C Heitkemper, M Ou, CN Smith, EO AF Shulman, RJ Schanler, RJ Lau, C Heitkemper, M Ou, CN Smith, EO TI Early feeding, antenatal glucocorticoids, and human milk decrease intestinal permeability in preterm infants SO PEDIATRIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID EXOCRINE PANCREAS; NEWBORN AB To determine the effects of age, feeding regimen, and antenatal glucocorticoids on intestinal permeability, preterm infants (n = 132) were stratified by gestational age and by diet (mothers' own milk versus preterm formula), and assigned randomly to one of four feeding regimens: early-continuous, early-bolus, standard-continuous, and standard-bolus. At 10, 28, and 50 d of age permeability was determined by measuring the ratio of lactulose/mannitol in the urine after the two sugars were administered enterally for 30 h. The mean (+/-SE) birth weight and gestational age of the infants were 1044 +/- 13 g and 27 +/- 0.1 wk, respectively. Permeability changed as a function of age (p = 0.003). Early feeding was associated with a reduction in perme ability at 10 d of age (p = 0.01). Antenatal steroid administration was associated with decreased permeability at 28 d of age (p = 0.017). The feeding of human milk (versus formula) was associated with decreased permeability at 28 d of age (p = 0.02). Continuous versus bolus feeding did not affect permeability. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pathol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Biobehav Nursing, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Shulman, RJ (reprint author), 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [MO1 RR-00188]; NICHD NIH HHS [R0-1-HD-28140] NR 15 TC 81 Z9 84 U1 2 U2 6 PU INT PEDIATRIC RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 USA SN 0031-3998 J9 PEDIATR RES JI Pediatr. Res. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 44 IS 4 BP 519 EP 523 DI 10.1203/00006450-199810000-00009 PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 123WL UT WOS:000076148500009 PM 9773840 ER PT J AU Subar, AF Krebs-Smith, SM Cook, A Kahle, LL AF Subar, AF Krebs-Smith, SM Cook, A Kahle, LL TI Dietary sources of nutrients among US children, 1989-1991 SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE dietary surveys; nutrients; food; diet; children ID UNITED-STATES POPULATION; NHANES-II SURVEY; FOOD SOURCES; QUANTITATIVE DATA; AMERICAN DIET; FIBER; MACRONUTRIENTS; WOMEN AB Objective. To identify major food sources of nutrients and dietary constituents for US children. Methods. Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were collected from a nationally representative sample of children age 2 to 18 years (n = 4008) from the US Department of Agriculture's 1989-1991 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals. For each of 16 dietary constituents, the contribution of each of 113 food groups was obtained by summing the amount provided by the food group for all individuals and dividing by total intake from all food groups for all individuals. Results. Milk, yeast bread, cakes/cookies/quick breads/donuts, beef, and cheese are among the top 10 sources of energy, fat, and protein. Many of the top 10 sources of carbohydrate (yeast bread, soft drinks/sodas, milk, ready-to-eat cereal, cakes/cookies/quick breads/donuts, sugars/syrups/jams, fruit drinks, pasta, white potatoes); protein (poultry, ready-to-eat cereal, pasta); and fat (potato chips/corn chips/popcorn) also contributed >2% each to energy intakes. Ready-to-eat cereal is among the top contributors to folate, vitamin A, vitamin C, iron, and zinc intakes. Fruit drinks, containing little juice, contribute similar to 14% of total vitamin C intakes. Conclusions. Fortified foods are influential contributors to many vitamins and minerals. Low nutrient-dense foods are major contributors to energy, fats, and carbohydrate. This compromises intakes of more nutritious foods and may impede compliance with current dietary guidance. C1 NCI, Appl Res Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. USDA ARS, Riverdale, MD USA. Informat Management Serv Inc, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Subar, AF (reprint author), NCI, Appl Res Branch, 6130 Execut Blvd,MSC 7344,EPN 313, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 23 TC 153 Z9 155 U1 3 U2 6 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD OCT PY 1998 VL 102 IS 4 BP 913 EP 923 DI 10.1542/peds.102.4.913 PN 1 PG 11 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 126DL UT WOS:000076277600007 PM 9755265 ER PT J AU Johnson, RM Sims, JT AF Johnson, RM Sims, JT TI Sorption of atrazine and dicamba in delaware coastal plain soils: a comparison of soil thin layer and batch equilibrium results SO PESTICIDE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE herbicide mobility; herbicide leaching; herbicide sorption; non-equilibrium sorption; soil properties ID IONIZABLE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; PESTICIDE MOBILITY; FIELD SOILS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; ADSORPTION AB The mobility and retention of atrazine and dicamba in six Atlantic Coastal Plain soils were estimated by soil thin-layer chromatography (soil-TLC). The soils studied were representative of the major agricultural regions in Delaware and were sampled, by horizon, to the water table. Four horizons from each profile were leached simultaneously with distilled water on one soil-TLC plate. Two values were obtained from each plate: the ratio of the distance traveled by the herbicide center of mass over that traveled by the solvent front (R-m), and a sorption distribution coefficient (K-d). The R-m values ranged from 0.06 to 0.94 for atrazine and from 0.80 to 0.94 for dicamba. Herbicide mobility was found to be greatest in coarse-textured soil horizons that contained low levels of organic matter, clay, and Fe and Al oxides. Correlation analysis indicated that effective cation exchange capacity, exchangeable acidity, exchangeable aluminum, and clay were useful predictive variables or both atrazine mobility and sorption. Organic matter was not useful for predicting soil-TLC derived sorption estimates; however, it was correlated to K-d-batch estimates. Distribution coefficients calculated from soil-TLC data were found to be in general agreement with K-d values obtained for the same soils by batch equilibrium techniques. The average K-d-soil-TLC values for atrazine and dicamba were 2.09(+/- 2.24) and 0.03(+/-0.02), respectively. The ratio of the batch K-d to the soil-TLC K-d ranged from 0.1 to 19 ((x) over bar = 1.6, SD = 3.8) for atrazine and from 2.9 to 38 ((x) over bar = 12.6, SD = 8.7) for dicamba. Thus, although for some horizons agreement between the two methods was good, for other horizons significant discrepancies existed. It is suggested that the soil-TLC gives results under non-equilibrium conditions, whereas the batch procedure is, by definition, at quasi-equilibrium. These fundamental differences may account for the observed differences between the two methods. It is also suggested that, due to this difference, the soil-TLC procedure can provide additional information relevant to herbicide partitioning in the field environment that is not provided by traditional batch equilibrium techniques. (C) 1998 Society of Chemical Industry C1 ARS, USDA, SRRC, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. Univ Delaware, Coll Agr Sci, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Newark, DE 19717 USA. RP Johnson, RM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SRRC, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 22 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 8 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0031-613X J9 PESTIC SCI JI Pestic. Sci. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 54 IS 2 BP 91 EP 98 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(1998100)54:2<91::AID-PS790>3.0.CO;2-O PG 8 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 130PU UT WOS:000076529600002 ER PT J AU Diez-Fraile, A Burvenich, C Dosogne, H Massart-Leen, AM Paape, MJ AF Diez-Fraile, A Burvenich, C Dosogne, H Massart-Leen, AM Paape, MJ TI Involvement of TNF-alpha in the endotoxin induced expression of CD11b, receptors on bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes SO PFLUGERS ARCHIV-EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Gent, Fac Med Vet, Dept Physiol Biochem & Biometr, B-9820 Ghent, Belgium. ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0031-6768 J9 PFLUG ARCH EUR J PHY JI Pflugers Arch. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 436 IS 5 MA 11 BP R31 EP R31 PG 1 WC Physiology SC Physiology GA 119CG UT WOS:000075877300109 ER PT J AU Dosogne, H Burvenich, C Diez-Fraile, A Massart-Leen, AM Paape, MJ AF Dosogne, H Burvenich, C Diez-Fraile, A Massart-Leen, AM Paape, MJ TI Mechanism of endotoxin priming on phagocytosis and oxidative burst activity in bovine neutrophils SO PFLUGERS ARCHIV-EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 State Univ Ghent, Fac Med Vet, Dept Physiol Biochem & Biometr, Milk Sectret & Mastitis Res Ctr, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium. ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0031-6768 J9 PFLUG ARCH EUR J PHY JI Pflugers Arch. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 436 IS 5 MA 10 BP R31 EP R31 PG 1 WC Physiology SC Physiology GA 119CG UT WOS:000075877300108 ER PT J AU Monfardini, E Burvenich, C Massart-Leen, AM Smits, E Paape, MJ AF Monfardini, E Burvenich, C Massart-Leen, AM Smits, E Paape, MJ TI Effect of enrofloxacin on expression of L-selectin on bovine neutrophils during Escherichia coli mastitis. SO PFLUGERS ARCHIV-EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 State Univ Ghent, Fac Med Vet, Dept Physiol Biochem & Biometr, Milk Secret & Mastitis Res Ctr, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium. ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0031-6768 J9 PFLUG ARCH EUR J PHY JI Pflugers Arch. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 436 IS 5 MA 14 BP R32 EP R32 PG 1 WC Physiology SC Physiology GA 119CG UT WOS:000075877300112 ER PT J AU Lulai, EC Corsini, DL AF Lulai, EC Corsini, DL TI Differential deposition of suberin phenolic and aliphatic domains and their roles in resistance to infection during potato tuber (Solanum tuberosum L.) wound-healing SO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PLANT-DISEASE RESISTANCE; GIBBERELLA-PULICARIS; DRY-ROT; PERIDERM; TISSUE; SAMBUCINUM; ERWINIA; CUT AB Rapid suberization of wounded potato tubers is critical in avoiding infection by Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (a causal organism of bacterial soft rot) and Fusarium sambucinum ja causal organism of fungal dry rot) in cut seed and stored potatoes. However, until now the reason for the differential development of resistance to bacterial and then fungal penetration during suberization has not been shown to be related to the differential deposition of the two major suberin components (phenolic and aliphatic domains during wound-healing. Tubers of four varieties of diverse generic background were wounded and inoculated with E. carotovora subsp. carotovora throughout a 5-day time course and F. sambucinum throughout an Ii-day time course during wound-healing (18 degrees C and 98 % RH). During wound-healing, the tubers were examined at the cellular level for deposition of suberin phenolic and aliphatic domains. The percentage of inoculated tubers which became infected was determined for each wound-healing time point and was related to the deposition of suberin phenolic and aliphatic domains. Total resistance to infection by E. carotovora subsp. carotovora occurred after the completion of phenolic deposition on the outer tangential wall of the first layer of cells (2-3 days). However, this suberin phenolic matrix offered no resistance to fungal infection by F. sambucinum even after phenolic deposition was complete on adjoining radial and inner tangential cell walls of the first layer of cells. Resistance to fungal infection did not begin to develop until after deposition of the suberin aliphatic domain was initiated. Total resistance to fungal infection was attained after completion of deposition of the suberin aliphatic domain within the first layer of suberizing cells (5-7 days). These results indicate that the suberin phenolic domain provides resistance to infection by E. carotovora subsp. carotovora bur not infection by F, sambucinum. They further suggest that deposition of the suberin aliphatic domain is responsible for final resistance to infection by F. sambucinum. This is believed to be the first evidence indicating separate depositional patterns, at the cellular level, for the two major domains of suberin and separate roles for each of these domains in the development of resistance to bacterial and fungal infection during suberization. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Res & Extens Ctr, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. RP Lulai, EC (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, POB 5677,Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 28 TC 89 Z9 93 U1 1 U2 25 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0885-5765 J9 PHYSIOL MOL PLANT P JI Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 53 IS 4 BP 209 EP 222 DI 10.1006/pmpp.1998.0179 PG 14 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 159FP UT WOS:000078161600002 ER PT J AU Nass, PH Domier, LL Jakstys, BP D'Arcy, CJ AF Nass, PH Domier, LL Jakstys, BP D'Arcy, CJ TI In situ localization of barley yellow dwarf virus PAV 17-kDa protein and nucleic acids in oats SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE electron microscopy; luteovirus ID TOBACCO MOSAIC-VIRUS; MOVEMENT PROTEIN; COAT PROTEIN; APHID TRANSMISSION; BINDING-PROTEIN; STRANDED-RNA; REPLICATION; TRANSPORT; PLANTS; IDENTIFICATION AB Barley yellow dwarf virus strain PAV (BYDV-PAV) RNA and the 17-kDa protein were localized in BYDV-PAV-infected oat cells using in situ hybridization and in situ immunolocalization assays, respectively. The in situ hybridization assay showed labeling of filamentous material in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and virus-induced vesicles with both sense and antisense nucleic acid probes, suggesting that the filamentous material found in BYDV-PAV-infected cells contains viral RNA. BYDV-PAV negative-strand RNA was detected before virus particles were observed, which indicates that RNA replication is initiated before synthesis of viral coat protein in the cytoplasm. The 17-kDa protein was associated with filamentous material in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and virus-induced vesicles. The labeling densities observed using antibodies against the 17-kDa protein were similar in the nucleus and cytoplasm. No labeling of the 17-kDa protein was observed in plasmodesmata, but filaments in the nuclear pores occasionally were labeled. Since BYDV-PAV RNA and 17-kDa protein colocalized within infected cells, it is possible that single-stranded viral RNA is always associated with the 17-kDa protein in vivo. The 17-kDa protein may be required for viral nucleic acid filaments to traverse the nuclear membrane or other membrane systems. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Agr Res Serv, USDA, Crop Protect Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Coll Vet Med, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Domier, LL (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 37 TC 13 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD OCT PY 1998 VL 88 IS 10 BP 1031 EP 1039 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.10.1031 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 123PR UT WOS:000076134000004 PM 18944814 ER PT J AU Karasev, AV Nikolaeva, OV Lee, RF Wisler, GC Duffus, JE Dawson, WO AF Karasev, AV Nikolaeva, OV Lee, RF Wisler, GC Duffus, JE Dawson, WO TI Characterization of the beet yellow stunt virus coat protein gene SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID 3'-TERMINAL HALF; SUBGENOMIC RNAS; PLANT-VIRUSES; IN-VITRO; CLOSTEROVIRUS; GENOME; PURIFICATION; PROTOPLASTS; EVOLUTION; ISOLATE AB The beet yellow stunt virus (BYSV) genome contains at least nine open reading frames (ORFs) that code for proteins ranging from 6 to 66 kDa. Based on amino acid sequence comparisons, the coat protein (CP) was previously identified as the product of ORF7. We expressed the:product of ORF7 in bacteria and confirmed that ORF7 codes for the BYSV CP by immunoblotting. BYSV is a phloem-limited virus, and virus CP antigen of a quality sufficient for diagnostic antisera production has not been available. To produce BYSV antigen free of plant host contaminants, ORF7 was cloned into a pMAL bacterial expression vector. The resulting fusion protein was affinity-purified and used as an antigen to raise anti-BYSV CP antisera in rabbits and guinea pigs. Using these antisera, an indirect double-antibody sandwich (DAS) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)based diagnostic system was developed. This indirect DAS-ELISA format enabled reliable detection of BYSV in tissue extracts from virus-infected lettuce diluted up to 5,000 times. The diagnostic system-developed may enable large-scale epidemiological studies of BYSV using simple serological techniques. The antisera raised had a titer exceeding 1 x 10(5) in immunoblots and easily detected the 23.7-kDa BYSV CP in virus-infected lettuce and sowthistle plants. In these two plant species, BYSV CP was detected as two closely migrating bands during electrophoresis, which may suggest posttranslational CP modifications. To further characterize the BYSV CP gene, the 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of the BYSV CP subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) was cloned and sequenced. The CP-encoding, approximately 1.9-kb sgRNA has an AT-rich, 66-nucleotide-long 5'-UTR colinear to the genomic sequence upstream of ORF7. C1 Univ Florida, Ctr Agr Res & Educ, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. ARS, USDA, Agr Res Stn, Salinas, CA USA. RP Karasev, AV (reprint author), Univ Florida, Ctr Agr Res & Educ, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, 700 Expt Stn Rd, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. NR 35 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD OCT PY 1998 VL 88 IS 10 BP 1040 EP 1045 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.10.1040 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 123PR UT WOS:000076134000005 PM 18944815 ER PT J AU Xiao, CL Subbarao, KV Schulbach, KF Koike, ST AF Xiao, CL Subbarao, KV Schulbach, KF Koike, ST TI Effects of crop rotation and irrigation on Verticillium dahliae microsclerotia in soil and wilt in cauliflower SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE crucifer residue; soilborne pathogen ID PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT-ROT; F-SP CONGLUTINANS; FURROW IRRIGATION; CABBAGE RESIDUES; POTATO; YIELD; FREQUENCY; TISSUE; FIELD AB Experiments were conducted in field plots to evaluate the effects of broccoli residue on population dynamics of Verticillium dahliae in soil and on Verticillium wilt development on cauliflower under furrow and subsurface-drip irrigation and three irrigation regimes in 1994 and 1995. Treatments were a factorial combination of three main plots (broccoli crop grown, harvested, and residue incorporated in V. dahliae-infested plots; no broccoli crop or residue in infested plots;and fumigated control plots), two subplots (furrow and subsurface-drip irrigation), and three sub-subplots (deficit, moderate, and excessive irrigation regimes) arranged in a split-split-plot design with three replications. Soil samples collected at various times were assayed for V. dahliae propagules using the modified Anderson sampler technique. incidence and severity of Verticillium wilt on cauliflower were assessed at 7- to 10-day intervals beginning a month after cauliflower transplanting and continuing until harvest. Number of propagules in all broccoli plots declined significantly (P < 0.05) after residue incorporation and continued to decline throughout the cauliflower season. The overall reduction in the number of propagules after two broccoli crops was approximately 94%, in contrast to the fivefold increase in the number of propagules in infested main plots without broccoli after two cauliflower crops. Disease incidence and severity were both reduced approximately 50% (P < 0.05) in broccoli treatments compared with no broccoli treatments. Differences between furrow and subsurface-drip irrigation were not significant, but incidence and severity were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the deficit irrigation regime compared with the other two regimes. Abundance of microsclerotia of V. dahliae on cauliflower roots about 8 weeks after cauliflower harvest was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in treatments with broccoli compared with treatments without broccoli. Rotating broccoli with cauliflower and incorporating broccoli residues into the soils is a novel means of managing Verticillium wilt on cauliflower and perhaps on other susceptible crops. This practice would be successful regardless of the irrigation methods or regimes followed on the susceptible crops. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Pathol, USDA, Agr Res Stn, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. Univ Calif, Cooperat Extens, Salinas, CA 93901 USA. RP Subbarao, KV (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Pathol, USDA, Agr Res Stn, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. OI Subbarao, Krishna/0000-0002-2075-1835 NR 39 TC 65 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD OCT PY 1998 VL 88 IS 10 BP 1046 EP 1055 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.10.1046 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 123PR UT WOS:000076134000006 PM 18944816 ER PT J AU Athwal, GS Huber, JL Huber, SC AF Athwal, GS Huber, JL Huber, SC TI Biological significance of divalent metal ion binding to 14-3-3 proteins in relationship to nitrate reductase inactivation SO PLANT AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE 14-3-3 protein; conformational change; fluorescence; metal binding site; nitrate reductase; protonation ID REGULATORY PHOSPHORYLATION SITE; CALCIUM-BINDING; TERBIUM(III) LUMINESCENCE; INHIBITOR PROTEIN; IN-VITRO; 14-3-3-PROTEIN; MODULATION; DEPHOSPHORYLATION; PHOSPHATASES; PURIFICATION AB In this report we address two questions regarding the regulation of phosphorylated nitrate reductase (pNR; EC 1.6.6.1) by 14-3-3 proteins. The first concerns the requirement for millimolar concentrations of a divalent cation in order to form the inactive pNR:14-3-3 complex at pH 7.5, The second concerns the reduced requirement for divalent cations at pH 6.5, In answering these questions we highlight a possible general mechanism involved in the regulation of 14-3-3 binding to target proteins. We show that divalent cations (e.g. Ca2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+) bind directly to 14-3-3s, and as a result cause a conformational change, manifested as an increase in surface hydrophobicity, A similar change is also obtained by decreasing the pH from pH 7.5 to pH 6.5, in the absence of divalent cations, and we propose that protonation of amino acid residues brings about a similar effect to metal ion binding. A possible regulatory mechanism, where the 14-3-3 protein has to be "primed" prior to binding a target protein, is discussed. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Hort Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Athwal, GS (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 32 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 4 PU JAPANESE SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI KYOTO PA SHIMOTACHIURI OGAWA HIGASHI KAMIKYOKU, KYOTO, 602, JAPAN SN 0032-0781 J9 PLANT CELL PHYSIOL JI Plant Cell Physiol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 39 IS 10 BP 1065 EP 1072 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA 130HK UT WOS:000076514000009 PM 9871366 ER PT J AU McAlpin, CE Wicklow, DT Platis, CE AF McAlpin, CE Wicklow, DT Platis, CE TI Genotypic diversity of Aspergillus parasiticus in an Illinois corn field SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE cluster analysis; latitude; restriction fragments; Zea mays ID VEGETATIVE COMPATIBILITY; PEANUT FIELD; FLAVUS GROUP; DNA; SOIL; ASSOCIATION; POPULATIONS; MORPHOLOGY; SCLEROTIA; TAMARII AB Aspergillus parasiticus was isolated from direct platings of soil from a corn field near Kilbourne, Illinois. Soil contained 0.2 to 4.0 CFU of Aspergillus flavus and/or A. parasiticus per g of soil. Sixty isolates of A. parasiticus, each from a separately collected soil sample, were examined for ability to produce sclerotia and aflatoxins, and were subjected to DNA fingerprinting. PstI digests of total genomic DNA from each isolate were probed using the pAF28 repetitive sequence. Among 60 isolates analyzed, 33 (55%) distinct DNA fingerprint groups were identified (each group sharing less than 80% pAF28 band similarity), including 50 distinct genotypes (83%) with less than 100% pAF28 band similarity A single A. parasiticus fingerprint group represented 13% of the sample population. The 83% genotypic diversity of the A. parasiticus population was equivalent to the 81% genotypic diversity recorded earlier for a population of 31 A. flavus isolates from the same field soil. Sclerotia were produced by 82% of the 50 A. parasiticus genotypes during dark incubation at 25 degrees C. All isolates of A. parasiticus produced aflatoxin B1B2 and G(1)G(2), whereas only 36% of the 31 A. flavus isolates from these soils produced aflatoxins. RP McAlpin, CE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, REE, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 34 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 82 IS 10 BP 1132 EP 1136 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.10.1132 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 122DJ UT WOS:000076056400011 ER PT J AU Pratt, RG Rowe, DE AF Pratt, RG Rowe, DE TI Evaluation of simplified leaf inoculation procedures for identification of quantitative resistance to Sclerotinia trifoliorum in alfalfa seedlings SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID STEM ROT; CROWN AB Previous studies established that excised leaf tissues of alfalfa can be inoculated with Sclerotinia trifoliorum to select for heritable resistance, but the original procedures were not practical for use in large-scale screening programs. In this study, simplified leaf inoculation procedures for more rapid screening for resistance, based on direct application of leaf tissues to colonies of the pathogen on agar media, were evaluated. Cotyledons, unifoliate leaves, and leaflets of trifoliolate leaves of plants 7 to 21 days old from three relatively susceptible cultivars and one resistant germ plasm were applied, with and without wounding, directly to colony margins of S. trifoliorum on cornmeal agar, V8 juice agar, and water agar. Leaves were scored according to the rate and extent of development of necrosis. Significant differences between alfalfa populations were expressed in unifoliate leaves and trifoliolate leaflets but not in cotyledons. Disease severity in the resistant germ plasm (Mississippi Sclerotinia-Resistant [MSR]) was less than in the three cultivars on all agar media. Wounding of leaf tissues increased disease severity and greatly reduced the incidence of symptomless leaves, which are indicated to be escapes, but wounding generally did not prevent expression of resistance in MSR. Results indicate that initial screening for resistance to S. trifoliorum in alfalfa seedlings may be accomplished by applying wounded unifoliate leaves and leaflets of trifoliolate leaves directly to colonies on cornmeal or V8 juice agars. C1 USDA ARS, Waste Management & Forage Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Pratt, RG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Waste Management & Forage Res Unit, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 82 IS 10 BP 1161 EP 1164 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.10.1161 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 122DJ UT WOS:000076056400017 ER PT J AU Weltzin, JE Archer, SR Heitschmidt, RK AF Weltzin, JE Archer, SR Heitschmidt, RK TI Defoliation and woody plant (Prosopis glandulosa) seedling regeneration: potential vs realized herbivory tolerance SO PLANT ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE browsing; clipping; competition; honey mesquite; survival; Texas; top removal ID HONEY MESQUITE; C-4 GRASS; GROWTH; SAVANNA; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; ESTABLISHMENT; RECRUITMENT; MECHANISMS; RESPONSES; REGROWTH AB Herbivory by rodents, lagomorphs and insects may locally constrain woody plant seedling establishment and stand development. Recruitment may therefore depend either upon plant tolerance of herbivory, or low herbivore abundance, during seedling establishment. We tested potential herbivory tolerance by quantifying growth, biomass allocation, and survival of defoliated Prosopis glandulosa seedlings under optimal abiotic conditions in the absence of competition. Realized tolerance was assessed by clipping seedlings of known age grown in the field with and without herbaceous competition. At 18-d (= 'young') or 33-d (= 'old') of age, seedlings in the growth chamber were clipped just above the first (cotyledonary) node, above the fourth node, or were retained as non-clipped controls. Potential tolerance to defoliation was high and neither cohort showed evidence of meristematic limitations to regeneration. Clipping markedly reduced biomass production relative to controls, especially belowground, but survival of seedlings defoliated 5 times was still greater than or equal to 75%. Contrary to expectations, survival of seedlings defoliated above the cotyledonary node 10 times was greater (P < 0.10) for 'young' (75%) than 'old' (38LTo) seedlings. Under field conditions, survival of defoliated 11-month-old P. glandulosa seedlings was less than or equal to 59% after one defoliation and only less than or equal to 13% after six defoliations. Results indicate P. glandulosa is potentially tolerant of repeated shoot removal early in its life cycle. Seedling tolerance to defoliation under field conditions therefore appears dependent upon abiotic stresses or resource limitations rather than a lack of intrinsic adaptations for shoot replacement or a depletion of the seedlings' bud bank. Curtailment of root growth, a consequence of top removal observed in the growth chamber experiment, may reduce the capacity of P. glandulosa seedlings to acquire soil resources needed for meristem activation and shoot growth under field conditions. The importance of resource availability to post-defoliation regeneration was implicated in the field experiment, where survival, shoot elongation, and aboveground productivity of clipped seedlings was greatest in plots without herbaceous interference. In light of the marked increases in P. glandulosa abundance in grasslands in recent history, our results suggest that (1) utilization of Prosopis seedlings by herbivores may be infrequent or sporadic, (2) periodic episodes of seed production and germination may satiate herbivore populations, and/or (3) Prosopis seedling establishment occurs during periods of low herbivore density. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Rangeland Ecol & Management, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. ARS, USDA, Ft Keogh, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RP Weltzin, JE (reprint author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. NR 52 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 5 U2 20 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-0237 J9 PLANT ECOL JI Plant Ecol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 138 IS 2 BP 127 EP 135 DI 10.1023/A:1009743130922 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 133LJ UT WOS:000076687800001 ER PT J AU Tibbot, BK Henson, CA Skadsen, RW AF Tibbot, BK Henson, CA Skadsen, RW TI Expression of enzymatically active, recombinant barley alpha-glucosidase in yeast and immunological detection of alpha-glucosidase from seed tissue SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE germination; heterologous expression; maltase; Pichia; recombinant protein; starch hydrolysis ID AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE; PICHIA-PASTORIS; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; SUGAR-BEET; MOLECULAR-CLONING; METHYLOTROPHIC YEAST; STARCH DEGRADATION; GENE; AMYLASE; SECRETION AB An alpha-glucosidase cDNA clone derived from barley aleurone tissue was expressed in Pichia pastoris and Escherichia coli. The gene was fused with the N-terminal region of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae a: factor secretory peptide and placed under control of the Pichia AOXI promoter in the vector pPIC9. Enzymatically active, recombinant a-glucosidase was synthesized and secreted from the yeast upon induction with methanol. The enzyme hydrolyzed maltose > trehalose > nigerose > isomaltose. Maltase activity occurred over the pH range 3.5-6.3 with an optimum at pH 4.3, classifying the enzyme as an acid alpha-glucosidase. The enzyme had a K-m of 1.88 mM and V-max of 0.054 mu mol/min on maltose. The recombinant a-glucosidase expressed in E. coli was used to generate polyclonal antibodies. The antibodies detected 101 and 95 kDa forms of barley alpha-glucosidase early in seed germination. Their levels declined sharply later in germination, as an 81 kDa alpha-glucosidase became prominent. Synthesis of these proteins also occurred in isolated aleurones after treatment with gibberellin, and this was accompanied by a 14-fold increase in alpha-glucosidase enzyme activity. C1 USDA ARS, Cereal Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Skadsen, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cereal Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 47 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 38 IS 3 BP 379 EP 391 DI 10.1023/A:1006006203372 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 118PL UT WOS:000075847400004 PM 9747846 ER PT J AU Ruan, YL Chourey, PS AF Ruan, YL Chourey, PS TI A fiberless seed mutation in cotton is associated with lack of fiber cell initiation in ovule epidermis and alterations in sucrose synthase expression and carbon partitioning in developing seeds SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CELLULOSE; PLANTS; MAIZE; DIFFERENTIATION; ULTRASTRUCTURE; LOCUS AB Fiber cell initiation in the epidermal cells of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) ovules represents a unique example of trichome development in higher plants. Little is known about the molecular and metabolic mechanisms controlling this process. Here we report a comparative analysis of a fiberless seed (fls) mutant (lacking fibers) and a normal (FLS) mutant to better understand the initial cytological events in fiber development and to analyze the metabolic changes that are associated with the loss of a major sink for sucrose during cellulose biosynthesis in the mutant seeds. On the day of anthesis (0 DAA), the mutant ovular epidermal cells lacked the typical bud-like projections that are seen in FLS ovules and are required for commitment to the fiber development pathway. Cell-specific gene expression analyses at 0 DAA showed that sucrose synthase (SuSy) RNA and protein were undetectable in ils ovules but were in abundant, steady-state levels in initiating fiber cells of the FLS ovules. Tissue-level analyses of developing seeds 15 to 35 DAA revealed an altered temporal pattern of SuSy expression in the mutant relative to the normal genotype. Whether the altered programming of SuSy expression is the cause or the result of the mutation is unknown. The developing seeds of the fls mutant have also shown several correlated changes that represent altered carbon partitioning in seed coats and cotyledons as compared with the FLS genotype. C1 Univ Florida, Program Plant Mol & Cellular Biol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Agr Res Serv, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Chourey, PS (reprint author), Univ Florida, Program Plant Mol & Cellular Biol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 28 TC 74 Z9 114 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 118 IS 2 BP 399 EP 406 DI 10.1104/pp.118.2.399 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 128JU UT WOS:000076403300007 ER PT J AU Kinraide, TB Yermiyahu, U Rytwo, G AF Kinraide, TB Yermiyahu, U Rytwo, G TI Computation of surface electrical potentials of plant cell membranes - Correspondence to published zeta potentials from diverse plant sources SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PLASMA-MEMBRANES; ROOT ELONGATION; RB+ UPTAKE; PROTOPLASTS; ALUMINUM; BINDING; ADSORPTION; CHARGES; YEAST; MG2+-ATPASE AB A Gouy-Chapman-Stern model has been developed for the computation of surface electrical potential (psi(0)) of plant cell membranes in response to ionic solutes. The present model is a modification of an earlier version developed to compute the sorption of ions by wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Scout 66) root plasma membranes. A single set of model parameters generates values for psi(0) that correlate highly with published zeta potentials of protoplasts and plasma membrane vesicles from diverse plant sources. The model assumes ion binding to a negatively charged site (R- = 0.3074 mu mol m(-2)) and to a neutral site (P-0 = 2.4 mu mol m(-2)) according to the reactions R- + I-Z reversible arrow RIZ-1 and P-0 + I-Z reversible arrow PIZ, where I-Z represents an ion of charge Z. Binding constants for the negative site are 21,500 M-1 for H+, 20,000 M-1 for Al3+, 2,200 M-1 for La3+, 30 M-1 for Ca2+ and Mg2+, and 1 M-1 for Na+ and K+. Binding constants for the neutral site are 1/180 the value for binding to the negative site. ion activities at the membrane surface, computed on the basis of psi(0), appear to determine many aspects of plant-mineral interactions, including mineral nutrition and the induction and alleviation of mineral toxicities, according to previous and ongoing studies. A computer program with instructions for the computation of psi(0), ion binding, ion concentrations, and ion activities at membrane surfaces may be requested from the authors. C1 Agr Res Serv, Appalachian Soil & Water Conservat Res Lab, USDA, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Inst Soils Water & Environm Sci, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. Tel Hai Coll, IL-12210 Upper Galilee, Israel. RP Kinraide, TB (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, Appalachian Soil & Water Conservat Res Lab, USDA, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. NR 30 TC 52 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 118 IS 2 BP 505 EP 512 DI 10.1104/pp.118.2.505 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 128JU UT WOS:000076403300017 ER PT J AU Kinraide, TB AF Kinraide, TB TI Three mechanisms for the calcium alleviation of mineral toxicities SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PLASMA-MEMBRANE; CA2+-DISPLACEMENT HYPOTHESIS; ALUMINUM RHIZOTOXICITY; AL3+-CA2+ INTERACTIONS; ROOT PROTOPLASTS; SALT STRESS; CELLS; CHANNELS; GROWTH; WHEAT AB Ca(2+) in rooting medium is essential for root elongation, even in the absence of added toxicants. In the presence of rhizotoxic levels of Al(3+), H(+), or Na(+) (or other cationic toxicants), supplementation of the medium with higher levels of Ca(2+) alleviates growth inhibition. Experiments to determine the mechanisms of alleviation entailed measurements of root elongation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Scout 66) seedlings in controlled medium. A Gouy-Chapman-Stern model was used to compute the electrical potentials and the activities of ions at the root-cell plasma membrane surfaces. Analysis of root elongation relative to the computed surface activities of ions revealed three separate mechanisms of Ca(2+) alleviation. Mechanism I is the displacement of cell-surface toxicant by the Ca(2+) induced reduction in cell-surface negativity. Mechanism II is the restoration of Ca(2+) at the cell surface if the surface Ca(2+) has been reduced by the toxicant to growth-limiting levels. Mechanism III is the collective ameliorative effect of Ca(2+) beyond mechanisms I and II, and may involve Ca(2+)-toxicant interactions at the cell surface other than the displacement interactions of mechanisms I and II. Mechanism I operated in the alleviation of all of the tested toxicities; mechanism II was generally a minor component of alleviation; and mechanism III was toxicant specific and operated strongly in the alleviation of Na(+) toxicity, moderately in the alleviation of H(+) toxicity, and not at all in the alleviation of Al(3+) toxicity. C1 Agr Res Serv, Appalachian Soil & Water Conservat Res Lab, USDA, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Kinraide, TB (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, Appalachian Soil & Water Conservat Res Lab, USDA, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. EM kinraide@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 31 TC 134 Z9 147 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 118 IS 2 BP 513 EP 520 DI 10.1104/pp.118.2.513 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 128JU UT WOS:000076403300018 ER PT J AU Gesch, RW Boote, KJ Vu, JCV Allen, LH Bowes, G AF Gesch, RW Boote, KJ Vu, JCV Allen, LH Bowes, G TI Changes in growth CO2 result in rapid adjustments of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase small subunit gene expression in expanding and mature leaves of rice SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; SOURCE-SINK RELATIONS; ELEVATED CO2; HIGHER-PLANTS; ACCLIMATION; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; TEMPERATURE; RUBISCO; ACCUMULATION; MECHANISM AB The accumulation of soluble carbohydrates resulting from growth under elevated CO2 may potentially signal the repression of gene activity for the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rbcS). To test this hypothesis we grew rice (Oryza sativa L.) under ambient (350 mu L L-1) and high (700 mu L L-1) CO2 in outdoor, sunlit, environment-controlled chambers and performed a cross-switching of growth CO2 concentration at the late-vegetative phase. Within 24 h, plants switched to high CO2 showed a 15% and 23% decrease in rbcS mRNA, whereas plants switched to ambient CO2 increased 27% and 11% in expanding and mature leaves, respectively. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase total activity and protein content 8 d after the switch increased up to 27% and 20%, respectively, in plants switched to ambient CO2, but changed very little in plants switched to high CO2. Plants maintained at high CO2 showed greater carbohydrate pool sizes and lower rbcS transcript levels than plants kept at ambient CO2. However, after switching growth CO2 concentration, there was not a simple correlation between carbohydrate and rbcS transcript levels. We conclude that although carbohydrates may be important in the regulation of rbcS expression, changes in total pool size alone could not predict the rapid changes in expression that we observed. C1 Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Bot, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Gesch, RW (reprint author), Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. OI Boote, Kenneth/0000-0002-1358-5496 NR 37 TC 41 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 118 IS 2 BP 521 EP 529 DI 10.1104/pp.118.2.521 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 128JU UT WOS:000076403300019 ER PT J AU Martin, F Boiffin, V Pfeffer, PE AF Martin, F Boiffin, V Pfeffer, PE TI Carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism in the Eucalyptus globulus Pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhiza during glucose utilization SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; CARBON METABOLISM; PICEA-ABIES; EARLY-STAGE; MYCORRHIZAL; NITROGEN; FUNGI; BIOSYNTHESIS; SEEDLINGS AB The metabolism of [1-C-13]glucose in Pisolithus tinctorius cv Coker & Couch, in uninoculated seedlings of Eucalyptus globulos bicostata ex Maiden cv Kirkp., and in the E. globolus-P. tinctorius ectomycorrhiza was studied using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In roots of uninoculated seedlings, the C-13 label was mainly incorporated into sucrose and glutamine. The ratio ((13)C3 + (13)C2)/(13)C4 of glutamine was approximately 1.0 during the timecourse experiment, indicating equivalent contributions of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and pyruvate dehydrogenase to the production of a-ketoglutarate used for synthesis of this amino acid. In free-living P. tinctorius, most of the C-13 label was incorporated into mannitol, trehalose, glutamine, and alanine, whereas arabitol, erythritol, and glutamate were weakly labeled. Amino acid biosynthesis was an important sink of assimilated C-13 (43%), and anaplerotic CO2 fixation contributed 42% of the C flux entering the Krebs cycle. In ectomycorrhizae, sucrose accumulation was decreased in the colonized roots compared with uninoculated control plants, whereas C-13 incorporation into arabitol and erythritol was nearly 4-fold higher in the symbiotic mycelium than in the Free-living fungus. It appears that fungal utilization of glucose in the symbiotic state is altered and oriented toward the synthesis of short-chain polyols. C1 INRA, Ctr Rech Nancy, Equipe Microbiol Forestiere, F-54280 Champenoux, France. USDA ARS, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Martin, F (reprint author), INRA, Ctr Rech Nancy, Equipe Microbiol Forestiere, F-54280 Champenoux, France. NR 33 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 118 IS 2 BP 627 EP 635 DI 10.1104/pp.118.2.627 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 128JU UT WOS:000076403300031 ER PT J AU Jones, DL Gilroy, S Larsen, PB Howell, SH Kochian, LV AF Jones, DL Gilroy, S Larsen, PB Howell, SH Kochian, LV TI Effect of aluminum on cytoplasmic Ca2+ homeostasis in root hairs of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) SO PLANTA LA English DT Article DE aluminum; Arabidopsis (Al toxicity); cytoplasmic calcium; mutant (Arabidopsis, Al sensitivity); root hair; touch ID POLLEN-TUBE GROWTH; FREE CALCIUM; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; CYTOSOLIC CALCIUM; TIP GROWTH; TOXICITY; GRADIENT; CELLS; SENSITIVITY; INHIBITION AB Aluminum inhibition of root growth is a major world agricultural problem where the cause of toxicity has been linked to changes in cellular calcium homeostasis. Therefore, the effect of aluminum ions (Al) on changes in cytoplasmic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+](c)) was followed in root hairs of wild-type, Al-sensitive and Al-resistant mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Generally, Al exposure resulted in prolonged elevations in tip-localized [Ca2+](c) in both wild-type and Al-sensitive root hairs. However, these Al-induced increases in [Ca2+](c) were not tightly correlated with growth inhibition, occurring up to 15 min after Al had induced growth to stop. Also, in 32% of root hairs examined growth stopped without,ut a detectable change in [Ca2+](c). In contrast, Al-resistant mutants showed little growth inhibition in response to AlCl3 exposure and in no case was a change in [Ca2+](c) observed. Of the other externally applied stresses tested (oxidative and mechanical stress), both were found to inhibit root hair growth, but only oxidative stress (H2O2, 10 mu M) causeda prolonged rise in [Ca2+](c) similar to that induced by Al. Again this increase occurred after growth had been inhibited. The lack of a tight correlation between Al exposure, growth inhibition and altered [Ca2+], dynamics suggests that although exposure of root hairs to toxic levels of Al causes an alteration in cellular Ca2+ homeostasis, this may not be a required event for Al toxicity. The elevation in [Ca2+](c) induced by Al also strongly suggests that the phytotoxic action of Al in root hairs is not through blockage of Ca2+-permeable channels required for Ca2+ influx into the cytoplasm. C1 Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Wales, Sch Agr & Forest Sci, Bangor LL57 2UW, Gwynedd, Wales. Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Bot, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Cornell Univ, Boyce Thompson Inst Plant Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Kochian, LV (reprint author), Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Jones, Davey/C-7411-2011; OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X NR 37 TC 81 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 10 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0032-0935 J9 PLANTA JI Planta PD OCT PY 1998 VL 206 IS 3 BP 378 EP 387 DI 10.1007/s004250050413 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 119CD UT WOS:000075877000005 PM 9763707 ER PT J AU Wang, CY AF Wang, CY TI Methyl jasmonate inhibits postharvest sprouting and improves storage quality of radishes SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE methyl jasmonate; radish; sprouting; quality; carbohydrates; organic acids ID PLANT-GROWTH; ACID AB Treatment of topped radishes (Raphanus sativus L., cv. Cherry Belie) with methyl jasmonate was effective in inhibiting postharvest sprouting of new leaves and growth of roots. Radishes were trimmed to 5-mm tops and dipped in various methyl jasmonate suspensions for 3 min. After storage at 15 degrees C for 7 days, the growth of new leaves were 26, 22, 7, 3 and 1 mm in 0, 10(-5), 10(-4), 10(-3), or 2 x 10(-3) M methyl jasmonate-treated radishes, respectively. The lengths of root growth were also reduced by methyl jasmonate, particularly at higher concentrations. These treatments also substantially prevented weight loss, possibly as a secondary effect from reducing the transpiration surface. In treatments where sprouting was inhibited, there was better retention of organic acids including malate, citrate, and succinate; and carbohydrates including fructose, glucose, and sucrose during storage compared to controls. Fumigation with methyl jasmonate vapor in enclosed containers was also effective in inhibiting the sprouting of leaves and root growth and in maintaining postharvest quality, but to a lesser extent than dipping treatments. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr,USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wang, CY (reprint author), ARS, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr,USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM cwang@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 14 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 14 IS 2 BP 179 EP 183 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(98)00047-7 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 130UY UT WOS:000076539800006 ER PT J AU Kubena, LF Harvey, RB Bailey, RH Buckley, SA Rottinghaus, GE AF Kubena, LF Harvey, RB Bailey, RH Buckley, SA Rottinghaus, GE TI Effects of a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (T-Bind (TM)) on mycotoxicosis in young broiler chickens SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE aflatoxin; T-2 toxin; sorbent; toxicity; broiler ID MONILIFORME CULTURE MATERIAL; FUMONISIN B-1 PRESENT; T-2 TOXIN; COMBINED TOXICITY; TURKEY POULTS; ACTIVATED-CHARCOAL; GROWING BARROWS; ORAL LESIONS; OCHRATOXIN-A; AFLATOXIN AB Experiments were conducted to determine the ability of a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (T-Bind(TM)) sorbent to reduce the toxicity of aflatoxins (AF) or T-2 toxin in male broiler chickens from day of hatch to 21 d of age. In Experiment 1, the sorbent was added at 0.250 or 0.375% to diets containing AF at 5 or T-2 toxin at 8 mg/kg of diet. When compared with controls, AF reduced BW gain by 27% and T-2 toxin reduced BW gain by 17%. The addition of the sorbent at 0.250 or 0.375%, in the absence of added mycotoxins, did not alter the performance of the chicks. The sorbent reduced the toxic effects of 5 mg AF/kg of diet on BW gain by 43% but did not significantly diminish the toxic effects of 8 mg T-2 toxin/kg of diet. The decreased efficiency of feed utilization and the increased relative organ weights caused by AF were significantly diminished to differing degrees by the sorbent. Oral lesions caused by T-2 toxin were not affected by the sorbent. In Experiment 2,the sorbent was added at 0.80% to a diet containing 8 mg T-2 toxin/kg of diet. The sorbent did not diminish the toxic effects of T-2 toxin when added at 0.80% of the diet. These data demonstrate that this specific sorbent can provide protection against the toxicity of AF,but not T-2 toxin, in young broiler chicks. C1 USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Univ Missouri, Coll Vet Med, Vet Med Diagnost Lab, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Kubena, LF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 63 TC 81 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 5 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 77 IS 10 BP 1502 EP 1509 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 123WG UT WOS:000076148100009 PM 9776058 ER PT J AU Lyon, BG Lyon, CE AF Lyon, BG Lyon, CE TI Assessment of three devices used in shear tests of cooked breast meat SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Warner-Bratzler shear; texture analyzer; electric stimulation; deboning time; marination ID ELECTRICAL-STIMULATION; BROILER; TENDERNESS; MUSCLE; PECTORALIS; TIMES; PH AB Methods that increase processing efficiency to save energy costs and to improve yield and volume must be evaluated in terms of maintaining or improving final product quality. Shear tests measure the force to cut through fibers of cooked samples. They are the simplest and most common tests used to document cooked meat texture. However, information obtained from shearing devices that perform in a similar way may not be interchangeable. In this study, three shearing devices were assessed. Eight treatments were imposed on broiler breasts processed under commercial conditions to represent ranges of texture characteristics. Treatments included electrical stimulation (S), or no stimulation (NS) of carcasses; postchill deboning at 2 or 6 h; and marination (M), or no marination (NM). Shear force values of cooked breasts were obtained from the benchtop Warner-Bratzler (BT-WB) machine, the Warner-Bratzler blade attachment (TA-WB) and a 45 degrees chisel-end blade attachment (TA-WD). The TA-WB and TA-WD were attached to Model TA.XT2 texture analyzer. For each device, shear value differences were significant (P < 0.05) for deboning time. Marination effects were significant (P < 0.05) for BT-WB and TA-WB. Stimulation by debone interactions were significant (P < 0.05) for BT-WB and TA-WD. The TA-WD values varied the greatest over all treatments (SD = 5.52; SE = 0.65). Variations of BT-WB and TA-WB shear values were similar (SE = 3.25, 2.97, respectively; SE = 0.38, 0.35). C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Lyon, BG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 17 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 77 IS 10 BP 1585 EP 1590 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 123WG UT WOS:000076148100020 PM 9776069 ER PT J AU Smith, DR Schiff, NM AF Smith, DR Schiff, NM TI The genera Macroxyela Kirby and Megaxyela Ashmead (Hymenoptera : Xyelidae) in North America SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Megaxyela; Macroxyela; Xyelidae; Ulmus; Carya; pecan; North America AB Five species of Megaxyela, including Megaxyela alisonae, n. sp., and two species of Macroxyela occur in North America. Macroxyela bicolor MacGillivray is a new synonym of Macroxyela ferruginea (Say). The species are keyed, described and illustrated, and biological information is summarized. Hosts include hickory, pecan, and elm. C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, Agr Res Serv,USDA, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Smith, DR (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, Agr Res Serv,USDA, MRC 168, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 38 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 100 IS 4 BP 636 EP 657 PG 22 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 132AH UT WOS:000076607100003 ER PT J AU Woodley, NE Judd, DD AF Woodley, NE Judd, DD TI Notes on the host, egg, and puparium of Stylogaster biannulata (Say) (Diptera : Conopidae) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Stylogaster biannulata; Conopidae; hosts; egg; puparium; Gryllus rubens AB The egg and puparium of Stylogaster biannulata (Say) (Diptera: Conopidae) are described and illustrated in detail based on examination by scanning electron microscopy. This species was reared from Gryllus rubens Scudder in Florida, a new host record. Previous literature is reviewed in light of this new data. C1 Museum Natl Hist Nat, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, Agr Res Serv,USDA, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Woodley, NE (reprint author), Museum Natl Hist Nat, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, Agr Res Serv,USDA, MRC 168, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RI Woodley, Norman/M-6160-2014 NR 18 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 100 IS 4 BP 658 EP 664 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 132AH UT WOS:000076607100004 ER PT J AU Schaap, MG Leij, FJ AF Schaap, MG Leij, FJ TI Database-related accuracy and uncertainty of pedotransfer functions SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE water retention; hydraulic conductivity; prediction; uncertainty estimates; neural networks ID SOIL-WATER RETENTION; PEDO-TRANSFER FUNCTIONS; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; NEURAL NETWORKS; TEXTURE AB Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) are becoming a more common way to predict soil hydraulic properties from soil texture, bulk density, and organic matter content. Thus far, the calibration and validation of PTFs has been hampered by a lack of suitable databases. In this paper we employed three databases (RAWLS, AHUJA, and UNSODA) to evaluate the accuracy and uncertainty of neural network-based PTFs. Sand, silt, and clay percentages and bulk density were used as input for the PTFs, which subsequently provided retention parameters acid saturated hydraulic conductivity, K-s as output. Calibration and validation of PTFs were carried out on independent samples from the same database through combination with the bootstrap method. This method also yielded the possibility of calculating uncertainty estimates of predicted hydraulic parameters. Calibration and validation results showed that water retention could be predicted with a root mean square residual (RMSR) between 0.06 and 0.10 cm(3) cm(-3); the RMSR of log (K-s) was between 0.4 and 0.7 log (cm day(-1)). Cross-validation was used to test how well PTFs that were calibrated for one database could predict the hydraulic properties of the other two databases. The results showed that systematically different predictions were made when the RMSR values increased to between 0.08 and 0.13 cm(3) cm(-3) for water retention and to between 0.6 and 0.9 log(cm day(-1)) for log(K-s). The uncertainty in predicted K-s was one-half to one order of magnitude, whereas predicted water retention points had an uncertainty of about 0.04 to 0.10 cm(3) cm(-3). Uncertainties became somewhat smaller if the PTFs were calibrated on all available data. We conclude that the performance of PTFs may depend strongly on the data that were used for calibration and evaluation. C1 ARS, USDA, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Schaap, MG (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 24 TC 240 Z9 245 U1 8 U2 60 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 163 IS 10 BP 765 EP 779 DI 10.1097/00010694-199810000-00001 PG 15 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 132XW UT WOS:000076657500001 ER PT J AU Johnson-Maynard, JL McDaniel, PA Ferguson, DE Falen, AL AF Johnson-Maynard, JL McDaniel, PA Ferguson, DE Falen, AL TI Changes in soil solution chemistry of andisols following invasion by bracken fern SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE soil solution chemistry; Andisols; bracken fern ID ALUMINUM; FOREST; SEEDLINGS AB Disturbed areas within the Grand Fir Mosaic (GFM) ecosystem of northern Idaho show little to no natural conifer regeneration. Clear-cut sites are invaded quickly by bracken fern successional communities and seem to be in an arrested state of secondary succession. This study compared the soil solution composition of Andisols supporting bracken fern successional communities with undisturbed forest to determine the effects of shifts in vegetation communities. Treatment areas included undisturbed forest, a 30-year-old bracken fern glade (clear-cut in 1965), and a natural bracken fern glade estimated to be centuries old. The natural bracken fern glade was divided into subplots, one of which has been weeded 2 to 3 times each growing season since 1988, Soil solution was collected in porous ceramic cup lysimeters at 12- and 25-cm depths. Samples were collected from May to July in 1994 and 1995, Solutions were analyzed for pH, Al, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), The soil solution pH in the 30-year-old glade was consistently lower than in the other sites throughout the sampling period, and the 30-year-old glade was the only site to periodically register below pH 5, The natural bracken fern glade that had been weeded was more similar to the undisturbed forest, suggesting that bracken fern biomass does have an acidifying effect on soil solution. The highest Al concentration recorded was 1.6 mg/L in the 30-year-old glade, whereas in the undisturbed forest Al was often below the detection limit, Aluminum and DOC were found to be positively related, with r values of 0.533 and 0.824 for 1994 and 1995, respectively. These results indicate that bracken fern does have an acidifying effect on soil solution. Aluminum concentrations were lower than reported toxic levels for other conifer species and were correlated with DOG. These two findings suggest that Al toxicity may not be a major factor contributing to the lack of conifer regeneration within the GFM. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Soil & Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Univ Idaho, Soil Sci Div, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Intermt Res Stn, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Johnson-Maynard, JL (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Soil & Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RI McDaniel, Paul/A-8954-2009; Johnson-Maynard, Jodi/E-9518-2013 NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 7 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 163 IS 10 BP 814 EP 821 DI 10.1097/00010694-199810000-00005 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 132XW UT WOS:000076657500005 ER PT J AU Kott, PS AF Kott, PS TI A model-based evaluation of several well-known variance estimators for the combined ratio estimator SO STATISTICA SINICA LA English DT Article DE balanced half sampling; jackknife; linearization; primary sampling unit ID SAMPLING THEORY; POPULATION AB This note explores variance estimation of a combined ratio estimator from a purely model-based viewpoint. It shown that given a sample containing two distinct primary sampling units in every stratum, many of the standard randomization-based variance estimators are equally good estimators of model variance. In fact, model-based comparisons of four variance estimators, a form of the linearization variance estimator, the standard form of the jackknife, and two common forms of balanced half sampling parallel well-known randomization-based results. By contrast, a "textbook" version of the linearization variance estimator does not estimate model variance as well as these four. Past of the analysis can be extended to estimated linear regression coefficients and to regression estimators for population means expressible in projection form. C1 Natl Agr Stat Serv, USDA, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. RP Kott, PS (reprint author), Natl Agr Stat Serv, USDA, 3251 Old Lee Highway,Room 305, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU STATISTICA SINICA PI TAIPEI PA C/O DR H C HO, INST STATISTICAL SCIENCE, ACADEMIA SINICA, TAIPEI 115, TAIWAN SN 1017-0405 J9 STAT SINICA JI Stat. Sin. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 8 IS 4 BP 1165 EP 1173 PG 9 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 133KN UT WOS:000076685900014 ER PT J AU Cook, CG Chow, P Meimban, RJ Lambert, RJ Bajwa, D Nelson, LR AF Cook, CG Chow, P Meimban, RJ Lambert, RJ Bajwa, D Nelson, LR TI Influence of cultivars, years, environment, and stem location on kenaf fiber properties SO TAPPI JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Kenaf contains two distinct fiber components, the long bast fibers from the bark and the short core fibers from the inner portion of the stem. Since the products that can be manufactured from kenaf as well as the product quality are influenced by the specific fiber properties, field studies were conducted in 1994 and 1995 to examine the fiber properties of four kenaf cultivars grown in four different environments. The four cultivars were Everglades 71, Tainung 2, SF459, and 7N; the four experimental sites were Weslaco and Overton, TX, and Dixon Spring and Urbana, IL. Results indicated that the fiber lengths, widths, and length-to-width ratios of the four cultivars were not significantly different. What appeared to contribute most to differences in fiber properties were the years, environments, and the sources of fibers along the stem length and within the plants. Bark fibers from the middle section of stems were significantly longer than those from the lower stem sections; however, there were no significant differences observed among core fibers along the stem length. Bast anc core fibers widths remained uniform throughout the entire stem. Several interactions existed between cultivars, years, environments, and stem location, indicating the numbers and compounding factors that may influence fiber properties, processing, and end use. C1 ARS, USDA, CGRU, Weslaw, TX 78596 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Texas Agr Expt Stn, Overton, TX 75684 USA. RP Cook, CG (reprint author), ARS, USDA, CGRU, 2413 E Highway 83, Weslaw, TX 78596 USA. NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU TECH ASSN PULP PAPER IND INC PI NORCROSS PA 15 TECHNOLOGY PARK SOUTH, NORCROSS, GA 30092 USA SN 0734-1415 J9 TAPPI J JI TAPPI J. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 81 IS 10 BP 135 EP 140 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA 128UN UT WOS:000076425900012 ER PT J AU Hokanson, SC Szewc-McFadden, AK Lamboy, WF McFerson, JR AF Hokanson, SC Szewc-McFadden, AK Lamboy, WF McFerson, JR TI Microsatellite (SSR) markers reveal genetic identities, genetic diversity and relationships in a Malus x domestica borkh. core subset collection SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Malus x domestica borkh; microsatellite markers; genetic variation; germplasm management; core collections ID REPEAT DNA MARKERS; SIMPLE SEQUENCE REPEATS; BACKCROSS QTL ANALYSIS; EASTERN WHITE-PINE; ORYZA-SATIVA L; LENGTH POLYMORPHISM; SITE MARKERS; LINKAGE MAP; ABUNDANCE; RICE AB A collection of 66 Malus x domestica Borkh. accessions from the USDA-ARS Plant Genetic Resources Unit's core collection was screened with a set of eight SSR (simple sequence repeat) primers developed at the PGRU in order to determine genetic identities, estimate genetic diversity, and to identify genetic relationships among these accessions. All eight primer pairs generated multiple fragments when used in amplification reactions with DNA from these accessions. High levels of variation were detected with a mean of 12.1 alleles per locus and a mean heterozygosity across all eight loci of 0.693, The eight primer pairs utilized in this study unambiguously differentiated all but seven pairs of accessions in this collection of 66 M. x domestica Borkh. genotypes, The probability of matching any two genotypes at all eight loci in this study was approximately 1 in 1 billion. The markers detected two misnamed accessions in the collection. Genetic-identity data produced a genetic-relatedness phenogram which was concordant with geographic origins and/or known pedigree information. These SSR markers show great promise as tools for managing Malus ex situ germplasm collections as well as for collection and preservation strategies concerning wild Malus populations in situ. C1 Cornell Univ, Plant Genet Resources Unit, USDA, ARS, Geneva, NY 14456 USA. RP Hokanson, SC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Fruit Lab, Bldg 010A,Rm 210,BARC W,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM hokanson@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 75 TC 244 Z9 280 U1 4 U2 21 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 97 IS 5-6 BP 671 EP 683 DI 10.1007/s001220050943 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 137PN UT WOS:000076924400001 ER PT J AU Shappley, ZW Jenkins, JN Meredith, WR McCarty, JC AF Shappley, ZW Jenkins, JN Meredith, WR McCarty, JC TI An RFLP linkage map of Upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Gossypium hirsutum L.; restriction fragment length polymorphism; linkage map; Upland cotton; linkage ID MOLECULAR MARKERS; RESISTANCE; MAIZE; RNA AB Ninety-six F-2.F-3 bulked sampled plots of Upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., from the cross of HS46 x MARCABUCAG8US-1-88, were analyzed with 129 probe/enzyme combinations resulting in 138 RFLP loci. Of the 84 loci that segregated as codominant, 76 of these fit a normal 1:2:1 ratio (nonsignificant chi square at P = 0.05). Of the 54 loci that segregated as dominant genotypes, 50 of these fit a normal 3:1 ratio (non-significant chi square at P = 0.05). These 138 loci were analyzed with the MAPMAKER\EXP program to determine linkage relationships among them. There were 120 loci arranged into 31 linkage groups. These covered 865 cM, or an estimated 18.6% of the cotton genome. The linkage groups ranged from two to ten loci each and ranged in size from 0.5 to 107 cM, Eighteen loci were not linked. C1 ARS, USDA, Crop Sci Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. ARS, USDA, Cotton Physiol & Genet Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Jenkins, JN (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Crop Sci Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 24 TC 54 Z9 92 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0040-5752 EI 1432-2242 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 97 IS 5-6 BP 756 EP 761 DI 10.1007/s001220050952 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 137PN UT WOS:000076924400010 ER PT J AU Jermstad, KD Bassoni, DL Wheeler, NC Neale, DB AF Jermstad, KD Bassoni, DL Wheeler, NC Neale, DB TI A sex-averaged genetic linkage map in coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco var 'menziesii') based on RFLP and RAPD markers SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE RFLP; RAPD; genetic map; null loci; gene family ID AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNAS; LOBLOLLY-PINE; ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; OUTBRED PEDIGREE; VAR GLAUCA; LENGTH; INHERITANCE; GENOME; LOCI AB We have constructed a sex-averaged genetic linkage map in coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] France var 'menziesii') using a three-generation outcrossed pedigree and molecular markers. Our research objectives are to learn about genome organization and to identify markers associated with adaptive traits. The map reported here is comprised of 141 markers organized into 17 linkage groups and covers 1,062 centiMorgans (cM). Of the markers positioned on the map, 94 were derived from a Douglas-fir complimentary-DNA (cDNA) library that was constructed from new-growth needle tissue. Other markers include 11 Douglas fir genomic-DNAs, 20 loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) cDNAs, 15 random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) and a PCR-amplified phytochrome probe. A high degree of variation was detected in each of the two parents of our mapping population, and many of the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and RAPD phenotypes were complex. Marker data were analyzed for linkage using mapping software JOINMAP version 2.0. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Inst Forest Genet, Placerville, CA 95667 USA. Weyerhaeuser Co, Centralia, WA 98531 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Hort, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Jermstad, KD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Inst Forest Genet, 2480 Carson Rd, Placerville, CA 95667 USA. NR 43 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 97 IS 5-6 BP 762 EP 770 DI 10.1007/s001220050953 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 137PN UT WOS:000076924400011 ER PT J AU Jermstad, KD Bassoni, DL Kinlaw, CS Neale, DB AF Jermstad, KD Bassoni, DL Kinlaw, CS Neale, DB TI Partial DNA sequencing of Douglas-fir cDNAs used for RFLP mapping SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Douglas-fir; cDNA RFLP probes DNA sequence; similarity search; putative function ID CLONES; SEARCH; MAIZE; GENES AB DNA sequences from 87 Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] France) cDNA RFLP probes were determined. Sequences were submitted to the GenBank dbEST database and searched for similarity against nucleotide and protein databases using the BLASTn and BLASTx programs. Twenty-one sequences (24%) were assigned putative functions; 18 of which were from plant species. Six sequences aligned with conifer genes, including genes from Douglas-fir. Similarities among the 87 sequences were revealed by analyses with FASTA, suggesting either redundancy or isoforms of the same gene. Assignment of putative functions to anonymous cDNA mapped markers will increase the understanding of structural gene organization of the Douglas-fir genome. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Inst Forest Genet, Placerville, CA 95667 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Hort, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Jermstad, KD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Inst Forest Genet, 2480 Carson Rd, Placerville, CA 95667 USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 97 IS 5-6 BP 771 EP 776 DI 10.1007/s001220050954 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 137PN UT WOS:000076924400012 ER PT J AU Bradeen, JM Simon, PW AF Bradeen, JM Simon, PW TI Conversion of an AFLP fragment linked to the carrot Y-2 locus to a simple, codominant, PCR-based marker form SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE AFLP; bulked segregant analysis; Daucus carota; inverse PCR; marker conversion ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; MOLECULAR LINKAGE MAP; RESISTANCE GENES; DNA POLYMORPHISMS; CAPSICUM-ANNUUM; RAPD MARKERS; SUGAR-BEET; IDENTIFICATION; SEQUENCES; CLONING AB Recent advances have expanded the potential usefulness of molecular techniques for plant genetic research. AFLP is a powerful technique, allowing rapid and reliable analysis of multiple, potentially polymorphic sites in a single experiment. Because AFLP technology requires no a priori knowledge of genome structure or preparation of molecular probes, it is immediately useful for a wide variety of plant species. However, because AFLP markers are dominant, costly, and technologically demanding, the technique has limited application for large-scale, locus-specific uses. In carrot, the Y-2 locus controls carotene accumulation in the root xylem core. Although carrot is an important source of dietary carotene, little is known about the regulation and biosynthesis of carotenes in carrot. We identified six AFLP fragments linked to the Y-2 locus through a combination of F-2 mapping and bulked segregant analysis. We have developed a procedure for generating simple, codominant, PCR-based markers fi om dominant AFLP fragments using a Y-2-linked AFLP fragment as a model. Our converted marker requires only a simple PCR followed by standard agarose gel electrophoresis. It is rapid, simple, reliable, comparatively inexpensive, codominant, and non-radioactive. Conversion of AFLP fragments to forms better adapted to large-scale, locus-specific applications greatly expands the usefulness of this molecular technique. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Vegetable Res Crops Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Simon, PW (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Vegetable Res Crops Unit, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 47 TC 85 Z9 98 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 97 IS 5-6 BP 960 EP 967 DI 10.1007/s001220050977 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 137PN UT WOS:000076924400035 ER PT J AU Koshy, MP Namkoong, G Roberds, JH AF Koshy, MP Namkoong, G Roberds, JH TI Genetic variance in the F-2 generation of divergently selected parents SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE F-2 genetic variance; divergent selection; provenance hybrids ID ARTIFICIAL SELECTION; POPULATION AB Either by selective breeding for population divergence or by using natural population differences, F-2 and advanced generation hybrids can be developed with high variances. We relate the size of the genetic variance to the population divergence based on a forward and backward mutation model at a locus with two alleles with additive gene action. The effects of population size and initial gene frequency are also explored. Larger parental population sizes increase the F-2 genetic variance if the initial probability distribution is uniform or U-shaped. However, population size has the opposite effect if the initial distribution of gene frequencies is skewed such as it would be with newly arriving alleles, These alleles contribute to the genetic variance sooner when the selection pressure is higher or when the effective population size is smaller. C1 Univ British Columbia, Fac Forestry, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Forestry, USDA, Forest Serv, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Koshy, MP (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Fac Forestry, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 97 IS 5-6 BP 990 EP 993 DI 10.1007/s001220050982 PG 4 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 137PN UT WOS:000076924400040 ER PT J AU Chinsangaram, J Mason, PW Grubman, MJ AF Chinsangaram, J Mason, PW Grubman, MJ TI Protection of swine by live and inactivated vaccines prepared from a leader proteinase-deficient serotype A12 foot-and-mouth disease virus SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE foot-and-mouth disease; attenuated vaccine; swine ID CARRIER STATE; IDENTIFICATION; PROTEASE; SITE; VACCINATION; CLEAVAGE; CATTLE AB Previously, we demonstrated that a genetically engineered variant of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype A12 lacking the leader proteinase-coding region (A12-LLV2) was attenuated and induced an immune response that partially protected cattle from FMD. In this study A12-LLV2 was tested in swine as a live or chemically inactivated vaccine. Animals vaccinated with chemically inactivated A12-LLV2 or wild-type (WT) virus in oil adjuvant developed high levels of neutralizing antibodies and were protected from FMD upon challenge. Animals vaccinated with live A12-LLV2 did not exhibit signs of FMD, did not spread virus to other animals, developed a neutralizing antibody response and antibodies to nonstructural protein 3D, and were partially protected from FMD. Animals given a similar dose of chemically inactivated A12-LLV2 in the absence of adjuvant developed a poor immune response and were not protected from FMD, indicating that limited replication was responsible for the improved immune response found in animals vaccinated with live A12-LLV2. The results demonstrate the potential of A12-LLV2 as a live-attenuated vaccine as well as a safe source of antigen for chemically inactivated vaccines. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, NAA, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Grubman, MJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NAA, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. NR 28 TC 52 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD OCT PY 1998 VL 16 IS 16 BP 1516 EP 1522 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(98)00029-2 PG 7 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 107RB UT WOS:000075222100005 PM 9711798 ER PT J AU Gardner, DR Panter, KE James, LF Stegelmeier, BL AF Gardner, DR Panter, KE James, LF Stegelmeier, BL TI Abortifacient effects of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and common juniper (Juniperus communis) on cattle SO VETERINARY AND HUMAN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PONDEROSA PINE; ISOCUPRESSIC ACID; BEEF-CATTLE AB Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorts) and common juniper (Juniperus communis) contain high levels of isocupressic acid that has been identified as the abortifacient component of ponderosa pine needles in cattle. Therefore, the abortifacient potential of P contorta and J communis needles was tested In feeding trials with pregnant cattle. Cows(2 groups of 2 each) were fed by gavage 4.5-5.5 kg/d ground dry needles from either P contorta or J communis starting on gestation day 250. Isocupressic acid (ICA) levels in P contorta needles and J communis plant material were 0.8 and 2.0% (dry weight) respectively. Cows fed P contorta received a daily dose of 62-78 mg ICA/kg body weight and aborted after 8 and 10 d. The 2 cows fed J communis received a daily dose of 190 and 245 mg ICA/kg body weight and aborted after 3 and 4 days respectively. All cows retained fetal membranes and had classical clinical signs of pine needle-induced abortion. Pinus ponderosa, P contorta, J communis, and Cupressus macrocarpa samples were also analyzed for the presence of myristate and laurate esters of 1,14-tetradecanediol and 1,12-dodecanediol. These lipid like compounds of P ponderosa have potent vasoconstrictive activity in a placentome perfusion assay and are proposed as possible abortifacients in cattle. Concentration of the vasoactive lipids were 0.028% (P ponderosa), 0.023% (P contorta), 0.001% (J communis), and none detected (C macrocarpa). It was concluded that these compounds are not required for the plant material to be abortifacient In cattle. C1 USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. RP Gardner, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, 1150 E 1400 N, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 12 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU COMPARATIVE TOXICOLOGY LAB PI MANHATTAN PA KANSAS STATE UNIV, MANHATTAN, KS 66506-5606 USA SN 0145-6296 J9 VET HUM TOXICOL JI Vet. Human Toxicol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 40 IS 5 BP 260 EP 263 PG 4 WC Toxicology; Veterinary Sciences SC Toxicology; Veterinary Sciences GA 120RC UT WOS:000075969300002 PM 9778758 ER PT J AU Cook, JG Irwin, LL Bryant, LD Riggs, RA Thomas, JW AF Cook, JG Irwin, LL Bryant, LD Riggs, RA Thomas, JW TI Relations of forest cover and condition of elk: A test of the thermal cover hypothesis in summer and winter SO WILDLIFE MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Review DE activity; bioenergetics; Cervus elaphus; condition; elk; forest management; nutrition; Oregon; survival; thermal cover ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; BODY-COMPOSITION; MULE DEER; CARRYING-CAPACITY; HABITAT USE; TEMPERATURE; SELECTION; DILUTION; SHELTER; GROWTH AB Many biologists have accepted the concept that the weather-sheltering effect of dense forest cover (i.e., thermal cover) reduces energy expenditure of large ungulates and therefore enhances survival and reproduction. Providing thermal cover for ungulates has become a key habitat objective for western elk ranges. However, it remains uncertain that thermal cover significantly influences the nutritional condition, survival, or productivity of wild ungulates. During 1991-95, we tested the hypothesis that the sheltering effect of thermal cover is of sufficient magnitude to enhance condition of elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) during summer and winter. Relative condition of captive young cows was monitored during 4 winter and 2 summer season-long experiments. These elk were placed in pens (2-3 elk per pen, n = 12 pens) at the center of 2.3-ha treatment units, each unit providing 1 of 4 levels of cover: (1) dense cover (greater than or equal to 70% forest canopy closure), (2) moderate cover (40-69% canopy closure), (3) zero cover (complete clearcut), and (4) a combination of dense cover and zero cover. Controlled diets were set to induce moderate mass loss (5-10%) in winter and moderate growth in summer. Solar and net hemispherical radiation flux, windspeed, temperature, and relative humidity also were measured in the treatment units. We found no significant, positive effect of thermal cover on condition of elk during any of the 6 experiments. In contrast, dense cover provided a costly energetic environment, resulting in significantly greater overwinter mass loss, fat catabolism, and (in 1 winter) mortality. These results were consistent in all 4 winters despite variable temperature regimes ranging from mild to relatively severe. In summer, we found no significant effects of forest cover on condition or growth of yearlings, although elk in dense forest cover generally consumed less water than those in the zero or moderate cover treatments. Our data indicated that (1) the enhanced performance of elk with Little or no thermal cover in winter was due to the greater levels of solar radiation Aux and (2) potential energetic benefits of thermal cover (from reduced windspeed, elevated nocturnal temperature, and nocturnal long-wave radiation flux during winter and shading from solar radiation in summer) were negligible in respect to the thermoregulatory capabilities of elk. We conclude that (1) thermal cover does not appreciably enhance the energetic status and productive performance of elk in climatological settings similar to those of our study, (2) providing thermal cover is not a suitable solution for inadequate forage conditions, and (3) habitat management based on the perceived value of thermal cover should be re-evaluated. Elk biologists should refocus their attention to the influences of forest management on (1) forage resources and related production potential of forest successional stages and (2) vulnerability of ungulates to harvest and harassment. Because the majority of empirical support for the thermal cover hypothesis is derived from observational studies of habitat selection, our findings amplify the difficulty associated with determining need or requirement, relevant in the context of population productivity, from empirical observations of habitat use. C1 Natl Council Paper Ind Air & Stream Improvement, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. Natl Council Paper Ind Air & Stream Improvement, Stevensville, MT 59870 USA. Pacific NW Forest & Range Expt Stn, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. Boise Cascade Corp, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. RP Cook, JG (reprint author), Natl Council Paper Ind Air & Stream Improvement, 1401 Gekeler Lane, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. NR 102 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 4 U2 17 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0084-0173 J9 WILDLIFE MONOGR JI Wildl. Monogr. PD OCT PY 1998 IS 141 BP 5 EP 61 PG 57 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 134BR UT WOS:000076723400001 ER PT J AU Geimer, RL Kwon, JH Bolton, J AF Geimer, RL Kwon, JH Bolton, J TI Flakeboard thickness swelling. Part I. Stress relaxation in a flakeboard mat SO WOOD AND FIBER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE flakeboard; steam injection; thickness swelling; dimensional stability; springback ID WOOD-BASED COMPOSITES AB The steam injection schedule best suited for dimensionally stabilizing a flake mat is one in which steam treatment is initiated before the press is closed and is continued at least until the mat attains target thickness. Experiments showed that resinless mats treated with 20 sec of steam at 600 kPa had maximum thickness swelling of 205% compared to 350% for resinless mats pressed in a conventional fashion. Reductions in thickness swelling were proportional to steam duration and pressure. Mats treated with 20 sec of steam at 1,950 kPa had only one-tenth the thickness swelling measured in conventionally pressed mats. We believe that reduction of thickness swelling is dependent on a number of factors, including plasticization of the wood, "lignin" flow, and molecular changes in the wood structure. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Kangweon Natl Univ, Coll Forestry, Dept Wood Sci & Technol, Chunchon 200701, South Korea. BioComposite Ctr, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales. RP Geimer, RL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 12 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC WOOD SCI TECHNOL PI MADISON PA ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 USA SN 0735-6161 J9 WOOD FIBER SCI JI Wood Fiber Sci. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 30 IS 4 BP 326 EP 338 PG 13 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Textiles SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 135FM UT WOS:000076790300002 ER PT J AU Morrell, JJ Gupta, R Winandy, JE Riyanto, DS AF Morrell, JJ Gupta, R Winandy, JE Riyanto, DS TI Effect of incising and preservative treatment on shear strength of nominal 2-inch lumber SO WOOD AND FIBER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE incising; preservative treatment; shear strength; MSR lumber; grade; torsion AB This study evaluated the effects of pretreatment incising of dry lumber and preservative treatment on the shear strength of 1980 pieces of 2 X 4 dimension lumber (nominal 50 mm X 100 mm X 3.6 m long). Three species groups (Douglas-fir, Hem-Fir, and Spruce-Pine-Fir-South) and two commercially produced machine-stress-rated grades per species group were tested in torsion to determine their shear strength. Incising and preservative treatment produced significant reductions in the average shear strength of Douglas-fir, Hem-Fir, and Spruce-Pine Fir-South dimension lumber. These effects need to be addressed through the development of more appropriate design values for uses of preservative-treated wood of these species when shear is a governing factor. An adjustment factor of 0.70 is proposed for incised and preservative-treated nominal 2-inch lumber. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Prod, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Morrell, JJ (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Prod, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 24 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC WOOD SCI TECHNOL PI MADISON PA ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 USA SN 0735-6161 J9 WOOD FIBER SCI JI Wood Fiber Sci. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 30 IS 4 BP 374 EP 381 PG 8 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Textiles SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 135FM UT WOS:000076790300007 ER PT J AU Simpson, WT AF Simpson, WT TI Relationship between speed of sound and moisture content of red oak and hard maple during drying SO WOOD AND FIBER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE kiln drying; nondestructive testing; kiln control ID ULTRASONIC VELOCITY; FIBER SATURATION; WOOD AB The transit time for sound was measured both perpendicular and parallel to the grain of red oak and hard maple during drying under constant temperature (27 degrees C (80 degrees F)) and varying relative humidity conditions. Transit time perpendicular to the grain increased slightly with decreasing moisture content initially during drying but then decreased with decreasing moisture content. Transit time parallel to the grain remained nearly constant with moisture content initially during drying but then decreased. Transit time became sensitive to moisture content change at average moisture contents well above 30%. The relationship between relative transit time and moisture content showed three linear regions that could be characterized by a three-component regression equation. These results suggest that speed of sound measurements have good potential for control of hardwood kiln schedules in which changes in kiln conditions are made at moisture contents above 30%. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Simpson, WT (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 12 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC WOOD SCI TECHNOL PI MADISON PA ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 USA SN 0735-6161 J9 WOOD FIBER SCI JI Wood Fiber Sci. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 30 IS 4 BP 405 EP 413 PG 9 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Textiles SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 135FM UT WOS:000076790300010 ER PT J AU Larsen, GL Huwe, JK Bakke, JE AF Larsen, GL Huwe, JK Bakke, JE TI Intermediary metabolism of pentachloronitrobenzene in the control and germfree rat and rat with cannulated bile ducts SO XENOBIOTICA LA English DT Article ID METHYLTHIO-TURNOVER; GLUTATHIONE; PENTACHLOROTHIOANISOLE; IDENTIFICATION; DISPLACEMENT; PROPACHLOR AB 1. Nearly 70 % of single oral doses of C-14-labelled pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) was excreted in bile within 24 h. 2. The characterized biliary metabolites of PCNB were either mercapturic acid pathway metabolites or catabolites thereof (thiols, methylthiols, S-glucuronides). 3. A major biliary metabolite was S-(aminotetrachlorophenyl)glutathione. 4. Conjugation with glutathione with subsequent catabolism to bis-methylthio-tetrachlorobenzene was the major pathway in the control rat. 5. Germ-free experiments showed that only nitro- group displacement occurred, and no nitro- group reduction was detected. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Larsen, GL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, POB 5674,Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 0049-8254 J9 XENOBIOTICA JI Xenobiotica PD OCT PY 1998 VL 28 IS 10 BP 973 EP 984 DI 10.1080/004982598239038 PG 12 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 140GN UT WOS:000077079500006 PM 9849644 ER PT J AU Sachinvala, ND Winsor, DL Menescal, RK Ganjian, I Niemczura, WP Litt, MH AF Sachinvala, ND Winsor, DL Menescal, RK Ganjian, I Niemczura, WP Litt, MH TI Sucrose-based epoxy monomers and their reactions with diethylenetriamine SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART A-POLYMER CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE epoxy allyl sucroses; epoxy crotyl sucroses; sucrose-based epoxy monomers; thermosets ID DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY; C-13; RESOLUTION; EPOXIDATION; DERIVATIVES; EPOXIDES; ESTERS AB Two sets of sucrose-based epoxy monomers, namely, epoxy allyl sucroses (EAS), and epoxy crotyl sucroses (ECS), were prepared by epoxidation of octa-O-allyl and octa-O-crotyl sucroses (OAS and OCS, respectively). Synthetic and structural characterization studies showed that the new epoxy monomers were mixtures of structural isomers and diastereoisomers that contained varying numbers of epoxy groups per sucrase. EAS and ECS can be tailored to contain an average of one to eight epoxy groups per sucrose. Quantitative (13)C-NMR spectrometry and titrimetry were used independently to confirm the average number of epoxy groups per sucrose. Sucrose-based epoxy monomers were cured with diethylenetriamine (DETA) in a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and their curing characteristics were compared with those of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and diepoxycrotyl ether of bisphenol A (DECEBA). EAS and DGEBA cured at 100 to 125 degrees C and exhibited a heat of cure of about 108.8 kJ per mol epoxy. ECS and DECEBA cured at 150 and 171 degrees C, respectively, and exhibited a heat of cure of about 83.7 kJ per mol epoxy. Depending upon the degree of epoxidation (average number of epoxy groups per sucrose) and the concentration of DETA, glass transition temperatures (T(g)s) of cured EAS varied from -17 to 72 degrees C. DETA-cured ECS containing. an average of 7.3 epoxy groups per sucrose (ECS-7.3) showed no DSC glass transition between -140 and 220 degrees C when the ratio of amine (NH) to epoxy group was 1:1 and 1.5:1. Maximum T(g)s obtained for DETA-cured DGEBA and DECEBA polymers were 134 and 106 degrees C, respectively. DETA-cured bisphenol A-based epoxy polymers degraded at about 340 degrees C, as observed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). DETA-cured sucrose-based epoxy polymers degraded at about 320 degrees C. Sucrose-based epoxies cured with DETA were found to bind aluminum, glass, and steel. Comparative lap shear tests (ASTM D1002-94) showed that DETA-cured epoxy allyl sucroses with an average of 3.2 epoxy groups per sucrose (EAS-3.2) generated a flexible adhesive comparable in bond strength to DGEBA. However, DETA-cured ECS-7.3 outperformed the bonding characteristics of both DGEBA and EAS-3.2. All sucrose-based epoxy polymers were crosslinked and insoluble in water, N,N-dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, and dichloromethane. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Sucrochem Res Grp, Hawaii Agr Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. CUNY Herbert H Lehman Coll, Dept Chem, Bronx, NY 10468 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Chem, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Macromol Sci, Cleveland, OH 44016 USA. RP Sachinvala, ND (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Sucrochem Res Grp, Hawaii Agr Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 57 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0887-624X J9 J POLYM SCI POL CHEM JI J. Polym. Sci. Pol. Chem. PD SEP 30 PY 1998 VL 36 IS 13 BP 2397 EP 2413 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0518(19980930)36:13<2397::AID-POLA27>3.0.CO;2-4 PG 17 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 115WY UT WOS:000075690400027 ER PT J AU Quail, PH AF Quail, PH TI The phytochrome family: dissection of functional roles and signalling pathways among family members SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE phytochromes; sensory photoreceptors; signalling pathways; photomorphogenesis; seedling development; Arabidopsis phy mutants ID ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA L; SEED-GERMINATION; LIGHT CONTROL; PHOTOSENSORY PERCEPTION; GENE-EXPRESSION; DE-ETIOLATION; TRANSDUCTION; MUTANTS; PLANTS; PHOTOTRANSDUCTION AB There is considerable evidence that individual members of the five-membered phytochrome family of photoreceptors in Arabidopsis have differential functional roles in controlling plant photomorphogenesis. Emerging genetic evidence suggests that this differential activity may involve initially separate signalling pathway branches specific to individual family members. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Quail, PH (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. FU PHS HHS [47475] NR 41 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 6 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 0962-8436 J9 PHILOS T R SOC B JI Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. PD SEP 29 PY 1998 VL 353 IS 1374 BP 1399 EP 1403 DI 10.1098/rstb.1998.0294 PG 5 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 124MJ UT WOS:000076185900002 PM 9800202 ER PT J AU Souza, SC de Vargas, LM Yamamoto, MT Lien, P Franciosa, MD Moss, LG Greenberg, AS AF Souza, SC de Vargas, LM Yamamoto, MT Lien, P Franciosa, MD Moss, LG Greenberg, AS TI Overexpression of perilipin A and B blocks the ability of tumor necrosis factor alpha to increase lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID INDUCED INSULIN-RESISTANCE; HUMAN ADENOVIRUS TYPE-5; PROTEIN-KINASE; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; IN-VIVO; EXPRESSION; OBESITY; PHOSPHORYLATION; STIMULATION; INHIBITION AB Perilipins, a family of phosphoproteins, are specifically located at the surface of intracellular lipid (triacylglycerol) droplets, the site of lipolysis. Stimulation of lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is associated with a decrease in total cellular expression of perilipin A and B, consistent with the hypothesis that a decrease in perilipin protein expression is required for TNF-alpha-induced lipolysis. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of perilipin A or B maintains perilipin protein levels on the lipid droplet and blocks TNF alpha-induced lipolysis. In contrast, overexpression of perilipin A or perilipin B does not inhibit isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis and does not alter the isoproterenol-induced migration of perilipins from the lipid droplet. These results provide the first evidence of how perilipin functions and suggest that TNF-alpha regulates lipolysis, in part, by decreasing perilipin protein levels at the lipid droplet surface. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. New England Med Ctr, Tupper Res Inst, Div Endocrinol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. New England Med Ctr, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. New England Med Ctr, Dept Physiol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Greenberg, AS (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 24 TC 207 Z9 213 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD SEP 18 PY 1998 VL 273 IS 38 BP 24665 EP 24669 DI 10.1074/jbc.273.38.24665 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 121HL UT WOS:000076007300056 PM 9733764 ER PT J AU Maxwell, RJ Lightfield, AR AF Maxwell, RJ Lightfield, AR TI Multiresidue supercritical fluid extraction method for the recovery at low ppb levels of three sulfonamides from fortified chicken liver SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B LA English DT Article DE sulfamethazine; sulfadimethoxine; sulfaquinoxaline ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; CO2; TISSUES; HELIUM; CHF3 AB A supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method is proposed for the recovery of three sulfonamides from chicken liver. Samples were extracted at 680 bar and 40 degrees C using unmodified carbon dioxide and were collected free of co-extracted artifactual material on an in-line neutral alumina sorbent bed. High recoveries of sulfamethazine (SMZ), sulfadimethoxine (SDM) and sulfaquinoxaline (SQX) were obtained from chicken liver samples fortified at levels from 1000 to 50 ppm. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Maxwell, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 11 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4347 J9 J CHROMATOGR B JI J. Chromatogr. B PD SEP 18 PY 1998 VL 715 IS 2 BP 431 EP 435 DI 10.1016/S0378-4347(98)00277-1 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 127HP UT WOS:000076345100011 PM 9792530 ER PT J AU Olander, LP Scatena, FN Silver, WL AF Olander, LP Scatena, FN Silver, WL TI Impacts of disturbance initiated by road construction in a subtropical cloud forest in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE non-native species; aboveground biomass; ecosystem recovery; soil nutrients; succession ID SEASONAL SUBMONTANE ZONE; TROPICAL FOREST; ELFIN WOODLAND; MONTANE FOREST; SUCCESSION; MANAGEMENT; MOUNTAINS; ECOSYSTEM; CONSERVATION; REGENERATION AB The impacts of road construction and the spread of exotic vegetation, which are common threats to upper elevation tropical forests, were evaluated in the subtropical cloud forests of Puerto Rico. The vegetation, soil and microclimate of 6-month-old roadfills, 35-year-old roadfills and mature forest with and without grass understories were compared. Recent roadfills had higher light levels, soil temperatures, bulk densities, larger pools of exchangeable soil nutrients and higher soil oxygen concentrations; but lower soil moisture, soil organic matter and total soil N than the mature forest. On the 35-year-old roadfills, bulk density, soil pH and P pools were statistically similar to the mature forest while soil moisture, total N and base cations were different. The total aboveground biomass of 6-month-old roadfills was about 2 Mg/ha and dominated by a variety of monocot and herbaceous species. The 35-year-old roadfill areas had a biomass of 10.5 Mg/ha, 77% of which was non-woody. Seedling density, tree density and total woody biomass were 12, 28 and 2% of mature forest sites, respectively. In these areas, where soils were disturbed during construction, accumulation of biomass is the slowest known for the LEE It may take 200-300 years for biomass to attain mature forest levels. In areas that were not directly disturbed during construction, the road has had little effect on the vegetative composition beyond a 5-10 m zone immediately adjacent to the pavement. Although non-native monocots, one of which had been planted along the road 35 years earlier, were copious along the disturbed roadside, they were generally absent from the mature forest and only abundant in habitats of anthropogenic origin. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Ecosyst Sci Div, Berkeley, CA 94702 USA. RP Olander, LP (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RI Silver, Whendee/H-1118-2012 NR 50 TC 42 Z9 53 U1 4 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD SEP 16 PY 1998 VL 109 IS 1-3 BP 33 EP 49 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00261-8 PG 17 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 131TX UT WOS:000076592300004 ER PT J AU Kimball, BA Nolte, DL Griffin, DL Dutton, SM Ferguson, S AF Kimball, BA Nolte, DL Griffin, DL Dutton, SM Ferguson, S TI Impacts of live canopy pruning on the chemical constituents of Douglas-fir vascular tissues: implications for black bear tree selection SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE forage preference; forest management; pruning; silviculture; Ursus americanus ID SECONDARY METABOLITES; CHROMATOGRAPHY; HERBIVORES; MAMMALS; SAPWOOD AB The impact of live canopy pruning on the carbohydrate and terpene content of vascular tissue was investigated in the lower hole of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Cambial zone vascular tissue samples were collected from pruned and unpruned trees in the lower hole and within the Live canopy. Current year's radial growth was estimated from the mass of vascular tissue removed from the 800 cm(2) sample area. Chemical analyses were conducted to determine the concentration of carbohydrates and terpenes in the samples. Results indicated that two years following treatment, pruning resulted in reduced growth and decreased carbohydrate content of the vascular tissue. Pruning had no effect on the terpene concentration of the vascular tissue. The impact of pruning on the foraging selection of black bears (Ursus americanus) was evaluated by surveying bear damaged trees in a 50 acre stand of pruned and unpruned timber. Odds ratios indicate that black bears were four times more likely to forage unpruned Douglas-fir than pruned Douglas-fir Tree selection may be explained in part to the higher availability of carbohydrates in the unpruned tree with respect to the pruned tree. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 NWRC, APHIS, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80225 USA. NWRC, APHIS, USDA, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. Oregon Dept Forestry, Tillamook, OR 97141 USA. Oregon Dept Forestry, Astoria, OR 97103 USA. RP Kimball, BA (reprint author), NWRC, APHIS, USDA, 3350 Eastbrook Dr, Ft Collins, CO 80225 USA. NR 24 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD SEP 16 PY 1998 VL 109 IS 1-3 BP 51 EP 56 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00260-6 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 131TX UT WOS:000076592300005 ER PT J AU Brockway, DG AF Brockway, DG TI Forest plant diversity at local and landscape scales in the Cascade Mountains of southwestern Washington SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review DE old-growth; Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes; A-grandis (Dougl.) Lindl.; Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco; Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.; T-mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. ID CONSERVING BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY; SPECIES-DIVERSITY; UNITED-STATES; ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; MANAGED FORESTS; BIODIVERSITY; PATTERNS; CONSERVATION; RESOURCES AB Old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest are known to support high levels of diversity across the varied landscapes they occupy. On 1200 plots distributed over the Cascade Mountains in southwestern Washington, climatic, physiographic, edaphic and floristic data were collected to evaluate the ecological characteristics of these coniferous forests and develop a classification framework useful in land management. The resulting abundance of data provided a unique opportunity to analyze plant diversity relationships at multiple levels and identify the environmental and biotic factors which influence diversity at local and landscape scales. Plant species richness and diversity were generally lower in communities characterized by environmental extremes (i.e., excessive or scarce moisture and severely cold high elevation) than in mesic environments at low-to-middle elevations. Evenness among plant species was greatest at higher elevations, where severe climate limited the ability of any single or group of species to dominate. Species turnover rates were also higher near the environmental extremes. High turnover rates among mountain hemlock, associations were attributed to highly variable topography and local microclimates which resulted in substantial geographical isolation and species specialization among site types. Moisture appeared to have the most influence on species richness (alpha diversity) and sequential turnover rates (beta diversity) at high elevations, where available water is seasonally Limited by low temperatures. Temperature had the greatest influence on overall species turnover (gamma diversity) throughout the landscape. Species richness of the landscape (epsilon diversity) was quite accurately predicted (within 7% for temperature and moisture gradients) by a computational method which uses independent measures of alpha, beta and gamma diversity. Patterns of forest plant diversity appear to be the result of environmental conditions at larger scales and the complex interactions among biological and physical variables at smaller scales, within an historical context of stochastic disturbance events. Managers wishing to restore and sustain the high diversity characteristic of these old-growth coniferous forests wilt need to consider the respective roles of various biophysical factors and the disturbance dynamics in these unique ecosystems. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. RP Brockway, DG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, 2205 Columbia Dr SE, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. EM dbrockwa/rmrs_albq@fs.fed.us NR 113 TC 17 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD SEP 16 PY 1998 VL 109 IS 1-3 BP 323 EP 341 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00266-7 PG 19 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 131TX UT WOS:000076592300030 ER PT J AU Scherzer, AJ Rebbeck, J Boerner, REJ AF Scherzer, AJ Rebbeck, J Boerner, REJ TI Foliar nitrogen dynamics and decomposition of yellow-poplar and eastern white pine during four seasons of exposure to elevated ozone and carbon dioxide SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE nutrient cycling; enriched CO2; O-3; Liriodendron tulipifera L.; Pinus strobus L. ID SIMULATED ACID-RAIN; SPRUCE PICEA-ABIES; CLIMATE CHANGE; LEAF-LITTER; L SEEDLINGS; CO2; PLANTS; GROWTH; FIELD; NUTRITION AB Yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings growing in two plantations were fumigated from 1992 to 1995 in open-top chambers with charcoal-filtered air (CF), ambient air (chamberless), one time ambient ozone (1X), twice ambient ozone (2X), or twice ambient ozone+twice ambient CO2 (2X+CO2). Across all treatments and years, concentrations of foliar nitrogen (N) in yellow-poplar averaged 26.3 mg g(-1) in June and decreased to 13.8 mg g(-1) just prior to leaf senescence. While leaves from all treatments exhibited similar seasonal reductions, actual N concentrations were greatly affected by treatment. Ozone (O-3) alone did not significantly alter foliar N concentrations; however, 2X+CO2 decreased N concentrations by 18-40% depending on time of sampling. After one season of fumigation, 2X+CO2-exposed leaves of yellow-poplar decayed significantly more slowly than leaves from all other treatments. In contrast, white pine needles demonstrated few differences in N concentrations or decomposition during the first 3 years of fumigation. By the forth season, 2X-CO2-air significantly reduced N concentrations of current year needles. In needles grown in CF air N concentrations ranged from 14.8 mg g(-1) in June to 17.2 mg g(-1) in October. 2X+CO2-air reduced N levels in white pine by 10-23% depending on time of sampling. For both species, significant differences in N due to leaf age and canopy position must be taken into consideration when evaluating the data. Our experiments indicate that elevated CO2 in the presence of elevated O-3 can reduce foliar N concentrations and reduce litter decay, thus affecting nutrient cycling. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Scherzer, AJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, 359 Main Rd, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. NR 41 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD SEP 16 PY 1998 VL 109 IS 1-3 BP 355 EP 366 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00290-4 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 131TX UT WOS:000076592300032 ER PT J AU Mansfield, LS Urban, JF Holley-Shanks, RR Murtaugh, MP Zarlenga, DS Foss, D Canals, A Gause, W Lunney, JK AF Mansfield, LS Urban, JF Holley-Shanks, RR Murtaugh, MP Zarlenga, DS Foss, D Canals, A Gause, W Lunney, JK TI Construction of internal cDNA competitors for measuring IL-10 and IL-12 cytokine gene expression in swine SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cytokine; interleukin-10; interleukin-12; hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase; quantitative RT-PCR; cDNA competitors; Trichuris suis ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; PCR; INTERLEUKIN-10; STANDARDS; GAMMA; MICE; DNA AB A competitive PCR assay (cPCR) was used to quantify swine cytokine responses to parasite infection. Internal standards (deleted cDNA competitor molecules [DcDNA mimics]) were produced and tested for swine interleukin-12 (IL-12), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) from PCR generated cDNA cloned in plasmid vectors. Deletion clones for the cDNA competitor molecules (DcDNA mimics) were generated for IL-10, IL-12 and HPRT by PCR in a single step and verified by (1) amplification of the expected smaller PCR product with the original primers, (2) appropriate fragment size released by restriction digestion of the deleted clone, and (3) correct sequence of the new DcDNA insert. DcDNA mimics were used to quantitate cytokine gene mRNA production during experimental and natural infections of swine with the gastrointestinal nematode parasite Trichuris suis. Mesenteric lymph node cells were collected from control and infected pigs at the time of maximal pathogenicity (35 days after infection) and snap frozen. After RNA extraction, samples were reverse transcribed (RT) to cDNA. cPCR was performed using the housekeeping gene HPRT DcDNA mimic and HPRT specific primers to insure RNA integrity and concentration. Cytokine cDNA content in these samples was then quantitated using cytokine mimics and gene specific primers. IL-10 gene expression in MLN draining the colon of pigs experimentally infected with T. suis increased 10-20 fold at day 35 compared to control pigs. IL-12 gene expression was not detectable in MLN of these pigs, but was detectable in MLN of pigs exposed naturally to T. suis on a contaminated dirt lot that also exhibited signs of secondary bacterial invasion. Swine IL-10 and IL-12 gene expression can be quantitated in local mesenteric tissues. This cPCR assay will enable scientists to quantitate cytokine gene expression in swine and determine the nature of immune responses to important infectious diseases. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights resented. C1 Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. USDA, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Minnesota, Coll Vet Med, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Microbiol, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. RP Mansfield, LS (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM mansfield@ahdlms.cvm.msu.edu OI Mansfield, Linda S./0000-0002-7523-7577; Urban, Joseph/0000-0002-1590-8869 NR 22 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD SEP 16 PY 1998 VL 65 IS 1 BP 63 EP 74 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(98)00106-8 PG 12 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA 128ZB UT WOS:000076437300006 PM 9802577 ER PT J AU Carriere, CJ AF Carriere, CJ TI Network development during shear-thickening in semidilute solutions of gently solubilized starches SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE starch; shear-thickening; semidilute solution; viscoelastic properties; oscillatory shear flow ID MAIZE STARCH; POLYMER BLENDS; BEHAVIOR; VISCOSITY; AMYLOPECTIN; TEMPERATURE; RHEOMETER; GRANULES; RHEOLOGY; SWOLLEN AB The shear-thickening behavior of semidilute waxy maize (WM) starch solutions (90/10 DMSO/water) exhibit much of the behavior of classical nonlinear viscoelasticity. Small-amplitude oscillatory shear experiments were used to investigate the network structure formed during the shear-thickening regime. The solution viscoelastic properties of WM starch prior to the shear-thickening region could be described by the GLV model. The macromolecules behave as random coils with a longest relaxation time of 0.58 +/- 0.03 s. For WM starch the observed shear-thickening region creates a stable, highly entangled network which resembles the behavior found in solutions in the concentrated regime. The longest relaxation time for the entangled solution is estimated to be 1.4 s. Semidilute solutions of normal maize (NM) starch in 90/10 DMSO/water do not exhibit a shear-thickening regime. The oscillatory shear data obtained before and after a thixotropic loop experiment were identical. The semidilute solution conformational dynamics of NM starch indicate some degree of rigidity in one of the components that constitute NM starch which might be associated with the helical structure obtained by amylose in DMSO. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.* J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 36: 2085-2093, 1998. C1 ARS, Biomat Proc Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Carriere, CJ (reprint author), ARS, Biomat Proc Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 40 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD SEP 15 PY 1998 VL 36 IS 12 BP 2085 EP 2093 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(19980915)36:12<2085::AID-POLB7>3.0.CO;2-W PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 106DQ UT WOS:000075114900007 ER PT J AU Timms, LL Van Der Maaten, MJ Kehrli, ME Ackermann, MR AF Timms, LL Van Der Maaten, MJ Kehrli, ME Ackermann, MR TI Histologic features and results of virus isolation tests of tissues obtained from teat lesions that developed in dairy cattle during winter SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE bovine species; histologic evaluation; mastitis; teat lesions; virus isolation ID STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS COLONIZATION; SKIN AB Objective-To determine microscopic features and involvement of viruses in teat-end lesions (TEL) of dairy cows during winter. Sample Population-Teats with TEL on lactating Holstein cows and from udders of carcasses. Procedure-Tissues obtained from TEL of 10 teats from 7 cows on 2 research farms during the winter of 1994 to 1995 and 13 teats with TEL excised from udders of carcasses at an abattoir during February 1995 were submitted for virus isolation. During the winter of 1995 to 1996, an increased prevalence of TEL was observed in a research herd. After a decrease in ambient temperature, TEL were identified, and a full-thickness section of epidermis was removed from skin surrounding teat orifices. Tissues were examined by use of light and electron transmission microscopy. Results-Viruses were not isolated from TEL tissues. Lesions ranged from mild elevations of the epidermis to thickened oval regions that encircled the teat orifice. The most severe lesions were dark and had thick crusts. Histologically. IEL were composed of thickened regions of epidermis most notably caused by hyperplasia of cells within the stratum spinosum. Excess production of keratinocytes was also evident, and the keratinocyte layer often contained bacteria. Ultrastructurally, squamous cells contained large amounts of keratin, but virions were not detected. Evidence of a viral etiologic agent for IEL was not detected. Clinical Implications-Development of TEL may be associated with decreases in ambient temperature. Numerous bacteria were evident in the keratin of TEL. Lesions and associated bacteria may predispose cows to mastitis. C1 Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Anim Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. ARS, Resp & Neurol Dis Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. ARS, Metab Dis & Immunol Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Timms, LL (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Anim Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 15 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD SEP 15 PY 1998 VL 213 IS 6 BP 862 EP + PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 119WK UT WOS:000075921000046 PM 9743729 ER PT J AU Scrofano, MM Jahngen-Hodge, J Nowell, TR Gong, X Smith, DE Perrone, G Asmundsson, G Dallal, G Gindlesky, B Mura, CV Taylor, A AF Scrofano, MM Jahngen-Hodge, J Nowell, TR Gong, X Smith, DE Perrone, G Asmundsson, G Dallal, G Gindlesky, B Mura, CV Taylor, A TI The effects of aging and calorie restriction on plasma nutrient levels in male and female Emory mice SO MECHANISMS OF AGEING AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE calorie restriction; Emory; retinol; alpha-tocopherol; ascorbate; cholesterol; glucose; glycohemoglobin ID LOWERS BLOOD-GLUCOSE; DIETARY RESTRICTION; ASCORBIC-ACID; VITAMIN-C; NONENZYMATIC GLYCATION; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; LIFE-SPAN; RATS; AGE AB We examined the effect of diet, age (4.5, 13 and 23 months), and sex on plasma levels of retinol, tocopherol, ascorbate, cholesterol, glucose and glycohemoglobin in male and female Emery mice which were fed control (C) and 50% calorie restricted (R) diets. Results showed that C fed animals tended to have higher levels of plasma ascorbate (50-71%), cholesterol (23-71%), glucose (38-81%) and glycohemoglobin (50%). However, these diet differences varied with the age and sex of the animals. Plasma retinol levels were lower only in R males vs. C males (50%). Novel sex-related differences in levels of plasma retinol (2-fold higher in C male mice than in C or R female mice) are described. Aging was associated with trends towards lower levels of plasma ascorbate (14-25%), glucose (34-36%) and glycohemoglobin (47-57%) from 4.5 to 23 months of age. However, these age differences depended upon the diet and sex of the animals. These data suggest that lower plasma levels of glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and cholesterol may be causally related to the life extension noted in R animals since elevated levels of these moieties have been related to aging. Since oxidative stress is thought to be causally related to aging it appears unlikely that retinol, tocopherol and ascorbate are causally related to R-induced life-extension. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, Lab Nutr & Vis Res, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Taylor, A (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Lab Nutr & Vis Res, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM Taylor_C1@HNRC.Tufts.Edu FU NEI NIH HHS [EY08566]; NIA NIH HHS [T32AG00209] NR 51 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0047-6374 J9 MECH AGEING DEV JI Mech. Ageing. Dev. PD SEP 15 PY 1998 VL 105 IS 1-2 BP 31 EP 44 DI 10.1016/S0047-6374(98)00077-3 PG 14 WC Cell Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Cell Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 143RK UT WOS:000077270100003 PM 9922117 ER PT J AU Toroser, D Athwal, GS Huber, SC AF Toroser, D Athwal, GS Huber, SC TI Site-specific regulatory interaction between spinach leaf sucrose-phosphate synthase and 14-3-3 proteins SO FEBS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE sucrose-phosphate synthase; 14-3-3 protein; Spinach; protein : protein interaction; surface plasmon resonance ID PHOSPHORYLATED NITRATE REDUCTASE; SERINE PHOSPHORYLATION; LEAVES; 14-3-3-PROTEINS; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; ACTIVATION; MECHANISM; BINDING; CELLS; AMP AB We report an Mg2+-dependent interaction between spinach leaf sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) and endogenous 14-3-3 proteins? as evidenced by co-elution during gel filtration and co-immunoprecipitation. The content of 13-3-3s associated with an SPS immunoprecipitate was inversely related to activity, and was specifically reduced when tissue was pretreated with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside, suggesting metabolite control in vivo. A synthetic phosphopeptide based on Ser-229 was shown by surface plasmon resonance to bind a recombinant plant 14-3-3, and addition of the phosphorylated SPS-229 peptide was found to stimulate the SPS activity of an SPS:14-3-3 complex, Taken together, the results suggest a regulatory interaction of 14-3-3 proteins with Ser-229 of SPS, (C) 1998 Federation of European Biochemical Societies. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Bot, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Hort Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Huber, SC (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM steve_huber@ncsu.edu NR 26 TC 109 Z9 123 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0014-5793 J9 FEBS LETT JI FEBS Lett. PD SEP 11 PY 1998 VL 435 IS 1 BP 110 EP 114 DI 10.1016/S0014-5793(98)01048-5 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology GA 122AR UT WOS:000076048700023 PM 9755869 ER PT J AU Titenko-Holland, N Jacob, RA Shang, N Balaraman, A Smith, MT AF Titenko-Holland, N Jacob, RA Shang, N Balaraman, A Smith, MT TI Micronuclei in lymphocytes and exfoliated buccal cells of postmenopausal women with dietary changes in folate SO MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE dietary folate; micronucleus frequency; postmenopausal woman; lymphocyte; buccal cell ID IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS; BLOCKED HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES; FOLIC-ACID; CYTOGENETIC DAMAGE; ASSAY; CHROMOSOME; CANCER; PLASMA; ERYTHROCYTES AB Folate deficiency is associated with anemia, birth defects, cancer and neuropsychiatric disorders. The purpose of this study was to determine if a moderate folate deficiency during controlled changes in folate intake would affect chromosomal damage in lymphocytes and buccal cells. A study of nine healthy postmenopausal women volunteers (age 49-63 years) was carried out in a metabolic unit (baseline week with folate intake of 195 mu g/day, five-week depletion at 56 mu g/day, and gradual repletion including four weeks at 111 mu g/day, 11 days at 286 mu g/day and 9 days at 516 mu g/day). Plasma folate, vitamin B-12, and homocysteine were measured weekly. Cytogenetic damage was assessed by scoring micronucleus (MN) frequency in lymphocytes and buccal cells three times: (1) ar the beginning of the study, (2) at the end of depletion, and (3) after repletion. The MN frequency increased in binucleated lymphocytes, as well as in all lymphocytes, after depletion (p = 0.037), and later decreased following repletion (p = 0.028). Both kinetochore-positive and kinetochore-negative MN were increased after depletion (p = 0.015 and 0.028), but after repletion only the change in kinetochore-positive MN was statistically significant(p = 0.048). The main variables affecting MN were: (1) vitamin B-12 level, (2) plasma folate level, and (3) baseline frequency of MN. The MN frequency in exfoliated buccal cells was decreased after dietary supplementation of 516 mu g/day folate (p = 0.010). Thus, low folate, without clinical symptoms of anemia, results in higher levels of cytogenetic damage in both the blood and oral cavity of postmenopausal women. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Environm Hlth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. USDA, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. RP Titenko-Holland, N (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Environm Hlth Sci, 217 Warren Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM ninah@uclink4.berkeley.edu FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P30 ES01896, P42 ES04705] NR 48 TC 91 Z9 96 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5718 J9 MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN JI Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. PD SEP 11 PY 1998 VL 417 IS 2-3 BP 101 EP 114 DI 10.1016/S1383-5718(98)00104-1 PG 14 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 121TP UT WOS:000076030300006 PM 9733936 ER PT J AU Diez-Gonzalez, F Callaway, TR Kizoulis, MG Russell, JB AF Diez-Gonzalez, F Callaway, TR Kizoulis, MG Russell, JB TI Grain feeding and the dissemination of acid-resistant Escherichia coli from cattle SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FOODBORNE PATHOGENS; O157-H7; DISEASE AB The gastric stomach of humans is a barrier to food-borne pathogens, but Escherichia coli can survive at pH 2.0 if it is grown under mildly acidic conditions. Cattle are a natural reservoir for pathogenic E. coli, and cattle fed mostly grain had Lower colonic pH and more acid-resistant E. coli than cattle fed only hay. On the basis of numbers and survival after acid shock, cattle that were fed grain had 10(6)-fold more acid-resistant E. coli than cattle fed hay, but a brief period of hay feeding decreased the acid-resistant count substantially. C1 Cornell Univ, Div Biol Sci, Microbiol Sect, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. ARS, USDA, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Russell, JB (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Div Biol Sci, Microbiol Sect, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM jbr8@cornell.edu NR 20 TC 228 Z9 236 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 11 PY 1998 VL 281 IS 5383 BP 1666 EP 1668 DI 10.1126/science.281.5383.1666 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 118TR UT WOS:000075856500044 PM 9733511 ER PT J AU Pachepsky, YA Ritchie, JC AF Pachepsky, YA Ritchie, JC TI Seasonal changes in fractal landscape surface roughness estimated from airborne laser altimetry data SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID TOPOGRAPHY; TERRAIN AB Fractal geometry is a useful tool for the analysis of landscape data. In this study fractal scaling was applied to high-resolution landscape data collected with a profiling laser altimeter. The objective of this work was to assess the persistence of scaling differences over time. Data were collected at the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agriculture Research Service (ARS) Jornada Experimental Range in New Mexico, USA in May and September 1995 and February 1996 over a grass-dominated site, a shrub-dominated site, and a transitional area between shrub- and grass-dominated sites along four transects at each site for each date. Root-mean-square (RMS) roughness was scale-dependent and had more than one range of self-affine scaling. Different numbers of self-affine scaling intervals, boundaries of intervals, and fractal dimensions over these intervals were associated with different land covers. A linearity measure was applied to find intervals of fractal scaling. The number and boundaries of fractal scaling intervals appeared to be persistent over the year. Grass and shrub sites had two and four linearity intervals respectively. The transitional site had a pattern of scaling that was intermediate between grass and shrub sites. The lowest fractal dimensions at small scales of 6-30 m corresponded to the maximum vegetation in September. C1 USDA ARS, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Duke Univ, Durham, NC 27708 USA. USDA ARS, Hydrol Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Pachepsky, YA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, BARC W, Bldg 007,Rm 008, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Pachepsky, Yakov/0000-0003-0232-6090 NR 20 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD SEP 10 PY 1998 VL 19 IS 13 BP 2509 EP 2516 DI 10.1080/014311698214596 PG 8 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 119HG UT WOS:000075889400007 ER PT J AU Powell, J Tams, J Bentz, B Logan, J AF Powell, J Tams, J Bentz, B Logan, J TI Theoretical analysis of "switching" in a localized model for mountain pine beetle mass attack SO JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DENDROCTONUS-PONDEROSAE COLEOPTERA; LODGEPOLE PINE; PRIMARY ATTRACTION; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; BARK BEETLES; GLOBAL-MODEL; SCOLYTIDAE; DISPERSAL; DYNAMICS; STANDS AB The dynamic interaction between mountain pine beetles (MPB) and hosts (generally lodgepole pine) is reviewed briefly. In particular, successful "switching" from initial foci of attack to nearby hosts which may be higher-quality resources is a potentially critical element initiating the transition from endemic to epidemic population levels. A coupled partial differential equation model for MPB dispersal and host response is reviewed. The equations are decoupled making an adiabatic assumption for MPB chemotaxis, and a "local" projection is made using the leading eigenfunction for the MPB density equation. This projection yields a system of ordinary differential equations for the spatio-temporal responses at individual trees. These equations are analysed to determine what factors control successful "switching" in a two-tree model. The results suggest that stand thinning ameliorates outbreaks mainly through interference with the chemical ecology via a change in micro-climate, rather than by altering host vigor. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Logan Forestry Sci Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Powell, J (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 67 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-5193 J9 J THEOR BIOL JI J. Theor. Biol. PD SEP 7 PY 1998 VL 194 IS 1 BP 49 EP 63 DI 10.1006/jtbi.1998.0742 PG 15 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology GA 123EW UT WOS:000076113700004 ER PT J AU Neff, WE Byrdwell, WC AF Neff, WE Byrdwell, WC TI Characterization of model triacylglycerol (triolein, trilinolein and trilinolenin) autoxidation products via high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE fatty acids; triacylglycerol oxidation products; triolein; trilinolein; trilinolenin ID LIPID OXIDATION; POLYUNSATURATED TRIACYLGLYCEROLS; FREE-RADICALS; OILS; ANTIOXIDANTS; CHEMISTRY; STABILITY; ACIDS; FOODS AB Oxidation products from the autoxidation of three triacylglycerol standards have been analyzed using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) coupled to mass spectrometry via an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source. Triolein, trilinolein and trilinolenin were autoxidized in the dark at 50-60 degrees C until the oxidation products represented approximately 30% of the starting material. These oxidation product mixtures were then analyzed using RP-HPLC-APCI-MS. Several classes of oxidation products were directly detected and identified. Monohydroperoxides were present in the largest amounts in the oxidation products mixtures. The hydroperoxides were found to provide several structurally useful fragments: epoxide intermediates were formed which then underwent further fragmentation, and other fragments were formed from concerted loss of the hydroperoxide group to form a site of unsaturation. Fragments formed by intra-annular cleavage of epoxide intermediates allowed identification of several hydroperoxide isomers. Bishydroperoxides were observed which underwent similar fragmentation pathways. Mono- and diepoxides were also formed by the autoxidation reaction. Two classes of epoxides were observed: those in which an epoxide formed in place of an existing double bond, and those in which an epoxide formed away from a double bond. Two distinct fragmentation mechanisms were observed for epoxides which were not formed across a double bond. Other oxidation products which were observed included hydroxy trilinolenin, epidioxy trilinolenin and hydroperoxy, epidioxy trilinolenin. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Byrdwell, WC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. OI Byrdwell, William/0000-0001-8241-428X NR 24 TC 58 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD SEP 4 PY 1998 VL 818 IS 2 BP 169 EP 186 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00553-6 PG 18 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 120YN UT WOS:000075985600003 ER PT J AU Bachrach, S Berry, RS Blume, M von Foerster, T Fowler, A Ginsparg, P Heller, S Kestner, N Odlyzko, A Okerson, A Wigington, R Fowler, A AF Bachrach, S Berry, RS Blume, M von Foerster, T Fowler, A Ginsparg, P Heller, S Kestner, N Odlyzko, A Okerson, A Wigington, R Fowler, A TI Who should own scientific papers? SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 No Illinois Univ, Dept Chem, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA. Univ Chicago, Searle Chem Dept, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Springer Verlag, New York, NY 10010 USA. Elect Frontier Fdn, San Francisco, CA 94103 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Theory Div Dept, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. USDA, Natl Agr Lib, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Chem, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. AT&T Labs Res, Florham Park, NJ 07932 USA. Yale Univ Lib, New Haven, CT 06502 USA. Amer Chem Soc, Columbus, OH 43220 USA. Amer Acad Arts & Sci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. RP Bachrach, S (reprint author), No Illinois Univ, Dept Chem, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA. OI Bachrach, Steven/0000-0002-7628-7947 NR 2 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 4 PY 1998 VL 281 IS 5382 BP 1459 EP 1460 DI 10.1126/science.281.5382.1459 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 116RJ UT WOS:000075738100023 PM 9750115 ER PT J AU Malinowski, T Zawadzka, B Ravelonandro, M Scorza, R AF Malinowski, T Zawadzka, B Ravelonandro, M Scorza, R TI Preliminary report on the apparent breaking of resistance of a a transgenic plum by chip bud inoculation of plum pox virus PPV-S SO ACTA VIROLOGICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Middle European Meeting on Plum Pox 1998 CY JUN 29-JUL 03, 1998 CL SMOLENICE, SLOVAKIA DE plum pox virus; transgenic plum; resistance ID COAT PROTEIN GENE; PRUNUS-DOMESTICA; INFECTION AB Five transgenic clones of Prunus domestica L. containing plum pox virus (PPV) coat protein (CP) gene and one non-transformed control clone were challenged with PPV-S in the field. Symptoms developed on C2, C3, C4, C6 and B70146 but not C5 trees inoculated by chip budding (CBI) (2/2, 212, 1/1, 2/2 and 2/2, positive/inoculated) in the first summer after inoculation. However, in the second year, symptoms appeared on CBI C5 trees. The presence of the virus in the plants was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent ass ay (ELISA) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-P CR) amplification of a fragment of viral polymerase gene. During two years, symptoms of infection developed on 3 to 4 of 8 non-inoculated trees of clones C2, C3, C4, C6 and B70146. Eight non-inoculated C5 trees remained symptomless and ELISA-negative as of spring 1998, in spite of the presence of aphid vectors and inoculum sources. C1 Res Inst Pomol & Floriculture, PL-96100 Skierniewice, Poland. INRA, Pathol Vegetale Stn, Villenave Dornon, France. USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Malinowski, T (reprint author), Res Inst Pomol & Floriculture, Pomologiczna 18, PL-96100 Skierniewice, Poland. NR 7 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 8 PU SLOVAK ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI BRATISLAVA PA PO BOX 57 NAM SLOBODY 6, 810 05 BRATISLAVA, SLOVAKIA SN 0001-723X J9 ACTA VIROL JI Acta Virol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 42 IS 4 BP 241 EP 243 PG 3 WC Virology SC Virology GA 157QV UT WOS:000078073900012 PM 10073228 ER PT J AU Ravelonandro, M Scorza, R Dunez, J AF Ravelonandro, M Scorza, R Dunez, J TI Characterization of phenotype resistance to plum pox of transgenic plums expressing plum pox virus capsid gene SO ACTA VIROLOGICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Middle European Meeting on Plum Pox 1998 CY JUN 29-JUL 03, 1998 CL SMOLENICE, SLOVAKIA DE plum pox virus; capsid gene; expression; phenotype resistance ID COAT PROTEIN GENE; PRUNUS-DOMESTICA; INFECTION; PLANTS AB Resistance to plum pox virus (PPV) infection can be obtained in transgenic plants that express the virus capsid gene. An Aggrobacterium-mediated transformation was used to introduce the PPV capsid gene into Prunus domestica plants. Over Il regenerated plants (clones) were observed for the development of the disease symptoms and analysed for the presence of PPV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot analysis, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) through 4 dormancy cycles. The level of protection against PPV was determined in the transformed plants, nontransformed plants, and a control transgenic plant "transformed" with the plasmid vector alone. One clone, C-5, appeared fully protected, while PT-6 and C-4 clones accumulated a low concentration of virus and the rest of the clones was entirely susceptible. Little is known about the mechanisms of resistance to virus infection in transgenic woody plants. To investigate this aspect, comparative studies based on the characteristics of resistant and susceptible clones have been started. A question, whether the phenotype resistance of clone C-5 is similar to that observed in transgenic herbaceous plants or not, has been addressed. Recent progress in this investigation is presented. C1 INRA, Pathol Vegetale Stn, F-33883 Villenave Dornon, France. USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Ravelonandro, M (reprint author), INRA, Pathol Vegetale Stn, BP 81, F-33883 Villenave Dornon, France. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLOVAK ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI BRATISLAVA PA PO BOX 57 NAM SLOBODY 6, 810 05 BRATISLAVA, SLOVAKIA SN 0001-723X J9 ACTA VIROL JI Acta Virol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 42 IS 4 BP 270 EP 272 PG 3 WC Virology SC Virology GA 157QV UT WOS:000078073900021 PM 10073237 ER PT J AU Schillinger, WF Donaldson, E Allan, RE Jones, SS AF Schillinger, WF Donaldson, E Allan, RE Jones, SS TI Winter wheat seedling emergence from deep sowing depths SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOIL; TEMPERATURE AB Growers in low-precipitation (<300 mm annual) dryland wheat-fallow areas of the inland Pacific Northwest need winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars that emerge from deep sowing depths in dry soils. Stand establishment is the most important factor affecting winter wheat grain yield in this region. Despite poor resistance to disease, modest grain yield potential, and otter problems, the outdated soft white winter wheat (SWWW) cultivar Moro is widely sown in these dry areas, due to its excellent emergence ability, All other SWWW cultivars are semidwarfs that carry emergence-impeding Rht(1) or Rht(2) reduced-height genes, From 12 solving trials at 2 locations over 4 yr, we compared the emergence capability of Moro to (i) 8 SWWW cultivars and (ii) 16 SWWW advanced experimental Moro-replacement lines. Under both wet and dry soil conditions (soil water content in the seed zone ranged from 11 to 19 mm(2) mm(-3)), seeds were sown deep, with 110 to 160 mm of soil cover. Moro always emerged fastest and achieved the best final stand compared with the semidwarf cultivars, The advanced experimental lines, which contained either no reduced-height gene or a Rht(1), Rht(2), or Rht(8) reduced-height gene, had superior straw strength, disease resistance, and grain quality compared with Moro, The best-emerging advanced experimental lines had coleoptile lengths >100 mm, Coleoptile length was associated with emergence capability among both cultivars (r(2) = 0.71, P < 0.004) and advanced lines (r(2) = 0.62, P < 0.001), From deep sowing depths in this study: (i) cultivars and advanced lines with Rht(1) and Rht(2) reduced-height genes always emerged poorly compared with Moro: (ii) the Rht(8) reduced-height gene did not hamper emergence to the extent that Rht(1) and Rht(2) did; and (iii) several advanced experimental lines with long coleoptiles equaled or exceeded Moro for emergence. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Schillinger, WF (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Johnson Hall 201, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. OI Schillinger, William/0000-0001-9285-8159 NR 18 TC 66 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 90 IS 5 BP 582 EP 586 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 133FT UT WOS:000076676700003 ER PT J AU McMaster, GS Wilhelm, WW AF McMaster, GS Wilhelm, WW TI Is soil temperature better than air temperature for predicting winter wheat phenology? SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SHOOT APEX; GROWTH; PHYLLOCHRON; SIMULATION; GRASSES AB In predicting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) phenology, logic suggests that basing thermal unit accumulation on near-surface soil temperature should give a better representation of shout apex thermal unit accumulation than air temperature until internode elongation raises the apex above the soil surface. A study was undertaken to determine if predictions of winter wheat phenology are improved when based on measured near-surface soil temperature rather than air temperature. Air temperature 1.5 m above the soil surface and soil temperature at crown depth (the position of the shoot apex before stem elongation) were collected For 23 site-years across the U.S. Central Great Plains representing a range of cultivars, soils, management practices, and climates. Seven site-years from different sites were randomly selected to calculate the mean thermal units from both seeding and I January to specific growth steps based on both air and soil temperature. These means were used to predict occurrence of growth stages for the remaining 16 site-years. In no instance did soil temperature significantly improve prediction of winter wheat phenology, From these results, we conclude that the additional effort and expense of using soil temperature in predicting winter wheat phenology are not justified. C1 USDA ARS, Great Plains Syst Res, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP McMaster, GS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Great Plains Syst Res, POB E, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 20 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 90 IS 5 BP 602 EP 607 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 133FT UT WOS:000076676700007 ER PT J AU Gates, RN Burton, GW AF Gates, RN Burton, GW TI Seed yield and seed quality response of Pensacola and improved bahiagrasses to fertilization SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MANAGEMENT; GERMINABILITY; SWITCHGRASS; ROTATIONS; EMERGENCE; SORGHUM; FORAGE; PEANUT AB Availability of improved bahiagrass cultivars, such as 'Tifton 9', has increased the potential value of seed produced from bahiagrass. Seed yield response of improved entries to fertilizer inputs is unknown and the relationship of fertility to bahiagrass seed quality is poorly defined. Our objectives were to measure seed yield and seed quality response of three bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge var. saurae Parodi) entries, varying in forage yield, to fertilizer inputs, Bahiagrass was established in 1991 on Clarendon loamy sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Plinthaquic Paleudults) near Tifton, GA. Forage production had been evaluated from 1992 to 1994. In 1995 and 1996, seed was harvested from 'Pensacola', Tifton 9 (T9), and RRPS Cycle 18 (T18) in July. Eight fertilizer treatments, identical to the 3-yr forage yield study, included rates of 56, 112, 224, and 448 kg N ha(-1); 25 and 49 kg P ha(-1); and 47, 93, 139, 186, and 279 kg K ha(-1). Seed yield was lower (P < 0.01) in 1995 than in 1996 and year and fertilizer treatment interacted (P < 0.01), Seed yield achieved with 224 kg N ha(-1) and the lowest P and K rates was not improved by higher rates, Although fertilizer treatment and entry interacted (P < 0.01), optimal fertilizer inputs among entries were similar, Seed weight was greater in 1995 and was increased (P < 0.05) by spring application of 112 kg N ha(-1) compared with 56 kg N ha(-1), but not by higher rates. T18 seeds had greater (P < 0.05) emergence 7 or 14 days after planting (DAP) than Pensacola or T9. Emergence 14 DAP was greater with the highest N rates than the lowest rate. Emergence 35 DAP was only influenced by year (1996 > 1995), Moderate levels of N enhanced seed yield. Fertilizer treatment had no important effect on seed emergence or dormancy. Seed production and cumulative emergence of the three entries were similar. C1 USDA ARS, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31794 USA. RP Gates, RN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31794 USA. NR 25 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 90 IS 5 BP 607 EP 611 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 133FT UT WOS:000076676700008 ER PT J AU Baker, JM AF Baker, JM TI Determination of differential carbon dioxide concentration by conductimetric analysis SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ANALYZER AB There are many applications in such disciplines as agronomy, plant physiology, and ecology where if is necessary to measure the difference in atmospheric CO, concentration [CO2] between two points, This is commonly done with an infrared gas analyzer, but such instruments are expensive, representing a substantial and sometimes prohibitive share of the cost of CO2-related research, The goal of this project was to explore a simple inexpensive alternative, in which the difference in [CO2] between two air streams is determined by bubbling the air through cells containing deionized water while measuring the ratio of their conductivities with a half-bridge measurement of electrode pairs suspended in each cell. The underlying principles are presented, and it is shown that (i) differential [CO2] is directly proportional to the conductivity ratio minus ils inverse and (ii) the coefficient of proportionality Is equal to the mean [CO2] of the two sir streams, A system was designed and constructed to test these principles, and the results confirmed them. Dynamic response was characterized, and shown to he proportional to Q/V, where Q is the air now rate and V is the water-filled volume of the tell. Differential resolution was found to he in the range of 0.4 to 0.8 mu mol mol(-1), but better resolution is theoretically possible, Differential measurement of [CO2] by conductimetry shows considerable promise, particularly considering the straightforward nature of the relationship and the relatively low cost of the required components. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Baker, JM (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 90 IS 5 BP 612 EP 616 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 133FT UT WOS:000076676700009 ER PT J AU Sims, AL Schepers, JS Olson, RA Power, JF AF Sims, AL Schepers, JS Olson, RA Power, JF TI Irrigated corn yield and nitrogen accumulation response in a comparison of no-till and conventional till: Tillage and surface-residue variables SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOIL; FERTILIZER; SYSTEMS; CULTURE AB Comparisons between no-till and conventional till management are often confounded by variation in both tillage and residue placement, The objective of this research was to separate the tillage variable from the surface-residue variable associated with no-tilt and conventional-till management comparisons in Irrigated continuous corn (Zea mays L.) production. Two Nebraska locations (Mead and Clay Center) with differences in soil types and climate were selected. Four tillage-residue treatments [NT-NR (no-till, residue removed), NT-R (no-till, surface residue), T-NR (till, residue removed), T-R (conventional till, surface residue)] were fertilized by either broadcasting at planting or sidedressing at the 6-leaf stage with rates of 0, 56, 112, and 168 tig N ha (1), At Clay Center, grain yields and total N accumulation were similar for all tillage-residue treatment combinations in all years when the highest fertilizer N rate was used. In 2 of 3 yr at Mead, grain yields and total N accumulation were less Fur no-till than conventional-till treatments, but in 1 yr the yields and total N accumulations were greater in no-fill than conventional-till treatments. At Mend, surface residue resulted in lower grain yields and total N accumulation compared with bare soil at lower N rates, but not at greater N rates, in 2 of 3 yr, Sidedressing fertilizer N was generally a more efficient N placement than broadcasting. Differences between tillage and residue effects at Clay Center and residue effects at Mead were overcome with higher rates of fertilizer N, Tillage effects at Mead did not appear to be N-related, The data suggest that tillage may be necessary to maintain optimum production levels on finer-textured soils when spring soil temperatures are cool and slow to warm, When spring soil temperatures are warm, no-fill strategics can he used for optimum production levels on these soils. C1 Univ Minnesota, NW Exp Stn, Crookston, MN 56716 USA. USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Sims, AL (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, NW Exp Stn, 2900 Univ Ave, Crookston, MN 56716 USA. NR 31 TC 31 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 90 IS 5 BP 630 EP 637 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 133FT UT WOS:000076676700012 ER PT J AU Karlen, DL Kramer, LA Logsdon, SD AF Karlen, DL Kramer, LA Logsdon, SD TI Field-scale nitrogen balances associated with long-term continuous corn production SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOIL NITRATE; AVAILABILITY; GROUNDWATER; FERTILIZATION; YIELDS AB Excessive residual soil NO3-N indicates economic Inefficiency fur producers and Increases the potential for nonpoint leaching of N to mater resources. Our objective was to construct an approximate field-scale N budget Fur continuous corn (Zea mays L.) grown on deep loess soils in four 30- to 60-ha field-scale watersheds in western Iowa. Preplant and postemergence soil NO3-N levels were determined for the 0- to 30-cm, 30- to 60-cm, and 60- to 90-cm depths in April before N fertilizer was applied and again at the V6 growth stage, A simple root-zone water balance and N removal by corn grain were determined. The 4-yr average showed approximately 100 kg ha(-1) of NO3-N in the upper 90 rm of the root zone before an average of 168 kg of fertilizer N ha(-1) was applied, Grain removal accounted for 30 to 70% of the fertilizer N, There were significant differences in grain yield and N removal among the four watersheds. Factors contributing to those differences included different fertilizer rates, tillage practices, and application times, During the four study years, an average of 50% of the applied N was available for leaching, denitrification, and/or NH3 volatilization, High levels of residual soil NO3-N following continuous corn production coupled with steady percolation of precipitation that infiltrated but was not used by the corn crop appear to be the two major factors supplying NO3-N to groundwater baseflow that enters streams draining the watersheds. Bared on the seasonal water balance, the most successful N management strategies will be those that minimize the amount of residual NO3-N remaining in the soil profile at the end of the growing season. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, NSTL Deep Loess Res Stn, Council Bluffs, IA 51503 USA. RP Karlen, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 38 TC 51 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 90 IS 5 BP 644 EP 650 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 133FT UT WOS:000076676700014 ER PT J AU Magarian, DM Russelle, MP Lamb, JFS Blumenthal, JM AF Magarian, DM Russelle, MP Lamb, JFS Blumenthal, JM TI Bromide as a tracer for nitrate-N uptake in alfalfa herbage SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The N-15 isotope is a reliable way to measure nitrate-N (NO3--N) uptake in N-2-fixing legumes, but is too expensive for plant breeding programs. Our goal is to develop an affordable method of selecting alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) for NO3--N uptake under field conditions. In this research, we tested whether the anion bromide (Br-), which is used to trace NO3--N movement in soils and is inexpensive to analyze, reflects NO3--N uptake in alfalfa. 'Webfoot' (1994 and 1995), 'Agate' (1995), and 'Ineffective Agate' (1995) alfalfa were established in pots in the greenhouse. After removing herbage, daily additions of solutions containing Br- and N-15-labeled NO3- were made to the pots. Uptake of Br- and N derived from NO3- was determined in herbage regrowth sampled after 15, 25, and 35 d and the molar ratio of NO3--derived N:Br- was calculated. In both years, when a constant molar ratio in solution was provided at variable tracer concentrations, NO3--N uptake and Br- uptake both increased with increasing applied tracer concentration, but ratios in herbage were not constant for treatment, germplasm, or days of regrowth, These results imply that selection must be carried out under well-controlled tracer supply and crop management. At a constant NO3--N concentration, but increasing solution Br- concentration, NO3--N uptake remained constant and Br- uptake increased, Molar ratios of NO3--derived N:Br- in herbage directly reflected applied solution ratios in a soil-sand mixture (1994), but were less responsive in sand (1995) above molar ratios of 100:1 in solution. Individual plant analysis showed close agreement in Brand NO3--N uptake among plants in all germplasms across a wide range of tracer supply, and indicated that selection for NO3--N uptake using Br- uptake would result in minimal error. We conclude that Br- is a promising alternative tracer for use in selecting alfalfa for NO3- uptake. C1 USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, St Paul, MN USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Nebraska, Panhandle Res & Ext Ctr, Scottsbluff, NE 69361 USA. RP Russelle, MP (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, St Paul, MN USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 90 IS 5 BP 651 EP 657 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 133FT UT WOS:000076676700015 ER PT J AU Kiniry, JR Bockholt, AJ AF Kiniry, JR Bockholt, AJ TI Maize and sorghum simulation in diverse Texas environments SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID HARVEST INDEX; GROWTH AB Crop models for derision making should accurately simulate grain yields across a wide range of soils and climate regimes. This study was designed to evaluate two models' ability to simulate plot grain yields under diverse weather conditions and soils in Texas. The objective was to compare measured grain yields of maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L,) Moench] with grain yields simulated by the ALMANAC (Agricultural Land Management Alternatives with Numerical Assessment Criteria) model and to compare measured maize yields with grain yields simulated by a new version of the CERES-Maize (Crop-Environment Resource? Synthesis) model. Using yield performance trials, both models were tested for their ability to simulate the mean yield for five years at each location and their ability to describe year-to-year variability in measured yields. Both models were tested at nine locations for maize and ALMANAC was tested at eight locations for sorghum. Model inputs included parameters for the soil type, planting dates, planting rates, and locally measured weather data. Mean simulated grain yield for each site was within 10% of the mean measured grain yield for all cases, except for CERES at Thrall, where mean simulated yield was 13% lower than mean measured yield. When the models did not account for a significant amount of the year-to-year variability in measured grain yield at a site, it was usually due to the narrow range of measured grain yields. The soils, weather, and crop parameter data sets developed here can be useful starting points for deriving data at similar sites, giving model users examples of realistic input data. C1 USDA ARS, Temple, TX 76502 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Kiniry, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, 808 E Blacklad Rd, Temple, TX 76502 USA. EM kiniry@brc.tamus.edu NR 23 TC 32 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 90 IS 5 BP 682 EP 687 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 133FT UT WOS:000076676700019 ER PT J AU Kanneganti, VR Rotz, CA Walgenbach, RP AF Kanneganti, VR Rotz, CA Walgenbach, RP TI Modeling freezing injury in alfalfa to calculate forage yield: I. Model development and sensitivity analysis SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID INTERIOR BRITISH-COLUMBIA; WINTER SURVIVAL; FALL GROWTH; SOIL; CROP AB Freezing injury ran cause extensive yield loss in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) exposed to severe winters in cold climates. Existing simulation models for alfalfa either do not account for freezing injury effects or do not differentiate cultivars for their varying response to freezing stress and subsequent effects on crop productivity, The objective of this project was to incorporate cultivar-specific effects of freezing injury on forage dry matter (DM) yield into an existing alfalfa growth model to calculate annual forage yield during the life of an alfalfa crop, Numerical functions of cold tolerance, fall dormancy, and freezing injury were developed and integrated with the growth processes in the ALSIM 1(Level 2) alfalfa model, The new model, ALFACOLD, requires input oh daily solar irradiance, maximum and minimum air temperature, and precipitation; latitude; dates of harvest; cultivar's fall growth score (FGS); initial plant density; and maximum plant-available water in the root zone. The plant components modeled were leaf, stem, buds, and total nonstructural carbohydrates accumulated in the crown and root tissue. The model integrates the effects of soil moisture deficit, temperature, solar irradiance, and plant density on alfalfa growth, and the effects of subzero (degrees C) temperature on freezing injury and associated yield loss. Sensitivity of calculated forage DM yield to a +/-25% change in selected model parameters was measured in cultivars of FGS 2, 3, and 4 during three production years of a 4-yr alfalfa crop, The model did not simulate growth during a seeding year. A cultivar's rate of cold hardening and lowest temperature tolerance during autumn and winter influenced forage yield more than did the rate of dehardening in the spring. Field validation of ALFACOLD calculations of forage yield is presented in a companion paper. C1 Univ Wisconsin, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Walgenbach, RP (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, 1925 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 52 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 90 IS 5 BP 687 EP 697 PG 11 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 133FT UT WOS:000076676700020 ER PT J AU Acock, MC AF Acock, MC TI Two methods for the rapid assessment of leaf yield of Erythroxylum coca var. coca SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Methods for estimating yields of Erythroxylum coca var. coca were devised and compared. For the PCA method, yields were estimated from canopy light interception, specific leaf area (SLA), and a calibration factor, For the canopy subsample method (CSS), yield was estimated from leaf number, size, and SLA subsamples multiplied by the ratio of canopy to subsample volume. Corrected PCA overestimated yields by 9% and CSS underestimated yields by 7% for a test dataset, The CSS method requires more field time, but uses simple equipment that can be applied at any time. The PCA method requires expensive equipment and uniform light, and it cannot be used when it is raining. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Acock, MC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, Bldg 007,Room 008, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 90 IS 5 BP 705 EP 709 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 133FT UT WOS:000076676700022 ER PT J AU Kallenbach, RL McGraw, RL Beuselinck, PR Balatti, PA AF Kallenbach, RL McGraw, RL Beuselinck, PR Balatti, PA TI Rhizomatous birdsfoot trefoil exhibits a unique response to nitrogen-free conditions SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CULTIVAR; NODULES AB New genotypes of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) from Morocco exhibit rhizomes, but little is known about their NL-fixation characteristics. Our objective was to evaluate the N-2-fixation capacity of rhizomatous birdsfoot trefoil infected by native rhizobia or by strains used in commercial inoculants. An additional objective was to assess the N-2-fixing potential of two Moroccan isolates, R.L. 5797 and R.L. 5758, on commercial cultivars of birdsfoot trefoil. Seedlings of 'Norcen', 'AU Dewey', and a Moroccan rhizomatous entry, designated 'RBRC', were individually inoculated with commercial strains BFT027, BFT028, BFT030, 1710-2, CB756, or strains R.L. 5797 or R.L. 5758, Control treatments were noninoculated seedlings with or without supplemental N. Surprisingly, the seedling mass of RBRC was equal (P > 0.05) for all treatments. Norcen exhibited its greatest seedling mass when inoculated with strain BFT027; AU Dewey, with strain R.L. 5797. The rhizomatous RBRC did not show specificity for native Moroccan isolates of rhizobia, but these isolates effectively nodulated the commercial cultivars of birdsfoot trefoil. C1 Univ Missouri, Plant Sci Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Nacl La Plata, INFIVE, Catedra Microbiol, CICBA, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. RP Kallenbach, RL (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Plant Sci Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 90 IS 5 BP 709 EP 713 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 133FT UT WOS:000076676700023 ER PT J AU Liegel, L Pilz, D Love, T AF Liegel, L Pilz, D Love, T TI The MAB Mushroom Study: Background and concerns SO AMBIO LA English DT Article ID FOREST AB Pacific Northwest planners and economic developers have worked hard the past decade creating new jobs to offset steadily declining incomes from timber harvesting and processing industries. Among these new jobs are increasing harvests of nontimber or special forest products such as floral greenery, medicinal plants, and edible mushrooms. But some land managers, biologists, and conservation groups believe that increased harvest of nontimber forest products is not sustainable and threatens long-term resource productivity. The US Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Program funded a USD 51 000 competitive research project from 1993 to 1996 to determine the impacts of nontimber harvests on human and natural systems in the Pacific Northwest of North America. Integrated and interdisciplinary approaches were used to accomplish three :study objectives: i) determine spatial and temporal productivity of chanterelle (Cantharellus sp.) mushrooms on the Olympic Peninsula for two harvest seasons; ii) build socioeconomic profiles of commercial, recreational, and subsistence harvesters; and, iii) link biological and socioeconomic information in order to conserve, maintain, or enhance chanterelle resource stocks on public and private lands. Reasons for starting the research study are outlined and include the major resource concerns identified by regional scientists, land managers, and conservation groups in the 1990s. How to address these concerns provided the framework in which to conduct the biological, socioeconomic, and managerial modules of the MAB Mushroom Study. The five accompanying articles in this Ambio Special Report explain fieldwork, analyses, and synthesis activities completed in each module. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Linfield Coll, Dept Sociol & Anthropol, McMinnville, OR 97128 USA. RP Liegel, L (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM liegell@fsl.orst.edu; pilzd@fsl.orst.edu; tlove@linfield.edu NR 32 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-7447 J9 AMBIO JI Ambio PD SEP PY 1998 SI 9 BP 3 EP 7 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 141YU UT WOS:000077173300001 ER PT J AU Pilz, D Molina, R Liegel, L AF Pilz, D Molina, R Liegel, L TI Biological productivity of chanterelle mushrooms in and near the Olympic Peninsula Biosphere Reserve SO AMBIO LA English DT Article AB Burgeoning commercial harvests of wild edible fungi (Cantharellus formosus and C. subalbidus) from the forests of the Pacific Northwest in the United States and Canada have prompted land managers and scientists to begin monitoring the nature and impacts of this activity. This pilot study explores the unique sampling challenges that wild mushroom monitoring entails, especially the targe sample area (0.4 ha or greater) and repeated visits, 3 to 6, needed to obtain reasonable estimates of unit-area productivity, given the spatial and temporal clustering of mushroom fruiting. During two years of sampling in various forest types on several land ownerships around the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State, a 3- to 20-fold, and occasionally greater, difference in productivity was noted between the most productive site and all the other sites. For forests in which harvesting was prohibited, a regression equation was developed that estimated the weight of nonharvested mushrooms from average cap diameters. Moisture contents of harvested mushrooms typically ranged from 80% to 95%, depending on weather conditions, but specimens as dry as 57% were found. Difficulties encountered with sampling chanterelles by commercial grade and correlating fruiting with site conditions are discussed. The paper concludes by considering the application of these results to future forest mushroom monitoring. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Pilz, D (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 6 PU ROYAL SWEDISH ACAD SCIENCES PI STOCKHOLM PA PUBL DEPT BOX 50005, S-104 05 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN SN 0044-7447 J9 AMBIO JI Ambio PD SEP PY 1998 SI 9 BP 8 EP 13 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 141YU UT WOS:000077173300002 ER PT J AU Pilz, D Brodie, FD Alexander, S Molina, R AF Pilz, D Brodie, FD Alexander, S Molina, R TI Relative value of chanterelles and timber as commercial forest products SO AMBIO LA English DT Article AB Comparing the economic value of edible mushrooms and timber requires many assumptions. We use chanterelle (Chantharellus sp.) mushrooms collected from productive Douglas-fir (Pseudo-tsuga menziesii (Mirb.) France) forests on the Olympic Peninsula as an example. Discounted present net worth in perpetuity is estimated for both mushrooms and timber using two timber harvest regimes and three levels of chanterelle productivity. Given these assumptions, timber is 1-2 orders of magnitude more valuable than mushrooms, yet while timber grows, harvesting mushrooms can provide annual income to harvesters once fruiting is established. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Pilz, D (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 6 PU ROYAL SWEDISH ACAD SCIENCES PI STOCKHOLM PA PUBL DEPT BOX 50005, S-104 05 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN SN 0044-7447 J9 AMBIO JI Ambio PD SEP PY 1998 SI 9 BP 14 EP 16 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 141YU UT WOS:000077173300003 ER PT J AU Love, T Jones, E Liegel, L AF Love, T Jones, E Liegel, L TI Valuing the temperate rainforest: Wild mushrooming on the Olympic Peninsula Biosphere Reserve SO AMBIO LA English DT Article AB Commercial, recreational, and subsistence harvesting of chanterelle mushrooms (Cantharellus formosus (cibarius) and C. subalbidus) on the Olympic Peninsula Biosphere Reserve was investigated during three fall harvest seasons (1994-1996). This article describes i) sociocultural characteristics of harvesters (ethnicity, class, power, gender, age, and kinship); ii) the organization of harvesting (unit of production, strategies, practices, harvest methods, division of labor, and rights to resources); and iii) economic values derived from commercial harvesting. Participant observation and interviews with 79 commercial harvesters and participant observation and a mail survey of 53 recreational harvesters were the chief methods used. Ethnicity and social class were the most prominent social dimensions of purportedly antagonistic relations between commercial and recreational harvesters, who otherwise had surprisingly broad overlap in values, norms and collective understandings. Among commercial harvesters, Latinos were replacing Southeast Asians and Euro-Americans. Gross incomes were low, averaging about USD 30 picking day(-1) for about 4 weeks of picking during the 3-5 month harvest season. C1 Linfield Coll, Dept Sociol & Anthropol, McMinnville, OR 97128 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Love, T (reprint author), Linfield Coll, Dept Sociol & Anthropol, 900 SE Baker, McMinnville, OR 97128 USA. NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU ROYAL SWEDISH ACAD SCIENCES PI STOCKHOLM PA PUBL DEPT BOX 50005, S-104 05 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN SN 0044-7447 J9 AMBIO JI Ambio PD SEP PY 1998 SI 9 BP 16 EP 25 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 141YU UT WOS:000077173300004 ER PT J AU Liegel, L Pilz, D Love, T Jones, E AF Liegel, L Pilz, D Love, T Jones, E TI Integrating biological, socioeconomic, and managerial methods and results in the MAB Mushroom Study SO AMBIO LA English DT Article ID INDUSTRY AB Some three dozen biologists, resource managers, social scientists, and volunteers worked together between 1993 and 1996 to study the biological, socioeconomic, and managerial concerns of harvesting chanterelle (Cantharellus sp.) mushrooms on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest. Highly variable productivity across different landscapes combined with low prices for mushrooms make harvesters wary of more regulations, higher permit fees, and contracts that restrict harvesting to those who pay the highest bid price for the right to pick certain areas. Public and private resource managers face decreasing budgets, necessitating permits and other fees to cover the actual costs of administering harvests, public land managers must also comply with existing laws that require charging those who use forests for commercial or recreational purposes. Vandalism to machinery and property, potential liability claims, and illegal waste dumping are forcing public and industrial forest landowners to gate their properties; this action limits access to forest lands by the general public and mushroom pickers who seek traditional and new harvest sites. Although harvesters and research volunteers come from diverse social and economic backgrounds, most are willing to help managers and scientists conduct long-term field studies. Key elements of successful cooperation are early front-end planning and information sharing by all parties, from initial project conception and establishment through data collection, analysis, synthesis, and reporting. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Linfield Coll, Dept Sociol & Anthropol, McMinnville, OR 97128 USA. RP Liegel, L (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU ROYAL SWEDISH ACAD SCIENCES PI STOCKHOLM PA PUBL DEPT BOX 50005, S-104 05 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN SN 0044-7447 J9 AMBIO JI Ambio PD SEP PY 1998 SI 9 BP 26 EP 33 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 141YU UT WOS:000077173300005 ER PT J AU McLain, R Jones, E Liegel, L AF McLain, R Jones, E Liegel, L TI The MAB Mushroom Study as a teaching case example of interdisciplinary and sustainable forestry research SO AMBIO LA English DT Article AB The MAB Mushroom Study was designed to promote sustainable natural and human communities and to involve multiple stakeholders having widely varying styles and knowledge of forest management. It used an interdisciplinary and collaborative research approach that united biologists, social scientists, land managers, and nonprofit volunteers from academic, federal and state government, and commercial sectors. Because of the cooperative and interdisciplinary nature of the project, study developers were awarded another competitive grant to summarize their work as one of four academic teaching case examples for Oregon State University's Sustainable Forestry Partnership. This second grant produced three products. First, a Narrative, which includes the theoretical basis and definitions of sustainability, how the MAB Mushroom Study operated within a sustainability framework, how stakeholders were chosen and worked in the study, and five key elements of sustainability research. Second, a Teaching Notes packet, which explains how students, resource managers, scientists, and others can use the case study to develop their own interdisciplinary and sustainabilty studies. Third, a set of 64 slides with captions illustrates examples of nontimber product resources in the Pacific Northwest. The case study example can be taught either as a formal university course or a 1-day continuing education workshop. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP McLain, R (reprint author), 7337 20th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU ROYAL SWEDISH ACAD SCIENCES PI STOCKHOLM PA PUBL DEPT BOX 50005, S-104 05 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN SN 0044-7447 J9 AMBIO JI Ambio PD SEP PY 1998 SI 9 BP 34 EP 35 PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 141YU UT WOS:000077173300006 ER PT J AU Eischen, FA AF Eischen, FA TI Varroa control with coumaphos SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Eischen, FA (reprint author), USDA ARS, 2413 E Hwy 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 2 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 USA SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 138 IS 9 BP 651 EP 651 PG 1 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 116PJ UT WOS:000075733500012 ER PT J AU Erickson, E Atmowidjojo, A King, A King, J AF Erickson, E Atmowidjojo, A King, A King, J TI Effect of "new" vs. "old" wax brood combs on honey bee tracheal mite populations in North Dakota SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The honey bee tracheal mite (HBTM), Acarapis woodi, is a parasite that infests the tracheae of adult bees. This colony level study was undertaken to determine whether the relative age of brood combs in the hive affects the incidence/population dynamics of HBTM in commercially managed honey bee colonies. Mean HBTM infestations remained low throughout this study, averaging 4.8 percent over all treatments/dates. Even so, there was a significantly higher (P < 0.001)mean level of HBTM infestation for colonies on new comb versus those on old comb. Levels of unilateral and bilateral tracheal infestations were also significantly different. Similarly, colonies on new comb were three to four times more likely to be infested with HBTM than those on old comb. These results support the view that there is a within-the-hive environmental component to tracheal mite resistance in honey bees. An environmental component external to the hive (e.g. environmental differences between the two apiaries) is contra-indicated. C1 USDA, ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Erickson, E (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 USA SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 138 IS 9 BP 672 EP 673 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 116PJ UT WOS:000075733500019 ER PT J AU Elzen, PJ Eischen, FA Baxter, JB Pettis, J Elzen, GW Wilson, WT AF Elzen, PJ Eischen, FA Baxter, JB Pettis, J Elzen, GW Wilson, WT TI Fluvalinate resistance in Varroa jacobsoni from several geographic locations SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Varroa jacobsoni; Apis mellifera; fluvalinate; Apistan (R); resistance AB Live adult Varroa jacobsoni from different geographic locations within and outside the U.S. were tested for resistance to the acaricide fluvalinate. Mites were exposed to technical grade fluvalinate using a glass vial technique similar to standard toxicological methods. A single concentration of fluvalinate causing approximately 80% mortality of susceptible mites was used. Mites from Texas showed no resistance to fluvalinate, with mortality ranging from 70.7% to 80.8% after 24 hours of exposure. Mites from migratory beekeeping operations tested in California showed moderate to no resistance to fluvalinate, ranging from 48.9% to 80.8% mortality. Mites tested in Florida showed moderate to high levels of resistance, with mortality ranging from 5.1% to 61.6% mortality. Mites tested in Mexico showed the greatest susceptibility of any location surveyed. Resistance in a Florida beekeeping operation was further confirmed by using a glass jar technique developed by Pettis where live bees with mites are placed in contact with small sections of Apistan((R)) strips. The current toxicological studies support previous field research which demonstrated failure of Apistan((R)) to provide anticipated control (> 90%), due to changes in varroa susceptibility to fluvalinate. C1 USDA ARS, SARC, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Elzen, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, SARC, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 7 TC 100 Z9 101 U1 0 U2 8 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 USA SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 138 IS 9 BP 674 EP 676 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 116PJ UT WOS:000075733500020 ER PT J AU Dewald, CL Kindiger, BK AF Dewald, CL Kindiger, BK TI Cytological and molecular evaluation of the reproductive behavior of Tripsacum andersonii end a female fertile derivative (Poaceae) SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE apomixis; Poaceae; sexual polyploidization; Tripsacum; Zea ID DACTYLOIDES L L; EASTERN GAMAGRASS; POLYMORPHISMS; INHERITANCE; APOMIXIS; HYBRIDS AB Research was conducted to characterize the reproductive behavior of the highly sterile Tripsacum andersonii Gray and its viable progeny through breeding, cytological, and molecular studies. Four progeny were obtained from open-pollinated seeds of clones (M-34445, M-34450 and M-34455) of T. andersonii maintained at the USDA-ARS National Germplasm Repository, Miami, Florida. One of the progeny had 64 chromosomes, which is typical of T. andersonii, and probably resulted from apomictic reproduction. Karyotypes of the other three progeny indicated a tetraploid Tripsacum genomic constitution (2n = 4x = 72) plus a haploid set of Zea (1n = 1x = 10) chromosomes. Two of these progeny were completely sterile, whereas one (95-51) produced similar to 5% seed set when crossed with diploid (2n = 36) T. dactyloides (L.)L. The partially fertile 95-51 produced four progeny, one with 2n = 72 (elimination of 10 Zea chromosomes), two with 2n = 82 (apomictic reproduction) and one with 2n = 100 (sexual polyploidization). Polymerase Chain Reaction - Random Amplified Polymerase DNA analysis verified that T, andersonii accessions from seven countries were genetically uniform, and that its progeny were derived through apomixis and sexual polyploidization. This analysis also confirmed that chromosome elimination, apomixis, and sexual polyploidization reproductive behaviors occur in the T. andersonii derivative 95-51. C1 ARS, USDA, So Plains Range Res Stn, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. RP Dewald, CL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Plains Range Res Stn, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. NR 25 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 85 IS 9 BP 1237 EP 1242 DI 10.2307/2446633 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 122GQ UT WOS:000076063900006 PM 21685009 ER PT J AU Paiva, SAR Sepe, TE Booth, SL Camilo, ME O'Brien, ME Davidson, KW Sadowski, JA Russell, RM AF Paiva, SAR Sepe, TE Booth, SL Camilo, ME O'Brien, ME Davidson, KW Sadowski, JA Russell, RM TI Interaction between vitamin K nutriture and bacterial overgrowth in hypochlorhydria induced by omeprazole SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE phylloquinone; menaquinone; vitamin K status; osteocalcin; prothrombin; PIVKA-II; gamma-carboxyglutamic acid; urinary Gla; bacterial overgrowth; omeprazole ID GAMMA-CARBOXYGLUTAMIC ACID; ATROPHIC GASTRITIS; ELDERLY SUBJECTS; BONE METABOLISM; PHYLLOQUINONE; MENAQUINONES; DEFICIENCY; HUMANS; RATS; MALABSORPTION AB Subjects taking a hydrogen pump blocking agent (omeprazole) develop bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine. We tested the hypothesis that this bacterial overgrowth produces menaquinones, which would meet the Vitamin requirement in situations of vitamin K deficiency. In a crossover-type design, 13 healthy Volunteers eating a phylloquinone-restricted diet for 35 d were randomly assigned to take omeprazole during the first period of study or starting on day 15 until the end of the study. Coagulation times, serum osteocalcin [total osteocalcin and undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC)], plasma phylloquinone, urinary gamma-carboxyglutamic acid, and plasma undercarboxylated prothrombin (PIVKA-II) were measured. Plasma phylloquinone concentrations declined 82% with dietary phylloquinone restriction (P < 0.05) and were not significantly different in the period when the diet was combined with omeprazole treatment (P > 0.05), The mean value for PIVKA-II during the phylloquinone-restricted diet significantly increased 5.7-fold from baseline (P < 0.05); however, the combination of omeprazole treatment and the phylloquinone-restricted diet significantly reduced PIVKA-II values by 21% (P < 0.05) compared with the diet period alone. There were no alterations in total or percentage ucOC concentrations during the phylloquinone-restricted diet or during the period of diet plus omeprazole treatment. Our data support the hypothesis that bacterial overgrowth results in the synthesis and absorption of menaquinones. These menaquinones contribute to vitamin K nutriture during dietary phylloquinone restriction, but not enough to restore normal vitamin K status. C1 Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Jean Mayer US Dept Agr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Med Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP Russell, RM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Jean Mayer US Dept Agr, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Paiva, Sergio/A-5101-2008 OI Paiva, Sergio/0000-0003-4412-1990 NR 35 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 68 IS 3 BP 699 EP 704 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 115CN UT WOS:000075646100029 PM 9734750 ER PT J AU Tucker, KL Bianchi, LA Maras, J Bermudez, OI AF Tucker, KL Bianchi, LA Maras, J Bermudez, OI TI Adaptation of a food frequency questionnaire to assess diets of Puerto Rican and non-Hispanic adults SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diet; epidemiologic methods; ethnic groups; questionnaires ID VALIDITY; REPRODUCIBILITY; LIMITATIONS AB To study issues of diet and health among Hispanic adults living in the northeastern United States, the authors adapted a version of the National Cancer Institute (NCI)/Block food frequency questionnaire. Foods that contributed to nutrient intake of Puerto Rican adults in the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES) were ranked to identify items to be added to the food list, Portion sizes were compared across HHANES and the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) to assess the adequacy of the assumed values. Within line items, frequencies of consumption of individual foods were ranked and these data were used to adjust the weighting factors within the database. To test the revised form, 24-hour recalls were collected from 90 elderly Hispanics and 35 elderly non-Hispanic whites, These data were coded into the original and revised food frequency forms and nutrient intake results were compared with recall results by paired t-test, and by Pearson and intraclass correlations, Added foods include plantains, avocado, mango, cassava, empanadas, and custard, Portion sizes differed significantly between HHANES and NHANES II, and were left open-ended. Estimated mean nutrient intakes and correlations with recall data were lower with the original versus the revised form, The authors conclude that the use in minority populations of food frequency questionnaires developed for the general population is likely to result in biased estimates of intake unless modifications are made in the questionnaires. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Tucker, KL (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010; OI Tucker, Katherine/0000-0001-7640-662X FU NIA NIH HHS [R01 AG10425] NR 24 TC 103 Z9 104 U1 1 U2 10 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD SEP 1 PY 1998 VL 148 IS 5 BP 507 EP 518 PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 116KD UT WOS:000075722700012 PM 9737563 ER PT J AU Criswell, DS Booth, FW DeMayo, F Schwartz, RJ Gordon, SE Fiorotto, ML AF Criswell, DS Booth, FW DeMayo, F Schwartz, RJ Gordon, SE Fiorotto, ML TI Overexpression of IGF-I in skeletal muscle of transgenic mice does not prevent unloading-induced atrophy SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM LA English DT Article DE insulin-like growth factor I ID GROWTH-HORMONE; HINDLIMB SUSPENSION; SOLEUS MUSCLE; SUSPENDED RATS; INSULIN; HYPERTROPHY; PHYSIOLOGY; RECEPTOR; EXERCISE; MYOSIN AB This study examined the association between local insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) overexpression and atrophy in skeletal muscle. We hypothesized that endogenous skeletal muscle IGF-I mRNA expression would decrease with hindlimb unloading (HU) in mice, and that transgenic mice overexpressing human IGF-I (hIGF-I) specifically in skeletal muscle would exhibit less atrophy after HU. Male transgenic mice and nontransgenic mice from the parent strain (FVB) were divided into four groups (n = 10/group): I)transgenic, weight-bearing (IGF-I/WB); 2) transgenic, hindlimb unloaded (IGF-I/HU); 3) nontransgenic, weight-bearing (FVB/WB); and 4) nontransgenic, hindlimb unloaded (FVB/HU). HU groups were hindlimb unloaded for 14 days. Body mass was reduced (P < 0.05) after HU in both IGF-I (-9%) and FVB mice (-13%). Contrary to our hypothesis, we found that the relative abundance of mRNA for the endogenous rodent IGF-I (rIGF-I) was unaltered by HU in the gastrocnemius (GAST) muscle Of wild-type FVB mice. High-level expression of hIGF-I peptide and mRNA was confirmed in the CAST and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles of the transgenic mice. Nevertheless, masses of the GAST and TA muscles were reduced (P < 0.05) in both FVB/HU and IGF-I/HU groups compared with FVB/WB and IGF-I/WB groups, respectively, and the percent atrophy in mass of these muscles did not differ between FVB and IGF-I mice. Therefore, skeletal muscle atrophy may not be associated with a reduction of endogenous rIGF-I mRNA level in 14-day HU mice. We conclude that high local expression of hIGF-I mRNA and peptide in skeletal muscle alone cannot attenuate unloading-induced atrophy of fast-twitch muscle in mice. C1 Univ Texas, Sch Med, Dept Integrat Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Cell Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. ARS, Dept Pediat, USDA, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Booth, FW (reprint author), Univ Texas, Sch Med, Dept Integrat Biol, 6431 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 25 TC 79 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0193-1849 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-ENDOC M JI Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 275 IS 3 BP E373 EP E379 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology GA 116VX UT WOS:000075746700001 PM 9725801 ER PT J AU Langille, AR Lan, Y Gustine, DL AF Langille, AR Lan, Y Gustine, DL TI Seeking improved nutritional properties for the potato: Ethionine-resistant protoclones SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE protoplast regeneration; amino acid analog; methionine; nutrition ID CELL-LINES; METHIONINE; SELECTION; TOBACCO; ANALOG; PROTEIN AB Russet Burbank leaf protoplasts were cultured in Shepard's (1980) cell layer (CL) medium containing the amino acid analog ethionine (ETN), at concentrations ranging from 0 to 6 mu M. Repeated counts of viable cells and dividing colonies during the 21 day incubation period permitted calculation of plating efficiencies for each ETN concentration. Plating efficiency was observed to decrease when ETN concentration in CL exceeded 3 mu M. Calli which developed were placed on Shepard's (1980) C media containing ETN concentrations up to 200 mu M; however, few calli survived concentrations above 100 mu M. Regenerated plants were grown to maturity and resulting tubers were analyzed for free methionine content. Selected protoclones produced tubers with free methionine content as much as 2.66 times that of the Russet Burbank control. C1 Univ Maine, Dept Biosyst Sci & Engn, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Jackson Lab, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA. USDA ARS, US Reg Pasture Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Langille, AR (reprint author), Univ Maine, Dept Biosyst Sci & Engn, Orono, ME 04469 USA. EM alanl@maine.maine.edu NR 27 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1099-209X EI 1874-9380 J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 75 IS 5 BP 201 EP 205 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 130RV UT WOS:000076534800001 ER PT J AU Haynes, KG Lambert, DH Christ, BJ Weingartner, DP Douches, DS Backlund, JE Secor, G Fry, W Stevenson, W AF Haynes, KG Lambert, DH Christ, BJ Weingartner, DP Douches, DS Backlund, JE Secor, G Fry, W Stevenson, W TI Phenotypic stability of resistance to late blight in potato clones evaluated at eight sites in the United States SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Phytophthora infestans; Solanum tuberosum; genotype x environment interactions ID PHYTOPHTHORA-INFESTANS MONT; NONPARAMETRIC MEASURES; FIELD-RESISTANCE; SOLANUM; POPULATIONS; COMPONENTS; VIRULENCE AB Changes in the fungal pathogen Phytophthora infestans in the United States pose a significant threat to potato production. Sources of resistance to these new genotypes of P. infestans need to be identified for potato breeders to have parental materials for crossing, and the phenotypic stability of late blight resistance in these potato clones needs to be determined. Sixteen potato clones which reportedly have some resistance to late blight were evaluated at eight locations: Florida (FL), Maine (ME), Michigan (MI), Minnesota (MN), North Dakota (ND), New York (NY), Pennsylvania (PA) and Wisconsin (WI) in 1996. Percent infected foliage was recorded at approximately weekly intervals following the onset of the disease at each location. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated, Clones were ranked for mean AUDPC within location and the nonparametric stability statistics, mean absolute rank differences and variance of the ranks, were analyzed for phenotypic stability. Neither of these statistics was significant, indicating a lack of genotype x environment interaction on the rankings of these clones across locations in 1996, The four clones with lowest AUDPC scores were U.S. clones AWN86514-2, B0692-4, B0718-3 and B0767-2, These clones should be useful parental materials for breeders seeking to incorporate genes for late blight resistance into potatoes. C1 USDA ARS, PSI, VL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Florida, Hastings, FL 32145 USA. Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Haynes, KG (reprint author), USDA ARS, PSI, VL, 10300 Baltimore Ave,Bldg 010A,Room 312, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM khaynes@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 47 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 3 PU POTATO ASSOC AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE, 5715 COBURN HALL, RM 6, ORONO, ME 04469-5715 USA SN 0003-0589 J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 75 IS 5 BP 211 EP 217 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 130RV UT WOS:000076534800003 ER PT J AU Anderson, KL Moats, WA Rushing, JE O'Carroll, JM AF Anderson, KL Moats, WA Rushing, JE O'Carroll, JM TI Detection of milk antibiotic residues by use of screening tests and liquid chromatography after intramammary administration of amoxicillin or penicillin G in cows with clinical mastitis SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Objective-To compare results of 6 commercially available milk antimicrobial screening tests with results Of liquid chromatography (LC) when testing milk samples from individual cows treated for mild clinical mastitis by intramammary (IMM) infusion with amoxicillin or penicillin G. Animals-6 cows with noninduced clinical mastitis: 3 treated by IMM infusion with amoxicillin and 3 treated by IMM infusion with penicillin G. Procedure-Composite milk samples were collected before, during, and after treatment. Samples were assayed by use of the screening tests and their results and those of LC were compared. The LC results were assumed to represent the true result. Results-Results of screening tests compared well with results of LC, with agreement of 94%. Positive screening test results for samples containing drug values below the established tolerance or safe level, as evaluated by LC, were obtained from 2 cows in which abnormal milk, as well as marked increases in composite milk somatic cell count, were observed. With the exception of 1 test in 1 cow, all screening tests had negative results at the end of the labeled milk-withholding time. Conclusions and Clinical implications-On the basis of results of the limited sample reported, the screening tests appeared to provide good agreement overall, compared with LC results, when testing milk of individual cows treated by IMM infusion with amoxicillin or penicillin G. Positive screening test results for milk samples containing amoxicillin or penicillin G at values below the established tolerance or safe level, as evaluated by LC, may occasionally be obtained. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Food Anim & Equine Med, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Dept Food Sci, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. USDA, Meat Sci Res Lab, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Anderson, KL (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Food Anim & Equine Med, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. NR 8 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 59 IS 9 BP 1096 EP 1100 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 135QQ UT WOS:000076814500007 PM 9736383 ER PT J AU Saini, PK Riaz, M Webert, DW Eckersall, PD Young, CR Stanker, LH Chakrabarti, E Judkins, JC AF Saini, PK Riaz, M Webert, DW Eckersall, PD Young, CR Stanker, LH Chakrabarti, E Judkins, JC TI Development of a simple enzyme immunoassay for blood haptoglobin concentration in cattle and its application in improving food safety SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ACUTE-PHASE RESPONSE; C-REACTIVE PROTEIN; BOVINE HAPTOGLOBIN; SERUM HAPTOGLOBIN; PIGS; GLYCOPROTEIN; SLAUGHTER; ABSCESSES; CHEMISTRY; STRESS AB Objective-To verify the role of haptoglobin, a major acute-phase reactant protein in cattle, as a marker to identify health/disease status in cattle and further assess its potential in improving food safety. Sample Population-Serum samples from various cattle groups: clinically normal cattle comprising steers (n = 157) and culled dairy cows (n = 92) before death (antemortem [AM]); retained carcasses (n = 57) railed off the line during postmortem (PM) inspection; and apparently AM normal culled dairy cows (n = 57). Procedure-Efficacy of the simplified monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay was established by comparing results of haptoglobin tests performed independently on aliquots of serum samples by 3 laboratories. Results-Haptoglobin concentration was significantly (P less than or equal to 0.0001) different between the PM retained carcass group (n = 57) and the AM steer (n = 157) and culled dairy cow (n = 92) groups. In addition, haptoglobin concentration in AM steers (n = 157) and culled dairy cows (n = 92) was significantly (P less than or equal to 0.0012) different, possibly reflecting a higher percentage of underlying pathologic or inflammatory conditions in animals of the fatter group. Evaluation in 3 laboratories of sera from a group of culled dairy cows (n = 57), each laboratory performing a different test procedure, indicated that correlation of haptoglobin concentrations was good between the reported test procedure and the unmodified test and the classical hemoglobin-binding assay that measures peroxidase activity. Conclusion-Haptoglobin determination is effective in identifying diseased and healthy cattle. It may be a potentially important tool for application at the farm and slaughterhouse as an aid in improving food safety. C1 USDA, Estab IIC, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Philadelphia, PA 19106 USA. Univ Glasgow, Dept Vet Med, Vet Clin Biochem Sect, Glasgow G61 1QH, Lanark, Scotland. USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. USDA, Serol Branch, Pathol & Serol Div,Sci & Technol Program, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Saini, PK (reprint author), USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, OPHS, MD,EMIB, Rm 3704,Franklin Court,1400 Independence Ave SW, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 34 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 59 IS 9 BP 1101 EP 1107 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 135QQ UT WOS:000076814500008 PM 9736384 ER PT J AU Atwill, ER Harp, JA Jones, T Jardon, PW Checel, S Zylstra, M AF Atwill, ER Harp, JA Jones, T Jardon, PW Checel, S Zylstra, M TI Evaluation of periparturient dairy cows and contact surfaces as a reservoir of Cryptosporidium parvum for calfhood infection SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID WATER-SUPPLIES; CALVES; GIARDIA; OUTBREAK; OOCYSTS; MICE; COMMUNITY; PATTERNS; CATTLE AB Objective-To determine whether periparturient cows or contact surfaces to which newborn carves are exposed are reservoirs of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Animals-Periparturient cows and their calves. Procedure-Using direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) and acid-fast (AF) assays, fecal samples taken before and after calving from periparturient cows were tested for C parvum oocysts. Fecal samples from calves were collected every other day from age 7 to 21 days and were tested by use of the AF assay. Topsoil from close-up and maternity pens and scrapings from wooden walls and floors of calf hutches were tested for C parvum oocysts by use of DFA assay. Results-None of the 384 fecal samples obtained 1 to 21 days before or after calving or on the day of calving from 154 periparturient cows contained detectable C parvum oocysts. Despite this lack of detectable periparturient shedding, the period prevalence of calfhood infection was 92% (123/134) from age 7 to 21 days. Soil samples from the close-up and maternity pens where newborn carves spend the first 12 hours of life also were negative for C parvum oocysts. Wood scrapings from the outer 2 mm of the walls and floors of empty and cleaned calf hutches that were ready to receive carves were C parvum oocyst-positive. Conclusions-Conditional on sensitivity of DFA, periparturient cows did not appear to shed detectable C parvum oocysts. in contrast, the floors and walls of wooden calf hutches contained detectable C parvum oocysts on the surface. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Vet Med Teaching & Res Ctr, Tulare, CA 93274 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Atwill, ER (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Vet Med Teaching & Res Ctr, 18830 Rd 112, Tulare, CA 93274 USA. NR 35 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 59 IS 9 BP 1116 EP 1121 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 135QQ UT WOS:000076814500011 PM 9736387 ER PT J AU Goudas, LC Hassan, WN Carr, DB Marchand, JE Paulson, KE Kream, RM AF Goudas, LC Hassan, WN Carr, DB Marchand, JE Paulson, KE Kream, RM TI Selective induction of heat shock protein, MAP-kinases and apoptosis in kidney after combination opioid/acetaminophen analgesia in rats: A putative mechanism of analgesic nephropathy. SO ANESTHESIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, Sch Med, New England Med Ctr, Dept Anesthesia, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol & Expt Therapeut, New England Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, HNRCA, Genet Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0003-3022 J9 ANESTHESIOLOGY JI Anesthesiology PD SEP PY 1998 VL 89 IS 3A SU S MA A1123 BP U918 EP U918 PG 1 WC Anesthesiology SC Anesthesiology GA 117YR UT WOS:000075810901117 ER PT J AU Ellsbury, MM Powell, JE Forcella, F Woodson, WD Clay, SA Riedell, WE AF Ellsbury, MM Powell, JE Forcella, F Woodson, WD Clay, SA Riedell, WE TI Diversity and dominant species of ground beetle assemblages (Coleoptera : Carabidae) in crop rotation and chemical input systems for the northern Great Plains SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Carabidae; ground beetles; species diversity; dominance; hierarchical richness index; cropping systems ID PREDATORS; AGROECOSYSTEMS; POPULATIONS AB Dominant carabid species present in clops and crop rotation sequences commonly used in the northern Great Plains were assessed as an initial step toward the management of carabids as natural control agents. Ground beetle populations were determined by pitfall trapping in 4 crop rotation treatments maintained under high, managed, and low levels of chemical fertilizer and pesticide inputs. Diversity arid. species richness among crops, rotations, and input levels were compared using 3 indices-the Shannon-Weaver Index, relative diversity, and the Hierarchical Richness Index (HRI). Four carabid species, Cyclotrachelus alternans (Casey), Poecilus lucublandus Say, Harpalus pensylvanicus (DeGeer), and Bembidion quadrimaculatum L., comprising approximate to 80% of the total collected, were considered dominant species. When carabid abundance data were grouped by clop, C. alternans was the dominant species in corn and alfalfa arid P. lucublandus was dominant in wheat. In soybean plots, C. alternans and P, lucublandus were equally abundant. The relative abundance of H. pensylvanicus was highest in the low-input plots. High values of HRI for carabid diversity and species richness in the managed plots suggested that reduced chemical inputs encouraged greater abundance and diversity of beneficial carabids than were found in the high-input plots without the loss of yield seen in the low-input plots. C1 ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, USDA, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. RP Ellsbury, MM (reprint author), ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, USDA, 2923 Medary Ave, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. NR 35 TC 38 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 7 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 91 IS 5 BP 619 EP 625 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 124YW UT WOS:000076211200012 ER PT J AU Castle, SJ Mowry, TM Berger, PH AF Castle, SJ Mowry, TM Berger, PH TI Differential settling by Myzus persicae (Homoptera : Aphididae) on various virus infected host plants SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE transmission mechanisms; host plant relations; host range; virus-vector relations ID SITOBION-AVENAE; MOSAIC-VIRUS; COLONIZATION; RESPONSES; ALATAE; GROWTH AB We examined temporal patterns of settling by apterous Myzus persicae Sulzer on leaves of 3 host plant species that were virus-free or infected with potato leafroll virus (PLRV),potato virus X (PVX), or potato virus Y (PW). A 60-h exposure period to the choice of leaves was provided in a cylindrical Plexiglas arena that allowed repeated observations through time without disturbance to the aphids. Significantly greater numbers of apterae settled on PLRV-infected Solanum tuberosum (L.) leaves compared with PVX- or PW-infected leaves, or virus-free leaves. No significant differences among the same virus treatments were observed when the plant hosts were Physalis floridana Rybd. or Datura stramonium (L.) Significant treatment by time effects were observed in the S. tuberosum and D. stramonium experiments only. Nymph counts on the various leaf treatments at the end of experiments corroborated overall patterns of apterae settling. In light of previous work demonstrating the superior performance of M. persicae on PLRV-infected S. tuberosum plants, the current findings are discussed with regard to the nature of the association between M. persicae and the circulative virus PLRV relative to either the stylet-borne virus PW or the nonvectored virus PVX. C1 Univ Idaho, Parma Res & Extens Ctr, Parma, ID 83660 USA. RP Castle, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 32 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 12 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 91 IS 5 BP 661 EP 667 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 124YW UT WOS:000076211200018 ER PT J AU Oldroyd, BP Clifton, MJ Parker, K Wongsiri, S Rinderer, TE Crozier, RH AF Oldroyd, BP Clifton, MJ Parker, K Wongsiri, S Rinderer, TE Crozier, RH TI Evolution of mating behavior in the genus Apis and an estimate of mating frequency in Apis cerana (Hymenoptera : Apidae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Apis cerana; polyandry; multiple mating; microsatellites; phylogeny ID INTRACOLONIAL GENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; NESTING HONEY-BEES; MELLIFERA L; SOCIAL HYMENOPTERA; SPERM TRANSFER; POLYANDRY; NUMBER; VARIABILITY; POPULATIONS; FLOREA AB Four colonies of Apis cerana F. were analyzed with DNA markers to determine the degree of polyandry in this species. The average observed paternity frequency was 18.0 (range, 14-27). the average worker relatedness 0.29, and the average effective paternity frequency 12.0. A. cerana is therefore similar to A. mellifera and other species of Apis in that the level of polyandry is extreme. A phylogeny of the genus was used as the basis for a comparative analysis of mating behavior. This analysis suggests that the enlarged penile bulb, mucus glands, and excess sperm production found in the cavity nesting species (A. cerana, A. koschevnikovi, and A. mellifera) are likely to be derived characters; whereas the lack of mucus glands and reduced penile bulb observed in the open-nesting species is likely to be basal. C1 Univ Sydney, Sch Biol Sci, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Chulalongkorn Univ, Fac Sci, Bee Biol Res Unit, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. USDA ARS, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Res Lab, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. La Trobe Univ, Sch Genet & Human Variat, Bundoora, Vic 3083, Australia. RP Oldroyd, BP (reprint author), Univ Sydney, Sch Biol Sci, Macleay Bldg A12, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. RI Crozier, Ross/C-6773-2009 NR 64 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 91 IS 5 BP 700 EP 709 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 124YW UT WOS:000076211200023 ER PT J AU Keena, MA Odell, TM Tanner, JA AF Keena, MA Odell, TM Tanner, JA TI Environmentally based maternal effects are the primary factor in determining the developmental response of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) to dietary iron deficiency SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Lymantria dispar; iron bioavailability; maternal effects; heritability; ferric phosphate ID QUANTITATIVE-GENETICS; PARAMETERS; PLASTICITY AB We investigated the inheritance of the developmental response of 2 laboratory substrains of Lymantria dispar L. to dietary iron bioavailability. The total phenotypic variance in instar at 10 d was higher for progeny of parents reared on diet containing crystalline FePO4 than for progeny of parents reared on diet containing amorphous FePO4. regardless of the form of FePO4 used in the progeny diet or rearing site. The variability in developmental response of larvae to dietary iron bioavailability was caused primarily by a nutritionally-based maternal effect. Twenty-seven to 28% of the total phenotypic variance can be attributed to maternal effects when both parent and progeny are reared on iron-deficient diet. The female parent's physiological response to diet quality, specifically the amount of FePO4 in the amorphous form, determines the quantity or quality (or both) of the non-nuclear contribution she makes to her offspring. This contribution influences the potential for expression of genetic variation in iron requirements and phenotypic plasticity. The estimated heritability of larval developmental rate during the 1st 10 d was highest for those reared on diets deficient in iron. When both parents and progeny were reared on diet containing crystalline FePO4, 20-40% of the total variance was estimated to be caused by additive genetic effects, compared with 6-15% when both generations were reared on diet containing amorphous FePO4. When dietary iron is deficient for successive generations, it has many direct and indirect effects on critical components of population growth that could influence the population dynamics of gypsy moth. The bioavailability of iron in foliage and factors that could affect it may play a role in the population dynamics of gipsy moths. C1 US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, NE Ctr Forest Hlth Res, Hamden, CT 06514 USA. RP Keena, MA (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Otis Methods Dev Ctr, Otis ANGB, MA 02542 USA. NR 37 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 91 IS 5 BP 710 EP 718 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 124YW UT WOS:000076211200024 ER PT J AU Pornkulwat, S Skoda, SR Thomas, GD Foster, JE AF Pornkulwat, S Skoda, SR Thomas, GD Foster, JE TI Random amplified polymorphic DNA used to identify genetic variation in ecotypes of the European corn borer (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE European corn borer; random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction; molecular genetics ID COMMUNICATION-SYSTEM; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; NORTH-AMERICA; MARKERS; POPULATION; RACES; FLOW; PCR AB The European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner),has 3 morphologically indistinguishable voltinism ecotypes. Random amplified:polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) was used to discriminate ecotypes of the European corn borer. Genomic DNA samples from the European corn borer were screened with a total of 120 random primers. Ten of these primers yielded 21 clear and reproducible RAPD markers after agarose gel electrophoresis. Dendrograms constructed using the Nei and Li distance matrix of the phylogenetic relationships, among and within ecotypes, of the European corn borer showed the multivoltine ecotype to be genetlcally separated from univoltine and bivoltine ecotypes. The dendrogram of individual European pean corn borers correctly classified each insect. These results provide evidence of genetic variation at the molecular level among European corn borer ecotypes. The RAPD-PCR technique proved to be a powerful tool for identifying intraspecific variation in the European corn borer. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Entomol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Midwest Livestock Insects Res Lab, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Pornkulwat, S (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Entomol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 33 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 91 IS 5 BP 719 EP 725 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 124YW UT WOS:000076211200025 ER PT J AU Jewett, DK Carpenter, JE AF Jewett, DK Carpenter, JE TI Chemical communication between males and females of a pupal parasitoid Diapetimorpha introita (Hymenoptera : Ichneumonidae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Diapetimorpha introita; Spodoptera exigua; Spodoptera frugiperda; semiochemical; pheromone; sex attractant ID GRANDII GOIDANICH HYMENOPTERA; SEX-PHEROMONE; MACROCENTRUS-GRANDII; BRACONIDAE; CORN AB Data supporting chemically mediated communication between males and females of a pupal parasitoid Diapetimorpha introita (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) were gathered by field trapping, behavioral bioassays, and electroantennography, Responses of male antennae to live females or their extract were seater than responses to live males or their extract. Responses to a control were negligible. Responses of female antennae to live insects or a control were the same. Responses to male or female extracts also were the same, but greater than responses to a control. Logarithmic serial dilutions of the female whole-body extract applied to male antennae revealed a dose-response curve with a quadratic fit. Responses of male and female antennae to extracts of tagmata were consistent with responses to whole-body extracts, but a more specific site associated with electrophysiologically active materials was not apparent. In behavioral bioassays and in the field, more males were caught in traps baited with live females than in traps baited with live males or a control. None of the extracts attracted males in the bioassay, and no females were caught in traps in the field. C1 USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Carpenter, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, 2747 Davis Rd,POB 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 91 IS 5 BP 748 EP 753 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 124YW UT WOS:000076211200030 ER PT J AU Breidt, F Fleming, HP AF Breidt, F Fleming, HP TI Modeling of the competitive growth of Listeria manocytogenes and Lactococcus lactis in vegetable broth SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TO-USE VEGETABLES; LACTOBACILLUS-PLANTARUM; MODIFIED-ATMOSPHERE; BACTERIAL-GROWTH; ACID BACTERIA; MICROBIAL-GROWTH; PEDIOCOCCUS-ACIDILACTICI; CUCUMBER FERMENTATIONS; SODIUM-CHLORIDE; FRESH PRODUCE AB Current mathematical models used by food microbiologists do not address the issue of competitive growth in mixed cultures of bacteria. We developed a mathematical model which consists of a system of nonlinear differential equations describing the growth of competing bacterial cell cultures. In this model, bacterial cell growth is limited by the accumulation of protonated lactic acid and decreasing pH. In our experimental system, pure and mixed cultures of Lactococcus lactis and Listeria monocytogenes were grown in a vegetable broth medium. Predictions of the model indicate that pH is the primary factor that limits the growth of L. monocytogenes in competition with a strain of L. lactis which does not produce the bacteriocin nisin. The model also predicts the values of parameters that affect the growth and death of the competing populations. Further development of this model will incorporate the effects of additional inhibitors, such as bacteriocins, and may aid in the selection of lactic acid bacterium cultures for use in competitive inhibition of pathogens in minimally processed foods. C1 N Carolina State Univ, N Carolina Agr Res Serv, Dept Food Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Breidt, F (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, N Carolina Agr Res Serv, Dept Food Sci, Box 7624, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM breidt@ncsu.edu NR 56 TC 65 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 64 IS 9 BP 3159 EP 3165 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 119JK UT WOS:000075892200006 PM 9726854 ER PT J AU Struthers, JK Jayachandran, K Moorman, TB AF Struthers, JK Jayachandran, K Moorman, TB TI Biodegradation of atrazine by Agrobacterium radiobacter J14a and use of this strain in bioremediation of contaminated soil SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HERBICIDE ATRAZINE; PSEUDOMONAS SP; MINERALIZATION; DEGRADATION; BACTERIA; PURIFICATION; METABOLITES; CONSORTIUM; PRODUCTS; CULTURES AB We examined the ability of a soil bacterium, Agrobacterium radiobacter J14a, to degrade the herbicide atrazine under a variety of cultural conditions, and we used this bacterium to increase the biodegradation of atrazine in soils from agricultural chemical distribution sites. J14a cells grown in nitrogen-free medium with citrate and sucrose as carbon sources mineralized 94% of 50 mu g of [C-14-U-ring] atrazine ml(-1) in 72 h with a concurrent increase in the population size from 7.9 x 10(5) to 5.0 x 10(7) cells ml(-1). Under these conditions cells mineralized the [ethyl-C-14] atrazine and incorporated approximately 30% of the C-14 into the J14a biomass, Cells grown in medium without additional carbon and nitrogen sources degraded atrazine, but the cell numbers did not increase. Metabolites produced by J14a during atrazine degradation include hydroxyatrazine, deethylatrazine, and deethyl-hydroxyatrazine. The addition of 10(5) J14a cells g(-1) into soil with a low indigenous population of atrazine degraders treated with 50 and 200 mu g of atrazine g(-1) soil resulted in two to five times higher mineralization than in the noninoculated soil. Sucrose addition did not result in significantly faster mineralization rates or shorten degradation lag times. However, J14a introduction (10(5) cells g(-1)) into another soil with a larger indigenous atrazine-mineralizing population reduced the atrazine degradation lag times below those in noninoculated treatments but did not generally increase total atrazine mineralization. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Moorman, TB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 33 TC 197 Z9 232 U1 4 U2 34 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 64 IS 9 BP 3368 EP 3375 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 119JK UT WOS:000075892200036 PM 9726884 ER PT J AU Janse, BJH Gaskell, J Akhtar, M Cullen, D AF Janse, BJH Gaskell, J Akhtar, M Cullen, D TI Expression of Phanerochaete chrysosporium genes encoding lignin peroxidases, manganese peroxidases, and glyoxal oxidase in wood SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GENOMIC ORGANIZATION; TRANSCRIPTION; ENZYME; ACTIVATION; FAMILY; SOIL AB Expression of Phanerochaete chrysosporium genes encoding ligninolytic enzymes was assessed in wood. Poly(A) RNA was extracted from colonized wood chips by magnetic capture, and specific transcripts were quantified by competitive reverse transcriptase PCR. mRNA levels varied substantially among lignin peroxidase genes, and transcript patterns were dramatically different from those in previous studies with defined media. C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Inst Microbial & Biochem Technol, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Stellenbosch, Dept Microbiol, ZA-7600 Stellenbosch, South Africa. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Biotechnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Cullen, D (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Inst Microbial & Biochem Technol, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 32 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 64 IS 9 BP 3536 EP 3538 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 119JK UT WOS:000075892200065 ER PT J AU Shi, NQ Jeffries, TW AF Shi, NQ Jeffries, TW TI Anaerobic growth and improved fermentation of Pichia stipitis bearing a URA1 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae SO APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID XYLOSE FERMENTATION; METABOLISM; YEASTS; MUTATIONS; REDUCTASE; XYLULOSE; SEQUENCE; GLUCOSE; ETHANOL; OXYGEN AB Respiratory and fermentative pathways coexist to support growth and product formation in Pichia stipitis. This yeast grows rapidly without ethanol production under fully aerobic conditions, and it ferments glucose or xylose under oxygen-limited conditions, but it stops growing within one generation under anaerobic conditions. Expression of Saccharomyces cerevisiae URA1 (ScURA1) in P. stipitis enabled rapid anaerobic growth in minimal defined medium containing glucose when essential lipids were present. ScURA1 encodes a dihydroorotate dehydrogenase that uses fumarate as an alternative electron acceptor to confer anaerobic growth. Initial P. stipitis transformants grew and produced 32 g/l ethanol from 78 g/l glucose. Cells produced even more ethanol faster following two anaerobic serial subcultures. Control strains without ScURA1 were incapable of growing anaerobically and showed only limited fermentation. P. stipitis cells bearing ScURA1 were viable in anaerobic xylose medium for long periods, and supplemental glucose allowed cell growth, but xylose alone could not support anaerobic growth even after serial anaerobic subculture on glucose. These data imply that P. stipitis can grow anaerobically using metabolic energy generated through fermentation but that it exhibits fundamental differences in cofactor selection and electron transport with glucose and xylose metabolism. This is the first report of genetic engineering to enable anaerobic growth of a eukaryote. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bacteriol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Jeffries, TW (reprint author), Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. EM twjeffri@facstaff.wisc.edu RI Jeffries, Thomas/I-8576-2012 OI Jeffries, Thomas/0000-0001-7408-4065 NR 37 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0175-7598 J9 APPL MICROBIOL BIOT JI Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 50 IS 3 BP 339 EP 345 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 127ZW UT WOS:000076381600009 PM 9802219 ER PT J AU Petri, M Vu, D Omura, A Yuen, J Selhub, J Rosenberg, I Roubenoff, R AF Petri, M Vu, D Omura, A Yuen, J Selhub, J Rosenberg, I Roubenoff, R TI Effectiveness of B-vitamin therapy in reducing plasma total homocysteine in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). SO ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, HNRCA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0004-3591 J9 ARTHRITIS RHEUM JI Arthritis Rheum. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 41 IS 9 SU S MA 1254 BP S241 EP S241 PG 1 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA 125AQ UT WOS:000076215601255 ER PT J AU Lahav, S Soroker, V Vander Meer, RK Hefetz, A AF Lahav, S Soroker, V Vander Meer, RK Hefetz, A TI Nestmate recognition in the ant Cataglyphis niger: do queens matter? SO BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY AND SOCIOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE nestmate recognition; colony odor; postpharyngeal gland; hydrocarbons; Cataglyphis ID POSTPHARYNGEAL GLAND; KIN RECOGNITION; CUTICULAR HYDROCARBONS; SOCIAL INSECTS; COLONY SIZE; HYMENOPTERA; FORMICIDAE; WORKERS; CAMPONOTUS; NUMBER AB This study compares two basic models for the origin and maintenance of colony gestalt odor in the polygynous ant species Cataglyphis niger. In the first model, queens are centers of de novo biosynthesis and distribution of recognition odors ("queen-centered" model); in the second, colony odors are primarily synthesized and distributed by workers ("worker-centered" model). We tested the behavioral patterns that are predicted from each model, and verified by biochemical means the distributional directionality of these signals. Encounters between nestmates originating from split colonies were as amicable as between nestmates from non-split colonies; queenless ants were as aggressive as their queenright nestmates, and both were equally aggressed by alien ants. These results indicate that queens have little impact on the recognition system of this species, and lend credence to the worker-centered model. The queen-centered model predicts that unique queen substances should be produced in appreciable quantities and that, in this respect, queens should be more metabolically active than workers. Analysis of the chemical composition of postpharyngeal glands (PPGs) or cuticular extracts of queens and workers revealed high similarity. Quantitatively, queens possessed significantly greater amounts of hydrocarbons in the PPG than workers, but the amount on the thoracic epicuticle was the same. Queens, however, possess a lower hydrocarbon biosynthesis capability than workers. The biochemical evidence thus refutes the queen-centered model and supports a worker-centered model. To elucidate the directionality of cue distribution, we investigated exchange of hydrocarbons between the castes in dyadic or group encounters in which selective participants were prelabeled. Queens tended to receive more and give less PPG content, whereas transfer to the epicuticle was low and similar in all encounters, as predicted from the worker-centered hypothesis. In the group encounters, workers transferred, in most cases, more hydrocarbons to the queen than to a worker. This slight preference for the queen is presumably amplified in a whole colony and can explain their copious PPG content. We hypothesize that preferential transfer to the queen may reflect selection to maintain her individual odor as close to the average colony odor as possible. C1 Tel Aviv Univ, George S Wise Fac Life Sci, Dept Zool, IL-69978 Ramat Aviv, Israel. Agr Res Serv, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Hefetz, A (reprint author), Tel Aviv Univ, George S Wise Fac Life Sci, Dept Zool, IL-69978 Ramat Aviv, Israel. RI Hefetz, Abraham/I-3853-2015 NR 34 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 7 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0340-5443 J9 BEHAV ECOL SOCIOBIOL JI Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 43 IS 3 BP 203 EP 212 DI 10.1007/s002650050482 PG 10 WC Behavioral Sciences; Ecology; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 114DU UT WOS:000075594500007 ER PT J AU Crespo, DC Lecuona, RE Hogsette, JA AF Crespo, DC Lecuona, RE Hogsette, JA TI Biological control: An important component in integrated management of Musca domestica (Diptera : Muscidae) in caged-layer poultry houses in Buenos Aires, Argentina SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Musca domestica; biological control; augmentative release; Spalangia endius; Muscidifurax raptor; IMP; poultry houses ID MUSCIDIFURAX-RAPTOR HYMENOPTERA; FLY DIPTERA; SPALANGIA-ENDIUS; PTEROMALIDAE; POPULATIONS; RESISTANCE; HOUSEFLIES; GENETICS; MANURE AB An Integrated Management program to control Musca domestica L. was developed by evaluating cultural + chemical control, cultural + biological control + granular bait (IMP 1), and cultural + chemical + biological control + granular bait (IMP 2) in poultry houses in Argentina. Adult fly density was estimated by a modified Scudder-grid method. Percentage of house fly parasitism was estimated by direct and indirect methods. Spalangia endius Walker and Muscidifurax raptor Girault & Sanders were released at a rate of 10 parasitoids/hen/week. Complete absence of control practices allowed a sustained growth of the fly population. When larvicides and adulticides were used, the number of adult flies decreased but parasitism was adversely affected. When insecticide use was decreased, the number of flies increased. Cultural + biological control + granular bait (IMP 1) produced a reduction of adults from 14 to 3 flies/grid. Where cultural + chemical + biological control + granular bait (LMP 2) was employed, the adult number was reduced from 40 flies/grid to 1 fly/grid. IMP 2 was efficient for reducing the number of larval development sites in the manure. Percentage parasitism exceeded 90% in both IMP 1 and IMP 2 treatments. IMP 1 and IMP 2 treatments both allowed for maximum control of house flies with minimal use of pesticides. With IMP 2, the potential effectiveness of the biological control agents was maximized by reducing adult fly populations with pesticide sprays, then terminating spray applications before parasitoids were released. Thus, IMP 2 would be most suitable for farms which have large adult house fly populations at the initiation of the treatment. The only pesticide used in LMP 1 was a granular bait. Thus, IMP 1 would be most efficient in situations with low initial adult house fly populations and small amounts of manure tee ensure the success of the cultural strategy. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 CICA, Inst Microbiol & Zool Agr, RA-1712 Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina. CONICET, RA-1033 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL USA. RP Crespo, DC (reprint author), CICA, Inst Microbiol & Zool Agr, INTA CC 25, RA-1712 Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina. NR 33 TC 31 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 27 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD SEP PY 1998 VL 13 IS 1 BP 16 EP 24 DI 10.1006/bcon.1998.0632 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 113VA UT WOS:000075573300003 ER PT J AU Cohen, AC Smith, LK AF Cohen, AC Smith, LK TI A new concept in artificial diets for Chrysoperla rufilabris: The efficacy of solid diets SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE artificial diets; augmentation; predators; biological control; lacewings ID EGG HARVESTING SYSTEM; NEUROPTERA-CHRYSOPIDAE; HETEROPTERAN; IMPROVEMENTS; CONSUMPTION; DIGESTION; LYGAEIDAE; PREDATOR AB A semisolid artificial diet is described for rearing larvae of a green lacewing, Chrysoperla rufilabris Burmeister (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Fifteen successive generations have been produced using this diet for larval development and a yeast, sucrose, and water mixture as the adult diet. The biological parameters of survival to the adult stage, mean egg production/female/ day (= fecundity), duration of larval and pupal stages, and pupal weight measured 1 day after pupation were evaluated in generations 6-10. Survival from egg to pupa was about 87% on the larval diet and 89% on eggs from Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae). Fecundity was nearly identical in diet-produced C. rufilabris and those produced on eggs from E. kuehniella. Mean pupal weight for C. rufilabris fed diet was 9.40 (+/-0.19 SE) mg, and for those fed E. kuehniella eggs, it was 8.61 (+/-0.16) mg. Development time for larvae reared from newly emerged first instar larvae to onset of pupation was 10.85 (+/-0.15) days on the diet and 8.05 (+/-0.08) days on E. kuehniella eggs. Pupal duration was 9.41 (+/-0.07) days for diet-reared individuals and 10.08 (+/-0.11) for E. kuehniella-related individuals. Diet-reared adults laid 21.5 eggs per female per day over a 5-day period compared to 19 eggs per C. rufilabris reared on E. kuehniella eggs. Larvae from the diet culture readily attacked and consumed cotton aphids, Aphis gossipyi Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae). The diet is a solid, stringy paste presented in stretched Parafilm membrane. The diet costs about $6.00 (U.S.) per kilogram, including packaging, compared with about $50 per kilogram for diets with protein hydrolysates and about $500 per kilogram for E. kuehniella eggs. We explain how solid diets accommodate, better than liquids, the feeding mechanisms of larval chrysopids and other predaceous arthropods that use extraoral digestion. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 MSA, USDA, ARS, Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Cohen, AC (reprint author), MSA, USDA, ARS, Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. EM acohen@bcmrru.msstate.edu NR 25 TC 47 Z9 58 U1 2 U2 17 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD SEP PY 1998 VL 13 IS 1 BP 49 EP 54 DI 10.1006/bcon.1998.0636 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 113VA UT WOS:000075573300006 ER PT J AU Hashem, FM Swelim, DM Kuykendall, LD Mohamed, AI Abdel-Wahab, SM Hegazi, NI AF Hashem, FM Swelim, DM Kuykendall, LD Mohamed, AI Abdel-Wahab, SM Hegazi, NI TI Identification and characterization of salt- and thermo-tolerant Leucaena-nodulating Rhizobium strains SO BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS LA English DT Article DE biological nitrogen fixation; legume trees; nitrogenase activity; plant-microbe interaction ID HIGH ROOT TEMPERATURE; GROWTH; FIXATION; HALOPHYTES; DIVERSITY; SALINITY; PLANTS; SOIL AB Rhizobium-legume symbioses are important for their nitrogen input, but salinity and elevated temperature in arid and semi-arid areas limit their effectiveness, and therefore plant growth and productivity. Sixteen Rhizobium strains isolated from root nodules of Leucaena trees grown in different geographical areas of Egypt varied in their degree of tolerance to salinity and in their symbiotic effectiveness with Leucaena leucocephala under saline conditions. Three strains were tolerant to >3% NaCl. L. leucocephala grown in the greenhouse at concentrations of NaCl up to 1.0% and inoculated either with strain DS 78 or strain DS 158 displayed significantly better growth than those plants grown at the same levels of salinity and inoculated with reference strain TAL 583. Although nine of the Rhizobium strains grew at 42 degrees C, their mean generation times were lengthened two- to fourfold. When daylight growth temperatures were elevated from 30 degrees C to 42 degrees C, nodule number and mass, nitrogenase activities and shoot top dry weight of plants inoculated with strains DS 78, DS 157 and DS 158 significantly increased, whereas these parameters decreased in plants inoculated with strain TAL 583. Rhizobium strains that effectively nodulate Leucaena under adverse saline conditions and at high temperatures were thus isolated, identified and characterized. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Agr Res Ctr, Soil Water & Environm Res Inst, Giza 12619, Egypt. Virginia State Univ, Agr Res Stn, Petersburg, VA 23803 USA. Cairo Univ, Fac Agr, Giza 12619, Egypt. RP Hashem, FM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Plant Sci, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM fhashem@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 31 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 9 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0178-2762 J9 BIOL FERT SOILS JI Biol. Fertil. Soils PD SEP PY 1998 VL 27 IS 4 BP 335 EP 341 DI 10.1007/s003740050440 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 125ND UT WOS:000076242900002 ER PT J AU Keller, ML Roberts, AJ Seidel, GE AF Keller, ML Roberts, AJ Seidel, GE TI Characterization of insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins in the uterus and conceptus during early conceptus elongation in cattle SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article ID I IGF-I; BREAST-CANCER CELLS; ESTROUS-CYCLE; EARLY-PREGNANCY; EMBRYONIC MORTALITY; GENE-EXPRESSION; FACTOR SYSTEM; RAT UTERUS; ENDOMETRIAL ALPHA-1-GLOBULIN; ARTIFICIAL-INSEMINATION AB As a first step in determining the role that insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding proteins (BPs) may have in regulating initial stages of conceptus elongation in cattle, the type and relative abundance of IGFBPs in serum, uterine tissues, and uterine fluid from pregnant and noninseminated cows on Days 13 and 15 postestrus and in Day 15 conceptuses was evaluated. Uterine and serum samples contained IGFBPs 2, 3, 4, and 5 as determined by immunoprecipitation followed by Western ligand blots of precipitates. Compared with those in uterine and serum samples, IGFBPs in conceptuses and conceptus-conditioned culture media were only faintly detectable. The percentage of the total IGF-I binding activity attributed to IGFBP-3 was greater (p < 0.05) in myometrium, serum, and uterine fluid (> 50%) than in inter- (40%) and intracaruncular (37%) endometrium. Percentage of total binding attributed to IGFBP-2 was greater (p < 0.05) in endometrium and serum (similar to 30%) than in myometrium (16%) and uterine fluid (9%). Binding activity of certain IGFBPs varied due to day of the estrous cycle or due to pregnancy status. Concentrations of ICF-I in serum were greater (p < 0.05) in nonpregnant (52 +/- 2 ng/ml) than in pregnant (40 +/- 4 ng/ml) cows. Concentration of IGF-I in uterine fluid did not differ due to pregnancy status or stage of cycle (4.4 pg IGF-I/mu g uterine protein). Northern blots revealed mRNAs for IGFBPs 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 in uterine tissues but not in conceptuses. In situ hybridization indicated that IGFBP-1 mRNA was primarily localized in luminal epithelium of endometrium; IGFBP-2 mRNA was in luminal epithelium and dense stromal cells adjacent to endometrial epithelium; and IGFBP-3 mRNA was in vascular endothelial cells and was more prevalent in myometrium than in endometrium. Tissue specificity and changes in abundance of IGFBPs in the uterus during early conceptus elongation indicate the potential importance of IGFBP regulation of uterine IGFs during this time period. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Colorado State Univ, Anim Reprod & Biotechnol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Roberts, AJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. EM roberts@email.marc.usda.gov FU NICHD NIH HHS [R01-HD27938] NR 62 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 59 IS 3 BP 632 EP 642 DI 10.1095/biolreprod59.3.632 PG 11 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 114DY UT WOS:000075594900025 PM 9716564 ER PT J AU Gazal, OS Leshin, LS Stanko, RL Thomas, MG Keisler, DH Anderson, LL Williams, GL AF Gazal, OS Leshin, LS Stanko, RL Thomas, MG Keisler, DH Anderson, LL Williams, GL TI Gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion into third ventricle cerebrospinal fluid of cattle: Correspondence with the tonic and surge release of luteinizing hormone and its tonic inhibition by suckling and neuropeptide Y SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article ID BEEF-COWS; PULSATILE SECRETION; POSTPARTUM; PROLACTIN; PULSES; SERUM; EWE; LH; NEURONS; HEIFERS AB Objectives of the current studies were to characterize the pattern of GnRH secretion in the cerebrospinal fluid of the bovine third ventricle, determine its correspondence with the tonic and surge release of LH in ovariectomized cows, and examine the dynamics of GnRH pulse generator activity in response to known modulators of LH release (suckling; neuropeptide Y [NPY]). In ovariectomized cows, both tonic release patterns and estradiol-induced surges of GnRH and LH were highly correlated (0.95; p < 0.01). Collectively, LH pulses at the baseline began coincident with (84%) or within one sampling point after (100%) the onset of a GnRH pulse, and all estradiol-induced LH surges were accompanied by corresponding surges of GnRH. A 500-mu g dose of NPY caused immediate cessation of LH pulses and lowered (p < 0.001) plasma concentrations of LH for at least 4 h. This corresponded with declines (p < 0.05) in both GnRH pulse amplitude and frequency, but GnRH pulses were completely inhibited for only 1.5-3 h. In intact, anestrous cows, GnRH poise frequency did not differ before and 48-54 h after weaning on Day 18 postpartum, but concentrations of GnRH (p < 0.05) and amplitudes of GnRH pulses (4 of 7 cows) increased in association with weaning and heightened secretion of LH. We conclude that the study of GnRH secretory dynamics in third-ventricle CSF provides a reasonable approach for examining the activity and regulation of the hypothalamic pulse generator in adult cattle. However, data generated using this approach must be interpreted in their broadest context. Although strong neurally mediated inhibitors of LH pulsatility (suckling; NPY) had robust effects on one or more GnRH secretory characteristics in CSF, only high doses of NPY briefly abolished GnRH pulses. This implies that the GnRH signal received at the hypophyseal portal vessels under these conditions may differ quantitatively or qualitatively from those in CSF, and theoretically would be undetectable or below a biologically effective threshold when LH pulses are absent. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Agr Res Stn, Anim Reprod Lab, Beeville, TX 78102 USA. USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30613 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Anim & Range Sci, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Anim Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Anim Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Williams, GL (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Agr Res Stn, Anim Reprod Lab, HCR-2,Box 43C, Beeville, TX 78102 USA. RI Keisler, Duane/C-2746-2011 OI Keisler, Duane/0000-0002-8792-7030 NR 44 TC 70 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 59 IS 3 BP 676 EP 683 DI 10.1095/biolreprod59.3.676 PG 8 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 114DY UT WOS:000075594900030 PM 9716569 ER PT J AU Posyniak, A Zmudzki, J Semeniuk, S Niedzielska, J Ellis, R AF Posyniak, A Zmudzki, J Semeniuk, S Niedzielska, J Ellis, R TI Determination of tetracycline residues in animal tissues by liquid chromatography SO BIOMEDICAL CHROMATOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; CHEMICAL-ANALYSIS; MUSCLE-TISSUE; OXYTETRACYCLINE; ANTIBIOTICS; CHLORTETRACYCLINE; OPTIMIZATION; IMPROVEMENT AB A simple liquid chromatographic (LC) method was developed for the determination of tetracyclines (oxytetracycline, tetracycline and chlortetracycline) in animal tissues. Isolation of tetracyclines from biological matrices was performed with oxalic buffer followed by dechelation and deproteinization with oxalic acid - acetonitrile solution. For clean-up solid phase extraction with a SDBI (styrene-divinylbenzene) cartridge was used. LC analysis was performed on a polymeric analytical column (PLRP-S 5 mu m, 150 x 4.6mm) and using an oxalic acid mobile phase (0.01 M oxalic acid - acetonitrile 75:25, v/v), The whole procedure was validated for intra- and inter-assay reproducibility determination by assaying muscle, liver and kidney samples supplemented with tetracyclines at the level of 50, 100 and 200 ng/g, respectively. The statistical evaluation demonstrates high absolute recovery (> 80%) and low coefficient of variation (< 10%) for all analysed samples. The detection limits for tetracyclines were 10-15 ng/g in muscle, and 20-25 ng/g in liver and kidney samples, depending on the analyte. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Vet Res, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, PL-24100 Pulawy, Poland. USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, Sci Res & Oversight Staff, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Zmudzki, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Vet Res, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Al Partyzantow 57, PL-24100 Pulawy, Poland. NR 11 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0269-3879 J9 BIOMED CHROMATOGR JI Biomed. Chromatogr. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 12 IS 5 BP 294 EP 299 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0801(199809/10)12:5<294::AID-BMC750>3.3.CO;2-C PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 124GP UT WOS:000076174300010 PM 9787902 ER PT J AU Swanson, FJ Johnson, SL Gregory, SV Acker, SA AF Swanson, FJ Johnson, SL Gregory, SV Acker, SA TI Flood disturbance in a forested mountain landscape - Interactions of land use and floods SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID WESTERN CASCADES; STREAM; OREGON; COMMUNITIES; SUCCESSION; BASINS; ROADS C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Swanson, FJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM swanson@fsl.orst.edu; johnsons@fsl.orst.edu; gregorst@ccmail.orst.edu; ackers@fsl.orst.edu NR 31 TC 114 Z9 119 U1 1 U2 23 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD SEP PY 1998 VL 48 IS 9 BP 681 EP 689 DI 10.2307/1313331 PG 9 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 112DH UT WOS:000075478500004 ER PT J AU Michener, WK Blood, ER Box, JB Couch, CA Golladay, SW Hippe, DJ Mitchell, RJ Palik, BJ AF Michener, WK Blood, ER Box, JB Couch, CA Golladay, SW Hippe, DJ Mitchell, RJ Palik, BJ TI Tropical storm flooding of a coastal main landscape - Extensive foodplains ameliorated potential adverse effects on water quality, fishes, and molluskan communities SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID STREAM; RIVER; DISTURBANCE; ECOSYSTEM; HABITAT; PERSISTENCE; STABILITY; RECOVERY; FOREST C1 Joseph W Jones Ecol Res Ctr, Newton, GA 31770 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Norcross, GA 30360 USA. US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. RP Michener, WK (reprint author), Joseph W Jones Ecol Res Ctr, Newton, GA 31770 USA. RI Couch, Carol/E-8737-2011 NR 43 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD SEP PY 1998 VL 48 IS 9 BP 696 EP 705 DI 10.2307/1313333 PG 10 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 112DH UT WOS:000075478500006 ER PT J AU Galat, DL Fredrickson, LH Humburg, DD Bataille, KJ Bodie, JR Dohrenwend, J Gelwicks, GT Havel, JE Helmers, DL Hooker, JB Jones, JR Knowlton, MF Kubisiak, J Mazourek, J McColpin, AC Renken, RB Semlitsch, RD AF Galat, DL Fredrickson, LH Humburg, DD Bataille, KJ Bodie, JR Dohrenwend, J Gelwicks, GT Havel, JE Helmers, DL Hooker, JB Jones, JR Knowlton, MF Kubisiak, J Mazourek, J McColpin, AC Renken, RB Semlitsch, RD TI Flooding to restore connectivity of regulated, large-river wetlands - Natural and controlled flooding as complementary processes along the lower Missouri River SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Gaylord Mem Lab, Puxico, MO 63960 USA. Missouri Dept Conservat Fish & Wildlife Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Missouri Dept Conservat, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. Nat Resource Conservat Serv, USDA, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. Univ Missouri, Div Biol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. SW Missouri State Univ, Springfield, MO 65804 USA. RP Galat, DL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. OI Semlitsch, Raymond/0000-0002-7999-5762 NR 41 TC 176 Z9 182 U1 3 U2 32 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD SEP PY 1998 VL 48 IS 9 BP 721 EP 733 DI 10.2307/1313335 PG 13 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 112DH UT WOS:000075478500008 ER PT J AU Frangi, JL Lugo, AE AF Frangi, JL Lugo, AE TI A flood plain palm forest in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico five years after Hurricane Hugo SO BIOTROPICA LA English DT Article DE ecological disturbance; flood plain forest; forested wetlands; Hurricane Hugo; Luquillo experimental forest; palms; Prestoea montana; secondary forests; tropical tree succession; tropical wetlands ID TREE MORTALITY AB Long-term studies are needed to understand the dynamics of tropical forests, particularly those subject to periodic disturbances such as hurricanes. We studied a flood plain Prestoea montana palm forest in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico over a 15-yr period (1980-1995), which included the passage of Hurricane Hugo in September 1989. The passage of the hurricane caused the dominant species to become more dominant and created low instantaneous tree mortality (1% of stems) and reductions in tree biomass (-16 Mg/ha/yr) and density, although not in basal area. Five years after the hurricane, the palm flood plain forest had exceeded its prehurricane aboveground tree biomass, tree density, and basal area. Aboveground tree biomass accumulated at a rate of 9.2 Mg/ha/yr, 76 percent of which was due to palms. Before the hurricane this rate was on the order of 3 Mg/ha/yr. Forest floor litter decreased to prehurricane levels (6.7 Mg/ha), within 5 yr, mostly due to the disappearance of woody litter. Thirteen tree species not represented in the canopy entered the forest by regeneration, and 2 species suffered almost 20 percent/yr mortality over a 5-yr period after the storm (floodplain average of 2%/yr). Delayed tree mortality was twice as high as instantaneous tree mortality after the storm and affected dicotyledonous trees more than it did palms. Regeneration of dicotyledonous trees, palms, and tree ferns was influenced by a combination of factors including hydroperiod, light, and space. Redundancy Data Analysis showed that the area near the river channel was the most favorable for plant regeneration. Palm regeneration was higher in locations with longer hydroperiods, while regeneration of dicotyledonous trees was higher in areas with low risk of flooding. This study shows how a periodic disturbance provides long-term opportunities for species invasions and long-term ecosystem response at the patch scale of <1 ha. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. Natl Univ La Plata, RA-1900 La Plata, Argentina. RP USDA, Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, POB 25000, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. NR 16 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0006-3606 EI 1744-7429 J9 BIOTROPICA JI Biotropica PD SEP PY 1998 VL 30 IS 3 BP 339 EP 348 DI 10.1111/j.1744-7429.1998.tb00069.x PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 127ZZ UT WOS:000076381900002 ER PT J AU Broadhurst, CL Cunnane, SC Crawford, MA AF Broadhurst, CL Cunnane, SC Crawford, MA TI Dietary lipids and evolution of the human brain - Reply SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Letter ID DEPENDENT DIABETES-MELLITUS C1 ARS, USDA, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Toronto, Fac Med, Dept Nutr Sci, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada. Univ N London, Inst Brain Chem & Human Nutr, London N7 8DB, England. RP Broadhurst, CL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0007-1145 J9 BRIT J NUTR JI Br. J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 80 IS 3 BP 299 EP 300 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 129QN UT WOS:000076474600013 ER PT J AU Broadhurst, CL Cunnane, SC Crawford, MA AF Broadhurst, CL Cunnane, SC Crawford, MA TI Dietary lipids and evolution of the human brain - Reply SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Letter ID SYSTEM C1 ARS, USDA, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Toronto, Fac Med, Dept Nutr Sci, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada. Univ N London, Inst Brain Chem & Human Nutr, London N7 8DB, England. RP Broadhurst, CL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0007-1145 J9 BRIT J NUTR JI Br. J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 80 IS 3 BP 301 EP 302 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 129QN UT WOS:000076474600015 ER PT J AU De Lorenzo, A Bertini, I Candeloro, N Iacopino, L Andreoli, A Van Loan, MD AF De Lorenzo, A Bertini, I Candeloro, N Iacopino, L Andreoli, A Van Loan, MD TI Comparison of different techniques to measure body composition in moderately active adolescents SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE body composition; dual-energy x ray absorptiometry; skinfold equations; impedance equations; adolescents ID X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; SKINFOLD-THICKNESS MEASUREMENTS; FAT-FREE BODY; BIOELECTRICAL-IMPEDANCE; YOUNG-ADULTS; CHILDREN; DENSITY; MASS; HYDRATION; WOMEN AB Objective-To evaluate the differences in the estimate of body fat percentage (%FM) and the amount (kg) of fat free mass (FFM) by different methods in 26 moderately active adolescents very similar in age, body fatness, and training status. Methods-Mean (SD) age was 16.7 (0.9) years, height was 177.0 (5.1) cm, and weight 68.0 (5.2) kg. %FM was assessed using dual-energy x ray absorptiometry (DXA) and two skinfold prediction equations: that of Slaughter et al (%FM Sla) and that of Deurenberg et al (%FM Deu). In the same way, FFM was measured using DXA and different impedance equations: those of Suprasongsin et al (FFM Sup), Schaefer et al (FFM Sch), Houtkooper et al (FFM Hou), and Deurenberg et al (FFM Deu). To determine the interchangeability of the different methods of measuring %FM and FFM, one way analysis of variance, standard error (SE), and coefficient of variation (CV%) ((SD/mean) x 100) were used. Results-On average, no significant statistical differences were observed between the values determined for %FM: DXA value, 11.7 (5.4)%; %FM Sla, 10.9 (4.0)%; %FM Deu, 11.5 (2.3)%. On the other hand, SE and CV% between each pair of the three methods used showed very large variability. With regard to the measurement or prediction of FFM, the mean value measured by DXA was significantly higher than that predicted by the equation of Sch (+7.2 kg, p<0.001), Deu (+3.2 kg, p<0.001), and Hou (+2.6 kg, p<0.001), whereas it was lower than that predicted by the equation of Sup (-1.6 kg, p<0.05). The Hou and Deu values were the only two that, on average, did not differ in a statistically significant way, although they showed the highest CV%. Conclusions-In our sample of moderately active adolescents the estimated values for %FM and FFM appear to be highly dependent on method. C1 Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Cattedra Fisiol Umana, Dipartimento Med Sperimentale & Sci Biochim, I-00133 Rome, Italy. USDA, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. RP De Lorenzo, A (reprint author), Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Cattedra Fisiol Umana, Dipartimento Med Sperimentale & Sci Biochim, Via Tor Vergata No 135, I-00133 Rome, Italy. NR 38 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 6 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0306-3674 J9 BRIT J SPORT MED JI Br. J. Sports Med. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 32 IS 3 BP 215 EP 219 PG 5 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA 119HF UT WOS:000075889300013 PM 9773169 ER PT J AU Lieckfeldt, E Samuels, GJ Borner, T Gams, W AF Lieckfeldt, E Samuels, GJ Borner, T Gams, W TI Trichoderma koningii: neotypification and Hypocrea teleomorph SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE Hypocreales; Hypocrea muroiana; Hypocrea rufa; internal transcribed spacer; systematics ID GENUS TRICHODERMA; SECTION LONGIBRACHIATUM; RIBOSOMAL DNA; REVISION; REESEI AB A neotype is selected for Trichoderma koningii. The species is characterized by morphological and molecular characters, the latter including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fingerprinting and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and direct sequencing of the variable regions of the rDNA (internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2)). The neotype was selected from among four cultures obtained from soil at the type locality. These cultures were compared with a broader collection of Trichoderma strains and anamorphs of Hypocrea that morphologically conform to T: koningii. Comparison was also made with members of Trichoderma sect. Trichoderma and of the Hypocrea schweinitzii complex (Trichoderma sect. Longibrachiatum). According to its ITS sequences, T. koningii is a member of sect. Trichoderma, showing very low variability in comparison with Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma atroviride. We found five additional strains from various geographical regions that are identical to the neotype in morphology and in their sequences. One of them is Hypocrea koningii sp.nov., which we consider to be the teleomorph of I: koningii. PCR fingerprint patterns demonstrate the high genetic similarity of these nine strains. There was only low similarity in molecular characters between 1: koningii and the H. schweinitzii complex despite morphological similarities. C1 Humboldt Univ, Inst Biol Genet, D-10115 Berlin, Germany. ARS, USDA, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Cent Bur Schimmelcultures, NL-3740 AG Baarn, Netherlands. RP Lieckfeldt, E (reprint author), Humboldt Univ, Inst Biol Genet, Chausseestr 117, D-10115 Berlin, Germany. NR 41 TC 32 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 76 IS 9 BP 1507 EP 1522 PG 16 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 205HE UT WOS:000080814600004 ER PT J AU Gams, W O'Donnell, K Schroers, HJ Christensen, M AF Gams, W O'Donnell, K Schroers, HJ Christensen, M TI Generic classification of some more hyphomycetes with solitary conidia borne on phialides SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE Aphanocladium; Cladobotryum; conidiogenesis; hyphomycetes; molecular phylogeny; phialide; Stanjemonium; systematics; Verticimonosporium ID PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; POLYPHYLETIC ORIGINS; TOLYPOCLADIUM; BEAUVERIA; FUSARIUM; NUCLEAR; FUNGI; TRUE; 18S AB Unlike most phialide-producing fungi that liberate a multiplicity of conidia fi om each conidiogenous cell, only conidia are formed on phialide-like conidiogenous cells in Aphanocladium, Verticimonosporium, and some species of A group of isolates obtained from soil of native Artemisia tridentata (sagebrush) grassland in Wyoming and from soil in Iraq is compared with these genera and classified as a fourth genus, Stanjemonium, honouring Stanley J. Hughes. analyses of partial nuclear small- (18S) and large-subunit (28S) rDNA sequences indicate that Stanjemonium spp. a monophyletic group with Emericellapsis. Sequences from the nuclear 18S and 28S rDNA were too conserved to resolve species of Stanjemonium; however, phylogenetic analysis of beta-tubulin and translation elongation factor 1 alpha gene and introns resolved all species distinguished morphologically. Numerous conidiogenous cells or denticles are scattered the cells of aerial hyphae in Aphanocladium and Stanjemonium spp., very rapidly collapsing into denticles in the former, more persistent and leaving broad scars in the latter In Cladobotryum-Sibirina and Verticimonosporium spp., cells are discrete in terminal and intercalary whorls; phialides of the latter taxon are particularly swollen. The of Aphanocladium is not yet resolved. Two species are recognized in Verticimonosporium. Three new species of are described, and one new combination from Aphanocladium is proposed, along with one new species of Cladobotryum. C1 Cent Bur Schimmelcultures, NL-3740 AG Baarn, Netherlands. ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Bot, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Gams, W (reprint author), Cent Bur Schimmelcultures, POB 273, NL-3740 AG Baarn, Netherlands. NR 38 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 76 IS 9 BP 1570 EP 1583 PG 14 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 205HE UT WOS:000080814600010 ER PT J AU Lonzarich, DG Warren, ML Lonzarich, MRE AF Lonzarich, DG Warren, ML Lonzarich, MRE TI Effects of habitat isolation on the recovery of fish assemblages in experimentally defaunated stream pools in Arkansas SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID DISTURBANCE; SIZE; SYSTEMS; DEPTH AB We removed fish from pools in two Arkansas streams to determine recolonization rates and the effects of isolation (i.e., riffle length, riffle depth, distance to large source pools, and location), pool area, and assemblage size on recovery. To determine pool-specific recovery rates, we repeatedly snorkeled 12 pools over a 40-day recovery period. Results indicated the effects of isolation on percent numerical recovery, but no effects of pool area or assemblage size. Numerical recovery of assemblages in pools separated from neighboring pools by short riffles occurred by day 30 whereas more isolated pools had not reached 70% numerical recovery by day 40. Recovery also was more rapid in downstream pools and in pools that were closer to large source pools. Finally, recovery patterns differed among species and size-classes, with large fish (<100 mm total length) recolonizing pools more rapidly than small fish. This is the first study to quantify species- and assemblage-level recolonization rates at the; scale of individual pools and the effects of isolation on recovery. The findings of this study have potentially important implications for research aimed at understanding the ecology of stream fishes and predicting the consequences of land-use activities. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Biol Stn, Kingston, OK 73439 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Hydrol Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Lonzarich, DG (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol, Eau Claire, WI 54702 USA. NR 23 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 6 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 55 IS 9 BP 2141 EP 2149 DI 10.1139/cjfas-55-9-2141 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 138YV UT WOS:000077001400015 ER PT J AU Sethuraman, A Akin, DE Eisele, JG Eriksson, KEL AF Sethuraman, A Akin, DE Eisele, JG Eriksson, KEL TI Effect of aromatic compounds on growth and ligninolytic enzyme production of two white rot fungi Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and Cyathus stercoreus SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biomass conversion; aromatic compounds; white rot fungi; fungal growth; enzyme production ID PHENOLIC MONOMERS; SPOROTRICHUM-PULVERULENTUM; METHYLATED DERIVATIVES; ACID METABOLISM; VANILLIC ACID; DEGRADATION; LIGNOCELLULOSE; GRASS; BIODEGRADABILITY; DELIGNIFICATION AB Seven benzoic acid, ten cinnamic acid,and five benzaldehyde derivatives were tested for their effects on hyphal growth and production of laccase and manganese peroxidase by Ceriporiopsis subvermispora FP 90031-sp and Cyathus stercoreus ATCC 36910. Derivatives tested included phenolic compounds and their corresponding unsubstituted and O-methylated derivatives. Benzaldehyde derivatives were more toxic to both fungi than the corresponding benzoic and cinnamic acid derivatives. Hyphal growth was generally increased at a low concentration of 1 mM, while higher concentrations of 5-10 mM mostly resulted in less or no growth. Hyphal growth and enzyme production response were compound specific. However, generally monomethoxylated compounds were more toxic than compounds with an additional methoxyl group. Cyathus stercoreus was more sensitive than Ceriporiopsis subvermispora to most of the compounds tested and thus showed poorer growth. Cyathus stercoreus produced higher concentrations of manganese peroxidase than Ceriporiopsis subvermispora for all the compounds tested, whereas laccase activity was higher in Ceriporiopsis subvermispora for most of the compounds tested. Di- and tri-methoxylated compounds induced more laccase and manganese peroxidase activities than the corresponding hydroxylated derivatives. At 1 mM levels, 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid induced the greatest increase in laccase production for Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and Cyathus stercoreus (245 and 290% of control, respectively). Syringic acid induced manganese peroxidase (MnP) to 536% of that in control for Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, and both 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid and 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid induced MnP to over 300% of control for Cyathus stercoreus. The results provide a body of information on the effects of specific aromatic compounds on two potentially industrially important fungi. C1 Univ Georgia, Ctr Biol Resource REcovery, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. ARS, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Eriksson, KEL (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Ctr Biol Resource REcovery, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM eriksson@arches.uga.edu NR 41 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4166 J9 CAN J MICROBIOL JI Can. J. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 44 IS 9 BP 872 EP 885 DI 10.1139/cjm-44-9-872 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology GA 144QJ UT WOS:000077325900008 ER PT J AU Irwin, PL Brouillette, JN Osman, SF Hicks, KB AF Irwin, PL Brouillette, JN Osman, SF Hicks, KB TI Cyclomaltooligosaccharide binding and solubilization of hydroxyfatty acid matrices in aqueous solution: calorimetric titration and C-13 NMR investigations of molecular recognition SO CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE cyclomaltoheptaose; beta-cyclodextrin; cyclomaltohexaose; alpha-cyclodextrin; hydroxypropylcyclomaltoheptaose; hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin; hexadecanoic acid; palmitic acid; 16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid; 16-hydroxy-palmitic acid; cutin; hydroxy fatty acids; binding; enthalpy-entropy compensation; thermodynamics; Delta H; Delta S; Delta G; calorimetry; isothermal titration calorimetry; ITC; NMR ID POLYMORPHIC TRANSITION BEHAVIOR; ENTHALPY-ENTROPY COMPENSATION; INCLUSION COMPLEX-FORMATION; NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN; 2-HYDROXYPROPYL-BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN MATRIX; CHLORAMPHENICOL PALMITATE; CHLOROGENIC ACID; LINOLEIC-ACID; FATTY-ACIDS AB Cyclomaltooligosaccharides (cyclodextrins, CDs) increase cutinase activity with both naturally occurring and synthetic cuticular substrates. Little is known about the interactions of CDs with cutin or cutin-like substrates such as 16-hydroxypalmitate (16-OH-P). We report herein investigations into the thermochemistry of beta-CD, hydroxypropyl-beta-CD (HP-beta-CD) or alpha-CD interactions with palmitic acid (P), 16-OH-P and polyesters (synthetic cutin) derived therefrom under conditions coincident with maximal cutinase activity (pH 9, glycine/NaOH buffer) at 25 degrees C using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The thermodynamic parameters for HP-beta-CD lipid inclusion complex formation and subsequent solubilization, which were studied in heterogeneous phase suspensions, displayed enthalpy-entropy compensation typical of processes driven by solvation phenomena (alpha = T partial derivative Delta S/Delta H = 1.03, T Delta S-0 = 17.72 kJ mol(-1); for 130 literature [alpha- and beta-CD] values: alpha = 0.92, T Delta S-0 = 15.11 kJ mol(-1)). In the 16-OH-P (Na+) experiments Delta H and Delta S (Delta H = 42 +/- 8 kJ mol(-1), Delta S = 206 +/- 24 J mol(-1) K-1) values were large relative to those reported elsewhere for diverse CD . guest complexes (Delta H = -50 to 0 kJ mol(-1), Delta S = -170 to 30 J mol(-1) K-1) since Delta H resulted from the combined processes of binding and solubilization. C-13 NMR and ITC experiments indicated that HP-beta-CD . lipid complexes had a 1:1 stoichiometry. A constant background lipid concentration-dependent endothermic process (Delta H*) also observed using both P and 16-OH-P substrates (Delta H* similar to 4.8 +/- 0.5 kJ mol(-1)) as HP-beta-CD was titrated into the heterogeneous lipid slurry. At a lower pH (6, 100 mM Na+ phosphate buffer) neither a soluble HP-beta-CD . 16-OH-P complex was formed nor background Delta H* observed. At pH 9 no substantial binding was evident when synthetic cutin (Delta Q = -240 +/- 61 mu J, Delta Q(control) = -231 +/- 31 mu J) was used as a substrate; a similar result was obtained using beta-CD. Titrations using alpha-CD did, however, display a weak interaction (K = 119 +/- 53 M-1, Delta H = 1.1 +/- 0.9 kJ mol(-1), Delta S = 43.4 +/- 3.7 J mol(-1) K-1) with the synthetic cuticular matrix. Thus, either CDs do not bind to the insoluble cutin matrix of they do but with a small Delta H. The fact that HP-beta-CD binds the synthetic cutin monomer and weak binding was observed in the alpha-CD . synthetic cutin system tends to argue for the latter interpretation. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM pirwin@arserrc.gov NR 32 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0008-6215 EI 1873-426X J9 CARBOHYD RES JI Carbohydr. Res. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 311 IS 1-2 BP 37 EP 49 DI 10.1016/S0008-6215(98)00206-7 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 133QR UT WOS:000076697700004 ER PT J AU Grant, LA AF Grant, LA TI Effects of starch isolation, drying, and grinding techniques on its gelatinization and retrogradation properties SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY AB The effects of two different methods of starch isolation, drying, and grinding on gelatinization and retrogradation properties were investigated. Starch was isolated from whole wheat and flour of four hard red spring wheat cultivars. Portions of each starch isolate were freeze-dried or air-dried and portions of each dried starch were ground using a mortar and pestle or a Wiley Jr. mill. Less starch damage was obtained for freeze-dried starch regardless of isolation method or grinding technique and for all starches derived from whole wheat. Highest starch damage was obtained for air-dried starch isolates. Wiley-milled starch isolates showed higher water-binding. Whole wheat starch isolates had higher peak, lower trough, and lower final viscosities, as determined by starch paste viscosity analysis, than did starch isolates derived from flour. Major effects of all treatments on differential scanning calorimetry gelatinization properties showed lower onset temperature for flour starch isolates, lower peak temperature for freeze-dried starches, and no effects due to grinding. Endotherms of all starches after refrigerated storage and freeze-thaw cycling were lower than those for gelatinization. C1 N Dakota State Univ, USDA ARS, Hard Red Spring & Durum Wheat Qual Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Grant, LA (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, USDA ARS, Hard Red Spring & Durum Wheat Qual Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 19 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 75 IS 5 BP 590 EP 594 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1998.75.5.590 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 123XD UT WOS:000076150200004 ER PT J AU Zhang, D Moore, WR Doehlert, DC AF Zhang, D Moore, WR Doehlert, DC TI Effects of oat grain hydrothermal treatments on wheat-oat flour dough properties and breadbaking quality SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID STARCH; BREAD; BRAN; BREADMAKING; VISCOSITY AB Hydrothermal treatments, which are routine in oat processing, have profound effects on oat flour dough rheological properties. The influence of roasting and steam treatments of oat grain on dough mixing and breadbaking properties was investigated when hydrothermally treated oat flour was blended with wheat flour. Roasting of oat grain (105 degrees C, 2 hr) resulted in oat flours that were highly detrimental to wheat flour dough mixing properties and breadbaking quality. Steaming (105 degrees C, 20 min) or a combination of roasting and steaming of oat grain significantly improved the breadbaking potential of the oat flours. The addition of oat flours increased water absorption and mixing requirements of the wheat flour dough and also decreased bread loaf volume. However, at the 10% substitution level, steamed oat flours exhibited only a gluten dilution effect on bread loaf volume when wheat starch was used as a reference. Oat flour in the breadbaking system decreased the retrogradation rate of bread crumb starch. The results indicate that adequate hydrothermal treatments of oat grain are necessary for oat flour breadbaking applications. Steamed oat flours used at a 10% level retarded bread staling without adversely affecting the loaf volume. C1 N Dakota State Univ, USDA ARS, Hard Red Spring & Durum Wheat Qual Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Cereal Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Doehlert, DC (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, USDA ARS, Hard Red Spring & Durum Wheat Qual Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 26 TC 21 Z9 25 U1 4 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 75 IS 5 BP 602 EP 605 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1998.75.5.602 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 123XD UT WOS:000076150200006 ER PT J AU Krieger, KM Pollak, LM Brumm, TJ White, PJ AF Krieger, KM Pollak, LM Brumm, TJ White, PJ TI Effects of pollination method and growing location on starch thermal properties of corn hybrids SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID MAIZE STARCH; INBRED LINES; GELATINIZATION; GENOTYPES; BEHAVIOR AB Starch gelatinization and retrogradation properties of corn were studied to determine the effect of controlled (self) pollination versus noncontrolled pollination on analytical determinations, and the potential to eliminate the expensive and time-consuming step of self-pollinating before research screening of corn genotypes. Twenty-four hybrids were grown in two Iowa locations, Story City and Ames. At Story City, all hybrids received three pollination treatments: self-pollination; small-plot, open-pollination (representing corn from small test plots); and large-plot, open-pollination (representing corn from a farmer's field). Self-pollinated and small-plot, open-pollinated corn were grown in replicated two-row plots, whereas large-plot, open-pollinated corn was grown in unreplicated plots of 12.8 m x 8 rows. At Ames, the small-plot, open pollination treatment was not done. Starch was extracted from samples of corn harvested from each plot, and gelatinization and retrogradation properties were determined using differential-scanning calorimetry (DSC). Hybrids exhibited different starch gelatinization and retrogradation properties. Significant differences (P less than or equal to 0.05) in starch gelatinization and retrogradation properties occurred among pollination methods and between locations. Pollination method did not influence gelatinization enthalpy values, but onset temperature values for gelatinization, and range values for retrogradation differed significantly among pollination methods. At Ames, treatments gave different values for retrogradation enthalpy and percentage of retrogradation. Because of differences in some starch characteristics associated with pollination methods, self-pollination is recommended when growing samples in small plots for research purposes. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Ctr Crops Utilizat Res, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Crops Genet Res Unit, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. MBS Inc, Story City, IA 50248 USA. RP White, PJ (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 25 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 75 IS 5 BP 656 EP 659 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1998.75.5.656 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 123XD UT WOS:000076150200016 ER PT J AU Donelson, JR Gaines, CS AF Donelson, JR Gaines, CS TI Starch-water relationships in the sugar-snap cookie dough system SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID FLOUR FRACTIONS; WHEAT; QUALITY; FRIABILIN; BAKING; HARDNESS; LIPIDS AB Prime starch was extracted from soft and hard wheat flours and ball-milled to produce 100% damaged starch. Small amounts of the ball-milled starch or a pregelatinized starch were added to sugar-snap cookie formulations. Other cookie doughs were produced from prime starch only (no flour) with small amounts of the ball-milled starch added. Starch damages of the resulting substituted soft and hard wheat flours and soft and hard wheat prime starches were determined and compared to diameters of sugar-snap cookies produced from the control and treatments. Soft wheat flour and starches produced larger diameter cookies than their hard wheat counterpart at all levels of damaged starch. Both sources of damaged starch (ball-milled or pregelatinized starch) had similar effects on cookie diameter. Cookies produced from all starch (no flour) were similar to their respective flour controls at approximate to 8% damaged starch. To produce the same size cookie as that produced by soft wheat flour and starch, hard wheat flour and starch cookie formulations required less damaged starch and had lower alkaline water retention than did the soft wheat flour and starch cookie formulations. Other flours were treated with chlorine gas to pH 4.8. Pregelatinized starch (approximate to 5%) was required to reduce the cookie diameter as much as chlorine treatment did. Results suggest unique quality differences between soft and hard wheat starch as they function in sugar-snap cookie baking. The functional results of those differences are not adequately quantified by the estimation of damaged starch level. C1 Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, USDA ARS, Soft Wheat Qual Lab, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. RP Gaines, CS (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, USDA ARS, Soft Wheat Qual Lab, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. NR 27 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 75 IS 5 BP 660 EP 664 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1998.75.5.660 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 123XD UT WOS:000076150200017 ER PT J AU Raeker, MO Gaines, CS Finney, PL Donelson, T AF Raeker, MO Gaines, CS Finney, PL Donelson, T TI Granule size distribution and chemical composition of starches from 12 soft wheat cultivars SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID RED WINTER WHEATS; PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES; GELATINIZATION PROPERTIES; ENDOSPERM DEVELOPMENT; LIPID CONTENTS; AMYLOSE; FLOUR; QUALITY; DIMENSIONS; BARLEY AB Granule size distribution of wheat starch is an important characteristic that can influence its chemical composition, which in turn may affect its functionality. The granule size distribution and chemical composition of soft wheat starches were characterized and compared and relationships among those properties were identified. Thirty-four starch samples from 12 soft wheat cultivars grown in the eastern half of the United States were examined. Granule size distribution was characterized using a laser light-scattering technique. Amylose and phospholipid contents were determined using colorimetric procedures. A clear trimodal distribution of granule sizes was shown by 26 out of 34 starch samples: small granules with diameters <2.8 mu m, midsize granules with diameters of 2.8-9.9 mu m, and large granules with diameters >9.9 mu m. Volume% distribution of granules within the three size classes had ranges of 9.7-15.2% (small), 13.4-27.9% (medium), and 57.9-76.9% (large). Highly significant differences were seen among the cultivars for volume% of granules within the ranges of 9.9-18.5 mu m and 18.5-42.8 mu m. Cultivar specific surface area means also differed. The environment affected granule size distribution, with some cultivars exhibiting more variation than others. Pioneer 2555 was the least variable, whereas Pioneer 2550 and Geneva were the most variable cultivars. Mean total amylose (TAM), apparent amylose (AAM), and lysophospholipid (LPL) values varied significantly among cultivars. TAM was positively correlated with the volume% of granules of 9.9-18.5 mu m. LPL was negatively correlated with mean starch granule diameter and positively correlated with specific surface area of granules, indicating smaller granules tended to have higher lipid contents. Results suggest that significant differences exist in granule size distribution of softwheat starches and affect starch chemical composition. Data also suggest it is possible that lipid is preferentially associated with the biosynthesis of small starch granules. C1 ARS, USDA, Soft Wheat Qual Lab, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. RP Gaines, CS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Soft Wheat Qual Lab, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. NR 50 TC 103 Z9 127 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 75 IS 5 BP 721 EP 728 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1998.75.5.721 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 123XD UT WOS:000076150200029 ER PT J AU Bergman, CJ Gualberto, DG Campbell, KG Sorrells, ME Finney, PL AF Bergman, CJ Gualberto, DG Campbell, KG Sorrells, ME Finney, PL TI Genotype and environment effects on wheat quality traits in a population derived from a soft by hard cross SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID RECOMBINANT INBRED LINES; RED WINTER-WHEAT; BAKING QUALITY; KERNEL HARDNESS; INSTRUMENTAL MEASUREMENT; PROTEIN-COMPOSITION; DOUGH PROPERTIES; COOKIE HARDNESS; GLUTENIN; SUGAR AB Advances in understanding the biochemistry and genetics underlying wheat end-use quality require that cereal chemistry research utilize lines grown in the same environments. It also requires that effects of linkage disequilibrium and small ranges in trait variation be avoided. Our objectives were to: 1) ascertain the effects of genotype and environment and their interactions on hard and soft wheat end-use quality traits, and 2) examine relationships between traits and heritability, using recombinant inbred lines derived from a soft by hard wheat cross. All traits showed transgressive segregation. Kernel texture (KT) was not genetically correlated with mixograph traits, indicating the feasibility of producing soft-textured genotypes with stronger mixing properties. KT was highly genetically correlated with alkaline water retention capacity (AWRC) and moderately genetically correlated with flour yield (FY). Protein content (PRO) was not genetically correlated with dough mixing time across lines, but was with dough mixing strength. KT, FY, and mixograph traits demonstrated higher heritabilities than did AWRC and PRO. Genotype and environment and their interactions affected all traits. Year caused the greatest environment effects, affecting primarily AWRC and PRO. Genotype affected mainly KT, FY, and peak time. The effect of environment on those traits supports the need to develop screening methods using genotype rather than phenotype. C1 ARS, USDA, Rice Res Unit, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, USDA ARS, Soft Wheat Qual Lab, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Hort & Crop Sci, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Breeding & Biometry, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Bergman, CJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Rice Res Unit, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. EM c-bergman@tamu.edu NR 76 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 75 IS 5 BP 729 EP 737 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1998.75.5.729 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 123XD UT WOS:000076150200030 ER PT J AU Mosier, AR Duxbury, JM Freney, JR Heinemeyer, O Minami, K AF Mosier, AR Duxbury, JM Freney, JR Heinemeyer, O Minami, K TI Assessing and mitigating N(2)O emissions from agricultural soils SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Review DE N(2)O emissions; mitigation; agriculture ID NITROUS-OXIDE PRODUCTION; SHORTGRASS STEPPE; FLOODED RICE; TRACE GASES; ANHYDROUS AMMONIA; WATER-CONTENT; GREEN-MANURE; DRY SEASON; DENITRIFICATION; FIELD AB Agricultural cropping and animal production systems are important sources of atmospheric nitrous oxide (N(2)O). The assessment of the importance of N fertilization from synthetic fertilizer, animal wastes used as fertilizers and from N incorporated into the soil through biological N fixation, to global N(2)O emissions presented in this paper suggests that this source has been underestimated. We estimate that agricultural systems produce about one fourth of global N(2)O emissions. Methods of mitigating these emissions are presented which, if adopted globally could decrease annual N(2)O emissions from cropped soils by about 20%. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, Australia. BFAL, Braunschweig, Germany. JIRCAS, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. RP Mosier, AR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RI Freney, John/E-9462-2011; Ducey, Thomas/A-6493-2011; OI Freney, John/0000-0001-7545-6529 NR 136 TC 155 Z9 162 U1 3 U2 26 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD SEP PY 1998 VL 40 IS 1 BP 7 EP 38 DI 10.1023/A:1005386614431 PG 32 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 123PB UT WOS:000076132600002 ER PT J AU Mosier, AR Duxbury, JM Freney, JR Heinemeyer, O Minami, K Johnson, DE AF Mosier, AR Duxbury, JM Freney, JR Heinemeyer, O Minami, K Johnson, DE TI Mitigating agricultural emissions of methane SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Review DE methane emissions; mitigation; agriculture ID ATMOSPHERIC METHANE; FLOODED RICE; FOREST SOILS; NITROGEN-FERTILIZER; TEMPERATE FOREST; CALCIUM CARBIDE; LACTATING COW; PADDY FIELDS; LAND-USE; CONSUMPTION AB Agricultural crop and animal production systems are important sources and sinks for atmospheric methane (CH(4)). The major CH(4) sources from this sector are ruminant animals, flooded rice fields, animal waste and biomass burning which total about one third of ail global emissions. This paper discusses the factors that influence CH(4) production and emission from these sources and the aerobic soil sink for atmospheric CH(4) and assesses the magnitude of each source. Potential methods of mitigating CH(4) emissions from the major sources could lead to improved crop and animal productivity. The global impact of using the mitigation options suggested could potentially decrease agricultural CH(4) emissions by about 30%. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, Australia. BFAL, Braunschweig, Germany. JIRCAS, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Mosier, AR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RI Freney, John/E-9462-2011; Ducey, Thomas/A-6493-2011; OI Freney, John/0000-0001-7545-6529 NR 113 TC 109 Z9 121 U1 5 U2 32 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD SEP PY 1998 VL 40 IS 1 BP 39 EP 80 DI 10.1023/A:1005338731269 PG 42 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 123PB UT WOS:000076132600003 ER PT J AU Schanler, RJ AF Schanler, RJ TI The role of human milk fortification for premature infants SO CLINICS IN PERINATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BIRTH-WEIGHT INFANTS; OWN MOTHERS MILK; TO-SKIN CONTACT; BREAST-MILK; PRETERM INFANTS; BONE MINERALIZATION; COMMERCIAL FORMULA; HOST-DEFENSE; GROWTH; BALANCES AB This article focuses on the current experience with the use of fortified milk in feeding premature infants. The use of fortified human milk provides the premature infant adequate growth, nutrient retention, and biochemical indices of nutritional status when fed at approximately 180 mL/kg/d compared with unfortified human milk. When compared with preterm formula, the feeding of fortified human milk may provide significant protection from infection and necrotizing enterocolitis. Neonatal centers should encourage the feeding of fortified milk for premature infants. Skin-to-skin contact is a reasonable method to enhance milk production while potentially facilitating the development of an enteromammary response. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Sect Neonatol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Schanler, RJ (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Sect Neonatol, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM schanler@bcm.tmc.edu FU NCRR NIH HHS [MO1 RR00188]; PHS HHS [R0-1-28140] NR 69 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0095-5108 J9 CLIN PERINATOL JI Clin. Perinatol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 25 IS 3 BP 645 EP + PG 14 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics SC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics GA 121LV UT WOS:000076016000010 PM 9779339 ER PT J AU Young, OP AF Young, OP TI Observations of rove beetle (Coleoptera : Staphylinidae) predation on dung beetles (Scarabaeidae) in Panama SO COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN LA English DT Article AB The sequence of behaviors associated with the predation of Gauropterus chalybaeus (Mannerheim) on Canthon angustatus Harold is described, illustrating the predator strategy of removing prey appendages before consumption. Similar behaviors are described involving other predators on arthropods. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Zool, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Young, OP (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, PPQ, BSS, 4700 River Rd,Unit 147, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU COLEOPTERISTS SOC PI NATCHEZ PA P.O. BOX 767, NATCHEZ, MS 39121 USA SN 0010-065X J9 COLEOPTS BULL JI Coleopt. Bull. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 52 IS 3 BP 217 EP 221 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 120AN UT WOS:000075931900003 ER PT J AU Cunningham, JJ McSweeney, KP Congleton, JJ AF Cunningham, JJ McSweeney, KP Congleton, JJ TI Development of a system for improved transportation and handling of full-sized pregnant sows at a metropolitan research facility SO CONTEMPORARY TOPICS IN LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB The need of investigators for ready access to neonatal pigs that were less expensive than neonatal miniature swine prompted development of a sow transport system and an in-house farrowing program for full-sized sows. Pregnant sows weighed 200 to 250 kg. Offspring of these large so-tvs may be overlooked for use in research because domestic pregnant sows are presumed to be difficult to transport and handle in urban laboratory animal facilities. In 1994, ergonomists analyzed risk factors involved in a sow transport system designed in 1990 and implemented manual material assist devices. The ergonomic interventions improved safety, decreased expenses, and reduced manpower requirements for handling sows during transit. Engineering solutions provided in 1994 facilitated the transport and handling of more than 80 pregnant sows that were at approximately day 100 of gestation. C1 Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Univ, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Safety Engn Program, College Stn, TX 77840 USA. RP Cunningham, JJ (reprint author), Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE PI MEMPHIS PA 9190 CRESTWYN HILLS DR, MEMPHIS, TN 38125 USA SN 1060-0558 J9 CONTEMP TOP LAB ANIM JI Contemp. Top. Lab. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 37 IS 5 BP 82 EP 85 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology SC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology GA V2596 UT WOS:000165287500007 PM 12456139 ER PT J AU Samonte, SOPB Wilson, LT McClung, AM AF Samonte, SOPB Wilson, LT McClung, AM TI Path analyses of yield and yield-related traits of fifteen diverse rice genotypes SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; GRAIN-YIELD; COMPONENTS; SELECTION; SUGARCANE AB Literature on the path analyses of grain yield and at least 14 yield-related traits in a path diagram that is organized with at least second-order variables has been lacking. The objectives of this study were to obtain and interpret information on the nature of interrelationships between first-, second-, and third-order yield-related traits and rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain yield. Fifteen rice genotypes were used in this study to represent the combinations of low and high levels of four traits that were identified as important yield determinants - maximum number of tillers, grain size, panicle node number, and panicle size. 'Lemont' and 'Teqing' were two of these genotypes. The remaining genotypes were Fg lines from a Lemont x Teqing cross. Field experiments were conducted during the 1994 and 1995 cropping seasons at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center near Beaumont, TX. The 1994 path coefficient (p) of panicle weight on grain yield (p = 0.72; r(2) = 0.93) was used to predict the 1995 grain yield (r(2) = 0.90). Based on a path analysis of the combined 1994 and 1995 data, the following traits had positive path coefficients on grain yield: panicle weight (p = 0.84), number of filled grains per panicle (p = 0.67), panicle density (p = 0.52), maximum tiller density (p = 0.34), number of spikelets per panicle (p = 0.34), and 100-grain weight (p = 0.23). The panicle node number has a negative path coefficient on grain yield (p = -0.23). These results may be useful to rice breeders for the indirect selection of grain yield during the early segregating generations when yield tests are not yet being conducted. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Entomol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. RP Wilson, LT (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Entomol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RI Wilson, Lloyd/E-9971-2011 NR 32 TC 50 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 10 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 38 IS 5 BP 1130 EP 1136 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 115NG UT WOS:000075671000004 ER PT J AU Lewers, KS St Martin, SK Hedges, BR Palmer, RG AF Lewers, KS St Martin, SK Hedges, BR Palmer, RG TI Effects of the Dt(2) and S alleles on agronomic traits of F-1 hybrid soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GENES AB Agronomic evaluation of F-1 hybrid soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] will be useful for germplasm evaluation, recurrent selection, and estimating heterosis. We anticipated that vegetative heterosis, commonly observed in soybean, could increase early lodging and pod abortion, reducing grain yield. Under these circumstances, observed hybrid grain yield would not reflect the true potential of the hybrid as expressed in later generations. The Dt(2) (semideterminate stem type) and S (short internode stem type) alleles have been shown to reduce excessive vegetative growth and lodging in narrow-row production of inbred soybean. Our objectives were (i) to determine the per se effects and effects on heterosis, for agronomic traits, of the semideterminate (Dt(2-)) and short (S-) stem types in hybrid soybean, (ii) to assess their potential in facilitating germplasm evaluation and recurrent selection, and (iii) to determine if either stem type would be agronomically desirable in commercial hybrid soybean production, Near-isogenic inbred lines and hybrid (F-1) lines were evaluated in replicated three-row plots. The Dt(2) and S alleles affected agronomic traits of hybrids and inbreds similarly, The Dt(2) and S alleles hastened maturity, decreased plant height and lodging, and increased harvest index per se values. The Dt(2) allele decreased seed weight and protein content. Both the per se and heterosis data suggest that the Dt(2) and S alleles would not be consistently beneficial to germplasm evaluation or recurrent selection, The per se data suggest that the S allele might be useful for both inbred and commercial hybrid soybean. C1 USDA ARS, SARL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Hort & Crop Sci, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Pioneer Hi Bred Int Inc, Chatham, ON N7M 5L1, Canada. USDA ARS, CICGR, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Zool Genet, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Lewers, KS (reprint author), USDA ARS, SARL, Bldg 006,BARC-W,10300 Baltimore Blvd, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 26 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 38 IS 5 BP 1137 EP 1142 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 115NG UT WOS:000075671000005 ER PT J AU Lewers, KS St Martin, SK Hedges, BR Palmer, RG AF Lewers, KS St Martin, SK Hedges, BR Palmer, RG TI Testcross evaluation of soybean germplasm SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MALE-STERILITY; PERFORMANCE; GENES; LINES; STOCK AB The F-1 generation of a testcross previously was not used to evaluate soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] germplasm, primarily because production of large amounts of hybrid seed has been impractical and because evaluation of quantitative traits with one or a few plants does not give reproducible results. Recently, a method for efficiently producing testcross seed was developed by using the male sterility locus, Ms-6, and a genetically linked seedling marker locus, W-1. The objectives of this research were ii) estimation and comparison of heterosis and inbreeding depression values for agronomic traits of testcross lines; and (ii) determination of the utility of per se and testcross evaluation for selecting germplasm to be included in an existing cultivar development program. Two testers were used to evaluate six Lines in three-row plots. Significant F-1 and F-2 midparent heterosis and inbreeding depression were observed for nearly all traits, including grain yield, The choice of tester was ascertained to be important in determining parental value of germplasm, parental lines were evaluated by using a combination of per se performance, heterosis values, and a recently developed testcross statistic, T-i, The T-i value was better than F-1 midparent heterosis for identifying lines suitable for use in direct crosses. F-1 midparent heterosis was better than the T-i value for identifying valuable lines requiring pre-breeding effort, A combination of F-1 and F-2 midparent heterosis values identified lints likely to have genes with dominance effects; although, because of inbreeding depression, use of F-2 heterosis alone failed to identify valuable lines. C1 USDA ARS, SARL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Hort & Crop Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Pioneer Hi Bred Int Inc, Chatham, ON N7M 5L1, Canada. USDA ARS, CICGR, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Zool Genet, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Lewers, KS (reprint author), USDA ARS, SARL, Bldg 006,BARC-W,10300 Baltimore Blvd, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 29 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 38 IS 5 BP 1143 EP 1149 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 115NG UT WOS:000075671000006 ER PT J AU Weyhrich, RA Lamkey, KR Hallauer, AR AF Weyhrich, RA Lamkey, KR Hallauer, AR TI Effective population size and response to S-1-progeny selection in the BS11 maize population SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID RECURRENT SELECTION; BSCB1; BSSS AB The number of lines recombined in a recurrent selection program affects the genetic variation remaining after selection as well as the selection intensity. Both of these variables are important in establishing and maintaining a desirable rate of progress from recurrent selection. Little empirical evidence is available in maize (Zea mays L.) to establish the appropriate effective population size for recurrent selection programs. The objective of this study was to compare the response to S1-progeny selection in four selection programs (5-S1, 10-S1, 20-S1, and 30-S1), Each program had different numbers of individuals intermated (5, 10, 20, or 30, respectively) with a common selection intensity of 20%, Four cycles of selection were completed for the 5-S1, 10-S1, and 30-S1 programs and five cycles of selection were completed for the 20-S1 program. Grain field increased significantly for the 10-S1, 20-S1, and 30-S1 programs, and there were no significant differences in rates of response among programs. Grain yield decreased signficantly in the 5-S-1 program. All four programs improved significantly for grain yield of testcrosses,vith 'Pioneer Two-ear Composite', Cycle 0 (BS11C0) and the inbred B79, These results suggest that drift becomes a stronger force in altering allele frequencies than selection when fewer than 10 lines are recombined, There does not seem to be an advantage, at least in the short term, of recombining more than 10 lines per cycle of selection. C1 Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Lamkey, KR (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Lamkey, Kendall/D-7631-2013 OI Lamkey, Kendall/0000-0001-8510-8798 NR 30 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 38 IS 5 BP 1149 EP 1158 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 115NG UT WOS:000075671000007 ER PT J AU Nualsri, C Beuselinck, PR AF Nualsri, C Beuselinck, PR TI Rhizomatous Lotus corniculatus: IV. Inheritance of rhizomes SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Rhizome production has been transferred from wild germplasm of Lotus corniculatus L. (broadleafed birdsfoot trefoil) into domesticated cultivars and autogamous germplasm. The objective of this study was to determine the inheritance of rhizomes in L. corniculatus. Crosses were made between AG-S4, an autogamous, nonrhizomatous germplasm and two rhizomatous accessions from Morocco, G31276 and G31317, Two autogamous progeny from each cross (verified as F(1) hybrids by morphological, meiotic, and RAPD markers) produced F(2) seed and were reciprocally backcrossed (BC), After 40 wk growth in the greenhouse, Fz and PC progeny were scored for rhizome production. Plants failing to express rhizomes in the greenhouse were transplanted to the field at Columbia, MO, and reevaluated for presence or absence of rhizomes at the end of the growing season. Segregation ratios for rhizome expression were tested for goodness-of-fit by the Chi square (chi(2)) test, The ratios of rhizome production in F(2) and BCs to AG-SI fit 3:1 and 1:1 rhizomatous:nonrhizomatous ratios, indicating that rhizome presence in L. corniculatus germplasm G31276 and G31317 is controlled by a single dominant gene. The gene symbol R is proposed for rhizome expression. C1 USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Prince Songkla Univ, Fac Nat Sci, Hat Yai, Thailand. Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Nualsri, C (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. EM pbeuselinck@psu.missouri.edu NR 21 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 38 IS 5 BP 1175 EP 1179 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 115NG UT WOS:000075671000010 ER PT J AU Halimi, ES Rowe, DE Pratt, RG AF Halimi, ES Rowe, DE Pratt, RG TI Responses of alfalfa to stem-tip inoculations with five isolates of Sclerotinia trifoliorum SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SELECTION; RESISTANT; REGISTRATION AB Effective breeding for economically important resistance to Sclerotinia trifoliorum Eriks in alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) requires that the plant breeder have an understanding of any genetic basis for variability in measurements of resistance and the likelihood that selection for resistance to one isolate confers resistance to other isolates. Fifty alfalfa plants were repeatedly evaluated for their resistance to five isolates of S. trifoliorum, Tips of excised stems were inoculated with a S. trifoliorum isolate and stem necrosis was measured after 14 d. The inoculation of five stems from each of 50 plants with a single isolate was repeated five times. For the length of stem necrosis, the interaction of pathogen isolate and alfalfa plant was not significant but differences among alfalfa plants and among isolates were significant. The plants that, on average, developed larger necrotic regions did not have more or less variation in their replicated measurements of necrosis than those plants which averaged much smaller necrotic regions. The genotype of the alfalfa plant had a greater effect on the variability in replicate measurements of disease than the genotype of pathogen isolate, Resistance to different isolates were significantly correlated (r = 0.48-0.60) and selection of some plants for resistance to one isolate appeared to improve resistance to other isolates. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, Forage Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Univ Sriwijaya, Dept Agron, Sumsel, Indonesia. RP Rowe, DE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, Forage Res Unit, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 38 IS 5 BP 1179 EP 1182 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 115NG UT WOS:000075671000011 ER PT J AU Brink, GE Fairbrother, TE Rowe, DE AF Brink, GE Fairbrother, TE Rowe, DE TI Seasonal variation in morphology of continuously stocked white clover SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GRAZED HILL PASTURES; TRIFOLIUM-REPENS; REGISTRATION; GROWTH; GERMPLASM; BUDS AB Efforts to improve persistence of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in the southeast USA would benefit from knowledge of annual growth patterns and associated periods of environmental stress. Our objective was to determine seasonal changes in morphological traits that contribute to plant growth and persistence among adapted cultivars and germplasm. 'Louisiana S-1','Osceola', Brown Loam Synthetic No. 2 germplasm, and Southern Regional Virus Resistant germplasm were sown in common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] pastures in September 1993 at Mississippi State and Newton, MS, and continuously stocked with cattle to maintain a 5- to 10-cm sward height. Stolen length, viability of axillary buds, and seedling numbers were measured monthly for the next 2 to 3 yr. Stolen length of all entries increased to a maximum by June before declining to a minimum in October. Peak stolen production in the first, second, and third gear after seeding at Mississippi State was 42, 123, and 59 m m(-2), respectively. There were no monthly differences among the four entries for proportion of stolen nodes having elongated, viable, or nonviable axillary buds at either location. The proportion of nodes with elongated buds increased from 10 to 20% in October to 45% in March before declining during the spring. An increase in elongated buds during early summer preceded the fall decline. Number of volunteer seedlings ranged from 10 to 1870 m(-2) during the year, but any positive influence on stand persistence was not apparent. The cyclical trends for axillary bud viability indicate continued potential for vegetative persistence, particularly in the winter and spring, but the longterm decline in stolen length of all entries suggests that selection for different characters was not associated with improved persistence. C1 USDA ARS, Forage Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Brink, GE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Forage Res Unit, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. EM gebl@ra.msstate.edu NR 21 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 38 IS 5 BP 1224 EP 1228 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 115NG UT WOS:000075671000019 ER PT J AU Garvin, DF Miller-Garvin, JE Viccars, EA Jacobsen, JV Brown, AHD AF Garvin, DF Miller-Garvin, JE Viccars, EA Jacobsen, JV Brown, AHD TI Identification of molecular markers linked to ant28-484, a mutation that eliminates proanthocyanidin production in barley seeds SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BULKED SEGREGANT ANALYSIS; QUALITY; LOCUS AB Barley (Hordeum vulgare L,) seed proanthocyanidins play a primary role in beer colloidal haze formation. The barley ant28-484 mutation eliminates proanthocyanidin synthesis and beer brewed with barley homozygous for ant28-484 exhibits intrinsic haze stability. The recessive nature of this mutation, coupled with the fact that the proanthocyanidin-free phenotype it confers is discernable only in maternal tissues of the seed, makes introgression of ant28-484 into new cultivars arduous. The goal of this study was to identify molecular markers for use in marker-assisted selection of ant28-484, An F-2 barley population derived from the cross Arapiles x Caminant was scored for ant28-484 segregation. DNA pools from F-2 plants homozygous for ant28-484 or the contrasting wild-type allele were used for bulked segregant RAPD analysis. RAPD bands differentiating the two DNA pools were then analyzed for linkage to ant28-484 in the F-2 population, Five linked RAPD markers were identified, with Linkage estimates to ant28-484 ranging from 0 to 11 centimorgans (cM). Three of the markers were linked in cis to ant28-484 and two were linked in trans. The three most tightly linked RAPD markers were cloned, and southern analysis indicated that they represent low or single copy sequences. The ant28-484 mutation was localized to barley chromosome arm 3HL, on the basis of results of southern analysis with wheat-barley ditelosomic addition lines probed with the cloned RAPD markers and on the basis of linkage to the previously mapped isozyme locus Est4. These markers will enhance the efficiency with which ant28-484 can be introgressed into barley germplasm. C1 USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Breeding, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. CSIRO, Div Plant Ind, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. RP Garvin, DF (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 27 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 38 IS 5 BP 1250 EP 1255 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 115NG UT WOS:000075671000023 ER PT J AU Yu, ZH Stall, RE Vallejos, CE AF Yu, ZH Stall, RE Vallejos, CE TI Detection of genes for resistance to common bacterial blight of beans SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS L; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; CAMPESTRIS PV PHASEOLI; DOWNY MILDEW; LINKAGE MAP; XANTHOMONAS; MARKERS; INHERITANCE; TOMATO; MAIZE AB One of the most important diseases of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L,) in tropical and sub-tropical regions is common bacterial blight (CBB), which is caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv, phaseoli (= X. campestris pv, phaseoli). Useful sources of resistance to CBB have been found in the related species P. coccineus Lam, and P, acutifolius A. Gray. Despite the complexity of their inheritance, these resistances have been introgressed into bean breeding lines, 'XR-235-1-1' is a Mesoamerican bean breeding line that carries P. coccineus-derived oligogenic resistance to CBB, We have analyzed the linkage relationships between 117 DNA marker loci and CBB resistance genes in a recombinant inbred family obtained between XR-235-1-1 and 'Calima', a susceptible Andean genotype, Two genes for resistance to CBB from XR-235-1-1 were detected, one linked to Bng40 in Group A, and the other to Bng139 in Group F,Surprisingly, the effect of two Calima-derived resistance genes, linked to Bng25a and Bng154 in Group J, was also detected. Analysis of several models with these resistances pointed to the most efficient model that explained at least 40% of the variation for resistance to CBE and included the two XR-derived resistances and the Bng154-linked Calima-derived resistance. Marker assisted selection is proposed for introgression of resistance genes into susceptible backgrounds. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Hort Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Plant Mol & Cellular Biol Grad Grp, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA ARS, SCRL, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Vallejos, CE (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Hort Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 35 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 38 IS 5 BP 1290 EP 1296 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 115NG UT WOS:000075671000028 ER PT J AU Thompson, JA Nelson, RL Vodkin, LO AF Thompson, JA Nelson, RL Vodkin, LO TI Identification of diverse soybean germplasm using RAPD markers SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC DIVERSITY; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; PEDIGREE ANALYSIS; CULTIVARS; COEFFICIENT; ACCESSIONS; PARENTAGE AB The genetic base of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] breeding in North America is very limited. The focus of this research was to assess the diversity of 18 soybean ancestors and 17 selected plant introductions (PIs) maintained in the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection. Estimates of genetic relationships among the 35 genotypes were calculated from 281 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers using the simple matching coefficient (SMC) and expressed as Euclidean distances, Two forms of hierarchical and nonhierarchical cluster analysis as well as Multidimensional scaling (MDS) were employed to reveal associations among the genotypes. The average genetic distance among all genotypes was 0.56. All methods of cluster analysis identified distinct groups of ancestors or PIs. Grouping of the ancestors generally agreed with known pedigree, origin, and maturity data. The four methods of clustering produced similar results, and genotypes were assigned to the same cluster 87% of the time. The MDS plots displayed relationships among the genotypes and may be a useful method of selecting genetically distinct individuals. The genotypes within the distinct PI clusters may possess useful genetic diversity that could be exploited by soybean breeders to increase yield. C1 Univ Illinois, USDA, ARS, Plant Physiol & Genet Res Unit,Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Thompson, JA (reprint author), Univ Illinois, USDA, ARS, Plant Physiol & Genet Res Unit,Dept Crop Sci, 1101 W Peabody Dr, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM thompsonjeff@phibred.com NR 35 TC 68 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 38 IS 5 BP 1348 EP 1355 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 115NG UT WOS:000075671000033 ER PT J AU Thompson, JA Nelson, RL AF Thompson, JA Nelson, RL TI Core set of primers to evaluate genetic diversity in soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ARBITRARY PRIMERS; MARKERS; CULTIVARS AB A large number of random primers are available to generate random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers; however, not all primers are equally informative, The focus of this research was to identify a small set of RAPD primers that ran adequately describe the relationships among major North American soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr,] ancestors and selected plant introductions (PIs). Two hundred eighty one polymorphic RAPD fragments evaluated on 35 ancestors and PIs were screened for reproducibility and levels of diversity. Principal components analysis (PCA) was employed to identify RAPD fragments associated with the largest sources of variation. Hierarchical and nonhierarchical cluster analyses were used to depict the relationships among the 35 genotypes, One hundred twenty RAPD fragments from 64 random primers were highly reproducible and had polymorphism information content (PIC) scores greater than or equal to 0.30. Principal-components analysis revealed that eight components explained 60% of the total variation. Stepwise removal of fragments from individual primers revealed that fragments from only 35 primers were critical to the analysis. The product-moment correlation of pairwise distances estimated from the complete RAPD fragment data set and this core data set was 0.86 (P < 0.0001), Results from cluster analysis confirmed that this set of 35 primers provides an accurate measurement of the relationships among the 35 genotypes, These primers will be useful for estimating relationships between exotic accessions and the current North American genetic base. C1 Univ Illinois, USDA, ARS, Plant Physiol & Genet Res Unit,Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Thompson, JA (reprint author), Univ Illinois, USDA, ARS, Plant Physiol & Genet Res Unit,Dept Crop Sci, 1101 W Peabody Dr, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM thompsonjeff@phibred.com NR 19 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 38 IS 5 BP 1356 EP 1362 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 115NG UT WOS:000075671000034 ER PT J AU Thompson, JA Nelson, RL AF Thompson, JA Nelson, RL TI Utilization of diverse germplasm for soybean yield improvement SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PLANT INTRODUCTIONS; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; GENETIC VARIANCE; POPULATIONS; PARENTAGE; COEFFICIENT AB Introgression of diverse germplasm into the current soybean [Glycine mar (L.) Merr.] genetic base may increase genetic variability and lead to greater gains from selection. The objective of this research was to evaluate the genetic diversity and agronomic performance or experimental lines derived from plant introductions (PIs) maintained in the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection. These PIs are known to be genetically distinct from the ancestors of the modern North American soybean cultivars. Experimental lines containing 25 to 100% PI germplasm (based on pedigrees), their parents, and recently released public cultivars were evaluated for yield in seven environments in 1994 and 1995. Data from random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fragments were collected and genetic relationships among all genotypes were estimated using hierarchical and nonhierarchical cluster analyses. Experimental lines were identified that yielded significantly more than their domestic parent. Comparisons of pairwise distances revealed that many of the high-fielding experimental lines were more diverse than their domestic parents from the nonparental cultivars. The increased genetic diversity and yield provide evidence that exotic germplasm can contribute genes for high yield. C1 Univ Illinois, USDA, Agr Res Serv, Plant Physiol & Genet Res Unit,Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Thompson, JA (reprint author), Univ Illinois, USDA, Agr Res Serv, Plant Physiol & Genet Res Unit,Dept Crop Sci, 1101 W Peabody Dr, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 25 TC 38 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 38 IS 5 BP 1362 EP 1368 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 115NG UT WOS:000075671000035 ER PT J AU Ray, IM Townsend, MS Henning, JA AF Ray, IM Townsend, MS Henning, JA TI Variation for yield, water-use efficiency, and canopy morphology among nine alfalfa germplasms SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CARBON-ISOTOPE DISCRIMINATION; CRESTED WHEATGRASS; REGISTRATION; TEMPERATURE; DORMANT; ASH AB Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L,) production under irrigated and rainfed conditions may benefit from improvements in water-use efficiency (WUE), the amount of forage and root biomass produced per unit of water transpired. If benefits from improved WUE are to be realized, correlations between important agronomic traits and key physiological traits associated with WUE must be determined. This study characterized variation for dry matter yield, forage maturity, leaf-to-stem ratio (LSR), carbon isotope discrimination (Delta), canopy temperature, ash content, and specific leaf mass (SLM) in alfalfa. Associations between traits were also determined. Nine alfalfa germplasms representing eight of the nine historical genetic diversity groups, and a very fall-dormant (VFD) population, were established in seeded, irrigated plots for 2 yr near Las Cruces, NM. Significant variation (P less than or equal to 0.10) was detected for all traits and was greatest for Delta and maturity, intermediate for yield, canopy temperature, ash content, and LSR, and least for SLM. The African, Peruvian, and Indian germplasms exhibited a higher Delta than either the Turkistan, VFD, M. varia Martyn., or Ladak germplasms, Carbon isotope discrimination was positively correlated with forage yield (r = 0.64; P less than or equal to 0.10; n = 9) and forage maturity (r = 0.66; P less than or equal to 0.05; n = 9), No association was detected between Delta and either canopy temperature, ash content, SLM, or LSR. The results indicate that differences in stomatal conductance or photosynthetic capacity exist among the nine populations, and that germplasms with low Delta tended to have slower growth and development rates under irrigated conditions. Neither canopy temperature, ash content, nor SLM provided suitable alternate measurements of Delta among the nine alfalfa germplasms. C1 New Mexico State Univ, Dept Agron & Hort, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. Oregon State Univ, USDA, ARS, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Ray, IM (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, Dept Agron & Hort, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 25 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 6 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 38 IS 5 BP 1386 EP 1390 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 115NG UT WOS:000075671000038 ER PT J AU Nickell, CD Noel, GR Cary, TR Thomas, DJ AF Nickell, CD Noel, GR Cary, TR Thomas, DJ TI Registration of 'Pana' soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, USDA, ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Nickell, CD (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, 1102 S Goodwin, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 8 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 5 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 38 IS 5 BP 1398 EP 1399 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 115NG UT WOS:000075671000041 ER PT J AU Nickell, CD Noel, GR Cary, TR Thomas, DJ AF Nickell, CD Noel, GR Cary, TR Thomas, DJ TI Registration of 'Dwight' soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, USDA, ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Nickell, CD (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, 1102 S Goodwin, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 10 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 5 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 38 IS 5 BP 1398 EP 1398 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 115NG UT WOS:000075671000040 ER PT J AU Hartwig, EE Kilen, TC Young, LD AF Hartwig, EE Kilen, TC Young, LD TI Registration of 'Pace' soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. ARS, USDA, Jackson, TN 38301 USA. RP Kilen, TC (reprint author), USDA ARS, POB 196, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 38 IS 5 BP 1399 EP 1399 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 115NG UT WOS:000075671000042 ER PT J AU Walters, C AF Walters, C TI "Water activity: Bad habits die hard" - A response SO CRYO-LETTERS LA English DT Letter ID THEORETICAL BASIS; GLASS-TRANSITION; SEED STORAGE; PROTOCOLS C1 USDA ARS, Natl Seed Storage Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Walters, C (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Seed Storage Lab, 1111 S Mason St, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRYO LETTERS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 7 WOOTTON WAY, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB3 9LX SN 0143-2044 J9 CRYO-LETT JI Cryo-Lett. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 19 IS 5 BP 265 EP 266 PG 2 WC Biology; Physiology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Physiology GA 126TF UT WOS:000076309200001 ER PT J AU Incardona, JP Gaffield, W Kapur, RP Roelink, H AF Incardona, JP Gaffield, W Kapur, RP Roelink, H TI The teratogenic Veratrum alkaloid cyclopamine inhibits Sonic hedgehog signal transduction SO DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE sonic hedgehog; cyclopamine; cholesterol; holoprosencephaly; chick development; teratogenesis; Veratrum ID MOTOR-NEURON INDUCTION; LEMLI-OPITZ-SYNDROME; TERMINAL CLEAVAGE PRODUCT; COENZYME-A REDUCTASE; FLOOR PLATE; CHOLESTEROL-BIOSYNTHESIS; SCLEROTOME INDUCTION; GENE; DIFFERENTIATION; EXPRESSION AB The steroidal alkaloid cyclopamine produces cyclopia and holoprosencephaly when administered to gastrulation-stage amniote embryos. cyclopamine-induced malformations in chick embryos are associated with interruption of Sonic hedgehog (Shh)-mediated dorsoventral patterning of the neural tube and somites. Cell types normally induced in the ventral neural tube by Shh are either absent or appear aberrantly at the ventral midline after cyclopamine treatment, while dorsal cell types normally repressed by Shh appear ventrally. Somites in cyclopamine-treated embryos show Pax7 expression throughout, indicating failure of sclerotome induction. Cyclopamine at concentrations of 20-100 nM blocks the response of neural plate explants to recombinant Shh-N in a dose-dependent manner. Similar concentrations have no effect on the post-translational modification of Shh by cholesterol in transfected COS-1 cells. Comparison of the effects of cyclopamine to those of the holoprosencephaly-inducing cholesterol synthesis inhibitor AY-9944 shows that cyclopamine does not induce malformations by interfering with cholesterol metabolism. Although AY-9944 does not interrupt Shh signaling in ovo, it blocks the response to Shh-N in explants cultured without an exogenous cholesterol source. As predicted by current models of the regulation of cholesterol metabolism, the response to Shh-N in AY-9944-treated explants is restored by providing exogenous cholesterol, However, exogenous cholesterol does not restore Shh signaling in cyclopamine-treated explants. These findings suggest that cyclopamine-induced teratogenesis is due to a more direct antagonism of Shh signal transduction. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Biol Struct, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Pathol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Pediat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Roelink, H (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Biol Struct, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD07456]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES09201, ES07033] NR 60 TC 453 Z9 460 U1 1 U2 24 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB4 4DL SN 0950-1991 J9 DEVELOPMENT JI Development PD SEP PY 1998 VL 125 IS 18 BP 3553 EP 3562 PG 10 WC Developmental Biology SC Developmental Biology GA 129YV UT WOS:000076492400003 PM 9716521 ER PT J AU Matteri, RL Klir, JJ Fink, BN Johnson, RW AF Matteri, RL Klir, JJ Fink, BN Johnson, RW TI Neuroendocrine-immune interactions in the neonate SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE; RECEPTOR GENE-EXPRESSION; PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS; RAT ANTERIOR-PITUITARY; GROWTH-FACTOR-I; FACTOR-ALPHA; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; PLASMA-CORTISOL; BINDING-SITES AB Cytokine responses to lipopolysaccharides in neuroendocrine tissues are age- and tissue-dependent in neonatal pigs. Developmental differences in serum and tissue-specific responses are not necessarily equivalent. Lower levels of cytokine gene expression in neuroendocrine tissues of early neonates potentially could influence neuroendocrine and immune responses to infection. The Limited information on neuroendocrine-immune responses and interactions in neonatal farm animals presents significant challenges, as well as opportunities for new discoveries and improvements of livestock production. (C) Elsevier Science Inc. 1998 C1 ARS, Anim Physiol Res Unit, USDA, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Anim Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Matteri, RL (reprint author), ARS, Anim Physiol Res Unit, USDA, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. OI Johnson, Rodney/0000-0002-2376-1852 NR 76 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 15 IS 5 BP 397 EP 407 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(98)00024-1 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 123YK UT WOS:000076153100016 PM 9785044 ER PT J AU Sartin, JL Elsasser, TH Gunter, DR McMahon, CD AF Sartin, JL Elsasser, TH Gunter, DR McMahon, CD TI Endocrine modulation of physiological responses to catabolic disease SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; RECOMBINANT BOVINE SOMATOTROPIN; GROWTH-HORMONE SECRETION; FACTOR-ALPHA; PLASMA-CONCENTRATIONS; BINDING PROTEINS; IGF-I; ENDOTOXIN; GLUCOSE; CALVES AB Disease or endotoxemia alters the plasma concentrations of anabolic hormones, particularly growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth-factor I (IGF-I). In general, these hormones are inhibited during the catabolic disease state. A hypothesis has evolved that anabolic hormones might be useful in patients' recovery under these and other catabolic circumstances. The treatment of cattle with GH has provided significant improvement in the physiological response of the animals to the subsequent injection of bacterial lypopolysaccharide (LPS), perhaps via inhibition of tumor necrisis factor (TNF) release. However, this improved response to disease was not observed with animals treated with GH and infected with one of two parasitic organisms, Sarcocystis cruzi or Eimeria bovis. Recent attempts with other anabolic hormones, estradiol and progesterone, have proven remarkably effective in improving the adaptive physiological responses of calves to either E. bovis infection or to the injection of LPS. All animals displayed signs of infection, but the intensity and duration of symptoms were reduced. Although a mechanism is not yet known, there were no effects on TNF; cortisol; the percentages of lymphocytes expressing CD2, 4, or 8 antigens; or the production of antibodies. (C) Elsevier Science Inc. 1998 C1 Auburn Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Anat Physiol & Pharmacol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. ARS, USDA, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Sartin, JL (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Anat Physiol & Pharmacol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 38 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 15 IS 5 BP 423 EP 429 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(98)00022-8 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 123YK UT WOS:000076153100018 PM 9785046 ER PT J AU Zeng, Z Nowierski, RM Taper, ML Dennis, B Kemp, WP AF Zeng, Z Nowierski, RM Taper, ML Dennis, B Kemp, WP TI Complex population dynamics in the real world: Modeling the influence of time-varying parameters and time lags SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE complex population dynamics; density dependence; Gompertz model; information criterion; Kalman filter; maximum-likelihood function; nonlinear density dependence; nonlinear time series; population regulations; Ricker model; second order model; time-varying parameters ID DETECTING DENSITY DEPENDENCE; HOST-PARASITOID SYSTEMS; LONG-TERM POPULATION; ANIMAL NUMBERS; SEQUENTIAL CENSUSES; ALEUROTRACHELUS-JELINEKII; EQUILIBRIUM CONCEPT; INSECT POPULATIONS; ECOLOGICAL-SYSTEMS; WINTER MOTH AB We propose a class of complex population dynamic models that combines new time-varying parameters and second-order time lags for describing univariate ecological time series data. The Kalman filter and likelihood function were used to estimate parameters of all models in the class for 31 data sets, and Schwarz's information criterion (SIC) was used to select the best model for each data set. Using the SIC method, models containing density-dependent processes were selected for 23 of the 31 cases examined, while models containing complex density-dependent processes were selected in 19 of these 23 density dependence cases. The density-dependent models identified by SIC had various linear or nonlinear forms, suggesting Variable patterns of population regulation in nature. Population dynamics may combine density-dependent, inversely density-dependent, and density-independent processes, which may operate at different times and under different density ranges. These results suggest that our approach offers an advance for modeling complex population dynamics, discovering complex regulation processes, and estimating the distribution of extinction times in changing environments. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Entomol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Biol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Bee Biol & Systemat Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Zeng, Z (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Entomol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 94 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 3 U2 11 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD SEP PY 1998 VL 79 IS 6 BP 2193 EP 2209 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2193:CPDITR]2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 116YM UT WOS:000075752700029 ER PT J AU Gustafson, EJ AF Gustafson, EJ TI Clustering timber harvests and the effect of dynamic forest management policy on forest fragmentation SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE timber harvest; aggregation of harvests; dynamic zoning; spatial simulation model; forest interior; forest fragmentation; forest management policy; forest management planning ID LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE; PREDATION; SUCCESS; BIRDS AB To integrate multiple uses (mature forest and commodity production) better on forested lands, timber management strategies that cluster harvests have been proposed. One such approach clusters harvest activity in space and time, and rotates timber production zones across the landscape with a long temporal period (dynamic zoning). Dynamic zoning has been shown to increase timber production and reduce forest fragmentation by segregating uses in time without reducing the spatial extent of timber production. It is reasonable to wonder what the effect of periodic interruptions in the implementation of such as strategy might be, as would be expected in a dynamic political environment. To answer these questions, I used a timber harvest simulation model (HARVEST) to simulate a dynamic zoning harvest strategy that was periodically interrupted by changes in the spatial dispersion of harvests, by changes in timber production levels, or both. The temporal scale (period) of these interruptions had impacts related to the rate at which the forest achieved canopy closure after harvest. Spatial dynamics in harvest policies had a greater effect on the amount of forest interior and edge than did dynamics in harvest intensity. The periodically clustered scenarios always produced greater amounts of forest interior and less forest edge than did their never clustered counterparts. The results suggest that clustering of harvests produces less forest fragmentation than dispersed cutting alternatives, even in the face of a dynamic policy future. Although periodic episodes of dispersed cutting increased fragmentation, average and maximum fragmentation measures were Less than if clustered harvest strategies were never implemented. Clustering may also be useful to mitigate the fragmentation effects of socially mandated increases in timber harvest levels. Implementation of spatial clustering during periods of high timber harvest rates reduced the variation in forest interior and edge through time, providing a more stable supply of forest interior habitat across the landscape. C1 US Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. RP Gustafson, EJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, 5985 Highway K, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. NR 22 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 1 IS 5 BP 484 EP 492 DI 10.1007/s100219900044 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 134NZ UT WOS:000076750600011 ER PT J AU Wood, RJ Fleet, JC Cashman, K Bruns, ME Deluca, HF AF Wood, RJ Fleet, JC Cashman, K Bruns, ME Deluca, HF TI Intestinal calcium absorption in the aged rat: Evidence of intestinal resistance to 1,25(OH)(2) vitamin D SO ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MESSENGER-RNA; D-RECEPTOR; 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN-D; WOMEN; EXPRESSION; OSTEOPOROSIS; DECREASES; TRANSPORT; HORMONE; PROTEIN AB We investigated the role of circulating 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)(2)D) and intestinal resistance to 1,25(OH)(2)D in the diminished intestinal calcium absorption capacity of the senescent rat. We measured plasma 1,25(OH)(2)D, total and unoccupied duodenal vitamin D receptor, duodenal calbindin D-9k protein (calbindin D), and net dietary calcium absorption in rats at several ages. As expected, circulating 1,25(OH2)(2)D, calbindin D, and net calcium absorption decreased with age. However, no age-related changes were evident in intestinal vitamin D receptor levels. We then measured duodenal calcium absorption from in situ intestinal loops after continuous sc infusion of 1,25(OH)(2)D for up to 6 days and found that despite a marked elevation of plasma 1,25(OH)(2)D duodenal calcium absorption was significantly lower in old compared with young rats. To assess calcium absorption over a wide physiological range of plasma 1,25(OH)(2)D in a dose-response study we altered plasma 1,25(OH)2D by continuous infusion of 1,25(OH)(2)D (at 0, 4, or 14 ng/100 g BW/day) for 9 days. We found that the slope of the linear regression between plasma 1,25(OH)(2)D and duodenal Ca transport in old rats was only 46% of that observed in young rats, suggesting an age-related resistance of the duodenal calcium transport process to the hormonal action of 1,25(OH)(2)D. Collectively, our observations suggest a dual defect in vitamin D metabolism in old animals: one defect related to the low circulating levels of 1,25(OH)(2)D and a second defect related to a relative intestinal resistance to the action of 1,25(OH)(2)D, which is apparently not due to a reduction in intestinal vitamin D receptor levels. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Mineral Bioavailabil Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Virginia, Sch Med, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Wood, RJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Mineral Bioavailabil Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM wood_mb@hnrc.tufts.edu FU NIDDK NIH HHS [R01 DK054111, R01 DK054111-03S1] NR 31 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI CHEVY CHASE PA 8401 CONNECTICUT AVE, SUITE 900, CHEVY CHASE, MD 20815-5817 USA SN 0013-7227 EI 1945-7170 J9 ENDOCRINOLOGY JI Endocrinology PD SEP PY 1998 VL 139 IS 9 BP 3843 EP 3848 DI 10.1210/en.139.9.3843 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 112NK UT WOS:000075500500023 PM 9724038 ER PT J AU Schaefer, EJ Brousseau, ME AF Schaefer, EJ Brousseau, ME TI Diet, lipoproteins, and coronary heart disease SO ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Review ID TRANS-FATTY-ACIDS; INTERVENTION-PROJECT SCRIP; CHOLESTEROL-LOWERING DIET; PLASMA-LIPIDS; SERUM-LIPIDS; LOW-DENSITY; ARTERY DISEASE; FISH OIL; SUNFLOWER OIL; STEARIC-ACID AB Current dietary recommendations to decrease coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in the general population include reduction of total fat intake to less than or equal to 30% of energy, saturated fat to less than 10% of energy, and dietary cholesterol to less than 300 mg/day. Further restrictions in saturated fat to less than 7% of energy and in dietary cholesterol to less than 200 mg/day are indicated for those individuals with elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations. Under controlled conditions, such diets reduce LDL cholesterol by 15% to 20%. However, in the out-patient setting, only 5% to 10% reductions in LDL cholesterol have been achieved, and large variability in dietary response is observed due to differences in compliance, as well as to genetic heterogeneity. This article reviews epidemiologic studies and dietary intervention trials that support a direct relationship between diet, lipoproteins, and CHD risk, with the ultimate goal of providing a framework for dietary management of the hyperlipidemic patient. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Lipid & Heart Dis Prevent Clin, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Nutr Sci & Policy, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Schaefer, EJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Lipid Metab Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 120 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0889-8529 J9 ENDOCRIN METAB CLIN JI Endocrinol. Metabol. Clin. North Amer. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 27 IS 3 BP 711 EP + DI 10.1016/S0889-8529(05)70035-9 PG 23 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 123BB UT WOS:000076105000015 PM 9785062 ER PT J AU Uri, ND AF Uri, ND TI Conservation tillage and the use of energy and other inputs in US agriculture SO ENERGY ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE conservation tillage; multiattribute utility; agricultural production; agricultural energy use ID DEMAND; ERROR AB The effectiveness of conservation tillage practices in reducing the impact of agricultural production on the environment is dependent on what happens to energy, pesticide and fertilizer use as these practices are more extensively adopted. To gain some insight into this, the conservation tillage adoption decision is modelled. Starting with the assumption that the conservation tillage adoption decision is a two-step procedure - the first is the decision whether or not to adopt a conservation tillage production system and the second is the decision on the extent to which conservation tillage should be used -;appropriate models of the Cragg and Heckman (dominance) type are estimated. Based on farm-level data on corn production in the United States for 1987, the profile of a farm on which conservation tillage was adopted is that the cropland had above average slope and experienced above average rainfall, the farm was a cash grain enterprise, and it had an above average expenditure on pesticides and a below average expenditure on energy and a below average expenditure on custom pesticide applications. Additionally, for a farm adopting a no tillage production practice, an above average expenditure was made on fertilizer. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, ERS, RED, PMTB, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Uri, ND (reprint author), USDA, ERS, RED, PMTB, Room 4056,1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 36 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0140-9883 J9 ENERG ECON JI Energy Econ. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 20 IS 4 BP 389 EP 410 DI 10.1016/S0140-9883(97)00005-4 PG 22 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA 126HF UT WOS:000076287300003 ER PT J AU Carr, DS Selin, SW Schuett, MA AF Carr, DS Selin, SW Schuett, MA TI Managing public forests: Understanding the role of collaborative planning SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE public land management; collaborative planning; national forests; public participation ID ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; LAND AB As federal land management agencies such as the USDA Forest Service increasingly choose to implement collaborative methods of public participation, research is needed to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the technique. to identify barriers to effective implementation of collaborative processes, and to provide recommendations for increasing its effectiveness. This paper reports on the findings of two studies focused on the experiences of Forest Service employees and their external partners as they work to implement collaborative planning processes in national forest management. The studies show both similarities and differences between agency employees and their partners in terms or how they evaluate their collaborative experiences. The studies reveal that both Forest Service employees and external partners are supportive of collaborative planning and expect it to continue in the future, both see the trust and relationships built during the process as being its greatest benefit, and both see the Forest Service's organizational culture as the biggest barrier to effective collaborative efforts. The groups differed in terms of evaluating each other's motivation for participating in the process and in whether the process was a good use of time and resources, with external partners seeing it as too drawn out and expensive. The paper concludes with a discussion of the policy implications and changes necessary to increase the effectiveness of collaborative efforts within the Forest Service and other federal land management agencies. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Carr, DS (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, 1407 S Harrison,Room 220, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 30 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 22 IS 5 BP 767 EP 776 DI 10.1007/s002679900146 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 107FM UT WOS:000075196600011 ER PT J AU Gustafson, EJ Crow, TR AF Gustafson, EJ Crow, TR TI Simulating spatial and temporal context of forest management using hypothetical landscapes SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE simulation modeling; timber harvest; historical context; spatial context; landscape pattern; forest interior; forest edge ID LAND-USE; HARVEST AB Spatially explicit models that combine remote sensing with geographic information systems (GIS) offer great promise to land managers because they consider the arrangement of landscape elements in time and space. Their Visual and geographic nature facilitate the comparison of alternative landscape designs. Among Various activities associated with forest management, none cause greater concern than the impacts of timber harvesting on the composition, structure, and function of landscape ecosystems. A timber harvest allocation model (HARVEST) was used to simulate different intensities of timber harvest on 23,592-ha hypothetical landscapes with varying sizes of timber production areas and different initial stand age distributions. Our objectives were to. (1) determine the relative effects of the size of timber production areas, harvest intensity, method used to extract timber, and past timber harvest activity on the production of forest interior and edge; and (2) evaluate how past management (in the form of different initial stand age distributions) constrains future timber production options. Our simulations indicated that the total area of forest interior and the amount of forest edge were primarily influenced by the intensity of timber harvest and the size of openings created by harvest. The size of the largest block of interior forest was influenced most by the size of timber harvests, but the intensity of harvest was also significant, and the size of nontimber production areas was important when harvests were numerous and widely dispersed within timber management areas, as is often the case in managed forests. Stand age-class distributions produced by past harvest activity limited the amount of timber production primarily when group selection was used, but also limited clear-cutting when recent harvest levels were high. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. RP Gustafson, EJ (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 5985 Highway K, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. NR 19 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 22 IS 5 BP 777 EP 787 DI 10.1007/s002679900147 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 107FM UT WOS:000075196600012 ER PT J AU Wang, D Yates, SR AF Wang, D Yates, SR TI Methyl bromide emission from fields partially covered with a high-density polyethylene and a virtually impermeable film SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOIL FUMIGATION; VOLATILIZATION; INJECTION AB Recent field studies in the interior valley of southern California have indicated that 56-73% of methyl bromide (MeBr) used in soil fumigation is lost to atmospheric emission when the fields are covered completely with a high-density polyethylene (HOPE) film. The emission can be reduced to less than 5% when a virtually impermeable film or Hytibar is used to cover the fields. This study was conducted to determine MeBr emission from bedded field plots where only the beds were covered with a HOPE or a virtually impermeable plastic film. The results provide an assessment an MeBr emission from field beds partially covered with the HOPE film and the suitability of using a virtually impermeable film for emission reduction. Methyl bromide gas was applied to replicated field beds covered with either a HOPE or the Hytibar film. The films were removed 6 days after MeBr application. Replicated soil cores were taken from different locations of the field beds, 20 days after MeBr application, for the determination of soil bromide ion concentrations. The total amount of MeBr degraded from each plot was calculated from the mea su red bromide ion concentrations, and the potential emission was determined as the difference between the amount of applied and that of degraded. Results indicated that the potential emission from this bedded system was about 95% for the HOPE treatment and 90% for the Hytibar-covered plots. Regardless of the small improvement with the virtually impermeable film, the experiment clearly indicates that partially covering the field with either a HOPE or a virtually impermeable film would result in unacceptably high emission losses. C1 US Salin Lab, USDA ARS, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Wang, D (reprint author), US Salin Lab, USDA ARS, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 14 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 1 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 17 BP 2515 EP 2518 DI 10.1021/es980056h PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 116KX UT WOS:000075724800023 ER PT J AU Hadas, A Parkin, TB Stahl, PD AF Hadas, A Parkin, TB Stahl, PD TI Reduced CO2 release from decomposing wheat straw under N-limiting conditions: simulation of carbon turnover SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER; RESIDUE DECOMPOSITION; MICROBIAL BIOMASS; NITROGEN; MODEL; AGGREGATION; GRASSLANDS; NCSOIL AB The turnover of residue carbon in soil containing little available N can affect the management of crop residues. The effects of N deficiency on CO2 release from decomposing wheat straw were measured in an incubation experiment and interpreted by computer simulation. Straw with a C:N ratio of 91, incubated for 460 days in sand that was inoculated with a soil suspension, released CO2 much more slowly than when inorganic N was added to obtain a C:N ratio of 5. The evolution of CO2 continued longer without added N, approaching the amount released in the high N treatment with time. The simulation model NCSOIL, was modified to simulate reduced CO2 release from decomposing residue when N limits microbial growth by (i) including the decomposers' biomass in the rate of residue decomposition in the form of a Monod-type equation, where the biomass reduced the rate when its concentration was small compared with a saturation constant, and (ii) including formation of a polysaccharide-like pool that received the decomposed C that could not be assimilated by the biomass because of insufficient N. The modified model simulated the reduced CO2 production in the absence of sufficient N, as a result of a smaller microbial biomass that reduced the rate of residue decomposition, and the formation of polysaccharides as long as N limited synthesis of microbial biomass. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Hadas, A (reprint author), Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Inst Soil Water & Environm Sci, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. NR 21 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 18 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1351-0754 J9 EUR J SOIL SCI JI Eur. J. Soil Sci. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 49 IS 3 BP 487 EP 494 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2389.1998.4930487.x PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 117PD UT WOS:000075790100014 ER PT J AU Shukitt-Hale, B Mouzakis, G Joseph, JA AF Shukitt-Hale, B Mouzakis, G Joseph, JA TI Psychomotor and spatial memory performance in aging male Fischer 344 rats SO EXPERIMENTAL GERONTOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Morris water maze; learning; cognitive behavior; motor behavior; age-related changes; cross-sectional study ID AGE-RELATED IMPAIRMENTS; WATER-MAZE; COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE; BEHAVIORAL-ASSESSMENT; MOTOR-PERFORMANCE; RODENT MODELS; DEFICITS; MOUSE; DEGENERATION; REDUCTION AB Psychomotor and spatial memory performance were examined in male Fischer 344 rats that were 6, 12, 15, 18, and 22 months of age, to assess these parameters as a function of age and to determine at what age these behaviors begin to deteriorate. Complex motor behaviors, as measured by rod walk, wire suspension, plank walk, inclined screen, and accelerating rotarod performance, declined steadily with age, with most measures being adversely affected as early as 12 to 15 months of age. Spatial learning and memory performance, as measured by the working memory version of the Morris water maze (MWM), showed decrements at 18 and 22 months of age (higher latencies on the working memory trial), with some change noticeable as early as 12-15 months of age (no improvement on the second trial following a IO-min retention interval); these differences were not due to swim speed. Therefore, complex motor and spatial memory behaviors show noticeable declines early in the lifespan of the male Fisher 344 rat. This cross-sectional age analysis study using the latest behavioral techniques determines the minimal age at which psychomotor and spatial learning and memory behaviors deteriorate; this information is important when planning for longitudinal studies where interventions are tested for their efficacy in preventing or restoring age-related behavioral deficits. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Shukitt-Hale, B (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St,Rm 919, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 34 TC 108 Z9 109 U1 2 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0531-5565 J9 EXP GERONTOL JI Exp. Gerontol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 33 IS 6 BP 615 EP 624 DI 10.1016/S0531-5565(98)00024-2 PG 10 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 113MQ UT WOS:000075555500010 PM 9789738 ER PT J AU Epsky, ND Heath, RR AF Epsky, ND Heath, RR TI Exploiting the interactions of chemical and visual cues in behavioral control measures for pest tephritid fruit flies SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Tephritidae; Ceratitis capitata; Rhagoletis pomonella; trapping; pheromone; bait ID TOXOTRYPANA-CURVICAUDA GERSTAECKER; CERATITIS-CAPITATA; SEX-PHEROMONE; APPLE MAGGOT; DIPTERA-TEPHRITIDAE; SYNTHETIC ATTRACTANT; ANASTREPHA-SUSPENSA; TRAPPING SYSTEMS; FLY DIPTERA; TRAPS AB Traps for tropical pest tephritids have relied primarily on chemical cues while traps for temperate pest tephritids have relied primarily on visual cues. Here we review research on the interactions between chemical and visual cues that have been observed in the development of traps for the tropical Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), and the temperate apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh). By exploiting these interactions, it may be possible to produce efficacious trapping systems that could be used in a behavioral approach to fruit fly population control. C1 ARS, USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Epsky, ND (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 62 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 8 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 81 IS 3 BP 273 EP 282 DI 10.2307/3495918 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 128UR UT WOS:000076426200002 ER PT J AU Sivinski, JM AF Sivinski, JM TI Phototropism, bioluminescence, and the Diptera SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Mycetophyllidae; Orfelia; fungi; prey-attraction; aposematism ID FIREFLIES COLEOPTERA; LAMPYRIDAE AB Many arthropods move toward or away from lights. Larvae of certain luminescent mycetophilid fungus gnats exploit this response to obtain prey. They produce mucus webs, sometimes festooned with poisonous droplets, to snare a variety of small arthropods. Their lights may also protect them from their own negatively phototropic predators and/or be used as aposematic signals. On the other hand, lights may aid hymenopterous parasitoids to locate fungus gnat hosts. The luminescence of mushrooms can attract small Diptera, and might have evolved to aid mechanical spore dispersal. Among Diptera, bioluminescence is found only in the Mycetophilidae, but the variety of light organs in fungus gnats suggests multiple evolutions of the trait. This concentration of bioluminescence may be due to the unusual, sedentary nature of prey capture (i.e., use of webs) that allows the "mimicry" of a stationary abiotic light cue, or the atypically potent defenses webs and associated chemicals might provide (i.e., an aposematic display of unpalatability). C1 ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Sivinski, JM (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 64 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 12 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 81 IS 3 BP 282 EP 292 DI 10.2307/3495919 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 128UR UT WOS:000076426200003 ER PT J AU Porter, SD AF Porter, SD TI Biology and behavior of Pseudacteon decapitating flies (Diptera : Phoridae) that parasitize Solenopsis fire ants (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE biological control; classical biocontrol; parasitoid; larvae; pupae; host specificity ID HOST-SPECIFICITY; PATTERNS; INVICTA; BRAZIL; OVIPOSITION; ABUNDANCE; DIVISION; LABOR; CASTE; HYM AB Larvae of phorid flies in the genus Pseudacteon have the unusual habit of decapitating fire ant workers and pupating inside the empty head capsule which they use as a pupal case. Flies in this genus are the subject of considerable interest because they have the potential of being used as classical biological control agents against imported fire ants in North America. This paper details what is known and not known about their interesting life history, attack behavior, mating behavior, host specificity, and impacts on fire ant behavior. The biogeography, community structure, and possible impacts on fire ant populations are also considered. C1 ARS, USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Porter, SD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 59 TC 102 Z9 108 U1 4 U2 11 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 81 IS 3 BP 292 EP 309 DI 10.2307/3495920 PG 18 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 128UR UT WOS:000076426200004 ER PT J AU Stoetzel, MB Miller, GL AF Stoetzel, MB Miller, GL TI Aphids (Homoptera : Aphididae) colonizing peach in the United States or with potential for introduction SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE taxonomic keys; identification; control; distribution; Prunus persica AB Eleven aphid species known to colonize peaches in the United States and one species not known from the United States are described and illustrated. Aphis spiraecola Patch, Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kaltenbach), Brachycaudus persicae (Passerini), Brachycaudus schwartzi (Borner), Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy), Hysteroneura setariae (Thomas), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), Myzus cerasi (F.), Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Myzus varians Davidson, Pterochloroides persicae (Cholodkovsky), and Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (L.) are included in the present paper. A brief summary of taxonomic characters, usual hosts, and distribution within the United States are given for each species. Pictorial and dichotomous keys are included to aid personnel charged with detection, identification, and control of aphids associated with peaches in the United States. C1 ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, USDA, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Stoetzel, MB (reprint author), ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, USDA, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 28 TC 12 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 14 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 81 IS 3 BP 325 EP 345 DI 10.2307/3495923 PG 21 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 128UR UT WOS:000076426200007 ER PT J AU Jones, WA Snodgrass, GL AF Jones, WA Snodgrass, GL TI Development and fecundity of Deraeocoris nebulosus (Heteroptera : Miridae) on Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE predator; whitefly; biological control; biology; rearing ID PREDATOR; BIOLOGY; TABACI AB The developmental and reproductive biology of the native predaceous mirid Deraeocoris nebulosus was studied in the laboratory using immatures of the whitefly Bemisia argentifolii as prey. Nymphs were kept individually in ventilated Petri dishes and provided with a constant supply of prey colonized on excised sweet potato leaves rooted in hydroponic solution and kept at 27 degrees C. Females were kept similarly and daily egg production was recorded. There were five nymphal instars. Mean development from first instar to adult was 13.3 d; there were no significant differences in development rate between the sexes. After a 3-d preoviposition period, females produced about 10-14 eggs per day for nearly 20 days before oviposition rate declined with age. Females lived an average of 32.8 d (range 3-58 d), and mean fecundity was 242.3 eggs per female (range 0-392). C1 ARS, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. ARS, So Insect Management Res Unit, USDA, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Jones, WA (reprint author), ARS, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, USDA, 2413 E Hwy 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 21 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 81 IS 3 BP 345 EP 350 DI 10.2307/3495924 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 128UR UT WOS:000076426200008 ER PT J AU Collins, HL Callcot, AMA AF Collins, HL Callcot, AMA TI Fipronil: An ultra-low-dose bait toxicant for control of red imported fire ants (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Solenopsis invicta; imported fire ants; fipronil AB Fipronil, a new broad spectrum pyrazole insecticide, was tested both in the laboratory and field as a bait toxicant for control of red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta Buren. Laboratory bioassays with worker ants showed that delayed toxicity occurred with baits ranging from 5 to 200 mu g/ml active ingredient (AI). Tests with field-collected colonies in the laboratory confirmed the bioassay results with worker ants, and demonstrated that granular baits containing from 3.0 to 30 mu g/mg (AI) eliminated colonies in 8 to 11 weeks after treatment. A field trial showed that a 15 mu g/mg granular bait provided over 80% colony mortality at 6 and 12 weeks after broadcast application in non-grazed pastures. These results clearly demonstrate the potential of fipronil for use as a bait toxicant for control of red imported fire ants. C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv Plant Protect & Qu, USDA, Gulfport Plant Protect Stn, Gulfport, MS 39501 USA. RP Collins, HL (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv Plant Protect & Qu, USDA, Gulfport Plant Protect Stn, 3505 25th Ave, Gulfport, MS 39501 USA. NR 15 TC 32 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 10 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 81 IS 3 BP 407 EP 415 DI 10.2307/3495930 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 128UR UT WOS:000076426200014 ER PT J AU Porter, SD AF Porter, SD TI Host-specific attraction of Pseudacteon flies (Diptera : Phoridae) to fire ant colonies in Brazil SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE biological control; host specificity; parasite; parasitoid; Brazil; Solenopsis ID HYMENOPTERA; FORMICIDAE AB Pseudacteon fly host-specificity tests were conducted in the field in southeastern Brazil with Solenopsis fire ants in the saevissima and geminata complexes. These parasitic flies showed a strong preference for fire ants in the saevissima complex. No Pseudacteon flies were attracted to three Solenopsis geminata (F.) colonies when they were set out in trays, but many flies were quickly attracted to three trays with saevissima complex colonies when they were set out between the S. geminata colonies. Even when both species of ants were placed together side by side, more than 99% of flies hovered over trays with saevissima. complex ants. When all of the saevissima colonies were removed, leaving only the S. geminata colonies available, about 95% of flies flew away. Several flies, however, did transfer to the S. geminata colonies for a few minutes and at least one fly (P. wasmanni) attacked a few S. geminata workers. Altogether 588 parasitized workers were collected from the saevissima complex colonies compared to 12 from the S. geminata colonies. Two hundred-sixty-two flies emerged from the saevissima complex colonies (52% Pseudacteon tricuspis Borgmeier; 39% Pseudacteon litoralis Borgmeier, 4.6% Pseudacteon wasmanni Schmitz, 2.7% Pseudacteon pradei Borgmeier; 0.4% Pseudacteon curvatus Borgmeier). No adult flies emerged from the S. geminata colonies. These results demonstrate that P. tricuspis and P. litoralis are highly specific to saevissima complex fire ants and strongly indicate that they would pose little threat to native fire ants should they be released as biocontrol agents for imported fire ants in the United States. C1 ARS, USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Porter, SD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 10 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 3 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 81 IS 3 BP 423 EP 429 DI 10.2307/3495932 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 128UR UT WOS:000076426200016 ER PT J AU Sieburth, PJ Schroeder, WJ Mayer, RT AF Sieburth, PJ Schroeder, WJ Mayer, RT TI Effects of oil and oil-surfactant combinations on silverleaf whitefly nymphs (Homoptera : Aleyroididae) on collards SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE insecta; Bemisia argentifolii; whitefly surfactant; oil ID PLANT-DERIVED OILS; BEMISIA-ARGENTIFOLII; SQUASH; TOMATO; ALEYRODIDAE; DETERGENTS; REPELLENCY; TOXICITY; DISORDER; COTTON AB Collards, Brassica oleracea L., treated with SunSpray Ultra-Fine(R) oil with and without silicon-based oil surfactants were evaluated for effects on nymphs of Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring. Synchronously developing populations of eggs, small nymphs and pupae on collards were sprayed to run-off. The rate of egg hatch was not affected by oil treatments. Treated nymphs, pupae, and crawlers emerging from treated eggs, were affected by all oil treatments. Of those nymphs that were affected by the oil, approximately 50% to 75% were killed outright. Over 90% of those that remained alive developed abnormally, remaining small and failing to molt into the next stage. Adults failed to emerge from approximately 94% to 99% of treated pupae. Oil surfactants did not significantly alter whitefly mortality when used with paraffinic oil. C1 ARS, USDA, US Hort Res Lab, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. RP Sieburth, PJ (reprint author), Bur Citrus Budwood Registrat, Div Plant Ind, Dept Agr & Consumer Serv, 3027 Lake Alfred Rd, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 81 IS 3 BP 446 EP 450 DI 10.2307/3495935 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 128UR UT WOS:000076426200019 ER PT J AU Wagner, FG Keegan, CE Fight, RD Willits, S AF Wagner, FG Keegan, CE Fight, RD Willits, S TI Potential for small-diameter sawtimber utilization by the current sawmill industry in western North America SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SIMULATION; MANAGEMENT AB New silvicultural prescriptions for ecosystem management on both public and private timberlands in western North America will likely result in an influx of relatively small-diameter sawtimber for processing. Since sawmills currently process a majority of sawtimber harvested in western North America (more than 80% in some regions), this study concentrated on determining the value of small-diameter sawtimber delivered to sawmills. Data were collected during the summer of 1997 to describe a representative random-length sawmill and a representative stud mill for the inland region of the United States. Data included inputs for machinery, mill layout, machine speeds, volume and grade recovery, product prices, and fixed and variable manufacturing costs. A simulator (MSUSP) was employed to describe the sawmills and to determine delivered-sawtimber values by stem diameter for each mill. The value of sawtimber delivered to a sawmill was based upon a 25 percent and a 10 percent return on investment (ROI) capital and upon covering only variable costs of production. Results showed that sawtimber under 9 inches (23-cm) diameter at breast height (DBH) could not cover harvest and delivery costs and earn even a modest ROI capital at sawmills in the region. The 6- and 7-inch (15.2- and 17.8-cm) DBH sawtimber harvested from gentle slopes could not cover the variable costs of manufacture and the costs of harvest and delivery to the sawmill. Sawtimber under 10 inches (25.4 cm) DBH harvested from steeper slopes would require substantially higher lumber prices to cover variable costs. Results indicate that small-diameter sawtimber may have to be subsidized to allow for profitable manufacture of products by the current sawmill industry in western North America. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Forest Prod, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Univ Montana, Bur Business & Econ Res, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portland, OR 97208 USA. RP Wagner, FG (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Forest Prod, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 22 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 3 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 48 IS 9 BP 30 EP 34 PG 5 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 122AT UT WOS:000076048800008 ER PT J AU Peters, DM Haney, HL Greene, JL AF Peters, DM Haney, HL Greene, JL TI The effects of federal and state death and gift taxes on nonindustrial private forest lands in the Midwestern states SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB This paper summarizes federal estate taxes and the death taxes of the 14 Midwestern states, with attention given to special provisions that apply to forestry and related land uses. Additionally, changes imposed by the 1997 Taxpayer Relief Act that must be considered in estate planning are introduced. A hypothetical family with a $3.5 million gross estate is followed through the death of both spouses, to show the effect of basic and advanced estate planning techniques in states selected to represent three different tax systems. Basic estate planning techniques can reduce or eliminate federal and state death taxes on estates of $1.2 million or less in taxable value. Advanced estate planning techniques, i.e., gifting, minority discounts, special use valuation, and deferral and extension, can further reduce the death tax burden for larger estates. Use of advanced techniques reduced the present value of federal and state death taxes on the hypothetical family by over 75 percent compared with basic techniques. In cases where an estate cannot meet the requirements for use of advanced techniques, donation of conservation easements can be used to reduce the death tax burden. A conservation easement donation combined with gifting reduced the present value of death taxes on thr: hypothetical family by approximately 60 percent over basic planning techniques. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Forestry, Coll Forestry & Wildlife Resources, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US Forest Serv, So Forest Expt Stn, New Orleans, LA 70113 USA. RP Peters, DM (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Forestry, Coll Forestry & Wildlife Resources, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 48 IS 9 BP 35 EP 44 PG 10 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 122AT UT WOS:000076048800009 ER PT J AU Moody, J Gatchell, CJ Walker, ES Klinkhachorn, P AF Moody, J Gatchell, CJ Walker, ES Klinkhachorn, P TI An introduction to UGRS: The Ultimate Grading and Remanufacturing System SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID HARDWOOD LUMBER; PROGRAM AB The Ultimate Grading and Remanufacturing System (UGRS) is an advanced computer program for grading and remanufacturing lumber It is an interactive program that will both grade lumber according to NHLA rules and remanufacture it for maximum value. UGRS is written to run under Microsoft Windows 3.0 or later updates and provides a sophisticated graphical user interface. UGRS displays boards that have been digitally described in a computer file (x-y coordinates) showing the board outline and defects along with pertinent grading and remanufacturing information. Potential applications include: 1) training in the basics of lumber grading; 2) investigation into potential value increases obtainable from remanufacturing operations; 3) research into the effects of grading rules on lumber grades and value; and 4) yield optimization studies. C1 Logan Gen Hosp, Chapmanville, WV 25508 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. W Virginia Univ, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Moody, J (reprint author), Logan Gen Hosp, 14 Ferrell Lane, Chapmanville, WV 25508 USA. NR 12 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 48 IS 9 BP 45 EP 50 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 122AT UT WOS:000076048800010 ER PT J AU Soltis, LA Ross, RJ Windorski, DF AF Soltis, LA Ross, RJ Windorski, DF TI Fiberglass-reinforced bolted wood connections SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID JOINTS AB This research investigated using fiberglass reinforcement to enhance the load-carrying capacity of bolted wood connections. Specimens were prepared from standard 51- by 102-mm (nominal 2- by 4-in.) lumber from the spruce-pine-fir lumber grouping. Matched specimens were reinforced with one, two, or three layers of bi-directional fiberglass cloth. Resulting test specimens were configured as a connection that was in accordance with current design specifications. A total of 80 single-bolt, double-shear connections were tested: 40 with parallel-to-grain and 40 with perpendicular-to-grain loading. Results indicate that connection strength increases as the number of layers of fiberglass reinforcement increases. The ultimate strength of a three-layer reinforced connection was 33 percent greater than the nonreinforced connection for parallel-to-grain loading, and more than twice the strength for perpendicular-to-grain loading. More importantly, the reinforcement changed the mode of failure from an abrupt, catastrophic failure associated with tension perpendicular-to-grain stresses to a ductile failure associated with bearing-type failures. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Soltis, LA (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 11 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 48 IS 9 BP 63 EP 67 PG 5 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 122AT UT WOS:000076048800013 ER PT J AU Wang, JX Greene, WD Stokes, BJ AF Wang, JX Greene, WD Stokes, BJ TI Stand, harvest, and equipment interactions in simulated harvesting prescriptions SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID 2 THINNING SYSTEMS; PRODUCTIVITY; PINE AB We evaluated potential interactions of stand type, harvesting method, and equipment in an experiment using interactive simulation. We examined three felling methods (chain saw, feller-buncher, harvester) and two extraction methods (grapple skidder and forwarder) performing clearcuts, shelterwood cuts, and single-tree selection cuts in both an uneven-aged natural stand and an even-aged planted stand. Elemental time, distance traveled, travel intensity, and hourly productivity were estimated Ibr each combination of stand type, harvesting method, and equipment. This technique provides a useful tool for comparing alternative systems in a range of harvesting situations. C1 Univ Georgia, Ctr Forest Business, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Res, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Engn Res Unit, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Wang, JX (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Ctr Forest Business, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Res, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 36 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 48 IS 9 BP 81 EP 86 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 122AT UT WOS:000076048800016 ER PT J AU Hartsough, BR Gicqueau, A Fight, RD AF Hartsough, BR Gicqueau, A Fight, RD TI Productivity and cost relationships for harvesting ponderosa pine plantations SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID GRAPPLE SKIDDERS AB Realistic logging cost models are needed for long-term forest management planning. Data from many published studies have been combined with simple simulations to develop relations that can be used to estimate the cost of harvesting plantation-grown ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) in western North America. For gentle terrain, whole-tree/log-length and cut-to-length systems were considered. Tree-length/log-length cable logging was included for steeper terrain. The relations are applicable for trees from 3 to 250 cubic feet. A stand-alone program incorporating all the relations is available. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Livermore, CA 95616 USA. Axolotl Corp, Cupertino, CA 95014 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Portland, OR 97208 USA. RP Hartsough, BR (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Livermore, CA 95616 USA. NR 51 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 48 IS 9 BP 87 EP 93 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 122AT UT WOS:000076048800017 ER PT J AU March, JG Benstead, JP Pringle, CM Scatena, FN AF March, JG Benstead, JP Pringle, CM Scatena, FN TI Migratory drift of larval freshwater shrimps in two tropical streams, Puerto Rico SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INVERTEBRATE DRIFT; TRANSPORT PROCESSES; MONTANE STREAMS; AQUATIC INSECTS; DECAPODA; PALAEMONIDAE; ENHANCEMENT; DISTURBANCE; POPULATION; PREDATION AB 1. Migratory shrimps are often major biotic components of tropical stream communities, yet spatial and temporal patterns of their migration have yet to be described. This information is of increasing importance given the continued fragmentation of tropical streams by damming and water abstraction/diversion, which can disrupt migratory life cycles. 2. Larval amphidromous shrimps are released by adult females in freshwater streams. They then drift passively to an estuarine habitat where they metamorphose before migrating back upstream. Drift of larval shrimps was sampled over two to five 24-h periods at each of three sites along two rivers that drain the Luquillo Experimental Forest in Puerto Rico: the Espiritu Santo (10, 135 and 335 m a.s.l.) and the Mameyes (10, 90 and 290 m a.s.l.). A total of seventeen diel samplings were conducted. 3. Shrimp drift increased in the downstream direction in both catchments, and had a significant positive exponential relationship with length of stream channel above each site. There was no significant difference between catchments with respect to mean daily drift rate per km of stream channel. Maximum observed larval shrimp density was 69 102 larvae 100 m(-3) (1.7 g dry mass 100 m(-3)), which is high relative to published invertebrate drift studies. 4. The pattern of shrimp drift agreed with the 'risk of predation hypothesis'. in stream reaches with predatory fish, drift of larval shrimps occurred at night and was slight during the day. A nocturnal peak in drift occurred between 19.00 and 22.00 h. At a high-altitude site, where predatory fish were absent, no diel pattern was discernible. 5. The present study provides information on the timing of migratory drift of larval shrimps, which can minimize the adverse effects of water abstraction from streams draining the Luquillo Experimental Forest. Elimination of water withdrawal during peak larval drift after dark will significantly reduce shrimp mortality. C1 Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Forest Serv, Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. RP March, JG (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RI Pringle, Catherine/I-1841-2012 NR 59 TC 70 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 40 IS 2 BP 261 EP 273 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2427.1998.00352.x PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 123YZ UT WOS:000076154400006 ER PT J AU Tang, HV Chang, RY Pring, DR AF Tang, HV Chang, RY Pring, DR TI Cosegregation of single genes associated with fertility restoration and transcript processing of sorghum mitochondrial orf107 and urf209 SO GENETICS LA English DT Article ID CYTOPLASMIC MALE-STERILITY; T-CYTOPLASM; INITIATION SITES; NUCLEAR; MAIZE; SEQUENCE; RESTORER; RICE; ACCUMULATION; DOWNSTREAM AB Defective nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions leading to aberrant microgametogenesis in sorghum carrying the IS1112C male-sterile cytoplasm occur very late in pollen maturation. Amelioration of this condition, the restoration of pollen viability, involves a novel two-gene gametophytic system, wherein genes designated Rf3 and Rf4 are required for viability of individual gametes. Rf3 is tightly linked to, or represents, a single gene that regulates a transcript processing activity that cleaves transcripts of orf107, a chimeric mitochondrial open reading frame specific to IS1112C. The mitochondrial gene urf209 is also subject to nucleus-specific enhanced transcript processing, 5' to the gene, conferred by a single dominant gene designated Mmt1. Examinations of transcript patterns in F-2 and two backcross populations indicated cosegregation of the augmented orf107 and urf209 processing activities in IS1112C. Several sorghum lines that do not restore fertility or confer orf107 transcript processing do exhibit urf209 transcript processing, indicating that the activities are distinguishable. We conclude that the nuclear gene(s) conferring enhanced orf107 and urf209 processing activities are tightly linked in IS1112C. Alternatively, the similarity in apparent regulatory action of the genes may indicate allelic differences wherein the IS1112C Rf3 allele may differ from alleles of maintainer lines by the capability to regulate both orf107 and urf209 processing activities. C1 Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Crop Genet & Environm Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Plant Mol & Cellular Biol Program, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Pring, DR (reprint author), Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Crop Genet & Environm Res Unit, 1453 Fifield Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 39 TC 31 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 4 PU GENETICS PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202 USA SN 0016-6731 J9 GENETICS JI Genetics PD SEP PY 1998 VL 150 IS 1 BP 383 EP 391 PG 9 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 116RQ UT WOS:000075738700030 PM 9725854 ER PT J AU Butler, RN Davis, R Lewis, CB Nelson, ME Strauss, E AF Butler, RN Davis, R Lewis, CB Nelson, ME Strauss, E TI Physical fitness: How to help older patients live stronger and longer - Part 1 of a roundtable discussion SO GERIATRICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Mt Sinai Med Ctr, Henry L Schwartz Dept Geriatr & Adult Dev, New York, NY 10029 USA. Int Longev Ctr USA Ltd, New York, NY USA. George Washington Univ, Coll Med, Washington, DC 20052 USA. Phys Therapy Serv, Washington, DC USA. Amer Coll Sports Med, Indianapolis, IN USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Nutr, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Mt Sinai Med Ctr, New York, NY 10029 USA. RP Butler, RN (reprint author), Mt Sinai Med Ctr, Henry L Schwartz Dept Geriatr & Adult Dev, New York, NY 10029 USA. NR 5 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ADVANSTAR COMMUNICATIONS PI DULUTH PA 131 W FIRST ST, DULUTH, MN 55802 USA SN 0016-867X J9 GERIATRICS JI Geriatrics PD SEP PY 1998 VL 53 IS 9 BP 26 EP + PG 7 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 119DM UT WOS:000075880600009 PM 9745624 ER PT J AU Lee, JH Elliott, NC AF Lee, JH Elliott, NC TI Temperature effects on development in Aphelinus albipodus (Hymenoptera : Aphelinidae) from two geographic regions SO GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID RUSSIAN WHEAT APHID; DIURAPHIS-NOXIA MORDWILKO; THERMAL REQUIREMENTS; HOMOPTERA; PARASITOIDS; RELEASE; HOSTS; HOM AB Aphelinus albipodus Hayat & Fatima was imported to the United States for classical biological control of the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko). Temperature effects on development of A. albipodus from two geographic regions (hereafter referred to as strains) were measured using the Russian wheat aphid as host. Temperature thresholds for egg to mummy, mummy to adult, and egg to adult development were 8.9, 10.9, and 9.7 degrees C for A. albipodus collected near Pingluo, China, and were and 8.5, 10.3, and 9.6 degrees C for A. albipodus collected near Urumqi, China. The time required to develop from egg to adult did not differ among strains. However, when total immature development was partitioned into egg to mummy and mummy to adult, the time required for development through these two periods differed among strains. The Urumqi strain developed faster than the Pingluo strain from egg to mummy, while the Pingluo strain developed faster from mummy to adult. Degree-day requirements for egg to mummy development were 135 and 104 for the Pingluo and Urumqi strains, respectively. Corresponding requirements for mummy to adult development were 70 and 101 degree-days. The ability to vary immature development rate in response to climate or other factors could have adaptive significance because it would permit the parasitoid to exploit environments over a broad geographic range. C1 USDA, ARS, Plant Sci Res Lab, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. RP Lee, JH (reprint author), Dongguk Univ, Dept Appl Biol, Seoul 100715, South Korea. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 4 PU MICH ENTOMOL SOC PI E LANSING PA MICH STATE UNIV DEPT ENTOMOL, E LANSING, MI 48823 USA SN 0090-0222 J9 GREAT LAKES ENTOMOL JI Gt. Lakes Entomol. PD FAL-WIN PY 1998 VL 31 IS 3-4 BP 173 EP 179 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 178PP UT WOS:000079275300005 ER PT J AU McMillin, JD Anderson, MJ Butin, EE Hart, ER AF McMillin, JD Anderson, MJ Butin, EE Hart, ER TI Phenology and infestation patterns of the cottonwood twig borer (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) in Iowa SO GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article AB Cottonwood twig borer, Gypsonoma haimbachiana (Lepidoptera: Totricidae), phenology and infestation patterns on Populus spp. were examined over a 2-year period in Iowa. Weekly sampling of infested shoots during the host growing season verified the existence of five instars. Head capsule size increased nonlinearly from the first to the fifth instar and corresponded to a concomitant geometric increase in the volume of larval feeding galleries. The sampling indicated that the cottonwood twig borer had two generations per year in Iowa. Corresponding with the two generations, two peaks of larval abundance were observed; one in the second week of June and the other in the first week of August. Greater volume of feeding galleries occurred in the early season generation compared with the late season generation. Sampling of infested shoots revealed that more than 80% of infested terminals contained only one active attack (freshly bored hole in tree terminal with frass present); more than 88% of feeding galleries contained only one larva; and more than 80% of the larvae were found in the first active attack nearest the terminal apex. These data were compared with results published on the phenology and attack patterns of the cottonwood twig borer in the southern United States. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Forestry, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP McMillin, JD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pactola Ranger Dist, Rapid City, SD 57702 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MICH ENTOMOL SOC PI E LANSING PA MICH STATE UNIV DEPT ENTOMOL, E LANSING, MI 48823 USA SN 0090-0222 J9 GREAT LAKES ENTOMOL JI Gt. Lakes Entomol. PD FAL-WIN PY 1998 VL 31 IS 3-4 BP 181 EP 190 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 178PP UT WOS:000079275300006 ER PT J AU Hausman, GJ Yu, ZK AF Hausman, GJ Yu, ZK TI Influence of thyroxine and hydrocortisone in vivo on porcine preadipocte recruitment, development and expression of C/EBP binding proteins in fetal stromal vascular (S-V) cell cultures SO GROWTH DEVELOPMENT AND AGING LA English DT Article DE fetus; preadipocyte; hydrocortisone; thyroxine; hypophysectomy; porcine ID GROWTH-FACTOR-I; SERUM-FREE CULTURE; ADIPOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; ADIPOSE CONVERSION; PIG PREADIPOCYTES; RECEPTOR-BINDING; PRECURSOR CELLS; 3T3-L1 CELLS; INSULIN AB At 90 days of gestation hypophysectomized (hypox) porcine fetuses were treated with hydrocortisone (HC) or thyroxine (T-4) and S-V cultures prepared from intact, treated and untreated hyper fetuses at 105 days of gestation. After 24 h, cultures were stained for the AD-3 antigen and the transcription factors, C/EBP alpha and delta. The proportion of preadipocytes (AD-3 +) was doubled in cultures derived from HC treated hyper fetuses compared to cultures from intact, untreated and T-4 treated hyper fetuses. Compared to cultures from intact fetuses, proportions of C/EBP delta reactive cells (similar to 40%) were increased similarly in cultures from untreated and HC treated hyper fetuses. Compared to day 0-1, preadipocyte proportions were markedly reduced in cultures from untreated and HC treated fetuses and increased in cultures from intact and T-4 treated fetuses after three days of fetal bovine serum (FBS; day 0-3). After six days of insulin (FBS day 0-3 --> insulin, transferrin and selenium; ITS), fat cell numbers were 5 fold higher in cultures from T-4 treated fetuses compared to cultures from untreated and HC treated hyper fetuses. Other cultures were seeded and plated in FBS + 80 nM dexamethasone (DEX; day 0-3) followed by insulin (day 3-9). Preadipocyte development was independent of the source of S-V cells in cultures treated with FBS + DEX --> insulin. These data indicate that, compared to preadipocyte recruitment, hormonal regulation of adipocyte differentiation may be more complex and involve more interactions. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Anim Physiol Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Hausman, GJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Anim Physiol Res Unit, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 34 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU GROWTH PUBLISHING CO INC PI HULLS COVE PA PO BOX 205, HULLS COVE, ME 04644-0205 USA SN 1041-1232 J9 GROWTH DEVELOP AGING JI Growth Dev. Aging PD FAL PY 1998 VL 62 IS 3 BP 107 EP 118 PG 12 WC Developmental Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Developmental Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 155EF UT WOS:000077932700005 PM 9894172 ER PT J AU Wang, XD Liu, C Chung, JY Stickel, F Seitz, HK Russell, RM AF Wang, XD Liu, C Chung, JY Stickel, F Seitz, HK Russell, RM TI Chronic alcohol intake reduces retinoic acid concentration and enhances AP-1 (c-Jun and c-Fos) expression in rat liver SO HEPATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHRONIC ETHANOL-CONSUMPTION; FERRET LIVER; VITAMIN-A; METABOLISM; INHIBITION; OXIDATION; DIFFERENTIATION; DEHYDROGENASE; PREVENTION; RECEPTORS AB Chronic ethanol intake may interfere with retinoid signal transduction by inhibiting retinoic acid synthesis and by enhancing activator protein-1 (AP-1) (c-Jun and c-Fos) expression, thereby contributing to malignant transformation. To determine the effect of ethanol on hepatic retinoid levels, retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and AP-1 (c-Jun and c-Fos) gene expression, chronic ethanol (36% of total calorie intake) pair-feeding was conducted on rats for a 1-month period. Retinoic acid, retinol, and retinyl ester concentrations in both liver and plasma were examined by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Both retinoic acid receptor (alpha, beta, gamma) and AP-1 (c-Jun and c-Fos) expression in the rat liver were examined by using Western blot analysis. Treatment with high-dose ethanol led to a significant reduction of retinoic acid concentration in both the liver and the plasma (11- and 8.5-fold reduction, respectively), as compared with animals pair-fed an isocaloric control diet containing the same amount of vitamin A. Similar to the retinoic acid reductions, both retinol and retinyl palmitate levels in the livers of the alcohol-fed group decreased significantly, but in smaller fold reduction (6.5- and 2.6-fold reduction, respectively). Ethanol did not modulate the expression of RAR alpha, -beta, and -gamma genes in the liver. However, chronic alcohol feeding enhanced AP-1 (c-Jun and c-Fos) expression by 7- to 8-fold, as compared with the control group. These data suggest that functional downregulation of RARs by inhibiting biosynthesis of retinoic acid and up-regulation of AP-1 gene expression may be important mechanisms for causing malignant transformation by ethanol. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Gastrointestinal Nutr Lab,JM, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Salem Med Ctr, Dept Med, Heidelberg, Germany. RP Wang, XD (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Gastrointestinal Nutr Lab,JM, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [R01CA49195] NR 38 TC 86 Z9 88 U1 1 U2 2 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0270-9139 J9 HEPATOLOGY JI Hepatology PD SEP PY 1998 VL 28 IS 3 BP 744 EP 750 DI 10.1002/hep.510280321 PG 7 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 114JT UT WOS:000075606000021 PM 9731567 ER PT J AU Imparl-Radosevich, J Deas, S Polansky, MM Baedke, DA Ingebritsen, TS Anderson, RA Graves, DJ AF Imparl-Radosevich, J Deas, S Polansky, MM Baedke, DA Ingebritsen, TS Anderson, RA Graves, DJ TI Regulation of PTP-1 and insulin receptor kinase by fractions from cinnamon: Implications for cinnamon regulation of insulin signalling SO HORMONE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE insulin receptor kinase; protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 beta; cinnamon; tyrosine phosphorylation ID PROTEIN-TYROSINE PHOSPHATASES; DEPENDENT DIABETES-MELLITUS; CHROMIUM; PHOSPHORYLATION; RESISTANCE; CALMODULIN; DOMAIN; 1B; DEPHOSPHORYLATION; PURIFICATION AB Bioactive compound(s) extracted from cinnamon potentiate insulin activity, as measured by glucose oxidation in the rat epididymal fat cell assay. Wortmannin, a potent PI 3'-kinase inhibitor, decreases the biological response to insulin and bioactive compound(s) from cinnamon similarly, indicating that cinnamon is affecting an element(s) upstream of PI 3'-kinase. Enzyme studies done in vitro show that the bioactive compound(s) can stimulate autophosphorylation of a truncated form of the insulin receptor and can inhibit PTP-1, a rat homolog of a tyrosine phosphatase (PTP-1B) that inactivates the insulin receptor. No inhibition was found with alkaline phosphate or calcineurin suggesting that the active material is not a general phosphatase inhibitor. It is suggested, then, that a cinnamon compound(s), like insulin, affects protein phosphorylation-dephosphorylation reactions in the intact adipocyte. Bioactive cinnamon compounds may find further use in studies of insulin resistance in adult-onset diabetes. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutr Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Zool & Genet, Dev Biol Program, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, LLC, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Graves, DJ (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Biochem & Biophys, 4216 Mol Biol Bldg, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM djgraves@iastate.edu NR 44 TC 116 Z9 123 U1 2 U2 7 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0301-0163 J9 HORM RES JI Horm. Res. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 50 IS 3 BP 177 EP 182 DI 10.1159/000023270 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 129CN UT WOS:000076445800007 PM 9762007 ER PT J AU Jackson, TJ Schmugge, TJ O'Neill, PE Parlange, MB AF Jackson, TJ Schmugge, TJ O'Neill, PE Parlange, MB TI Soil water infiltration observation with microwave radiometers SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1997 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 97) on Remote Sensing - A Scientific Vision for Sustainable Development CY AUG 03-08, 1997 CL SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE SP IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Natl Univ Singapore, Ctr Remote Imaging Sensing & Proc, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Int Union Radio Sci DE microwave; radiometry; soil moisture ID SURFACE SOIL; MOISTURE; ROUGHNESS; EMISSION AB Experiments were conducted using truck-based microwave radiometers operating at 1.41- (L-band) and 2.65-GHz (S-band) horizontal polarization to observe small plots during and following sprinkler irrigation. These experiments were conducted on a sandy loam soil in 1994 and a silt loam in 1995. Sandy loam soils typically have higher infiltration capabilities than clays, and in our studies, we were not able to exceed this with the irrigation system. The observed brightness temperature (T-B) quickly reached a nominally constant value during irrigation, When the irrigation was stopped, the T-B began to increase as drainage took place. Contributing depth-related differences were observed for L- and S-band as expected, The irrigation rates in 1995 with the silt loam soil exceeded the saturated conductivity of the soil. During irrigation, the T-B values exhibited a phenomenon that had not been previously observed and identified and is associated with coherent interference. The L- and S-band exhibited similar patterns but were not identical due to contributing depth. These results suggested the existence of a sharp dielectric boundary (wet over dry soil) that was increasing in depth with time. The temporal description of the wetting front boundary was used with a coherent radiative transfer model to predict T-B for L- and S-band. C1 USDA ARS, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Jackson, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM tjackson@hydrolab.arsusda.gov RI O'Neill, Peggy/D-2904-2013; Parlange, Marc/A-3403-2015 NR 21 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD SEP PY 1998 VL 36 IS 5 BP 1376 EP 1383 DI 10.1109/36.718838 PN 1 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 121UU UT WOS:000076033700003 ER PT J AU Schmugge, TJ Kustas, WP Humes, KS AF Schmugge, TJ Kustas, WP Humes, KS TI Monitoring land surface fluxes using ASTER observations SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1997 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 97) on Remote Sensing - A Scientific Vision for Sustainable Development CY AUG 03-08, 1997 CL SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE SP IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Natl Univ Singapore, Ctr Remote Imaging Sensing & Proc, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Int Union Radio Sci DE hydrology; infrared radiometry; remote sensing; surface fluxes; temperature measurement ID SENSIBLE HEAT-FLUX; SOIL-WATER CONTENT; ENERGY-BALANCE; CANOPY TEMPERATURE; SPARSE VEGETATION; PHYSICAL MODEL; VAPOR TRANSFER; WHEAT CANOPY; EVAPORATION; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AB This paper presents a review of methods for using remotely sensed data from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) to estimate the energy fluxes from the land surface, The basic concepts of the energy balance at the land surface are presented along with an example of how remotely sensed surface brightness temperatures can be used to estimate the sensible heat. The example is from the Monsoon 1990 experiment conducted over an arid watershed in Arizona. In this case, surface temperatures derived from an Range aircraft thermal-infrared (TIR) sensor and vegetation and land use characteristics derived from a Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) image were used in a two-source model to predict the surface heat fluxes, The agreement with ground measurements is reasonably good for the three days of observations. C1 USDA ARS, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Dept Geog, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Schmugge, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM schmugge@hydrolab.arsusda.gov NR 43 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD SEP PY 1998 VL 36 IS 5 BP 1421 EP 1430 DI 10.1109/36.718846 PN 1 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 121UU UT WOS:000076033700007 ER PT J AU Rachinsky, A Hartfelder, K AF Rachinsky, A Hartfelder, K TI In vitro biosynthesis of juvenile hormone in larval honey bees: Comparison of six media SO IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-ANIMAL LA English DT Article DE corpora allata; radiochemical assay; insect organ culture; caste development; Hymenoptera; Apis mellifera ID CORPORA ALLATA ACTIVITY; APIS-MELLIFERA-CARNICA; CASTE DEVELOPMENT; INSECT; CULTURE AB We have formulated a tissue culture medium based on the components of larval honey bee hemolymph. Using an in vitro radiochemical assay to measure juvenile hormone biosynthesis, we compared our larval-based medium to four commercially available media (Grace's, Medium-199; Shields and Sang M3, and Minimum Essential Medium), and a medium based on adult honey bee hemolymph. All media were formulated without methionine. There was no significant difference in the amounts of juvenile hormone produced by the larval medium and Grace's; both of these media, however, were more suitable than the remaining four. Our larval-based tissue culture medium should prove useful in studies aimed at elucidating the underlying hormonal mechanism(s) of caste development in honey bees. C1 USDA, Bee Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Tubingen, Inst Zool, LS Entwicklungsphysiol, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany. RP Rachinsky, A (reprint author), BARC E, Bee Res Lab, Bldg 476, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Hartfelder, Klaus/A-4293-2009 OI Hartfelder, Klaus/0000-0001-7981-8427 NR 21 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC IN VITRO BIOLOGY PI LARGO PA 9315 LARGO DR WEST, STE 25, LARGO, MD 20774 USA SN 1071-2690 J9 IN VITRO CELL DEV-AN JI In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Anim. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 34 IS 8 BP 646 EP 648 PG 3 WC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA 119XG UT WOS:000075923200014 PM 9769150 ER PT J AU Dean-Nystrom, EA Bosworth, BT Moon, HW O'Brien, AD AF Dean-Nystrom, EA Bosworth, BT Moon, HW O'Brien, AD TI Escherichia coli O157 : H7 requires intimin for enteropathogenicity in calves SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME; HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS; EAE GENE; CELLS AB Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains require intimin to induce attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions ire newborn piglets. Infection of newborn calves with intimim-positive or intimin-negative EHEC O157: H7 demonstrated that intimin is weeded for colonization, A/E lesions, and disease in cattle. These results suggest that experiments to determine if intimin-based vaccines reduce O157:H7 levels in cattle are warranted. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Enter Dis & Food Safety Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Vet Med Res Inst, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, F Edward Hebert Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. RP Dean-Nystrom, EA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Enter Dis & Food Safety Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI20148-15, R37 AI020148, R01 AI020148] NR 22 TC 163 Z9 165 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 66 IS 9 BP 4560 EP 4563 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 113RF UT WOS:000075564500082 PM 9712821 ER PT J AU Helm, RM Cockrell, G Herman, E Burks, AW Sampson, HA Bannon, GA AF Helm, RM Cockrell, G Herman, E Burks, AW Sampson, HA Bannon, GA TI Cellular and molecular characterization of a major soybean allergen SO INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE allergen; soybean; epitope; legumes; Gly m 1; food hypersensitivity ID ATOPIC-DERMATITIS; IGE-BINDING; FOOD HYPERSENSITIVITY; PEANUT ALLERGEN; THIOL PROTEASES; PROTEIN; IDENTIFICATION; CHALLENGES; SERA; CHILDREN AB Soybean proteins share a large number of cross-reacting allergens with other members of the legume family; however, soy-allergic patients rarely react clinically to other members of the legume family. Gly m Ed 30K, an IgE-binding protein with a molecular weight of 30 kD, was identified in soybean extracts by Western IgE-immunoblot analysis. This monomeric allergen was shown to have an N-terminal amino acid sequence and amino acid composition identical to that of the seed 34-kD protein, P34, a thiol protease of the papain family, Electronmicroscopic immunolocalization of P34 monoclonal antibodies and IgE binding to sections of soybean seeds showed dense staining throughout the vacuolar bodies, localizing the allergens in protein storage vacuoles of seed cotyledons. We used pooled serum from soybean-sensitive patients to determine the linear IgE-specific epitopes in the 34-kD allergen amino acid sequence. B-cell epitope mapping revealed 10 regions of IgE-binding activity using an overlapping peptide strategy of 15-mers offset by 8 amino acids throughout the P34 sequence. Smaller overlapping peptides, 10-mers offset by 2 amino acids, revealed 16 distinct linear epitopes, 9 of which were mapped to the mature protein. No obvious amino acid sequence motifs could be identified by the smaller IgE-binding epitopes. Using individual patient serum, 5 immunodominant epitopes were identified in this allergen. C1 Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Res Inst, Dept Pediat, Arkansas Childrens Hosp, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA. Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Res Inst, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Arkansas Childrens Hosp, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA. Agr Res Serv, USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. Mt Sinai Sch Med, Div Pediat Allergy & Immunol, New York, NY USA. RP Helm, RM (reprint author), Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Res Inst, Dept Pediat, Arkansas Childrens Hosp, 1120 Marshall St, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA. NR 30 TC 62 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 7 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 1018-2438 J9 INT ARCH ALLERGY IMM JI Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 117 IS 1 BP 29 EP 37 DI 10.1159/000023987 PG 9 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA 126KQ UT WOS:000076292800004 PM 9751845 ER PT J AU Fall, MW Jackson, WB AF Fall, MW Jackson, WB TI A new era of vertebrate pest control? An introduction SO INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Editorial Material AB Vertebrate pest control has made substantial progress, worldwide, in the past century - moving from what were once uncoordinated private efforts to trap, shoot, or poison animal pests to organized IPM approaches employing a variety of pest control tactics. Some of the tools of the past are still critically important in these programs, but as new pest problems and new constraints arise, these tools are often found wanting. This paper, introducing a special issue of International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, briefly examines developments in vertebrate pest control in the past 100 years and summarizes some of the current lines of research that will carry us into the future. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, APHIS, WS, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. Bowling Green State Univ, Dept Biol, Bowling Green, OH 43403 USA. RP Fall, MW (reprint author), USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, APHIS, WS, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. NR 57 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-8305 J9 INT BIODETER BIODEGR JI Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 42 IS 2-3 BP 85 EP 91 DI 10.1016/S0964-8305(98)00058-4 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 140DW UT WOS:000077072500001 ER PT J AU Nolte, DL AF Nolte, DL TI Efficacy of selected repellents to deter deer browsing on conifer seedlings SO INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; DAMAGE; YEWS AB Foraging deer can negatively impact agricultural resources. Repellents offer a plausible approach to inhibit browsing. The efficacy of Big Game Repellent-Powder (BGR), Deer Stopper (DST), Plantskydd (PLA) and ECX95BY (ECX) to deter black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) browsing of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western red cedar (Thuja plicata) seedlings was assessed during the winter. Extent of damage was expressed as number of seedlings damaged, number of terminal buds damaged, number of lateral bites taken and the number of seedlings with severe damage. BGR, DST and PLA significantly reduced deer damage relative to controls for at least 14 weeks. After 1 week; damage to seedlings treated with ECX was similar to that inflicted on control seedlings. Aversive agents contained in BGR, DST and PLA probably produce sulfurous odors, while ECX contained denatonium benzoate, a bittering agent. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. RP Nolte, DL (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 9701 Blomberg St, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. NR 26 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-8305 J9 INT BIODETER BIODEGR JI Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 42 IS 2-3 BP 101 EP 107 DI 10.1016/S0964-8305(98)00008-0 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 140DW UT WOS:000077072500003 ER PT J AU Sterner, RT Goldade, DA Mauldin, RE AF Sterner, RT Goldade, DA Mauldin, RE TI Zinc phosphide residues in gray-tailed voles (Microtus canicaudus) fed fixed particles of a 2% grain bait SO INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article ID HAZARDS AB This study measured depelted-carcass residues of zinc phosphide (Zn3P2. CAS # 1314-84-7) in 8 (4 male and 4 female) gray-tailed voles (Microtus canicaudus). Six (3 male 3 female) voles were confined individually in 1.89 dkl (5 gal) plastic pails that contained 5, 2% Zn3P2 steam-rolled-oat (SRO) greats; 2 voles (1 male and 1 female) served as analytical (unbaited) controls. Four test voles (3 male 1 female) died within 7.5 h after bait exposure: whereas, 2 test voles showed no signs of toxicosis and were euthanized 7.0 h after bait exposure. Whole carcasses were stored frozen and depelted carcasses were analyzed within 31 days for Zn3P2 residues using a acid-hydrolyzation, gas-chromatographic (GC) method. Analytical controls were euthanized, with carcasses stored and analyzed the same as test voles. A mean (+/- SD) 4.7 (+/- 0.8) SRO greats were consumed by the test voles; this converted to a mean (+/-SD) intake of 2.15 (+/- 0.38) mg Zn3P2 and dose of 73.25 mg/kg (+/-22.95) Zn3P2. The mean (+/- SD) Zn3P2 residue in the 6 test vole carcasses was 0.42 mg (+/- 0.68); control carcasses contained < 0.009 mg Zn3P2- < method limit of detection (MLOD). Results confirm that: (1) carcass residues of Zn3P2 in voles are variable, but typically <50% of ingested rodenticide and (2) risks of secondary poisoning posed by Zn3P2-baited voles to avian and mammalian predators/scavengers are low due to the relatively high toxic thresholds (> 20 mg/kg) required to affect these species. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA, APHIS, WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. USDA, APHIS, WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Sterner, RT (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 1716 Heath Pkwy, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. NR 23 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-8305 J9 INT BIODETER BIODEGR JI Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 42 IS 2-3 BP 109 EP 113 DI 10.1016/S0964-8305(98)00013-4 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 140DW UT WOS:000077072500004 ER PT J AU Engeman, RM Tobin, ME Sugihara, RT AF Engeman, RM Tobin, ME Sugihara, RT TI Relationships of rat damage to physical and yield characteristics of Hawaiian sugar cane SO INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article AB Two long-term data sets containing information on rat damage levels and measurements on physical and yield characteristics on a number of varieties of sugar cane were examined to ascertain if a relationship could be detected between rat damage and the other variables, One data set was collected over 6 years from experimental field plots on 5 plantations. The other data set was collected operationally over 9 years from a single plantation. Most correlations were not large and varied in sign among varieties, but some patterns of relationships with rat damage levels were indicated. The experimental held plot data provided indications that rat damage may be negatively related to elevation and the amount of sucrose in the sugar cane juices (percent pol) and positively related to the density of sugar cane stalks. The data from the single plantation indicated correlations of rat damage with the percentage of sour stalks in the field and with elevation. Our general conclusions are that overall sugarcane yields and quality are probably more influenced by cultural practices and environmental conditions than rat damage as a determining factor. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA, Denver Wildlife Res Ctr, APHIS, ADC, Denver, CO 80225 USA. USDA, Denver Wildlife Res Ctr, APHIS, ADC, Hilo, HI 96721 USA. RP Engeman, RM (reprint author), USDA, Denver Wildlife Res Ctr, APHIS, ADC, POB 25266, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-8305 J9 INT BIODETER BIODEGR JI Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 42 IS 2-3 BP 123 EP 127 DI 10.1016/S0964-8305(98)00011-0 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 140DW UT WOS:000077072500006 ER PT J AU Clark, L Cummings, JL Davis, JE Pochop, PA AF Clark, L Cummings, JL Davis, JE Pochop, PA TI Evaluation of a macro encapsulated repellent to reduce risk of white phosphorous ingestion by waterfowl foraging in a contaminated marsh SO INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article ID METHYL ANTHRANILATE; AGELAIUS-PHOENICEUS; AVOIDANCE; STARLINGS; BEHAVIOR; GEESE AB White Phosphorous contamination of a marsh at a U.S. Army artillery training range in Alaska is a causative agent for waterfowl mortality. We developed an encapsulated bird repellent containing the active ingredient, methyl anthranilate, and evaluated the formulation's efficacy in reducing feeding activity by ducks, reducing mortality of ducks feeding in contaminated sediments, and the repellent's ability to move ducks from contaminated areas. The formulation has a limited life span of about 4 days. However, in pen trials feeding activity of mallards can be reduced by up to 80%. Long term exposure to treated sediments confers a survival advantage to mallards tested in pens, and free-ranging mallards can be moved off of treated sections of marsh. This prototype formulation may have utility in the short-term remediation of contaminated sediments for the protection of waterfowl. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. RP Clark, L (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 1716 Heath Pkwy, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-8305 J9 INT BIODETER BIODEGR JI Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 42 IS 2-3 BP 135 EP 145 DI 10.1016/S0964-8305(98)00016-X PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 140DW UT WOS:000077072500008 ER PT J AU Stevens, GR Clark, L AF Stevens, GR Clark, L TI Bird repellents: development of avian-specific tear gases for resolution of human-wildlife conflicts SO INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article ID AVOIDANCE; STARLINGS AB The use of bird repellents may be required when human activities place birds in danger, e.g., hazardous waste sites, or when birds cause damage to crops, architectural structures, or are a source of zoonotic disease. Typical protective measures to keep birds away from areas include exclusion by use of netting, hazing (i.e., scaring tactics) and chemical repellents. Birds can rapidly habituate to visual and auditory hazing if the use of these tactics falls into a predictable pattern, or if the sign stimuli are not coupled with a salient aversive reinforcing stimulus. Chemical repellents are typically used to render a resource unpalatable and, as a consequence, create a disincentive for a bird to visit a particular area. Methyl anthranilate (MA) is a potent avian chemosensory irritant. In this paper, we explore the possibility of employing MA aerosols as a bird deterrent strategy. We determine the behavioral response of starlings (Sturmus vulgaris) to each of three aerosols: water or yucca extract (controls) and ReJeX-iT TP-40(TM) (a 40% MA solution), and found that starlings were irritated by exposure to the MA aerosol. Moreover, starlings did not habituate to repeated exposure to MA aerosols. We determined in the laboratory that the starlings threshold for irritation to a formulated aerosol was 8% MA. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Stevens, GR (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 1716 Heath Pkwy, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. NR 30 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 3 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-8305 J9 INT BIODETER BIODEGR JI Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 42 IS 2-3 BP 153 EP 160 DI 10.1016/S0964-8305(98)00056-0 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 140DW UT WOS:000077072500010 ER PT J AU Engeman, RM Rodriquez, DV Linnell, MA Pitzler, ME AF Engeman, RM Rodriquez, DV Linnell, MA Pitzler, ME TI A review of the case histories of the brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis) located by detector dogs on Guam SO INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article AB Records of 34 brown tree snakes detected during dog inspections were examined to describe the situations in which snakes were found and to determine probable destinations had they successfully departed Guam. A key to the use of detector dogs for interdicting brown tree snake transport from Guam is that the snakes found ape at high risk for export. Hawaii, followed by the Micronesian islands, were the most frequently identified potential destinations for the snakes located by dogs. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. USDA, APHIS, ADC, Barrigada Heights, GU 96921 USA. RP Engeman, RM (reprint author), Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 1917 Heath Pkwy, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. NR 19 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-8305 J9 INT BIODETER BIODEGR JI Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 42 IS 2-3 BP 161 EP 165 DI 10.1016/S0964-8305(98)00009-2 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 140DW UT WOS:000077072500011 ER PT J AU Engeman, RM Linnell, MA Pochop, PA Gamboa, J AF Engeman, RM Linnell, MA Pochop, PA Gamboa, J TI Substantial reductions of brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) populations in blocks of land on Guam through operational trapping SO INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article AB Two plots of land on opposite sides of Apra harbor in Guam that had been operationally trapped to remove bl-own tree snakes were subjected to further trapping at greater intensity to assess the remaining populations of snakes. Trapping in both plots was only terminated after at least 4 weeks without a capture. Only 2 snakes were captured in a 4.2 ha plot and 4 were captured in a 6.5 ha plot. Tagged snakes were released into an adjacent plot that was across a road from the 6.5 ha plot and had a bordering trap line as a barrier to deter snakes from exiting it into other plots or wharf areas. None of these snakes was found to have passed through the barrier trap line and crossed the road. Operational trapping methods were concluded to be highly effective in this developed area where optimal forested snake habitat occurs in a patchy distribution. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA, Denver Wildlife Res Ctr, APHIS, ADC, Denver, CO 80225 USA. USDA, APHIS, ADC, Barrigada Heights, GU 96921 USA. RP Engeman, RM (reprint author), USDA, Denver Wildlife Res Ctr, APHIS, ADC, POB 25266, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 17 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-8305 J9 INT BIODETER BIODEGR JI Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 42 IS 2-3 BP 167 EP 171 DI 10.1016/S0964-8305(98)00012-2 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 140DW UT WOS:000077072500012 ER PT J AU Bruggers, RL Rodriguez, E Zaccagnini, ME AF Bruggers, RL Rodriguez, E Zaccagnini, ME TI Planning for bird pest problem resolution: A case study SO INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article ID WHITE MINERAL-OIL; ARGENTINA; EGGS AB This paper presents a case history of a unique approach taken by the United Nations/Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the countries of Argentina and Uruguay to assess the need for and plan a binational, technical assistance project on bird pests in the two countries. It describes an intensive technical assistance and extensive planning effort based on 15 different consultancies to these countries in only a nine-month period during 1991. The paper presents an overview of the bird pest situation in the two countries and the technical findings and recommendations of these consultants to address the bird pest problem. While a number of important recommendations resulted, the main two stressed the need to obtain accurate assessments of crop loss by birds and develop alternative methods to toxicants to reduce these losses. This effort provided the framework for a project document "Integrated Management of Pest Birds Common to the Plata River Basin," that is being considered for funding support and joint implementation by the two countries. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Dept Bird Pests, Dept Plant Protect, Montevideo, Uruguay. Natl Inst Agr Technol, Wildlife Management Sect, RA-3100 Parana Entre Rios, Argentina. RP Bruggers, RL (reprint author), USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 1201 Oakridge Dr,Suite 200, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 51 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-8305 J9 INT BIODETER BIODEGR JI Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 42 IS 2-3 BP 173 EP 184 DI 10.1016/S0964-8305(98)00046-8 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 140DW UT WOS:000077072500013 ER PT J AU McAllister, MM Dubey, JP Lindsay, DS Jolley, WR Wills, RA McGuire, AM AF McAllister, MM Dubey, JP Lindsay, DS Jolley, WR Wills, RA McGuire, AM TI Dogs are definitive hosts of Neospora caninum SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Neospora caninum; neosporosis; life cycle; definitive host; dog; canine; oocyst ID TISSUE-SECTIONS; PREVALENCE; ANTIBODIES; INFECTION; DIAGNOSIS; ABORTION; CATTLE; CYSTS; BRAIN; MICE AB Dogs were investigated to determine if they are definitive hosts of Neospora caninum. Four dogs were fed N. caninum tissue cysts in infected mouse tissue, and two negative control dogs were fed uninfected mouse tissue. Dog faeces wa:re examined daily for 30 days using a sucrose flotation technique. Three challenged dogs shed spherical to subspherical unsporulated oocysts, measuring 10 to 11 mu m in diameter. Oocysts sporulated within 3 days and contained two sporocysts. each with four sporozoites. Outbred, inbred, and gamma-interferon knockout mice were inoculated with canine faecal extracts and monitored for evidence of neosporosis using a variety of morphologic, immunohistologic, serologic, and genetic analyses. Mice that received faeces from each dog observed to shed oocysts were demonstrated to have neosporosis by two or more techniques, One mouse was demonstrated to be infected with N. caninum by immunohistochemistry, ultrastructural analysis, and a species-specific PCR test. No evidence of neosporosis was observed in control animals. Based on this study, dogs are a definitive host of Neospora caninum. (C) 1998 Australian Society for Parasitology. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wyoming, Coll Agr, Dept Vet Sci, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, USDA, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP McAllister, MM (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Vet Pathobiol, 2522 VMBSB,2001 S Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL 61802 USA. EM mcallister@cvm.uiuc.edu RI McAllister, Milton/C-8146-2013; Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016 OI McAllister, Milton/0000-0001-5457-2678; Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321 NR 24 TC 710 Z9 745 U1 5 U2 22 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0020-7519 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 28 IS 9 BP 1473 EP 1478 DI 10.1016/S0020-7519(98)00138-6 PG 6 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 115GE UT WOS:000075654500020 ER PT J AU Sicher, RC Bunce, JA AF Sicher, RC Bunce, JA TI Evidence that premature senescence affects photosynthetic decline of wheat flag leaves during growth in elevated carbon dioxide SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID INCREASING ATMOSPHERIC CO2; TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; NITROGEN REDISTRIBUTION; GRAIN-GROWTH; LEAF; CARBOXYLASE; ACCLIMATION; ACCUMULATION; ENRICHMENT; PROTEINS AB Net CO2 exchange (NCE) rates and various flag leaf constituents were measured in wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in field chambers at either 350 or 700 mu L L-1 CO2. Rates of NCE decreased with leaf age in both CO2 treatments during 1997. A stimulation of NCE initially occurred in response to CO2 enrichment, but this was not observed on the final eight of 33 experimental days. Net photosynthetic rates in response to growth at elevated CO2 were decreased ca. 22% on average for all measurement dates in 1997 and when all NCE rates measured at elevated CO2 for 1995-1997 were averaged (P less than or equal to 0.0001). Soluble protein, alpha-amino nitrogen, and Chi a + b concentrations were significantly lower (P less than or equal to 0.0001) in elevated compared with ambient CO2-grown wheat flag leaves in 1997. The treatment by date interactions for these Rag leaf constituents were nonsignificant (P greater than or equal to 0.05). Flag leaf storage carbohydrates were measured on 10 dates in 1997, but only starch and sucrose were affected by the elevated CO2 treatment. An increase of acid proteinase activity was observed on the last two measurement dates of this study. However, changes of acid proteinase activity were unaffected by CO2 enrichment (P greater than or equal to 0.05) and only occurred during late stages of senescence. These findings supported the suggestion that premature senescence contributed to the photosynthetic decline observed in wheat flag leaves during growth at elevated CO2. Changes of alpha-amino nitrogen were correlated with photosynthetic decline, but acid proteinase activity probably was under endogenous control. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Sicher, RC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Climate Stress Lab, Bldg 046-A,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 28 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 6 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 159 IS 5 BP 798 EP 804 DI 10.1086/297599 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 127JL UT WOS:000076347300014 ER PT J AU Asay, KH Johnson, DA Palazzo, AJ AF Asay, KH Johnson, DA Palazzo, AJ TI Parent-progeny relationships for carbon isotope discrimination and related characters in crested wheatgrass SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID WATER-USE EFFICIENCY; COOL-SEASON GRASSES; GAS-EXCHANGE; PLANT; SELECTION; DIOXIDE; ALFALFA; LEAVES AB Improved cultivars of perennial grasses developed for natural resource conservation and forage production on semiarid rangelands of western North America must persist under extreme environmental stress and make efficient use of limited water resources. A close negative relationship has been documented between carbon isotope discrimination (Delta) and water use efficiency (WUE) in temperate (C-3) grasses, and preliminary evidence indicates that a would be a promising indirect selection criterion to improve WUE in crested wheatgrass, Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertner and Agropvuon desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schultes, a widely used grass on semiarid rangelands. We determined the magnitude of genetic variability and parent-progeny relationships for Delta and the correlation of this attribute with forage yield in a genetically broad-based crested wheatgrass breeding population. Significant differences (P < 0.01) were found among clonal and progeny lines for Delta of the leaves and seeds. Broad-sense heritability values for leaf and seed Delta computed on a mean basis across two years exceeded 90%. Narrow-sense heritability for leaf Delta based on parent-progeny regression analysis across two years, was 60%. Broad- and narrow-sense heritability values for dry matter yield (DMY) were substantially less than the corresponding values for Delta. The correlations between Delta and DMY were generally low and nonsignificant. These data confirm earlier, preliminary conclusions that selection for Delta to improve WUE would be a worthy breeding objective in crested wheatgrass and that genetic advances in Delta and DMY could be achieved concurrently. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. RP Asay, KH (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 25 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 159 IS 5 BP 821 EP 825 DI 10.1086/297602 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 127JL UT WOS:000076347300017 ER PT J AU Burgan, RE Klaver, RW Klaver, JM AF Burgan, RE Klaver, RW Klaver, JM TI Fuel models and fire potential from satellite and surface observations SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE LA English DT Article DE fire potential; fire danger; fuels; fire model; satellite data ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES AB A national 1-km resolution fire danger fuel model map was derived through use of previously mapped land cover classes and ecoregions, and extensive ground sample data, then refined through review by fire managers familiar with various portions of the U.S. The fuel model map will be used in the next generation fire danger rating system for the U.S., but it also made possible immediate development of a satellite and ground based fire potential index map. The inputs and algorithm of the fire potential index are presented, along with a case study of the correlation between the fire potential index and fire occurrence in California and Nevada. Application of the fire potential index in the Mediterranean ecosystems of Spain, Chile, and Mexico will be tested. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Burgan, RE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. EM rburgan/int_missoula@fs.fed.us; bklaver@edcmail.cr.usgs.gov; jklaver@edcmail.cr.usgs.gov NR 27 TC 150 Z9 161 U1 1 U2 9 PU INT ASSOC WILDLAND FIRE PI FAIRFIELD PA PO BOX 328, FAIRFIELD, WA 99012-0328 USA SN 1049-8001 J9 INT J WILDLAND FIRE JI Int. J. Wildland Fire PD SEP PY 1998 VL 8 IS 3 BP 159 EP 170 DI 10.1071/WF9980159 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 131AP UT WOS:000076553800005 ER PT J AU Phillippy, BQ AF Phillippy, BQ TI Purification and catalytic properties of a phytase from scallion (Allium fistulosum L.) leaves SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE phytase; phosphatase; phytate; inositol phosphates; Allium ID PHYTIC ACID; INOSITOL-HEXAKISPHOSPHATE; ANTIOXIDANT FUNCTIONS; SOYBEAN SEEDS; SPECIFICITY; PHOSPHATES; BINDING; 1,2,3-TRISPHOSPHATE; ACTIVATION; SUBSTRATE AB Levels of phytase comparable to that in wheat germ were detected in a variety of fresh vegetables. Scallion leaf phytase was purified 31 000-fold to an activity of 500 mu mol min(-1) mg(-1) at 37 degrees C and had a K-m of 200 mu M for inositol hexakisphosphate and maximum activity at pH 5.5. The enzyme had a temperature optimum of 51 degrees C and was inactivated by preincubation for 10 min at 65 degrees C. The product specificity appeared similar to that of wheat phytase and was not altered by a 10-fold excess of magnesium. Vegetable phytases may be an alternative to seed and microbial phytases for use in the processing of food and feed products. C1 ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Phillippy, BQ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 37 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 46 IS 9 BP 3491 EP 3496 DI 10.1021/jf9803177 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 122QG UT WOS:000076082500016 ER PT J AU Dao, LT Takeoka, GR Edwards, RH Berrios, JD AF Dao, LT Takeoka, GR Edwards, RH Berrios, JD TI Improved method for the stabilization of anthocyanidins SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE solid-phase extraction; anthocyanidin stabilization; delphinidin; petunidin; malvidin; cyanidin ID CHROMATOGRAPHIC-SEPARATION; VITIS-VINIFERA; COLOR; EXTRACTION; CHEMISTRY; STABILITY; JUICE AB Anthocyanidins, prepared by the acid hydrolysis of black bean and blackberry anthocyanins, were deposited in C-18 solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges from four different manufacturers. The amount of the black bean anthocyanidins, delphinidin, petunidin, and malvidin (monitored at 520 nm) was unchanged for the first 7 days of storage in SPE cartridges under nitrogen atmosphere at 2 degrees C. After 45 days of storage the level of delphinidin, petunidin, and malvidin was reduced to 82, 63, and 49% of the original content, respectively. In contrast, the level of delphinidin, petunidin, and malvidin decreased to 17, 10, and 3%, respectively, of the original amount when these anthocyanidins were stored for 3 days in acidic methanol (0.01% HCl) at 2 degrees C. Similarly, after 46 days of storage in SPE cartridges under nitrogen atmosphere at 2 degrees C the amount of cyanidin (obtained from evergreen blackberry puree) decreased to 75% of the original content. Cyanidin almost completely disappeared (only 0.2% remained) when it was stored for 4 days in acidic methanol (0.01% HCl) at 2 degrees C. Anthocyanidin stability was markedly different depending on the brand of the SPE cartridge on which it was stored. C1 ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Takeoka, GR (reprint author), ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 35 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 46 IS 9 BP 3564 EP 3569 DI 10.1021/jf980359v PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 122QG UT WOS:000076082500027 ER PT J AU Brandon, DL Holland, KP Dreas, JS Henry, AC AF Brandon, DL Holland, KP Dreas, JS Henry, AC TI Rapid screening for benzimidazole residues in bovine liver SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ELISA; drug residues; monoclonal antibody; thiabendazole; fenbendazole ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; THIABENDAZOLE; ANTHELMINTICS; ELISA; MODE AB Rapid enzyme immunoassays for benzimidazole anthelmintic and/or fungicide residues were developed using monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind methyl benzimidazolecarbamates (MBCs, including albendazole, fenbendazole, and oxfendazole) and thiazole-containing compounds (thiabendazole, its Ei-hydroxy metabolite, and cambendazole). Bovine liver samples were extracted by homogenization in water. Extracts were clarified by centrifugation, and dilutions of the supernatants were analyzed using both a commercialized immunoassay (EnviroGard thiabendazole kit, Strategic Diagnostics, Inc., Newark, DE) and an MBC-specific assay described previously. Two sets of 40 blank, fortified, or incurred samples were analyzed for the thiazole benzimidazoles, and an additional set of 31 samples was analyzed for methyl benzimidazolecarbamates only. Using the thiabendazole kit, all samples were analyzed correctly by ELISA, including all 34 samples containing fortified or incurred residues (60-120 ppb) of thiabendazole or related compounds. Using the method for MBCs, all unknowns were correctly scored. The simple water extraction and rapid ELISAs appear to function well for regulatory screening of bovine liver for residues of fenbendazole, oxfendazole, and thiazole-containing benzimidazoles. Although the marker residue for albendazole is not detected by these procedures, residues can be estimated from the analysis of albendazole sulfoxide and sulfone. C1 ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Midwestern Lab, USDA, St Louis, MO 63120 USA. RP Brandon, DL (reprint author), ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 16 TC 10 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 46 IS 9 BP 3653 EP 3656 DI 10.1021/jf980048k PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 122QG UT WOS:000076082500041 ER PT J AU Eller, FJ King, JW AF Eller, FJ King, JW TI Supercritical CO2 extraction of fat: Comparison of gravimetric and GC-FAME methods SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE supercritical fluid extraction; fat analysis; gas chromatography; fatty acid methyl ester; gravimetric ID MONOUNSATURATED FATS; HYDROLYSIS; PRODUCTS AB This study compares gravimetric and gas chromatographic (GC) fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) fat determinations of supercritical fluid extracts (SFE) from oilseeds, ground beef, bakery samples, and NIST Standard Reference Material 1544 (SRM-1544). SFE-GC-FAME and acid hydrolysis/solvent extraction (AH)/GC-FAME fat determinations are also compared. After extraction with supercritical CO2 and ethanol, the collected material was weighed and total fat determined gravimetrically (SFE-GRAV). Subsequently, an internal standard was added and the material converted to FAMEs and analyzed by GC (SFE-GC-FAME). For sunflower and cottonseed, the SFE-GRAV results were higher than the SFE-GC-FAME results, whereas the two methods were equivalent for soybeans, canola, and safflower. For the ground beef samples, SRM-1544, and the emulsified "low-fat" bakery products, the SFE-GRAV results were significantly higher than both CC-FAME results (i.e, SFE and AH). For the "high-fat" bakery samples containing shortening, the SFE-GRAV, and CC-FAME results (i.e, SFE and AH) were in good agreement. C1 ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Eller, FJ (reprint author), ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM eller@mail.ncaur.usda.gov NR 19 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 46 IS 9 BP 3657 EP 3661 DI 10.1021/jf980236a PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 122QG UT WOS:000076082500042 ER PT J AU Finley, JW AF Finley, JW TI The absorption and tissue distribution of selenium from high-selenium broccoli are different from selenium from sodium selenite, sodium selenate, and selenomethionine as determined in selenium-deficient rats SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE selenium; broccoli; absorption; tissue distribution; sodium selenate; sodium selenite; selenomethionine ID CANCER PREVENTION; GLUTATHIONE-PEROXIDASE; SE; METABOLITES; WHEAT; MEN AB The absorption, tissue distribution, and body retention of selenium (Se) from hydroponically grown high-selenium broccoli were determined in rats. Animals were fed a Torula yeast based diet with no Se or supplemented with 0.1 mg Se/kg diet added as sodium selenate (controls) for six weeks. Selenium-deficient animals were then repleted with Se (0.1 mg/kg diet) supplied as either sodium selenate, sodium selenite, selenomethionine (SeMet), or high-Se broccoli. High-Se broccoli was grown hydroponically and contained 28 mg Se/kg (dry wt). Gross absorption of Se and absorption adjusted for urinary excretion of Se from high-Se broccoli were significantly lower than from other sources. Sodium selenite, sodium selenate, and SeMet were similarly effective in restoring most measures of Se status; high-selenium broccoli was much less effective. However, Se from high-selenium broccoli was nonsignificantly different from the other forms in restoring kidney and plasma Se concentrations. Similarly, Se from high-selenium broccoli was less effective than the other forms of Se in restoring glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity. We conclude that Se from high-selenium broccoli is absorbed, distributed, and retained in a different manner than Se from sodium selenite, sodium selenate and SeMet. These differences are probably because the metabolic pathway used by Se from high-selenium broccoli is different from the pathways used by the other forms of Se utilized in this study. C1 ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Finley, JW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, POB 9034, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. EM jfinley@badlands.nodak.edu NR 24 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 46 IS 9 BP 3702 EP 3707 DI 10.1021/jf980027q PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 122QG UT WOS:000076082500051 ER PT J AU Dowd, PF Mehta, AD Boston, RS AF Dowd, PF Mehta, AD Boston, RS TI Relative toxicity of the maize endosperm ribosome-inactivating protein to insects SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE host plant resistance; corn; Zea; Carpophilus; Helicoverpa; Spodoptera; Ostrinia; Sitophilus; Plodia; b-32 ID ZEA-MAYS-L; TRANSGENIC TOBACCO; RESISTANCE; COLEOPTERA; OPAQUE-2; PLANTS; METABOLITES; LEPIDOPTERA; INHIBITORS; EXPRESSION AB The relative toxicity of proenzyme and protease-activated forms of maize seed ribosome-inactivating protein (b-32) to several insect species was determined. Only the protease-activated form had significant toxicity to any caterpillars when fed in diets at 1 mg/g of diet. Activity ranged from 70% mortality to cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni) to no effect to Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella). Neither form of the protein showed activity against larvae of the Freeman sap beetle, (Carpophilus freemani). However, the proenzyme and protease-activated forms were approximately equally deterrent in choice assays to other sap beetles and maize weevils (Sitophilus zeamais), with relative feeding rates reduced by up to 6-fold. Because this protein can naturally occur at the 1 mg/g endosperm range in the endosperm of Opaque-2 (normal) plants versus 2 orders of magnitude lower in opaque-2 mutants, it is likely that this RIP plays a natural defensive role against insects. However, some insects appear to have adapted to this protein. C1 ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Bot, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Dowd, PF (reprint author), ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM dowdpf@mail.ncaur.usda.gov RI Ankala, Arunkanth/G-6330-2011 OI Ankala, Arunkanth/0000-0002-6373-9916 NR 35 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 46 IS 9 BP 3775 EP 3779 DI 10.1021/jf980334w PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 122QG UT WOS:000076082500064 ER PT J AU Dailey, OD Dowler, CC AF Dailey, OD Dowler, CC TI Polymeric microcapsules of cyanazine: Preparation and evaluation of efficacy SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE cyanazine; ethyl cellulose; formulation; greenhouse; groundwater; herbicide; microcapsule; poly(alpha-methylstyrene); polymer; weed ID NONPOINT-SOURCE CONTAMINATION; CONTROLLED-RELEASE; ALACHLOR; PESTICIDES; WATER; FORMULATIONS; HERBICIDES; METRIBUZIN; ATRAZINE; SOIL AB In two separate studies, the herbicide cyanazine was microencapsulated within the following polymers: cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB); ethyl cellulose of two different viscosities (EC22 and EC100); low and medium molecular weight poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMML and PMMM); poly(alpha-methylstyrene) (PMS). Pesticide efficacy studies on five weed species (barnyardgrass, smallflower morningglory, crowfootgrass, Florida beggarweed, and Palmer amaranth) were conducted under greenhouse conditions over a period of 12 weeks for study 1 and 25 weeks for study 2, using the commercial formulation Bladex 90 DF for comparison purposes. In both studies, the poly(alpha-methylstyrene) formulations were consistently comparable or superior to the commercial formulation in long-term control. C1 ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. ARS, Nematodes Weeds & Crops Res Unit, USDA, Georgia Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Dailey, OD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 21 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 46 IS 9 BP 3823 EP 3827 DI 10.1021/jf970856w PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 122QG UT WOS:000076082500072 ER PT J AU Wong, DWS Robertson, GH Tillin, SJ Wong, C AF Wong, DWS Robertson, GH Tillin, SJ Wong, C TI Identifying peptide ligands for barley alpha-amylase 1 using combinatorial phage display libraries SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE peptides; ligands; phage library; barley alpha-amylase ID AMYLASE/SUBTILISIN INHIBITOR; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; ACTIVE-SITE; BINDING; COMPLEX; MALT; SPECIFICITY; MUTAGENESIS; SUBSTRATE; PROTEINS AB A synthetic combinatorial Library of 15-mer peptides expressed as N-terminal fusion to pill on the surface of filamentous bacteriophage was screened to identify specific ligands for barley alpha-amylase 1. Affinity selection of phages that display tight-binding peptides was accomplished by four cycles of panning, using purified alpha-amylase enzyme as the immobilized binding target. The amino acid sequences of the tight-binding peptides were determined by sequencing the corresponding coding region in the viral DNA genome. A total of 13 clones, randomly selected from the final enriched Library, were found to have the following sequences: TRWLVYFSRPYLVAT (8 clones), PRHVFYRWFLSNPRI (4 clones), and IVRHLFLHVYPRVLM (1 clone). Binding activity of affinity-purified phage clones was confirmed by ELISA and quantitated by PFU assay. All three peptides share a common feature of an Arg residue flanked by high numbers of Tyr and Trp/Phe residues. The phage display peptide TRWLVYFSRPYLVAT showed an activity 5-fold greater than those of the other two peptides and a dissociation constant of 4.4 x 10(-9) M. C1 ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Wong, DWS (reprint author), ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 34 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 46 IS 9 BP 3852 EP 3857 DI 10.1021/jf9803334 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 122QG UT WOS:000076082500078 ER PT J AU Rohrer, GA Keele, JW AF Rohrer, GA Keele, JW TI Identification of quantitative trait loci affecting carcass composition in swine: I. Fat deposition traits SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pigs; quantitative traits; fat; genomes; mapping ID NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA; PORCINE GENOME; GROWTH; GENES; PIGS; LINKAGE AB One of the major determining factors in the price of market hogs today is backfat depth. Therefore, identification of regions of the genome affecting this trait could be very useful to the swine industry. A large resource population (n = 540) was developed by backcrossing F-1 Meishan-White composite females to either Meishan or White composite boars. A genomic scan was conducted by genotyping all animals with microsatellite markers spaced at similar to 20-cM intervals across the entire porcine genome. Breed of origin for all chromosomal segments was determined using multipoint linkage procedures, and a least squares regression analysis was conducted. Nominal P-values were converted to a genome-wide level of significance to adjust for the numerous tests conducted. Traits analyzed were backfat depths at the first rib (FRIB); 10th rib (10th); last rib (LRIB); last lumbar (LLUM) vertebra; the average of FRIB, LRIB, and LLUM (AVBF); and weight of leaf fat (LEAF). Significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) were detected on chromosomes 1, 7, and X. Suggestive evidence for QTL was present on chromosomes 5, 8, 9, 10, 13, and 14. Genotypic means for the loci detected indicated a predominantly additive mode of inheritance. Meishan alleles produced fatter pigs for all loci except those on chromosomes 7 and 10. Additional research should be conducted to refine the estimated position of each QTL and its effect and determine epistatic interactions. These loci should be evaluated in other germplasms to determine whether allelic variation at the QTL exists in other breeds. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Rohrer, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 22 TC 160 Z9 178 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 76 IS 9 BP 2247 EP 2254 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 124EV UT WOS:000076169300004 PM 9781479 ER PT J AU Rohrer, GA Keele, JW AF Rohrer, GA Keele, JW TI Identification of quantitative trait loci affecting carcass composition in swine: II. Muscling and wholesale product yield traits SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pigs; quantitative traits; muscles; genomes; mapping ID PORCINE GENOME; MARKERS; LINKAGE; GROWTH; CATTLE; GENE AB A genomic scan was conducted on 540 reciprocal backcross Meishan x White composite pigs for hot carcass weight (HCWT); loin eye area (LOIN); carcass length (CRCL); belly weight (BELLY); and weight of trimmed ham, loin, picnic, and Boston butt adjusted to a constant live (TWPLWT) or carcass (TWPCWT) weight. Genetic markers spanned the entire porcine linkage map and were spaced at approximately 20-cM intervals. Grandparental breed of origin for all chromosomal segments was determined using multipoint linkage procedures, and a least squares regression analysis was conducted. Nominal P-values were converted to a genome-wide level of significance to adjust for the number of tests actually conducted. Seven associations were significant at the genome-wide level relating to chromosomes 1 (SSC 1), 7 (SSC 7), and X (SSC X). The SSC 1 region affected LOIN, TWPLWT, and TWPCWT; SSC 7 affected HWCT and CRCL; and SSC X affected TWPLWT and TWPCWT. Twelve associations relating to seven chromosomal regions (including SSC 1 and X) presented suggestive evidence for quantitative trait loci (QTL), and many of these regions are likely to contain QTL. Chromosomes 8 and 14 had two and three traits with suggestive evidence for QTL, respectively. Many pleiotropic effects were detected for regions on SSC 1, 7, 14, and X in this study and a companion study looking for fat deposition QTL in the same population. In addition, SSC 4 was nearly significant for CRCL in the same region identified as affecting backfat in a wild boar x Large White population. These results expand our knowledge of the inheritance of quantitative traits and are directly relevant to composite populations containing Meishan germplasm. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Rohrer, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 21 TC 94 Z9 103 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 76 IS 9 BP 2255 EP 2262 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 124EV UT WOS:000076169300005 PM 9781480 ER PT J AU Splan, RK Cundiff, LV Van Vleck, LD AF Splan, RK Cundiff, LV Van Vleck, LD TI Genetic parameters for sex-specific traits in beef cattle SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE genetic correlation; heritability; carcasses; reproduction; growth ID BIOLOGICAL TYPES; CARCASS TRAITS; CYCLE-III; PREWEANING GROWTH; BREEDING VALUES; WEANING TRAITS; PUBERTY; PALATABILITY; HEIFERS; QUALITY AB Data from 3,593 beef heifers and 4,079 of their steer paternal half-sibs were used to estimate genetic parameters of and among female growth and reproductive traits and male carcass traits. Estimates of heritability for adjusted 205-d weight, adjusted 365-d weight, age at puberty, calving rate, and calving difficulty measured on females were .16, .38, .47, .19, and .18, respectively; estimates for calving rate and calving difficulty were expressed on a normal scale. Estimates of heritability for hot carcass weight; retail product percentage; fat percentage; bone percentage; rib eye area; kidney, pelvic, and heart fat percentage; adjusted fat thickness; marbling score; Warner-Bratzler shear force; taste panel tenderness; taste panel juiciness; and taste panel flavor that were measured on steers at an average age of 447 d (weaning age = 185, days on feed = 262) were .50, .66, .58, .54, .61, .48, .66, .71, .26, .31, .00, and .04, respectively. Genetic correlations were positive for heifer weights with hot carcass weight, fat percentage, rib eye area, adjusted fat thickness, marbling score, and Warner-Bratzler shear force, and they were negative with retail product percentage and kidney, pelvic, and heart fat percentage of steers. Age at puberty was genetically correlated with taste panel tenderness but not with other carcass traits. Calving rate had positive genetic correlations with fat percentage, rib eye area, adjusted fat thickness, and taste panel flavor, and it had negative genetic correlations with retail product percentage; bone percentage; and kidney, pelvic, and heart fat percentage. Calving difficulty had favorable genetic correlations with hot carcass weight, retail product percentage, and measures of carcass tenderness, but it was unfavorably correlated with traits that involve carcass fatness. These results indicate that selection for some traits expressed in one sex of beef cattle may result in undesirable responses in traits expressed in the opposite sex. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Splan, RK (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. EM ansc426@unlvm.unl.edu NR 41 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 76 IS 9 BP 2272 EP 2278 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 124EV UT WOS:000076169300007 PM 9781482 ER PT J AU Barkhouse, KL Van Vleck, LD Cundiff, LV AF Barkhouse, KL Van Vleck, LD Cundiff, LV TI Effect of ignoring random sire and dam effects on estimates and standard errors of breed comparisons SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE growth; breeds; beef cattle; breeding value ID EXPECTED PROGENY DIFFERENCES; BIOLOGICAL TYPES; PREWEANING GROWTH; GENETIC TREND; CATTLE; TRAITS AB Data were weights of F-1 calves and weaning weights of top-cross progeny from sires and maternal grandsires of 13 breeds. Three analyses were performed on each trait to obtain estimates and standard errors of breed effects needed to calculate across-breed EPD and accuracies. Model (R) for records of F-1 progeny contained fixed effects for birth year and date of birth, sex, age and breed of dam, and breed of sire, and a random residual effect. The second analysis included random effects for sires (RS), and the third analysis included random effects for sires and dams (RSD). In maternal analysis of top-cross progeny, model (R-m) contained fixed effects for cycle of experiment, age of dam, year of birth, sex, breeds of maternal grandam and grandsire, and breed of sire, and a random residual effect. In addition, the second and third analyses fit random effects for maternal grandsires (RSm) and for maternal grandsires and daughters of maternal grandsires (RSDm). Estimates of breed of sire effects changed only slightly for different models. Total variance increased in RSD and RS relative to R. Standard errors of breed of sire comparisons were underestimated with Model R, compared to Models RS and RSD. Standard errors of other contrasts were generally not affected. Variance components, breed effects, and standard errors followed patterns for R-m, RSm, and RSDm similar to those for R, RS, and RSD. Ignoring random variation due to sires and dams underestimated standard errors of breed of sire comparisons. C1 USDA, ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Van Vleck, LD (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 76 IS 9 BP 2279 EP 2286 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 124EV UT WOS:000076169300008 PM 9781483 ER PT J AU Barkhouse, KL Van Vleck, LD Cundiff, LV Buchanan, DS Marshall, DM AF Barkhouse, KL Van Vleck, LD Cundiff, LV Buchanan, DS Marshall, DM TI Comparison of sire breed solutions for growth traits adjusted by mean expected progeny differences to a 1993 base SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef cattle; breeds; breeding value; growth ID GENETIC TREND; CATTLE; PERFORMANCE; HEREFORD AB Records on growth traits were obtained from five Midwestern agricultural experiment stations as part of a beef cattle crossbreeding project (NC-196). Records on birth weight (BWT, n = 3,490), weaning weight (WWT, n = 3,237), and yearling weight (YWT, n = 1,372) were analyzed within locations and pooled across locations to obtain estimates of breed of sire differences. Solutions for breed of sire differences were adjusted to the common base year of 1993. Then, factors to use with within-breed expected progeny differences (EPD) to obtain across-breed EPD were calculated. These factors were compared with factors obtained from similar analyses of records from the U. S. Meat Animal Research Center (MARC). Progeny of Brahman sires mated to Bos taurus cows were heaviest at birth and among the lightest at weaning. Simmental and Gelbvieh sires produced the heaviest progeny at weaning. Estimates of heritability pooled across locations were .34, .19, and .07 for BWT, WWT, and YWT, respectively. Regression coefficients of progeny performance on EPD of sire were 1.25 +/- .09, .98 +/- .13, and .62 +/- .18 for BWT, WWT, and YWT, respectively. Rankings of breeds of sire generally did not change when adjusted for sire sampling. Rankings were generally similar to those previously reported for MARC data, except for Limousin and Charolais sires, which ranked lower for BWT and WWT at NC-196 locations than at MARC. Adjustment factors used to obtain across-breed EPD were largest for Brahman for BWT and for Gelbvieh for WWT. The data for YWT allow only comparison of Angus with Simmental and of Gelbvieh with Limousin. C1 USDA, ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. S Dakota State Univ, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Van Vleck, LD (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 76 IS 9 BP 2287 EP 2293 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 124EV UT WOS:000076169300009 PM 9781484 ER PT J AU Harris, DL AF Harris, DL TI Livestock improvement: Art, science, or industry? SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Economics of Selection Decisions at the 88th Annual Meeting of the ASAS CY JUL, 1996 CL RAPID CITY, SOUTH DAKOTA SP ASAS ID GENETIC EVALUATION; SELECTION INDEXES; SPECIALIZED SIRE; DAM LINES; PROFIT; VALUES AB The shift in perspectives about livestock improvement over a 70-yr period is reviewed. The view changes from livestock improvement as an art, through its becoming a science, to its application as a technology in industry. The use of scientific tools in corporate settings for poultry, dairy, and swine breeding usually involves a strong focus on the economics of production, and this focus determines that selection indexes should be used. Such focus has seemed to not have been present in breeding for the extensively managed species and livestock classes but seems needed in order to provide a basis for organization and direction of positive contributions of the breeding segment to the production segment. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Harris, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 34 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 76 IS 9 BP 2294 EP 2302 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 124EV UT WOS:000076169300010 PM 9781485 ER PT J AU Elsasser, TH Rumsey, TS Kahl, S Czerwinski, SM Moseley, WM Ono, Y Solomon, MB Harris, F Fagan, JM AF Elsasser, TH Rumsey, TS Kahl, S Czerwinski, SM Moseley, WM Ono, Y Solomon, MB Harris, F Fagan, JM TI Effects of Synovex-S (R) and recombinant bovine growth hormone (Somavubove (R)) on growth responses of steers: III. Muscle growth and protein responses SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cattle; muscles; protein; somatotropin; estrogens; growth ID BEEF STEERS; SOMATOTROPIN; PERFORMANCE; ESTRADIOL; TRAITS AB We conducted this study to determine whether the growth responses of specific skeletal muscles in crossbred beef steers were differentially affected by treatment with recombinant bovine growth hormone (Somavubove(R), SbV, .1 mg/kg BW, i.m., daily), Synovex-S(R) (200 mg progesterone + 20 mg 17-beta estradiol benzoate, SYN, ear implant), or a combination of the two. Starting body weights of steers averaged 182 +/- 1.8 kg. Five steers were used at this average BW to obtain data on weight and composition of individual muscles at d 0, and 20 other steers were assigned in equal numbers to control (C, no implant and placebo daily injection), SYN, SbV, and SYN + SbV treatment groups. After 56 d of treatment with placebo or growth promoters, complete rectus femoris (RF), triceps brachii (TB), supraspinatus (SS), psoas major (PM), and semitendinosus (ST) muscles were dissected, weighed, and then ground for determination of moisture, total protein, and fat. To calculate the average daily muscle wet weight, protein, and fat gains, the initial weight, protein content, and fat content of a muscle were subtracted from those obtained at slaughter and the difference divided by 56. Muscle weight was increased over C in TB and SS by SYN (P < .1); in TB by SbV (P < .09); and in RF (P < .05), TB (P < .03), and SS (P < .03) by SYN + SbV. Overall average daily wet tissue gain was increased over C by SbV + SYN (P < .05) in RF, TB, and SS. Average daily protein gain in RF and TB was increased by SYN (P < .1), SbV (P < .06), and SYN + SbV (P < .01) over that calculated for C. For RF, TB, and SS, average daily protein gain was greater (P < .1) in SbV + SYN than that obtained with SbV or SYN alone. These data suggest that administration of growth promoters, such as somatotropin and Synovex, to cattle differentially affects growth characteristics in certain muscles and can have additive effects on protein gain when used together. C1 ARS, Growth Biol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Meat Sci Res Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. RP Elsasser, TH (reprint author), ARS, Growth Biol Lab, USDA, Bldg 200,Room 120,BARC-E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 31 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 76 IS 9 BP 2346 EP 2353 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 124EV UT WOS:000076169300016 PM 9781491 ER PT J AU Klindt, J Yen, JT Buonomo, FC Roberts, AJ Wise, T AF Klindt, J Yen, JT Buonomo, FC Roberts, AJ Wise, T TI Growth, body composition, and endocrine responses to chronic administration of insulin-like growth factor I and(or) porcine growth hormone in pigs SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 88th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Animal-Science CY JUL 24-26, 1996 CL RAPID CITY, SOUTH DAKOTA SP Amer Soc Anim Sci DE pigs; insulin-like growth factor; somatotropin; growth; carcass composition ID FACTOR-BINDING-PROTEINS; IGF-I; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; MESSENGER-RNA; HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS; FOLLICULAR-FLUID; OBESE BARROWS; SOMATOTROPIN; LIVER AB The actions of IGF-I, alone and in combination with porcine growth hormone (pGH), on growth and circulating endocrines and metabolites important in growth were investigated in peripubertal-age Meishan barrows. Pigs were assigned to four treatments: control, buffer; IGF-I, 33 mu g rhIGF-I/kg BW injected twice daily; pGH, 33 mu g rpGH/kg BW injected once daily; and IGF-I+pGH, 33 mu g rhIGF-I/kg BW injected twice daily plus 33 mu g rpGH/kg BW injected once daily. Treatments were administered for 28 d. Feed intake, BW, and backfat were recorded and blood samples were collected weekly. At slaughter, organ and primal cut weights were recorded. Offal and half the carcass were ground for chemical analysis. Serum concentrations of IGF-I on d 7, 14, 21, and 28 in the IGF-I, pGH, and IGF-I+pGH groups were increased 60, 107, and 131%, respectively, compared with those of the control group. Administration of PGH increased gain 43%, feed efficiency 60%, carcass protein accretion 88%, and trimmed lean cuts 16%, whereas IGF-I administration increased gain 22%, carcass protein accretion 33%, and trimmed lean cuts 5%. There was little difference in responses to administration of IGF-I+pGH and pGH alone except that coadministration of IGF-I with pGH reduced the ability of pGH to suppress backfat gain (P < .02). Even though administration of IGF-I resulted in a 60% increase in chronic nadir serum concentrations of IGF-I, only a few growth and carcass measures were changed when compared with control pigs. These included increased (P < .05) weight of body, leaf fat, kidneys, and belly. The actions of pGH on growth of pigs were not mimicked, and some were countermanded by administration of IGF-I at a dose that produces significantly increased serum concentrations of IGF-I. C1 ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, USDA, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Protiva Monsanto, St Louis, MO 63198 USA. RP Klindt, J (reprint author), POB 186, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. EM klindt@email.marc.usda.gov NR 40 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 76 IS 9 BP 2368 EP 2381 PG 14 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 124EV UT WOS:000076169300018 PM 9781493 ER PT J AU Mitchell, AD Scholz, AM Conway, JM AF Mitchell, AD Scholz, AM Conway, JM TI Body composition analysis of small pigs by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pigs; body composition; X radiation; analytical methods; densitometry ID COMPUTERIZED-TOMOGRAPHY; INVIVO; MASS; FAT AB We evaluated the use of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for measuring the gross body composition of small subjects in 97 pigs that ranged from 5 to 27 kg live body weight. Scans were performed using a Lunar DPXL densitometer in the pediatric mode (Version 3.8e). The DXA scans of the live pigs provided measurements of total fat, lean, and bone mineral content. After scanning, the pigs were killed, the entire body was ground, and samples were analyzed chemically (CHEM) for fat, protein, ash, and water content. We found that DXA significantly underestimated the percentage of fat in the body (DXA, 6.9 +/- .33% vs CHEM, 10.9 +/- .31%, P < .001). The correlation (r) between DXA and chemical measures of percentage fat was .86 and for grams of fat it was .96. Lean tissue mass measured by DXA was highly correlated with CHEM measurements of total grams of body water (r = .99), total grams of body protein (r = .94) and lean body mass (r = .99). The average DXA bone mineral content was within 2% of the amount estimated from total body ash and the correlation between the two values was .94. The relationships between DXA and CHEM measurements for percentages of body composition of pigs that weighed between 5 and 27 kg are described by the following regression equations: %fat(CHEM) = 5.22 + [.817 . fat(DXA)], (r = .86, standard error of the estimate, SEE = 1.56); %protein(CHEM) = -7.8 + [.256.%lean(DXA)], (r = .35, SEE = 2.3); %water(CHEM) = -5.2 + [.808.%lean(DXA)], (r = .59, SEE = 3.67). These results are consistent with previously reported results and suggest that even though direct use of DXA readings may not be sufficiently accurate, the high degree of correlation indicates that with proper calibration the DXA values can be used to predict body composition. C1 ARS, Growth Biol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Human Performance Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Humboldt Univ, Inst Anim Sci, Berlin, Germany. RP Mitchell, AD (reprint author), ARS, Growth Biol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Scholz, Armin Manfred/0000-0001-7075-0067 NR 29 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 76 IS 9 BP 2392 EP 2398 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 124EV UT WOS:000076169300020 PM 9781495 ER PT J AU Filipov, NM Thompson, FN Hill, NS Dawe, DL Stuedemann, JA Price, JC Smith, CK AF Filipov, NM Thompson, FN Hill, NS Dawe, DL Stuedemann, JA Price, JC Smith, CK TI Vaccination against ergot alkaloids and the effect of endophyte-infected fescue seed-based diets on rabbits SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Festuca arundinacea; ergot alkaloids; rabbits; immunization ID GRAZING TALL FESCUE; ACREMONIUM-COENOPHIALUM; TREHALOSE DIMYCOLATE; STEERS; RESPONSES; IMMUNIZATION; TOXICITY; HORMONE; HEIFERS; CATTLE AB Three sequential experiments were conducted with rabbits to 1) determine the effect of endophyte-infected (E+) tall fescue seed on rabbit performance and examine the effect of anti-ergot alkaloid immunization on rabbit performance and protectiveness against fescue toxicosis, 2) compare immunogens designed to elicit systemic anti-ergot alkaloid antibodies, and 3) select a superior adjuvant. In Exp. 1, rabbits (n = 6/treatment) fed E+ fescue seed diets (20%, 340 ppb total ergot alkaloids) had reduced (P < .05) intake and weight gain compared with endophyte-free (E-) controls, whereas apparent diet digestibility was not different between E+ and E-. Rabbits immunized against ergot alkaloids (E+ vac) with lysergol conjugated to human serum albumin (Ly-HSA) had greater (P < .05) intake than E+ rabbits during the wk 1 of a 3-wk dietary challenge. In Exp. 2, rabbits (n = 4/treatment) were immunized with Ly-HSA, with H100-B (ergot alkaloid hapten, H100-different protein carrier, B conjugate), or combinations of both with alum as adjuvant. Greatest (P < .001) anti-ergot alkaloid antibody (Ab) titer developed in the group immunized with H100-B. In Exp. 3, rabbits (n = 4/treatment) were immunized with the immunogen H100-B in conjunction with six adjuvants. Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA) in combination with DEAE-dextran and FIA alone gave highest anti-ergot titers. In summary, rabbit weight gain and intake were reduced by feeding Ec fescue seed diets, immunization against ergot alkaloids provided temporary improvement in intake, and H100-B conjugate with FIA or FIA + DEAE-dextran as adjuvants elicited a superior anti-ergot immune response. We believe that rabbits may serve as a model animal for fescue toxicosis research. C1 Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Agr & Environm Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Pharm, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. RP Thompson, FN (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 35 TC 22 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 76 IS 9 BP 2456 EP 2463 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 124EV UT WOS:000076169300026 PM 9781501 ER PT J AU Krehbiel, CR Ferrell, CL Freetly, HC AF Krehbiel, CR Ferrell, CL Freetly, HC TI Effects of frequency of supplementation on dry matter intake and net portal and hepatic flux of nutrients in mature ewes that consume low-quality forage SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ewes; forage; protein supplements; nutrient flux ID COTTONSEED MEAL SUPPLEMENTATION; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE FORAGE; STEERS FED ALFALFA; BEEF STEERS; OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION; ORCHARDGRASS SILAGE; CONCENTRATE RATIO; LIVER-METABOLISM; BLOOD-FLOW; PROTEIN AB Our objective was to determine the effects of frequency of soybean meal (SBM) supplementation on forage intake and net portal-drained viscera (PDV) and hepatic flux of nutrients in ewes that consume low-quality forage. Six Polled Dorset ewes (BW +/- SD = 82 +/- 9 kg) fitted with hepatic venous, hepatic portal, abdominal aortic, and mesenteric venous catheters were used in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square design. Ewes consumed bromegrass hay (7.5% CP; DM basis). Treatments were no supplement (control), SBM fed once every 24 h, or SBM fed once every 72 h. In the SBM treatments, SBM was fed to provide 80 g/d of CP. Blood flow and net flux measurements were made on the 3rd d of each period so that ewes supplemented every 72 h were sampled the day of, the day after, and 2 d after supplementation. Arterial concentrations of a-amino N (AAN) and ammonia N were lower (P < .01) when SBM was fed, whereas arterial concentrations of urea N and oxygen were higher (P < .01). Feeding SBM increased net PDV release of AAN and ammonia N, net PDV removal of urea N, and oxygen consumption. A SBM x sampling day interaction (P < .05) occurred and resulted in greater net PDV absorption of AAN and ammonia N on the day after SBM supplementation when ewes were fed SBM on a 72-h interval. Net hepatic removal of AAN, ammonia N, and oxygen, and net hepatic release of urea N were greater (P < .01) with feeding SBM. The results indicate that the interval of SBM supplementation may affect the pattern of absorption without affecting the net absorption of nutrients. C1 ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, USDA, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Krehbiel, CR (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, Dept Anim & Range Sci, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 44 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 76 IS 9 BP 2464 EP 2473 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 124EV UT WOS:000076169300027 PM 9781502 ER PT J AU Bohnert, DW Larson, BT Bauer, ML Branco, AF McLeod, KR Harmon, DL Mitchell, GE AF Bohnert, DW Larson, BT Bauer, ML Branco, AF McLeod, KR Harmon, DL Mitchell, GE TI Nutritional evaluation of poultry by-product meal as a protein source for ruminants: Effects on performance and nutrient flow and disappearance in steers SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE poultry; byproducts; nitrogen; protein; degradation; steers ID AMINO-ACID-ABSORPTION; CORN GLUTEN MEAL; FEATHER MEAL; SOYBEAN-MEAL; BLOOD MEAL; AMMONIA CONCENTRATION; NITROGEN-UTILIZATION; DIETARY-PROTEIN; SMALL-INTESTINE; GROWING CALVES AB We conducted three studies with steers to evaluate poultry by-product meal (PBM) as a supplemental N source for ruminants. An in situ study compared the solubility, degradation rate, and ruminal escape of PBM N with blood meal (BM), corn gluten meal (CGM), and soybean meal (SBM) N. Additionally, an 84-d growth study(n = 95, 228 +/- 5 kg BW) and a digestion trial (6 x 6 Latin square) were conducted. The basal diet for the growth and digestion studies consisted of 49% corn silage, 36% cottonseed hulls, and 15% supplement (DM basis). Sources of supplemental N (% of total supplemental N) were 100% SBM and 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% PBM, with urea used to balance for N. In situ ruminal escape N (25.2, 55.3, 86.7, and 98.9% for SBM, PBM, CGM, and BM, respectively) was greater (P < .05) for PBM than for SBM; however, a greater (P < .05) proportion of BM and CGM N escaped ruminal degradation compared with PBM. Dry matter intake, ADG and gain/ feed increased linearly (P < .003) as PBM increased; however, no differences (P > .48) were observed in these variables for 100% PBM compared with 100% SBM. Duodenal N flow and small intestinal N disappearance increased linearly (P < .05) as PBM increased in the diet. Bacterial N flow to the small intestine was not affected (P > .19) by treatment; however, 100% SBM decreased (P < .04) bacterial CP synthesis (g bacterial N/kg OM disappearance from the stomach) compared with 0 and 100% PBM. In vivo ruminal escape N of PBM and SBM was 40.6 and 13.7%, respectively. Ruminal NH3 N decreased linearly (P < .001) as PBM increased. These data suggest that PBM can replace SBM as a source of supplemental N for steer calves that consume a diet based on corn silage and cottonseed hulls. C1 ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Larson, BT (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Dept Anim Sci, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. NR 51 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 76 IS 9 BP 2474 EP 2484 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 124EV UT WOS:000076169300028 PM 9781503 ER PT J AU Medina, MB Poole, DJ Anderson, MR AF Medina, MB Poole, DJ Anderson, MR TI A screening method for beta-lactams in tissues hydrolyzed with penicillinase I and lactamase II SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MILK AB Antibiotic residues above tolerance levels are not allowed in foods derived from farm animals. Microbial inhibition assays are used to screen antibiotics in U.S, regulatory laboratories. We developed a screening approach to classify beta-lactams through selective hydrolysis of the beta-lactam ring with Penase(TM) or lactamase II, thereby inactivating the beta-lactam activity. Optimum conditions for hydrolysis of beta-lactams with Penase and lactamase II were determined, beta-Lactams were detected by a microbial inhibition assay and with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays before and after hydrolysis, beta-Lactams (10-100 ppb) were spiked in kidney extracts and hydrolyzed. Results indicate a pattern that tentatively classified the beta-lactams into 3 subgroups. Desfuroyl-ceftiofur-cysteine, a major metabolite of ceftiofur, was clearly detected, Penicillin G, ampicillin, amoxicillin, and cloxacillin were distinguishable from cephapirin, ceftiofur metabolite, and high levels of hetacillin. Liver and kidney tissue samples were analyzed with the combined enzyme hydrolysis and screening assays, which tentatively identified the residues. This approach can speed up screening analysis of beta-lactam residues prior to identification and quantitation by chromatographic analysis, thus enhancing positive identification of residues to provide a safer food supply. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Rohm & Haas Co, Res Labs, Springhouse, PA 19471 USA. Valspar Corp, Pittsburgh, PA 15233 USA. RP Medina, MB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Ln, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 81 IS 5 BP 963 EP 972 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 123GL UT WOS:000076117400008 PM 9772738 ER PT J AU de Groot, P DeBarr, GL AF de Groot, P DeBarr, GL TI Factors affecting capture of the white pine cone beetle, Conophthorus coniperda (Schwarz) (Col., Scolytidae) in pheromone traps SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ANGEWANDTE ENTOMOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID HOPKINS COLEOPTERA; RESINOSAE HOPKINS AB The white pine cone beetle, Conophthorus coniperda, is a serious pest of seed orchards. The sex pheromone (+)-trans-pityol, (2R,5S)-2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-5-methyltetrahydrofuran, shows considerable promise to manage the cone beetle populations in seed orchards. Our work confirms that pityol is an effective attractant to capture male C. coniperda. Traps need to be placed in the tree crown, preferably in the cone-bearing region, to trap out more insects. Japanese beetle traps were superior to the Lindgren funnel traps in capturing insects and trap colour had no significant effect. Commercially available bubble caps for dispensing pheromone were as effective as the experimental 'vial and wick' and the glass capillary tube units. Pityol released at about 0.1 mg . day(-1) (100 female equivalents) was effective, and higher (more expensive) rates did not significantly improve trap catch. C1 Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Forestry Serv, Great Lakes Forestry Ctr, Sault St Marie, ON, Canada. US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Athens, GA USA. RP de Groot, P (reprint author), Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Forestry Serv, Great Lakes Forestry Ctr, Box 490, Sault St Marie, ON, Canada. NR 15 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-2048 J9 J APPL ENTOMOL JI J. Appl. Entomol.-Z. Angew. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 122 IS 6 BP 281 EP 286 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 122RF UT WOS:000076084700001 ER PT J AU Ellis, KJ Wong, WW AF Ellis, KJ Wong, WW TI Human hydrometry: comparison of multifrequency bioelectrical impedance with (2)H(2)O and bromine dilution SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE total body water; extracellular water; intracellular water; children; adults ID TOTAL-BODY WATER; EXTRACELLULAR WATER; DEFICIENT ADULTS; MASS; FAT; COMPARTMENTS; BIOIMPEDANCE; DEUTERIUM; CHILDREN; VOLUME AB The traditional method of assessing total body water (TBW), extracellular water (ECW), and intracellular water (ICW) has been the use of isotopes, on the basis of the dilution principle. Although the development of bioelectrical impedance techniques has eliminated many of the measurement constraints associated with the dilution methods, the degree of interchangeability between the two methods remains uncertain. We used multifrequency bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS), (2)H(2)O dilution, and bromine dilution to assess TBW, ECW and ICW in 469 healthy subjects (248 males, 221 females) aged 3-29 yr. We found that the TBW, ECW and ICW estimates for the BIS and dilution methods were significantly correlated (r(2) = 0.80-0.96, P < 0.0001, SE of the estimate = 2.3-2.7 liters). On the basis of population, the constants used in the BIS analysis could be adjusted so that the mean differences with the dilution methods would become zero. The SD values for the mean differences between the dilution and BIS methods, however, remained significant for both males and females: TBW(+/-2.1-2.8 liters), ECW (+/-1.4-1.6 Liters), and ICW (2.0-3.1 liters). To improve the accuracy of the BIS measurement for an individual within the age range we have examined, further refinement of the constants used in the BIS analysis is needed. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS,Body Composit Lab, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Ellis, KJ (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS,Body Composit Lab, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM kellis@bcm.tmc.edu NR 31 TC 78 Z9 79 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 85 IS 3 BP 1056 EP 1062 PG 7 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA 117KY UT WOS:000075781500037 PM 9729583 ER PT J AU Carlson, DA Offor, II El Messoussi, S Matsuyama, K Mori, K Jallon, JM AF Carlson, DA Offor, II El Messoussi, S Matsuyama, K Mori, K Jallon, JM TI Sex pheromone of Glossina tachinoides: Isolation, identification, and synthesis SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE tsetse fly; sex stimulant; pheromone; hydrocarbon; methylalkanes; gas chromatography; Diptera; biting fly ID TSETSE-FLIES GLOSSINA; CUTICULAR HYDROCARBONS; RECOGNITION PHEROMONE; PALPALIS-PALPALIS; FLY; PALLIDIPES; 13,23-DIMETHYLPENTATRIACONTANE; MORSITANS AB Study of lipids from male and female laboratory-reared flies led to the demonstration of a potent contact sex stimulant in extracts and cuticular hydrocarbons of the female tsetse fly Glossina tachinoides (Westwood) against conspecific males. Thin-layer and column chromatography indicated that extracts contained hydrocarbons and saponifiable lipids. Biological activity was found in the alkanes from females, including prominent branched-chain alkanes that were detected by gas chromatography (GC). The alkanes were separated and collected by preparative gas chromatography (GC), and only the 37-carbon region showed biological activity. GC-mass spectrometry showed the major peak contained a mixture of isomeric 11,23-, 13,25- plus a minor amount of 11,21-dimethylheptatriacontane. Two racemic isomers were synthesized, and bioassays showed that the greatest activity was possessed by the 11,23- isomer with somewhat less activity in 13,25-dimethyl heptatriacontane. Dose-response data showed ED50 at 5 mu g per decoy with solvent-washed males, nonspecific females, or corks as decoys. These alkanes released sexual activity in males that comprised most of the behaviors released by a female By of the same species. C1 Int Atom Energy Agcy, Entomol Res Lab, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria. Nigerian Inst Trypanosomiasis Res, Kaduna, Nigeria. NAM, CNRS, URA 1491, F-91504 Orsay, France. Univ Tokyo, Dept Agr Chem, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 113, Japan. RP Carlson, DA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 16 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 24 IS 9 BP 1563 EP 1575 DI 10.1023/A:1020967918594 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 115LP UT WOS:000075666700011 ER PT J AU Powell, RL Wiggans, GR Norman, HD AF Powell, RL Wiggans, GR Norman, HD TI Equity of elite cow status across states SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE elite cows; genetic evaluation; states ID SELECTION AB Cows with superior genetic merit, based on an economic index for milk, fat, and yields (milk-fat-protein dollars), have been designated as elite by USDA. Because of the concern that adjustment for heterogeneous variance may have resulted in inequitable state representation for elite cows, the percentages of US cows with elite status were compared by state using evaluations of registered Holstein cows from 1990, 1991, and 1997. The numbers and percentages of eligible cows and the proportions of those cows that were designated as elite were determined by state from May 1997 evaluations of 772,302 registered and 1,499,729 grade Holstein cows; means and standard deviations for milk-fat-protein dollars were computed. Correlations were computed among the number of cows that were eligible for elite status, the number of cows that were designated as elite, the percentage of eligible cows that were designated as elite, and the mean and the standard deviation for milk-fat-protein dollars. Models were examined to for ability to predict the percentage of elite cows by state from mean and standard deviation for milk-fat-protein dollars. The number of elite cows for a state was highly correlated to the number of cows that were eligible for elite status. States with >1.0% of eligible cows designated as elite had mean milk-fat-protein dollars that were higher than the US mean of $44, but standard deviations were equal to or slightly lower than the US standard deviation of $71. The mean value for milk-fat-protein dollars was associated with the state percentage of elite cows, but variation of the index was not related. However, the standard deviation for milk-fat-protein dollars was important in explaining the percentage of elite cows if the model also contained the mean value. Differences in the variation of lactation records across states or adjustments for those differences did not appear to cause inequity in designating elite status. Corresponding results for grade cows supported findings for registered cows. C1 USDA ARS, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Powell, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 81 IS 9 BP 2518 EP 2523 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 126NG UT WOS:000076299500024 PM 9785244 ER PT J AU Horan, RD Shortle, JS Abler, DG AF Horan, RD Shortle, JS Abler, DG TI Ambient taxes when polluters have multiple choices SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID ENVIRONMENTAL-POLICY; MORAL HAZARD; EFFICIENCY AB Ambient-based tax-subsidy schemes have drawn considerable interest in nonpoint pollution literature as alternatives to emissions-based instruments. Expanding especially on Segerson's [J. Environ. Econom. Management 15, 88-98 (1988)] seminal article, this article examines the optimal design and budget-balancing properties of ambient tax-subsidy schemes under more realistic assumptions about the dimensions of firms' choice sets than prior research. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Serv Econ Res, Resource & Environm Policy Branch, Resource Econ Div, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Agr Econ & Rural Sociol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Horan, RD (reprint author), Serv Econ Res, Resource & Environm Policy Branch, Resource Econ Div, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 21 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0095-0696 J9 J ENVIRON ECON MANAG JI J.Environ.Econ.Manage. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 36 IS 2 BP 186 EP 199 DI 10.1006/jeem.1998.1041 PG 14 WC Business; Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 125AW UT WOS:000076216100005 ER PT J AU Stout, WL Gburek, WJ Schnabel, RR Folmar, GJ Weaver, SR AF Stout, WL Gburek, WJ Schnabel, RR Folmar, GJ Weaver, SR TI Soil-climate effects on nitrate leaching from cattle excreta SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION; NITROGEN; PASTURE; URINE; MANAGEMENT; LYSIMETER; GRASSLAND; RETURNS; LOSSES AB Management intensive grazing (MIG) is a grazing system in which animals at a high stocking density are rotated through several paddocks at short time intervals (12-24 h) so that animal performance is maximized. Although MIG has the potential to increase dairy farm profitability in the northeast USA, recent work in this region has shown that a substantial amount of N recycled through urine is leached below the root zone. How soil properties, particularly water-holding capacity, can affect NO3-N leaching from beneath urine and feces spots under the climatic conditions of the northeast USA is not known. We conducted a field study to measure NO3-N leaching loss from spring-, summer-, and fall-applied urine and summer applied feces beneath N-fertilized orchardgrass (Dactyls glomerata L., cv. Pennlate) using large drainage lysimeters installed in two soils that differed greatly in soil water storage capacity. The study sites were located in central Pennsylvania on a Hagerstown silt loam soil (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalf) and a Hartleton channery silt loam (loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludult). Compared to the Hagerstown soil, the Hartleton soil provided an 85% decrease in plant N uptake, a 52% increase in leachate volume, but no significant increase in NO3-N leaching beneath urine spots. However, the lower soil water-holding capacity of the Hartleton soil caused the NO3-N leaching losses to be more evenly distributed over the year. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Stout, WL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 30 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 27 IS 5 BP 992 EP 998 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 122EU UT WOS:000076059600002 ER PT J AU Donald, WW Hjelmfelt, AT Alberts, EE AF Donald, WW Hjelmfelt, AT Alberts, EE TI Herbicide distribution and variability across Goodwater Creek Watershed in North Central Missouri SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID LAKE ERIE BASIN; SURFACE-WATER; CONSERVATION TILLAGE; MANAGEMENT-PRACTICES; PESTICIDE RUNOFF; CORN PRODUCTION; ATRAZINE; RIVER; METOLACHLOR; ALACHLOR AB One objective of the Missouri Management Systems Evaluation Area was to monitor and assess surface water quality, including spatial and temporal variability in herbicide concentrations within the 7250 ha Goodwater Creek Watershed. Stream water was sampled at all stream-road intersections across the watershed on 10 occasions in 1993 and 1994. Maps of herbicide distribution established that widespread, seasonal contamination of streams in Goodwater Creek Watershed was due to nonpoint sources (e.g., widespread, but normal farm use) rather than from point sources. Box plots documented concentration variability over time. Concentrations of atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) deethylatrazine [2,4-diamino-6-chloro-N-(l-methylethyl)-1,3,5-tria deisopropylatrazine [2,4-diamino-6-chloro-N-ethyl-1,3,5-triazine], and metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] were also monitored at least weekly from 1993 to 1994 at three V-notch webs through which 16.7, 43.4, and 100% of the watershed drained. Atrazine, deethylatrazine, and metolachlor were detected year round at concentrations above 0.1 mu g/L. Atrazine concentrations observed at webs were occasionally >100 mu g/L and were similar to edge-of-field concentrations observed elsewhere shortly after spraying in May to June, probably because the watershed's poorly drained, silt loam soils contain a restrictive claypan horizon that limits infiltration and encourages surface runoff. C1 Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Donald, WW (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Res Unit, 269 Agr Eng, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. EM donaldw@missouri.edu NR 66 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 27 IS 5 BP 999 EP 1009 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 122EU UT WOS:000076059600003 ER PT J AU Brown, SL Chaney, RL Angle, JS Ryan, JA AF Brown, SL Chaney, RL Angle, JS Ryan, JA TI The phytoavailability of cadmium to lettuce in long-term biosolids-amended soils SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SEWAGE-SLUDGE; ZINC; METALS; PHYTOTOXICITY; ACCUMULATION; TERMINATION; COPPER AB A held study was conducted to assess the phytoavailability of Cd in long-term biosolids-amended plots managed at high and low pH. The experiment, established 13 to 15 gr prior to the present cropping, on a Christiana fine sandy loam soil (a clayey, kaolinitic, mesic Typic Paleudult) used a variety of biosolids. Two of the biosolids had total Cd concentrations of 13.4 and 210 mg kg(-1). A Cd salt treatment, with Cd added to soil at a rate equivalent to the Cd added by the higher Cd biosolids applied at 100 Mg ha(-1) was also included. The lettuce (Lactuca sativa var, longifolia) cultivar (Paris Island Cos) used in the initial study was also used in the current study. Lettuce Cd was compared between treatments, and in relation to the soil Cd/soil organic C (OC) ratio. There has been no significant increase in plant Cd since the initial cropping. With 16% of the biosolids added OC remaining, lettuce grown on the soil amended with the more contaminated biosolids was not different than that of the initial cropping. Further, significantly less Cd was taken up by lettuce grown on biosolids-amended soil than lettuce grown on soil amended with equivalent rates of Cd salt. The Cd concentration in lettuce gown in the low Cd biosolids treatment was not different from the control. These results indicate that the potential hazards associated with food chain transfer of biosolids-applied Cd are substantially lower than equivalent Cd salt treatments, and that the hazards do not increase over time. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Agron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, BARC W, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Brown, SL (reprint author), Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM sbrown@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 40 TC 96 Z9 102 U1 2 U2 22 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 27 IS 5 BP 1071 EP 1078 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 122EU UT WOS:000076059600011 ER PT J AU Kessavalou, A Mosier, AR Doran, JW Drijber, RA Lyon, DJ Heinemeyer, O AF Kessavalou, A Mosier, AR Doran, JW Drijber, RA Lyon, DJ Heinemeyer, O TI Fluxes of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane in grass sod and winter wheat-fallow tillage management SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID MICROBIAL BIOMASS; FIELD MEASUREMENT; SOILS; EMISSIONS; WATER AB Cropping and tillage management can increase atmospheric CO2, N2O, and CH4 concentrations, and contribute to global warming and destruction of the ozone layer. Fluxes of these gases in vented surface chambers, and water filled pore space (WFPS) and temperature of survace soil were measured weekly from a long-term winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-fallow rotation system under chemical (no-tillage) and mechanical tillage (noninversion subtillage at 7 to 10 cm or moldboard plowing to 15 cm) follow management and compared with those from "native" grass sod at Sidney, NE, from March 1993 to July 1995. Cropping, tillage, within-field location, time of year, soil temperature, and WFPS influenced net greenhouse gas fluxes. Mean annual interrow CO2 emissions from wheat-fallow ranged from 6.9 to 20.1 kg C ha(-1) d(-1) and generally increased with intensity and degree of tillage (no-till least and plow greatest). Nitrous oxide flux averaged <1.2 g N ha(-1) d(-1) for sod and 1 to 2 g N ha(-1) d(-1) for wheat-fallow. Tillage during fallow increased NIO flux by almost 100%. Nitrous oxide emissions were 1.5 to 3.7 times greater from crop row than interrow locations with greatest differences occurring during periods of highest N2O emission. Mean annual N2O flux over the 3 Jr of study were 1.54 and 0.76 g N ha(-1) d(-1) for row and interrow locations. Methane uptake ranged from 5.9 to 9.9 g C ha(-1) d(-1) and was not influenced by row location. Seasonal CO2 and N2O flux, and CH4 uptake ranked as spring greater than or equal to summer > autumn > winter. Winter periods accounted for 4 to 10% and 3 to 47% of the annual CO2 and N2O flux, respectively, and 12 to 21% of the annual CH4 uptake. Fluxes of CO2 and N2O, and CH4 uptake increased linearly with soil temperature. No-till fallow exhibited the least threat to deterioration of atmospheric or soil quality as reflected by greater CH4 uptake, decreased N2O and CO2 emissions, and less loss of soil organic C than tilled soils. However, potential for increased C sequestration in this wheat-fallow system is limited due to reduced C input from intermittent cropping. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Panhandle Res & Extens Ctr, Scottsbluff, NE 69361 USA. FAL, Braunschweig, Germany. RP Doran, JW (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, 116 Keim Hall,E Campus, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 26 TC 146 Z9 168 U1 5 U2 51 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 27 IS 5 BP 1094 EP 1104 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 122EU UT WOS:000076059600014 ER PT J AU Kessavalou, A Doran, JW Mosier, AR Drijber, RA AF Kessavalou, A Doran, JW Mosier, AR Drijber, RA TI Greenhouse gas fluxes following tillage and wetting in a wheat-fallow cropping system SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID NITROUS-OXIDE FLUXES; FIELD MEASUREMENT; SOIL-WATER; DRY SOIL; DENITRIFICATION; NITRATE; EMISSION; METHANE; CARBON AB Little is known about the relative contributions of episodic tillage and precipitation events to annual greenhouse gas emissions from soil. Consequently, we measured carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4) fluxes from soil in a wheat-fallow cropping system in western Nebraska using vented surface chambers, before and immediately after tillage and wetting with 5.1 cm of water, during the fallow period in 1995/1996. Replicated fallow management treatments included no-tillage, subtillage, and plow representing a wide range in degree of soil disturbance. Soil bulk density, water-filled pore space, electrical conductivity (ECh(1:1)), nitrate (NO3), and pH within the top 30.5 cm soil, and soil temperature at 0 to 7.6 cm were measured to assess their correlation with variations in gas nux and tillage and wetting. Atmospheric concentrations above the soil (at similar to 40 cm) increased by 15% for CO2 and 9 to 31% for N2O and 6 to 16% for CH4 within 1 min after tillage and returned to background concentrations within 2 h. Except immediately after tillage, net CH4 nux was negative, from the atmosphere into soil, and is referred to as CH4 uptake. Overall, increases (1.5-4-fold) in CO2 and N2O losses from soil, and CH4 uptake by soil were short Lived and returned to background levels within 8 to 24 h after tillage. Losses of CO2 and N2O increased to 1.7 and 5 times background emissions, respectively, for 24 h following wetting, while CH4 uptake declined by about 60% for 3 to 14 d after wetting. Water-filled pore space in the surface soil fell below 60% within 24 h after saturation and exhibited an inverse relationship (R-2 = 0.66) with CH4 uptake. A significant decline in soil NO3 and EC1:1 in the top 7.6 cm occurred following wetting. Under our experimental conditions, and the expected frequency of tillage and wetting events, failure to include these short-lived episodic gas pulses in annual nux estimations may underestimate annual CO2 and N2O loss up to 13 and 24%, respectively, and overestimate CH4 uptake by up to 18% in this cropping system. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Doran, JW (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, 116 Keim Hall,E Campus, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. EM jdoran@unlinfo.unl.edu NR 27 TC 82 Z9 89 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 EI 1537-2537 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 27 IS 5 BP 1105 EP 1116 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 122EU UT WOS:000076059600015 ER PT J AU Anderson, IC Poth, MA AF Anderson, IC Poth, MA TI Controls on fluxes of trace gases from Brazilian cerrado soils SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID NITROUS-OXIDE PRODUCTION; TEMPERATE FOREST SOILS; NITRIC-OXIDE; NITROSOMONAS-EUROPAEA; TROPICAL FOREST; HETEROTROPHIC NITRIFICATION; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; ALCALIGENES-FAECALIS; NITRIFYING BACTERIA; BIOGENIC EMISSIONS AB Tropical ecosystems play an important role in production or consumption of atmospheric trace gases including nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N(2)O), carbon dioxide (CO(2)), and methane (CH(4)). Here we describe field and laboratory experiments, performed during 1994, to determine the influence of fire on processes responsible for fluxes of gases from cerrado sites burned 17 and 45 d earlier, and a control site, last burned in 1974. Burning stimulated gross N mineralization but depressed nitrification rates; however, rates were sufficient to support NO fluxes observed in a 1992 study at the same site. Extractable nutrients and fluxes of NO and N(2)O from wetted and dry soils were measured prior to and for a 3-d period following burning. Over this period NO(2)(-) declined to undetectable levels; NH(4)(+) increased, and NO fluxes remained relatively constant, suggesting that nitrifiers replaced the NO(2)(-) reduced to NO. Soils at burned and unburned sites exhibited CH(4) uptake, which was inhibited by CH(3)F, thereby converting soils from a strong sink to a weak source of CH(4). Carbon dioxide fluxes did not increase, and there were no detectable fluxes of N(2)O following burning. In lab studies NO and N(2)O emissions were inhibited by autoclaving, suggesting that nitrification was key to their production. However, addition of NO(2)(-) to autoclaved soil resulted in large fluxes of NO but no detectable N(2)O, suggesting that chemodenitrification may have been responsible for NO but not N(2)O production. Further research is needed to determine whether NO is produced directly by nitrifier NO(2)(-) reduction or indirectly by chemodenitrification of NO(2)(-) produced by nitrifiers. C1 Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Anderson, IC (reprint author), Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, POB 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. EM iris@vims.edu NR 76 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 27 IS 5 BP 1117 EP 1124 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 122EU UT WOS:000076059600016 ER PT J AU Douglas, CL King, KA Zuzel, JF AF Douglas, CL King, KA Zuzel, JF TI Nitrogen and phosphorus in surface runoff and sediment from a wheat-pea rotation in northeastern Oregon SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SOIL-EROSION; LOSSES; TILLAGE; FERTILIZER; NUTRIENTS AB Runoff and erosion from cultivated fields are suggested as major sources of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) entering lakes and streams. Loss of these nutrients can be impacted by soil and crop management practices. There is relatively little information on nutrients leaving agricultural fields in the dryland areas of the Pacific Northwest, especially as impacted by different crops and crop rotations. Nutrients in surface runoff and soil leaving a series of plots in northeast Oregon were evaluated for 5 yr. Objectives were to evaluate the effects of a wheat-pea (Triticum aestivium L.-Pisum sativum L.) rotation on N and P in surface runoff and eroded soil. Cumulative N and P lost in runoff were less than 3 and 0.2 kg ha(-1), respectively. Total N lost from continuous fallow (CP) plots, even though they were never fertilized, ranged from 20 to 100 kg ha(-1) yr(-1). This was much more N than was lost from winter wheat (WW) (5-70 kg ha(-1) yr(-1)) and spring pea (SP) (25-40 kg ha(-1) yr(-1)), because there was much more sediment loss from CF than from WW or SP plots. The same scenario occurred with P as with N, with loss from CF of 8 to 48 kg ha(-1) yr(-1), WW of 2 to 28 kg ha(-1) yr(-1), and from SP of 8 to 16 kg ha(-1) yr(-1). All fertilizer was surface-applied and 25 to 76% of the fertilizer applied was lost in 5 yr, depending on the time of fertilizer application and the type of crop growing. Nutrient loss from these fields can be controlled by controlling soil erosion. C1 USDA ARS, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. RP Douglas, CL (reprint author), USDA ARS, POB 370, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. EM clyde.douglas@orst.edu NR 37 TC 44 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 27 IS 5 BP 1170 EP 1177 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 122EU UT WOS:000076059600022 ER PT J AU Ajwa, HA Banuelos, GS Mayland, HF AF Ajwa, HA Banuelos, GS Mayland, HF TI Selenium uptake by plants from soils amended with inorganic and organic materials SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID CALIFORNIA SOILS; TREATED SOIL; ACCUMULATION; BORON; SELENOMETHIONINE; TRANSFORMATIONS; SALINITY; REMOVAL; FORAGE; TISSUE AB Depending on its concentration and chemical form, Se functions as an essential element or potential toxicant to humans, livestock, and waterfowl. Application of seleniferous organic materials to soils may increase plant-available Se content and pose health hazards. This study assessed Se uptake by two successive plantings of canola (Brassica napus cv. Westar) and multiple clippings of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L. cv. Fawn) grown in soils [Hanford sandy loam (coarse-loamy, mixed, thermic Typic Durixeralfs) and Panoche clay loam (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, thermic Typic Torriorthents)] amended with 1.5 mg Se kg(-1) soil as inorganic selenate (Se O-4(2-)) or seleniferous organic materials [alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), Astragalus praelongus, or cattle (Bos tauris) manure] under growth chamber conditions. Tissues of canola and tall fescue accumulated much greater concentrations of Se from the inorganic SeO42- treatment compared to the treatments with seleniferous organic materials. The addition of crop residue or animal manure to the SeO42--treated soils considerably reduced Se accumulation by both plant species. In soils amended with seleniferous organic materials, more than 80% of the Se remained in soils after two plantings of canola and all clippings of tall fescue. The slow release of plant-available Se in soils amended,vith seleniferous organic materials suggests the use of these materials to control the concentrations of Se in crops grown on nonseleniferous soils. C1 USDA ARS, Water Management Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soil Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Ajwa, HA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Water Management Res Lab, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RI Barickman, Thomas/I-6993-2012 NR 37 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 27 IS 5 BP 1218 EP 1227 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 122EU UT WOS:000076059600028 ER PT J AU Thorne, ME Zamora, BA Kennedy, AC AF Thorne, ME Zamora, BA Kennedy, AC TI Sewage sludge and mycorrhizal effects on secar bluebunch wheatgrass in mine spoil SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA; FERTILIZER AMENDMENTS; FUNGI; SOIL; PLANTS; ESTABLISHMENT; REVEGETATION; ACQUISITION; RECLAMATION; RESPONSES AB Establishing vegetation on mine spoil often requires amendments to supply nutrients and microorganisms to re-establish attributes associated with developed soil. Arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and composted sewage sludge (CSS) were evaluated as possible mine-spoil amendments to create a topsoil substitute for revegetation of the Midnite Mine, Stevens County, Washington. Most original topsoil was buried and existing spoil is low in nutrients and organic matter and not capable of supporting desired vegetation. Secar bluebunch wheatgrass [Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) A. Love x Elymus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) Gould] was grown in nonsterile spoil amended with 0.0, 6.2, 12.4, 24.5, and 49.0 g dry CSS per liter of spoil-sand mix for 16 wk in a glasshouse experiment. Arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi treatments were spores of Glomus mosseae [(Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerdemann & Trappe] collected from native bluebunch wheatgrass plants, non-native spores of Glomus intraradices (Schenck & Smith) and Entrophaspora sp. (Ames & Schneider), or no added spores. In addition, Secar was grown in nonsterile, stock-piled topsoil with both AMF treatments to compare to AMF present in the topsoil. Each CSS rate increase produced increased aboveground and belowground plant growth. Secar growth was enhanced by native AMF in CSS-amended spoil. Composted sewage sludge appeared to reduce AMF colonization; however, hyphae levels in plants with native AMF were unaffected. Plant growth was not affected by AMF treatments in stockpiled topsoil but AMF colonization was greater in plants with the topsoil alone. Benefits from CSS and selection of an effective AMF culture are evident. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Zamora, BA (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 34 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 27 IS 5 BP 1228 EP 1233 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 122EU UT WOS:000076059600029 ER PT J AU Bunce, JA AF Bunce, JA TI The temperature dependence of the stimulation of photosynthesis by elevated carbon dioxide in wheat and barley SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE barley; carbon dioxide; photosynthesis; temperature; wheat ID RIBULOSE-1,5-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE OXYGENASE; RIBULOSE 1,5-BISPHOSPHATE; CO2/O2 SPECIFICITY; ASSIMILATION; RESPIRATION; EXCHANGE; PLANTS; LIGHT AB The temperature dependencies of the solubility of carbon dioxide and oxygen in water and the temperature dependency of the kinetic characteristics of the ribulose-1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) enzyme result in the short-term stimulation of photosynthesis with a doubling of carbon dioxide from 350 to 700 mu mol mol(-1) usually decreasing from about 90% at 30 degrees C to about 25% at 10 degrees C at high photon flux. In field-grown wheat and barley, the expected values at 30 degrees C were observed, but also values as high as 60% at 10 degrees C. The much larger than expected stimulation at cool temperatures in these species also occurred in plants grown at 15 degrees C, but not at 23 degrees C in controlled environment chambers. Gas exchange analysis indicated that an unusually high diffusive limitation was not an explanation for the large response. Assessment of the apparent in vivo specificity of Rubisco by determining the carbon dioxide concentration at which carboxylation equalled carbon dioxide release from oxygenation, indicated that growth at row temperatures altered the apparent enzyme specificity in these species compared to these species grown at the warmer temperature. Inserting the observed specificities into a biochemical model of photosynthesis indicated that altered Rubisco specificity was consistent with the observed rates of assimilation. Whether altered apparent Rubisco specificity is caused by altered stoichiometry of photorespiration or an actual change in enzyme specificity, the results indicate that the temperature dependence of the stimulation of photosynthesis by elevated carbon dioxide may vary greatly with species and with prior exposure to low temperatures. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bunce, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Climate Stress Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 15 TC 34 Z9 41 U1 7 U2 24 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-0957 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 49 IS 326 BP 1555 EP 1561 DI 10.1093/jexbot/49.326.1555 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 114MJ UT WOS:000075613000012 ER PT J AU Guraya, R Frank, JF Hassan, AN AF Guraya, R Frank, JF Hassan, AN TI Effectiveness of salt, pH, and diacetyl as inhibitors for Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in dairy foods stored at refrigeration temperatures SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME; APPLE CIDER; SURVIVAL; GROWTH; FATE; MEDIA AB The behavior of Escherichia coli O157:H7 inoculated in 10% rehydrated nonfat dry milk adjusted to pH levels between 3.8 and 5.4 with lactic acid, salt levels of 0 to 6%, and diacetyl levels of 0, 5, and 10 mu g/g was determined at 4 and 12 degrees C. Cell populations were determined by surface plating on tryptic soy agar after 7 and 35 days of incubation. Survival was also determined using retail cultured dairy products. E. coli O157:H7 did not survive in skim milli at pH 3.8 and was reduced by 3 log cycles at pH 4.1, regardless of salt, diacetyl, and temperature levels. At pH levels above 4.4, survival was observed at lower salt concentrations for up to 35 days at both 12 and 4 degrees C. The organism grew (up to a 2.2-log increase) at pH 5.0 at 2% salt levels after 35 days of storage at 12 degrees C but not at 4 degrees C. Diacetyl at a concentration of 10 ppm had no effect on survival and growth. In all but one case, E. coli O157:H7 was inactivated in yogurt, sour cream, and buttermilk at a rate similar to or greater than what was consistent with the acidified skim milk data. Also consistent with the skim milk data, growth occurred in two of the three cottage cheese samples at 12 degrees C after 7 days but not after 35 days or at 4 degrees C, when a 1- to 2-log decline was observed. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Ctr Food Safety & Qual Enhancement, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Minia, Minia, Egypt. RP Frank, JF (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Ctr Food Safety & Qual Enhancement, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM frank@flavor.fst.uga.edu NR 24 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 10 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 61 IS 9 BP 1098 EP 1102 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 118ZQ UT WOS:000075871200002 PM 9766058 ER PT J AU Berry, ED Dorsa, WJ Siragusa, GR Koohmaraie, M AF Berry, ED Dorsa, WJ Siragusa, GR Koohmaraie, M TI Bacterial cross-contamination of meat during liquid nitrogen immersion freezing SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID CALLIPYGE GENE; PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; MUSCLE GROWTH; QUALITY; LAMBS; BEEF AB Prerigor beef carcass surface tissue (BCT) was used to simulate lamb carcasses on a processing line with a 15-min liquid nitrogen (LN) immersion freezing step, and the potential for the dissemination of bacteria during freezing was examined. Streptomycin-resistant strains of Listeria innocua and Escherichia coli O157:H7 spiked into a fecal slurry were inoculated onto BCT pieces that were introduced into the freezing process to represent contaminated carcasses. Following this introduction, subsequently frozen uninoculated BCT, LN, and LN containers were examined for the inoculated organisms. In the first study, BCT samples were inoculated with ca. 7 log CFU/cm(2) of both L. innocua and E. coli O157:H7, spray washed with water and frozen, distributed among uninoculated BCT, in LN for 15 min. In two separate trials, L. innocua was recovered by enrichment from all uninoculated BCT and LN samples. E. coli O157:H7 was also recovered from uninoculated BCT and LN, but this cross-contamination was more sporadic. Both species were recovered from the LN container following freezing. Attempts to enumerate cross-contaminating bacteria in the second trial indicated that contaminating levels were low (<1.0 CFU/cm(2) BCT). In a second study, a 2.0% lactic acid spray wash was used to reduce further the numbers of L. innocua introduced into the freezing system and resulted in fewer positive samples, although this organism was still recovered from many uninoculated BCT samples. When either bacterium was inoculated at lower initial levels (1.35 to 1.77 log CFU/cm(2)) and BCT was water or 2.0% lactic acid spray washed prior to freezing, neither L. innocua nor E. coli O157:H7 was recoverable by enrichment from uninoculated BCT, LN, or from the freezing container. Results demonstrate that bacterial cross-contamination of meat during LN immersion freezing can occur but indicate that the use of good sanitation practices and product with low microbial numbers can Limit this occurrence. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Berry, ED (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166,Spur 18D, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. EM berry@email.marc.usda.gov RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 61 IS 9 BP 1103 EP 1108 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 118ZQ UT WOS:000075871200003 PM 9766059 ER PT J AU Dorsa, WJ Cutter, CN Siragusa, GR AF Dorsa, WJ Cutter, CN Siragusa, GR TI Bacterial profile of ground beef made from carcass tissue experimentally contaminated with pathogenic and spoilage bacteria before being washed with hot water, alkaline solution, or organic acid and then stored at 4 or 12 degrees C SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; LACTIC-ACID; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; MICROBIAL DECONTAMINATION; CLOSTRIDIUM-SPOROGENES; CARBON-DIOXIDE; STORAGE; GROWTH; MICROFLORA; SURFACES AB The long-term effectiveness of several beef-carcass surface-tissue (BCT) wash interventions on the microbiology of ground beef produced from this tissue was determined. BCT was inoculated with bovine feces containing one of two different levels (ca. 4 or 6 log CFU/ml) of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria innocua, Salmonella typhimurium, and Clostridium sporogenes. The BCT was then subjected to one of several treatment washes: 2% (vol/vol) DL-lactic acid (LA), 2% (vol/vol) acetic acid (AA), 12% (wt/vol) trisodium phosphate (TSP), hot water (HW; 74 +/- 2 degrees C at the tissue surface), or water (WW; 32 +/- 2 degrees 0 at the tissue surface). A control group was left untreated. After treatments, BCT was held at 4 degrees C for 24 h and then ground. The ground beef was packaged and incubated at 4 degrees 0. for 21 days or 12 degrees C for 3 days. AA-treated samples held at 12 degrees C for 3 days yielded significantly lower aerobic plate counts than the control and also yielded the lowest levels of pseudomonads when compared to other sample groups. After being held at 4 degrees C for 21 days or 12 degrees C for 3 days, samples treated with antimicrobial compounds had lower or no detectable (<1 CFU/g) levels of E. coli O157:H7, L. innocua, S. typhimurium, and C. sporogenes than beef treated with a WW or the control. Ground beef produced from tissue treated with HW yielded lower populations of these bacteria when compared to WW or untreated control beef, but the populations were generally higher than those observed in any of the antimicrobial chemical-treated samples. These trends continued throughout all storage conditions over time. Results from this study indicate that the use of carcass interventions, especially antimicrobial compounds, presently available to the slaughter industry will lower bacterial counts in ground beef. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Siragusa, GR (reprint author), John Morrell & Co, 805 E Kemper Rd, Cincinnati, OH 45246 USA. EM siragusa@email.marc.usda.gov NR 34 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 61 IS 9 BP 1109 EP 1118 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 118ZQ UT WOS:000075871200004 PM 9766060 ER PT J AU Smith, JL AF Smith, JL TI Foodborne illness in the elderly SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Review ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; AGE-RELATED DECLINE; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES INFECTION; GASTRIC-ACID SECRETION; CELL-MEDIATED-IMMUNITY; UNITED-STATES; NURSING-HOME; YERSINIA-ENTEROCOLITICA; MONOCLONAL GAMMOPATHIES; HOSPITALIZED-PATIENTS AB The elderly (greater than or equal to 65 years of age) are more susceptible to morbidity and mortality from foodborne-induced gastroenteritis than younger individuals. Several factors contribute to the increased susceptibility to foodborne infections as well as other infections in elderly populations. These include an age-associated decrease in humoral and cellular immunity, age-related changes in the gastrointestinal tract (decreased production of gastric acid and decreased intestinal motility), malnutrition, lack of exercise, entry into nursing homes, and excessive use of antibiotics. Data from foodborne outbreaks associated with nursing homes indicate that the elderly are more likely to die from foodborne Campylobacter Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus infections than the general population. Infections by Salmonella species are the most common cause of illness and death in nursing homes with Salmonella enteritidis as the major cause of both morbidity and mortality. While it is impossible to turn back the clock, practicing a healthy life-style with regular exercise, maintaining a balanced diet, receiving regular health care, paying attention to personal hygiene, and monitoring food preparation and handling should lead to a reduced incidence of foodborne and other infections in the elderly. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Dept Microbial Food Safety, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Smith, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Dept Microbial Food Safety, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM jsmith@arserrc.gov NR 143 TC 75 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 8 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 61 IS 9 BP 1229 EP 1239 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 118ZQ UT WOS:000075871200027 PM 9766083 ER PT J AU Walter, WM Sylvia, KE Truong, VD AF Walter, WM Sylvia, KE Truong, VD TI Alkali-neutralization process maintains the firmness and sensory quality of canned sweetpotato pieces SO JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY LA English DT Article ID ACIDIFICATION; VEGETABLES; TEXTURE; PECTIN AB Jewel cultivar SP stored 1, 5, and 10 months after harvest were peeled, cut into pieces, treated, and canned in 15 and 30 deg Brit syrups. Samples were evaluated for degree of disintegration (wholeness), firmness (shear force), chemical composition, and sensory acceptance. Untreated samples (controls) disintegrated as storage time prior to processing increased, while treated samples remained intact; firmness and sensory texture scores declined with increasing storage time. Treated samples were significantly firmer than controls throughout the study, and, although shear force declined over time, sensory panelists did not detect any texture change. Overall sensory acceptance at 10 months was greatest for phosphate-treated samples in 30 deg Brix syrup. Thus, the alkali-neutralization process retains firmness, wholeness, and sensory quality of SP canned after long-term storage. This process will permit commercial processing of SP roots stored for up to 10 months. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Food Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Walter, WM (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Food Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0146-9428 J9 J FOOD QUALITY JI J. Food Qual. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 21 IS 5 BP 421 EP 431 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4557.1998.tb00533.x PG 11 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 121JB UT WOS:000076009200006 ER PT J AU Berry, BW AF Berry, BW TI Cooked color in high pH beef patties as related to fat content and cooking from the frozen or thawed state SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef patties; fat content; cooked color; frozen state ID GROUND-BEEF; INTERNAL COLOR; TEMPERATURE; LEVEL AB Beef patties were processed from high pH (>6.0) beef to contain 5, 10, 15, 20 or 25% fat. Patties were cooked to 71 degrees C from the frozen or thawed state before evaluating color. Neither fat content nor state of patties when cooked exerted any major influence on color, but linear effects (P<0.01) in association with increased fat content included higher L* values and hue angles and lower a* values (15.2% reduction). Higher values for L*, b* (but not for 5% fat patties), and hue angles were observed for patties cooked thawed rather than frozen. The use of high pH beef lessened the effects of increased fat and cooking from the thawed state on increased brown color in cooked patties. C1 ARS, Meat Sci Res Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Berry, BW (reprint author), ARS, Meat Sci Res Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 24 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 63 IS 5 BP 797 EP 800 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1998.tb17903.x PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 133AF UT WOS:000076663700013 ER PT J AU Onwulata, CI Konstance, RP Smith, PW Holsinger, VH AF Onwulata, CI Konstance, RP Smith, PW Holsinger, VH TI Physical properties of extruded products as affected by cheese whey SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE corn; breaking strength; extrusion; whey proteins; water absorption ID EXTRUSION-COOKING; RICE FLOUR; BLENDS; STARCH; MOISTURE; MEAL; MILK AB Corn, rice and potato flour were extruded with sweet whey solids (SWS) or whey protein concentrate (WPC) using low and high shear extrusion processing conditions. WPC added at product content of 25% had minimal effect on the texture of extruded products. Expansion and breaking strength were improved in some processes through changes in extrusion shear and moisture. Whey product incorporation resulted In reduced specific mechanical energy input to the process. Increasing whey product concentration beyond 25% reduced expansion and water absorption indices significantly, affecting textural hardness. Product quality characteristics were directly related to the whey product content. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Onwulata, CI (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 27 TC 59 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 9 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 63 IS 5 BP 814 EP 818 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1998.tb17906.x PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 133AF UT WOS:000076663700016 ER PT J AU Konstance, RP Onwulata, CI Smith, PW Lu, D Tunick, MH Strange, ED Holsinger, VH AF Konstance, RP Onwulata, CI Smith, PW Lu, D Tunick, MH Strange, ED Holsinger, VH TI Nutrient-based corn and soy products by twin-screw extrusion SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE extrusion; corn; soy; precooked; consistency; nutrition ID STARCH; GELATINIZATION; EXTRUDER AB Blends were developed to provide 20% protein, 12% fat,68% carbohydrate and 8% moisture. High protein soy products (full fat flakes, protein isolate and/or concentrate) were formulated with corn meal and soybean oil to provide high protein and fat. The blends were extruded to provide pre-cooked foods that could be reconstituted at 40 degrees C to a porridge or gruel, eliminating prolonged cooking or degradation of heat labile nutrients. Two types of soy isolate and concentrate were evaluated under extrusion temperatures from 100 to 130 degrees C and feed moistures 8.5 to 18%. The extrusion of lower valued concentrates at 100 to 115 degrees C with moisture from 12 to 18% produced a precooked mix that was high In nutrients and contained the most available lysine. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Konstance, RP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RI Tunick, Michael/C-9761-2010 NR 23 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 8 U2 11 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 63 IS 5 BP 864 EP 868 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1998.tb17915.x PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 133AF UT WOS:000076663700026 ER PT J AU Juneja, VK Martin, ST Sapers, GM AF Juneja, VK Martin, ST Sapers, GM TI Control of Listeria monocytogenes in vacuum-packaged pre-pooled potatoes SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Listeria monocytogenes; browning inhibitor; potatoes ID CLOSTRIDIUM-BOTULINUM; FRESH; FOODS; PRODUCE AB Growth of Listeria monocytogenes on the surface of fresh peeled potatoes, treated with sulfite or a commercial browning inhibitor (CBI), packaged under vacuum and stored at 4, 15 and 28 degrees C was determined. At 4 degrees C, L. monocytogenes did not grow in all treated potatoes even after 21 days. At 15 degrees C, L. monocytogenes grew to 7 log(10) CFU/g within 12 days in the potatoes treated with sulfite or CBI. At 28 degrees C, L. monocytogenes population was greater than 3 log(10) CFU/g by 24 h in all samples regardless of treatment. Sulfites or a CBI appeared to provide a measure of safety in pre-peeled potatoes packaged under vacuum when kept at proper refrigeration temperatures. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EPL Technol Inc, Philadelphia, PA 19113 USA. RP Juneja, VK (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 28 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 10 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 63 IS 5 BP 911 EP 914 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1998.tb17925.x PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 133AF UT WOS:000076663700038 ER PT J AU Strom, BL Schneider, KA AF Strom, BL Schneider, KA TI Community involvement: A missing link in professional ethics SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. USDA, US Forest Serv, Heritage Resource Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Strom, BL (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, 2500 Shreveport Highway, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 96 IS 9 BP 56 EP 56 PG 1 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 118VJ UT WOS:000075861000017 ER PT J AU Mangum, FA Winget, RN AF Mangum, FA Winget, RN TI Environmental profile of Seratella tibialis McDunnough (Ephemeroptera : Ephemerellidae) in the western United States SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STREAMS AB Occurrences of nymphs of Seratella tibialis in streams of eleven western states were related to water quality and physical habitat parameters of stream stations. Nymphs were collected from only 182 of 903 stations sampled in nine states; the species was absent from all 50 stations in two other states. Seratella tibialis nymphs occurred mostly at stations with good water quality and stable stream banks. Absence of nymphs has limited predictive value since the distribution of Seratella tibialis was naturally spotty and the species was absent from the majority of stations. C1 US Forest Serv, Intermt Reg, USDA, Ogden, UT 84401 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Natl Aquat Ecosyst Monitoring Lab, Provo, UT 84602 USA. Brigham Young Univ Hawaii, MSC Div, Laie, HI 96762 USA. RP Mangum, FA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Intermt Reg, USDA, Fed Bldg 324,25th St, Ogden, UT 84401 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 13 IS 3 BP 279 EP 285 DI 10.1080/02705060.1998.9663620 PG 7 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 121XZ UT WOS:000076042500004 ER PT J AU Zhang, YP Kirkpatrick, BC Smart, CD Uyemoto, JK AF Zhang, YP Kirkpatrick, BC Smart, CD Uyemoto, JK TI cDNA cloning and molecular characterization of cherry green ring mottle virus SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID COMPLETE NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; STRIPE MOSAIC-VIRUS; COAT PROTEIN GENE; STRANDED-RNA; GENOMIC RNA; POTEXVIRUSES; HOMOLOGIES; ORGANIZATION; TRANSCRIPTS; TOBACCO AB The complete nucleotide sequence of the cherry green ring mottle virus (CGRMV) genome was determined to be 8372 nt excluding a 3' poly(A) tail. Based on computer analysis and sequence comparison, five open reading frames (ORFs) were identified on the virion strand encoding: a putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, a triple gene block and a coat protein. Two other ORFs with M-r values over 10000 and internal to the helicase and coat protein genes, but of unknown function, were also identified. Sequence and genome structure comparisons with other filamentous viruses indicated that CGRMV is most similar to apple stem pitting virus, some carlaviruses and potexviruses, However, it is different from members of any of these virus groups in regard to sequence homology and genome organization. A chimeric fusion coat protein was expressed in E. coli and antibodies specific for the CGRMV coat protein were raised in rabbits. The antibody was used in Western blot analyses to detect the CGRMV coat protein in infected cherry tissue. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Pathol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Kirkpatrick, BC (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Pathol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 39 TC 37 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG7 1AE SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 79 BP 2275 EP 2281 PN 9 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 114CY UT WOS:000075592600024 PM 9747738 ER PT J AU Gribb, MM Simunek, J Leonard, MF AF Gribb, MM Simunek, J Leonard, MF TI Development of cone penetrometer method to determine son, hydraulic properties SO JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID STEP OUTFLOW EXPERIMENTS; DISC INFILTROMETER DATA; PARAMETER-ESTIMATION; INVERSE METHOD; CONDUCTIVITY; FLOW AB Effective cleanup of contaminated sites requires characterization of the hydraulic properties of impacted soils. To this end, we present a new method for estimating soil-water characteristic and hydraulic conductivity curves with a modified cone penetrometer. A prototype has been designed and fabricated with a screen close to the penetrometer tip and two tensiometer rings 5 and 9 cm above the screen. Water is injected into the soil under constant pressure. The volume of water imbibed into the soil is monitored, as are the tensiometer ring readings registering the advancement of the wetting front. These transient flow data are used to estimate soil hydraulic properties via numerical inversion of Richards' equation. We present the results of cone tests performed under variably saturated conditions in a laboratory aquifer system. Results are compared with independent measurements of the soil hydraulic properties to benchmark the performance of the instrument and method of analysis. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil is well predicted by the method for saturated and unsaturated conditions. Further work is required to obtain good estimates of the other parameters describing the hydraulic properties of the soil. C1 Univ S Carolina, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 95616 USA. RP Gribb, MM (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RI Simunek, Jiri/F-3196-2011 NR 46 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 1090-0241 J9 J GEOTECH GEOENVIRON JI J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 124 IS 9 BP 820 EP 829 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1998)124:9(820) PG 10 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 111CA UT WOS:000075418700004 ER PT J AU Gheyas, F Blankenship, SM Young, E McFeeters, R AF Gheyas, F Blankenship, SM Young, E McFeeters, R TI Dietary fibre composition in developing apple fruits SO JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CELL-WALL; SUGAR COMPOSITION; RIPENING APPLES; FIBER AB Changes in dietary fibre composition of 'Delicious', 'Golden Delicious', and 'Stayman' apples were studied over the course of fruit development. Fruit were analysed every 15 d starting 30 d after full bloom (DAFB) up to 150 DAFB in 'Delicious', 135 DAFB in 'Golden Delicious', and 120 DAFB in 'Stayman'. Nonstarch cell wall materials (NSCWM) and nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) content of apple flesh of all the cultivars decreased during development. During the period between 30 DAFB and 120 DAFB, NSP content of 'Delicious', 'Golden Delicious', and 'Stayman' fruit decreased by 25.2%, 29.0%, and 19.3%, respectively. Relative amount of monosaccharides present in apple fibre also changed during development. Proportions of rhamnose, arabinose, mannose, and galactose decreased during development while the proportions of xylose, glucose and uronic acid increased. Firmness of apple flesh was positively correlated with its NSP content. Firmness was also strongly correlated with the amounts of galactose, glucose, arabinose, mannose, and rhamnose present in the hydrolyzates of apple fibre. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Hort Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Food Sci, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Blankenship, SM (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Hort Sci, Box 7609, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 3 PU HEADLEY BROTHERS LTD PI ASHFORD PA INVICTA PRESS, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND TN24 8HH SN 0022-1589 J9 J HORTIC SCI BIOTECH JI J. Horticult. Sci. Biotechnol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 73 IS 5 BP 631 EP 639 PG 9 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 123XL UT WOS:000076150900010 ER PT J AU McGuire, RG AF McGuire, RG TI The response of longan fruit to cold and gamma irradiation treatments for quarantine eradication of exotic pests SO JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LYCHEE FRUIT; VEGETABLES AB In separate treatments. fruit of Dimocarpus longan Lour. were subjected to 15 d at 1.1 degrees C or to gamma irradiation from Co-60 source. Cold-treated fruit were not significantly different from untreated fruit in characteristics including decay susceptibility, firmness, and the percentage of total soluble solids and acids in the pulp, but treatment produced patches of bronze discolouration on the pericarp. Gamma irradiation at 100, 200, or 300 Gy did not significantly affect susceptibility to decay or injure fruit, nor were firmness or external and interior colour reduced. Irradiated fruit, however, had lower percentages of total soluble solids and acids, with a concomitantly higher pH, but sensory evaluations could not differentiate these fruits from untreated ones. Due primarily to the injurious effects of cold treatment on the longan pericarp, irradiation at 100 to 300 Gy would be preferable for maintaining quality of longans that require quarantine treatment for the eradication of exotic pests and are destined for the fresh market. C1 USDA ARS, Miami, FL 33158 USA. RP McGuire, RG (reprint author), USDA ARS, 13601 Old Cutler Rd, Miami, FL 33158 USA. NR 24 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU HEADLEY BROTHERS LTD PI ASHFORD PA INVICTA PRESS, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND TN24 8HH SN 0022-1589 J9 J HORTIC SCI BIOTECH JI J. Horticult. Sci. Biotechnol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 73 IS 5 BP 687 EP 690 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 123XL UT WOS:000076150900018 ER PT J AU Ruan, H Illangasekare, TH AF Ruan, H Illangasekare, TH TI A model to couple overland flow and infiltration into macroporous vadose zone SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE macropore flow; overland flow; infiltration; vadose zone; simulation and interaction ID SYSTEME HYDROLOGIQUE EUROPEEN; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; SOILS AB Most vegetated land surfaces contain macropores that may have a significant effect on the rate of infiltration of water under ponded conditions on the ground surface. Owing to the small-scale variations of the land topography (microtopography), only portions of the land area may get ponded during the process of overland flow. As the macropores transmit water at much higher rates than the primary soil matrix, higher macropore activation in ponded areas produces larger effective infiltration rates into the soil. Therefore, overland flow and infiltration into the macroporous vadose zone are interrelated. Representing the microtopographic variation of the land surface by a simple sine wave function, a method was developed to relate the pending area to the average pending depth which was determined by overland flow. A numerical model coupling overland flow and infiltration into the macroporous vadose zone was developed. Overland flow was simulated using the St. Venant equations with the inertia terms neglected. A single macropore model was used to simulate the infiltration into the macroporous vadose zone. The interaction between overland flow and the infiltration into the macroporous vadose zone was analyzed for a hypothetical watershed. The sensitivity analysis revealed that the interaction of macropore flow and overland flow is significant. For the conditions tested. the macropore Row and the overland flow were found to be more sensitive to the macroporosity and less sensitive to the microtopographic surface variation. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Div Environm Sci & Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. USDA ARS, NPA, Great Plains Syst Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Illangasekare, TH (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Div Environm Sci & Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 13 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 210 IS 1-4 BP 116 EP 127 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00179-6 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 136LU UT WOS:000076861100009 ER PT J AU Fratamico, PM Strobaugh, TP AF Fratamico, PM Strobaugh, TP TI Simultaneous detection of Salmonella spp and Escherichia coli O157 : H7 by multiplex PCR SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE immunomagnetic separation; bovine feces; carcass wash water; apple cider; ground beef ID UNITED-STATES; FOODS; TYPHIMURIUM; 0157-H7; SAMPLES; INVA AB Contamination of foods with pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella is a major concern worldwide and rapid, sensitive, and reliable methods are needed for detection of these organisms. Since these pathogens can contaminate similar foods and other types of samples, a multiplex polymerase chain reduction (PCR) was designed to allow simultaneous detection of both E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp directly from enrichment cultures. Samples of apple cider, beef carcass wash water, ground beef, and bovine feces were inoculated with both E. coli O157:H7 and S. typhimurium at various bacterial levels. Following enrichment culturing for 20-24 h at 37 degrees 0 in modified EC broth or buffered peptone water both containing novobiocin, the samples were subjected to a DNA extraction technique or to immunomagnetic separation then tested by the multiplex PCR assay. Four pairs of primers were employed in the PCR: primers for amplification of E. coli O157:H7 eaeA, stx(1/2) and plasmid sequences and for amplification of a portion of the Salmonella invA gene. Four fragments of the expected sizes were amplified in a single reaction and visualized following agarose gel electrophoresis in all the samples inoculated with less than or equal to 1 CFU g(-1) or ml(-1), Results can be obtained in approximately 30 h. The multiplex PCR is a potentially powerful technique for rapid and sensitive co-detection of both pathogens in foods and other types of samples. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Fratamico, PM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 20 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 4 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1367-5435 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 21 IS 3 BP 92 EP 98 DI 10.1038/sj.jim.2900520 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 152AB UT WOS:000077752100002 ER PT J AU Gupta, P Ferkovich, SM AF Gupta, P Ferkovich, SM TI Interaction of calyx fluid and venom from Microplitis croceipes (Braconidae) on developmental disruption of the natural host, Heliocoverpa zea, and two atypical hosts, Galleria mellonella and Spodoptera exigua SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Biochemical and Physiological Interactions Between Parasitoids and Their Host, at the XX International Congress on Entomology CY AUG 25-31, 1996 CL FLORENCE, ITALY DE parasitoid; Braconidae; calyx fluid; venom; Noctuidae ID CAMPOLETIS-SONORENSIS; PSEUDOPLUSIA-INCLUDENS; CARDIOCHILES-NIGRICEPS; FACTITIOUS HOST; PARASITOID WASP; HYMENOPTERA; POLYDNAVIRUS; LEPIDOPTERA; ENDOPARASITES; ICHNEUMONIDAE AB Polydnaviruses of many braconid and ichneumonid endoparasitoids play an important role in the successful parasitism of their hosts. The host's development is altered and its immune response is also suppressed. In this study, we compared the effects of calyx fluid and venom on the development of the natural host, Helicoverpa zea, and two atypical hosts that the parasitoid does not normally attack in nature, Galleria mellonella and Spodoptera exigua. The levels of calyx fluid and\or venom injected was 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 female equivalents (FE)/larva. In H. zea, calyx fluid significantly reduced larval growth on day 5 post injection. Venom alone did not affect larval growth but it synergized the action of calyx fluid by reducing growth earlier and for a longer period after injection. Other effects of calyx fluid on the host, either alone or in combination with venom, were an increase in developmental period, and a reduction in percent emergence and weight of adult moths. The percentage of H. tea larvae that pupated was not affected by calyx fluid or venom. In Galleria mellonella, venom alone reduced larval growth comparable to calyx fluid and both tissues induced the effects on day 1 post injection. Other effects caused by calyx fluid or Venom alone or the combination were a reduction in percent pupation and emergence, and the average adult weight. In S. exigua, high mortality occurred when 4th instar larvae were injected. Although the injection of larger fifth instars reduced overall mortality, the sham-injected larvae only gained weight during the first 24 hours after injection (from day 0 to day 1). However, adults were produced at all doses of calyx fluid or venom. The effects of the virus on development in this species were a prolongation of the larval stage and reduction of adult weight by calyx fluid in combination with venom. In conclusion, injections of calyx fluid and venom of Microplitis croceipes can differentially affect the growth and development of its natural host H. zea, and atypical host, G. mellonella, but only a minimal effect was observed in S. exigua. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Ferkovich, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32605 USA. NR 33 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-1910 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 44 IS 9 BP 713 EP 719 DI 10.1016/S0022-1910(98)00004-3 PG 7 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA 105EE UT WOS:000075059100003 ER PT J AU Reed, DA Brown, JJ AF Reed, DA Brown, JJ TI Host/parasitoid interactions: critical timing of parasitoid-derived products SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Biochemical and Physiological Interactions Between Parasitoids and Their Host, at the XX International Congress on Entomology CY AUG 25-31, 1996 CL FLORENCE, ITALY DE ecdysteroids; in vitro culture; developmental arrest; endoparasitoids; proteins; RIA; SDS-PAGE ID MANDUCA-SEXTA LARVAE; SPODOPTERA-LITTORALIS NOCTUIDAE; CHELONUS-INANITUS BRACONIDAE; TRICHOPLUSIA-NI; COTESIA-CONGREGATA; POLYACRYLAMIDE GELS; PIMPLA-TURIONELLAE; HOST LEPIDOPTERA; HYMENOPTERA; HEMOLYMPH AB Short-term in vitro incubations were used to examine the ability of endoparasitoid larvae to produce and release both ecdysteroids and proteins into their environment. Second instar larvae of both Chelonus near curvimaculatus and Ascogaster quadridentata were observed by SDS-PAGE to release temporally-similar polypeptides in the 20-30 kD M-r range. Peak occurrence of these polypeptides coincided with shedding of the anal vesicle, immediately prior to ecdysis to the third instar. Ecdysis also coincided with the switch from endoparasitic to ectoparasitic development in vivo. Polyclonal antibodies were generated against a particular 27 kD polypeptide of Chelonus, which was found to be species-specific and localized primarily within the anal vesicle during the latter part of the second stadium and whole body homogenates of third instars. In vitro incorporation studies using S-35-methionine indicated rapid changes in the synthetic abilities of second instar larvae shortly before ecdysis. The production and release of ecdysteroids, as measured by RIA, was found to precede the peak occurrence of the 27 kD polypeptide and ecdysteroid presence was undetectable following the molt. In contrast, the polypeptides were observed to gradually increase prior to the molt and slowly decrease after the molt. The Chelonus polypeptide was not detected in host tissues until after parasitoid egression. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Entomol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Brown, JJ (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Entomol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 40 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-1910 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 44 IS 9 BP 721 EP 732 DI 10.1016/S0022-1910(98)00005-5 PG 12 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA 105EE UT WOS:000075059100004 ER PT J AU Gelman, DB Reed, DA Beckage, NE AF Gelman, DB Reed, DA Beckage, NE TI Manipulation of fifth-instar host (Manduca sexta) ecdysteroid levels by the parasitoid wasp Cotesia congregata SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Biochemical and Physiological Interactions Between Parasitoids and Their Host, at the XX International Congress on Entomology CY AUG 25-31, 1996 CL FLORENCE, ITALY DE host/parasite interactions; ecdysteroids; molting; metamorphosis; developmental arrest ID OSTRINIA-NUBILALIS HUBNER; EUROPEAN CORN-BORER; TOBACCO HORNWORM; APANTELES-CONGREGATUS; TRICHOPLUSIA-NI; PROTHORACIC GLAND; 5TH INSTARS; CHELONUS SP; HEMOLYMPH; LARVAE AB although 5th (last) instar parasitized Manduca sex-ta larvae undergo developmental arrest and do not wander, they exhibit a small hemolymph ecdysteroid peak (300-400 pg/mu l) which begins one day prior to the parasitoid's molt to the 3rd (last) instar and concomitant emergence from the host. Ecdysteroids present in this peak were 20-hydroxyecdysone, 20,26-dihydroxyecdysone and one or more very polar ecdysteroids, as well as small amounts of 26-hydroxyecdysone and ecdysone. In parasitized day-1 and -2 5th instars ligated just behind the Ist abdominal proleg, hemolymph ecdysteroid levels increased in both anterior and posterior portions (100-500 pg/mu l), while in unparasitized larvae, hormone levels only increased in the anterior portion (100-350 pg/mu l). Thus, the ecdysteroid peak observed in host 5th instars was probably produced, at least in part, by the parasitoids. It may serve to promote Cotesia congregata's molt from the second to the third instar and/or to facilitate parasitoid emergence from the host. In parasitized day-1 and -2 5th instars ligated between the last thoracic and Ist abdominal segments, hemolymph ecdysteroid titers reached much higher levels (500-3500 pg/mu l) in the anterior portion (no parasitoids present) than in the posterior portion (150-450 pg/mu l). Therefore, it appears that the parasitoid's regulation of hemolymph ecdysteroid titers occurs at two levels. First, parasitization neutralizes the host's ability to maintain its normal hemolymph ecdysteroid levels. Second, in a separate action, the parasitoid manipulates the ecdysteroid-producing machinery so that hemolymph levels are maintained at the 200-400 pg/mu l characteristic of day 3-4 hosts. This is the first report of a parasitoid's ability to interfere with the normal inhibitory mechanisms which prevent prothoracic gland production of ecdysteroid at inappropriate periods of insect growth and development. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Insect Neurobiol & Hormone Lab, PSI, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Entomol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Gelman, DB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Insect Neurobiol & Hormone Lab, PSI, Rm 322,Bldg 306,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM gelman@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 39 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 5 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-1910 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 44 IS 9 BP 833 EP 843 DI 10.1016/S0022-1910(98)00015-8 PG 11 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA 105EE UT WOS:000075059100014 ER PT J AU Hamm, JJ Styer, EL Federici, BA AF Hamm, JJ Styer, EL Federici, BA TI Comparison of field-collected ascovirus isolates by DNA hybridization, host range, and histopathology SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ascovirus isolates; histopathology; DNA analysis; Spodoptera frugiperda; Trichoplusia ni; Helicoverpa zea; Heliothis virescens; Autographa precationis ID SPODOPTERA-FRUGIPERDA LEPIDOPTERA; COTESIA-MARGINIVENTRIS HYMENOPTERA; FALL ARMYWORM; NOCTUIDAE; LARVAE; VIRUS; BRACONIDAE AB Six field-collected ascovirus isolates obtained from five noctuid species in the continental United States were compared with respect to the general relatedness of their DNA, host range, and histopathology. Two isolates were from Spodoptera frugiperda, and the other four were from Autographa precationis, Heliothis virescens, Helicoverpa zea, and Trichoplusia ni. DNA-DNA hybridization studies showed that the six isolates belonged to three distinct viral species, with the isolates from S. frugiperda composing one species, those from A. precationis and H. virescens a second species, and those from H. tea and T. ni a third species. The host range and histopathology of each isolate was studied in eight noctuid species, S. frugiperda, Spodoptera ornithogalli, Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera eridania, H. virescens, H. tea, A. precationis, and Feltia subterranea. Though some variation existed between the different isolates of each viral species, distinct patterns were apparent for each. The viral species from S. frugiperda had a host range that was limited primarily to Spodoptera species and both isolates of this virus only replicated and caused significant pathology in the fat body, whereas the viral species from A. precationis and H. virescens had a much broader host range that included most of the species tested, but also had a tissue tropism primarily restricted to the fat body. The viral species from T. ni and H. tea readily infected all the hosts tested, where the principal site of replication and significant pathology was the epidermis. In many test hosts, however, this viral species also replicated and caused significant pathology in the tracheal epithelium and to a lesser extent in the fat body. Aside from contributing to knowledge of ascovirus biology, these studies indicate that DNA hybridization profiles combined with studies of host range and tissue tropism can be used as characters for defining ascovirus species. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Vet Diagnost & Invest Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Entomol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Interdept Grad Program Genet, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Hamm, JJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, POB 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 16 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 72 IS 2 BP 138 EP 146 DI 10.1006/jipa.1998.4763 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 116AV UT WOS:000075699900007 PM 9709014 ER PT J AU Bauer, LS Miller, DL Maddox, JV McManus, ML AF Bauer, LS Miller, DL Maddox, JV McManus, ML TI Interactions between a Nosema sp. (Microspora : Nosematidae) and nuclear polyhedrosis virus infecting the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lymantria dispar; gypsy moth; Nosema sp. from Portugal; nuclear polyhedrosis virus; biological control; pathogen interactions; gypsy moth viral epizootic; population dynamics ID ENTOMOPHAGA-MAIMAIGA; VAIRIMORPHA-NECATRIX; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; EPIZOOTICS; LARVAE; TRANSMISSION; MORTALITY AB Simultaneous and sequential per os inoculations of gypsy moth larvae with the Lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LdNPV) and a Nosema sp. from Portugal demonstrated that the interaction of two pathogens during coinfection was variable, ranging from synergistic to antagonistic. Susceptibility of gypsy moth larvae to viral infection was unaffected by simultaneous and subsequent microsporidian infection. This resulted from the comparatively slow pathogenesis of the microsporidium when compared to the virus. Viral infectivity, however, increased 10-fold when larvae were preinfected with Nosema sp. per os, or through transovarial infection. Time to death decreased for larvae infected with both pathogens compared to larvae infected with the virus alone. Polyhedron production was significantly reduced by microsporidian infection preceding viral infection. In this infection sequence, larvae died at an earlier stage and were less than half the mass of cadavers infected with virus alone. The biological significance of these results on gypsy moth population dynamics and the implication for use of this Nosema sp. from Portugal in gypsy moth biological control are discussed in the context of viral epizootiology. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, Pesticide Res Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, Dept Entomol, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. Off Agr Entomol, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Forest Expt Stn, Hamden, CT 06514 USA. RP Bauer, LS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, Pesticide Res Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 40 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 72 IS 2 BP 147 EP 153 DI 10.1006/jipa.1998.4773 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 116AV UT WOS:000075699900008 PM 9709015 ER PT J AU Moser, BA Becnel, JJ Maruniak, J Patterson, RS AF Moser, BA Becnel, JJ Maruniak, J Patterson, RS TI Analysis of the ribosomal DNA sequences of the microsporidia Thelohania and Vairimorpha of fire ants SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE microsporidia; Thelohania solenopsae; Vairimorpha sp.; ribosomal gene phylogeny; Solenopsis invicta; Solenopsis richteri ID RNA; HYMENOPTERA; FORMICIDAE; EMPHASIS; PROTOZOA AB Sequences of the 16SrRNA gene of three microsporidia pathogenic to imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta and Solenopsis richteri, were determined and compared to each other and 15 other species of microsporidia. The sequences of 2 Thelohania species are nearly identical (99.2% identity), supporting light-microscopic and ultrastructural evidence that Thelohania solenopsae and Thelohania sp. are closely related but probably not conspecific. Sequence comparisons further revealed that Vairimorpha sp. has a sequence identity of about 73% with the two Thelohania species and Vairimorpha necatrix, the type species of the genus Vairimorpha. This, together with information on spore morphology, suggests that Vairimorpha sp. represents a genus distinct from that of the fire ant Thelohania. Its placement in the genus Vairimorpha must also be reevaluated. Two new sister taxa, one containing T. solenopsae and Thelohania sp. and one containing Vairimorpha sp., were found to have diverged early in the microsporidian lineage. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Moser, BA (reprint author), USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1600-1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 29 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 72 IS 2 BP 154 EP 159 DI 10.1006/jipa.1998.4776 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 116AV UT WOS:000075699900009 PM 9709016 ER PT J AU Vandenberg, JD Jackson, MA Lacey, LA AF Vandenberg, JD Jackson, MA Lacey, LA TI Relative efficacy of blastospores and aerial conidia of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus against the Russian wheat aphid SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Diuraphis noxia; Paecilomyces fumosoroseus; microbial control; entomopathogenic fungus ID BIOASSAY C1 USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. USDA ARS, European Biol Control Lab, Montpellier, France. RP Vandenberg, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. NR 7 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 72 IS 2 BP 181 EP 183 DI 10.1006/jipa.1998.4772 PG 3 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 116AV UT WOS:000075699900015 PM 9709022 ER PT J AU Clemmens, AJ Bautista, E AF Clemmens, AJ Bautista, E TI Idealized automated control of sloping canals SO JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Clemmens, AJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, 4331 E Broadway, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9437 J9 J IRRIG DRAIN E-ASCE JI J. Irrig. Drainage Eng-ASCE PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 124 IS 5 BP 280 EP 281 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1998)124:5(280) PG 2 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Engineering; Water Resources GA 121LW UT WOS:000076016100010 ER PT J AU Guerrero, FD Kunz, SE Kammlah, D AF Guerrero, FD Kunz, SE Kammlah, D TI Screening of Haematobia irritans irritans (Diptera : Muscidae) populations for pyrethroid resistance-associated sodium channel gene mutations by using a polymerase chain reaction assay SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Haematobia irritans irritans; pyrethroid resistance; recombinant DNA; polymerase chain reaction amplification of specific alleles polymerase chain reaction; sodium channel ID PCR AMPLIFICATION; HOUSE-FLY; HORN FLY; ALLELES; KDR; IDENTIFICATION; INSECTICIDES; LINKAGE; DNA AB A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based rapid screening procedure was developed to test individual horn flies, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.), for the presence of a specific nucleotide substitution in the sodium channel gene sequence that has been associated with pyrethroid resistance. By a systematic optimization of reaction conditions and judicious choice of FCR primers differing in DNA sequence by a single nucleotide, we identified pyrethroid-susceptible or resistant sodium channel alleles in individual flies. Laboratory and field populations were examined by both the PCR assay and conventional filter paper bioassays with the pyrethroid cyhalothrin to verify that populations containing greater proportions of individuals with the resistant sodium channel allele DNA sequence also had higher bioassay LC50 values. The PCR assay far resistance alleles gave definitive information on the genotype of an individual fly and detected the presence of heterozygous individuals that might serve as reservoirs of resistance genes in field populations. C1 ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, USDA, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. RP Guerrero, FD (reprint author), ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, USDA, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. NR 19 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 35 IS 5 BP 710 EP 715 PG 6 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 124YN UT WOS:000076210500017 PM 9775598 ER PT J AU Dean, SR Meola, RW Meola, SM Sittertz-Bhatkar, H Schenker, R AF Dean, SR Meola, RW Meola, SM Sittertz-Bhatkar, H Schenker, R TI Mode of action of lufenuron on larval cat fleas (Siphonaptera : Pulicidae) SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ctenocephalides felis; lufenuron; chitin synthesis inhibitor; cuticle ID CTENOCEPHALIDES-FELIS; DIFLUBENZURON; CGA-184699 AB Adult cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche), were fed suboptimal in vitro concentrations of lufenuron in blood to allow hatching of flea larvae for cytological study. At concentrations of 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 ppm, larval hatch was 64, 15, and 4%, respectively. Larvae hatching from eggs laid by adults fed lufenuron at concentrations of 0.025, 0.08, or 0.125 ppm did not differ significantly from the control. However, many larvae from the 0.08-ppm group and higher concentrations died during the 1st instar. Examination of these larvae revealed that they were dying from desiccation caused by bleeding from microscopic lesions in the cuticle or the inability to complete the molt to the nest instar. Electron micrographs showed that lufenuron often disrupted formation of the endocuticle resulting in the deposition of ari amorphous mass of randomly oriented chitin microfibrils. Other larvae formed normal endocuticle but were unable to digest the old endocuticle or produce new procuticle after apolysis. Failure of larvae to digest old cuticle or form new cuticle was caused by degeneration of the epidermal cells needed for the synthesis of molting fluid and chitin. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Entomol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. ARS, Food Anim Protect Lab, USDA, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Electron Microscopy, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Novartis Prod AG, Anim Hlth Sector, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland. RP Dean, SR (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Entomol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 15 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 4 U2 7 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 35 IS 5 BP 720 EP 724 PG 5 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 124YN UT WOS:000076210500019 PM 9775600 ER PT J AU Jones, SR Kunz, SE AF Jones, SR Kunz, SE TI Effects of cold stress on survival and reproduction of Haematobia irritans (Diptera : Muscidae) SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Haematobia irritans; cold stress; cold injury; low-temperature exposure; fitness ID HIGH-TEMPERATURE; HORN FLY; HARDINESS; DIAPAUSE AB Adult horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), survival, mating success, and ovarian development were measured following exposure of pupae to 4 degrees C for 2, 3, and 4 wk, and were compared. with an untreated control group held at 29 degrees C. Survival varied inversely with duration of low temperature exposure, and ranged from 92.1% in the control to 7.0% following a 4-wk exposure. Mating success also varied inversely with duration of low-temperature exposure, and ovarian development was delayed, especially in the week 4 group. Reproductive and population parameters were measured in a 2nd cohort of horn flies following exposure of pupae to 1-4 wk at 4 degrees C, and in a control. Adult longevity varied inversely with duration of exposure. Mean longevity was greatest in the week 1 group at 17.6 d, followed by the control at 14.7 d. Week 4 flies lived an average of 2.2 d and produced no eggs. The preoviposition period was longest in the week 3 group at 7.3 d. In cohort 2, control and week 1 flies produced the highest number of eggs, eggs per female, and eggs per day compared with other groups. Eggs were produced over a mean of 6.8 d by week 3 flies compared with 25.4 d by week 1 flies. Reproductive rates varied inversely with low-temperature exposure duration, as did F-1 generation egg hatch,larval development; and adult emergence. Survivorship and fecundity schedules are discussed with respect to the effects of low-temperature exposure duration. The effects of low-temperature exposure duration on horn fly reproduction and life-history patterns are discussed with respect to I earing, storage, and ecology. C1 ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, USDA, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. RP Jones, SR (reprint author), ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, USDA, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. NR 24 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 35 IS 5 BP 725 EP 731 PG 7 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 124YN UT WOS:000076210500020 PM 9775601 ER PT J AU Schmidtmann, ET Holbrook, FR Day, E Taylor, T Tabachnick, WJ AF Schmidtmann, ET Holbrook, FR Day, E Taylor, T Tabachnick, WJ TI Culicoides variipennis (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae) complex in Virginia SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Culicoides variipennis; population genetics; vector distribution; orbiviruses; biting midges; Virginia ID BLUETONGUE VIRUS; GENETIC-VARIATION; POPULATIONS; CALIFORNIA; STATES; VECTOR; USA AB Immature Culicoides variipennis (Coquillett) were sampled from aquatic habitats throughout Virginia, reared to adults, and examined by isozyme electrophoresis to assess their taxonomic status. Data from 22 counties showed that C. v. variipennis is widespread and common, the predominant taxon throughout Virginia, and genetically similar to C. v. variipennis in Maryland. Because C v. variipennis is considered an inefficient vector of the bluetongue viruses, this observation is consistent with the low seroprevalence of bluetongue in indigenous livestock of the mid-Atlantic region. Culicoides v. sonorensis Wirth & Jones, considered to be the primary North American vector of the bluetongue viruses, was recovered in large numbers only from a wastewater lagoon at a dairy in southeastern Virginia, but also was detected at low levels in 6 other counties. Comparison of genetic distances and patterns of discriminating alleles among Virginia populations of C. v. variipennis and C. v. sonorensis showed that respective subspecies are genetically distinct and show no evidence of introgression, irrespective of geographic- and habitat-level sympatry. The persistence of a pure C. v. sonorensis population in a dairy wastewater lagoon may reflect physicochemical factors that influence the distribution of immature C. variipennis complex populations. A better understanding of the distribution of the C. variipennis complex will benefit regionalization of U.S. exports of livestock and livestock germplasm to bluetongue-free countries. C1 ARS, Arthropod Borne Anim Dis Res Lab, USDA, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Entomol, Blacksburg, VA 20461 USA. USDA, APHIS, VS, Richmond, VA 23219 USA. RP Schmidtmann, ET (reprint author), ARS, Arthropod Borne Anim Dis Res Lab, USDA, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 25 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 35 IS 5 BP 818 EP 824 PG 7 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 124YN UT WOS:000076210500034 PM 9775615 ER PT J AU Pruett, JH Temeyer, KB Fisher, WF Beetham, PK Kunz, SE AF Pruett, JH Temeyer, KB Fisher, WF Beetham, PK Kunz, SE TI Evaluation of natural Psoroptes ovis (Acarina : Psoroptidae) soluble proteins as candidate vaccine immunogens SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Psoroptes ovis; immunogen; vaccine ID SHEEP SCAB MITE; LATE PHASE; HEIFER CALVES; CATTLE; INFESTATION; ANTIBODIES; IVERMECTIN; PHYSIOLOGY; IGE AB In this study potential vaccine candidate immunogens were identified and evaluated in a vaccine challenge trial. Calves vaccinated with a partially purified fraction of Psoroptes ovis-soluble proteins had 8 of 14 calves free of palpable lesions 8 wk after a challenge infestation. A self-grooming behavioral response elicited by a pruritic immediate-type allergic reaction was believed to be an effector in protecting the vaccinated calves from a clinical P. ovis infestation. C1 ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, USDA, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. RP Pruett, JH (reprint author), ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, USDA, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. NR 34 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 35 IS 5 BP 861 EP 871 PG 11 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 124YN UT WOS:000076210500041 PM 9775622 ER PT J AU Hernandez, R Chen, AC Davey, RB Ivie, GW Wagner, GG George, JE AF Hernandez, R Chen, AC Davey, RB Ivie, GW Wagner, GG George, JE TI Comparison of genomic DNA in various strains of Boophilus microplus (Acari : Ixodidae) SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE southern cattle tick; random-amplified polymorphic DNA; polymerase chain reaction; acaricide resistance ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA; MYZUS-PERSICAE SULZER; RAS GENE-MUTATIONS; PEACH-POTATO APHID; RANDOM PRIMERS; PROBES; PCR; IDENTIFICATION; POPULATIONS AB The conventional method of identifying acaricide resistance in a suspect tick population by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization packet assay is a laborious and time-consuming process. DNA probes have been demonstrated as rapid and accurate tools for detecting pesticide resistance in insect species. Random-amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) has been used by other groups to differentiate species of mosquitoes and populations within a mosquito species. By using different arbitrary oligonucleotides as primers with RAPD, we have demonstrated that various strains of Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) show different patterns of DNA fragments on agarose gel electrophoresis. The unique DNA fragments may be useful for developing probes that can detect acaricide resistance in field pest populations. C1 ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, USDA, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. ARS, Cattle Fever Tick Res Lab, USDA, Mission, TX 78573 USA. ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, USDA, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. RP Hernandez, R (reprint author), ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, USDA, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 26 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 35 IS 5 BP 895 EP 900 PG 6 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 124YN UT WOS:000076210500045 PM 9775626 ER PT J AU Manners, GD Panter, KE Pfister, JA Ralphs, MH James, LF AF Manners, GD Panter, KE Pfister, JA Ralphs, MH James, LF TI The characterization and structure-activity evaluation of toxic norditerpenoid alkaloids from two Delphinium species SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LA English DT Article ID AE-BICYCLIC ANALOGS; RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; METHYLLYCACONITINE; NEURONS; POTENT AB A new N-(methylsuccinimido)anthranoyllycoctonin norditerpenoid alkaloid, geyerline, has been isolated and characterized from extracts of the poisonous larkspur Delphinium glaucum. A previously described norditerpenoid alkaloid, grandiflorine, has also been isolated from Delphinium geyeri. Both alkaloids are closely related structurally to the potent neurotoxin methyllycaconitine, established as the primary toxin in many larkspurs poisonous to cattle. Mouse bioassay tests showed grandiflorine to possess toxicity comparable to methyllycaconitine, while its synthetically derived monoacetate, grandiflorine acetate, and geyerline are significantly less toxic. C1 ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94706 USA. ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, USDA, Logan, UT USA. RP Manners, GD (reprint author), ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94706 USA. EM gmann@pw.usda.gov NR 20 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0163-3864 J9 J NAT PROD JI J. Nat. Prod. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 61 IS 9 BP 1086 EP 1089 DI 10.1021/np980013e PG 4 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 124QY UT WOS:000076194400004 PM 9748371 ER PT J AU Belofsky, GN Gloer, KB Gloer, JB Wicklow, DT Dowd, PF AF Belofsky, GN Gloer, KB Gloer, JB Wicklow, DT Dowd, PF TI New p-terphenyl and polyketide metabolites from the sclerotia of Penicillium raistrickii SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LA English DT Article ID SPECTROSCOPY; GRISEOFULVIN; TOXICITY AB Three new p-terphenyls (1-3), a new xanthone derivative (4), and two known fungal metabolites (5 and 6) have been isolated from the sclerotia of Penicillium raistrickii (NRRL 2039). The structures for 3,3 "-dihydroxy-6'-desmethylterphenyllin (1); 3'-demethoxy-6'-desmethyl-5'-methoxycandidusin B (2); 6'-desmethylcandidusin B (3); and 1,3,5,6-tetrahydroxy-8-methylxanthone (4) were determined on the basis of HRMS and NMR data. Although compounds 1 and 4 exhibited mild antiinsectan and antibacterial activity, griseofulvin (5) was responsible for most of the activity of the sclerotial extract in dietary assays against the corn earworm Helicoverpa zea. C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Chem, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Gloer, JB (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Dept Chem, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. NR 24 TC 42 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0163-3864 J9 J NAT PROD JI J. Nat. Prod. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 61 IS 9 BP 1115 EP 1119 DI 10.1021/np980188o PG 5 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 124QY UT WOS:000076194400010 PM 9748377 ER PT J AU Johnson, AW Dowler, CC Baker, SH Handoo, ZA AF Johnson, AW Dowler, CC Baker, SH Handoo, ZA TI Crop yields and nematode population densities in triticale-cotton and triticale-soybean rotations SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE conservation tillage; cotton; crop rotation; fenamiphos; Glycine max; Gossypium hirsutum; Helicotylenchus dihystera; lesion nematode; management; Meloidogyne incognita; nematicide; nematode; Pratylenchus brachyurus; root-knot nematode; soybean; spiral nematode; triticale; Triticosecale ID MELOIDOGYNE-INCOGNITA; SOIL-TEMPERATURE; PLANTING DATE; REPRODUCTION; MANAGEMENT; ARENARIA AB Triticale cv. Beagle 82, cotton cv. McNair 235, and soybean cv. Twiggs were arranged in three cropping sequences to determine the effects of fenamiphos and cropping sequence on nematode population densities and crop yields under conservation tillage for 4 years. The cropping sequences were triticale (T)-cotton (C)-T-C, T-soybean (S)-T-S, and T-GT-S. Numbers of Meloidogyne incognita second-stage juveniles declined on triticale but increased on cotton and soybean each year. Root-gall indices of cotton and soybean ranged from 1.00 to 1.08 (1 to 5 scale: 1 = 0%, 2 = 1% to 25%, 3 = 26% to 50%, 4 = 51% to 75%, and 5 = 76% to 100% of roots galled) each year and were not affected by fenamiphos treatment or cropping sequence. Numbers of Pratylenchus brachyurus were maintained on triticale and generally increased more on soybean than on cotton. Population densities of Helicotylenchus dihystera were near or below detection levels in all plots during the first year and increased thereafter in untreated plots in the T-CT-C and T-STS sequences. Generally, yields of triticale in all cropping sequences declined over the years. Yields of cotton and soybean were not affected by fenamiphos at 6.7 kg a.i./ha. Cotton and soybean were grown successfully with little or no suppression in yields caused by nematodes in conservation tillage following triticale harvested for grain. C1 USDA ARS, Coastal Plain Stn, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. USDA ARS, Inst Plant Sci, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Johnson, AW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Coastal Plain Stn, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 30 IS 3 BP 353 EP 361 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 196ZA UT WOS:000080339100008 PM 19274228 ER PT J AU Berlin, E Bhathena, SJ McClure, D Peters, RC AF Berlin, E Bhathena, SJ McClure, D Peters, RC TI Dietary menhaden and corn oils and the red blood cell membrane lipid composition and fluidity in hyper- and normocholesterolemic miniature swine SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE cholesterol; (n-3) fatty acids; (n-6) fatty acids; membrane fluidity; miniature swine ID FATTY-ACID COMPOSITION; ERYTHROCYTE-MEMBRANE; FLUORESCENCE POLARIZATION; FISH-OIL; PLASMA-MEMBRANE; INSULIN BINDING; LINOLENIC ACID; CHOLESTEROL; HEART; LIVER AB Fatty acids in the diet are readily incorporated into lipids in various tissues. However, it is not clear whether all tissues have the same level of incorporation. Second, (n-6) unsaturated fatty acids increase the fluidity of membranes, but this has not been shown for (n-3) fatty acids. in this study, we measured the incorporation of (n-6) and (n-3) fatty acids into erythrocyte membrane lipids and studied their effects on the fluidity of erythrocyte membranes. One group of female miniature swine was made hypercholesterolemic by feeding the swine cholesterol and lard for 2 mo; the other group served as controls and was fed a stock diet. Both groups were then fed either corn oil or menhaden oil or a mixture of the two for 23 additional weeks. Blood was collected at 0, 2, 4, 12 and 23 wk after initialization of the experimental diets, and fatty acid composition of phospholipids was assessed. Membrane phospholipids of pigs fed menhaden oil had elevated (n-3) fatty acids (20:5 and 22:6), and lower 18:2 than those fed corn oil. There was no difference in 20:4 content. The fatty acid changes occurred as early as 2 wk after consumption of the corn oil or menhaden oil in pigs previously fed a stock diet, but it took longer in pigs previously fed lard + cholesterol, indicating residual effects of pretreatment. Menhaden oil increased anisotropy (indicating decreased fluidity) more than corn oil for the nonpolar probe diphenylhexatriene (DPH) at earlier time points, but not at 23 wk. Erythrocyte membrane fluidity was significantly related to membrane polyunsaturate content, with (n-6) fatty acids having a greater influence than (n-3) fatty acids. A comparison of the present red blood cell fatty acid compositions with brain synaptosome fatty acid compositions for the same animals showed poor correlations for some of the fatty acids. There was no significant direct relationship between docosahexaenoate (DHA) concentrations in erythrocyte membranes with DHA concentrations in brain synaptosomes from cerebellum, forebrain and caudate nucleus. C1 ARS, Phytonutrients Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Metab & Nutrient Interact Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Div Toxicol Studies, Beltsville Res Facil,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Bhathena, SJ (reprint author), ARS, Phytonutrients Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 47 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 128 IS 9 BP 1421 EP 1428 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 117ML UT WOS:000075785200003 PM 9732300 ER PT J AU Bronner, F Abrams, SA AF Bronner, F Abrams, SA TI Development and regulation of calcium metabolism in healthy girls SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Experimental Biology 97 Conference CY APR 06-10, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA DE calcium absorption rate in healthy girls; bone calcium deposition rate; bone calcium removal rate; exchangeable bone calcium; age-dependent changes ID SKELETAL STRUCTURAL ADAPTATIONS; MECHANICAL USAGE SATMU; BIRTH-WEIGHT INFANTS; REDEFINING WOLFF LAW; KINETICS; HOMEOSTASIS; ABSORPTION; EXCRETION; CHILDREN; MASS AB The major components of calcium metabolism, as evaluated by a dual-tracer stable isotope method, were determined in 100 studies of 68 healthy girls, aged 5-18 y and analyzed from a developmental and regulatory viewpoint. Bone calcium deposition and removal rates were closely correlated with the size of the exchangeable bone calcium compartment. All three quantities, as well as intestinal calcium absorption, peaked at or near menarche. Both bone calcium deposition and removal rates were positively and linearly correlated with calcium absorption. However, in this correlation, because bone calcium deposition increased 70% faster than calcium absorption, most of the increase in the bone calcium compartment and its turnover must have occurred in response to something other than intestinal calcium input; presumably this occurred in response to developmental signals. Nevertheless, the constancy of the serum calcium in the face of a large intestinal calcium input and the modest way in which excretion overcame the calcium load in this population point to the importance of the exchangeable bone calcium compartment, in dynamic equilibrium with the bone mineral, as the site at which most of the load is taken up. In this population of girls, as in older women, this increase in the skeletal calcium balance resulted from a decrease in the bone calcium removal rate that was greater than the corresponding increase in the bone calcium deposition rate. C1 Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Dept Biostruct & Funct, Farmington, CT 06030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Bronner, F (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Dept Biostruct & Funct, Farmington, CT 06030 USA. OI Abrams, Steven/0000-0003-4972-9233 NR 30 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 128 IS 9 BP 1474 EP 1480 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 117ML UT WOS:000075785200010 PM 9732307 ER PT J AU Stoll, B Burrin, DG Henry, J Yu, H Jahoor, F Reeds, PJ AF Stoll, B Burrin, DG Henry, J Yu, H Jahoor, F Reeds, PJ TI Dietary amino acids are the preferential source of hepatic protein synthesis in piglets SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE stable isotopes; hepatic amino acid metabolism; hepatic protein synthesis; metabolic compartmentation; pigs ID RAT-LIVER; PRECURSOR POOL; KINETICS; LEUCINE; METABOLISM; STARVATION; TRACER; BODY; L-<1-C-13,N-15>LEUCINE; COMPARTMENTATION AB To investigate the utilization of dietary amino acids for hepatic protein synthesis, seven female pigs (28 d old, 7.5 kg) were implanted with catheters in a carotid artery, the jugular and portal veins, and the stomach. A portal flow probe was also implanted. The pigs were fed a high protein diet once hourly and infused intragastrically with [U-C-13]algal protein for 6 h. Amino acid labeling was measured in arterial and portal blood, in the hepatic free and protein-bound pools and in apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100), albumin and fibrinogen. The isotopic enrichments of apoB-100-bound [U-C-13]threonine, leucine, lysine and phenylalanine were 33, 100, 194 and 230% higher than those of their respective hepatic free amino acid pools (P < 0.01). Using the labeling of apoB-100 to estimate that of the protein synthetic precursor, the fractional rate of hepatic protein synthesis was 42 +/- 2%/d. Between 5 and 8% of the dietary tracer amino acids was used for hepatic protein synthesis. In contrast to the small intestinal mucosa, in which the majority of the metabolized amino acids were apparently catabolized, protein synthesis utilized from 48% (threonine) to 90% (lysine) of the hepatic uptake of tracer amino acids. It appears that hepatic protein synthesis consumes nutritionally significant quantities of dietary essential amino acids in first pass and that extracellular, especially portal, essential amino acids are channeled to hepatic protein synthesis in the fed state. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Reeds, PJ (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [R01-HD33920] NR 34 TC 63 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 128 IS 9 BP 1517 EP 1524 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 117ML UT WOS:000075785200016 PM 9732313 ER PT J AU Glahn, RP Lee, OA Yeung, A Goldman, MI Miller, DD AF Glahn, RP Lee, OA Yeung, A Goldman, MI Miller, DD TI Caco-2 cell ferritin formation predicts nonradiolabeled food iron availability in an in vitro digestion Caco-2 cell culture model SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE ferritin; Caco-2; in vitro digestion; iron availability ID BIOAVAILABILITY; MONOLAYERS; TRANSPORT; LINE AB We have adapted an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model to assess Fe availability from foods, by using ferritin formation by Caco-2 cells as an indicator of Fe uptake. Ferritin formation by Caco-2 cells occurs in response to Fe uptake at concentrations of available Fe greater than that of the culture media to which the cells have been adapted. This methodology circumvents the need for using radioactive Fe and thus eliminates the costs and controversies associated with food radiolabeling. To validate this method, we measured ferritin formation in Caco-2 cells exposed to digests containing Fe of relatively high and low availability. Our objective was to determine if ferritin formation would be proportional to Fe uptake and sufficiently sensitive to be an indicator of Fe availability from food digests. Our model uses established in vitro digestion techniques coupled with uptake of Fe by Caco-2 cell monolayers. Measurement of cell ferritin was done by a commercially available RIA. Higher ferritin formation was observed in cells exposed to digests containing FeSO4 plus ascorbic acid vs, digests containing FeSO4 plus citric acid. Additional comparisons of Fe availability from digests of beef, fish, corn and green beans yielded results that demonstrate higher Fe availability (i.e., greater ferritin formation) from beef and fish digests than from digests of corn and green beans. Overall, the results document the promotional effects of ascorbic acid and animal tissue on Fe uptake as measured indirectly by ferritin formation. The results of this study indicate that ferritin formation by Caco-2 cell monolayers is highly sensitive and accurately measures food Fe availability in this in vitro system. C1 ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, USDA, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Food Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Glahn, RP (reprint author), ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, USDA, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 15 TC 225 Z9 231 U1 1 U2 33 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 128 IS 9 BP 1555 EP 1561 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 117ML UT WOS:000075785200022 PM 9732319 ER PT J AU Perez, JF Reeds, PJ AF Perez, JF Reeds, PJ TI A new stable isotope method enables the simultaneous measurement of nucleic acid and protein synthesis in vivo in mice SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE mice; nucleic acid synthesis; protein synthesis; stable isotopes; dietary fiber ID RAT-LIVER; ADMINISTERED PURINES; RIBONUCLEIC-ACID; DIETARY-PROTEIN; LARGE-INTESTINE; RNA; NUCLEOTIDES; METABOLISM; BIOSYNTHESIS; DEGRADATION AB We developed a method based on the incorporation of C-13(2)-units derived from [U-C-13]glycine that allows the simultaneous quantification of tissue protein and RNA synthesis in vivo. Two groups of 26 mice were fed diets containing a high (HF diet) or a low quantity of fiber (LF diet). After 6 d, [U(13)G]glycine was added to the diet and groups of four mice were killed after 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h. Hepatic and intestinal mucosal free and RNA-bound purine nucleosides were extracted and enzymically degraded to allantoin. Allantoin was degraded to glyoxylate, which was then reductively aminated to glycine, which contains the two C-13-atoms incorporated via de novo synthesis. Ingestion of the HF diet was associated with significantly (P < 0.05) higher rates of total RNA synthesis in both the liver (HF diet, 29%/d; LF diet, 21%/d) and mucosa (HF diet, 27%/d; LF diet, 17%/d). The mean rates of RNA synthesis in each tissue were significantly (P < 0.01) lower than the respective rates of protein synthesis (liver, 67%/d; mucosa, 74%/d). The isotopic enrichment of the free purine nucleotide pool increased rapidly and exponentially, but the steady-state value was substantially (P < 0.001) lower than that of the RNA-bound purines. The results suggest that the free nucleotide pool consists of two kinetically distinct compartments, one of which is small and has a rapid rate of turnover. This, we propose, acts as the RNA precursor pool. The other is large, has a low rate of turnover and, we believe, is the pool of adenosine triphosphate involved in cellular energetics. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Reeds, PJ (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RI Perez, Jose/G-4373-2014 OI Perez, Jose/0000-0001-8853-8945 NR 35 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 128 IS 9 BP 1562 EP 1569 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 117ML UT WOS:000075785200023 PM 9732320 ER PT J AU Tooley, PW Salvo, JJ Schneider, TD Rogan, PK AF Tooley, PW Salvo, JJ Schneider, TD Rogan, PK TI Phylogenetic inference based on information theory-based PCR amplification SO JOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY-PHYTOPATHOLOGISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT LA English DT Article ID SEQUENCE AB As a method for the determination of the taxonomic affinities of plant pathogens and other organisms, a set of 'universal' polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers which amplify a taxonomically diverse sequence domain of 28S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were designed. The PCR primers chosen by information-theory analysis generated PCR products using DNA templates from a wide diversity of organisms. Sequences of PCR products were then obtained which allowed phylogenetic dendrograms to be constructed. Based on the above analysis, the Oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans clustered with the protist Prorocentrum micans rather than with representatives of the true fungi, consistent with its designation as a 'pseudofungus'. Magnaporthe grisea, another important plant pathogen, clustered with the true fungi as expected. The approach described can be used with other plant pathogens to clarify phylogeny of new or ambiguously designated species. C1 USDA ARS, Foreign Dis Weed Sci Res Unit, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. RP Tooley, PW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Foreign Dis Weed Sci Res Unit, 1301 Ditto Ave, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. RI Rogan, Peter/B-9845-2017; OI Rogan, Peter/0000-0003-2070-5254; Schneider, Thomas/0000-0002-9841-1531 NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-1785 J9 J PHYTOPATHOL JI J. Phytopathol.-Phytopathol. Z. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 146 IS 8-9 BP 427 EP 430 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0434.1998.tb04776.x PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 121ZR UT WOS:000076046400010 ER PT J AU Weltz, MA Kidwell, MR Fox, HD AF Weltz, MA Kidwell, MR Fox, HD TI Invited synthesis paper: Influence of abiotic and biotic factors in measuring and modeling soil erosion on rangelands: State of knowledge SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review DE sediment yield; interrill erosion; rill erosion; USLE; RUSLE; WEPP ID CENTRAL NEW-MEXICO; HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS; SEDIMENT PRODUCTION; SOUTHERN ARIZONA; VEGETATION TYPES; PINYON-JUNIPER; LOSS EQUATION; RUNOFF; COVER; INFILTRATION AB The first standardized soil erosion prediction equation used on rangelands was the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) was developed to address deficiencies in the USLE by accounting for temporal changes in soil erodibility and plant factors which were not originally considered. Improvements were also made to the rainfall, length, slope, and management practice factors of the original USLE model. The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model was developed to estimate soil erosion from single events, long-term soil loss from hillslopes, and sediment yield from small watersheds, Temporal changes in biomass, soil erodibility, and land management practices, and to a limited extent, spatial distribution of soil, vegetation, and land use are addressed in the WEPP model. To apply new process-based erosion prediction technology, basic research must be conducted to better model the interactions and feedback mechanisms of plant communities and landscape ecology. Thresholds at which accelerated soil erosion results in unstable plant communities must be identified. Research is needed to determine the confidence limits for erosion predictions generated by simulation models so that the probability of meeting specified soil loss values (kg ha(-1) yr(-1)) for given management systems can be calculated at specific significance levels, As the technology for modeling soil erosion on rangelands has improved, limitations with the techniques of parameter estimation have been encountered. Improvements in model parameterization techniques and national databases that incorporate vegetation and soil variability are required before existing erosion prediction models can be implemented. C1 USDA, ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. USDA, NRCS, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Weltz, MA (reprint author), USDA, ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 105 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 13 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 51 IS 5 BP 482 EP 495 DI 10.2307/4003363 PG 14 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 119KE UT WOS:000075894300001 ER PT J AU Clark, PE Krueger, WC Bryant, LD Thomas, DR AF Clark, PE Krueger, WC Bryant, LD Thomas, DR TI Spring defoliation effects on bluebunch wheatgrass: I. Winter forage quality SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Agropyron spicatum; Cervus elaphus; elk; forage conditioning; nutrition; phenology; winter range; elk ID MULE DEER; ELK; CATTLE; RANGE; DROUGHT; GRASSES; ENERGY AB The winter forage quality of bluebunch wheatgrass (Agropyron spicatum [Pursh] Scribn, & Smith) is generally inadequate for maintenance of wintering Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni Bailey). Previous attempts to improve the winter forage quality of bluebunch wheatgrass by clipping and livestock grazing have achieved mixed results. We report crude protein (CP), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), and dry matter (DM) yield responses of bluebunch wheatgrass to 3 phenological stage/defoliation intensity treatment combinations. The study was conducted in 1993 and 1994 at 2 sites in the Blue Mountains of northeastern Oregon. Bluebunch wheatgrass was hand clipped to a 7.6-cm stubble height in early June under 1 of 3 treatment combinations: 1) mid-boot/whole-plant clipped, 2) mid-boot/one-half of the plant's basal area clipped, and 3) inflorescence emergence/whole-plant clipped. Early November levels of CP and IVDMD were greater under all 3 treatments compared to an unclipped control. Mean forage quality improvement over the control was greatest in the inflorescence emergence treatment with an improvement of 1.3 percentage points for CP and 5.8 percentage points for IVDMD, Dry matter yield of the control exceeded that of all clipping treatments. Increases in forage quality resulting from forage conditioning treatments may be important to the viability of elk populations wintering on rangelands where forage quality, rather than quantity, is limiting. C1 USDA ARS, Boise, ID 83712 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Rangeland Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Stat, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. RP Clark, PE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Boise, ID 83712 USA. OI Clark, Patrick/0000-0003-4299-1853 NR 54 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 51 IS 5 BP 519 EP 525 DI 10.2307/4003368 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 119KE UT WOS:000075894300006 ER PT J AU Clark, PE Krueger, WC Bryant, LD Thomas, DR AF Clark, PE Krueger, WC Bryant, LD Thomas, DR TI Spring defoliation effects on bluebunch wheatgrass: II. Basal area SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Agropyron spicatum; Cervus elaphus; elk; forage conditioning; mortality; phenology; plant vigor; winter range ID ELK WINTER RANGE; QUALITY; CATTLE; VIGOR AB Spring livestock grazing has been suggested as a tool to improve winter forage quality of bluebunch wheatgrass (Agropyron spicatum [Pursh] Scribn, & Smith). Impacts on plant vigor and survival are important concerns associated with spring grazing. We report basal area change and mortality responses of bluebunch wheatgrass to 3 spring, 1 winter, and 3 spring + winter defoliation treatments. The study was conducted in 1993 and 1994 at 2 sites in the Blue Mountains of northeastern Oregon. Basal area of individual plants was measured shortly after application of the spring treatments and again approximately 1 year after treatment, Clipping the entire basal area of bluebunch wheatgrass plants to a 7.6-cm stubble height during the mid-boot phenological stage and during the inflorescence emergence stage produced 7.0 and 7.8% declines in live basal area,respectively. Unclipped control plants and plants having only one-half their basal area clipped to a 7.6-cm stubble height during the mid-boot stage exhibited 5.2 and 18.6% increases in live basal area, respectively. Combining the mid-boot/half-plant treatment with an early winter clipping to a 2.5-cm stubble height reduced the positive live basal area response to 6.0%. No additional declines in live basal area relative to the spring-only treatments were detected for combinations of the early winter treatment with the mid-boot/whole plant treatment and the inflorescence emergence treatment. Experiment-wide plant mortality was only 0.2%. If managed for a moderate level of defoliation where a portion of the basal area of each bunchgrass plant is left undefoliated, livestock grazing during the boot stage should have little negative impact on the vigor and survival of bluebunch wheatgrass under environmental conditions similar to northeastern Oregon. C1 USDA ARS, Boise, ID 83712 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Rangeland Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Stat, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR USA. RP Clark, PE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Boise, ID 83712 USA. OI Clark, Patrick/0000-0003-4299-1853 NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 51 IS 5 BP 526 EP 530 DI 10.2307/4003369 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 119KE UT WOS:000075894300007 ER PT J AU Frasier, GW Weltz, M Weltz, L AF Frasier, GW Weltz, M Weltz, L TI Technical note: Rainfall simulator runoff hydrograph analysis SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE rangeland; hydrology; runoff/infiltration; simulation ID HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS; MODEL AB Rainfall simulators have been used more than 50 years to evaluate hydrologic parameters, The generated runoff hydrograph is a continuous integration of all factors that affect runoff flow. The complexity and interaction of site factors on runoff and infiltration processes makes it difficult to identify a single component of the hydrograph that accurately characterizes the entire runoff event, A technique was developed to separate the runoff hydrograph into segments representative of different portions of the flow event. Each segment grouping is analyzed for treatment and/or site factor differences or influences on the runoff. Comparing the treatment or site impacts on each hydrograph component allows a more detailed interpretation of the runoff and infiltration processes. This approach to runoff hydrograph analysis makes it possible to quantitatively assess differences in rainfall simulator runoff results and provide insight into why hydrographs may be similar or different. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. USDA, ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Frasier, GW (reprint author), USDA ARS, 1701 Ctr Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 51 IS 5 BP 531 EP 535 DI 10.2307/4003370 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 119KE UT WOS:000075894300008 ER PT J AU Vogel, KP Masters, RA Callahan, PJ Grams, R AF Vogel, KP Masters, RA Callahan, PJ Grams, R TI Technical Note: A rotary seed processor for removing pubescence from seed of prairie grasses SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE seed processing; seed conditioning; germination AB Many of the perennial prairie grasses that are used in restoration plantings in the central Great Plains have seed appendages such as awns and pubescence that make seed flow through planters difficult. We have developed a rotary seed processor that efficiently processes small breeder or experimental lots of seed that can then be easily planted with small plot cone planters or conventional planters. The processor consists of a metal cylinder that is lined with corrugated rubber and a rotating center shaft with rubber paddles. Processing can be controlled by varying shaft rotation speed and processing time. A top-opening, full length trap door allows for easy loading and the cylinder can be inverted to dump out processed seed. The processor has been used successfully for several gears on big bluestem [Andropogon gerardii Vitman], indiangrass [Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash], little bluestem [Schizachyrium scoparium (Michaux) Nash], prairie sandreed [Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Scribner], and blue grama [Bouteloua gracilis; (Willd. ex Kunth) Lagascaex Griffiths] seed By removing seed appendages and pubescence seed bulk is reduced and seed density and flow ability are improved. The processing operation is relatively gentle and seed germination per unit weight of seed is improved. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Vogel, KP (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, 344 Keim Hall,POB 830937, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 51 IS 5 BP 536 EP 539 DI 10.2307/4003371 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 119KE UT WOS:000075894300009 ER PT J AU Memmott, KL Anderson, VJ Monsen, SB AF Memmott, KL Anderson, VJ Monsen, SB TI Seasonal grazing impact on cryptogamic crusts in a cold desert ecosystem SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE lichen; moss; shrub; cattle; erosion control ID SOIL CRUSTS; PINYON-JUNIPER; NATIONAL-PARK; UTAH; RECOVERY AB Since settlement, cattle grazing has been a major cause of soil disturbance in cold desert ecosystems. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of cattle grazing in different seasons on cryptogamic soil crusts. This study was conducted adjacent to the Brigham Young University Skaggs Research Ranch, near Malta, Ida. Five areas of a crested wheatgrass pasture each interplanted with shrubs were evaluated. Each of the 5 areas was subdivided into 4 paddocks; a control paddock remained ungrazed, while the other 3 paddocks were grazed in either spring, summer, or winter. Each of the 1.2-ha grazed paddocks was grazed annually in the same season for 2 consecutive years by 10 cows for 4 consecutive days. Percent of the soil surface covered by litter, vascular plant bases, and cryptogams was measured using a 10-pin, point sampling frame. Mosses were the main component of the cryptogamic soil crusts under all grazing treatments. Winter grazing had no effect on the moss component of the crusts while spring and summer grazing reduced mosses. While winter grazing had significantly less impact on the lichen component of crusts relative to spring and summer grazing, there was a 50% reduction relative to the control plots. Total cryptogamic cover in the control paddocks averaged 27.6%; winter grazed paddocks 27.4%; summer grazed paddocks 14.4%; and spring grazed paddocks 10.6%. Controlled winter grazing has minimal impact on the total cryptogamic plant cover that protect soil surfaces on cold desert range ecosystems. C1 Brigham Young Univ, Dept Bot & Range Sci, Provo, UT 84602 USA. USDA, Intmt Shrub Sci Lab, Provo, UT 84602 USA. RP Memmott, KL (reprint author), Brigham Young Univ, Dept Bot & Range Sci, Provo, UT 84602 USA. NR 27 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 8 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 51 IS 5 BP 547 EP 550 DI 10.2307/4003374 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 119KE UT WOS:000075894300012 ER PT J AU Pfister, JA Panter, KE Gardner, DR AF Pfister, JA Panter, KE Gardner, DR TI Pine needle consumption by cattle during winter in South Dakota SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Pinus ponderosa; cattle diets; diet selection; poisonous plants; grazing behavior ID PONDEROSA PINE; FORAGE INTAKE; BEEF-CATTLE; RANGE COWS; BEHAVIOR; ABORTION; ACID AB Pregnant cattle that consume ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Lawson) needles often abort. The objectives of these studies were to: 1) determine needle consumption by grazing cattle; 2) relate consumption in pen-fed and grazing cattle to weather variables; and 3) determine if needle temperature influenced consumption in pen-fed cattle. Trial 1 was conducted from 3 Dec. 1991 to 12 Feb. 1992 near Custer, S. Dak Eight mature cows grazed a 9-ha pasture. Needle consumption was measured using bite counts and fecal analysis. The winter was mild, and cattle consumed few needles (< 2% of bites). Trial 2 was conducted in the same location from 5 January to 2 March 1993, using 6 pregnant cows kept in pens and 5 open cows grazing the pasture. The pen-fed cows were offered 1 kg of fresh pine needles daily; methods for grazing cattle were the same as in the previous trial. Further, the pen-fed cows were offered warm or cold green needles in 2 acceptability trials. Grazing cattle consumed an average of 20 % of bites as pine needles. As snow depth increased, pine needle consumption increased, particularly from short (< 2 m tall) trees (P < 0.01). The percent of bites of green needles was related (r(2) = 0.69) to minimum temperature and snow depth, with greater consumption at colder temperatures and at deeper snow depths. As snow depth increased, cattle reduced daily grazing time (P < 0.01); at colder temperatures, cattle also reduced grazing time (P < 0.05). Pen-fed cows ate 483 g pine needles/day (fresh weight), with no abortions occurring. Cattle preferred cold needles to warm needles (P < 0.05) in January, despite tree size; whereas, the opposite result was noted in February. We conclude that snow depth, reduced amounts of grazable forage, and cold ambient temperatures are crucial factors in consumption of ponderosa pine needles by grazing cattle. C1 USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. RP Pfister, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, 1150 E 1400 N, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 18 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 51 IS 5 BP 551 EP 556 DI 10.2307/4003375 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 119KE UT WOS:000075894300013 ER PT J AU Cruz, R Ganskopp, D AF Cruz, R Ganskopp, D TI Seasonal preferences of steers for prominent northern Great Basin grasses SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE relative preference index; bluebunch wheatgrass; giant wildrye; Idaho fescue; Sandberg's bluegrass; bottlebrush squirreltail; Thurber needlegrass; needle-and-threadgrass; crested wheatgrass ID FORAGE PREFERENCE; DIET SELECTION; FOOD SELECTION; CATTLE; WHEATGRASS; PERFORMANCE; PASTURES; QUALITY; SHEEP; RANGE AB The objective of this research was to determine, on a seasonal basis, the relative preferences of cattle for 7 native grasses and crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum (Fischer ex Link)Schultes), a long-used introduction in the Pacific Northwest, Methods involved observing forage selection processes of 3 steers in paddocks, where plants existed in equal densities and in rangeland pastures with variable forage composition. Design of paddock and pasture studies was a randomized-complete-block with 3 replications, 3 stages of phenology (vegetative, anthesis, and quiescent), and 8-11 forages. Dietary proportions as indexed by bite-counts changed (P < 0.01) with phenology and varied among species. Diets were more similar (P < 0.05) than forage composition between the 2 study areas (paddocks and native pastures), and became less similar (p < 0.05) as phenology of the grasses advanced from vegetative growth through anthesis and quiescence. Steers were selective grazers during vegetative and anthesis stages of phenology, and despite variations in herbage availability, 'Nordan' crested wheatgrass was the most prominent dietary component in paddocks and pastures. Variation in proportions of grasses in the diet was associated (P < 0.05) with measures of available forage in the paddocks (r = 0.46-0.89, (x) over bar = 0.72) but poorly associated with herbage composition in pastures (r = 0.41-0.02, (x) over bar = 0.12). Inconsistencies in rankings of relative preference indices and dietary proportions of grasses suggested that measures of herbage availability may confound the predictive utility of relative preference indites. More grasses were acceptable to cattle at quiescence, with crested wheatgrass ranging from 8-26% of the diet. We suggest that with proper management, interseedings of crested wheatgrass on native range may be used to lessen grazing demands previously borne by native perennials early in the grazing season. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Rangeland Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA ARS, Eastern Oregon Agr Res Ctr, Burns, OR 97720 USA. RP Cruz, R (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Rangeland Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 43 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 51 IS 5 BP 557 EP 565 DI 10.2307/4003376 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 119KE UT WOS:000075894300014 ER PT J AU Pfister, JA Cheney, CD Gardner, DR Manners, GD AF Pfister, JA Cheney, CD Gardner, DR Manners, GD TI Mineral-salt supplement does not attenuate tall larkspur (Delphinium barbeyi) toxicosis in cattle SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID NORDITERPENOID ALKALOIDS AB Severe livestock losses caused by tall larkspur (Delphinium spp.) consumption have caused many producers to try various preventative measures, including the use of mineral-salt supplementation. The objective of this study was to determine if additions or deletions of a mineral-salt supplement (Binn's #1 Alleviator) would alter the response (i.e,, rate of nose pressing) of cattle to tall larkspur exposure. The dose response of 5 Jersey steers was examined by systematically adding 0.25 mg of mineral-salt/kg body weight, and comparing responses in the same steers without salt supplements. Steers were then run under a variable ratio (VR) reinforcement schedule and periodically dosed with tall larkspur at a level causing a significant decrease in responding without provoking overt signs of intoxication. Response rate with and without mineral-salt supplement was the major dependent variable; 3 to 5 "on-off" cycles were conducted for each subject. Steers reduced (P < 0.05) their rate of grain intake by 34 % during operant sessions when larkspur was dosed compared to the previous non-dosed 3-day baseline. Rate of nose pressing was reduced (P < 0.01) on tall larkspur dose days by 28% vs. the 3-day non-dosed baseline. This reduction was indicative of the effects of subclinical larkspur intoxication on steers, On days when larkspur was dosed and animals were intoxicated, the addition of mineral did not alter (P > 0.1) grain intake (1.61 +/- 0.17 kg/ session) compared to days when no mineral was given (1.76 +/- 0.13 kg/session), On larkspur dose days (ie., when animals were intoxicated), the average response rates were 82.9 +/- 3.7 and 85.8 +/- 4.0 responses/min (P > 0.1) when off and on mineral, respectively. We concluded that mineral-salt supplementation had no effect on the response of steers to doses of tall larkspur that produced subclinical intoxication. C1 USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Psychol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Pfister, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 51 IS 5 BP 566 EP 569 DI 10.2307/4003377 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 119KE UT WOS:000075894300015 ER PT J AU Blank, RR Young, JA AF Blank, RR Young, JA TI Heated substrate and smoke: Influence on seed emergence and plant growth SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE burning; fire; grass; rangelands; sagebrush; seeds ID CHARRED WOOD; GERMINATION; EXTRACTS; HERBS AB Combustion products of burning vegetation can increase seed germination of many species of fire-prone plant communities. We tested the influence of heating sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) subcanopy soil, aqueous extracts of artificially burned soil, and sagebrush smoke on the emergence of several range plant species of the sagebrush-steppe. In addition, test seeds were exposed to sagebrush smoke and aqueous slurries of artificially burned sagebrush subcanopy soil to determine their effect on plant growth. As compared to the control, substrates previously heated from 250 to 750 degrees C significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) increased the emergence of Thurber's needlegrass [Achnatherum thurberianum (Piper) Barkworth] and needle-and-thread [Hesperostipa comata (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth]. Sagebrush smoke and aqueous slurries of artificially burned soil significantly increased the emergence of Sierra Nevada needlegrass [Achnatherum occidentalis (Thurber) Barkworth], Indian ricegrass [Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & Schultes) Barkworth], and antelope bitterbrush [Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.]. Rates of new leaf production and leaf elongation following treatment of seeds with the smoke of burning sagebrush were significantly greater for cheat-grass (Bromus tectorum L.), basin wildrye [Leymus cinereus (Scribner & Merr.) A. Love], Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis Elmer), Sierra Nevada needlegrass, and needle-and-thread as compared to the control. After 83 days of growth, smoke-treated seeds of basin wildrye and needle-and-thread produced significantly greater plant mass than their controls. Smoke treatment of certain seeds before sowing is potentially useful for range plant seedings. C1 ARS, USDA, Ecol Temperate Desert Rangelands Unit, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Blank, RR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Ecol Temperate Desert Rangelands Unit, 920 Valley Rd, Reno, NV 89512 USA. NR 19 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 18 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 51 IS 5 BP 577 EP 583 DI 10.2307/4003379 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 119KE UT WOS:000075894300017 ER PT J AU Arredondo, JT Jones, TA Johnson, DA AF Arredondo, JT Jones, TA Johnson, DA TI Seedling growth of Intermountain perennial and weedy annual grasses SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Agropyron desertorum; Bromus tectorum; Elymus elymoides; Pseudoroegneria spicata; relative growth rate; specific leaf area; specific root length; Taeniatherum caput-medasae ID LEAF-AREA; ROOT LENGTH; PLANTS; NITROGEN; TRAITS AB Squirreltail [Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey] is a native cool-season grass that has been observed to invade rangelands dominated by the weedy annual grasses, cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) and medusahead wildrye [Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski]. Our objective was to determine if growth characteristics could account for this squirreltail trait. We used growth analysis to examine differences in seedling growth and tissue allocation of 5 squirreltail entries, 2 long-lived perennial grasses ('Goldar' bluebunch wheatgrass [Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) A. Love] and 'Hycrest' crested wheatgrass [Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult. XA. cristatum (L.) Gaertn.]), cheatgrass, and medusahead wildrye. We monitored the 9 entries in a greenhouse for mean relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, leaf weight ratio, root relative growth rate, specific root length, root-to-shoot dry-mass ratio, and root length-to-leaf area ratio beginning 10 days after solving at 9 destructive harvests at 3-day intervals. Cheatgrass had high relative growth rate for both shoot and root. Only medusahead wildrye equalled the shoot relative growth rate of cheatgrass, and only Hycrest equalled its root relative growth rate. Cheatgrass seedlings were larger than squirreltail seedlings by 2 to 3 weeks after emergence. Few differences were detected among perennials and medusahead wildrye. Cheatgrass displayed the highest leaf area ratio and specific leaf area of the 9 entries but was similar to medusahead wildrye and Red Deer River squirreltail for specific root length. Growth characteristics cannot account for squirreltail's observed ability to invade annual grass stands. However, the combination of high specific leaf area and specific root length in squirreltail germplasm, as found in cheatgrass, may enhance squirreltail survival under competition with annual grasses, especially medusahead wildrye. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Rangeland Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RI Arredondo Moreno, Jose /A-9972-2015 OI Arredondo Moreno, Jose /0000-0003-1969-9942 NR 45 TC 63 Z9 67 U1 4 U2 16 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 51 IS 5 BP 584 EP 589 DI 10.2307/4003380 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 119KE UT WOS:000075894300018 ER PT J AU Leshin, LS Raj, SMP Smith, CK Kwok, SCM Kraeling, RR Li, WI AF Leshin, LS Raj, SMP Smith, CK Kwok, SCM Kraeling, RR Li, WI TI Immunostimulatory effects of pig seminal proteins on pig lymphocytes SO JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION AND FERTILITY LA English DT Article ID PSP-I; BOAR SPERMATOZOA; PLASMA; PREGNANCY; UTERUS; CELLS; FRACTION; CLONING; FLUID AB Pig seminal proteins PSP-I and PSP-II are major protein components of boars' ejaculate and are present as heterodimers (PSP-dimer) in seminal plasma. These proteins were examined for their ability to modulate pig lymphocyte activity in vitro in mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation assays and in one-way mixed lymphocyte reactions. Pig lymphocytes were cultured with phytohaemagglutinin, concanavalin A, or pokeweed mitogen (PWM) in the presence or absence of pig seminal proteins and the amount of cellular [H-3]thymidine was used as an indication of proliferation. In the absence of mitogens, none of the three pig seminal proteins affected lymphocyte proliferation suggesting that these proteins are not antigenic or mitogenic. PSP-dimer enhanced lymphocyte proliferation induced by PWM (156-227%, P<0.05) in a concentration-dependent manner, but had no effect on phytohaemagglutinin- or concanavalin A-induced proliferation. PSP-I enhanced (127-185%, P < 0.05) phytohaemagglutinin-induced proliferation. PSP-II augmented (130-240%, P < 0.05) lymphocyte proliferation induced by concanavalin A and PWM. Lymphocytes from gilts were significantly more responsive to concanavalin A- and PWM-induced lymphocyte proliferation in the presence of PSP-I compared with boars (concanavalin A: gilts 131%, boars 91%; PWM: gilts 188%, boars 134%; P < 0.05). In the mixed lymphocyte reaction, pretreating stimulating cells with increasing concentrations of PSP-I or PSP-II elicited a 400% concentration-dependent increase (P < 0.01) in lymphocyte proliferation. The abundance of pig seminal proteins in boar seminal plasma, their ability to enhance lymphocyte proliferation, and their previously reported ability to bind to lymphocytes suggest that these proteins are immunostimulatory and supports the hypothesis that they modulate uterine immune activity to ensure reproductive success. C1 Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Albert Einstein Med Ctr, Dept Gynecol & Obstet, Philadelphia, PA 19141 USA. USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30613 USA. RP Leshin, LS (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. OI Kwok, Simon/0000-0001-6003-5350 NR 35 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOURNALS OF REPRODUCTION FERTILITY LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA 22 NEWMARKET RD, CAMBRIDGE CB5 8DT, ENGLAND SN 0022-4251 J9 J REPROD FERTIL JI J. Reprod. Fertil. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 114 IS 1 BP 77 EP 84 PG 8 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 140KR UT WOS:000077086900010 PM 9875158 ER PT J AU Early, E Thompson, A Johnson, C DeLuisi, J Disterhoft, P Wardle, D Wu, E Mou, WF Ehramjian, J Tusson, J Mestechkina, T Beaubian, M Gibson, J Hayes, D AF Early, E Thompson, A Johnson, C DeLuisi, J Disterhoft, P Wardle, D Wu, E Mou, WF Ehramjian, J Tusson, J Mestechkina, T Beaubian, M Gibson, J Hayes, D TI The 1996 North American Interagency Intercomparison of Ultraviolet Monitoring Spectroradiometers SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE environmental monitoring; intercomparison; solar ultraviolet; spectroradiometers ID MERCURY PENCIL LAMPS; STANDARD LAMPS; SPECTRAL-LINES AB Concern over stratospheric ozone depletion has prompted several government agencies in North America to establish networks of spectroradiometers for monitoring solar ultraviolet irradiance at the surface of the Earth. To assess the ability of spectroradiometers to accurately measure solar ultraviolet irradiance, and to compare the results between instruments of different monitoring networks, the third North American Interagency Intercomparison of Ultraviolet Monitoring Spectroradiometers was held June 17-25, 1996 at Table Mountain outside Boulder, Colorado, USA. This Intercomparison was coordinated by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Participating agencies were the Environmental Protection Agency; the National Science Foundation; the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center; the Department of Agriculture; and the Atmospheric Environment Service, Canada. The spectral irradiances of participants' calibrated standard lamps were measured at NIST prior to the Intercomparison. The spectral irradiance scales used by the participants agreed with the NIST scale within the combined uncertainties, and for all lamps the spectral irradiance in the horizontal position was lower than that in the vertical position. Instruments were characterized for wavelength uncertainty, bandwidth, stray-light rejection, and spectral irradiance responsivity, the latter with NIST standard lamps operating in specially designed field calibration units. The spectral irradiance responsivity demonstrated instabilities for some instruments. Synchronized spectral scans of the solar irradiance were performed over several days. Using the spectral irradiance responsivities determined with the NIST standard lamps, the measured solar irradiances had some unexplained systematic differences between instruments. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NOAA, R E ARX1, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Environm Canada, Atomospher Environm Serv, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. Univ Georgia, Dept Phys & Astron, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Biospher Inc, San Diego, CA 92110 USA. Yankee Environm Syst Inc, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. Colorado State Univ, USDA, UV B Radiat Monitoring Program, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO USA. Smithsonian Inst, Smithsonian Environm Res Ctr, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA. RP Early, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 103 IS 5 BP 449 EP 482 DI 10.6028/jres.103.028 PG 34 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 143JZ UT WOS:000077253200001 PM 28009358 ER PT J AU Fraenkel, L Roubenoff, R LaValley, M McAlindon, T Chaisson, C Evans, S Harris, T Dinarello, CA Felson, DT AF Fraenkel, L Roubenoff, R LaValley, M McAlindon, T Chaisson, C Evans, S Harris, T Dinarello, CA Felson, DT TI The association of peripheral monocyte derived interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta), IL-1 receptor antagonist, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha with osteoarthritis in the elderly SO JOURNAL OF RHEUMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE blood; cytokines; osteoarthritis; cohort study ID CARTILAGE PANNUS JUNCTION; HUMAN ARTICULAR-CARTILAGE; BLOOD MONONUCLEAR-CELLS; C-REACTIVE PROTEIN; RHEUMATOID-ARTHRITIS; SYNOVIAL-MEMBRANE; KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; MESSENGER-RNA; FACTOR-BETA AB Objective. To examine the association of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) derived interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta), IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and radiographic osteoarthritis (OA) in the elderly. Methods. A total of 703 subjects (436 women, 267 men, mean age 78.5 +/- 3.5 yrs) had both knee and hand radiographs, and cytokines were measured during the 22nd biennial examination of the Framingham Cohort. PBMC derived IL-1 beta, IL-1Ra, and TNF-a production was assessed using a non-cross reacting polyclonal radioimmunoassay, Knee OA was defined as a score of greater than or equal to 2 using a modified Kellgren and Lawrence scale. The presence of osteophytes and joint space narrowing were scored separately db a 0-3 scale, in which disease was defined a priori as a score >0 for each feature. Sex-specific odds ratios were calculated for knee OA after adjusting for weight, history of knee injury, and use of estrogen and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Results, No uniform associations were found for IL-1 beta or IL-1Ra in men, or for TNF-alpha production and radiographic OA in either sex. We found possible associations for the highest levels of IL-1 beta production and the presence of knee osteophytes [OR = 2.0 (1.2-3.5)] and joint space narrowing [OR = 1.7 (1.1-2.8)] in women. Our data suggested a possible protective effect for IL-1Ra production and hand OA in women [OR = 0.6 (0.4-1.0)]. Conclusion. We found no consistent association of PBMC cytokine production and radiographic OA. However. women with the highest production of IL-1 beta and IL-1Ra had respectively higher rates of knee OA and lower rates of hand OA than expected. C1 Boston Univ, Med Ctr, Arthrit Ctr, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NIA, Epidemiol Demog & Biometry Program, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Fraenkel, L (reprint author), Boston Univ, Med Ctr, Arthrit Ctr, 715 Albany St,A203, Boston, MA 02118 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [AG09300]; NIAID NIH HHS [AI15614]; NIAMS NIH HHS [AR20613] NR 48 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU J RHEUMATOL PUBL CO PI TORONTO PA 920 YONGE ST, SUITE 115, TORONTO, ONTARIO M4W 3C7, CANADA SN 0315-162X J9 J RHEUMATOL JI J. Rheumatol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 25 IS 9 BP 1820 EP 1826 PG 7 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA 118LM UT WOS:000075839800025 PM 9733466 ER PT J AU Saliklis, EP Cramer, SM Hermanson, JC AF Saliklis, EP Cramer, SM Hermanson, JC TI Measuring the triaxial load-deformation response of orthotropic materials subjected to large and small strain regimes SO JOURNAL OF TESTING AND EVALUATION LA English DT Article DE triaxial testing; orthotropic materials; paperboard; redwood; surface effects ID WOOD AB A new method for obtaining triaxial stress versus strain data is presented. The method tests cubic specimens and can provide constitutive data along three mutually perpendicular axes. Issues of removing the effects of boundary conditions in the proposed device are discussed. Two devices were constructed and used to obtain triaxial stress versus strain data on paperboard and on redwood samples. Representative data are shown. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Washington State Univ, Wood Mat & Engn Lab, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Saliklis, EP (reprint author), Lafayette Coll, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Easton, PA 18042 USA. RI Hermanson, John C./K-8106-2015 OI Hermanson, John C./0000-0002-3325-6665 NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0090-3973 J9 J TEST EVAL JI J. Test. Eval. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 26 IS 5 BP 444 EP 454 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA 123XU UT WOS:000076151600005 ER PT J AU Patton-Mallory, M Pellicane, PJ Smith, FW AF Patton-Mallory, M Pellicane, PJ Smith, FW TI Qualitative assessment of failure in bolted connections: Maximum stress criterion SO JOURNAL OF TESTING AND EVALUATION LA English DT Article DE bolted connection; wood; finite element model; maximum stress failure criterion ID LUMBER; WOOD; STRENGTH AB This paper presents information regarding the distribution of critical stresses and regions where failure is likely to initiate in single bolt wood connections loaded in tension. Predicted stresses are the results of a three-dimensional numerical analysis of a connection consisting of a single steel pin and a wood member with a hole. Stresses of particular interest are: parallel-to-grain compression and shear and perpendicular-to-grain tension. Failure location is determined by considering the regions of the member where the material capacity is exceeded in at least one of the three aforementioned stresses. No stress interaction is assumed in this analysis. A recently developed and verified three-dimensional (3-D) finite element model was used in this study. Important features of this model include a trilinear constitutive model of the nonlinear behavior of wood and a mechanism to describe the contact between the pin and the hole with changing connection load. The connection geometries studied included a single ratio of end distance to pin diameter (e/d = 4) and three bolt aspect ratios (length of bolt in wood member/bolt diameter) (l/d = 2, 5, and 7). Stress contours are illustrated on the 3-D wood member surface, on the contact surface, and on planes of symmetry. Pin and wood deformations are also illustrated. The results show that for connections with an l/d = 2 stresses are nearly uniform through the wood member thickness with negligible pin yielding. For connections with the larger bolt aspect ratios, considerably more pin bending and yielding is predicted with nonuniform stress distributions through the member thickness. The maximum stress failure criterion is found to be useful for comparing numerically predicted stress distributions to failure modes observed experimentally. By making these comparisons, it is possible to make qualitative interpretations of the critical stress states to indicate the regions where failure is likely to occur. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Engn Mech, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Patton-Mallory, M (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 20 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0090-3973 J9 J TEST EVAL JI J. Test. Eval. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 26 IS 5 BP 489 EP 496 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA 123XU UT WOS:000076151600011 ER PT J AU Patton-Mallory, M Pellicane, PJ Smith, FW AF Patton-Mallory, M Pellicane, PJ Smith, FW TI Qualitative assessment of failure in bolted connections: Tsai-Wu criterion SO JOURNAL OF TESTING AND EVALUATION LA English DT Article DE bolted connection; wood; finite element model; Tsai-Wu failure criterion; stress interaction ID STRENGTH; LUMBER; WOOD AB In a companion paper, a characterization is presented of stress fields in a single-shear bolted connection subjected to tension loading. Numerous stress contours are presented that illustrate the magnitude of the parallel-to-grain compression and shear stresses, as well as the perpendicular-to-grain tension stresses. In addition, regions of potential failure in the selected specimens are identified based on a maximum stress failure criterion. The work presented in this paper represents additional efforts to identify the effect of stress interactions on the strength of the previously mentioned connections. The Tsai-Wu criterion, quantified by its failure index, is used as the tool to identify stress interactions between the aforementioned stress components. Connection geometries similar to those discussed in the companion paper [end distance/bolt diameter (e/d) = 4; and length of bolt in main member/bolt diameter (aspect ratio) (l/d) = 2, 5, and 7] are studied. In addition, several other geometries are discussed that illustrate the effects of changing aspect ratio and end distance. A number of significant findings are reached in this study. As is the case in the companion study, all connections with l/d = 2 have nearly uniform distributions of the Tsai-Wu failure index (Fl) through the specimen thickness. No significant pin bending is associated with this geometry. Connections with l/d > 4 have a failure mode (interpreted from the numerical model) that includes substantial pin bending due to steel yielding, wood crushing, and localized cracking. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Engn Mech, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Patton-Mallory, M (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0090-3973 J9 J TEST EVAL JI J. Test. Eval. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 26 IS 5 BP 497 EP 505 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA 123XU UT WOS:000076151600012 ER PT J AU Surrao, J Sawaya, AL Dallal, GE Tsay, R Roberts, SB AF Surrao, J Sawaya, AL Dallal, GE Tsay, R Roberts, SB TI Use of food quotients in human doubly labeled water studies: Comparable results obtained with 4 widely used food intake methods SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; QUESTIONNAIRE; YOUNG AB Information on the macronutrient composition of the diet is needed in doubly labeled water studies to convert measured rates of carbon dioxide production into values for total energy expenditure. There is no general consensus, however, about the best method to determine food intake for this purpose. Four common methods of measuring food intake (7-day weighed food intake, 24-hour recall, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Block and Willett food frequency questionnaires) were tested for their ability to provide comparable food quotient and total energy expenditure data in doubly labeled water studies in 10 young and 10 older women. All methods gave mean values for total energy expenditure that were within 1% of each other. Individual values obtained using the 24-hour recall and food frequency questionnaires were within +/-3% (standard deviation) of values determined using data from the 7-day weighed food record. These results suggest that it is not necessary to use time-consuming and expensive 7-day food records in doubly labeled water studies; instead, food intake data obtained more easily by 24-hour recall or food frequency questionnaire can provide comparable data. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Roberts, SB (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Sawaya, Ana/D-3845-2014 FU NIA NIH HHS [AG12829]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK46124, DK46200-05] NR 21 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 USA SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 98 IS 9 BP 1015 EP 1020 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(98)00232-6 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 116ZX UT WOS:000075756200014 PM 9739802 ER PT J AU Hausdorff, JM Nelson, ME Kaliton, D Layne, J Nuernberger, A Singh, MAF AF Hausdorff, JM Nelson, ME Kaliton, D Layne, J Nuernberger, A Singh, MAF TI Gait instability: Contributing factors and change with exercise SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, HRNCA, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Div Aging, Boston, MA 02115 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8614 J9 J AM GERIATR SOC JI J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 46 IS 9 MA P227 BP S73 EP S73 PG 1 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 116TR UT WOS:000075741400293 ER PT J AU Kline, DL Mann, MO AF Kline, DL Mann, MO TI Evaluation of butanone, carbon dioxide, and 1-octen-3-ol as attractants for mosquitoes associated with north central Florida bay and cypress swamps SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE surveillance; baited traps; olfaction; behavior; ecology; mosquitoes; control ID SURVEILLANCE; CULICIDAE; DIPTERA; CULEX AB Field studies were conducted to determine the responses of mosquitoes found in north central Florida bay and cypress swamps to carbon dioxide (CO2), light, butanone, and 1-octen-3-ol (octenol), alone and CO2 in combination with each of the others. The response of these mosquito species to 5 CO2 release rates (2, 20, 100, 200, and 2,000 mymin) of CO2 was also determined. The use of CO2 resulted in a response in all the species studied; the pattern of response to increasing CO2 levels varied from species to species. In general, collection size increased as CO2 release rate increased; however, 5 species (Aedes dupreei, Anopheles perplexens, Culiseta melanura, Culex erraticus and Mansonia titillans) deviated from this pattern. Collection size of Ae. dupreei. Cs. melanura, and Cx. erraticus decreased at, the 2,000 ml/min release rate. Collection size of An. perplexens and Ma. titillans remained constant at each CO2 level to which these species responded. In the CO2 and light studies, the general pattern for collection size was: CO2 + light > CO2 alone > light alone. The combination CO2 + octenol (2.2 mg/h) resulted in a synergistic response (i.e., greater;han the combined response obtained by CO2 and octenol alone) for all species except Cs. melanura, Culex nigripalpus, and Culex restuans. Only 2 species (Aedes atlanticus and Aedes canadensis) responded to octenol in relatively large numbers (i.e., response to octenol alone greater than or equal to 5% of that obtained by using CO2 alone at the 200 ml/min release rate). Octenol at the release rate tested repelled Cs. melanura. The butanone + CO2 bait combination increased the responses compared to CO2 alone of Aedes infirmatus, Culex salinarius, Coquillettidia perturbans, and Psorophora ferox, but decreased the response of Cs. melanura. C1 ARS, USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NDVECC Detachment, Poulsbo, WA 98370 USA. RP Kline, DL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 24 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 707-A EAST PRIEN LAKE ROAD, PO BOX 5416, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70606-5416 USA SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 14 IS 3 BP 289 EP 297 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 136KY UT WOS:000076859000011 PM 9813827 ER PT J AU Mount, GA AF Mount, GA TI A critical review of ultralow-volume aerosols of insecticide applied with vehicle-mounted generators for adult mosquito control SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Review DE ultralow-volume; ULV; insecticide; adulticide; ground aerosol; mosquito; droplet size ID RICELAND ANOPHELES-QUADRIMACULATUS; ULV DROPLET SPECTRA; SYNTHETIC PYRETHROIDS; COLLECTION METHODS; BASIC PROGRAM; AEDES-AEGYPTI; COLD AEROSOL; MALATHION; EFFICACY; SIZE AB This review of ultralow-volume (ULV) ground aerosols for adult mosquito control includes discussion on application volume, aerosol generators, droplet size, meteorology, swath, dispersal speed, assay methods, insecticide efficacy, and nontarget effects. It summarizes the efficacy of ULV insecticidal aerosols against many important pest and disease-bearing species of mosquitoes in a wide range of locations and habitats in the United States and in some countries of Asia and the Americas. Fourteen conclusions were drawn from the review. 1) ULV ground aerosol applications of insecticide are as efficacious against adult mosquitoes as high- or low-volume aerosols. 2) ULV aerosols with an optimum droplet size spectrum can be produced by several types of nozzles including vortex, pneumatic, and rotary. Droplet size of a particular insecticide formulation is dependent primarily on nozzle air pressure or rotation speed and secondarily on insecticide flow rate, 3) Label flow rates of insecticide for ULV aerosol application can be delivered accurately during routine operations with speed-correlated metering systems within a calibrated speed range, usually not exceeding 20 mph. 4) The most economical and convenient method of droplet size determination for ULV aerosols of insecticide is the waved-slide technique. 5) The efficacy of ULV ground aerosols against adult mosquitoes is related to droplet size because it governs air transport and impingement. The optimum droplet size for mosquito adulticiding is 8-15 mu m volume median diameter (VMD) on the basis of laboratory wind-tunnel tests and field research with caged mosquitoes. 6) In general, ULV aerosols should be applied following sunset when mosquitoes are active and meteorological conditions are favorable for achieving maximum levels of control. Application can be made during daytime hours when conditions permit, but rates may have to be increased. The critical meteorological factors are wind velocity and direction, temperature, and atmospheric stability and turbulence. 7) Maximum effective swaths are obtained with aerosols in the optimum VMD range during favorable meteorological conditions in open to moderately open terrain. The insecticide dosage must be increased in proportion to increased swath to maintain the same level of mosquito control. 8) Dispersal speed within a range of 2.5-20 mph is not a factor affecting efficacy if insecticide rate and optimum droplet size are maintained. 9) The results of caged mosquito assays are comparable with reductions in free-flying natural populations. 10) The field efficacies of mosquito adulticides applied as ULV ground aerosols are predictable from the results of laboratory wind-tunnel tests. 11) Results of field tests in open to moderately open terrain during favorable meteorological conditions indicated that ULV insecticidal aerosol application rates producing 90% or more control of Anopheles, Culex, and Psorophora spp, are below or approximate to equal to maximum United States Environmental Protection Agency label rates. Against some Aedes spp., some pyrethroid insecticides must be synergized to produce 90% control at label rates. 12) Results of field tests in residential areas with moderate to dense vegetation and in citrus groves or other densely wooded areas showed that insecticide rates of ULV ground aerosols must be increased 2-3-fold to obtain 90% or more control of adult mosquitoes. However, the maximum rates on some insecticide labels would have to be increased to allow higher application rates. 13) Applications of ULV ground aerosols of insecticide in accordance with label directions following sunset do not pose a serious threat to humans, nontarget beneficial animals, or automotive paints. 14) Some aerosol generators operated at high RPM levels exceed the OSHA 8-h hearing hazard criteria of 90 dBA and may require hearing protectors for operators. C1 ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Mount, GA (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 166 TC 53 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 707-A EAST PRIEN LAKE ROAD, PO BOX 5416, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70606-5416 USA SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 14 IS 3 BP 305 EP 334 PG 30 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 136KY UT WOS:000076859000013 PM 9813829 ER PT J AU Mellon, JE Cotty, PJ AF Mellon, JE Cotty, PJ TI Effects of oilseed storage proteins on aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE A-flavus; aflatoxin; corn; cottonseed; cottonseed storage protein; metalloprotease; zein ID BIOSYNTHESIS; COTTONSEED; PH AB Potential involvement of seed storage proteins in susceptibility to aflatoxin contamination was assessed with in vitro tests. Initially, two oilseed storage proteins [cottonseed storage protein (CSP) and zein] were compared with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and collagen. Supplementation of a complete defined medium with either oilseed storage protein resulted in significantly more aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus than supplementation with either BSA or collagen. Little or no aflatoxin was produced when either BSA, CSP, or zein was employed (at 0.5%) as both the sole carbon and the sole nitrogen source. Media with collagen (0.5%) as the sole nitrogen and carbon source supported aflatoxin production similar to the complete defined medium. Although lower than levels observed with defined medium, aflatoxin production increased with both increasing CSP concentration (0 to 2.0%) and increasing zein concentration (CI to 6.0%) when these proteins served as both the sole carbon and sole nitrogen source. Denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and protease activity assays indicated that fungal acquisition of protein carbon was probably via hydrolysis mediated by the 35 kD metalloprotease of A. flavus. Media lacking nitrogen but containing sucrose (5.0%) and supplemented with either zein (1.7%) or CSP (2.0%) supported three- to eightfold more aflatoxin production than the complete defined medium. The results suggest seed storage proteins, when present with an accessible carbon source, may predispose oilseed crops to support production of high levels of aflatoxins by A. flavus during seed infection. C1 ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Mellon, JE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. EM jmellon@nola.ssrc.usda.gov NR 22 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 75 IS 9 BP 1085 EP 1089 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 120VX UT WOS:000075979000005 ER PT J AU Wu, WH Foglia, TA Marmer, WN Dunn, RO Goering, CE Briggs, TE AF Wu, WH Foglia, TA Marmer, WN Dunn, RO Goering, CE Briggs, TE TI Low-temperature property and engine performance evaluation of ethyl and isopropyl esters of tallow and grease SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th American-Oil-Chemists-Society Annual Meeting and Expo - Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Function of Steroids CY MAY 11-14, 1997 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON SP Amer Oil Chemists Soc DE biodiesel; carbon buildup; cetane number; cloud point; cold filter plugging point; crystallization onset temperatures; emissions; engine performance; low-temperature flow test ID PALM OIL DIESEL; VEGETABLE-OILS; METHYL-ESTERS; FUELS; BIODIESEL; BLENDS; WEAR AB Three monoalkyl fatty acid esters derived from tallow and grease were prepared by lipase-catalyzed transesterification and evaluated as prospective diesel engine fuels. The low-temperature properties of the esters, both neat and as 20% blends in No. 2 diesel fuel, were evaluated. Those properties included cloud point, pour point, cold filter plugging point, low-temperature flow test, and crystallization onset temperature. Other properties of the esters, such as kinematic viscosity, heating value, and calculated cetane number, also were determined. All three esters had acceptable physical and low-temperature properties, as well as acceptable fuel properties at the 20% level in diesel blends. Engine performance and emissions for the ester blends were determined in a direct-injection, matched two-cylinder diesel engine. Among the monoalkyl esters studied, ethyl greasate had better properties and engine performance characteristics than the two tallow esters. For the latter esters, isopropyl tallowate had better properties than ethyl tallowate. C1 ARS, ERRC, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Agr Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Foglia, TA (reprint author), ARS, ERRC, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 28 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 75 IS 9 BP 1173 EP 1178 DI 10.1007/s11746-998-0131-7 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 120VX UT WOS:000075979000019 ER PT J AU Parmentier, CM Rowland, LJ Line, MJ AF Parmentier, CM Rowland, LJ Line, MJ TI Water status in relation to maintenance and release from dormancy in blueberry flower buds SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE nuclear magnetic resonance; Vaccinium ID APPLE BUDS; RABBITEYE BLUEBERRY; COLD-HARDINESS; ANNA APPLE; ENDODORMANCY; BUDBREAK; TERMINOLOGY; ECODORMANCY; VACCINIUM AB Three blueberry (Vaccinium section Cyanococcus) genotypes, that have different chilling requirements and levels of cold hardiness, were studied. Depth of dormancy was evaluated and water status was determined, using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), throughout the accumulation of chilling that leads to release from dormancy. Among the two highbush cultivars studied, 'Bluecrop' (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) was the most dormant and 'Gulfcoast' (Vaccinium corymbosum L. x Vaccinium darrowi Camp) was the least dormant. The rabbiteye cultivar 'Tifblue' (Vaccinium ashei Reade) had an intermediate dormancy. It appeared that the cultivar with the deepest dormancy had also the highest chilling requirement (CR). The NMR results showed that 'Bluecrop' buds had the lowest relaxation times (T2), indicating that water was relatively more bound in 'Bluecrop' buds than in the buds of the two other cultivars. Whatever the cultivar, no significant variation of ns and water content of the buds was noted throughout the accumulation of chilling, even after CRs were satisfied. Within 1 day of forcing (24 degrees C, long day), there was a shift towards freer water but no change in the mater content. Forcing was ineffective in freeing water until the plants received enough chilling to satisfy their CRs. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Parmentier, CM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 45 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 123 IS 5 BP 762 EP 769 PG 8 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 111BN UT WOS:000075417600003 ER PT J AU Stommel, JR Haynes, KG AF Stommel, JR Haynes, KG TI Inheritance of resistance to anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum coccodes in tomato SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE genetics; heritability; disease resistance; vegetable breeding ID HERITABILITY; DEMATIUM AB Inheritance of resistance to tomato anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr.) S.J. Hughes was evaluated in parental, F-1, F-2, and backcross populations developed from crosses between adapted resistant (88B147) and susceptible (90L24) tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) breeding lines. Resistance was evaluated via measurement of lesion diameters in fruit collected from field-grown plants and puncture inoculated in a shaded greenhouse. Backcross and F-2 populations exhibited continuous distributions suggesting multigenic control of anthracnose resistance. Anthracnose resistance was partially dominant to susceptibility. Using generation means analysis, gene action in these populations was best explained by an additive-dominance model with additive x additive epistatic effects. A broad-sense heritability (H) of 0.42 and narrow-sense heritability (h(2)) of 0.004 was estimated for resistance to C. coccodes. One gene or linkage group was estimated to control segregation for anthracnose resistance in the cross of 90L24 x 88B147. C1 USDA ARS, Vegetable Lab, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Stommel, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Vegetable Lab, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 25 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 123 IS 5 BP 832 EP 836 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 111BN UT WOS:000075417600015 ER PT J AU Fuentes-Granados, RG Widrlechner, MP Wilson, LA AF Fuentes-Granados, RG Widrlechner, MP Wilson, LA TI Allozyme inheritance in anise hyssop [Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze] (Lamiaceae) SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE isozyme; segregation ratios; starch gel electrophoresis ID 10 ISOZYME GENES; LINKAGE RELATIONSHIPS; CATALASE; MAIZE; DEHYDROGENASE; POLYMORPHISM; POPULATIONS; ISOENZYMES; MARKERS; GUAYULE AB The inheritance of five allozymes was studied in anise hyssop (Agastache foeniculum) by analyzing the progeny of controlled crosses. The loci studied [Cat-1, Gor-2, Pgm-2, Tpi-1, and Tpi-2] were scored by using starch gel clectrophoresis. Segregation analyses of families polymorphic at each of these loci support the following hypotheses: Cat-1 is controlled by a single gene with codominant alleles; Got-2 is controlled by a single gene with codominant alleles coding for dimeric protein products; Pgm-2 is controlled by a single gene with codominant alleles coding for monomeric proteins; and Tpi-1 and Tpi-2 are each controlled by a single gene with codominant alleles coding dimeric protein pro ducts. Distorted segregation ratios were observed in some families segregating for Got-2 and Pgm-2. No linkages were detected among any of the cosegregating loci. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Agron, USDA ARS, N Cent Reg Plant Introduct Stn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, N Cent Reg Plant Introduct Stn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Fuentes-Granados, RG (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 37 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 123 IS 5 BP 868 EP 874 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 111BN UT WOS:000075417600022 ER PT J AU Saftner, RA Conway, WS Sams, CE AF Saftner, RA Conway, WS Sams, CE TI Effect of postharvest calcium chloride treatments on tissue water relations, cell wall calcium levels and postharvest life of 'Golden Delicious' apples SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE CaCl2; Malus x domestica; osmotic potential; turgor potential ID PRESSURE INFILTRATION; FRUIT; STORAGE; BREAKDOWN; GROWTH; TURGOR AB Changes in tissue water relations, cell wall calcium (Ca) levels and physical properties of Ca-treated and untreated 'Golden Delicious' apples (Malus xdomestica Borkh,) were monitored for up to 8 months after harvest. Pressure infiltration of fruit with CaCl2 solutions at concentrations up to 0.34 mol.L-1 reduced both fruit softening and air space volume of fruit in a concentration-dependent manner. Turgor potential-related stress within the fruit persisted during storage and was higher in Ca-treated than in untreated fruit. Fruit that were pressure infiltrated with CaCI2 solutions between 0.14 and 0.20 mol.l(-1) and then waxed to reduce water loss during storage showed no peel injury. Calcium efflux patterns from apple tissue disks indicated two distinct Ca compartments having efflux kinetics consistent with those for cell wall Donnan-phase bound and water free space soluble Ca. At Ca concentrations up to 0.20 mol.L-1, cell wall bound Ca approached saturation whereas soluble Ca showed a linear dependence. At higher external Ca concentrations, only soluble Ca in the tissue increased. During 8 months of cold storage, cell wall Ca-binding capacity increased up to 48%. The osmotic potential of apples harvested over three seasons ranged between -1.32 and -2.33 MPa. In tissue disks, turgor potential changes caused by adjusting the osmolality of the incubation solution with CaCl2 or sorbitol were accompanied by changes in the osmotic and water potentials of the tissue. In CaCl2 solutions up to 0.34 mol.(-1), turgor potential was greater than or equal to 0.6 MPa in tissue incubated in 0.14 or 0.17 mol.L-1 solutions of CaCl2 and was more than 3 times higher than in tissues incubated in low (less than or equal to 0.03 mol.L-1) or high (20.27 mol.L-1) concentrations of CaCl2, At osmotically equivalent concentrations, turgor potential was up to 40 %higher in Ca- than in sorbitol-treated tissue. The results suggest that postharvest treatment with 0.14 to 0.20 mol.L-1 solutions of CaCl-1 are best for maintaining fruit water relations and storage life of (Golden Delicious apples while minimizing the risk of salt-related injuries to the fruit. While higher concentrations of CaCl2 may better maintain firmness, these treatments adversely affect fruit water relations and increase the risk of fruit injury. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. RP Saftner, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 29 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 123 IS 5 BP 893 EP 897 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 111BN UT WOS:000075417600026 ER PT J AU Baldwin, EA Scott, JW Einstein, MA Malundo, TMM Carr, BT Shewfelt, RL Tandon, KS AF Baldwin, EA Scott, JW Einstein, MA Malundo, TMM Carr, BT Shewfelt, RL Tandon, KS TI Relationship between sensory and instrumental analysis for tomato flavor SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Lycopersicon esculentum; sucrose equivalents; titratable acidity; flavor volatiles; soluble solids ID LYCOPERSICON-ESCULENTUM MILL; FRESH MARKET TOMATOES; QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; VOLATILE; QUALITY; COMPONENTS; FRUIT; CULTIVARS; SUGAR AB The major components of flavor in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and other fruit are thought to be sugars, acids, and flavor volatiles. Tomato overall acceptability, tomato-like flavor, sweetness, and sourness for six to nine tomato cultivars were analyzed by experienced panels using a nine-point scale and by trained descriptive analysis panels using a 15-cm line scale for sweetness, sourness, three to five aroma and three to seven taste descriptors in three seasons. Relationships between sensory data and instrumental analyses, including flavor volatiles, soluble solids (SS), individual sugars converted to sucrose equivalents (SE), titratable acidity (TA), pH, SS/TA, and SE/TA, were established using correlation and multiple linear regression. For instrumental data, SS/TA, SE/TA, TA, and cis-3-hexenol correlated with overall acceptability (P = 0.05); SE, SE/TA (P less than or equal to 10.03), geranylacetone, 2+3-methSlbutanol and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (P = 0.11) with tomato-like flavor; SE, pH, cis-3-hexenal, trans-2-hexenal, hexanal, cis-2-hexanol, geranylacetone, 2+3-methylbutanol, trans-2 heptenal, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, and 1-nitro-2-phenylethane (P less than or equal to 0.11) with sweetness; and SS, pH, acetaldehyde, acetone, 2-isobutylthiazole, geranlyacetone, beta-ionone, ethanol, hexanal and cis-3-hexenal with sourness (P less than or equal to 10.15) for experienced or trained panel data. Measurements for SS/TA correlated with overall taste (P = 0.09) and SS with astringency, bitter aftertaste, and saltiness (P less than or equal to 10.07) for trained panel data. In addition to the above mentioned flavor volatiles, methanol and l-penten-3-one significantly affected sensory responses (P = 0.13) for certain aroma descriptors. Levels of aroma compounds affected perception of sweetness and sourness and measurements of SS shelved a closer relationship to sourness, astringency, and bitterness than to sweetness. C1 USDA ARS, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, Winter Haven, FL 33880 USA. Univ Florida, Inst Food & Agr Sci, Gulf Coast Res & Educ Ctr, Bradenton, FL 34203 USA. United Distilled Prod, Princeton, MN 55371 USA. Carr Consulting, Wilmette, IL 60091 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Food Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. SensTek Inc, Tampa, FL 33609 USA. RP Baldwin, EA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, POB 1909, Winter Haven, FL 33880 USA. OI Carr, B. Thomas/0000-0001-5064-1509 NR 41 TC 157 Z9 172 U1 4 U2 37 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 123 IS 5 BP 906 EP 915 PG 10 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 111BN UT WOS:000075417600028 ER PT J AU Knothe, G Nelsen, TC AF Knothe, G Nelsen, TC TI Evaluation of the C-13 NMR signals of saturated carbons in some long-chain compounds SO JOURNAL OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY-PERKIN TRANSACTIONS 2 LA English DT Article ID INTRAMOLECULAR VANDERWAALS INTERACTIONS; NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; C-C BONDS; CHEMICAL-SHIFTS; FATTY-ACIDS; HYDROPEROXIDES; HYDROXYLATION; SPECTROSCOPY; ALCOHOLS; SPECTRA AB The C-13 NMR Shift values of saturated carbons in long-chain compounds can be mathematically approximated by equations of the kind: s = - ax(-b) + cx(-d) + e which are similar to those for the Lennard-Jones potential. Here s is the chemical shift of a carbon atom and x is the position in the chain of this atom or a functional group influencing its shift value. Equations have been determined for selected saturated carbons of methyl octadecanoate, cis- and trans-octadecenoic acids, methyl cis-octadecenoates, methyl oxo-, methyl hydroxy-, methyl acetoxy- and methyl epoxyoctadecanoates. Excellent correlation of experimental and theoretical data has been achieved (coefficients of determination in most cases >0.99; deviations of calculated shift data from theoretical data in most cases less than 0.1 ppm). These equations can be used for predicting C-13 NMR shift values of saturated carbons in compounds with long chains. C1 USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Knothe, G (reprint author), USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 28 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0300-9580 J9 J CHEM SOC PERK T 2 JI J. Chem. Soc.-Perkin Trans. 2 PD SEP PY 1998 IS 9 BP 2019 EP 2026 DI 10.1039/a801617h PG 8 WC Chemistry, Organic; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 120UY UT WOS:000075976800027 ER PT J AU Grabber, JH Ralph, J Hatfield, RD AF Grabber, JH Ralph, J Hatfield, RD TI Severe inhibition of maize wall degradation by synthetic lignins formed with coniferaldehyde SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE Zea mays; brown midrib; cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase; coniferyl alcohol; coniferaldehyde; quinone methide; cross-linking; lignin; cell wall; degradability ID CINNAMYL-ALCOHOL-DEHYDROGENASE; BETA-O-4-TYPE QUINONE METHIDE; NONCYCLIC BENZYL ETHERS; GRASS CELL-WALLS; VANILLYL ALCOHOL; MODEL COMPOUNDS; CROSS-LINKING; ARYL ETHERS; BIOSYNTHESIS; MECHANISM AB Although the enzymatic or ruminal degradability of plants deficient in cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is often greater than their normal counterparts, factors responsible for these degradability differences have not been identified. Since lignins in CAD deficient plants often contain elevated concentrations of aldehydes, we used a cell-wall model system to evaluate what effect aldehyde-containing lignins have on the hydrolysis of cell walls by fungal enzymes. Varying ratios of coniferaldehyde and coniferyl alcohol were polymerised into non-lignified primary walls of maize (Zea mays L) by wall-bound peroxidase and exogenously supplied H2O2. Coniferaldehyde lignins formed fewer cross-linked structures with other wall components, but they were much more inhibitory to cell wall degradation than lignins formed with coniferyl alcohol. This suggests that the improved degradability of CAD deficient plants is not related to the incorporation of p-hydroxycinnamaldehyde units into lignin. Degradability differences were diminished if enzyme loadings were increased and if hydrophobic aldehyde groups in lignins were reduced to their corresponding alcohols by ethanolic sodium borohydride. (C) 1998 Society of Chemical Industry. C1 ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, USDA, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, USDA, 1925 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 36 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-5142 EI 1097-0010 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 78 IS 1 BP 81 EP 87 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199809)78:1<81::AID-JSFA86>3.3.CO;2-E PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 118XR UT WOS:000075866700011 ER PT J AU Cabeza, LF Taylor, MM Brown, EM Marmer, WN AF Cabeza, LF Taylor, MM Brown, EM Marmer, WN TI Chemical and physical properties of protein products isolated from chromium-containing leather waste using two consecutive enzymes SO JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS AND CHEMISTS LA English DT Article AB The treatment of chrome shavings as a potential source of protein and chromium presents a challenge for more and more researchers from all over the world. Recently, the influence of several different enzymes on the properties of the protein isolated from this waste was investigated, and the effects of pepsin and trypsin were studied and compared because of their noteworthy activities in the process. In this work, the use of two different enzymes in consecutive extractions was studied. The combinations of pepsin-trypsin and pepsin-alkaline protease were evaluated. The shavings were pretreated with pepsin at room temperature and gelatin was extracted with water at 70 degrees C; the chrome sludge recovered after centrifugation then was treated with trypsin or alkaline protease and hydrolysate was extracted at 70 degrees C. The chemical and physical properties of these protein products were evaluated, confirming that a high quality gelatin can be isolated. With a second extraction of hydrolysate, the chrome cake is suitable for chemical treatment before chromium recycling. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Cabeza, LF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RI Cabeza, Luisa F./B-4587-2013 OI Cabeza, Luisa F./0000-0001-5086-872X NR 7 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC LEATHER TECHNOL CHEMISTS PI NORTHAMPTON PA 38 ROSEHOLME RD, NORTHAMPTON, NORTHANTS, ENGLAND NN1 4TQ SN 0144-0322 J9 J SOC LEATH TECH CH JI J. Soc. Leather Technol. Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 82 IS 5 BP 173 EP 179 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA 135TD UT WOS:000076818000001 ER PT J AU McNamara, AM AF McNamara, AM TI Foodborne pathogens SO JOURNAL OF URBAN HEALTH-BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases - Meeting the Challenge CY JUN, 1995 CL NEW YORK ACAD MED, NEW YORK, NEW YORK HO NEW YORK ACAD MED ID DISEASE OUTBREAKS; UNITED-STATES C1 USDA, Div Microbiol, Washington, DC USA. RP McNamara, AM (reprint author), USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Bethesda, MD 20205 USA. NR 6 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1099-3460 J9 J URBAN HEALTH JI J. Urban Health PD SEP PY 1998 VL 75 IS 3 BP 503 EP 505 DI 10.1007/BF02427690 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 118GB UT WOS:000075829100010 ER PT J AU O'Reilly, EK Wang, ZH French, R Kao, CC AF O'Reilly, EK Wang, ZH French, R Kao, CC TI Interactions between the structural domains of the RNA replication proteins of plant-infecting RNA viruses SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID BROME MOSAIC-VIRUS; HELICASE-LIKE; METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY; NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS; SECONDARY STRUCTURE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; POLYMERASE; SEQUENCE; NSP1; DNA AB Brome mosaic virus (BMV), a positive-strand RNA virus, encodes two replication proteins: the 2a protein, which contains polymerase-like sequences, and the la protein, with N-terminal putative capping and C-terminal helicase-like sequences. These two proteins are part of a multisubunit complex which is necessary for viral RNA replication. We have previously shown that the yeast two-hybrid assay consistently duplicated results obtained from in vivo RNA replication assays and biochemical assays of protein-protein interaction, thus permitting the identification of additional interacting domains. We now map an interaction found to take place between two la proteins. Using previously characterized la mutants, a perfect correlation was found between the in vivo phenotypes of these mutants and their abilities to interact with wild-type la (wt1a) and each other. Western blot analysis revealed that the stabilities of many of the noninteracting mutant proteins were similar to that of wt1a. Deletion analysis of la revealed that the N-terminal 515 residues of the la protein are required and sufficient for la-la interaction. This intermolecular interaction between the putative capping domain and itself was detected in another tripartite RNA virus, cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), suggesting that the la-la interaction is a feature necessary for the replication of tripartite RNA viruses. The boundaries for various activities are placed in the context of the predicted secondary structures of several la like proteins of members of the alphavirus-like superfamily. Additionally,,ve found a novel interaction between the putative capping and helicase-like portions of the BMV and CMV la proteins, Our cumulative data suggest a working model for the assembly of the BMV RNA replicase. C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, ARS, USDA, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Kao, CC (reprint author), Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. NR 35 TC 57 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 72 IS 9 BP 7160 EP 7169 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA 109NK UT WOS:000075328600023 PM 9696810 ER PT J AU Jacobson, ER Green, DE Undeen, AH Cranfield, M Vaughn, KL AF Jacobson, ER Green, DE Undeen, AH Cranfield, M Vaughn, KL TI Systemic microsporidiosis in inland bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) SO JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE microsporidia; lizard; bearded dragon; Pogona vitticeps ID ADENOVIRUS-LIKE; ENCEPHALITOZOONOSIS AB One laboratory-hatched and -reared inland bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) (No. 1) and two privately owned inland bearded dragons (Nos. 2 and 3) died, showing nonspecific signs of illness. Light microscopic examination of hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue sections from lizard No. 1 revealed severe hepatic necrosis with clusters of light basophilic intracytoplasmic microorganisms packing and distending hepatocytes and free in areas of necrosis. Similar microorganisms were within cytoplasmic vacuoles in distended renal epithelial cells, pulmonary epithelial cells, gastric mucosal epithelial cells, enterocytes, and capillary endothelial cells and ventricular ependymal cells in the brain. In lizard Nos. 2 and 3, microorganisms of similar appearance were in macrophages in granulomatous inflammation in the colon, adrenal glands, and ovaries. The microorganism was gram positive and acid fast and had a small polar granule that stained using the periodic acid-Schiff reaction. Electron microscopic examination of deparaffinized liver of lizard No. 1 revealed merogonic and sporogonic stages of a protozoan compatible with members of the phylum Microspora. This report provides the first description of microsporidiosis in bearded dragons and is only the second report of this infection in a lizard. C1 Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Small Anim Clin Sci, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Univ Florida, Electron Microscopy Core Lab, ICBR, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. State Maryland Dept Agr, Anim Hlth Diagnost Lab, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. USDA, Med & Vet Entomol Res Lab, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. Baltimore Zoo, Baltimore, MD 21217 USA. RP Jacobson, ER (reprint author), Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Small Anim Clin Sci, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. NR 29 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC Z00 VETERINARIANS PI MEDIA PA 6 NORTH PENNELL ROAD, MEDIA, PA 19063 USA SN 1042-7260 J9 J ZOO WILDLIFE MED JI J. Zoo Wildl. Med. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 29 IS 3 BP 315 EP 323 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 129VQ UT WOS:000076485100011 PM 9809606 ER PT J AU Garnett, NL DeHaven, WR AF Garnett, NL DeHaven, WR TI OPRR and USDA commentary SO LAB ANIMAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NIH, Div Anim Welf, OPRR, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. USDA, APHIS, Washington, DC USA. RP Garnett, NL (reprint author), NIH, Div Anim Welf, OPRR, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 1 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 0093-7355 J9 LAB ANIMAL JI Lab Anim. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 27 IS 8 BP 18 EP 18 PG 1 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 116FM UT WOS:000075713700007 ER PT J AU Trabelsi, S Kraszewski, AW Nelson, SO AF Trabelsi, S Kraszewski, AW Nelson, SO TI Nondestructive microwave characterization for determining the bulk density and moisture content of shelled corn SO MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE microwave permittivity; dielectric constant; dielectric loss factor; moisture content; bulk density; shelled corn (maize) ID DIELECTRIC-PROPERTIES; PARTICULATE MATERIALS AB A method based on nondestructive microwave characterization is used for simultaneous determination of the bulk density and moisture content of shelled corn. This method can be applied regardless of the measurement technique and thus considerably simplifies the calibration procedure. Calibration equations, both for the bulk density and for the moisture content, are given, together with the standard error of performance (SEP) at several frequencies in the range 11-18 GHz and three temperatures, 14, 24 and 34 degrees C. The bulk density, ranging from 695 to 830 kg m(-3), can be determined with SEP in the range 11-15 kg m(-3) Neither the sample moisture content nor its temperature are required in order to determine the bulk density. The moisture content ranging from 9% to 19% on a wet basis, can be determined at each temperature without knowledge of the bulk density with SEP of less than 0.5% moisture content. Results of an error analysis of the measurements show that about half of the total uncertainties in bulk density and moisture content can be considered systematic errors and thus they are correctable. C1 ARS, USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP ARS, USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 20 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-0233 EI 1361-6501 J9 MEAS SCI TECHNOL JI Meas. Sci. Technol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 9 IS 9 BP 1548 EP 1556 DI 10.1088/0957-0233/9/9/026 PG 9 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 119HD UT WOS:000075889100026 ER PT J AU Xiao, L Sulaiman, I Fayer, R Lal, AA AF Xiao, L Sulaiman, I Fayer, R Lal, AA TI Species and strain-specific typing of Cryptosporidium parasites in clinical and environmental samples SO MEMORIAS DO INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Meeting on Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics of Infectious Diseases CY JUN 07-10, 1998 CL RIO JANEIRO, BRAZIL SP ORSTOM, CNRS, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Oswaldo Cruz Fdn, Oswaldo Cruz Inst, CNPq, Brazil, FAPERJ, Brazil, CAPES, Brazil, FNS, Brazil, INTERACTIVA Biotechnol Gmbh, Sigma Chem Co, Brazil DE Cryptosporidium; phylogeny; genotype; ribosomal RNA ID FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM; RIBOSOMAL-RNA GENE; PCR-RFLP ANALYSIS; OOCYST WALL; PARVUM; APICOMPLEXA; DIFFERENTIATION; IDENTIFICATION; RESTRICTION; SEQUENCE AB Cryptosporidiosis has recently attracted attention as an emerging waterborne and foodborne disease as well as an opportunistic infection in HIV infected individuals. the lack of genetic information however, has resulted in confusion in the taxonomy of Cryptosporidium parasites and in the development of molecular tools for the identification and typing of oocysts in environmental samples. Phylogenetic analysis of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene has shown that the genus Cryptosporidium comprises several distinct species. Our data show the presence of at least four species: C. parvum, C. muris, C. baileyi and C. serpentis (C. meleagridis, C. nasorum and C. felis were not studied). Within each species, there is some sequence variation. Thus, various genotypes (genotype 1, genotype 2, guinea pig genotype, monkey genotype and koala genotype, etc.) of C. parvum differ from each other in six regions of the SSU rRNA gene. Information on polymorphism in Cryptosporidium parasites has been sued in the development of species and strain-specific diagnostic tools. Use of these tools in the characterization of oocysts in various samples indicates that C. parvum genotype 1 is the strain responsible for most human Cryptosporidium infections. In contrast, genotype 2 is probably one of the major sources for environmental contamination, and has been found in most oysters examined from Chesapeake Bay that may serve as biologic monitors of estuarine waters. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. ARS, USDA, Parasite Immunobiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Xiao, L (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Xiao, Lihua/B-1704-2013 OI Xiao, Lihua/0000-0001-8532-2727 NR 30 TC 25 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU FUNDACO OSWALDO CRUZ PI RIO DE JANEIRO, RJ PA AV BRASIL 4365, 21045-900 RIO DE JANEIRO, RJ, BRAZIL SN 0074-0276 J9 MEM I OSWALDO CRUZ JI Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 93 IS 5 BP 687 EP 691 DI 10.1590/S0074-02761998000500022 PG 5 WC Parasitology; Tropical Medicine SC Parasitology; Tropical Medicine GA 119UJ UT WOS:000075915900022 PM 9830539 ER PT J AU Anjaiah, V Koedam, N Nowak-Thompson, B Loper, JE Hofte, M Tambong, JT Cornelis, P AF Anjaiah, V Koedam, N Nowak-Thompson, B Loper, JE Hofte, M Tambong, JT Cornelis, P TI Involvement of phenazines and anthranilate in the antagonism of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PNA1 and Tn5 derivatives toward Fusarium spp. and Pythium spp. SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE anthranilate synthase; antifungal compound; biocontrol ID GRAMINIS VAR TRITICI; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; FLUORESCENT PSEUDOMONADS; TRYPTOPHAN PATHWAY; PIGMENT PRODUCTION; BIOSYNTHESIS; GENES; SUPPRESSION; AUREOFACIENS; RHIZOSPHERE AB Pseudomonas aeruginosa PNA1, isolated from the rhizosphere of chickpea in India, suppressed Fusarium wilt of chickpea, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp, ciceris, and Pythium damping-off of bean, caused by Pythium splendens, When grown in culture, PNA1 produced the phenazine antibiotics phenazine-l-carboxylic acid and oxychloraphine, and inhibited mycelial growth of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, P. splendens, and certain other phytopathogenic fungi. Two mutants (FM29 and FM13) deficient in phenazine production were obtained following transposon mutagenesis of PNA1, The transposon in the genome of Fh429 was localized to phnA, which is thought to encode a subunit of anthranilate synthase II involved in the phenazine biosynthesis. The FM13 mutation was complemented by trpC, which encodes indole glycerol phosphate synthase in the tryptophan biosynthesis pathway; consequently, FM13 could not grow on a minimal medium in the absence of tryptophan. Neither FM29 nor FM13 suppressed Fusarium wilt of chickpea to the level achieved by the wild-type strain, indicating that phenazine production contributed to the biocontrol of this disease by P. aeruginosa PNA1, FM29 was also less effective than the phenazine-producing parental strain in biological control of Pythium damping-off of bean, but FM13 was as effective as the parental strain in suppressing this disease. Anthranilate, an intermediate in the tryptophan biosynthesis pathway, suppressed mycelial growth of Pythium spp, in culture and Pythium damping-off of bean and lettuce. Anthranilate, excreted by FM13 as a consequence of the trpC mutation, may have contributed to the suppression of Pythium damping-off by the mutant. C1 Flanders Interuniv Inst Biotechnol, Dept Immunol, B-1640 St Genesius Rode, Belgium. Free Univ Brussels, Lab Microbial Interact, B-1640 St Genesius Rode, Belgium. ARS, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. State Univ Ghent, Phytopathol Lab, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. RP Cornelis, P (reprint author), Flanders Interuniv Inst Biotechnol, Dept Immunol, Paardenstr 65, B-1640 St Genesius Rode, Belgium. NR 31 TC 79 Z9 87 U1 3 U2 13 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 11 IS 9 BP 847 EP 854 DI 10.1094/MPMI.1998.11.9.847 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 112FX UT WOS:000075484400001 ER PT J AU Long, CR Dobrinsky, JR Garrett, WM Johnson, LA AF Long, CR Dobrinsky, JR Garrett, WM Johnson, LA TI Dual labeling of the cytoskeleton and DNA strand breaks in porcine embryos produced in vivo and in vitro SO MOLECULAR REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE apoptosis; microtubules; microfilaments; immunocytochemistry; TUNEL ID PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH; INVITRO FERTILIZATION; BOVINE EMBRYOS; APOPTOSIS; ALLOCATION; CULTURE AB In vitro-produced embryos exhibit decreased cell numbers, small inner cell masses and reduced pregnancy rates after transfer. Evaluation of intracellular components of in vitro-produced or -manipulated embryos will lead to improved methodology for embryo production. Whole mount techniques were developed to utilize terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase 3' nick end labeling (TUNEL) to detect broken DNA. Subsequent labeling of either tubulin or actin filaments provides further evidence of cytological damage. Porcine embryos produced in vitro or in vivo were evaluated throughout the cleavage and preimplantation stages of development. Early cleavage stages up to the 8-cell stage never contained TUNEL-labeled nuclei. However, TUNEL labeling of in vitro-produced morula revealed some blastomeres with broken DNA. Nearly all in vitro-produced blastocysts displayed some TUNEL positive cells, whereas in vivo-collected embryos at a similar stage displayed few, if any, TUNEL-labeled nuclei. The ratio of TUNEL-labeled DNA to total DNA area of in vitro-derived blastocysts was significantly greater than their in vivo counterparts (P < 0.05). Microtubule and microfilament labeling identified blastomeres of unequal size and shape that were losing cellular integrity. These data suggest that the combination of these labeling techniques may be useful in evaluating cellular damage in embryos produced under in vitro conditions. Mel. Reprod. Dev. 51:59-65, 1998. (C) 1998 Wiiey-Liss, Inc. C1 ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Johnson, LA (reprint author), ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, USDA, Bldg 200,Rm 100,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 26 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1040-452X J9 MOL REPROD DEV JI Mol. Reprod. Dev. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 51 IS 1 BP 59 EP 65 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2795(199809)51:1<59::AID-MRD7>3.3.CO;2-Z PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology GA 106WP UT WOS:000075174300007 PM 9712318 ER PT J AU Hodge, KT Humber, RA Wozniak, CA AF Hodge, KT Humber, RA Wozniak, CA TI Cordyceps variabilis and the genus Syngliocladium SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Clavicipitaceae; entomopathogen; Hypocreales; Sorosporella; teleomorph ID MICROHILUM-ONCOPERAE; DEUTEROMYCOTINA; LARVAE; ORTHOPTERA; MORPHOLOGY; ACRIDIDAE; MYCOSIS; FUNGUS AB Cordyceps variabilis has long been erroneously reported to be a pathogen of beetle larvae; studies of newly collected and herbarium specimens revealed that C. variabilis attacks fly larvae, particularly those of the family Xylophagidae (Diptera). An emended description of C. variabilis is provided and a lectotype designated. The anamorph of C. variabilis is reported here for the first time, and is attributed to the hyphomycetous genus Syngliocladium. An allied species, S. tetanopsis sp. nov. is reported as a pathogen of larvae of Tetanops myopaeformis, the sugar beet root maggot (Diptera: Otitidae). The taxonomy of the genus Syngliocladium is briefly reviewed, and the generic concept emended. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Protect Res Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, State Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Hodge, KT (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 54 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 90 IS 5 BP 743 EP 753 DI 10.2307/3761314 PG 11 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 127TJ UT WOS:000076366400001 ER PT J AU Horn, BW Dorner, JW AF Horn, BW Dorner, JW TI Soil populations of Aspergillus species from section Flavi along a transect through peanut-growing regions of the United States SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE aflatoxins; corn; cotton; vegetative; compatibility group ID VEGETATIVE COMPATIBILITY; AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION; CYCLOPIAZONIC ACID; GENETIC DIVERSITY; PARASITICUS; TAMARII; COTTON; FIELD; ASSOCIATION; TEMPERATURE AB Soil populations of Aspergillus species from section Flavi, several of which produce aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid, were examined from 166 cultivated fields along a transect extending from eastern New Mexico through Georgia to eastern Virginia. Peanut fields were sampled from four major peanut-growing regions (western Texas, central Texas, Georgia/Alabama, and Virginia/North Carolina); corn, cotton, and soybean fields also were examined from other regions along the transect where peanuts are not commonly cultivated. Soil densities of combined Aspergillus species from section Flavi were characterized by large variation among fields, with a greater frequency of fields with high densities extending from east-central Texas to south-central Georgia. Aspergillus flavus was the dominant species across most of the transect; the S strain of this species, characterized by production of numerous small sclerotia <400 mu m diameter, was present primarily in the cotton-growing regions of east-central Texas and Louisiana. The highest incidences of ri. parasiticus (as percentages of section flavi) were observed from south-central Alabama to eastern Virginia. Vegetative compatibility group 1 of A. parasiticus was widely distributed in peanut fields along the transect. Aspergillus tamarii and A. caelatus also occurred along most of the transect but generally at low incidences; A. nomius was detected in only five fields from Louisiana and Mississippi. Peanut fields had significantly higher densities and incidences of A. parasiticus (P < 0.0001) than fields planted in other crops. Among the peanut-growing regions, Georgia/Alabama had the highest and western Texas had the lowest soil densities of species from section Flavi. Significant positive correlations (P < 0.05) in soil density between individual Aspergillus species from section Flavi and filamentous fungi as well as between pairs of species suggest that populations were influenced by similar environmental factors. Variability in the density of A. flavus and ii, parasiticus in soil may result from regional differences in the frequency of drought and in soil temperature and the influence of these factors on the susceptibility of peanut seeds to fungal invasion. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Peanut Res Lab, Dawson, GA 31742 USA. RP Horn, BW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Peanut Res Lab, 1011 Forrester Dr SE, Dawson, GA 31742 USA. NR 43 TC 93 Z9 94 U1 1 U2 9 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 90 IS 5 BP 767 EP 776 DI 10.2307/3761317 PG 10 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 127TJ UT WOS:000076366400004 ER PT J AU Banik, MT Burdsall, HH AF Banik, MT Burdsall, HH TI Assessment of compatibility among Armillaria cepistipes, A-sinapina, and North American biological species X and XI, using culture morphology and molecular biology SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE intergenic spacer; incompatibility groups; polymerase chain reaction; restriction fragment length polymorphisms ID OSTOYAE; IDENTIFICATION; MELLEA AB Ten single-spore isolates each of Armillaria sinapina, A. cepistipes, and North American biological species (NABS)X and XI were paired in all combinations. A second set of ten single-spore isolates of each species was likewise paired. Each pairing was duplicated for a total of 3280 pairs. Using the standard morphological criteria (e.g., fluffy, crustose) to assess the pairings, A. sinapina exhibited the following compatibility levels: 68% with itself, 5.5% with A. cepistipes, 3.5% with NABS X, and 5% with NABS XI, respectively. Armillaria cepistipes was rated 53%, 6.5%, and 57% compatible with itself and NABS X and XI, respectively. NABS X was 70% selfcompatible and 4.0% compatible with NABS XI. NABS XI was 55% selfcompatible. The intergenic spacer region of the rDNA of each isolate was amplified using polymerase chain reaction and digested with Alu I. Seven distinct restriction fragment length polymorphic (RFLP) patterns were observed: two in A. cepistipes, two in A. sinapina, one in NABS X, one in NABS XI, and one that was common to NABS XI, and A. cepistipes. By using the RFLP patterns as markers to assess the outcome of the pairings, it was determined that, in general, the morphological ratings were an accurate reflection of nuclear combination. Combining the RFLP and pairing results confirms that NABS XI is compatible with A. cepistipes and should be considered conspecific. A. sinapina, NABS X, and A. cep istipes are compatible to a very limited degree in culture, but not enough evidence exists to warrant reducing any to synonomy. Therefore, we believe NABS X should be formally described as a new species of Armillaria. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Ctr Forest Mycol Res, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Banik, MT (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Ctr Forest Mycol Res, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 19 TC 16 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 90 IS 5 BP 798 EP 805 DI 10.2307/3761321 PG 8 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 127TJ UT WOS:000076366400008 ER PT J AU Sejalon-Delmas, N Magnier, A Douds, DD Becard, G AF Sejalon-Delmas, N Magnier, A Douds, DD Becard, G TI Cytoplasmic autofluorescence of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora gigantea and nondestructive fungal observations in planta SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Daucus carota; fluorescence ID ROOTS AB Spores and hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, grown in vitro with or without Ri T-DNA transformed roots of Daucus carota, were examined via epifluorescence microscopy. Hyphae and root infection structures of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora gigantea exhibited a bright yellowish-green fluorescence when exposed to 450-490 nm light. Structures of G. margarita showed no fluorescence under the same conditions. The autofluorescent component of G. gigantea is cytoplasmic and mobile in the cytoplasmic stream, so it can be used as a natural vital marker. This phenomenon makes time-course, nondestructive examination of mycorrhizal and studies of the competition between G. gigantea and other fungi possible for the first time. C1 Univ Toulouse 3, Lab Mycol Vegetale, F-31062 Toulouse, France. ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Becard, G (reprint author), Univ Toulouse 3, Lab Mycol Vegetale, 118 Route Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France. NR 10 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 90 IS 5 BP 921 EP 926 DI 10.2307/3761334 PG 6 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 127TJ UT WOS:000076366400021 ER PT J AU Lo Gullo, MA Nardini, A Salleo, S Tyree, MT AF Lo Gullo, MA Nardini, A Salleo, S Tyree, MT TI Changes in root hydraulic conductance (K-R) of Olea oleaster seedlings following drought stress and irrigation SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE root hydraulic conductance; pressure chamber; water stress ID PRESSURE-BOMB TECHNIQUE; ZEA-MAYS-L; WATER RELATIONS; CONDUCTIVITY; PLANTS; TRANSPORT; ANATOMY; XYLEM AB Quasi-steady-state measurements of root hydraulic conductance (K-R) of Olea oleaster Hoffmgg. et Link potted seedlings were performed using a pressure chamber with the aim of: (a) measuring the impact of different water-stress levels on a K-R; (b) measuring the kinetics of K-R recovery several days after soil rewetting; (c) relating changes in K-R to changes in roof anatomy and morphology. Increasing water-stress was applied in terms of ratio of leaf water potential (Psi(L)) measured at midday to that at zero turgor (Psi(TLP)), i.e.Psi(L)/Psi(TLP) = 0.5, 1.0, 1.2, 1.6; K-R was measured initially and at 24, 48, 72, 96 h after irrigation. Values of K-R in seedlings stressed to Psi(L)/Psi(TLP) = 1.2 increased for 48 h after irrigation from 0.23 to 0.97 x 10(-5) kg s(-1) m(-2) MPa-1 i.e. from 16% to 66% of that measured in unstressed seedlings. A marked shift of the x-axis intercept of the straight line relating flow to pressure (zero flow at non-zero pressure) was recorded initially after irrigation and persisted up to 48 h. Recovery of K-R occurred within 24 h after irrigation in seedlings at Psi(L)/Psi(TLP) = 0.5 and 48 h later in those at Psi(L)/Psi(TLP) = 1.0. Severe drought stress (Psi(L)/Psi(TLP) = 1.6) caused anatomical changes to roots which formed a two-layered exodermis with thicker suberized walls and a three- to four-layered endodermis with completely suberized tangential walls. Recovery of K-R in these roots required resumed growth of root tips and emergence of new lateral roots. C1 Univ Messina, Ist Bot, I-98166 Messina, Italy. Univ Trieste, Dipartimento Biol, I-34127 Trieste, Italy. US Forest Serv, NE Expt Stn, Burlington, VT 05402 USA. RP Salleo, S (reprint author), Univ Messina, Ist Bot, CP 58, I-98166 Messina, Italy. RI Nardini, Andrea/C-6525-2009 NR 28 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 17 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 140 IS 1 BP 25 EP 31 DI 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00258.x PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 131FJ UT WOS:000076565000003 ER PT J AU Coss-Bu, JA Jefferson, LS Walding, D David, Y Smith, EO Klish, WJ AF Coss-Bu, JA Jefferson, LS Walding, D David, Y Smith, EO Klish, WJ TI Resting energy expenditure and nitrogen balance in critically ill pediatric patients on mechanical ventilation SO NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE energy metabolism; indirect calorimetry; parenteral nutrition; nitrogen balance; critical illness; pediatrics ID TOTAL PARENTERAL-NUTRITION; CHILDREN; INFANTS; METABOLISM; NEWBORN; SYSTEM; CARE AB Nutritional support is important in critically ill patients, with variable energy and nitrogen requirements (e.g., sepsis, trauma, postsurgical state) in this population. This study investigates how age, severity of illness, and mechanical ventilation are related to resting energy expenditure (REE) and nitrogen balance. Nineteen critically ill children (mean age, 8 +/- 6 [SD] y and range 0.4-17.0 y) receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) were enrolled. We used indirect calorimetry to measure REE. Expected energy requirements (EER) were obtained from Talbot tables. Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM) and Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS) scores were calculated. Total urinary nitrogen was measured using the Kjeldahl method. PRISM and TISS scores were 9 +/- 5 and 31 +/- 6 points, respectively. REE was 62 +/- 25 kcal . kg(-1) . d(-1), EER was 42 +/- 11 kcal . kg(-1) . d(-1), and caloric intake was 49 +/- 22 kcal . kg(-1) . d(-1). Nitrogen intake was 279 +/- 125 mg . kg(-1) . d(-1), total urinary nitrogen was 324 +/- 133 mg . kg(-1) . d(-1), and nitrogen balance was -120 +/- 153 mg . kg(-1) . d(-1). The protein requirement in this population was approximately 2.8 g . kg(-1) . d(-1). These critically ill children were hypermetabolic, with REE 48% higher (20 kcal . kg(-1) . d(-1)) than expected. Nitrogen balance significantly correlated with caloric and protein intake, urinary nitrogen, and age, but not with severity of illness scores or ventilatory parameters. Nutrition 1998;14:649-652. (C) Elsevier Science Inc. 1998. C1 Texas Childrens Hosp, Crit Care Sect, Dept Biomed Instrumentat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. ARS, USDA, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX USA. RP Coss-Bu, JA (reprint author), Texas Childrens Hosp, Crit Care Sect, Dept Biomed Instrumentat, MC 2-3450,6621 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM jcossbu@msmailpo2.is5.tch.tmc.edu NR 32 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0899-9007 J9 NUTRITION JI Nutrition PD SEP PY 1998 VL 14 IS 9 BP 649 EP 652 DI 10.1016/S0899-9007(98)00050-1 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 117PR UT WOS:000075791400001 PM 9760582 ER PT J AU Graf, TL Boleman, SL Krook, LP Su, DR Mersmann, HJ Savell, JW Pond, WG AF Graf, TL Boleman, SL Krook, LP Su, DR Mersmann, HJ Savell, JW Pond, WG TI Effect of neonatal dietary cholesterol deprivation in pigs with genetically high or low plasma cholesterol on plasma lipids and early atherogenesis SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE atherosclerosis; swine; cholesterol metabolism; genetics; diet x; gene interaction; HDL-cholesterol ID LOW SERUM-CHOLESTEROL; HEART-DISEASE; INFANT DIET; ADULT; FAT; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BABOONS; SWINE; GENERATIONS; METABOLISM AB Sixty-eight neonatal female pigs from populations selected for high (HG) or low (LG) plasma total cholesterol were used in two experiments to test the hypothesis that dietary cholesterol deprivation during the first 4 or 8 weeks of postnatal life increases plasma total cholesterol and exacerbates early aortic atherogenic lesions following free access to a high fat (15 g/100g)-high cholesterol (0.5 g/100g) diet from 4 or 8 weeks to 5 or 6 mo of age. Pigs were removed from their dam at one d of age and given free access to a modified sow-milk replacer diet containing 0 or 0.5% crystalline cholesterol. In each experiment, half of the HG and LG pigs were fed a sow-milk replacer diet containing 0 cholesterol and half were fed the same diet containing 0.5% added cholesterol. All pigs (except HG and Lg pigs in experiment 2 deprived of cholesterol throughout) were fed a 15% fat-0.5% cholesterol diet from 57 d to 6 mo (experiment 1) or 5 mo (experiment 2) of age. Overall total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol were greater in HG than in LG pigs (P<0.01) and less in pigs fed no cholesterol than in those fed cholesterol neonatally (P<0.05) in both experiments. Nevertheless, dietary cholesterol deprivation neonatally in either HG or LG pigs did not affect the incidence or severity of aortic myogenic fiber degeneration, considered to be an early stage of atherogenic lesion development in these experimental swine. It is concluded that early aortic atherogenic lesions induced in young adult female HG and LG pigs by a high dietary cholesterol challenge during the postweaning period are not exacerbated by dietary cholesterol deprivation in neonatal life. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Anim Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Pond, WG (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Savell, Jeffrey/C-2434-2008 OI Savell, Jeffrey/0000-0003-0354-1286 NR 29 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 18 IS 9 BP 1615 EP 1629 DI 10.1016/S0271-5317(98)00135-3 PG 15 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 117VU UT WOS:000075804000014 ER PT J AU Anderson, RA AF Anderson, RA TI Effects of chromium on body composition and weight loss SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID GROWING-FINISHING PIGS; TOTAL PARENTERAL-NUTRITION; PICOLINATE SUPPLEMENTATION; CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS; ENERGY-INTAKE; DIETARY-FAT; DEFICIENCY; GROWTH; STRENGTH; INSULIN AB Chromium is an essential nutrient involved in the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Normal dietary intake of chromium in humans and farm animals is often suboptimal. In addition to its effects on glucose, insulin, and lipid metabolism, chromium has been reported to increase lean body mass and decrease percentage body fat, which may lead to weight loss in humans. The effects of chromium on body composition are controversial but are supported by animal studies, which increase their validity A subject's response to chromium depends on his or her chromium status, diet consumed, type and amount of supplemental chromium, and study duration. There have been no confirmed negative effects of chromium in nutritional studies. Chromium is only a small part of the puzzle in the control of weight loss and body composition, and its effects, if present, will be small compared with those of exercise and a well-balanced diet. C1 USDA ARS, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Anderson, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 43 TC 72 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 10 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 56 IS 9 BP 266 EP 270 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 117PN UT WOS:000075791100002 PM 9763876 ER PT J AU Rusness, DG Huwe, JK Lamoureux, GL AF Rusness, DG Huwe, JK Lamoureux, GL TI Quinclorac ester toxicity and metabolism in leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) soil systems: Effects of foliar vs soil applications' SO PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BIOSYNTHESIS; GRASS; TRANSLOCATION; SELECTIVITY; ABSORPTION; ETHYLENE; CYANIDE; CELLS; ROOTS AB Quinclorac and 13 synthesized esters were monitored for toxicity in foliar- and soil-treated leafy spurge plants. Foliar treatment at 0.5 mu mol/plant with quinclorac resulted with 100% mortality, whereas treatment with esters at 2 mu mol/plant showed initial toxicity symptoms, but the plants recovered with time (24 weeks). Foliar toxicity symptoms and mortality increased throughout 24 weeks after soil treatment at 0.4 mu mol/plant with the higher MW esters (C5-C16); however, toxicity symptoms decreased and plants recovered after quinclorac or low MW ester treatments. [C-14]Quinclorac esters also were monitored to ascertain if toxicity data could be related to ester mobility and/or metabolism. Foliar application showed volatile losses with the low MW esters; complete metabolism of esters occurred inside the treated leaves by 7 days, but little or no quinclorac was observed as a result; and little radiolabel migrated from the leaves. Soil application showed that the esters were metabolized by soil microorganisms through a series of omega- and P-oxidations and not by simple ester hydrolysis. These intermediate metabolites were identified by MS and NMR analyses. The C6 and C8 esters were metabolized to the quinclorac ester of 4-hydroxybutryic acid as a major intermediate in soil before conversion to quinclorac. The rare of quinclorac release from the various esters was dependent on the number of odd vs even carbons in the ester side chain; the C7, C5, and C8 esters were metabolized to quinclorac at relative rates of 16, 3.2, and 1, respectively. Quinclorac acid was leached readily from soil with water, but the C8 ester was adsorbed. As the higher MW esters released quinclorac in soil over time, concomitantly, the toxicity of leafy spurge after treatment with these esters also increased and was superior to quinclorac after 24 weeks. The slow release of quinclorac from the omega/beta-oxidations of these esters appeared to increase efficacy in soil-treated leafy spurge. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, State Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Rusness, DG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, State Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0048-3575 J9 PESTIC BIOCHEM PHYS JI Pest. Biochem. Physiol. PD SEP 1 PY 1998 VL 61 IS 2 BP 115 EP 133 DI 10.1006/pest.1998.2357 PG 19 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 114HY UT WOS:000075604100005 ER PT J AU Isaacs, R Byrne, DN Hendrix, DL AF Isaacs, R Byrne, DN Hendrix, DL TI Feeding rates and carbohydrate metabolism by Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) on different quality phloem saps SO PHYSIOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE amino acid; Bemisia tabaci; carbohydrate; feeding; melon; phloem sap; trehalulose; water stress; whitefly ID APHID ACYRTHOSIPHON-PISUM; PHYSIOLOGICAL-ROLE; HONEYDEW; ARGENTIFOLII; GEOMETRY; EXUDATE; SUGAR AB The effects of water stress on phloem sap quality of the melon, Cucumis melo, and how this, in turn, has an impact on the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci were studied. Melon plants were grown under watering regimes that produced plants with or without water stress. Plants showed strong developmental responses to the treatments; water-stressed plants were shorter, with fewer, smaller leaves than those without stress. There was, however, no effect of plant water stress on the development period of whiteflies feeding on these plants, or on the weights of male or female adults. Honeydew production was used as an indirect measure to test whether the absence of insect developmental or behavioural effects was due to differential phloem sap ingestion. Feeding rates on the stressed plants were almost half those on unstressed plants, and there was also variation in the daily pattern of honeydew production. Phloem sap and honeydew were analysed to determine why the feeding behaviours differed. Amino acid composition of the phloem sap was similar in both groups of plants, but carbohydrate concentrations were greater in water-stressed plants, indicating that lower feeding rates may have been due either to the physical or nutritional quality of the phloem sap. The honeydew of insects that were feeding on water-stressed plants contained a greater concentration of carbohydrate than those on unstressed plants, and was composed of a significantly greater proportion of glucose and the disaccharide, trehalulose. This isomerization of more complex sugars from those in the diet suggests that B. tabaci uses a mechanism of osmoregulation to actively maintain its internal water status. It is concluded that transient conditions of water stress in this host plant do not affect the development of B. tabaci, due to physiological and behavioural changes in response to diets with different nutritional and physical properties. The implications of this finding for the feeding biology of B. tabaci on desert-grown crops are discussed. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Entomol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. ARS, USDA, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ USA. RP Michigan State Univ, Dept Entomol, 203 Pesticide Res Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM isaacsr@pilot.msu.edu NR 37 TC 22 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 23 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0307-6962 EI 1365-3032 J9 PHYSIOL ENTOMOL JI Physiol. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 23 IS 3 BP 241 EP 248 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3032.1998.233080.x PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 117KM UT WOS:000075780500007 ER PT J AU Tam, YY Slovin, JP Cohen, JD AF Tam, YY Slovin, JP Cohen, JD TI Continuous light alters indole-3-acetic acid metabolism in Lemna gibba SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Lemna; Lemnaceae; duckweed; auxin half-life; indoleacetic acid turnover; photobiology ID CARBOXYLASE; CULTURE; G-3 AB Turnover is an important parameter of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) metabolism, and IAA turnover may also be linked to the modulation of auxin-regulated responses. Previous studies have not, however, addressed whether environmental factors, including light, affect the turnover of IAA. We have used a model system consisting of normal Lemna gibba and a line of L. gibba that overproduces IAA precursors (MTR1) to measure IAA turnover in intact plants exposed to constant light, constant light followed by 24 h darkness, and a diurnal (12 h light) cycle. Turnover rates were determined by pulse labeling with [C-13(6)]IAA tracer followed by analysis by GC-MS. Free IAA levels and IAA uptake rates were also determined. These studies showed that IAA uptake in both lines was greater in the light in both light conditions (continuous and diurnal) than in the dark. In the dark, IAA turnover time in both lines was less than 1 h and IAA levels were 4-6 ng/g fr. wt. Under constant light, IAA levels were higher in MTR1 and turnover time was much longer in the normal line. These studies suggest-based on the difference in response between the MTR1 and the normal line-that IAA turnover is regulated both by the rate of biosynthesis as well as the rate of catabolism. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Plant Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Slovin, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Cohen, Jerry/0000-0003-2816-8676 NR 26 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD SEP PY 1998 VL 49 IS 1 BP 17 EP 21 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 118HL UT WOS:000075832400002 ER PT J AU Schulze, J Shi, LF Blumenthal, J Samac, DA Gantt, JS Vance, CP AF Schulze, J Shi, LF Blumenthal, J Samac, DA Gantt, JS Vance, CP TI Inhibition of alfalfa root nodule phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase through an antisense strategy impacts nitrogen fixation and plant growth SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE alfalfa; Legaminosae; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase; nitrogen fixation; antisense ID CARBON-DIOXIDE FIXATION; CO2 FIXATION; GENE-EXPRESSION; N-2 FIXATION; ASSIMILATION; ENZYME; SYSTEM; C-14; CDNA; RNA AB Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC, EC 4.1.1.31) plays a paramount role in nodule metabolism and several reports have shown that PEPC provides substantial carbon for N-2-fixation and N assimilation. To study the short- and long-term implications of reduced nodule CO2 fixation for N-2 fixation in alfalfa, PEPC enzyme expression was reduced through an antisense strategy. The full-length root nodule-enhanced PEPC cDNA in antisense orientation driven by the nodule-enhanced AAT-2 promoter was transformed into alfalfa. Out of 105 transformed plants, 14 showed reduced in vitro nodule PEPC activity. Three plants were selected for further evaluation. RNA and protein blots showed reduced PEPC transcript and protein. Nodules of these plants also displayed reduced in vitro CO2 fixation. Total nitrogenase activity as measured by H-2 evolution was reduced, although there was no change in apparent nitrogenase. The nodule electron allocation coefficient of antisense plants was reduced. All antisense plants accumulated less dry matter and nitrogen in a 6-week growing period under controlled conditions. The data confirm a strong interdependence of nodule PEPC and nitrogenase activity. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Vance, CP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM vance004@maroon.tc.um-n.edu NR 35 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD SEP PY 1998 VL 49 IS 2 BP 341 EP 346 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00221-0 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 118HN UT WOS:000075832600008 ER PT J AU Bell, AA Stipanovic, RD Zhang, JX Mace, ME Reibenspies, JH AF Bell, AA Stipanovic, RD Zhang, JX Mace, ME Reibenspies, JH TI Identification and synthesis of trinorcadalene phytoalexins formed by Hibiscus cannabinus SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Hibiscus cannabinus; Gossypium species; Malvaceae; kenaf; cotton; Verticillium dahliae; Fusarium oxysporum; wilt diseases; phytoalexins; disease resistance; terpenoids; trinorcadalenes ID TERPENOID PHYTOALEXINS; VERTICILLIUM-DAHLIAE; COTTON; GOSSYPIUM; RESISTANCE; HEARTWOOD; DISEASE AB Two trinorcadalene phytoalexins, hibiscanal (2,8-dihydroxy-4,7-dimethoxy-6-methyl-1-naphthaldehyde) and o-hibiscanone (3,8-dimethyl-1,2-naphthoquinone), were isolated and identified from stem stele of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) inoculated with the fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae. o-Hibiscanone also was synthesized. The ED50 values of hibiscanal and o-hibiscanone against V. dahliae were 25.83 and 1.18 mu g/ml, respectively. o-Hibiscanone killed all propagules of V. dahliae and Fusarium oxysporum rtm f. sp. vasinfectum at 8 mu g/ml and 12 mu g/ml, respectively. o-Hibiscanone is more toxic to V. dahliae than desoxyhemigossypol, the most toxic phytoalexin known in cotton (Gossypium species), or mansonone C (3,8-dimethyl-5-isopropyl-1,2-naphthoquinone) which has been isolated from other malvaceous species. The implications of these findings for the genetic engineering of cotton phytoalexins is discussed. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, So Crops Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Chem, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Bell, AA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Crops Res Lab, 2765 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 31 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD SEP PY 1998 VL 49 IS 2 BP 431 EP 440 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00183-6 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 118HN UT WOS:000075832600020 ER PT J AU Newton, MR Kinkel, LL Leonard, KJ AF Newton, MR Kinkel, LL Leonard, KJ TI Constraints on the use of de Wit models to analyze competitive interactions SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID PYRENOPHORA-TRITICI-REPENTIS; REPLACEMENT; TEMPERATURE; TRICHODERMA C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA, ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Newton, MR (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, 495 Borlaug Hall,1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD SEP PY 1998 VL 88 IS 9 BP 873 EP 878 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.9.873 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 113HE UT WOS:000075544100002 PM 18944862 ER PT J AU Mazzola, M AF Mazzola, M TI Elucidation of the microbial complex having a causal role in the development of apple replant disease in Washington SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ORCHARD SOILS; PYTHIUM; RHIZOCTONIA; SEEDLINGS; ROOTS; CYLINDROCARPON; NEMATODES; FUNGI; TREES; ROT AB Systematic studies were conducted to elucidate the role of different soil microbial groups in the development of apple replant disease. Populations of targeted microorganisms were reduced by the application of semiselective biocides and soil pasteurization. Bacteria were not implicated in the disease, because application of the antibiotic chloramphenicol reduced soil populations of bacteria but failed to improve growth of apple transplants, while enhanced growth was achieved at pasteurization temperatures that did not alter attributes of the bacterial community recovered from apple roots. Populations of Pratylenchus penetrans were below the damage threshold level in eight of nine orchards surveyed, and nematicide applications failed to enhance apple growth in four of five replant soils tested, indicating that plant parasitic nematodes have a minor role or no role in disease development. Application of the fungicide difenconazole or metalaxyl enhanced growth of apple in all five replant soils, as did fludioxinil in the two soils tested. Soil pasteurization enhanced growth of apple and resulted in specific changes in the composition of the fungal community isolated from the roots of apple seedlings grown in these treated soils. Cylindrocarpon destructans, Phytophthora cactorum, Pythium spp., and Rhizoctonia solani were consistently isolated from symptomatic trees in the field and were pathogenic to apple. However, the composition of the Pythium and Rhizoctonia component and the relative contribution of any one component of this fungal complex to disease development varied among the study orchards. These findings clearly demonstrate that fungi are the dominant causal agents of apple replant disease in Washington state. C1 USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Mazzola, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 32 TC 120 Z9 136 U1 1 U2 27 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD SEP PY 1998 VL 88 IS 9 BP 930 EP 938 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.9.930 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 113HE UT WOS:000075544100011 PM 18944871 ER PT J AU Goodwin, SB Smart, CD Sandrock, RW Deahl, KL Punja, ZK Fry, WE AF Goodwin, SB Smart, CD Sandrock, RW Deahl, KL Punja, ZK Fry, WE TI Genetic change within populations of Phytophthora infestans in the United States and Canada during 1994 to 1996: Role of migration and recombination SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE DNA fingerprinting; fungicide resistance; late blight; migration; population genetics ID POTATO FAMINE FUNGUS; NORTHWESTERN WASHINGTON; GENOTYPIC DIVERSITY; SEXUAL REPRODUCTION; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; CLONAL LINEAGES; LATE BLIGHT; METALAXYL; RESISTANCE; NETHERLANDS AB Dramatic changes occurred within populations of Phytophthora infestans in the United States and Canada from 1994 through 1996. Occurrence of the US-8 genotype, detected rarely during 1992 and 1993, increased rapidly and predominated in most regions during 1994 through 1996. US-7, which infected both potato and tomato and made up almost 50% of the sample during 1993, was detected only rarely among 330 isolates from the United States analyzed during 1994. It was not detected at all in more limited samples from 1996. Thus, ability to infect both potato and tomato apparently did not increase the fitness of this genotype relative to US-8, as predicted previously. US-I, the previously dominant genotype throughout the United States and Canada, made up 8% or less of the samples analyzed during 1994 through 1996. A few additional genotypes were detected, which could indicate the beginnings of sexual reproduction of FI infestans within the United States and Canada. However, clonal reproduction still predominated in all locations sampled; opportunities for sexual reproduction probably were limited, because the Al and A2 mating types usually were separated geographically. The high sensitivity of the US-I genotype to the fungicide metalaxyl also could have reduced opportunities for contact between the mating types in fields where this compound was applied. The previous correlation between metalaxyl sensitivity and genotype was confirmed and extended to a new genotype, US-17: all US-1 isolates tested were sensitive; all isolates of the US-7, US-8, and US-17 genotypes tested to date have been resistant. Isolates of P. capsici and P. erythroseptica, two other species often found on tomato and potato, could be easily distinguished from each other and from P. infestans using a simple allozyme assay for the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate isomerase. This technique could be useful for rapid identification of species, in addition to genotype of P. infestans. It generally was not possible to predict which genotypes would be present in a location from 1 year to the next. Long-distance movement of US-8 in seed tubers was documented, and this was probably the primary means for the rapid spread of this genotype from 1993 through 1996. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Crop Prod & Pest Control Res Unit, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Ctr Pest Management, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. RP Goodwin, SB (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Crop Prod & Pest Control Res Unit, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, 1155 Lilly Hall, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 39 TC 151 Z9 161 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD SEP PY 1998 VL 88 IS 9 BP 939 EP 949 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.9.939 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 113HE UT WOS:000075544100012 PM 18944872 ER PT J AU Hammond, J AF Hammond, J TI Serological relationships between the cylindrical inclusion proteins of potyviruses SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE predicted antigenicity ID PAPAYA RINGSPOT VIRUS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; MOSAIC-VIRUS; CYTOPLASMIC INCLUSIONS; CODING REGION; COAT PROTEINS; GENOMIC RNA; SUGARCANE; PURIFICATION; TRANSLATION AB Antisera to the cytoplasmic inclusion proteins (CIPs) of bean yellow mosaic (BYMV), clover yellow vein (ClYVV), turnip mosaic (TuMV), sweet potato feathery mottle (SPFMV), and maize dwarf mosaic (MDMV) potyviruses were used to examine the relationships between the CIPs of 18 potyviruses. The antisera to CIPs of BYMV, ClYVV, TuMV, and SPFMV cross-reacted to most or all of the purified CIPs tested in western blot assays. The MDMV CIP antiserum reacted significantly only to the MDMV and sorghum mosaic virus CIPs. Reactivity of antisera to CIPs of dicot-infecting viruses was generally higher with CIPs of other dicot-infecting than with monocot-infecting potyvirus CIPs. Analysis of amino acid sequences of the CI genes of 11 well-characterized potyviruses suggested that epitopes specific for individual potyviruses are primarily in the C-terminal domains of the CIP, whereas epitopes shared among different viruses are clustered in the N-terminal domains. The most highly conserved predicted epitope overlaps the nucleotide binding motif of the N-terminal helicase domain of the CIP. Antibodies to this domain will probably be present in antisera to any potyvirus CIP and contribute to the cross-reactivity observed. Differences in the C-terminal domains may correlate with interactions between the CIP and coat protein necessary for replication and movement. C1 USDA ARS, US Natl Arboretum, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hammond, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Natl Arboretum, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 45 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD SEP PY 1998 VL 88 IS 9 BP 965 EP 971 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.9.965 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 113HE UT WOS:000075544100015 PM 18944875 ER PT J AU Bregitzer, P Dahleen, LS Campbell, D AF Bregitzer, P Dahleen, LS Campbell, D TI Enhancement of plant regeneration from embryogenic callus of commercial barley cultivars SO PLANT CELL REPORTS LA English DT Article DE barley; tissue culture; plant regeneration; copper ID HORDEUM-VULGARE; CULTURES; FERTILE; RICE AB Genotypic restrictions on plant regeneration from cultured cells have hindered the genetic transformation of most barley cultivars. Optimizing culturing protocols for specific cultivars of commercial interest may facilitate their genetic transformation. Plant regeneration from embryogenic callus of 'Harrington', 'Morex', and 'Hector' as affected by certain protocol modifications was examined in replicated experiments. Regeneration was improved for all cultivars by separately autoclaving certain components of the culture media and by reducing the amount of embryogenic callus cultured per petri dish. Regeneration improvements in response to various concentrations of copper and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid were more genotype specific. This study suggests that the development and use of genotype-specific protocols can enhance plant regeneration. Enhancements in plant regeneration are expected to facilitate the transformation of commercial barley germplasm. C1 Agr Res Serv, USDA, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. USDA ARS, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Bregitzer, P (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, USDA, POB 307, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. NR 16 TC 34 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0721-7714 J9 PLANT CELL REP JI Plant Cell Reports PD SEP PY 1998 VL 17 IS 12 BP 941 EP 945 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 124TC UT WOS:000076197300008 ER PT J AU Eversmeyer, MG Kramer, CL AF Eversmeyer, MG Kramer, CL TI Models of early spring survival of wheat leaf rust in the central Great Plains SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE modeling; Triticum aestivum; wheat leaf rust ID PUCCINIA-RECONDITA; WINTER; UREDINIOSPORES AB Severe leaf rust epidemics, which result in economic yield reductions in the Great Plains wheat-producing region of the United States, are usually initiated by Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici inoculum that has survived in the local field from the previous wheat crop until early spring. Models were developed for an epidemic year beginning at physiological maturity of one wheat crop to maturity of the following wheat crop. Meteorological variables for periods prior to final tiller development of the wheat crop during 1980 to 1992 at several sites in the central Great Plains winter-wheat-production area were used to model inoculum survival from one wheat crop until early spring of the next crop. Stepwise multiple regression was used to identify weather variables that explained the most variation in inoculum survival at the final tiller development wheat growth stage. Inoculum survival was recorded on a 0 to 9 scale with 0 indicating no survival and 9 indicating inoculum on all wheat plants in the field. Independent variables used in development of models were daily deviations from the 10-year average of maximum and minimum temperature, fungal temperature equivalence function, cumulative fungal temperature function, precipitation, cumulative precipitation, and snow cover averaged for 10-day periods prior to dates inoculum forecasts were desired. Models were constructed to forecast inoculum survival from data collected prior to fall wheat planting, the beginning of winter dormancy of the wheat, and the final tiller development wheat growth stage. Of the observed occurrences of leaf rust overwintering, 70% were forecast by models constructed using weather data prior to wheat planting decision time. Overwintering could be forecast by models constructed with data prior to the wheat entering winter dormancy 80% of the time. Models constructed with data collected prior to final tiller development in the spring forecast overwintering of leaf rust inoculum 95% of the time. Results from these models will be used to develop forecasts of leaf rust epidemics and resulting yield reductions. C1 USDA, ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Eversmeyer, MG (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 82 IS 9 BP 987 EP 991 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.9.987 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 113HT UT WOS:000075545500005 ER PT J AU Huang, YH Hartman, GL AF Huang, YH Hartman, GL TI Reaction of selected soybean genotypes to isolates of Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines and their culture filtrates SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID SUDDEN-DEATH-SYNDROME; CAUSAL AGENT; FIELD-RESISTANCE; UNITED-STATES; DISEASE; SEVERITY AB Four soybean plant introductions, PI 520.733, PI 567.374, PI 567.650B, and PI 567.659, and one soybean cultivar, Great Lakes 3202, were inoculated under greenhouse conditions with four isolates of Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines. Foliar disease severity rating was greatest on PI 567.659, followed by Great Lakes 3202, PI 520.733, PI 567.650B, and PI567.374. There was no significant interaction between isolates and soybean entries for foliar disease severity ratings. Experiments also were conducted to determine if disease development and root colonization differed among entries. Root infection of the five entries did not differ (P = 0.05). Foliar disease progress curves increased faster for PI 567.659 and Great Lakes 3202 than for PI 567.374. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) value for PI 567.374 was the lowest and differed (P = 0.01) from AUDPC values for Great Lakes 3202 and PI 567.659. There were no differences (P = 0.01) in length of taproot lesions, losses in root dry weight, and vascular stem length discoloration among the entries, and there was no correlation (P = 0.05) between these measurements and foliar AUDPC values. Cut seedling stems immersed in culture filtrate developed interveinal chlorosis on leaves of each entry within 2 days. Disease severity on cut seedlings of PI 567.374 was lower (P = 0.01) than on the other entries. There was a positive correlation (r = 0.94, P = 0.05) between AUDPC values of the five entries inoculated with the fungus and the cut seedling test using culture filtrate. C1 USDA, ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. UIUC, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Hartman, GL (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM ghartman@uiuc.edu NR 25 TC 36 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 82 IS 9 BP 999 EP 1002 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.9.999 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 113HT UT WOS:000075545500007 ER PT J AU Larkin, RP Fravel, DR AF Larkin, RP Fravel, DR TI Efficacy of various fungal and bacterial biocontrol organisms for control of Fusarium wilt of tomato SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE biological control; Cladorrhinum foecundissimum; Laetisaria arvalis; Lycopersicon esculentum; Stilbella aciculosa ID SUPPRESS TAKE-ALL; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; NONPATHOGENIC FUSARIUM; RHIZOCTONIA-SOLANI; FLUORESCENT PSEUDOMONADS; GLIOCLADIUM-VIRENS; DAMPING-OFF; SEED TREATMENTS; ROOT-ROT; TRICHODERMA-HARZIANUM AB Numerous fungi and bacteria, including existing biocontrol strains with known activity against soilborne fungal pathogens as well as isolates collected from the roots and rhizosphere of tomato plants growing in the field, were tested for their efficacy in controlling Fusarium wilt of tomato. Tomato seedlings were treated with the potential biocontrol agents in the greenhouse and transplanted into pathogen-infested field soil. Organisms tested included nonpathogenic strains of Fusarium spp., Trichoderma spp., Gliocladium virens, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Burkholderia cepacia, and others. Specific nonpathogenic isolates of F. oxysporum and F. solani collected from a Fusarium wilt-suppressive soil were the most effective antagonists, providing significant and consistent disease control (50 to 80% reduction of disease incidence) in several repeated tests. These isolates also were equally effective in controlling Fusarium wilt diseases of other crops, including watermelon and muskmelon. Other organisms, including isolates of G. virens, T. hamatum, P. fluorescens, and B. cepacia, also significantly reduced Fusarium wilt compared to disease controls (30 to 65% reduction), hut were not as consistently effective as the nonpathogenic Fusarium isolates. Commercially available biocontrol products containing G. vb ens and I: harzianum (SoilGard and RootShield, respectively) also effectively reduced disease (62 to 68% reduction) when granules were incorporated into pelting medium at 0.2% (wt/vol). Several fungal and bacterial isolates collected from the roots and rhizosphere of tomato plants also significantly reduced Fusarium wilt of tomato, but were no more effective than other previously identified biocontrol strains. Combinations of antagonists, including multiple Fusarium isolates, Fusarium with bacteria, and Fusarium with other fungi, also reduced disease, but did not provide significantly better control than the nonpathogenic Fusarium antagonists alone. C1 USDA, ARS, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Larkin, RP (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM rlarkin@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 49 TC 129 Z9 152 U1 0 U2 33 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 82 IS 9 BP 1022 EP 1028 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.9.1022 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 113HT UT WOS:000075545500012 ER PT J AU Pratt, RG McLaughlin, MR Pederson, GA Rowe, DE AF Pratt, RG McLaughlin, MR Pederson, GA Rowe, DE TI Pathogenicity of Macrophomina phaseolina to mature plant tissues of alfalfa and white clover SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID RESISTANCE AB Macrophomina phaseolina has been observed on alfalfa and white clover in North America, but its pathogenicity to mature plants of these species has not been adequately documented and Koch's postulates have not been fulfilled. Isolates of M. phaseolina from alfalfa and white clover were evaluated for pathogenicity by inoculating tissues of mature plants with infested toothpick pieces. Excised leaf tissues also were inoculated with mycelium. in stolons of white clover and stems of alfalfa, M. phaseolina caused a brown-black, basipetally progressive necrosis of vascular tissue with subsequent collapse of the surrounding pith and epidermis to produce radially constricted, expanding lesions. In taproots and crowns of alfalfa, M. phaseolina caused dark discoloration of vascular tissues in bands or streaks above and below inoculation points with subsequent invasion and death of cortical tissues, lateral roots, and stems. Sclerotia formed in all tissues of both species. Excised leaf tissues were rapidly parasitized, but significant differences in rates of parasitism between genotypes suggested that differences in host resistance to M. phaseolina may be present in both species. Pycnidia formed on leaves of bean, lima bean, and cotton. All isolates of M. phaseolina were reisolated from margins of necrosis in all types of inoculated tissues and regrown in pure culture. These results fulfill Koch's postulates for M. phaseolina as a pathogen of mature white clover and alfalfa in North America, and they demonstrate its capacity to parasitize a variety of tissues of both species in the absence of other pathogens. Results indicate that M. phaseolina should be considered a potential cause for lack of persistence of white clover and alfalfa during summer months in the southeastern United States. C1 USDA ARS, Waste Management & Forage Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Pratt, RG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Waste Management & Forage Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 34 TC 14 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 82 IS 9 BP 1033 EP 1038 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.9.1033 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 113HT UT WOS:000075545500014 ER PT J AU Carson, ML AF Carson, ML TI Aggressiveness and perennation of isolates of Cochliobolus heterostrophus from North Carolina SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID CORN LEAF-BLIGHT; BIPOLARIS-MAYDIS; HELMINTHOSPORIUM-MAYDIS; DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY; TEXAS CYTOPLASM; RACE-O; MAIZE; RESISTANCE; LEAVES; YIELD AB Selection occurring during the saprophytic or overwintering phase of the life cycle of Cochliobolus heterostrophus, the causal agent of southern leaf blight of maize, may be a factor in the persistence of apparently less aggressive isolates in the pathogen population. The relative aggressiveness and ability to perennate of 22 isolates of C. heterostrophus from North Carolina was measured in series of experiments. Significant differences in aggressiveness and percent perennation (overwintering survival) were observed. There was a weak but often significant negative correlation between the ability of isolates to persist on the soil surface and their aggressiveness. The ability of race O isolates to sporulate on senescent corn leaf discs was positively correlated with their aggressiveness. Selection against increased aggressiveness during overwintering does not appear sufficient by itself to counter selection for increased aggressiveness occurring during the pathogen's pathogenic phase. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA, ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Carson, ML (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA, ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 34 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 82 IS 9 BP 1043 EP 1047 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.9.1043 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 113HT UT WOS:000075545500016 ER PT J AU Jones, TL Tucker, DE Ort, DR AF Jones, TL Tucker, DE Ort, DR TI Chilling delays circadian pattern of sucrose phosphate synthase and nitrate reductase activity in tomato SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID REGULATORY PHOSPHORYLATION SITE; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; PARTIAL-PURIFICATION; INHIBITOR PROTEIN; ELECTRON-TRANSFER; TRANSCRIPT LEVELS; RAPID MODULATION; SENSITIVE PLANTS; OLERACEA LEAVES; SPINACH LEAVES AB Overnight low-temperature exposure inhibits photosynthesis in chilling-sensitive species such as tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and cucumber by as much as 60%. In an earlier study we showed that one intriguing effect of low temperature on chilling-sensitive plants is to stall the endogenous rhythm controlling transcription of certain nuclear-encoded genes, causing the synthesis of the corresponding transcripts and proteins to be mistimed when the plant is rewarmed. Here we show that the circadian rhythm controlling the activity of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and nitrate reductase (NR), key control points of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in plant cells, is delayed in tomato by chilling treatments. Using specific protein kinase and phosphatase inhibitors, we further demonstrate that the chilling-induced delay in the circadian control of SPS and NR activity is associated with the activity of critical protein phosphatases. The sensitivity of the pattern of SPS activity to specific inhibitors of transcription and translation indicates that there is a chilling-induced delay in SPS phosphorylation status that is caused by an effect of low temperature on the expression of a gene coding for a phosphoprotein phosphatase, perhaps the SPS phosphatase. In contrast, the chilling-induced delay in NR activity does not appear to arise from effects on NR phosphorylation status, but rather from direct effects on NR expression. It is likely that the mistiming in the regulation of SPS and NR, and perhaps other key metabolic enzymes under circadian regulation, underlies the chilling sensitivity of photosynthesis in these plant species. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Plant Biol, ARS, USDA, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Photosynthesis Res Unit, ARS, USDA, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Ort, DR (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Plant Biol, ARS, USDA, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 63 TC 49 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 118 IS 1 BP 149 EP 158 DI 10.1104/pp.118.1.149 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 120KG UT WOS:000075955100015 ER PT J AU Hart, JJ Norvell, WA Welch, RM Sullivan, LA Kochian, LV AF Hart, JJ Norvell, WA Welch, RM Sullivan, LA Kochian, LV TI Characterization of zinc uptake, binding, and translocation in intact seedlings of bread and durum wheat cultivars SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BUFFERED NUTRIENT SOLUTION; MAIZE SEEDLINGS; ZN-EFFICIENCY; GENOTYPES DIFFER; TRANSPORT; GROWTH; ROOTS; CORN; REQUIREMENTS; ABSORPTION AB Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var durum) cultivars exhibit lower Zn efficiency than comparable bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. To understand the physiological mechanism(s) that confers Zn efficiency, this study used (65)Zn to investigate ionic Zn(2+) root uptake, binding, and translocation to shoots in seedlings of bread and durum wheat cultivars. Time-dependent Zn(2+) accumulation during 90 min was greater in roots of the bread wheat cultivar. Zn(2+) cell wall binding was not different in the two cultivars. in each cultivar, concentration-dependent Zn(2+) influx was characterized by a smooth, saturating curve, suggesting a carrier-mediated uptake system. At very low solution Zn(2+) activities, Zn(2+) uptake rates were higher in the bread wheat cultivar. As a result, the Michaelis constant for Zn(2+) uptake was lower in the bread wheat cultivar (2.3 mu M) than in the durum wheat cultivar (3.9 mu M). Low temperature decreased the rate of Zn(2+) influx, suggesting that metabolism plays a role in Zn(2+) uptake. Ca inhibited Zn(2+) uptake equally in both cultivars. Translocation of Zn to shoots was greater in the bread wheat cultivar, reflecting the higher root uptake rates. The study suggests that lower root Zn(2+) uptake rates may contribute to reduced Zn efficiency in durum wheat varieties under Zn-limiting conditions. C1 Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Hart, JJ (reprint author), Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM jjh16@cornell.edu OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X NR 37 TC 39 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 118 IS 1 BP 219 EP 226 DI 10.1104/pp.118.1.219 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 120KG UT WOS:000075955100022 ER PT J AU Carriere, CJ Loffredo, AR AF Carriere, CJ Loffredo, AR TI The effect of temperature on the observed flow-induced structure in semidilute solutions of gently solubilized starches SO POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SHEAR-INDUCED STRUCTURE; POLYMER-SOLUTIONS; BEHAVIOR AB The effect of temperature on the unexpected shear-thickening behavior exhibited by semidilute solutions of waxy maize starch during a repeated shear-loop experiment was evaluated. Shear-thickening behavior, characterized using power law models, was observed for waxy maize starch, but not for normal maize starch at the same concentration. The shear-thickening region was observed for waxy maize starch at temperatures ranging from 25 degrees C to 80 degrees C and shear rates from 2-100 s(-1) during the initial part of the shear-loop experiment. For waxy maize starch, the power law exponent, n, was found to be 0.539 +/- 0.017 in the shear-thinning region. For normal maize starch, the value of n was found to be equal to 0.751 +/- 0.015 and only shear-thinning behavior was observed. The values of n for both waxy maize and normal maize starch were found to be temperature independent within the precision of the experimental measurements. The differences in n indicate the differences in the conformational dynamics of waxy maize and normal maize starches in solution. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Carriere, CJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PLASTICS ENG INC PI BROOKFIELD PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD, CT 06804-0403 USA SN 0032-3888 J9 POLYM ENG SCI JI Polym. Eng. Sci. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 38 IS 9 BP 1523 EP 1528 DI 10.1002/pen.10322 PG 6 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA 124FN UT WOS:000076171900017 ER PT J AU Vigo, TL AF Vigo, TL TI Interaction of cellulose with other polymers: Retrospective and prospective SO POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES LA English DT Review DE cellulose; cellulose/polymer interactions; grafting; crosslinking; major macromolecular architectures; linear polymers; branched polymers; liquid crystalline polymers; comb polymers; hyper-branched polymers; dendrimers ID MESOPHASE AB Interaction of cellulose with other polymers is reviewed from retrospective viewpoints, and future opportunities are discussed from prospective scopes. Previous investigations of the interaction of cellulose with other polymers and/or its existence in novel conformations include a brief overview of cellulose crosslinking, grafting, cellulose/other polymer microcomposites and cellulose and its derivatives in the liquid crystalline state. Interaction of cellulose with newer and more novel macromolecular architectures include its ability to form and interact with polyrotoxanes, polymer combs, starburst dendrimers and hyperbranched polymers and its use as an intelligent material. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Vigo, TL (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 R E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 33 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 8 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1042-7147 J9 POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL JI Polym. Adv. Technol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 9 IS 9 BP 539 EP 548 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1581(199809)9:9<539::AID-PAT813>3.0.CO;2-I PG 10 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 124HB UT WOS:000076175400001 ER PT J AU D'Aquino, S Piga, A Agabbio, M McCollum, TG AF D'Aquino, S Piga, A Agabbio, M McCollum, TG TI Film wrapping delays ageing of 'Minneola' tangelos under shelf-life conditions SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE decay; ethylene; 'Minneolas'; modified atmosphere; plastic film; quality; respiration; storage; tangelo; volatile ID FRUITS; VAPOR AB Fruits of 'Minneola' tangelo (Citrus paradisi 'Duncan' x Citrus reticulata 'Dancy') were dipped in water, 500 ppm sodium hypochlorite or 500 ppm imazalil and then left either unwrapped or wrapped with three plastic films of different permeabilities, The fruit were stored at 20 degrees C and 60% relative humidity (RH) and sampled at 10-day intervals for 1 month. Changes in characteristics of the juice (pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids, vitamin C, acetaldehyde, ethanol, methanol and ethyl acetate), weight loss, ageing, decay, firmness, respiration, ethylene evolution, and in-package gas composition, generally were delayed by the less permeable film. Decay caused by Penicillium digitatum was inhibited by imazalil, but not by sodium hypochlorite, An untrained test panel rated the fruits wrapped with the less permeable film the most acceptable, and the combination of this film with imazalil resulted in best overall fruit quality. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 CNR, Ist Fisiol Maturaz & Conservaz Frutto Specie Arbo, I-07100 Sassari, Italy. Univ Sassari, Dipartimento Sci Ambientali & Biotecnol Agroalime, I-07100 Sassari, Italy. ARS, Hort Res Lab, USDA, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. RP D'Aquino, S (reprint author), CNR, Ist Fisiol Maturaz & Conservaz Frutto Specie Arbo, Via Mille 48, I-07100 Sassari, Italy. RI Piga, Antonio/A-1679-2009 OI Piga, Antonio/0000-0002-0309-5936 NR 20 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 14 IS 1 BP 107 EP 116 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(98)00019-2 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 123WE UT WOS:000076147900013 ER PT J AU Byrd, JA Corrier, DE Hume, ME Bailey, RH Stanker, LH Hargis, BM AF Byrd, JA Corrier, DE Hume, ME Bailey, RH Stanker, LH Hargis, BM TI Incidence of Campylobacter in crops of preharvest market-age broiler chickens SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Campylobacter; crop; ceca; contamination; feed withdrawal ID JEJUNI; CONTAMINATION; POULTRY; SALMONELLA; CARCASSES; RECOVERY AB Previous research has identified cecal and intestinal contents as sources for Campylobacter contamination of broiler carcasses in the processing plant. During the present study, we evaluated the crop contents of preharvest market-age broilers as a potential reservoir of field-derived Campylobacter in the processing plant. Crops were collected aseptically from 40 randomly selected market-age broilers in each of nine commercial broiler flocks. Ceca were collected from broilers in six of the same flocks for comparison with the crop samples. The presence of Campylobacter in the crops and ceca was determined by enrichment culture in Bolton broth followed by culture on Campy-Ceflex plates. Campylobacter was isolated from the crop contents of broilers in seven of the nine flocks and from the cecal contents in three of six flocks. The incidence of Campylobacter-positive crop samples among all birds evaluated (224/359; 62%) was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than the number of positive cecal samples (9/240; 4%). The results indicate that the incidence of Campylobacter contamination of crop contents may exceed that of the cecal contents by as much as 37-fold in some broiler flocks, and may represent a critical preprocessing control point in reducing Campylobacter entry into the processing plant. C1 USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas Agr Expt Stn, Dept Vet Pathobiol & Poultry Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Byrd, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 18 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 2 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 77 IS 9 BP 1303 EP 1305 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 113JL UT WOS:000075547800007 PM 9733117 ER PT J AU Berrang, ME Frank, JF Buhr, RJ Bailey, JS Cox, NA Mauldin, J AF Berrang, ME Frank, JF Buhr, RJ Bailey, JS Cox, NA Mauldin, J TI Eggshell characteristics and penetration by Salmonella through the productive life of a broiler breeder flock SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Salmonella; specific gravity; conductance; egg weight; hatching eggs ID HATCHING EGGS; SHELL QUALITY; HATCHABILITY; TYPHIMURIUM AB Egg weight, specific gravity, conductance, and ability of Salmonella to penetrate the shell and membranes were determined for hatching eggs from a commercial broiler breeder flock. Thirty unsanitized eggs were sampled on Weeks 29, 34, 39, 42, 48, 52, and 56 of flock age for specific gravity and conductance. An additional 10 intact eggs were inoculated with Salmonella by a temperature differential immersion method for 1 min. Eggs were then emptied of contents and filled with selective medium that allowed visualization of Salmonella growth on the inside of the shell and membrane complex. Over the 27-wk sampling period, egg weight increased from 56 to 66 g and was positively correlated with hen age (r = 0.96, P < 0.05). However, neither specific gravity (ranging from 1.077 to 1.082) nor eggshell conductance (ranging from 14.7 to 17.9 mg weight loss/d per torr) showed any clear trend throughout the life of the flock despite the increase in egg weight. Conductance values were not correlated with specific gravity. The number of eggs positive for Salmonella penetration after 24 h incubation showed a general upward trend with flock age; however, penetration frequency and hen age were not found to be significantly correlated (P > 0.05). No relationship was found between egg specific gravity, conductance, or egg weight and the likelihood of Salmonella to penetrate the eggshell. Because shell characteristics did not change over time and the penetration patterns did vary, it is likely that factors other than specific gravity and conductance were involved in the penetration of eggshells by Salmonella. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Poultry Sci Extens, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Berrang, ME (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 23 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 77 IS 9 BP 1446 EP 1450 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 113JL UT WOS:000075547800027 PM 9733137 ER PT J AU Kerem, Z Bao, WL Hammel, KE AF Kerem, Z Bao, WL Hammel, KE TI Rapid polyether cleavage via extracellular one-electron oxidation by a brown-rot basidiomycete SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID HYDROXYL RADICALS; CELL-WALL; TYROMYCES-PALUSTRIS; LIGNIN PEROXIDASE; FUNGUS; WOOD; DEGRADATION; ACID; REDUCTION; OXYGEN AB Fungi that cause brown rot of wood are essential biomass recyclers and also the principal agents of decay in wooden structures, but the extracellular mechanisms by which they degrade lignocellulose remain unknown. To test the hypothesis that brown-rot fungi use extracellular free radical oxidants as biodegradative tools, Gloeophyllum trabeum was examined for its ability to depolymerize an environmentally recalcitrant polyether, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), that cannot penetrate cell membranes. Analyses of degraded PEOs by gel permeation chromatography showed that the fungus cleaved PEO rapidly by an endo route. (13)C NMR analyses of unlabeled and perdeuterated PEOs recovered from G. trabeum cultures showed that a major route for depolymerization was oxidative C-C bond cleavage, a reaction diagnostic for hydrogen abstraction from a PEO methylene group by a radical oxidant. Fenton reagent (Fe(II)/H(2)O(2)) oxidized PEO by the same route in vitro and therefore might account for PEO biodegradation if it is produced by the fungus, but the data do not rule out involvement of less reactive radicals. The reactivity and extrahyphal location of this PEG-degrading system suggest that its natural function is to participate in the brown rot of wood and that it may enable brown-rot fungi to degrade recalcitrant organopollutants. C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Inst Microbial & Biochem Technol, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Hammel, KE (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Inst Microbial & Biochem Technol, Madison, WI 53705 USA. EM kehammel@facstaff.wisc.edu RI Hammel, Kenneth/G-1890-2011 OI Hammel, Kenneth/0000-0002-2935-5847 NR 38 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 17 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD SEP 1 PY 1998 VL 95 IS 18 BP 10373 EP 10377 DI 10.1073/pnas.95.18.10373 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 116NB UT WOS:000075730500008 PM 9724710 ER PT J AU Ananiev, EV Phillips, RL Rines, HW AF Ananiev, EV Phillips, RL Rines, HW TI A knob-associated tandem repeat in maize capable of forming fold-back DNA segments: Are chromosome knobs megatransposons? SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; B-CHROMOSOME; HETEROCHROMATIN; MECHANISM; ZEA AB A class of tandemly repeated DNA sequences (TR-1) of 350-bp unit length was isolated from the knob DNA of chromosome 9 of Zea mays L. Comparative fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed that TR-1 elements are also present in cytologically detectable knobs on other maize chromosomes in different proportions relative to the previously described 180-bp repeats. At least one knob on chromosome 4 is composed predominantly of the TR-1 repeat. In addition, several small clusters of the TR-1 and 180-bp repeats have been found in different chromosomes, some not located in obvious knob heterochromatin. Variation in restriction fragment fingerprints and copy number of the TR-1 elements was found among maize lines and among maize chromosomes. TR-1 tandem arrays up to 70 kilobases in length can be interspersed with stretches of 180-bp tandem repeat arrays. DNA sequence analysis and restriction mapping of one particular stretch of tandemly arranged TR-1 units indicate that these elements may be organized in the form of fold-back DNA segments. The TR-1 repeat shares two short segments of homology with the 180-bp repeat. The longest of these segments (31 bp; 64% identity) corresponds to the conserved region among 180-bp repeats. The polymorphism and complex structure of knob DNA suggest that, similar to the fold-back DNA-containing giant transposons in Drosophila, maize knob DNA may have some properties of transposable elements. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Inst Plant Mol Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Phillips, RL (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 31 TC 85 Z9 96 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD SEP 1 PY 1998 VL 95 IS 18 BP 10785 EP 10790 DI 10.1073/pnas.95.18.10785 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 116NB UT WOS:000075730500080 PM 9724782 ER PT J AU Rhoades, CC Eckert, GE Coleman, DC AF Rhoades, CC Eckert, GE Coleman, DC TI Effect of pasture trees on soil nitrogen and organic matter: Implications for tropical montane forest restoration SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ABANDONED PASTURE; SAVANNA; MINERALIZATION; AGROFORESTRY; SUCCESSION; KENYA AB In lower-montane ecosystems of Ecuador, Setaria sphacelata (foxtail grass), the predominant introduced pasture species, forms a tussock grassland that reduces soil nitrogen and resists recolonization of forest vegetation. We compared the influence of individual trees or small clusters of nitrogen-fixing (Inga sp., Fabaceae) and non-nitrogen-fixing trees (Psidium guajava L., guava) on the soil and abiotic conditions that affect further regeneration of forest vegetation within pastures. Pasture trees ameliorated air temperature and light intensity to levels similar to those in adjacent intact forest. Beneath Inga, soil NO3--N was four times higher than in open pasture. Nitrification was five times higher under Inga canopies than in open pastures for both field and laboratory incubations. This suggests that the increased soil N transformations under Inga are derived mainly from improved soil rather than microenvironmental conditions. Psidium canopies slightly increased field nitrification but had no effect under laboratory conditions. We also compared the natural abundance C-13 signature and the carbon and nitrogen content of subcanopy soil with adjacent open pasture soil. Inga increased the C and N content of the upper 5 cm of soil and increased by 7% the fraction of soil organic matter derived from C-3 plants. The improved soil and abiotic conditions beneath the canopies of N-fixing pasture trees favor the establishment and growth of woody montane species, suggesting that these trees could be used to accelerate forest regeneration within abandoned pastures. C1 Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Rhoades, CC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Forest & Range Expt Stn, 240 W Prospect, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. OI Coleman, David/0000-0003-0390-1501 NR 43 TC 54 Z9 70 U1 6 U2 30 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 6 IS 3 BP 262 EP 270 DI 10.1046/j.1526-100X.1998.00639.x PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 119XJ UT WOS:000075927800005 ER PT J AU Walters, C Engels, J AF Walters, C Engels, J TI The effects of storing seeds under extremely dry conditions SO SEED SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Seed Science and Technology CY MAY 12-16, 1997 CL GUANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA ID MOISTURE-CONTENT LIMIT; LOGARITHMIC RELATION; THEORETICAL BASIS; WATER BINDING; LONGEVITY; STORAGE; SURVIVAL; TEMPERATURES; PROTOCOLS C1 Agr Res Serv, USDA, Natl Seed Storage Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Int Plant Genet Resources Inst, I-00145 Rome, Italy. RP Walters, C (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, USDA, Natl Seed Storage Lab, 1111 S Mason St, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 51 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-2585 J9 SEED SCI RES JI Seed Sci. Res. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 8 SU 1 BP 3 EP 8 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 126ZK UT WOS:000076325100002 ER EF