FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Shaw, WD Feather, P AF Shaw, WD Feather, P TI Possibilities for including the opportunity cost of time in recreation demand systems SO LAND ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID COMMODITY DEMANDS; LOGIT MODEL; SEPARABILITY; AGGREGATION; BENEFIT; PROGRAM AB Recreation demand modelers have attempted to identify and incorporate the opportunity cost of nn individual's rime in travel and on-site in the model. Larson (1993b) focused on the value of leisure time in a model where individual face a fired work week. In this paper we examine the connection between labor supply and recreation demands, and focus on conditional demand systems. We illustrate that corner solution models are not needed to explain several interesting time-related recreation issues. (JEL Q36). C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Appl Econ & Stat, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Econ Res Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Shaw, WD (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Appl Econ & Stat, Reno, NV 89557 USA. NR 43 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 6 PU UNIV WISCONSIN PI MADISON PA SOCIAL SCIENCE BLDG, MADISON, WI 53706 USA SN 0023-7639 J9 LAND ECON JI Land Econ. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 75 IS 4 BP 592 EP 602 DI 10.2307/3147068 PG 11 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 278ZU UT WOS:000085019500008 ER PT J AU Hua, SST Grosjean, OK Baker, JL AF Hua, SST Grosjean, OK Baker, JL TI Inhibition of aflatoxin biosynthesis by phenolic compounds SO LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The phenolic compounds acetosyringone, syringaldehyde and sinapinic acid inhibited the biosynthesis of aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1)) by A. flavus. Acetosyringone was the most active among the three compounds, inhibiting aflatoxin level by 82% at 2 m mol l(-1). The synthesis and accumulation of norsolorinic acid, an aflatoxin biosynthetic intermediate, was also inhibited. These results suggest that at least one step early in the AFB(1) biosynthetic pathway is inhibited by the phenolics. C1 ARS, USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Hua, SST (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 10 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-8254 J9 LETT APPL MICROBIOL JI Lett. Appl. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 29 IS 5 BP 289 EP 291 DI 10.1046/j.1472-765X.1999.00635.x PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 278KC UT WOS:000084988100004 PM 10664967 ER PT J AU Grosse, WM Kappes, SM Laegreid, WW Keele, JW Chitko-McKown, CG Heaton, MP AF Grosse, WM Kappes, SM Laegreid, WW Keele, JW Chitko-McKown, CG Heaton, MP TI Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery and linkage mapping of bovine cytokine genes SO MAMMALIAN GENOME LA English DT Article ID HUMAN INTERLEUKIN-8 RECEPTOR; IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; INTERFERON-GAMMA; MAP; ASSIGNMENT; CATTLE; GENOME; VARIANT; REGION; CCR5 AB Polymorphic markers at bovine gene loci facilitate the integration of cattle genetic maps with those of humans and mice. To this end, 31 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were developed for seven bovine chemokine genes. Loci were amplified from bovine genomic DNA by the polymerase chain reaction, and candidate amplicons were sequenced to determine their identity. Amplified loci from 24 founding parents and select progeny from a beef cattle reference population were sequenced and analyzed for SNPs. SNP haplotype alleles were determined by examining segregation patterns and used to establish the locus position on the bovine linkage map. Loci for growth-related proteins (GRO3, GRO1, and GROX) were clustered with the related CXC chemokine genes, interleukin (IL) 8, and epithelial cell inflammatory protein 1, at 84 cM from the centromeric end of the bovine chromosome (BTA) 6 linkage group. Bovine loci for a cluster of IL8 receptors, a stromal cell-derived factor 1, interferon-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were mapped at 90, 55, 59, and 34 cM, respectively, from the centromeric ends of the BTA 2, 28, 5, and 23 Linkage groups. The positions of these bovine loci were compared with those of orthologous loci on the human map to refine the boundaries of conserved synteny. These seven loci provide examples of SNP development in which the efficiency was largely dependent on the availability of bovine genomic or cDNA sequence. The polymorphic nature of these SNP haplotype markers suggests that they will be useful for mapping complex traits in cattle, such as resistance to infectious disease. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, MARC, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Heaton, MP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, MARC, POB 166,State Spur 18D, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 42 TC 48 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0938-8990 J9 MAMM GENOME JI Mamm. Genome PD NOV PY 1999 VL 10 IS 11 BP 1062 EP 1069 DI 10.1007/s003359901162 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 248ZA UT WOS:000083305600004 PM 10556424 ER PT J AU Hesler, LS Logan, TM Benenson, MW Moser, C AF Hesler, LS Logan, TM Benenson, MW Moser, C TI Acute dermatitis from oak processionary caterpillars in a US military community in Germany SO MILITARY MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID RISK-FACTORS; THAUMETOPOEA; ASTHMA; ALLERGENS AB One hundred sixty-five soldiers and civilians from the U.S. military community in Heidelberg, Germany, sought treatment for acute dermatitis from June 26 through July 2, 1995. This was 144 more than the expected number of 21 cases based on a background rate of 3 cases per day. Cases consisted of individuals who presented with a painful, itching rash distributed widely about the body but concentrated in the upper half. Urticarial hairs from oak processionary caterpillars (Thaumetopoea processionea L.) (Lepidoptera:Thaumetopoeidae) were eventually identified as the cause. This article is the first published report that documents the military medical importance of these caterpillars in Europe. The implications and measures needed to resolve future outbreaks quickly and effectively are discussed. C1 Ctr Hlth Promot & Prevent Med Europe, Entomol Sci Div, APO, AE 09180 USA. RP Hesler, LS (reprint author), USDA ARS, 2923 Medary Ave, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. NR 16 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSN MILITARY SURG US PI BETHESDA PA 9320 OLD GEORGETOWN RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0026-4075 J9 MIL MED JI Milit. Med. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 164 IS 11 BP 767 EP 770 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 255QK UT WOS:000083680900006 PM 10578586 ER PT J AU Reinhardt, TA Filoteo, AG Penniston, JT Horst, RL AF Reinhardt, TA Filoteo, AG Penniston, JT Horst, RL TI Ca2+ ATPase protein expression in mammary tissue: Alternate splicing and secretion of plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase 2b. SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Rochester, MN 55905 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA PUBL OFFICE, 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 1999 VL 10 SU S MA 482 BP 83A EP 83A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 255MW UT WOS:000083673500483 ER PT J AU Dwivedi, RS Taylor, J Brieman, A Herman, EM AF Dwivedi, RS Taylor, J Brieman, A Herman, EM TI The cognate and heat shock-induced isoforms of a cis-trans prolylpeptidyl isomerase are differentially localized to the prevacuole and nucleoplasm. SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Plant Sci, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA PUBL OFFICE, 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 1999 VL 10 SU S MA 515 BP 89A EP 89A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 255MW UT WOS:000083673500514 ER PT J AU Bannantine, JP Stabel, JR AF Bannantine, JP Stabel, JR TI Identification of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis antigens present within infected macrophages. SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA PUBL OFFICE, 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 1999 VL 10 SU S MA 1047 BP 181A EP 181A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 255MW UT WOS:000083673501050 ER PT J AU Rockey, DD Bannantine, JP Griffiths, R Marusich, M AF Rockey, DD Bannantine, JP Griffiths, R Marusich, M TI A secondary structure motif predictive of protein localization to the chlamydial inclusion membrane SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Univ Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA PUBL OFFICE, 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 1999 VL 10 SU S MA 1054 BP 182A EP 182A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 255MW UT WOS:000083673501054 ER PT J AU Terbush, DR Dunkelbarger, S Navidi, A Partridge, J Levi, A AF Terbush, DR Dunkelbarger, S Navidi, A Partridge, J Levi, A TI Exo70 links vesicle targeting to artin cytoskeleton organization. SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. USDA, Charleston, SC USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA PUBL OFFICE, 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 1999 VL 10 SU S MA 1752 BP 303A EP 303A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 255MW UT WOS:000083673501755 ER PT J AU Howell, CR AF Howell, CR TI Selective isolation from soil and separation in vitro of P and Q strains of Trichoderma virens with differential media SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE biocontrol; selective media ID PYTHIUM DAMPING-OFF; GLIOCLADIUM-VIRENS; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; BIOCONTROL; COTTON AB Strains of the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma virens may be separated into P (gliovirin producing) or Q (gliotoxin producing) groups by culture of conidial inoculum on agar media containing selective amendments. Strains of the P group will grow on PDA amended with chlorothalonil or thiabendazole, but not on PDA amended with gliotoxin or fludioxonil, and they do not inhibit the growth of Bacillus subtilis in culture. Strains of the a group will grow on gliotoxin and fludioxonil, but not on chlorothalonil or thiabendazole, and they inhibit the growth of B. subtilis in culture. Strains of T. virens can also be isolated from natural soil with selective media. A PDA medium containing rifampicin (50 mu g mL(-1)), chlorothalonil (1.25 mu g mL(-1)) and thiabendazole (0.6 mu g mL(-1)) can be used to selectively isolate P strains from soil. PDA containing rifampicin (50 mu g mL(-1)), gliotoxin (50 mu g mL(-1)) and low chlorothalonil (0.75 mu g mL(-1)) will selectively isolate a strains from soil. Since P and Q strains of T. virens are known to differ in their biocontrol efficacy toward different soil-borne diseases, their separation into groups and isolation from soil on selective agar media should allow the development of more focused and efficient screening procedures. C1 ARS, USDA, So Crops Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Howell, CR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Crops Res Lab, 2765 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 12 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 9 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 91 IS 6 BP 930 EP 934 DI 10.2307/3761624 PG 5 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 267VQ UT WOS:000084380300002 ER PT J AU Farr, DF Castlebury, LA Pardo-Schultheiss, RA AF Farr, DF Castlebury, LA Pardo-Schultheiss, RA TI Phomopsis amygdali causes peach shoot blight of cultivated peach trees in the southeastern United States SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE almond; asian pear; Diaporthe; plum; Prunus; Pyrus ID PHYLOGENY AB Phomopsis shoot blight of peach is an increasingly common fungal disease in southeastern peach growing areas of the United States. A similar disease has been reported from Europe where it occurs on both peach and almond. Strains of Phomopsis were obtained from peach, asian pear and plum in the United States and from almond in Spain and Italy. Examination of the morphological, cultural and molecular characteristics of these strains showed that the Phomopsis amygdali on almond in Europe is the same as the fungus found on peach in the USA. The species of Phomopsis on plum and asian pear in the United States is different from P. amygdali. C1 ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Farr, DF (reprint author), ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 17 TC 30 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 7 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 91 IS 6 BP 1008 EP 1015 DI 10.2307/3761632 PG 8 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 267VQ UT WOS:000084380300010 ER PT J AU Diner, AM AF Diner, AM TI Direct mechanical dispersion and in vitro culture of fusiform rust fungus single basidiospores SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE axenic; basidiomycete; fusiform rust; mycelium; single genotype ID F-SP FUSIFORME; GERMINATION AB Single basidiospores of Cronartium quercuum f sp. fusiforme were cast from telia suspended over a solidified nutritional medium affixed to an operating orbital shaker. Spores thus mechanically dispersed and isolated, germinated to develop single-genotype colonies. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Inst Forest Genet, Harrison Expt Forest, Saucier, MS 39574 USA. RP Diner, AM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Inst Forest Genet, Harrison Expt Forest, 23332 Highway 67, Saucier, MS 39574 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 91 IS 6 BP 1102 EP 1103 DI 10.2307/3761640 PG 2 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 267VQ UT WOS:000084380300018 ER PT J AU Stewart, EL Liu, ZW Crous, PW Szabo, LJ AF Stewart, EL Liu, ZW Crous, PW Szabo, LJ TI Phylogenetic relationships among some cercosporoid anamorphs of Mycosphaerella based on rDNA sequence analysis SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MISCELLANEOUS NOTES; EYESPOT DISEASE; SOUTH-AFRICA; EUCALYPTUS; 18S; DIVERGENCE; INDONESIA; LIMITS; YEASTS; GENE AB Partial rDNA sequences were obtained from 26 isolates representing species of Cercospora, Passalora, Paracercospora, Pseudocercospora, Ramulispora, Pseudocercosporella and Mycocentrospora. The combined internal transcribed spacers (ITS) including the 5.8S rRNA gene and 5' end of the 25S gene (primer pairs F63/R635) on rDNA were amplified using PCR and sequenced directly. The ITS regions including the 5.8S varied in length from 502 to 595 bp. The F63/R635 region varied from 508 to 519 bp among isolates sequenced. Reconstructed phylogenies inferred from both regions had highly similar topologies for the taxa examined. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences resulted in four well-supported clades corresponding to Cercospora, Paracercospora/Pseudocercospora, Passalora and Ramulispora, with bootstrap values greater than 92% for each clade. Based on the results of the analysis, a new combination for Pseudocercosporella aestiva is proposed in Ramulispora, and Paracercospora is reduced to synonymy with Pseudocercospora. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Buckhout Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Stellenbosch, Dept Plant Pathol, ZA-7602 Matieland, South Africa. ARS, USDA, Cereal Dis Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Stewart, EL (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Buckhout Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RI Crous, Pedro/H-1489-2012 OI Crous, Pedro/0000-0001-9085-8825 NR 64 TC 66 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 103 BP 1491 EP 1499 DI 10.1017/S0953756299008680 PN 11 PG 9 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 265CN UT WOS:000084223800017 ER PT J AU Gerguson, DE AF Gerguson, DE TI Effects of pocket gophers, bracken fern, and western coneflower on planted conifers in northern Idaho - an update and two more species SO NEW FORESTS LA English DT Article DE competition; forest succession; interference; Pteridium aquilinum; Rudbeckia occidentalis; Thomomys talpoides ID SURVIVAL; GROWTH AB Grand Fir Mosaic forests in northern Idaho are difficult to regenerate after natural or human-caused disturbances. Sparse conifer regeneration appears to be associated with high populations of northern pocket gophers (Thomomys talpoides) plus expansion by bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) and invasion of western coneflower (Rudbeckia occidentalis Nutt.). This report updates an earlier study (Ferguson and Adams 1994) that quantified the effects of four treatments on survival and growth of planted conifers: unweeded with gophers, weeded with gophers, unweeded without gophers, and weeded without gophers. Weeding removed only bracken fern and western coneflower. Subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.), grand fir (Abies grandis (Dougl.) Lindl.), and western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) had over 80% mortality from pocket gophers and other causes. Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) had 49.2% mortality from pocket gophers and 6.8% mortality from other causes, but snow damage is a problem for lodgepole pine. Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) had 42.2% gopher-caused mortality and 8.4% mortality from other causes. Spruce suffered little top damage from snowpacks and was stout enough to withstand senescing bracken fern fronds. Western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl.) had only 24.1% mortality from pocket gophers after 4 years, and only 11.8% of the white pine died from causes other than gophers. Of the mortality caused by pocket gophers, 76.8% occurred the first summer and next two winters after planting. The recommended species for reforestation are Engelmann spruce and white pine. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Gerguson, DE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 1221 S Main, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4286 J9 NEW FOREST JI New For. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 18 IS 3 BP 199 EP 217 DI 10.1023/A:1006504700542 PG 19 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 251AA UT WOS:000083421400001 ER PT J AU Haywood, JD AF Haywood, JD TI Durability of selected mulches, their ability to control weeds, and influence growth of loblolly pine seedlings SO NEW FORESTS LA English DT Article DE Pinus taeda L.; plantation establishment; mulch; competition control ID WHEAT TRITICUM-AESTIVUM; POWER ANALYSIS; MANAGEMENT AB Several mulches of natural, synthetic, or blends of natural and synthetic fibers were tested around newly planted loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings on a sheared and windrowed site in central Louisiana, USA. The vegetation was primarily winter annuals, some residual grasses and forbs, and sparse woody regrowth. Study 1 was rotary mowed just prior to planting in March 1992, and 35 mulches and an untreated check were established. In Study 2, 15 mulches and an untreated check were established in a 1-year-old rough in March 1993. In both studies, a single loblolly pine seedling formed each plot established in a randomized complete block design, with 10 blocks as replicates. Each block was planted with a separate open-pollinated loblolly pine family. Nearly all mulches had deteriorated to some extent after three growing seasons. Synthetic mulches were generally more durable than the natural or natural/synthetic mulches. Mulching eliminated the established vegetation and germinants, and vegetation did not readily reestablish following the deterioration of a mulch. The soil seed bank apparently was not sufficient to regenerate areas that were once covered with mulch and many of the natural materials deteriorated into a fibrous cover that acted like a natural litter layer. Both of these residual weed control effects - insufficient soil seed bank and formation of a fibrous cover - were important in stopping vegetation from reestablishing after a mulch had deteriorated. After three growing seasons, the loblolly pine seedlings generally grew better if mulches were used. C1 US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, USDA, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. RP Haywood, JD (reprint author), Alexandria Forestry Ctr, RWU-4111,2500 Shreveport Highway, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. NR 17 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4286 J9 NEW FOREST JI New For. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 18 IS 3 BP 263 EP 276 DI 10.1023/A:1006699910149 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 251AA UT WOS:000083421400005 ER PT J AU Shearer, RC Stoehr, MU Webber, JE Ross, SD AF Shearer, RC Stoehr, MU Webber, JE Ross, SD TI Seed cone production enhanced by injecting 38-year-old Larix occidentalis Nutt. with GA(4/7) SO NEW FORESTS LA English DT Article DE pollen cone production; seed quality; tree spacing; western larch ID FLOWER INDUCTION; GIBBERELLIN A4/7; WESTERN LARCH; DOUGLAS-FIR; PROMOTION; STATISTICS AB The influence of injecting 38-year-old Larix occidentalis with gibberellin A(4/7) (GA(4/7)) on seed and pollen cone production was studied in western Montana, U.S.A. Two natural stands thinned to several spacings in 1961 were chosen. The two widest spacings were used. In 1991, 60 trees selected for study at each site were randomly divided into two groups of similar DBH, half as controls and half injected in June 1991 with a solution of GA(4/7) in ethyl alcohol. The volume injected was adjusted to the DBH of each tree (60 mg per 5 cm diameter). In June 1994, half the trees treated with GA(4/7) in 1991 and half the untreated trees were injected with GA(4/7) in the same manner as before. In 1992 and 1995, seed cone production increased on GA(4/7)-treated trees compared to the controls. Pollen cone production was significantly increased by GA(4/7) treatment but only at one site. Delayed effects of GA(4/7) on seed cone production was not evident in subsequent years after treatment. Foliar and shoot damage on treated trees was attributed to GA(4/7) treatment but most trees recovered completely the following year. Finally, GA(4/7) treatment did not affect cone length, potential seed per cone or filled seed per cone. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. British Columbia Minist Forests, Glyn Rd Res Stn, Victoria, BC V8W 3E7, Canada. RP Shearer, RC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4286 J9 NEW FOREST JI New For. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 18 IS 3 BP 289 EP 300 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 251AA UT WOS:000083421400007 ER PT J AU Gimeno, BS Bermejo, V Reinert, RA Zheng, YB Barnes, JD AF Gimeno, BS Bermejo, V Reinert, RA Zheng, YB Barnes, JD TI Adverse effects of ambient ozone on watermelon yield and physiology at a rural site in Eastern Spain SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; CARBON ISOTOPE DISCRIMINATION; PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS L; OPEN-TOP CHAMBERS; BRASSICA-NAPUS L; REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT; GRAIN QUALITY; AIR-POLLUTION; CARBOXYLASE OXYGENASE; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE AB Thf study reported was conducted to establish the impacts of photochemical oxidants (primarily ambient ozone, O(3)) on the yield of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) at a site on the east coast of Spain. Fruit yield and quality were monitored in plots established in a commercial watermelon field exposed, in open-top chambers (OTCs), to nonfiltered air (NFA; near-ambient levels of ozone) or charcoal-filtered air (decreased levels of photochemical oxidants including O(3); CFA), or to ambient air (AA), during the 1988 and 1989 growing seasons. Ambient levels of O(3) were found to exceed present UN-ECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe; Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution) critical level guidelines for the protection of crop yield by approx. twofold in 1988 and by approx. fivefold in 1989. Plants exposed ro NFA and XX developed visible O(3) injury on the upper surface of sun-exposed older leaves, and fruit yield (annual marketable fruit weight and number) was found tu be depressed in OTCs ventilated with NFA in comparison with those receiving CFA. Consistent with inter-annual variations in O(3) exposure, greater yield losses were experienced in 1989 (39%) than in 1988 (19%), an effict mediated predominantly by a decline in fruit number rather than average fruit weight. Exposure to ambient levels of ozone also slightly decreased fruit quality (4-8% decline in soluble solids content). Leaf gas exchange measurements made in the held in 1988 revealed effects of O(3) on fruit yield and quality to be associated with a decline in the net CO(2) assimilation rate per unit leaf area under light saturation (A(sat)) and stomatal conductance to water vapour (g(s)), and enhanced rates of dark respiration. A/c(1) curves (where A is the net CO(2) assimilation rare per unit leaf area and c(1) is the mole fraction of CO(2) in the leaf intercellular air space) constructed for plants grown in laboratory-based closed chambers, and exposed to an accumulated O(3) exposure similar to that experienced by plants in the field, suggested that the likely cause of the decline in photosynthetic capacity was (1) a decrease in the amount and/or activity of Rubisco and (2) an impaired capacity for regeneration of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, which was not mediated through changes in the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (F(v)/F(m), where F(v) is variable chlorophyll a fluorescence and F(m) is maximum chlorophyll a fluorescence). No shift in the relative stomatal limitation to photosynthesis was observed under the influence of O(3), suggesting that the decline in g(s) induced by the pollutant in both field and laboratory was the result, and not the cause, of the decrease in A(sat). Ozone exposure also caused a decrease in C isotope discrimination (approx 0.5 parts per thousand), a shift that revealed a departure from predicted theory based on supporting leaf gas exchange measurements. The study demonstrates that ambient levels of photochemical oxidants on the Spanish Mediterranean coast are high enough to adversely influence the yield and physiology of an economically important crop grown in the region, and the magnitude of the effects was greater than would he predicted from exposure-yield-loss relationships for grain and fodder crops in central and northern Europe. Implications for the derivation of UN-ECE ozone standards are discussed, along with the mechanistic basis of the observed yield decreases. C1 Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Dept Agr & Environm Sci, Air Pollut Lab, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England. CIEMAT, DIAE, Madrid 28040, Spain. N Carolina State Univ, USDA, Air Qual Programme, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. RP Barnes, JD (reprint author), Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Dept Agr & Environm Sci, Air Pollut Lab, Ridley Bldg, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England. EM j.d.barnes@ncl.ac.uk NR 84 TC 55 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 144 IS 2 BP 245 EP 260 DI 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00509.x PG 16 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 262UW UT WOS:000084085800005 ER PT J AU Heckman, CW AF Heckman, CW TI The encroachment of exotic herbaceous plants into the Olympic National Forest SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID WASHINGTON AB A floral survey in the Olympic National Forest and its surroundings revealed that a considerable number of introduced ruderal plant species have made deep inroads into the stands of native flora. Some of them, which are mainly of European and Asian origin, have been planted deliberately to stabilize the soil along roadsides and after clear cutting and burning. However, they have already established reproductive communities that are capable of spreading rapidly without additional human help, as they have already done in almost all regions of the earth subject to a temperate climate. Plotting the data from the Geographical Information System. it was shown that 12% of an area totaling 388 km(2), located mainly in the Olympic National Forest, was occupied totally or in large part by this mainly ruderal flora, which accounted for at least 50% and usually nearly 100% of all plants within the area on which they occurred. This represents a major qualitative and quantitative biogeographical alteration in the regional flora of a national forest generally considered to be only slightly affected by human activity. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. RP Heckman, CW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3625 93rd Ave SW, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. NR 23 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 1 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645910, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 73 IS 4 BP 264 EP 276 PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 262CP UT WOS:000084048300003 ER PT J AU Marshall, K Filip, GM AF Marshall, K Filip, GM TI The relationship of Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium douglasii) to stand conditions and plant associations in the southern Cascade Mountains, Oregon SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium douglasii) is a parasitic plant widely distributed on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in southwestern Oregon. This study examined the relationship of frequency of occurrence and severity of Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe with stand conditions and plant associations in the southern Cascade Mountains in Oregon. Data were collected from a subsample of existing permanent plots. Fifteen stand variables and the level of dwarf mistletoe infection in all live Douglas-fir were measured at each plot. Douglas-Fir dwarf mistletoe occurred most frequently in the white fir (Abies concolor) series. It occurred least in the Douglas-fir series. It occurred in plots at significantly higher elevations, with lower mean annual temperatures and lower mean annual and dry season precipitation than plots where it was absent. Occurrence of Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe was also significantly associated with steeper slopes, andesite and basalt soil parent materials, lower basal area, and lower percentage of Douglas-iir in the stand. The average plot Dwarf Mistletoe Rating did not differ significantly among climax series. Average plot Dwarf Mistletoe Rating did increase significantly as total basal area decreased and age of the oldest canopy layer increased. Our study suggests that climax series could be used as indicators of the relative frequency of Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe in the southern Cascade Mountains in Oregon. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, SW Oregon Forest Insect & Dis Serv Ctr, Central Point, OR 97502 USA. RP Marshall, K (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, SW Oregon Forest Insect & Dis Serv Ctr, 2606 Old Stage Rd, Central Point, OR 97502 USA. NR 29 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645910, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 73 IS 4 BP 301 EP 311 PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 262CP UT WOS:000084048300007 ER PT J AU Ellis, KJ Bell, SJ Chertow, GM Chumlea, WC Knox, TA Kotler, DP Lukaski, HC Schoeller, DA AF Ellis, KJ Bell, SJ Chertow, GM Chumlea, WC Knox, TA Kotler, DP Lukaski, HC Schoeller, DA TI Bioelectrical impedance methods in clinical research: A follow-up to the NIH technology assessment conference SO NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE bioelectrical impedance; total body water; extracellular water; intracellular water; aging; growth ID TOTAL-BODY WATER; IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS INFECTION; FAT-FREE MASS; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; HEMODIALYSIS-PATIENTS; PREDICTIVE ACCURACY; WHOLE-BODY; CELL MASS; BIOIMPEDANCE; POPULATION AB In 1994, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) convened a Technology Assessment Conference "to provide physicians with a responsible assessment of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) technology for body composition measurement." In 1997, Serono Symposia USA, Inc., organized an invited panel of scientists and clinicians, with extensive research and clinical experience with BLA, to provide an update. Panel members presented reviews based on their own work and published studies for the intervening years. Updates were provided on the single and multifrequency BIA methods and models; continued clinical research experiences; efforts toward establishing population reference norms; and the feasibility of establishing guidelines for potential diagnostic use of BIA in a clinical setting. This report provides a summary of the panel's findings including a consensus on several technical and clinical issues related to the research use of BIA, and those areas that are still in need of additional study. (C) Elsevier Science Inc. 1999. C1 Texas Childrens Hosp, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat,Baylor Coll Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Surg Metab Lab, Boston, MA USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Surg,Dept Med,Renal Div, Boston, MA USA. Wright State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Community Hlth, Div Human Biol, Yellow Springs, OH 45387 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, New England Med Ctr, Div Gastroenterol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, St Lukes Roosevelt Hosp Ctr, Gastrointestinal Div, New York, NY USA. USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Nutr Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Ellis, KJ (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, 1100 BatesSt, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 57 TC 83 Z9 88 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0899-9007 J9 NUTRITION JI Nutrition PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 15 IS 11-12 BP 874 EP 880 DI 10.1016/S0899-9007(99)00147-1 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 252JA UT WOS:000083497300011 PM 10575664 ER PT J AU Ellwood, KC Bhathena, SJ Johannessen, JN Bryant, MA O'Donnell, MW AF Ellwood, KC Bhathena, SJ Johannessen, JN Bryant, MA O'Donnell, MW TI Biomarkers used to assess the effect of dietary xylitol or sorbitol in the rat SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE enzymes; xylitol; sorbitol; glucose; hormones; rats ID INSULIN-RECEPTORS; GLUCAGON; TOXICITY; POLYOLS; SERUM AB Because sugar alcohols can be used as bulk sweeteners and their possible lower energy values, interest has increased. Sorbitol and xylitol are hydrogenated monosaccharides that have widespread application. Male Fisher-344 rats were fed semipurified diets containing glucose without or with either 10% or 20% sorbitol or xylitol for 8 weeks following a 4-week adaptation period. The addition of sugar alcohols decreased food efficiency and total body weight gain regardless of the type fed. The addition of sugar alcohols to the diets decreased liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and malic enzyme (ME). However, rats fed either 10% xylitol or sorbitol or 20% sorbitol had higher levels of epididymal fat tissue G6PD and ME. Plasma glucagon levels were decreased with the addition of sugar alcohols; whereas, in plasma insulin and glucose there was little effect. Diets containing sugar alcohols decreased levels of plasma triglyceride and cholesterol. The addition of sugar alcohols to the diets increased plasma alkaline phosphatase levels. Dietary treatments had no effect on urine or adrenal norephinephrine and epinephrine, and urine dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and dopamine. The addition of sugar alcohols to the diets had more of a metabolic effect than the type of sugar alcohol fed. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA, Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Washington, DC 20204 USA. RP Ellwood, KC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, 5601 Sunnyside Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 36 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 19 IS 11 BP 1637 EP 1648 DI 10.1016/S0271-5317(99)00119-0 PG 12 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 249XP UT WOS:000083358700005 ER PT J AU Tucker, K AF Tucker, K TI Dietary patterns and blood pressure in African Americans SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID HYPERTENSION AB Hypertension is a highly prevalent risk factor for vascular disease, particularly among African Americans. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) study demonstrated that providing diets with 8-10 fruits and vegetables and 2-3 lowfat dairy foods per day significantly lowered blood pressure. A recent reanalysis showed even stronger effects for African Americans. Studies are needed to translate these findings into methods of effecting dietary change in high-risk populations. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Tucker, K (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010; OI Tucker, Katherine/0000-0001-7640-662X NR 8 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 57 IS 11 BP 356 EP 358 PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 266YT UT WOS:000084328400006 PM 10628188 ER PT J AU McCrory, MA Fuss, PJ Hays, NP Vinken, AG Greenberg, AS Roberts, SB AF McCrory, MA Fuss, PJ Hays, NP Vinken, AG Greenberg, AS Roberts, SB TI Overeating in America: Association between restaurant food consumption and body fatness in healthy adult men and women ages 19 to 80 SO OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE dietary composition; portion size; dietary variety; palatability ID PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES; UNITED-STATES; OBESITY; OVERWEIGHT AB Purpose: To examine the association between the frequency of consuming restaurant food and body fatness in adults. Research Methods and Procedures: Usual free-living dietary intake and the frequency of consuming food from seven different restaurant types (fried chicken, burger, pizza, Chinese, Mexican, fried fish, and "other") were assessed by food frequency questionnaire in 73 healthy men and women [ages 19 to 80, body mass index (BMI) 18 to 33]. In addition, body fatness (percent weight) was determined by hydrostatic weighing, and physical activity and other lifestyle parameters were assessed by questionnaire. The relationship between the frequency of consuming restaurant food and body fatness was determined after controlling for age, sex, and other confounders by using multiple regression techniques. Results: Restaurant food consumption averaged 7.5+/-8.5 (Standard Deviation) times/month. After controlling for age and sex, the frequency of consuming restaurant food was positively associated with body fatness (partial r=0.36, p=0.003). The strength of this association did not change after controlling for education level, smoking status, and alcohol intake, but after additionally controlling for physical activity, the partial r increased to 0.42 (p=0.004). Total daily intakes of energy, fat, and fiber were significantly associated with restaurant food consumption frequency (r=0.59, 0.28, and -0.45, respectively, p=0.02 to 0.0001). Discussion: The frequency of consuming restaurant food was positively associated with increased body fatness in adults. The increasing proportion of household food income spent on food prepared away from home in the United States may therefore help explain the rising national prevalence of obesity. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Energy Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Roberts, SB (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Energy Metab Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [AG12829, AG00209]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK09747] NR 37 TC 168 Z9 174 U1 0 U2 18 PU NORTH AMER ASSOC STUDY OBESITY PI ROCHESTER PA C/O DR MICHAEL JENSEN, MAYO MEDICAL CENTER, MAYO CLIN 200 FIRST ST, SW, ROCHESTER, MN 55905 USA SN 1071-7323 J9 OBES RES JI Obes. Res. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 7 IS 6 BP 564 EP 571 PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 255TL UT WOS:000083686200007 PM 10574515 ER PT J AU Wilsey, BJ Saloniemi, I AF Wilsey, BJ Saloniemi, I TI Leaf fluctuating asymmetry in tree-line mountain birches, Betula pubescens ssp tortuosa: genetic or environmentally influenced? SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID BEGONIA-DREGEI BEGONIACEAE; DEVELOPMENTAL STABILITY; INSTABILITY; PLANTS; LEAVES; HERITABILITY; INCREASES; SELECTION; FLOWERS; STRESS AB Fluctuating asymmetry (FA), or random nondirectional deviations from anticipated symmetry, is increasingly being discussed as a potential indicator of environmental stress. However, the factors underlying FA, especially in plants, remain poorly understood. We measured leaf FA by comparing the difference in width between the right and left halves of leaves in mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. tortuosa) from half-sib families growing in the field at its northern/altitudinal distributional limit to determine if genetic variance existed in this trait. We also tested for a correlation between leaf fluctuating asymmetry and tree-wide shoot growth to determine if leaf FA was associated with a decline in plant performance. There was no relationship between leaf FA and shoot growth. There was also no among-family variation in leaf FA, which suggests that there is little or no genetic variance in this trait in mountain birch. C1 Turku Univ, Dept Biol, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland. RP Wilsey, BJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RI Saloniemi, Irma/C-8893-2011; OI Wilsey, Brian J./0000-0002-0628-5006 NR 41 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 8 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0030-1299 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD NOV PY 1999 VL 87 IS 2 BP 341 EP 345 DI 10.2307/3546749 PG 5 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 262CQ UT WOS:000084048400014 ER PT J AU Augustine, PC Jenkins, MC Dubey, JP AF Augustine, PC Jenkins, MC Dubey, JP TI Effect of polyclonal antisera developed against dense granule-associated Neospora caninum proteins on cell invasion and development in vitro by N-caninum tachyzoites SO PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Neospora caninum; dense granules; cell culture; invasion; development ID APICOMPLEXA; DOGS AB The effects of polyclonal antisera to 2 recombinant dense granule (DG) antigens of Neospora caninum on invasion and development by N. caninum tachyzoites in baby hamster kidney cell cultures were examined. In immunofluorescent antibody tests, the anti-DG sera, at dilutions of 1 :100 to 1 :500, reacted intensely with individual intracellular tachyzoites and groups of tachyzoites enclosed in parasitophorous vacuoles at 2 and 52 h p.i., respectively. Tachyzoites suspended in diluted anti-DG sera and inoculated immediately into the cell cultures invaded cells in significantly fewer numbers (53-68 % fewer by 2 h p.i.) than tachyzoites suspended in similarly diluted normal rabbit serum. In contrast, tachyzoites suspended in anti-Eimeria tenella sporozoite serum invaded cells as efficiently as those suspended in normal rabbit serum. Addition of anti-DG sera at the time of inoculation of tachyzoites, or to the cell cultures after the parasites had entered cells, had little effect on either the percentage or rate of their subsequent development. C1 USDA ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Augustine, PC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Bldg 1040,Room 103, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 12 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0031-1820 J9 PARASITOLOGY JI Parasitology PD NOV PY 1999 VL 119 BP 441 EP 445 DI 10.1017/S003118209900493X PN 5 PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 257YB UT WOS:000083809400003 PM 10599076 ER PT J AU Baker, SS Flores, CA Georgieff, MK Jacobson, MS Jaksic, T Krebs, NF AF Baker, SS Flores, CA Georgieff, MK Jacobson, MS Jaksic, T Krebs, NF CA Comm Nutr TI Calcium requirements of infants, children, and adolescents SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID BONE-MINERAL DENSITY; DIETARY CALCIUM; SKELETAL MASS; SUPPLEMENTATION; GIRLS; RATES; ABSORPTION; RICKETS; GROWTH; OSTEOPOROSIS AB This statement is intended to provide pediatric caregivers with advice about the nutritional needs of calcium of infants, children, and adolescents. It will review the physiology of calcium metabolism and provide a review of the data about the relationship between calcium intake and bone growth and metabolism. In particular, it will focus on the large number of recent studies that have identified a relationship between childhood calcium intake and bone mineralization and the potential relationship of these data to fractures in adolescents and the development of osteoporosis in adulthood. The specific needs of children and adolescents with eating disorders are not considered. C1 USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NICHHD, Bethesda, MD 20205 USA. NIDDKD, Bethesda, MD 20205 USA. US FDA, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. NR 43 TC 89 Z9 95 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD NOV PY 1999 VL 104 IS 5 BP 1152 EP 1157 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 251LW UT WOS:000083448000021 PM 10545566 ER PT J AU Fuse, M Zhang, JR Partridge, E Nachman, RJ Orchard, I Bendena, WG Tobe, SS AF Fuse, M Zhang, JR Partridge, E Nachman, RJ Orchard, I Bendena, WG Tobe, SS TI Effects of an allatostatin and a myosuppressin on midgut carbohydrate enzyme activity in the cockroach Diploptera punctata SO PEPTIDES LA English DT Article DE allatostatin; leucomyosuppressin; FMRFamide-related peptide (FaRP); cockroach; Diploptera; invertase; amylase ID JUVENILE-HORMONE SYNTHESIS; ENDOCRINE-CELLS; PERIPLANETA-AMERICANA; NEUROPEPTIDES; CONTRACTIONS; FMRFAMIDE; PEPTIDES; GUT; LEUCOMYOSUPPRESSIN; EXPRESSION AB Neuropeptides of the cockroach allatostatin (AST) family are known for their ability to inhibit the production of juvenile hormone by the corpora allata of cockroaches. Since their discovery, they have also been shown to modulate myotropic activity in a range of insect species as well as to act as neurotransmitters in Crustaceans and possibly in insects. The midgut of cockroaches contains numerous endocrine cells, some of which produce AST whereas others produce the FMRFamide-related peptide, leucomyosuppressin (LMS). We have determined if ASTs and LMS are also able to influence carbohydrate-metabolizing enzyme activity in the midgut of the cockroach, Diploptera punctata. Dippu-AST 7 stimulates activity of both invertase and ol-amylase in a dose-dependent fashion in the lumen contents of ligatured midguts in vitro, but not in midgut tissue, whereas the AST analog AST(b)phi 2, a cyclopropyl-ala, hydrocinnamic acid analog of Dippu-AST 6, has no effect. Leucomyosuppressin also stimulates enzyme activity in lumen contents only, although the EC50 is considerably greater than for Dippu-AST. Dippu-AST is also able to inhibit proctolin-induced contractions of midgut muscle, and this action had already been described for LMS [18]. Thus, in this organ, AST and LMS have at least two distinct physiological effects. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Zool, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada. USDA, VERU, FAPRL, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Queens Univ, Dept Biol, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. RP Tobe, SS (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Dept Zool, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada. NR 50 TC 92 Z9 95 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0196-9781 J9 PEPTIDES JI Peptides PD NOV PY 1999 VL 20 IS 11 BP 1285 EP 1293 DI 10.1016/S0196-9781(99)00133-3 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 265DV UT WOS:000084226800003 PM 10612442 ER PT J AU McCracken, SD Brondizio, ES Nelson, D Moran, EF Siqueira, AD Rodriguez-Pedraza, C AF McCracken, SD Brondizio, ES Nelson, D Moran, EF Siqueira, AD Rodriguez-Pedraza, C TI Remote sensing and GIS at farm property level: Demography and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID SATELLITE DATA; LAND-USE; COVER; VEGETATION; ESTUARY; SPACE; BASIN; STATE AB Analysis of remotely sensed data at the level of individual farm properties provides additional insights to those derived from a landscape approach. Property-level analysis was carried out by overlaying a property boundary grid in a GIS. Data were derived from aerial photographs for 1970 and 1978 and Landsat Thematic Mapper images for 1985, 1988, and 1991. The study area contains approximately 3,800 properties, but this paper is based on a subset of 398 properties in the Brazilian Amazon. Analysis at the property level found patterns of land-cover classes that reflect differences in farming strategies of households. Data analysis at the household level was useful in explaining apparent mature forest to advanced secondary succession degradation in three years, not readily apparent from landscape analysis of remotely sensed data. The change was due to property-specific selective logging and the spread of fire from pastures into the adjacent forest. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Anthropol, Tucson, AZ 85720 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. Indiana Univ, Anthropol Ctr Training & Res Global Environm Chan, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. RP McCracken, SD (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Anthropol, Emil Haury Bldg, Tucson, AZ 85720 USA. NR 42 TC 101 Z9 109 U1 4 U2 19 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 65 IS 11 BP 1311 EP 1320 PG 10 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 251ZX UT WOS:000083477200013 ER PT J AU Gerson, EA Kelsey, RG AF Gerson, EA Kelsey, RG TI Foliar storage and extraction methods for quantitative analysis of piperidine alkaloids from ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) SO PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE conifer needles; tissue drying; partition; Extrelut; pinidine; alkaloid N-oxide ID SPRUCE; LUPINUS AB Yields of 2,6-disubstituted piperidine alkaloids from ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) foliage were compared for frozen, air- and oven-dried samples stored for 3 days and for 5 weeks. Oven-drying provided the most stable alkaloid yields, but biological variation was greater than the variation between the storage methods. Alkaloid yields were also compared for the classical liquid-liquid partitioning method and a solid-phase partitioning (SPP) method using Extrelut(TM) columns, Under proper conditions, both methods were reasonably accurate, but biological variation in alkaloid content was much greater than experimental variation from either extraction method. In order to optimize the SPP method, it was necessary to use chloroform rather than dichloromethane as the eluting solvent, and to rinse the column more than the manufacturer directs. The SPP method requires less solvent and time per sample, thus it may be preferable for ecological studies where numerous samples are required to detect differences against high background variation. Zinc dust treatment, to reduce possible alkaloid N-oxides in SPP extracts, failed to increase yields, suggesting the absence of such compounds, Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Gerson, EA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0958-0344 J9 PHYTOCHEM ANALYSIS JI Phytochem. Anal. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 10 IS 6 BP 322 EP 327 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1565(199911/12)10:6<322::AID-PCA468>3.0.CO;2-W PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 259BB UT WOS:000083873200005 ER PT J AU Galindo, JCG Hernandez, A Dayan, FE Tellez, MR Macias, FA Paul, RN Duke, SO AF Galindo, JCG Hernandez, A Dayan, FE Tellez, MR Macias, FA Paul, RN Duke, SO TI Dehydrozaluzanin C, a natural sesquiterpenolide, causes rapid plasma membrane leakage SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE phytotoxins; allelopathy; dehydrozaluzanin C; sesquiterpene lactones; glutathione; membrane leakage; mode of action ID OCCURRING TERPENE DERIVATIVES; POTENTIAL HERBICIDES; LACTONES; GROWTH; PHYTOTOXINS; CINMETHYLIN; ARTEMISININ; ACIFLUORFEN; INHIBITION; SITES AB Dehydrozaluzanin C, a natural sesquiterpene lactone, is a weak plant growth inhibitor with an I-50 of about 0.5 mM for lettuce root growth. It also causes rapid plasma membrane leakage in cucumber cotyledon discs. Dehydrozaluzanin C is more active at 50 mu M than the same concentration of the herbicide acifluorfen. Symptoms include plasmolysis and the disruption of membrane integrity is not light dependent. Reversal of its effects on root growth was obtained with treatment by various amino acids, with histidine and glycine providing ca. 40% reversion, The strong reversal effect obtained with reduced glutathione is due to cross-reactivity with DHZ and the formation of mono- and di-adducts. Photosynthetic, respiratory and mitotic processes, as well as NADH oxidase activity appear to be unaffected by this compound. Our results indicate that dehydrozaluzanin C exerts its effects on plants through two different mechanisms, only one of which is related to the disruption of plasma membrane function. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, University, MS 38677 USA. Univ Cadiz, Fac Sci, Dept Organ Chem, Cadiz 11520, Spain. Univ Basque Country, Fac Sci, Dept Biol & Ecol, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain. ARS, USDA, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Dayan, FE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, POB 8048, University, MS 38677 USA. EM fdayan@ag.gov RI HERNANDEZ, ANTONIO/L-1702-2014; Dayan, Franck/A-7592-2009; OI HERNANDEZ, ANTONIO/0000-0002-8718-7685; Dayan, Franck/0000-0001-6964-2499; Garcia Galindo, Juan Carlos/0000-0001-9653-379X; Macias, Francisco A./0000-0001-8862-2864 NR 42 TC 70 Z9 88 U1 1 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD NOV PY 1999 VL 52 IS 5 BP 805 EP 813 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00303-9 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 266CY UT WOS:000084284100008 ER PT J AU Chardonnet, CO Sams, CE Conway, WS AF Chardonnet, CO Sams, CE Conway, WS TI Calcium effect on the mycelial cell walls of Botrytis cinerea SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Botrytis cinerea; fungal cell wall; calcium ID PENICILLIUM-EXPANSUM; PHYCOMYCES-BLAKESLEEANUS; SOFT-ROT; APPLES; POLYGALACTURONASE; SUSCEPTIBILITY; INFILTRATION; PATHOGENS; NUTRITION; GROWTH AB The goal of this study was to determine whether calcium ion, (one of the electrolytes released after plant cell attack), may have a direct effect on fungal growth and chemistry of the fungal cell wall. B. cinerea was grown on Richard's solution containing different mounts of CaCl2, and the cell walls were extracted from the mycelium after 7 days of growth. Mineral, neutral and aminosugar, protein and uronic acid contents were determined. At 1 g l(-1) CaCl2, only the aminosugar content increased. At 2 g l(-1) CaCl2, neutral sugar synthesis was reduced, whereas the uronic acid content increased. For higher CaCl2 concentrations, the calcium ion content of the cell wall increased, resulting in reduced protein and neutral sugar contents. Meanwhile, the cell wall proportion of the mycelia increased on a dry weight basis due to an increase in uronic acid, Ca, P, Na and neutral sugar contents of the cell wall with increasing CaCl2 in the media. The resulting thickening of the fungal cell wall caused by calcium ion may be an important factor in the host-pathogen relationship. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Tennessee, Inst Agr, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Sams, CE (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Inst Agr, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, POB 1071, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. NR 44 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD NOV PY 1999 VL 52 IS 6 BP 967 EP 973 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00315-5 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 272RN UT WOS:000084664900001 ER PT J AU Tellez, MR Canel, C Rimando, AM Duke, SO AF Tellez, MR Canel, C Rimando, AM Duke, SO TI Differential accumulation of isoprenoids in glanded and glandless Artemisia annua L SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Artemisia annua; asteraceae; annual wormwood; artemisinin; glandular trichome; isoprenoids ID GLANDULAR TRICHOMES; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; VOLATILE TERPENES; LOCALIZATION; BIOSYNTHESIS; QINGHAOSU; PRODUCTS AB The relative abundance of steam-distillable isoprenoids and other volatile compounds in leaves of glanded and glandless Artemisia annua L. was investigated. Steam distillation of leaves bearing glandular trichomes yielded 0.24% essential oil on a fresh weight basis. Monoterpenes were predominant in this essential oil, of which alpha-pinene (26.7%), pinocarvone (15.8%), and artemisia ketone (11.0%) were the major constituents. The essential oil distilled from glandless leaves amounted to 0.06% of fresh weight, and consisted mostly of sesquiterpenes, of which germacrene-D (49.8%) and beta-caryophyllene (25.1%) were the major components. Only one monoterpene, beta-ocimene, present in trace amounts, was detected in the oil distilled from the glandless tissue. The sesquiterpene artemisinin, found only in the glanded biotype, is heat-labile and cannot be extracted by steam distillation, during which it decomposes into non-distillable products. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, USDA, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, Natl Ctr Dev Nat Prod, University, MS 38677 USA. RP Tellez, MR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, Natl Ctr Dev Nat Prod, Box 8048, University, MS 38677 USA. NR 22 TC 82 Z9 88 U1 2 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD NOV PY 1999 VL 52 IS 6 BP 1035 EP 1040 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00308-8 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 272RN UT WOS:000084664900010 ER PT J AU Duijff, BJ Recorbet, G Bakker, PAHM Loper, JE Lemanceau, P AF Duijff, BJ Recorbet, G Bakker, PAHM Loper, JE Lemanceau, P TI Microbial antagonism at the root level is involved in the suppression of Fusarium wilt by the combination of nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum Fo47 and Pseudomonas putida WCS358 SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FLUORESCENT PSEUDOMONAS; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE; COLONIZATION; SIDEROPHORES; BACTERIA; STRAIN; IRON; PSEUDOBACTIN; BIOSYNTHESIS AB Two biological control agents, nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum Fo47 and Pseudomonas putida WCS358, were evaluated for suppression of Fusarium wilt of flax grown in nutrient solution and for suppression of the population density and metabolic activity of the causal organism F. oxysporum f. sp. lini strain Foln3GUS on root surfaces. Due to the presence of an introduced gusA reporter gene construct in Foln3GUS, the pathogen expressed beta-glucuronidase activity that was related to its carbon metabolism. At a Fo47 to Foln3GUS inoculum ratio of 100:1, both the population density of the pathogen and the beta-glucuronidase activity on and in flax roots were reduced by the nonpathogenic strain, and Fusarium wilt was suppressed. At a Fo47 to Foln3GUS inoculum ratio of 10:1, Fo47 decreased the severity of Fusarium wilt to a smaller extent and it also reduced beta-glucuronidase activity without reducing the density of Foln3GUS on flax roots. At a nonpathogenic to pathogenic Fusarium strains ratio of 10:1, the addition of P. putida WCS358 further suppressed Fusarium wilt and the density of the pathogen at the root level, whereas a mutant of WCS358 deficient in pseudobactin production had no significant effect. Iron availability to WCS358 on flax roots, assessed by ice-nucleation activity conferred from a transcriptional fusion (pvd-inaZ) of an ice-nucleation reporter gene to an iron-regulated promoter, was sufficiently low to allow pseudobactin production. P. putida WCS358 did not reduce the severity of Fusarium wilt of flax when inoculated without Fo47, and it did not improve disease suppression achieved by high inoculum doses of Fo47 (a Fo47 to Foln3GUS ratio of 100:1). Together, these data provide evidence that (i) suppression of Fusarium wilt of flax by Fo47 is related to reductions in the population density and metabolic activity of the pathogen on the root surface; (ii) WCS358 can enhance the biological control activity of Fo47, but this enhancement depends on the population of Fo47 relative to the pathogen; and (iii) pseudobactin contributes to suppression of Fusarium wilt by the combination of Fo47 and WCS358 on roots in which conditions are conducive to pseudobactin production by the bacterium. C1 INRA, CMSE, Lab Rech Flore Pathogene Sol, F-21034 Dijon, France. Univ Utrecht, Dept Plant Ecol & Evolut Biol, NL-3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands. Oregon State Univ, USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR USA. RP Lemanceau, P (reprint author), INRA, CMSE, Lab Rech Flore Pathogene Sol, 17 Rue Sully, F-21034 Dijon, France. EM lemanceau@dijon.inra.fr RI Bakker, Peter/B-9355-2011 NR 37 TC 79 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD NOV PY 1999 VL 89 IS 11 BP 1073 EP 1079 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.11.1073 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 249JK UT WOS:000083329800013 PM 18944664 ER PT J AU Tyree, WT AF Tyree, WT TI The forgotten component of plant water potential: A reply - Tissue pressures are not additive in the way M.J. Canny suggests SO PLANT BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE tissue pressure; water potential; xylem tension ID TRANSPORT; ASCENT AB Martin Canny's concepts of "tissue pressure" and its derivative "compensating pressure" are reviewed. Tissue pressure arises when the volume change of some living cells exerts a pressure on adjacent living or dead cells. Contrary to previous assertions, tissue pressure cannot cause a permanent change in pressure potential or water potential of adjacent cells. Tissue pressure induces only a transitory increase of pressure and water potential. After equilibrium is reestablished, the same or a more negative pressure or water potential results. The idea that tissue pressure can prevent or repair xylem embolism is without merit. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Aiken Forestry Sci Lab, Burlington, VT 05402 USA. RP Tyree, WT (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Aiken Forestry Sci Lab, POB 968, Burlington, VT 05402 USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU GEORG THIEME VERLAG PI STUTTGART PA P O BOX 30 11 20, D-70451 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 1435-8603 J9 PLANT BIOLOGY JI Plant Biol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 1 IS 6 BP 598 EP 601 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 264QZ UT WOS:000084194100003 ER PT J AU Haynes, KG Christ, BJ AF Haynes, KG Christ, BJ TI Heritability of resistance to foliar late blight in a diploid hybrid potato population of Solanum phureja x Solanum stenotomum SO PLANT BREEDING LA English DT Article DE Solanum phureja; S-stenotomum; genotype-environment interaction; heritability; late blight ID PHYTOPHTHORA-INFESTANS; SEXUAL REPRODUCTION; UNITED-STATES; TUBEROSUM; MIGRATION; CROSSES; CLONES AB The emergence of new races of Phytophthora infestans has necessitated the search for additional sources of potato germplasm with resistance to late blight. This study examined 281 clones, derived from 72 families of a diploid random-mated hybrid population of Solanum phureja x Solanum stenotomum. The clones were evaluated in a replicated field trial for 2 years with the control cultivar 'Atlantic' in Pennsylvania, USA. The P. infestans US-8 A2 mating type culture was used to inoculate spreader rows of susceptible S. tuberosum cv. 'Russet Burbank'. Percent defoliation caused by the late blight fungus was estimated visually in each plot three times near the end of the growing season. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was estimated and showed that late bright was more severe in 1997 than in 1996. Genetic differences among clones and significant; but small, clone-environment interaction were detected for AUDPC. Broad-sense and narrow-sense heritability estimates, over years, were 0.79 +/- 0.05 (P = 0.05) and 0.78 +/-. 0.29, respectively. Seventy-five percent of the diploid clones had a significantly lower mean AUDPC than Atlantic. These results support the idea that this diploid population is worthy of use in breeding for late blight resistance in tetraploid potato cultivars. C1 ARS, USDA, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Haynes, KG (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Vegetable Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 39 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0179-9541 J9 PLANT BREEDING JI Plant Breed. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 118 IS 5 BP 431 EP 434 DI 10.1046/j.1439-0523.1999.00394.x PG 4 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 265GB UT WOS:000084233000009 ER PT J AU Hirschi, KD AF Hirschi, KD TI Expression of Arabidopsis CAX1 in tobacco: Altered calcium homeostasis and increased stress sensitivity SO PLANT CELL LA English DT Article ID PLANT SALT TOLERANCE; OAT ROOTS; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; TONOPLAST VESICLES; CA2+/H+ ANTIPORT; IRON TRANSPORT; MESSENGER-RNA; CA2+-ATPASE; MEMBRANE; TRANSDUCTION AB Calcium (Ca(2+)) efflux from the cytosol modulates Ca(2+) concentrations in the cytosol, loads Ca(2+) into intracellular compartments, and supplies Ca(2+) to organelles to support biochemical functions. The Ca(2+)/(H+) antiporter CAX1 (for CALCIUM EXCHANGER 1) of Arabidopsis is thought to be a key mediator of these processes. To clarify the regulation of CAX1, we examined CAX1 RNA expression in response to various stimuli. CAX1 was highly expressed in response to exogenous Ca(2+). Transgenic tobacco plants expressing CAX1 displayed symptoms of Ca(2+) deficiencies, including hypersensitivity to ion imbalances, such as increased magnesium and potassium concentrations, and to cold shock, but increasing the Ca(2+) in the media abrogated these sensitivities. Tobacco plants expressing CAX1 also demonstrated increased Ca(2+) accumulation and altered activity of the tonoplast-enriched Ca(2+)/H(+) antiporter. These results emphasize that regulated expression of Ca(2+)/H(+) antiport activity is critical for normal growth and adaptation to certain stresses. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Hirschi, KD (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM kendalh@bcm.tmc.edu FU NHLBI NIH HHS [CHRC 5 P30]; NIGMS NIH HHS [1R01 GM 57427] NR 49 TC 152 Z9 168 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 1040-4651 J9 PLANT CELL JI Plant Cell PD NOV PY 1999 VL 11 IS 11 BP 2113 EP 2122 DI 10.1105/tpc.11.11.2113 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA 260YF UT WOS:000083980500007 PM 10559438 ER PT J AU Mullen, RT Lisenbee, CS Miernyk, JA Trelease, RN AF Mullen, RT Lisenbee, CS Miernyk, JA Trelease, RN TI Peroxisomal membrane ascorbate peroxidase is sorted to a membranous network that resembles a subdomain of the endoplasmic reticulum SO PLANT CELL LA English DT Article ID YEAST YARROWIA-LIPOLYTICA; IN-VIVO; BREFELDIN-A; MOLECULAR CHAPERONE; TARGETING SIGNAL; BINDING-PROTEIN; PLANT-CELLS; MITOCHONDRIAL F1-ATPASE; HANSENULA-POLYMORPHA; OILSEED GLYOXYSOMES AB The peroxisomal isoform of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) is a novel membrane isoform that functions in the regeneration of NAD(+) and protection against toxic reactive oxygen species. The intracellular localization and sorting of peroxisomal APX were examined both in vivo and in vitro. Epitope-tagged peroxisomal APX, which was expressed transiently in tobacco BY-2 cells, localized to a reticular/circular network that resembled endoplasmic reticulum (ER; 3,3'-dihexyloxa-carbocyanine iodide-stained membranes) and to peroxisomes. The reticular network did not colocalize with other organelle marker proteins, including three ER reticuloplasmins, However, in vitro, peroxisomal APX inserted posttranslationally into the ER but not into other purified organelle membranes (including peroxisomal membranes). Insertion into the ER depended on the presence of molecular chaperones and ATP, These results suggest that regions of the ER serve as a possible intermediate in the sorting pathway of peroxisomal APX. Insight into this hypothesis was obtained from in vivo experiments with brefeldin A (BFA), a toxin that blocks vesicle-mediated protein export from ER, A transiently expressed chloramphenicol acetyltransferase-peroxisomal APX (CAT-pAPX) fusion protein accumulated only in the reticular/circular network in BFA-treated cells; after subsequent removal of BFA from these cells, the CAT-pAPX was distributed to preexisting peroxisomes. Thus, plant peroxisomal APX, a representative enzymatic peroxisomal membrane protein, is sorted to peroxisomes through an indirect pathway involving a preperoxisomal compartment with characteristics of a distinct subdomain of the ER, possibly a peroxisomal ER subdomain. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Arizona State Univ, Grad Program Mol & Cellular Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Arizona State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. EM trelease.dick@asu.edu NR 96 TC 97 Z9 97 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 1040-4651 EI 1532-298X J9 PLANT CELL JI Plant Cell PD NOV PY 1999 VL 11 IS 11 BP 2167 EP 2185 DI 10.1105/tpc.11.11.2167 PG 19 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA 260YF UT WOS:000083980500011 PM 10559442 ER PT J AU Bede, JC Teal, P Tobe, SS AF Bede, JC Teal, P Tobe, SS TI Production of insect juvenile hormone III and its precursors in cell suspension cultures of the sedge, Cyperus iria L. SO PLANT CELL REPORTS LA English DT Article DE Cyperus iria L.; juvenile hormone III; methyl farnesoate; callus; suspension culture ID ISOPRENOID BIOSYNTHESIS; PLANTS AB Juvenile hormones (JHs) are sesquiterpenoids that regulate metamorphosis and reproduction in most insect species. There has been one report of an insect JH in plants: JE-I III, methyl-10R,11-epoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl 2E, 6E-dodecadienoate, has been identified in two sedge species, Cyperus iria L. and C. aromaticus (Ridley) Mattf and Kuk. This is the first report of callus and cell suspension cultures derived from C. iria. Farnesol and methyl farnesoate, two biosynthetic intermediates of JH III in insects, as well as JH III have been identified in suspension culture cell extracts by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. These cultures thus provide a useful in vitro model to investigate the biosynthesis of JH III in the sedge, C. iria. C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Zool, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada. ARS, CMAVE, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Tobe, SS (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Dept Zool, 25 Harbord St, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada. NR 31 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0721-7714 J9 PLANT CELL REP JI Plant Cell Reports PD NOV PY 1999 VL 19 IS 1 BP 20 EP 25 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 258YE UT WOS:000083866600004 ER PT J AU Myers, JM Simon, PW AF Myers, JM Simon, PW TI Regeneration of garlic callus as affected by clonal variation, plant growth regulators and culture conditions over time SO PLANT CELL REPORTS LA English DT Article DE Allium sativum; benzyladenine; picloram; thidiazuron; 2,4-D; 2iP ID ALLIUM-SATIVUM-L; SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS; TISSUE; ORGANOGENESIS AB A long-term regeneration system for garlic (Allium sativum L.) clones of diverse origin was developed. Callus was initialed on a modified Gamborg's B-5 medium supplemented with 4.5 mu M 2,4-D and maintained on the same basal medium with 4.7 mu M picloram + 0.49 mu M 2iP, Regeneration potential of callus after 5, 12 and 16 months on maintenance medium was measured using several plant growth regulator treatments. The 1.4 mu M picloram + 13.3 mu M BA treatment stimulated the highest rate of shoot production. Regeneration rate decreased as callus age increased, but healthy plantlets from callus cultures up to 16-months-old were produced for all clones. Regeneration of long-term garlic callus cultures could be useful for clonal propagation and transformation. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS Vegetable Crops Res, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Simon, PW (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS Vegetable Crops Res, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 16 TC 15 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0721-7714 J9 PLANT CELL REP JI Plant Cell Reports PD NOV PY 1999 VL 19 IS 1 BP 32 EP 36 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 258YE UT WOS:000083866600006 ER PT J AU Zhang, JX Bruton, BD Miller, ME Isakeit, T AF Zhang, JX Bruton, BD Miller, ME Isakeit, T TI Relationship of developmental stage of cantaloupe fruit to black rot susceptibility and enzyme production by Didymella bryoniae SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Cucumis melo var. cantaloupensis; fruit rot; pectolytic enzymes ID GUMMY STEM BLIGHT; MUSKMELON FRUIT; PECTIC ENZYMES; CUCUMIS-MELO; POLYGALACTURONASE; RESISTANCE AB Black rot of cantaloupe fruit, caused by Didymella bryoniae, can be severe when environmental conditions and fruit developmental stages are favorable for infection. Symptoms of black rot on cantaloupe fruit varied greatly depending on fruit age. The black rot phase was observed only on mature fruit. Inoculation of cantaloupe fruit at different developmental stages with five D. bryoniae isolates resulted in the greatest amount of decay on 10-day-old fruit compared with 20-, 30-, 40-, or 50-day-old fruit. There was no difference in lesion size among 20-, 30-, 40-, or 50-day-old fruit, although there was variation in lesion size among fungal isolates. Five fungal isolates all produced the greatest polygalacturonase (PG) activity in inoculated 10-day-old fruit compared with 20-, 30-, 40- or 50-day-old fruit. There was a positive correlation between lesion size and total fungal PG activity in decayed tissue. Using a representative D. bryoniae isolate (OK 963096), multiple PG isozymes were detected in both fungal shake culture and decayed fruit. Eleven PG isozymes (pI 4.7 to 7.9) were detected from fungal shake culture using pectin or polygalacturonic acid as the sole carbon source. Twelve PG isozymes (pI 4.7 to 8.7) were detected from decayed tissue of 10-day-old fruit, and 13 PG isozymes (pI 4.2 to 8.7) were observed from decayed tissue of 50-day-old fruit. The activity of D. bryoniae PG produced in vitro and in vivo was optimum at pH 5.0 and 5.5, respectively. The activity of the fungal PG produced in vitro exhibited primarily an endo-mode of action. In contrast, PG extracted from decayed tissue was predominately exo-PG. Thus, PG may play an important role in pathogenesis of D. bryoniae during cantaloupe fruit decay. C1 USDA ARS, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Microbiol, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Bruton, BD (reprint author), USDA ARS, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. NR 47 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 83 IS 11 BP 1025 EP 1032 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.11.1025 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 249CR UT WOS:000083315700009 ER PT J AU Waterworth, HE Mock, R AF Waterworth, HE Mock, R TI An assessment of nested PCR to detect phytoplasmas in imported dormant buds and internodal tissues of quarantined tree fruit germ plasm SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Malus ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; MYCOPLASMALIKE ORGANISMS; 16S RDNA; PLANT; AMPLIFICATION AB Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were evaluated for use on a routine basis in a quarantine program to detect phytoplasmas in dormant fruit tree scionwood collected during the winter season. Phytoplasmas associated with peach yellow leaf roll, Western X, apricot chlorotic leaf roll, plum leptonecrosis, and apple proliferation diseases were detected in all known infected sources. Phytoplasmas in Prunus spp. were readily detected in both dormant bud and internodal tissues. Use of nested PCR versus a single primer pair resulted in electrophoresed PCR products that were easier to interpret. The nested PCR procedure has replaced 3-year tests with grafts on sensitive indicators to detect this group of pathogens. C1 USDA ARS, Plant Quarantine Off, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Waterworth, HE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plant Quarantine Off, Bldg 580, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 83 IS 11 BP 1047 EP 1050 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.11.1047 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 249CR UT WOS:000083315700012 ER PT J AU Pfender, WF Vollmer, SS AF Pfender, WF Vollmer, SS TI Freezing temperature effect on survival of Puccinia graminis subsp graminicola in Festuca arundinacea and Lolium perenne SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID EARLY SPRING SURVIVAL; WINTER-WHEAT; STEM RUST; RECONDITA; UREDINIOSPORES AB The Willamette Valley in Oregon is a major seed production area for cool-season grasses. Puccinia graminis subsp. graminicola survives over winter on its hosts as uredinial infections and causes epidemics of stem rust, the area's major disease on perennial ryegrass and tall fescue. To determine the possible importance of freezing temperature on rust survival, infected plants taken from the field were subjected to controlled freezing across a range of temperatures representative of those that can occur in the region. After treatment, plants were placed in a warm greenhouse, and the number of actively sporulating pustules was recorded at 3-day intervals for 21 days. The pathogen responded similarly to freezing treatments whether in perennial ryegrass or tall fescue. Compared with the nontreated standard, there was no significant reduction in pustule number after exposure to -3 or -6 degrees C Exposure of infected plants to -10 degrees C caused a 75 to 90% reduction in rust survival, and exposure to -13 degrees C killed all rust infections in tall fescue and over 99% in perennial ryegrass. The decline in rust survival with temperature was slightly steeper for perennial ryegrass than for tall fescue. A higher absolute number of infections in perennial ryegrass than in tall fescue resulted in higher numbers of surviving infections on perennial ryegrass. Survival of rust infections appeared to be primarily a function of host tissue survival. Between 1960 and 1997, years with winter temperatures as low as -10 or -13 degrees C have occurred in the Willamette Valley with frequencies of approximately 39 and 8%, respectively. We conclude that year-to-year variation in winter temperature could have a significant effect on the survival of the grass stem rust pathogen. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Pfender, WF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, 3450 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 16 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 83 IS 11 BP 1058 EP 1062 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.11.1058 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 249CR UT WOS:000083315700015 ER PT J AU O'Mahony, PJ Oliver, MJ AF O'Mahony, PJ Oliver, MJ TI The involvement of ubiquitin in vegetative desiccation tolerance SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE desiccation-tolerant; repair mechanisms; Sporobolus stapfianus; Tortula ruralis ID MOSS TORTULA-RURALIS; PLANT CRATEROSTIGMA-PLANTAGINEUM; SPOROBOLUS-STAPFIANUS; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; POLYUBIQUITIN GENE; REHYDRATION; EXPRESSION; STRESS; DEHYDRATION AB We have isolated a polyubiquitin cDNA from the modified desiccation-tolerant grass Sporobolus stapfianus. This cDNA, along with a commercially available polyclonal ubiquitin antibody, was used to characterize desiccation/rehydrated-associated changes in ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation in S. stapfianus and the fully desiccation-tolerant moss Tortula ruralis. Northern analysis demonstrated that in S. stapfianus leaves two ubiquitin transcripts, of ca. 1.4 and 1.2 kb, accumulated above control levels during drying and rehydration but were barely detectable in desiccated tissue. The peak in rehydration-associated transcript accumulation coincided with a depletion in ubiquitin monomer levels indicating an increase in protein degradation. Analysis of T. ruralis revealed three ubiquitin transcripts of ca. 1.9, 1.3 and 0.65 kb, with only the 1.3 kb transcript level varying in response to drying and rehydration and all transcripts being stable in dried tissue. Western analysis revealed that conjugated ubiquitin, indicative of proteins targeted for removal, was evident in all samples of Sporobolus but detectable only in slow-drying Tortula which also displayed reduced levels of ubiquitin monomer. These results demonstrate that desiccated T. ruralis gametophyte possesses stable ubiquitin transcripts which can be translated upon rehydration enabling rapid initiation of cellular repair through degradation of certain proteins. This is in contrast to S. stapfianus which requires several hours to replenish depleted ubiquitin transcripts. The ubiquitin response to drying and rehydration in evolutionarily diverse systems is characterized, and the role of repair mechanisms such as ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation in desiccation tolerance is assessed. C1 ARS, Plant Stress & Water Conservat Lab, USDA, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. RP Oliver, MJ (reprint author), ARS, Plant Stress & Water Conservat Lab, USDA, 3810 4th St, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. NR 48 TC 38 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 41 IS 5 BP 657 EP 667 DI 10.1023/A:1006330623364 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 276BR UT WOS:000084856200008 PM 10645725 ER PT J AU Miernyk, JA AF Miernyk, JA TI Protein folding in the plant cell SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS; MOLECULAR CHAPERONES; CALRETICULIN; CALNEXIN; ISOMERASE; HOMOLOG C1 ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Miernyk, JA (reprint author), ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 43 TC 89 Z9 100 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 121 IS 3 BP 695 EP 703 DI 10.1104/pp.121.3.695 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 256UX UT WOS:000083745800002 PM 10557217 ER PT J AU Liu, JG Benedict, CR Stipanovic, RD Bell, AA AF Liu, JG Benedict, CR Stipanovic, RD Bell, AA TI Purification and characterization of S-adenosyl-L-Methionine: Desoxyhemigossypol-6-O-methyltransferase from cotton plants. An enzyme capable of methylating the defense terpenoids of cotton SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CELL-SUSPENSION CULTURES; O-METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITIES; MEDICAGO-SATIVA L; CHRYSOSPLENIUM-AMERICANUM; POLYMETHYLATED FLAVONOLS; ELICITOR; 3-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE; LEAVES; PHYTOALEXINS AB Cotton contains a unique group of terpenoids including desoxyhemigossypol, hemigossypol, gossypol, hemigossypolone, and the heliocides that are part of the plant's defense system against pathogenic fungi and insects. Desoxyhemigossypol is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of these compounds. We have isolated, purified, and characterized from cotton stele tissue infected with Verticilium dahliae a methyltransferase (S-adenosyl-L-Met: desoxyhemigossypol-6-O-methyltransferase) that specifically methylates the 6-position of desoxyhemigossypol to form desoxyhemigossypol-6-methyl ether with a K-m value of 4.5 mu M for desoxyhemigossypol and a K-cat/K-m of 5.08 x 10(4) s(-1) (mol/L)(-1). The molecular mass of the native enzyme is 81.4 kD and is dissociated into two subunits of 41.2 kD on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels. The enzymatic reaction does not require Mg+2 and is inhibited 98% with 10 mM p-chloromercuribenzoate. Desoxyhemigossypol-6-methyl ether leads to the biosynthesis of methylated hemigossypol, gossypol, hemigossypolone, and the heliocides, which lowers their effectiveness as phytoalexins and insecticides. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Biochem & Biophys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Agr Res Serv, USDA, So Crops Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Benedict, CR (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Biochem & Biophys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 31 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 121 IS 3 BP 1017 EP 1024 DI 10.1104/pp.121.3.1017 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 256UX UT WOS:000083745800036 ER PT J AU Carlson, SJ Chourey, PS AF Carlson, SJ Chourey, PS TI A re-evaluation of the relative roles of two invertases, INCW2 and IVR1, in developing maize kernels and other tissues SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CELL-WALL INVERTASE; BETA-FRUCTOFURANOSIDASE; GENE FAMILY; MOLECULAR-PROPERTIES; ACID INVERTASE; DAUCUS-CAROTA; CDNA CLONING; EXPRESSION; ENDOSPERM; CARROT AB We have examined the relative abundance and distribution of the transcripts and protein products of a cell wall gene (Incw2) and a soluble invertase gene (Ivr1) to better understand their relative roles during maize (Zea mays L.) kernel development. In developing kernels the steady-state levels of Incw2 transcript increased dramatically from 0 to 12 d after pollination, while Ivr1 transcript, in contrast to a previous report, was undetectable. Consistent with the RNA expression data, the IVR1 protein could not be detected in kernel extracts using antisera raised to a synthetic peptide. Fractionation of the soluble form of invertase from developing kernels by isoelectric focusing and protein blots suggested that the enzyme activity was due to contamination of the cell wall invertase protein. A similar observation was made in a maize cell suspension culture in which Ivu1 RNA, but not IVR1 protein, was significantly modulated by sugars in the medium. Protein-blot analyses of the soluble enzyme activity suggested that changes in the enzyme activity are attributable to a cell wall invertase protein in the soluble fraction. Based on the collective evidence, we propose that the cell wall, but not the soluble invertase, is critical to heterotrophic sinks such as cell suspension cultures and developing kernels. C1 Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Program Plant Mol & Cellular Biol, Crop Genet & Environm Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Chourey, PS (reprint author), Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Program Plant Mol & Cellular Biol, Crop Genet & Environm Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 37 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 121 IS 3 BP 1025 EP 1035 DI 10.1104/pp.121.3.1025 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 256UX UT WOS:000083745800037 ER PT J AU Cornish, K Wood, DF Windle, JJ AF Cornish, K Wood, DF Windle, JJ TI Rubber particles from four different species, examined by transmission electron microscopy and electron-paramagnetic-resonance spin labeling, are found to consist of a homogeneous rubber core enclosed by a contiguous, monolayer biomembrane SO PLANTA LA English DT Article DE biomembrane (rubber particles); Euphorbia; Ficus; Hevea; Parthenium; rubber particle (structure) ID PARTHENIUM-ARGENTATUM; HEVEA-BRASILIENSIS; FLEXIBILITY GRADIENT; TRANSFERASE-ACTIVITY; SURFACE-STRUCTURE; FICUS-ELASTICA; OIL BODIES; MEMBRANES; IDENTIFICATION; PROTEINS AB The physical characteristics of rubber particles from the four rubber (cis-1,4-polyisoprene) producing species Euphorbia lactiflua Phil., Ficus elastica Roxb., Hevea brasiliensis Mull. Arg., and Parthenium argentatum Gray, were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron-paramagnetic-resonance (EPR) spin labeling spectroscopy. Transmission electron microscopy showed the rubber particles to be composed of a spherical, homogeneous, core of rubber enclosed by a contiguous, electron-dense, single-track surface layer. The biochemical composition of the surface layer and its single-track TEM suggested that a monolayer biomembrane was the surface structure most compatible with the hydrophobic rubber core. The EPR spectra for a series of positional isomers of doxyl stearic acid, used to label the surface layer of the rubber particles, exhibited flexibility gradients and evidence for lipid-protein interactions for all four rubber particle types that is consistent with a biomembrane-like surface. The EPR spectra confirmed that the surface biomembrane is a monolayer. Thus, rubber particles appear similar to oil bodies in their basic architecture. The EPR spectra also provided information on protein location and degree of biomembrane penetration that correlated with the known properties of the rubber-particle-bound proteins. The monolayer biomembrane serves as an interface between the hydrophobic rubber interior and the aqueous cytosol and prevents aggregation of the particles. An unexpected observation for the probes in pure polyisoprene was evidence of an intrinsic flexibility gradient associated with the stearic acid molecule itself. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Cornish, K (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RI Cornish, Katrina/A-9773-2013 NR 35 TC 70 Z9 79 U1 2 U2 16 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0032-0935 J9 PLANTA JI Planta PD NOV PY 1999 VL 210 IS 1 BP 85 EP 96 DI 10.1007/s004250050657 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 258YH UT WOS:000083866900011 ER PT J AU Baldwin, EA Burns, JK Kazokas, W Brecht, JK Hagenmaier, RD Bender, RJ Pesis, E AF Baldwin, EA Burns, JK Kazokas, W Brecht, JK Hagenmaier, RD Bender, RJ Pesis, E TI Effect of two edible coatings with different permeability characteristics on mango (Mangifera indica L.) ripening during storage SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE flavor volatiles; modified atmosphere; ethylene; carbon dioxide; oxygen; permeance; sensory ID VOLATILE FLAVOR COMPONENTS; TOMATO FRUIT; CARBON-DIOXIDE; INHIBITION; GUAVAS; FRESH AB Two types of fruit coatings were tested for their effect on external and internal mango fruit atmospheres and quality factors during simulated commercial storage at 10 or 15 degrees C with 90-99% RH followed by simulated marketing conditions of 20 degrees C with 56% RH. One coating was polysaccharide-based while the other had carnauba wax as the main ingredient. These two coatings exhibited markedly different O-2 permeability characteristics under laboratory conditions. This confirmed what has been reported in the literature, that polysaccharide coatings are less permeable to respiratory gases, such as O-2, and more permeable to water vapor compared to carnauba wax. When applied to fruit under simulated commercial conditions, however, the difference between the coatings in permeance to respiratory gases were much reduced, most likely due to the high humidity during chilled storage. Both coatings created modified atmospheres, reduced decay, and improved appearance by imparting a subtle shine; but only the polysaccharide coating delayed ripening and increased concentrations of flavor volatiles. The carnauba wax coating significantly reduced water loss compared to uncoated and polysaccharide-coating treatments. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, Winter Haven, FL 33883 USA. Univ Florida, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Hort Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. UFRGS, DHS Fac Agron, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. RP Baldwin, EA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, Winter Haven, FL 33883 USA. RI Bender, Renar/B-7972-2009; Brecht, Jeffrey/B-2375-2013 OI Bender, Renar/0000-0002-1504-0385; NR 38 TC 109 Z9 125 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 17 IS 3 BP 215 EP 226 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(99)00053-8 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 262JF UT WOS:000084063000007 ER PT J AU Kubena, LF Harvey, RB Buckley, SA Bailey, RH Rottinghaus, GE AF Kubena, LF Harvey, RB Buckley, SA Bailey, RH Rottinghaus, GE TI Effects of long-term feeding of diets containing moniliformin, supplied by Fusarium fujikuroi culture material, and fumonisin, supplied by Fusarium moniliforme culture material, to laying hens SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE moniliformin; fumonisin; layer; toxicity; egg production ID BROILER CHICKS; TURKEY POULTS; B-1 PRESENT; NATURAL OCCURRENCE; VAR-SUBGLUTINANS; T-2 TOXIN; TOXICITY; AFLATOXIN; CORN; LEUKOENCEPHALOMALACIA AB Beginning at 24 wk of age, control diets or diets containing 50 or 100 mg/kg moniliformin (M), 100 or 200 mg/kg fumonisin B-1 (FB1), or a combination of 50 mg M and 100 mg FB1/kg of diet were fed to White Leghorn laying hens for 420 d. The hens were then fed the control diet for an additional 60 d. At the beginning of the experiment, each treatment consisted of four replicates of six hens. Egg production was reduced by approximately 50% by the end of the second 28-d laying period and remained at approximately this level for the 420 d in only the hens fed the diet containing 100 mgM/kg feed. Production returned to control levels or above within 60 d after hens were fed the control diet. Egg weights were reduced by the 100-mg M diet during the first three 28-d laying periods before returning to weights comparable with controls. The hens in this group also had significantly lower body weights than the other treatments. Mortality was minimal except in hens fed the 100 mg M/kg diet and the 100 mg FB1/kg diet, on which approximately 20% of the hens died. The hens were artificially inseminated with semen from males fed control diets, and fertility was not affected by the dietary treatments. Importantly, toxic synergy between M and FB1 was not observed for any of the parameters measured. Results indicate that laying hens may be able to tolerate relatively high concentrations of M and FB1 for long periods of time without adversely affecting health and performance, Interestingly, hens fed the 100-mg M/kg diet were able to recover when returned to control diets. The likelihood of encountering M or FB1 at these concentrations in finished feed is small. C1 ARS, USDA, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Univ Missouri, Coll Vet Med, Vet Med Diagnost Lab, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Kubena, LF (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 45 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 78 IS 11 BP 1499 EP 1505 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 250YF UT WOS:000083417300004 PM 10560820 ER PT J AU Allen, PC AF Allen, PC TI Effects of daily oral doses of L-arginine on coccidiosis infections in chickens SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE coccidiosis; dietary L-arginine; nitric oxide ID EIMERIA-TENELLA INFECTIONS; NITRIC-OXIDE PRODUCTION; NITRATE; MACROPHAGES; INHIBITION; SYNTHASE; PATHWAY; MALARIA AB L-arginine is an essential amino acid for chickens, as well. as the substrate for biosynthesis of nitric oxide (NO), a bioregulatory free radical molecule known to have antimicrobial activity. Biosynthesis of NO by induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) can be stimulated during immunological response to infection. Therefore in chickens, production of NO as a response to an infection should be influenced by dietary levels of L-arginine. Two experiments were carried out to determine whether oral dosing with L-arginine during coccidia infections could influence the associated pathology or the development of the parasites. Neither single nor dual daily doses (500 mg/kg) of L-arginine reversed weight gain reduction, augmented plasma NO2- + NO3- levels, or lessened lesion scores in chicks infected with Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, or Eimeria tenella. Although the oocyst shedding from E. maxima (Ix dose) or E. acervulina (2x dose) infections were not affected, the oocyst shedding from E. tenella infections was significantly reduced by both dose regimens. C1 ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Allen, PC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 23 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 5 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 78 IS 11 BP 1506 EP 1509 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 250YF UT WOS:000083417300005 PM 10560821 ER PT J AU Holt, PS Gast, RK Porter, RE Stone, HD AF Holt, PS Gast, RK Porter, RE Stone, HD TI Hyporesponsiveness of the systemic and mucosal humoral immune systems in chickens infected with Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis at one day of age SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE humoral immunity; tolerance; immunoglobulin A; persistent infection; Salmonella enteritidis ID BROILER CHICKS; TYPHIMURIUM; PERSISTENCE; HENS; CONTAMINATION; PATHOGENICITY; RESPONSES; DISEASE AB Newly hatched chicks lack immunological maturity, which could compromise their ability to respond to infection by pathogens such as Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (S. enteritidis; SE). A study was conducted in which chicks were infected with a sublethal dose of SE at 1 d posthatch, and the systemic and intestinal immune responses to the challenge were followed over time. Birds infected at this age experienced difficulty in clearing the infection, and 59% of the individual birds remained persistently infected until 23 wk of age. These birds exhibited only a marginal systemic and mucosal humoral immune response to the infection. No response or little response was observed I wk postchallenge; responses increased somewhat over time. On many of the sampling times, 50% or more of the culture-positive birds lacked a detectable plasma or intestinal response. Levels: of 10(3) to 10(5) SE/g of feces could be found in the intestines of birds eliciting a good IgA response, indicating that, when these birds did respond mucosally, the IgA produced was incapable of clearing the organism once the infection was established. Birds infected during this time! also experienced reduced ability to respond, to vaccination. Compared with uninfected controls, depressed responsiveness to an S. enteritidis bacterin was observed in infected birds 1 and 2 wk after administration, whereas those individuals receiving an inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine (NDV) experienced a reduced response 4 and 6 wk postvaccination, indicating that the persistent infection affected the ability of the immune system to respond to homologous and heterologous antigens. These results demonstrate that exposure of chickens to SE early in Life interferes with the ability of these individuals to respond humorally to the infection and to other antigenic stimuli; such effects can be observed for at least 23 wk. C1 ARS, USDA, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Purdue Univ, ZN Anim Dis Diagnost Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Holt, PS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 33 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 78 IS 11 BP 1510 EP 1517 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 250YF UT WOS:000083417300006 PM 10560822 ER PT J AU Christensen, VL McMurtry, JP Donaldson, WE Nestor, KE AF Christensen, VL McMurtry, JP Donaldson, WE Nestor, KE TI Supplemental oxygen affects plasma insulin-like growth factors in embryos from selected lines of turkeys SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE insulin-like growth factors; embryos; turkeys; energy balance; hatching ID FACTOR-I; DEVELOPMENTAL-CHANGES; IGF-I; HOMOLOGOUS RADIOIMMUNOASSAY; TISSUE CONCENTRATIONS; EGG-PRODUCTION; CHICKEN; EXPRESSION; PROTEINS; SERUM AB Recent advances in our understanding of insulin-like growth factors (IGF) have improved our knowledge of the physiological roles of these peptide hormones during avian embryogenesis. However, little is known about changes in plasma IGF in response to changes in environmental factors. The objective of the studies reported herein was to examine the response of IGF-I and IGF-II in turkey embryos to changes in incubator gaseous conditions. Two experiments were conducted in which the fractional percentage of oxygen in the incubation atmosphere, a factor known to influence the energy metabolism of embryos, was investigated for Its effects on circulating IGF-I and IGF-II in developing: turkey embryos. Oxygenation during pipping and hatching is known to depress lactate, urates, and beta-hydroxybutyrate in growth-selected poult embryos, but elevate them in randombred control poult embryos. Plasma concentrations of IGF-II were similarly depressed in the growth-selected hatchlings. Circulating growth factor concentrations were influenced by oxygenation in lines of turkeys in which greater oxygen concentrations enhances cardiac growth. Enhanced cardiac growth was inversely related to IGF-I concentrations in those genetic Lines of turkeys. It was concluded that changes in poult embryo energy balance as well as changes in growth to adapt to environmental incubator conditions may involve changes in IGF-I and IGF-II. These changes appeared dependent on the genetics of embryos; embryos selected for growth show more fluctuation in response to environmental oxygen than embryos selected for egg production. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Nonruminant Anim Nutr Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Poultry Sci, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. RP Christensen, VL (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Box 7608, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 78 IS 11 BP 1606 EP 1610 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 250YF UT WOS:000083417300020 PM 10560836 ER PT J AU Ralphs, MH Provenza, FD AF Ralphs, MH Provenza, FD TI Conditioned food aversions: principles and practices, with special reference to social facilitation SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUTRITION SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Social and Environmental Influences on Diet Choice CY JAN 27, 1999 CL ROYAL COLL PHYSICIANS, LONDON, ENGLAND SP Nutrit Soc HO ROYAL COLL PHYSICIANS DE diet selection; conditioned food aversion; social facilitation; poisonous plants ID PLANT SECONDARY COMPOUNDS; FLAVORED WHEAT-STRAW; TASTE-AVERSIONS; LITHIUM-CHLORIDE; INTRARUMINAL INFUSIONS; DIET PREFERENCE; FAMILIAR FOODS; CATTLE; LAMBS; RATS AB Conditioned food aversion is a powerful experimental tool to modify animal diets. We have also investigated it as a potential management tool to prevent livestock from grazing poisonous plants such as tall larkspur (Delphinium barbeyi), white locoweed (Oxytropis sericea) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) on western US rangelands. The following principles pertain to increasing the strength and longevity of aversions: mature animals retain aversions better than young animals; novelty of the plant is important, although aversions can be created to familiar plants; LiCl is the most effective emetic, and the optimum dose for cattle is 200 mg/kg body weight; averted animals should be grazed separately from non-averted animals to avoid the influence of social facilitation which can rapidly extinguish aversions. Social facilitation is the most important factor preventing widespread application of aversive conditioning. When averted animals see other animals eat the target food they will sample it, and if there is no adverse reaction they will continue eating and extinguish the aversion. However, if averted animals can be grazed separately, aversions will persist. Aversive conditioning may provide an effective management tool to prevent animals from eating palatable poisonous plants that cause major economic loss. C1 ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Rangeland Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Ralphs, MH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 86 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 3 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0029-6651 J9 P NUTR SOC JI Proc. Nutr. Soc. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 58 IS 4 BP 813 EP 820 DI 10.1017/S002966519900110X PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 312ER UT WOS:000086930700011 PM 10817148 ER PT J AU Laederach, A Dowd, MK Coutinho, PM Reilly, PJ AF Laederach, A Dowd, MK Coutinho, PM Reilly, PJ TI Automated docking of maltose, 2-deoxymaltose, and maltotetraose into the soybean beta-amylase active site SO PROTEINS-STRUCTURE FUNCTION AND BIOINFORMATICS LA English DT Article DE active site; beta-amylase; AutoDock; automated docking; 2-deoxymaltose; maltal; maltose; maltotetraose; simulated annealing ID MM3 FORCE-FIELD; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; CLONING; GENE; HYDROCARBONS; EXPRESSION; HYDRATION; PROTEINS; ANALOGS AB In this study, products and substrates were docked into the active site of beta-amylase using the simulated annealing algorithm AutoDock, Lowest-energy conformers reproduced known crystallographic atom positions within 0.4 to 0.8 Angstrom rmsd. Docking studies were carried out with both open and closed configurations of the beta-amylase mobile flap, a loop comprising residues 96 to 103, Ligands with two rings docked within the cleft near the active site when the flap was open, but those with four rings did not. The flap must be closed for alpha-maltotetraose to adopt a conformation allowing it to dock near the crystallographically determined subsites, The closed flap is necessary for productive but not for nonproductive binding, and therefore it plays a essential role in catalysis, The gain in total binding energy upon closing of the flap for alpha-maltose docked to subsites -2, -1 and +1, +2 is about 22 kcal/mol, indicating more favorable interactions are possible with the flap closed, Larger intermolecular interaction energies are observed for two alpha-maltose molecules docked to subsites -2, -1 and +1, +2 than for one alpha-maltotetraose molecule docked from subsites -2 to +2, suggesting: that it is only upon cleavage of the alpha-1,4 linkage that optimal closed-flap binding can occur with the crytallographically determined enzyme structure. Proteins 1999;37:166-175, (C) 1999 WiIey-Liss, Inc. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA USA. CNRS, Marseille, France. RP Reilly, PJ (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, 2114 Sweeney Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM reilly@iastate.edu RI Coutinho, Pedro/C-4473-2008; OI Laederach, Alain/0000-0002-5088-9907 NR 37 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0887-3585 J9 PROTEINS JI Proteins PD NOV 1 PY 1999 VL 37 IS 2 BP 166 EP 175 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0134(19991101)37:2<166::AID-PROT3>3.0.CO;2-E PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 250GD UT WOS:000083379900003 PM 10584063 ER PT J AU Jackson, TJ Moy, L AF Jackson, TJ Moy, L TI Dew effects on passive microwave observations of land surfaces SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID DURATION; MOISTURE; CANOPY; WHEAT AB Water in its various forms affects passive microwave measurements of the Earth. Current and future satellite based microwave radiometer observing systems collect data during times when clew may be present. In this article, a review of studies dealing with or related to the effect of dew on microwave radiometer observations is conducted. The basic principles involved in clew formation are described, and its magnitude is quantified. Results indicate that clew is unlikely to have a significant effect on passive microwave observations at frequencies of interest for soil moisture remote sensing. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 ARS, USDA, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Jackson, TJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hydrol Lab, 104 Bldg 007 BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 31 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 70 IS 2 BP 129 EP 137 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00021-8 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 256MY UT WOS:000083730200001 ER PT J AU Clark, RB Zeto, SK Zobel, RW AF Clark, RB Zeto, SK Zobel, RW TI Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal isolate effectiveness on growth and root colonization of Panicum virgatum in acidic soil SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; growth; root colonization; acid soils; pH ID SPORE GERMINATION; INOCULATION; ADAPTATION; RESPONSES; PH AB Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can enhance plant ability to grow and withstand acidic soil induced stresses. Panicum virgatum L. (switchgrass) was grown in pH(Ca) 4 and 5 (soil:10 mM CaCl(2), 1:1) soil (typic Hapludult) inoculated with eight isolates of AMF [Glomus (G.) clarum, G. diaphanum, G. etunicatum, G. intraradices, Gigaspora (Gi.) albida, Gi. margarita, Gi. rosea and Acaulospora (A.) morrowiae] to determine the effects of these isolates on plant growth and root colonization. Compared to nonmycorrhizal (nonAMF) plants, mycorrhizal (AMF) plants had as high as 52-fold increases in dry matter (DM) in pH(Ca) 4 soil and as high as 26-fold increases in DM in pH(Ca) 5 soil; G. clarum and G. diaphanum plants had the highest DM and Gi. rosea plants had the lowest DM. The AMF plants grown in pH(Ca) 4 soil had higher DM than in pH(Ca) 5 soil. Root DM decreased more than shoot DM for plants grown in pH(Ca) 5 compared to pH(Ca) 4 soil, which was reflected in shoot-to-root DM ratio changes. Total root length (RL) was similar for plants grown in pH(Ca) 4 and 5 soil and varied considerably depending on AMF isolate. Specific RL was higher for AMF plants grown in pH(Ca) 5 than in pH(Ca) 4 soil. Root colonization [determined as vesicles or arbuscules in root cells (VA), roots with hyphal infections (HI) and total colonization (VA or HI)] varied extensively with AMF isolate. Although percentage root colonization was not directly related to amount of DM, good enhancement of DM did not occur unless total colonization was >20%. Some AMF isolates were highly effective in overcoming acidic soil constraints and good growth of switchgrass in acidic soil may depend on root-AMF symbiosis. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, USDA, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Clark, RB (reprint author), ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, USDA, 1224 Airport Rd, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. EM rclark@afsrc.ars.usda.gov NR 34 TC 49 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 36 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 31 IS 13 BP 1757 EP 1763 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00084-X PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 245HT UT WOS:000083101700001 ER PT J AU Parkin, TB Berry, EC AF Parkin, TB Berry, EC TI Microbial nitrogen transformations in earthworm burrows SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE nitrate leaching; denitrification; nitrification; drilosphere; Lumbricus terrestris ID LUMBRICUS-RUBELLUS; SURROUNDING SOIL; CASTS; DENITRIFICATION; INFILTRATION; DYNAMICS; POPULATIONS; SORPTION; OXIDE AB Earthworms play an active role in soil nitrogen cycling. Past research has shown that earthworm castings are enriched in NO3- and NH4+ and show a high potential for microbial nitrification and denitrification. Little information is available on microbial populations and N transformations in the 1-2 mm thick soil lining of earthworm burrows (the drilosphere). We measured nitrifying bacterial populations, denitrifying bacterial populations, nitrification rates and denitrification rates of drilosphere and nondrilosphere soils. These measurements, in addition to measurements of NO3- concentration, NH4+ concentration, soluble organic-C, pH and water content, were performed on drilosphere material from laboratory microcosms inoculated with Lumbricus terrestris L. and on drilosphere material collected from earthworm burrows in long term no-till plots. The drilosphere soil was enriched in NO3-, NH4+ and soluble organic C and these soils had elevated populations of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria relative to nondrilosphere soil. Drilosphere soil also had higher nitrification and denitrification rates. We postulate that earthworm-derived C and N deposited in the drilosphere facilitates the enrichment of N-transforming bacterial populations and that the elevated N-transformation rates results in an enrichment of NO3- in the earthworm burrow. This phenomenon has the potential for increased downward NO3- transport; however, the extent to which this potential is realized is not known. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Parkin, TB (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 41 TC 84 Z9 105 U1 3 U2 39 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 31 IS 13 BP 1765 EP 1771 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00085-1 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 245HT UT WOS:000083101700002 ER PT J AU Hollowell, GP Kuykendall, LD Gillette, WK Hashem, FM Hou, LH Tatem, HE Dutta, SK AF Hollowell, GP Kuykendall, LD Gillette, WK Hashem, FM Hou, LH Tatem, HE Dutta, SK TI Genetic transfer and expression of plasmid RP4 :: TOL in Sinorhizabium meliloti, Bradyrhizobium japonicum and B-elkanii SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE exconjugant; plasmid RP4 :: TOL; Sinorhizobium sp; BTEX; bioremediation ID RHIZOBIUM-JAPONICUM; PSEUDOMONAS-PUTIDA; TOL PLASMID; NITROGEN-FIXATION; R FACTORS; STRAIN; RECOMBINANTS; RESISTANCE; AERUGINOSA; MT-2 AB Sinorhizobium species generally obviate the need for nitrogen fertilizer since they supply their legume hosts with biological fixed nitrogen, Our working hypothesis is that Sinorhizobium species can perhaps be genetically modified to perform rhizosphere-stimulated bioremediation, Plasmid RP4::TOL has gene clusters encoding the metabolic pathways for benzene, toluene and xylene degradation. Originally from Pseudomonas, this plasmid, in Escherichia coli C600, was successfully transferred to symbiotically elite strains of alfalfa-nodulating Sinorhizobium meliloti USDA 1936. Reciprocal crosses with E, coli RR28, followed by analysis of DNA by restriction enzymes verified S, meliloti USDA 1936 (RP4::TOL) exconjugant, Reciprocal crosses involving B, japonicum USDA I-110 (RP4::TOL) exconjugant and B. elkanii USDA 61 (RP4,,TOL) exconjugant as donors with E. coli RR28 as a recipient produced exconjugant bearing derivative plasmids having a major part of the TOL region deleted, Therefore, soybean-nodulating, B, japonicum USDA I-110 and B, elkanii USDA 61, were not suitable hosts for stable maintenance of this plasmid, Colony size of S, meliloti (RP4::TOL) exconjugant and B, elkanii (RP4,,TOL) exconjugant were enhanced by the addition of 1.0 mM meta-toluic acid in minimal salts media. Although in untreated sterile soil, S, meliloti USDA 1936 (RP4,:TOL) exconjugant formed more nodules per plant than S, meliloti USDA 1936, it was determined to be symbiotically a competent in nitrogen fixation, based on plant dry weight and acetylene reduction. In liquid culture 77% reduction in toluate was recorded in 10 d by this exconjugant compared with only 15% reduction by the parent culture, Alfalfa plant tin situ) studies revealed almost 100% reduction in the concentration of 1.0 mM m-toluate by S, meliloti USDA 1936 (RP4:,TOL) exconjugant when tested after 8 weeks compared with 92% by the parent culture. Thus, a symbiotic combination of genetically-modified S. meliloti and the alfalfa plants were shown to have potential usefulness in the bioremediation of toxic hydrocarbons in soil. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Howard Univ, Dept Biol, Washington, DC 20059 USA. ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Inst Plant Sci, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NIDDKD, Mol Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. ARS, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USA, Corps Engineers, Waterways Expt Stn, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. RP Dutta, SK (reprint author), Howard Univ, Dept Biol, Washington, DC 20059 USA. NR 33 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 4 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 31 IS 13 BP 1811 EP 1819 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00100-5 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 245HT UT WOS:000083101700007 ER PT J AU Clapp, CE Hayes, MHB AF Clapp, CE Hayes, MHB TI Sizes and shapes of humic substances SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE humic substances; macromolecules; soil organic matter; degradation; abiotic condensation; micelle; random coil ID ORGANIC-MATTER; ACIDS; SOIL; LIGNIN AB This series of papers focuses on considerations of the sizes and shapes of humic macromolecules. The initiative arose because of the divergent views held by participants at a symposium/workshop held under the auspices of the Soil Science Society of America and the International Humic Substances Society in Anaheim, CA in October 1997, Three different viewpoints were expressed, and each satisfied its proponent. One suggested that humic substances (HS) are macromolecular and assume random coil conformations in solution; a second proposed that HS are molecular associations of relatively small molecules held together by weak interaction forces; a third considered that HS are in solution as micelle or "pseudomicellar" structures. Viewpoints two and three could be broadly considered to be under the same umbrella. We have considered the experimental procedures that led the proponents to their points of view, and we do not consider it to be our brief to side with one or another of the concepts. Much work remains to be done before a definitive answer is found. We understand that the various concepts arose from studies of different soils using different experimental techniques, and we share the view that the matter/controversy can best be resolved when data are available from applications of the same advanced techniques and procedures to a variety of HS from different sources. We are convinced that awareness of the sizes and shapes of humic molecules is of fundamental importance for an understanding of the many basic reactions and interactions that take place in the soil environment and that have considerable environmental significance. It is our hope that this series of papers will stimulate researchers to pool their views, skills, and instrumentation and set about finding a solution to this fundamental aspect of humic structures. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Clapp, CE (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM eclapp@soils.umn.edu RI Hayes, Michael/C-3463-2011 NR 50 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 15 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 164 IS 11 BP 777 EP 789 DI 10.1097/00010694-199911000-00002 PG 13 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 259JJ UT WOS:000083890500002 ER PT J AU Celis, R Koskinen, WC AF Celis, R Koskinen, WC TI Characterization of pesticide desorption from soil by the isotopic exchange technique SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ADSORPTION-DESORPTION; SORPTION-DESORPTION; ATRAZINE DESORPTION; ORGANIC-MATTER; KINETICS; COMPONENTS; ALACHLOR; 2,4,5-T; TIME AB The reversibility of pesticide sorption-desorption in soil is of fundamental importance in the understanding of the fate of these agrochemicals in the environment. We used an isotopic exchange method to characterize the irreversibility of the sorption-desorption process of the insecticide imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) and its degradation product imidaclopridurea (1-[(6 chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-2-imidazolidinone) on a silty clay loam (SiCL) soil, and that of the metabolite imidacloprid-guanidine (1-[6-chloro-3-(pyridinyl)methyl]-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine) on a loamy sand (LS) soil. The exchange between C-12-pesticide molecules and C-14-labeled pesticide molecules in soil suspensions preequilibrated for 24 h was monitored and indicated that a fraction of the sorbed chemicals was resistant to desorption. A two-compartment model was applied to describe the experimental sorption data points of the sorption isotherms as the sum of a reversible component and a nondesorbable, irreversible component. The quantitative estimation of the irreversible and reversible components of sorption, experimentally derived from isotopic exchange experiments, indicated degree of irreversibility (percentage irreversibly bound) in the order: imidacloprid-SiCL soil (6-32%) < imidacloprid urea-SiCL soil (15-23%) < imidacloprid guanidine-LS soil (32-51%), with greater irreversibility at lower pesticide concentration. Increasing the preequilibration time and decreasing pH in the imidacloprid-SiCL soil system resulted in increased sorption irreversibility. The irreversible component of sorption determined by the isotopic exchange technique also allowed accurate prediction of the sorption-desorption hysteretic behavior during successive desorption cycles for all three soil-pesticide systems studied. The isotopic exchange technique appears to be a suitable method to quantitatively characterize pesticide desorption from soil, allowing prediction of hysteresis during sorption-desorption experiments. C1 USDA ARS, Soil & Water Management Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA ARS, Dep Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Koskinen, WC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soil & Water Management Res Unit, 1991 Upper Buford Circle,439 Borlaug Hall, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RI Celis, Rafael/D-8074-2012 OI Celis, Rafael/0000-0002-0548-0774 NR 23 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 12 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 63 IS 6 BP 1659 EP 1666 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 287QT UT WOS:000085517800023 ER PT J AU Franzluebbers, AJ Nazih, N Stuedemann, JA Fuhrmann, JJ Schomberg, HH Hartel, PG AF Franzluebbers, AJ Nazih, N Stuedemann, JA Fuhrmann, JJ Schomberg, HH Hartel, PG TI Soil carbon and nitrogen pools under low- and high-endophyte-infected tall fescue SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MICROBIAL BIOMASS; FUNGAL ENDOPHYTE; PERSISTENCE; ALKALOIDS; TILLAGE AB Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb,) is an important cool-season perennial forage for cattle production in the humid regions of the USA and throughout the world. While endophyte (Neotyphodium coenophialum Glenn, Bacon, & Hanlin) infection of tall fescue has many benefits, it also results in accumulation of toxic alkaloids in leaf tissue known to cause animal health disorders when ingested. We hypothesized that pastures containing these alkaloids may alter soil organic matter dynamics. A set of three grazed field experiments representing low (0-29%) and high (65-94%) endophyte infection of tall fescue was evaluated at the end of either 8 or 15 yr, Soil samples from 12 paddocks (0.7-0.8 ha) were collected at depths of 0 to 25, 25 to 75, 75 to 150, and 150 to 300 mm, Soil under tall fescue with high endophyte infection had 13 +/- 8% greater concentrations of soil organic C and N and particulate organic N to a depth of 150 mm than with low endophyte infection. However, with high endophyte infection, microbial biomass and basal soil respiration per unit of soil organic C or particulate organic C were 86 +/- 5% of those,vith low endophyte infection. Only small differences in soil microbial community structure, estimated via fatty acid methyl ester profiles, were observed between soils under fescue with 0 and 100% endophyte infection. Endophyte infection of tail fescue mag perform an important ecological function, allowing more soil organic C and N to accumulate, perhaps because of reduced soil microbial activity on plant residues containing endophyte byproducts. C1 USDA ARS, J Phil Campbell Sr Nat Resources Conservat Ctr, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. Al Akhawayn Univ, Sch Sci & Engn, Ifrane 53000, Morocco. Univ Delaware, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Newark, DE 19717 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Franzluebbers, AJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, J Phil Campbell Sr Nat Resources Conservat Ctr, 1420 Expt Stn Rd, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. NR 37 TC 52 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 15 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 63 IS 6 BP 1687 EP 1694 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 287QT UT WOS:000085517800027 ER PT J AU Robbins, CW Westermann, DT Freeborn, LL AF Robbins, CW Westermann, DT Freeborn, LL TI Phosphorus forms and extractability from three sources in a recently exposed calcareous subsoil SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOIL EXTRACTS; SODIC SOIL AB Irrigation-induced erosion and land leveling have decreased crop yields on approximate to 800 000 ha of south-central Idaho silt loam soils because of topsoil removal. Phosphorus availability is a known production problem after topsoil removal. This study evaluated the effect of three P sources on soil P solubility by three standard methods for calcareous soils. A long-term study was initiated on a Portneuf silt loam (Coarse-silty, mired, superactive, mesic Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid) by removing the surface 0.3 m of topsoil from strips between undisturbed topsoil strips. Phosphorus treatments applied across all strips were conventional fertilizer (applied according to soil test), dairy manure, and cheese whey. All treatments increased the freshly exposed subsoil bicarbonate extractable ortho P concentrations up to or greater than the topsoil concentrations, which were more than adequate for economical crop production. The high-whey and manure treatments increased the subsoil saturation paste and 0.01 M CaCl2 extractable ortho-P concentrations up to or greater than the untreated topsoil ortho P concentrations. The initial topsoil ortho-P solubility was along the beta-triralcium phosphate (beta-TCP) isotherm and the initial subsoil was well below the beta-TCP isotherm, The ortho-P solubility of the subsoil monocalcium phosphate (MCP) treatment remained just below the beta-TCP isotherm. The cottage cheese whey treatment increased subsoil P solubility up to the beta-TCP isotherm and the manure treated subsoil ortho-P solubilities were between the beta-TCP and octacalcium phosphate (OCP) isotherms, Most subsoil ortho-P concentrations by all three extraction methods decreased from spring to fall and then increased over winter in the subsequent spring samples, Soil solution ortho-P concentrations decreased with time in the subsoil treatments except immediately following treatment applications. The topsoil ortho-P extract concentrations by all three methods varied among samplings but remained about the same during the study period. C1 USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Robbins, CW (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, 3793 North 3600 East, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 19 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 63 IS 6 BP 1717 EP 1724 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 287QT UT WOS:000085517800031 ER PT J AU Schindler, FV Knighton, RE AF Schindler, FV Knighton, RE TI Fate of fertilizer nitrogen applied to corn as estimated by the isotopic and difference methods SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SEMI-ARID TROPICS; SOIL; UREA; FIELD; NITRIFICATION; EFFICIENCY AB The percentage of applied fertilizer N taken into plants is often estimated by measuring the difference in plant N uptake between treated and check plots. This method has often overestimated plant N uptake. The objectives of this study were to (i) compare the recovery of fertilizer N in corn (Zea mays L.) as calculated by the difference and isotopic methods and (ii) track fertilizer N in the plant-soil system using isotopic enrichment of N. Sixteen N plots (3 m x 3 m) were established on a Hecla fine-sandy loam (sandy, mixed, frigid Oxyaquic Hapludolls) and replicated four times in a completely random design. Corn received sidedressed band applications (15 cm from row and 5 cm deep) of N-15-enriched and nonlabeled urea N at 135 kg N ha(-1) in 1993 and 1994. Plant uptake of fertilizer N as estimated by the isotopic and difference methods was 45% and 39% in 1993 and 40% and 22% for 1994, respectively. Nearly 42% and 36% of the applied labeled IV was accounted for in the soil at the end of 1993 and 1994, respectively. The difference method did not overestimate plant N uptake because of high soil N availability. Lower corn yield potential in 1993 was the consequence of a cooler, shorter growing season. This climatic difference had less effect on the results generated by the isotopic method. Reasons for the N deficit in this investigation are speculative since no attempts were made to measure gaseous emissions; however, denitrification and/or leaching are thought to be the primary mechanisms. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. USDA CSREES, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Schindler, FV (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Agr Hall Boc 2207A, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. NR 15 TC 35 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 9 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 63 IS 6 BP 1734 EP 1740 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 287QT UT WOS:000085517800033 ER PT J AU Pachepsky, YA Rawls, WJ AF Pachepsky, YA Rawls, WJ TI Accuracy and reliability of pedotransfer functions as affected by grouping soils SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID WATER-RETENTION; HYDRAULIC-PROPERTIES; NEURAL NETWORKS; LIMITED DATA; MOISTURE; CONDUCTIVITY; TEXTURE; MODELS; YIELD AB Pedotransfer functions (PTFs; i,e., dependencies of soil water retention and soil hydraulic conductivity on basic soil parameters available from soil surveys) are widely used to predict soil functioning in agricultural and environmental systems. The reliability of PTFs needs to be assessed by examining the correspondence between measured and estimated data for data set(s) other than the one used to develop a PTF, Our objective was to see whether grouping according to taxonomic unit, soil moisture regime, soil temperature regime, and soil textural class would improve both PTF accuracy and reliability, We estimated soil water contents at matrix potentials of -33 kPa and -1500 kPa for the 447 soil samples from the Oklahoma National Resource Conservation Service database. Dry bulk density, the ratio of cation-exchange capacity (CEC) to clay content, and contents of clay, sand, coarse fragments, and organic matter were used as predictors. The Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) was used to develop PTFs, To assess accuracy and reliability of the PTFs, we used cross-validation; i.e., repeated random splitting of the data set into subsets for development and validation. The PTF accuracy and reliability was quantified by the root mean square error in the development and validation data set, respectively, Grouping improved the accuracy of PTFs in most cases. None of the grouping criteria proved to be clearly superior, Although PTFs developed from the groups were more accurate than the PTFs developed from the whole database, they were not more reliable. improving PTF reliability may be an issue distinctly different from improving PTF accuracy. C1 USDA ARS, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Duke Univ Phytotron, Durham, NC 27708 USA. USDA ARS, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Pachepsky, YA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Poggio, Matteo/D-8973-2011; OI Pachepsky, Yakov/0000-0003-0232-6090 NR 42 TC 81 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 13 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 63 IS 6 BP 1748 EP 1757 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 287QT UT WOS:000085517800035 ER PT J AU Merrill, SD Black, AL Fryrear, DW Saleh, A Zobeck, TM Halvorson, AD Tanaka, DL AF Merrill, SD Black, AL Fryrear, DW Saleh, A Zobeck, TM Halvorson, AD Tanaka, DL TI Soil wind erosion hazard of spring wheat-fallow as affected by long-term climate and tillage SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CHAIN METHOD; ROUGHNESS; PREDICTION AB We hypothesized that drought accelerates wind erosion by increasing plant and soil factors of erodibility together, compounding the erosion hazard. Erodibility factors measured in biennial spring wheat-fallow on Pachic and Typic Haploborolls soil were (i) soil-inherent wind erodibility (SIWE) by rotary sieving, (ii) surface roughness by pin meter and chain methods, (iii) standing residue profile, and (iv) residue coverage photographically. Four tillage treatments ranged from low residue (LR) to no-till (NT), The erodible fraction of surface soil (a SIWE measure) changed from 53% during a dry period (1989-1990) to a less erodible 26% during a wet period (1992-1994). Median erosion protection values calculated from flat and standing residue measurements made after seeding,were, respectively, 16 and 43% in 1989 to 1990, and 80 and 76% in 1992 to 1994. Soil losses estimated by RWEQ model equations were 11 to 6100 times greater during 1989 to 1990, compared with 1992 to 1994. No-till was protective, and estimated soil losses on LR were up to 3000 times greater than those on NT. However, low residue yields in 1988 (930 vs. 3640 kg/ha avg.) resulted in inadequate protection after seeding in 1990, even in NT; and soil losses in LR and NT were 13 and 8 Mg/ha, respectively. Results indicate biennial small grain-fallow is nonsustainable in the long term from a soil-erosion perspective. C1 USDA ARS, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. USDA ARS, Canyon City, CO USA. USDA ARS, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. Custom Prod & Consultants, Big Spring, TX 79720 USA. Tarleton State Univ, Stephenville, TX 76402 USA. USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Merrill, SD (reprint author), USDA ARS, POB 459, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. RI Zobeck, Ted/A-6126-2012 NR 36 TC 51 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 10 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 63 IS 6 BP 1768 EP 1777 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 287QT UT WOS:000085517800038 ER PT J AU Fisher, MJ Fausey, NR Subler, SE Brown, LC Bierman, PM AF Fisher, MJ Fausey, NR Subler, SE Brown, LC Bierman, PM TI Water table management, nitrogen dynamics, and yields of corn and soybean SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SUBIRRIGATION DRAINAGE; SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; ENZYME-ACTIVITIES; SOIL; NITRATE; TRANSPORT; QUALITY; SYSTEM; POLLUTION AB Concern about NO3- contamination of surface waters has prompted the development of agricultural water table management systems to reduce NO3- loss in subsurface drainage outflow by subirrigating through the existing subsurface drainage lines during the growing season and controlling off-season outflows. We hypothesized that soil N pools, crop yields, and N uptake in a corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max.) rotation differ between subirrigation (water table at 40 cm) with controlled drainage (SI/CD) vs. subsurface drainage (SD) alone on Omulga silt loam (Aeric Fragiaqualfs), Mean microbial biomass N, potentially mineralizable N, dissolved organic N, and ammonia N were not affected by the water table management system, Mean NO3--N was not affected by the water table management system at 0- to 15-cm and 15- to 30-cm depths, but the 2-yr mean soil NO3- concentration at the 30- to 75-cm depth was 46% lower in SI/CD compared with SD, The average con yield was 19% greater, and the average soybean yield was 64% greater, in SI/CD plots, compared with SD. Corn N uptake was 13% greater and soybean N uptake was 62% greater with SI/CD, compared with SD. The SI/CD water table management system increased plant N uptake and reduced deep-profile NO3- concentrations, thereby reducing the amount of NO3- potentially available to move lia drains to surface waters. C1 USDA ARS, Soil Drainage Res Unit, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Soil Ecol Lab, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Food Agr & Biol Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Piketon Res & Extens Ctr, Piketon, OH 45661 USA. RP Fausey, NR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soil Drainage Res Unit, 590 Woody Hayes Dr, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 48 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 17 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 63 IS 6 BP 1786 EP 1795 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 287QT UT WOS:000085517800040 ER PT J AU Unger, PW AF Unger, PW TI Erosion potential of a Torrertic Paleustoll after converting Conservation Reserve Program grassland to cropland SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID AGGREGATE STABILITY; TILLAGE; SOILS; DRYLAND; RUNOFF; PLAINS; WHEAT AB Extensive cropland areas were covered by the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) in the semiarid southern Great Plains. Because soils Here highly erodible, would erosion again become a problem when CRP land was converted to cropland? The erosion potential due to tillage methods used to convert CRP grassland to cropland was determined on Pullman clay loam (Torrertic Paleustol). Tillage methods Here no-, sweep, disk, and moldboard + disk tillage with CRP grass retained or removed (mowing and baling), and grass burning followed by sweep or disk tillage. Wind erosion potential was based on percentage of >0.84-mm diam, and mean weight diameter (MWD) of dry aggregates at 2 to 3 yr after converting to cropland, Water erosion potential was based on MWD and percentage of <0.25-mm water-stable aggregates, and water stability of 1- to 2-mm aggregates at crop planting and harvest. Few differences due to tillage methods were significant, For dry aggregates, more than 60% were >0.84-mm diam. and MWD was >10 mm with all tillage methods, indicating a low wind erosion potential. Wet aggregate stability and MWD values at some sampling times indicated water erosion could occur, Although erosion potential was low, continued use of residue-incorporating tillage could lead to greater potentials. Because of initially low potentials, CRP land on Pullman and similar soils could be converted to cropland by any tillage method, Then, a conservation tillage system (e.g., no-tillage) could be implemented before erosion by wind or water became a serious problem. C1 USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RP Unger, PW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. NR 29 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 63 IS 6 BP 1795 EP 1801 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 287QT UT WOS:000085517800041 ER PT J AU Steiner, JL Schomberg, HH Unger, PW Cresap, J AF Steiner, JL Schomberg, HH Unger, PW Cresap, J TI Crop residue decomposition in no-tillage small-grain fields SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID STRAW DECOMPOSITION; EROSION PREDICTION; SOIL; WIND AB Conservation tillage fields provide different environments for biological and chemical processes than tilled fields. Our understanding of decomposition does not adequately account for post-harvest residue distributions or field environment variability. We hypothesized that temperature and moisture could be used to normalize field environments to optimal conditions that produce maximum decomposition rates; and biomass density could be normalized based on the fraction of initial biomass remaining over time. Four small gains were grown at Bushland, TX, to produce high-, medium-, and low-biomass densities in 36 field subplots using different seeding rate, fertilizer, and irrigation on Pullman clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleus-toll). During decomposition, differential irrigation increased environmental variability (13, 5, and 0 applications to sub-subplots). Ash-free crop residue biomass was measured seven times during 14 mo. Climate indices related field to optimal conditions, based on the daily minimum of air temperature and precipitation coefficients. First-order decomposition coefficients, k, were determined by plot, using the cumulative climate index to represent time. Irrigation did not affect k (P < 0.45), indicating that the moisture index accounted for irrigation effects; but crops had different coefficients (P < 0.062). Initial biomass density was inversely related to k (P < 0.008), indicating that climate-based indices inadequately normalized environments across density treatments. The k was correlated to initial biomass (r = -0.49), fraction-standing initial biomass (r = -0.37), and initial N concentration in standing biomass (r = 0.32). Climate indices may allow normalization of field environments important to decomposition and other agroecosystem processes if density effects on atmosphere-soil-residue interactions ran be better quantified. C1 USDA ARS, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. USDA ARS, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RP Steiner, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, 1420 Expt Stn Rd, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. NR 29 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 3 U2 6 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 63 IS 6 BP 1817 EP 1824 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 287QT UT WOS:000085517800044 ER PT J AU Wright, SF Starr, JL Paltineanu, IC AF Wright, SF Starr, JL Paltineanu, IC TI Changes in aggregate stability and concentration of glomalin during tillage management transition SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; SOIL; HYPHAE; PROTEIN AB Improvement in structure of degraded soils or prevention of degradation of structure in healthy soils requires an understanding of processes contributing to aggregate stability. The impact of cropping systems on a specific molecule that contributes to aggregate stability is part of the process that has not been elucidated. The relationship between aggregate stability and glomalin, a glycoprotein produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, was studied during the first 3 yr in transition from plow tillage (PT) to no tillage (NT) maize (Zea mays L). Results showed a high linear correlation (r(2) = 0.78, n = 32) between glomalin concentration in aggregates and aggregate stability. Increases in both aggregate stability and glomalin were measurable from gear to year in NT plots, but NT was significantly higher than PT after 2 or 3 Sr (P < 0.05). Comparison of NT plots after 3 yr with nearby soil in grass cover indicated that there was 20% greater stability and 45% higher concentration of glomalin in the grass-covered soil. Comparison of PT and NT (3 yr) interrow samples with intrarow samples indicated that plant roots and NT management may have a synergistic effect on aggregate stabilization, These results show that cropping systems should be evaluated for the impact on production of glomalin by AM fungi. C1 USDA ARS, Nat Resources Inst, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Environm Chem Lab, Inst Nat Resources, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wright, SF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Nat Resources Inst, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 18 TC 114 Z9 135 U1 3 U2 28 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 63 IS 6 BP 1825 EP 1829 PG 5 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 287QT UT WOS:000085517800045 ER PT J AU Nearing, MA Govers, G Norton, LD AF Nearing, MA Govers, G Norton, LD TI Variability in soil erosion data from replicated plots SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID RUNOFF AB Understanding and quantifying the large, unexplained variability in soil erosion data are critical for advancing erosion science, evaluating soil erosion models, and designing erosion experiments, We hypothesized that it is possible to quantify variability between replicated soil erosion field plots under natural rainfall, and thus determine the principal factor or factors which correlate to the magnitude of the variability: Data from replicated plot pairs for 2061 storms, 797 annual erosion measurements, and 53 multi-year erosion totals were used. Thirteen different soil types and site locations were represented in the data. The relative differences between replicated plot pair data tended to be lesser for greater magnitudes of measured soil loss, thus indicating that soil loss magnitude was a principal factor for explaining variance in the soil loss data. Using this assumption, we estimated the coefficient of variation of within-treatment, plot replicate values of measured soil lass. Variances between replicates decreased as a power function (r(2) = 0.78) of measured soil loss, and were independent of whether the measurements were event-, annual-, or multi-year values. Coefficients of variation ranged on the order of 14% for a measured soil loss of 20 kg/m(2) to greater than 150% for a measured soil loss of less than 0.01 kg/m(2) These results have important implications for both experimental design and for using erosion data to evaluate prediction capability for erosion models. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Katholieke Univ Leuven, Lab Expt Geomorphol Phys & Reg Geog, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. RP Nearing, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RI Govers, Gerard/A-8298-2008 OI Govers, Gerard/0000-0001-9884-4778 NR 9 TC 116 Z9 119 U1 0 U2 14 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 63 IS 6 BP 1829 EP 1835 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 287QT UT WOS:000085517800046 ER PT J AU Staley, TE AF Staley, TE TI Soil microbial biomass alterations during the maize silage growing season relative to tillage method SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID NO-TILLAGE; NITROGEN; FERTILIZER; CULTIVATION; CARBON; CORN AB Tillage method can significantly alter soil microbial populations and activities. Although considerable literature exists on microbial and soil chemical alterations under various tillage methods,little information exists on soil microbial biomass C (SMB) alterations during the growing season, and especially on the relationship of SMB to crop N use, The objective of this study was to determine the effect of no tillage (NT) or conventional tillage (CT), and soil location, on SMB during the growing season. A maize (Zea mays L.) silage/N-15 field experiment, under NT or CT for 3 yr before this study, was used during the fourth growing season. Averaged over sampling times and location (within-row or between-row), SMB in the 0- to 3.8-cm and 3.8- to 7.5-cm soil layers under NT was 87 and 33% greater, respectively, than under CT. Linear regression of soil surface layer (0-3.8 cm) SMB on day-of-year revealed a significant(P less than or equal to 0.10) relationship only within-row and under NT, with a 29% SMB decrease during the growing season. Similar regressions for the other layers and treatments were insignificant (P > 0.10) or had small seasonal differences. SMB was consistently higher in the between-row locations under both tillage methods. Despite substantial tillage method-induced differences in SMB (50% overall, accompanied by small differential seasonal differences) in the more surficial layers, these alterations appear to have been of little practical consequence, since previous work on these plots revealed essentially no differences in silage utilization of either fertilizer N or soil N relative to tillage method. Thus, the importance of SMB in significantly affecting crop N use in this within-row, banded, maize silage system is questioned. C1 ARS, USDA, NAA, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Staley, TE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NAA, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, 1224 Airport Rd, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 63 IS 6 BP 1845 EP 1847 PG 3 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 287QT UT WOS:000085517800049 ER PT J AU Schilling, EB Lockaby, BG Rummer, R AF Schilling, EB Lockaby, BG Rummer, R TI Belowground nutrient dynamics following three harvest intensities on the Pearl River floodplain, Mississippi SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOIL MICROBIAL BIOMASS; FINE-ROOT DYNAMICS; NORTHERN HARDWOOD FORESTS; SEASONAL PATTERNS; EXTRACTION METHOD; CARBON DYNAMICS; ORGANIC-MATTER; CO2 EVOLUTION; RESPIRATION; NITROGEN AB The influence of clear and partial cut harvests on belowground nutrient cycling processes was examined on the Pearl River floodplain, Mississippi, Foci examined by this study included fine root biomass and detritus, fine root production, fine root nutrient contents, soil respiration rates, and microbial biomass C, N, and P during the first year post-harvest. Both the clearcut and partial cut initially reduced fine root biomass; however, fine root biomass levels within each treatment did not differ at this study's conclusion, Bimonthly fine root production within both the clearcut and partial cut declined initially following harvest; however, net primary production was greatest within the clearcut, followed by the partial cut, and lowest within the control. Soil respiration rates showed strong seasonal trends; however, increased soil respiration rates within the clearcut and partial cut were not found until almost 1 yr post-harvest. Decreased microbial biomass C levels were observed following both harvests. Only the clearcut treatment significantly reduced microbial biomass N. No treatment effects were found regarding microbial biomass P. Herbaceous and woody vegetation recolonization was vigorous within the clearcut and partial cut harvests, strongly influencing fine root production levels and soil respiration rates. It appears that fine roots from naturally recolonizing vegetation play a large role in belowground C storage following disturbance. The rapid increases in fine root production and biomass following both silvicultural methods indicates that, within these ecosystems, the negative influences of harvesting on belowground C and nutrient pools may be short live. C1 Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry & Wildlife Sci, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. USDA, FS, So Re Stn, Auburn, AL 36830 USA. RP Schilling, EB (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry & Wildlife Sci, 108 MW Smith Hall, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 48 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 7 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 63 IS 6 BP 1856 EP 1868 PG 13 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 287QT UT WOS:000085517800051 ER PT J AU Quideau, SA Graham, RC Chadwick, OA Wood, HB AF Quideau, SA Graham, RC Chadwick, OA Wood, HB TI Biogeochemical cycling of calcium and magnesium by ceanothus and chamise SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID INDUCED AGE GRADIENT; SOIL DEVELOPMENT; 4 DECADES; PINE; FIRE; NUTRIENTS; NITROGEN; CARBON; OAK AB Vegetation has long been recognized as a fundamental factor in soil formation, but vegetation and soils commonly covary in response to other environmental factors, confounding the specific effects of vegetation on soil properties. The lysimeter installation at the San Dimas Experimental Forest in southern California offers a rarely found opportunity for quantifying cation-cycling processes in a setting where all factors except vegetation are kept constant. The lysimeters were filled in 1937 with homogenized, fine sandy loam and planted in 1946 with chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. and Am.) and ceanothus (Ceanothus crassifolius Torr.), Comparison of the chamise and ceanothus lysimeters was best achieved by using the Ca/Mg ratio of the different cation pools and fluxes as an index. In 1987, the ceanothus exchangeable soil pool contained proportionally more Ca than Mg compared with chamise; that is, the Ca/Mg ratio in the ceanothus exchangeable soil pool was higher than that in chamise. Strong evidence supports vegetation influence on intra-system fluxes (weathering and biocycling) as the basis for these differences. First, more Ca than Mg was released by weathering under ceanothus than under chamise. Second, the ceanothus aboveground biomass exhibited a higher Ca/Mg ratio than the chamise. Third, differences between vegetation types widened with time since construction of the lysimeter installation in both the aboveground biomass and exchangeable soil pools. Differences in cation storage measured for the lysimeter chamise and ceanothus stands appear representative of natural chaparral communities throughout California, and may result in distinct Ca and Mg biogeochemical processes in associated ecosystems. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Sci, Soil & Water Sci Program, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Exp Stn, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Quideau, SA (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Sci, Soil & Water Sci Program, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RI Quideau, Sylvie/C-9646-2015 OI Quideau, Sylvie/0000-0002-2297-9024 NR 35 TC 17 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 11 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 63 IS 6 BP 1880 EP 1888 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 287QT UT WOS:000085517800053 ER PT J AU Arshad, MA Franzluebbers, AJ Azooz, RH AF Arshad, MA Franzluebbers, AJ Azooz, RH TI Components of surface soil structure under conventional and no-tillage in northwestern Canada SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE infiltration; no-tillage; pore size distribution; soil organic carbon; soil structure; water retention ID PORE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION; ORGANIC-MATTER POOLS; MICROBIAL BIOMASS; ZERO-TILLAGE; CONSERVATION TILLAGE; MINERALIZABLE CARBON; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; NITROGEN; CONDUCTIVITY; MOISTURE AB Improvement in soil quality to maintain high production and reduce negative environmental impacts is necessary for alternative crop production strategies to become socially acceptable and viable in the long-term. No-tillage (NT) management of the predominantly small grain region of western Canada has the potential to curb soil erosion and increase profitability. An understanding of the direct effects of NT on soil properties is necessary to evaluate its potential for sustained long-term productivity. We have compiled data collected from two sites in northern British Columbia to ascertain the long-term effects of conventional tillage (CT) and NT on soil components thought to be important in surface soil structural improvement. Soil water retention was greater under NT compared with CT without dramatically altering bulk density due to redistribution of pore size classes into more small pores and less large pores. Soil organic C was greater under NT than under CT nearest the soil surface. Water-stable aggregation improved under NT compared with CT, perhaps because more soil organic C was sequestered within macroaggregates under NT compared with CT that helped to stabilize these aggregates. Steady-state water infiltration was greater under NT than under CT as a result of soil structural improvements associated with surface residue accumulation and lack of soil disturbance. Barley (Hordeum vulgave L.) yield tended to be greater under NT than under CT in years of low rainfall as a result of improvements in soil water retention and transmission that may have provided a better environment for root development. Our data indicate that NT is a viable management strategy to improve soil quality in the cold, semiarid region of western Canada. This strategy could lead to high production, minimal negative environmental impacts, acid a socially-acceptable farming system. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Agr & Agri Food Canada, Beaverlodge, AB T0H 0C0, Canada. USDA ARS, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. RP Arshad, MA (reprint author), Agr & Agri Food Canada, POB 29, Beaverlodge, AB T0H 0C0, Canada. NR 30 TC 116 Z9 128 U1 6 U2 33 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 53 IS 1 BP 41 EP 47 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(99)00075-6 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 261CT UT WOS:000083990800005 ER PT J AU Upton, BH Krishnagopalan, GA Abubakr, S AF Upton, BH Krishnagopalan, GA Abubakr, S TI Ultrafiltrative deinking of flexographic ONP: The role of surfactants SO TAPPI JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Ultrafiltration is a potentially viable method of removing finely dispersed flexographic Pigments from the deinking water loop. This work examines the effects of surface-active materials on ultrafiltration efficiency. A logarithmic relationship between Permeate pur and pigment concentration was demonstrated at ink concentrations above 0.4%, with permeation rates becoming independent of ink content at lower concentrations. The pressure-independent ultrafiltration permeation rates observed at more highly concentrated ink dispersions were shown to be limited by mass-transfer effects, as predicted by the concentration polarization model. Permeate flux at low ink concentration was limited by membrane fouling which occurs because dilute ink dispersions have a low concentration of surface-active materials. Increasing the concentration of surfactant in dilute ink dispersions decreased the degree of membrane fouling. However, excessive surfactant decreased permeation rates because of micelle formation. Clarification of concentrated ink dispersions (>0.4% ink solids) resulted in relatively stable permeation rates and less fouling. The inherently higher concentrations of surface-active materials in concentrated ink dispersions appear to retard fouling. C1 Auburn Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Upton, BH (reprint author), NCASI W Coast Reg Ctr, POB 458, Corvallis, OR 97339 USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU TECH ASSN PULP PAPER IND INC PI NORCROSS PA 15 TECHNOLOGY PARK SOUTH, NORCROSS, GA 30092 USA SN 0734-1415 J9 TAPPI J JI TAPPI J. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 82 IS 11 BP 104 EP 114 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA 252CP UT WOS:000083483400015 ER PT J AU Filgueiras, TS Davidse, G Kirkbride, JH Chiang, F Rueda, R Zuloaga, FO AF Filgueiras, TS Davidse, G Kirkbride, JH Chiang, F Rueda, R Zuloaga, FO TI Should small herbaria have voting rights? SO TAXON LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Reserva Ecol IBGE, BR-70312970 Brasilia, DF, Brazil. Missouri Bot Gardens, St Louis, MO 63166 USA. USDA ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Biol, Dept Bot, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Univ Nacl Autonoma Nicaragua, Fac Ciencias, Herbario HULE, Dept Biol, Leon, Nicaragua. Inst Bot Darwinion, RA-1642 San Isidro, Argentina. RP Filgueiras, TS (reprint author), Reserva Ecol IBGE, Cx Postal 08770, BR-70312970 Brasilia, DF, Brazil. NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC PLANT TAXONOMY PI BERLIN PA BOTANISCHER GARTEN BOTANISCHES MUSEUM BERLIN-DAHLEM, KONIGIN-LUISE-STRABE 6-8, D-14191 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0040-0262 J9 TAXON JI Taxon PD NOV PY 1999 VL 48 IS 4 BP 767 EP 770 DI 10.2307/1223647 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences; Evolutionary Biology SC Plant Sciences; Evolutionary Biology GA 259PP UT WOS:000083902500012 ER PT J AU Welch, CM Peters, JG AF Welch, CM Peters, JG TI DP finishes using citric and tartaric acid with methyl hydrogen silicone SO TEXTILE CHEMIST AND COLORIST & AMERICAN DYESTUFF REPORTER LA English DT Article DE citric acid; cotton; durable press; tartaric acid; whiteness ID CARBOXYLIC-ACIDS; COTTON; WHITENESS; ADDITIVES; CATALYST AB Citric acid finishes were modified with additives that improve both the performance and whiteness imparted by th is durable press (DP) reagent. The rate and extent of the improvement in whiteness of treated cotton depended on the additives used and whether or not a process rinse was applied. Under the most favorable conditions, final whiteness index values were virtually identical to those of untreated fabric. Tartaric acid was used as a coreactive additive at mole ratios of 1:1 and 1:2 with citric acid. Formation of a cellulose-reactive 1:1 alternating copolymer in situ in the cotton fibers may account for higher DP appearance ratings and increased wrinkle recovery angles imparted with the 1:1 mole ratio. Use of methyl hydrogen silicone as fabric softener in such mixed finishes led to higher DP performance, greater wrinkle resistance, and higher final whiteness index than did low density polyethylene. C1 ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Welch, CM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 11 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSN TEXT CHEM COLOR PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12215, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA SN 1526-2847 J9 TEXT CHEM COLOR AM D JI Text. Chem. Color Am. Dyest Rep. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 1 IS 3 BP 55 EP 60 PG 6 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Textiles SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 321WR UT WOS:000087478100007 ER PT J AU Meksem, K Doubler, TW Chancharoenchai, K Njiti, VN Chang, SJC Arelli, APR Cregan, PE Gray, LE Gibson, PT Lightfoot, DA AF Meksem, K Doubler, TW Chancharoenchai, K Njiti, VN Chang, SJC Arelli, APR Cregan, PE Gray, LE Gibson, PT Lightfoot, DA TI Clustering among loci underlying soybean resistance to Fusarium solani, SDS and SCN in near-isogenic lines SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE near-isogeneic lines; qualitative mapping; QTL; disease resistance; co-inheritance; gene cluster; pleiotropy ID SUDDEN-DEATH SYNDROME; CYST-NEMATODE RESISTANCE; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; FIELD-RESISTANCE; GENE; RACE-3; DNA; IDENTIFICATION; MARKERS; LINKAGE AB In the soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivar 'Forrest' a single chromosomal region underlies coinheritance of field resistance of the sudden-death syn drome (SDS), caused by the fungus Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. f. sp. glycines (Burk.) Snyd, & Hans. and soybean cyst nematode (SCN) race 3 (caused by Heterodera glycines Ichinohe). Our objectives were to verify that co-inheritance was derived from a single chromosomal region in near-isogenic lines and to separate component gene clusters. DNA markers were compared with a SDS leaf-scorch index (DX), F. solani root-infection severity (IS) and a SCN index of parasitism (IP) among 80 near-isogenic lines (NILs). The genomic region identified by the RFLP marker Bng122D was strongly associated (0.0004 less than or equal to P less than or equal to 0.006) with mean SDS DX (R-2 > 16-38%) and IS (R-2 > 38-73%), but only marginally associated with resistance to SCN, However, the linked (4.3-7.4 cM) microsatellite marker SATT309 was strongly associated with both resistance to SCN (0.0001 less than or equal to P less than or equal to 0.0003; R-2 > 24-97%) and mean leaf DX (0.0001 less than or equal to P less than or equal to 0.0003; R-2 > 25-63%), but not root IS. Recombination events among markers and traits enabled separation of the qualitative loci underlying resistance to SDS and SCN. Our data showed that resistance to SDS DX, SDS IS and SCN IP in Forrest may be caused by four genes in a cluster with two pairs in close linkage or by a two-gene cluster with each gene displaying pleiotropy, one conditioning SDS IS and DX and the other SCN LP and SDS DX. C1 So Illinois Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Mol Acience Program, Carbondale, IL 62091 USA. Garst Seeds, Slater, IA USA. Monsanto Co, St Louis, MO USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Lightfoot, DA (reprint author), So Illinois Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Mol Acience Program, Carbondale, IL 62091 USA. OI Lightfoot, David/0000-0002-5725-4381 NR 46 TC 46 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 99 IS 7-8 BP 1131 EP 1142 DI 10.1007/s001220051317 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 261NH UT WOS:000084014900005 ER PT J AU Labate, JA Lamkey, KR Lee, M Woodman, WL AF Labate, JA Lamkey, KR Lee, M Woodman, WL TI Temporal changes in allele frequencies in two reciprocally selected maize populations SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE effective population size; selection; genetic drift; diversity; restriction fragment length polymorphism ID RECURRENT SELECTION; SIZE; DRIFT; BSSS AB The effects of breeding on allele frequency changes at 82 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci were examined in two maize (Zea mays L.) populations undergoing reciprocal recurrent selection, Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic and Iowa Corn Borer Synthetic #1. After 12 cycles of selection, approximately 30% of the alleles were extinct and 10% near fixation in each population. A test of selective neutrality identified several loci in each population whose allele frequency changes cannot be explained by genetic drift; interpopulation mean expected heterozygosity increased for that subset of 28 loci but not for the remaining 54 loci. Mean expected heterozygosity within the two subpopulations decreased 39%, while the between-population component of genetic variation increased from 0.5% to 33.4% of the total. Effective population size is a key parameter for discerning allele frequency changes due to genetic drift versus those resulting from selection and genetic hitchhiking. Empirical estimates of effective population size for each population were within the range predicted by the breeding method. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, USDA ARS, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Labate, JA (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, USDA ARS, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Lamkey, Kendall/D-7631-2013 OI Lamkey, Kendall/0000-0001-8510-8798 NR 25 TC 31 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 99 IS 7-8 BP 1166 EP 1178 DI 10.1007/s001220051321 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 261NH UT WOS:000084014900009 ER PT J AU Tatum, FM Hood, RD AF Tatum, FM Hood, RD TI Arsenite uptake and metabolism by rat hepatocyte primary cultures in comparison with kidney- and hepatocyte-derived rat cell lines SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE arsenic; arsenite; arsenic methylation; rat; hepatocyte; McA-RH 7777; N4-II-EC-3; NRK-52E ID IN-VITRO METHYLATION; ENZYMATIC METHYLATION; URINARY-EXCRETION; MONOMETHYLARSONIC ACID; CYTO-TOXICITY; LIVER CYTOSOL; ARSENATE; PENTAVALENT; TRIVALENT; RABBITS AB Biotransformation by methylation to monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) influences inorganic arsenical toxicity, which is often investigated in cultured cells. Arsenic (III) uptake and methylation was assessed in rat hepatocytes in primary culture and in three established rat cell lines (hepatoma-derived McA-RH 7777 cells and H4-II-EC-3 cells, and kidney epithelium-derived NRK-52E cells) to compare their use as model systems for arsenite metabolism. Incubation of all cell types with 0.27, 0.67, 1.33, 2.67, or 6.67 mu M As(III) concentrations resulted in concentration-dependent arsenic uptake and biomethylation. Arsenic uptake by the NRK-52E cells was initially slower than that of the other cells, but by 8 h, total uptake was similar in all cell types. At the lowest arsenite concentration, the percentages of total arsenic methylated to MMA and DMA by the hepatocytes and the McA-RH 7777 cells were similar (67 and 66%); methylation by the H4-II-EC3 cells was somewhat lower (52%), and methylation by the kidney-derived NRK-52E cells was much lower (15%). Total arsenic methylation was inhibited in the cell lines, but not in the hepatocytes, at the highest arsenite concentrations. In all cases, exposure to increased arsenite concentrations inhibited conversion of MMA to DMA much more than it affected the initial methylation step (inorganic arsenite to MMA). These results indicate that rat hepatocytes in primary culture and established rat hepatoma-derived cell lines are similar in their abilities to accumulate and methylate arsenic to MMA and DMA at environmentally relevant arsenic concentrations in the medium. They differed from the kidney epithelium-derived cells, which exhibited substantially lower biomethylation activity. C1 Univ Alabama, Dept Biol Sci, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Hood, RD (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Biol Sci, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. NR 39 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 52 IS 1 BP 20 EP 25 DI 10.1093/toxsci/52.1.20 PG 6 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 255VH UT WOS:000083690500003 PM 10568694 ER PT J AU Holt, GA Baker, RV Hughs, SE AF Holt, GA Baker, RV Hughs, SE TI Evaluation of static pressure drops and PM10 and TSP emissions for modified 1D-3D cyclones SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE cotton gins; cyclones; emissions; air quality AB Five modifications of a standard 1D3D cyclone were tested and compared against the standard 1D3D design in the areas of particulate emissions and static pressure drop across the cyclone. The modifications to the 1D3D design included a 2D2D inlet, a 2D2D air outlet, a D/3 trash exit, art expansion chamber with a D/3 trash exit and a tapered air outlet duct. The 1D3D modifications that exhibited a significant improvement in reducing both PM10 and total suspended particulate (TSP) emissions were the designs with the 2D2D inlet and air exhaust combined with either the conical D/3 tail cone or the expansion chamber. In reference to the standard 1D3D cyclone, the average reduction in PM10 emissions was 24 to 29% with a 29 to 35% reduction observed in TSP emissions. The modifications with the tapered air outlets did not show any significant improvements in controlling PM10 emissions. However the modification with the tapered air outlet/expansion chamber combination exhibited statistical significance in reducing TSP emissions by 18% compared to the 1D3D cyclone. All modifications tested exhibited lower static pressure drops than the standard 1D3D. C1 ARS, USDA, Cotton Harvesting & Ginning Res Lab, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA. ARS, USDA, SW Cotton Ginning Res Lab, Mesilla Pk, NM USA. RP Holt, GA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Cotton Harvesting & Ginning Res Lab, Rt 3,Box 215, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1541 EP 1547 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 279CV UT WOS:000085026500005 ER PT J AU Derksen, RC Ozkan, HE Fox, RD Brazee, RD AF Derksen, RC Ozkan, HE Fox, RD Brazee, RD TI Droplet spectra and wind tunnel evaluation of venturi and pre-orifice nozzles SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE drift; fluorescence; nozzles; spray; sprayers; tracers; wind ID DRIFT AB Small- to medium-size droplets are desirable when applying insecticides and fungicides because they provide better penetration into the canopy and better coverage than larger sizes. However small droplets can drift long distances. Several agricultural nozzle manufacturers have recently introduced so-called "low-drift" nozzles. Although manufacturers of low-drift nozzles claim these nozzles are considerably more effective in reducing spray drift than standard flat-fan nozzles, no independent data are available to support their claim. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of two low-drift nozzles (TurboDrop(R) and Turbo TeeJet(R)) in reducing drift The TurboDrop nozzle design incorporates a venturi air intake port and a pre-orifice chamber while the Turbo TeeJet nozzle design includes only a pre-orifice chamber: Nozzle evaluations were accomplished by measuring droplet sizes with a laser particle sizer and deposition distances of droplets in a wind tunnel (5 m/s). Data from measurements obtained with the low-drift nozzles were compared to data from a standard flat-fan nozzle. The low-drift nozzles produced fewer drift prone droplets and significantly lower downwind airborne deposits than the standard flat-fan nozzle (XR). In general, droplet size measurements taken along the long axis of the spray patterns showed less variation in volume median diameters for the XR and Turbo TeeJet (TT) nozzles than for the TurboDrop (TD) nozzles. The TD nozzles produced lower downwind deposits than TT nozzles operated at similar pressures (276 kPa); however; a larger orifice TT nozzle operated at a lower pressure (176 kPa) produced significantly lower downwind airborne deposits than the TD nozzle operated at 276 kPa. Covering or restricting the venturi air intake port on the TD nozzle increased nozzle output but had little impact on the overall droplet spectrum and downwind drift. C1 ARS, USDA, ATRU, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Food Agr & Biol Engn, Columbus, OH USA. RP Derksen, RC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, ATRU, Agr Engn Bldg,1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. NR 6 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1573 EP 1580 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 279CV UT WOS:000085026500009 ER PT J AU Ucar, T Ozkan, HE Fox, RD Brazee, RD Derksen, RC AF Ucar, T Ozkan, HE Fox, RD Brazee, RD Derksen, RC TI Criteria and procedures for evaluation of solids mixing in agricultural sprayer tanks SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE sprayer tanks; hydraulic agitators; mixing; pesticides AB An agitation effectiveness index (AGEF) was defined to help evaluate the effectiveness of hydraulic agitation systems in agricultural sprayer tanks regardless of tank size and shape. AGEF was calculated based on three measured mixing criteria: particle deposits remaining on the bottom of the tank following the application, the coefficient of variation of the mixture concentration in the line to the boom, and the ratio of maximum deviation of the mixture concentration at the tank outlet to the mean concentration measured during the application. The ratio of AGEF to required hydraulic power of the agitation system, named Power Ratio, was also used as another parameter to evaluate sprayer tank agitation systems. The method suggested in this article was applied to evaluate a large number of agitation experiments conducted as well as a previous researcher's unevaluated agitation data in order to shaw its applicability. Use of this method is limited to solid-liquid type mixtures in order to determine the suspension uniformity achieved with hydraulic agitators. Kaolin clay was used as solid particles since this is a common carrier for wettable powder and granular pesticides. The results showed that AGEF was sensitive enough to enable reasonable comparisons and that this method can be used to standardize minimum requirements of a hydraulic jet agitation system. AGEF and Power Ratio provided a novel approach to identify efficient agitation systems with low energy requirements. C1 Ohio State Univ, Food Agr & Biol Engn Dept, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. ARS, USDA, Applicat Technol Res Unit, OARDC, Wooster, OH USA. RP Ozkan, HE (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Food Agr & Biol Engn Dept, 590 Woody Hayes Dr, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 28 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1581 EP 1587 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 279CV UT WOS:000085026500010 ER PT J AU Klocke, NL Watts, DG Schneekloth, JP Davison, DR Todd, RW Parkhurst, AM AF Klocke, NL Watts, DG Schneekloth, JP Davison, DR Todd, RW Parkhurst, AM TI Nitrate leaching in irrigated corn and soybean in a semi-arid climate SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE chemical transport; leaching; irrigation water management; crop rotation; nitrogen management; lysimeter ID LONG-TERM TILLAGE; WATER-QUALITY; CROPPING SYSTEMS; TILE DRAINAGE; LYSIMETERS; ROTATION; LOSSES AB Nitrate-nitrogen leached from the root zone of land in intensive corn production is a major groundwater contaminant in some of the intensively irrigated regions of the western Cornbelt, including central and western Nebraska. To obtain a clearer understanding of the amount and timing of nitrate leaching losses from irrigated crops, 14 monolithic percolation lysimeters were installed in 1989-1990 in sprinkler irrigated plots at the University of Nebraska's West Central Research and Extension Center near North Platte, Nebraska. The lysimeters were used to provide a direct measure of leachate depth from continuous corn and a corn-soybean rotation. Both cropping systems were sprinkler irrigated and used current best management practices (BMPs) in the region for water and nitrogen management. Leachate was collected from 1990 through 1998 and analyzed for nitrate-N concentration. Results for the period 1993-1998 are reported here. In the semi-arid climate of West-Central Nebraska, the interaction of rainfall patterns with the period of active uptake of water by crops played a major role in defining leaching patterns. Careful irrigation scheduling did not eliminate leaching during the growing season. There was no significant difference in drainage depth between continuous corn and the corn-soybean rotation. The average drainage depth among the lysimeters was 218 mm yr(-1). This was more than expected, and in part resulted from above normal precipitation during several years of the study No water quality benefit was found for the corn-soybean rotation as compared to continuous corn. Nitrate-N concentration in the leachate from continuous corn averaged 24 mg L-1, while that from the corn-soybean rotation averaged 42 mg L-1. Total yearly nitrate leaching loss averaged 52 kg ha(-1) for continuous corn and 91 kg ha(-1) for the rotation. This represents the equivalent of 27% and 105% of the amount of N fertilizer applied over the six years of study. In calculating N fertilizer needs for corn in Nebraska, the recommended legume N credit of 50 kg ha(-1) for a preceding crop of soybean may be too low under irrigated production. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Biol Syst Engn, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, W Cent Res & Extens Ctr, N Platte, NE USA. ARS, USDA, Bushland, TX USA. RP Watts, DG (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Biol Syst Engn, 230 LW Chase Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 22 TC 51 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1621 EP 1630 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 279CV UT WOS:000085026500015 ER PT J AU Bosch, DD Sheridan, JM Davis, FM AF Bosch, DD Sheridan, JM Davis, FM TI Rainfall characteristics and spatial correlation for the Georgia Coastal Plain SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE rainfall; southern coastal plain; watershed; water quality; climatic variability ID UPLAND AB The Georgia Coastal Plain of the United States holds significant agricultural and hydrologic importance. The profitability and sustainability of agriculture in this and other regions are dependent upon climatic patterns and, in particular; rainfall. The temporal and spatial variability of this rainfall play key roles in agricultural management. Developing an understanding of seasonal patterns and individual storm characteristics is critical. Thirty years of rainfall data collected from a dense rain gage network on the 334 km(2) Little River Watershed near Tifton Georgia, were analyzed for this purpose. Storm patterns were characterized by season to establish means and trends. Individual storm characteristics and spatial correlation patterns within storms were quantified. Rainfall patterns, although highly variable from year to year show rainfall to be greatest in the midsummer months with high intensity, convective thunderstorms. While these summer storms yield relatively low rainfall depths, they occur more frequently than during other seasons. Frontal storms with moderate rainfall amounts are typical of the winter and spring months. The fall months generally have low rainfall totals and storms during this time occur less frequently than during the other months. For larger storm events, defined here as those where at least one rain gage in the network measured 25.4 mm or greater during the event, the mean storm depth weighted over the mean storm coverage of 295 km(2) was 20.6 mm, while the mean storm duration was 7.2 h. For these larger events, the summer storms are separated by the least time between events (mean of 116 h) while the fall events are separated by the greatest time (mean of 291 h). For summer events, rain gage depths for individual storm events collected by gages separated by 1.9 km or less are likely to be highly correlated (r greater than or equal to 0.9). This distance increases to 9.2 km for the winter High correlations (r greater than or equal to 0.9) are expected up to distances of 5 km throughout most of the year except summer: This analysis establishes the basis for detailed modeling across this and other watersheds in the region. C1 ARS, USDA, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Bosch, DD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SE Watershed Res Lab, POB 946, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 30 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1637 EP 1644 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 279CV UT WOS:000085026500017 ER PT J AU Meyer, LD Dabney, SM Murphree, CE Harmon, WC Grissinger, EH AF Meyer, LD Dabney, SM Murphree, CE Harmon, WC Grissinger, EH TI Crop production systems to control erosion and reduce runoff from upland silty soils SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE soil erosion; runoff; cropping systems; no-till; cover crops; soil conservation ID CONSERVATION TILLAGE; GROUNDWATER QUALITY; COTTON; WATERSHEDS; SURFACE AB Soil erosion remains the most significant threat to long-term agricultural sustainability. In order to determine if highly erodible silty upland soils could be row-cropped while conforming to the conservation provisions of the Food Security Act, we measured natural-rainfall runoff and soil loss for sir years from eight alternative cropping systems on sixteen 4% slope plots and three small watersheds in north Mississippi. Several conservation cropping systems slightly reduced runoff and greatly decreased erosion on these soils. On erosion plots, no-till for soybean, corn, or sorghum reduced soil loss by more than 80% and no-till for cotton by more than 70% as compared to conventionally tilled soybean. Ridge-till was more than twice as erodible as no-till, while no-till soybean double-cropped with wheat was least erodible of the eight systems studied. On small watersheds, annual sediment yield ranged up to about 30 t/ha for conventional tillage soybean with buffer strips and grassed waterways but, after the first year never exceeded 1 t/ha for no-till soybean. However; no-tillage alone was not adequate to control concentrated-flow headcuts. Most conservation systems decreased runoff by at least 10%. No-till sorghum or corn with a vetch cover crop generally decreased runoff most, and double-cropped soybean-wheat had less than 75% of the runoff of conventional soybean. Greatest reductions occurred during years of higher runoff amounts. Runoff per unit of area from the watersheds was much greater than from comparable erosion plots, indicating that extrapolation of plot data to field areas merits careful consideration of their relative soil and topographic characteristics. This research demonstrated that several no-tillage cropping systems can keep erosion below tolerable limits, reduce runoff somewhat, and be economically profitable. When combined with complementary conservation practices such as waterways and grass hedges, they provide methods for achieving both effective conservation and sustainable production when intensively cropping erodible upland soils of the southern United States. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Dabney, SM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Sedimentat Lab, POB 1157, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 23 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 4 U2 24 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1645 EP 1652 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 279CV UT WOS:000085026500018 ER PT J AU Inamdar, SP Sheridan, JM Williams, RG Bosch, DD Lowrance, RR Altier, LS Thomas, DL AF Inamdar, SP Sheridan, JM Williams, RG Bosch, DD Lowrance, RR Altier, LS Thomas, DL TI Riparian Ecosystem Management Model (REMM): I. Testing of the hydrologic component for a Coastal Plain riparian system SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE riparian buffers; ecosystem model; nonpoint source pollution; streamflow; runoff; alluvial zones ID WATERSHEDS AB The Riparian Ecosystem Management Model (REMM) was used to simulate shallow groundwater movement, water table depths, surface runoff, and annual hydrologic budgets for a Coastal Plain riparian buffer system near Tifton, Georgia, USA. The riparian buffer consisted of zone 3 (grass downslope from a row-crop field); zone 2 (mature pine forest downslope from zone 3); and zone I (mature hardwood forest downslope from zone 2, adjacent to stream). Measured surface runoff and shallow groundwater movement from the adjacent agricultural field were used as the hydrologic input to REMM. Uncalibrated simulation results for a five-year period were compared to measured values for the same time period. The overall error in zone 2 and zone 1 mean water table depths was about 0.07 m, although absolute errors were higher The water table dynamics simulated by REMM were similar to observed although lags were observed in the response of the simulated water table to large rainfall events. Mixed results were obtained from observed versus simulated surface runoff comparisons, primarily due to large variability in observed runoff depths along the riparian transect. Simulated surface runoff depths for zone 3 were within one standard deviation for four out of the five years. For zone 2, surface runoff depths could only be simulated within one standard deviation for two out of the five years. Simulated seasonal total depths of surface runoff did not always agree with observed values but usually followed both similar temporal and spatial patterns. Annual hydrologic budgets produced total streamflow comparable to those estimated for the riparian buffer site. These results provide an adequate basis for subsequent testing of other REMM model components including water quality and nutrient cycling. C1 ARS, USDA, SEWRL, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Tifton, GA USA. Calif State Univ, Chico, CA USA. RP Lowrance, RR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SEWRL, POB 946,2379 Rainwater Rd, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RI inamdar, shreeram/B-7433-2009 NR 26 TC 34 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1679 EP 1689 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 279CV UT WOS:000085026500021 ER PT J AU Inamdar, SP Lowrance, RR Altier, LS Williams, RG Hubbard, RK AF Inamdar, SP Lowrance, RR Altier, LS Williams, RG Hubbard, RK TI Riparian Ecosystem Management Model (REMM): II. Testing of the water quality and nutrient cycling component for a Coastal Plain riparian system SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE riparian buffers; ecosystem model; nonpoint source pollution; nutrient cycling; denitrification; nitrogen; phosphorus ID SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER; NITRATE REMOVAL; BUFFER SYSTEMS; FOREST; NITROGEN; DENITRIFICATION; CARBON; PHOSPHORUS; DYNAMICS; WASTE AB The Riparian Ecosystem Management Model (REMM) was used to simulate nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and carbon (C) cycling and transport in a Coastal Plain riparian buffer system near Tifton, Georgia. The riparian buffer consisted of zone 3 (grass next to a row crop field); zone 2 (mature pine forest downslope from zone 3); and zone 1 (hardwood forest downslope from zone 2, adjacent to a stream). Uncalibrated simulation results for a Jive-year period were compared to measured values for the same time period at the research site. In general, simulated water table nutrient concentrations were within one standard deviation of observed values on an annual basis. Surface runoff loads exiting zone 3 for most N and P forms were simulated within one standard deviation of the observed In contrast zone 2, surface runoff loads for inorganic N species were apt order of magnitude lower than observed. Although some of the surface runoff differences (observed vs. simulated) were large in relative terms, the overall trends within the riparian buffer were generally well-represented and differences were not large in absolute terms. Simulated values for one of the most important processes responsible for effectiveness of riparian zones - denitrification, were within the range of those observed. Much of the temporal dynamics of the observed data were also captured in the REMM simulations. Certain constraints of the model use are discussed, but REMM appears to be useful for representing many of the specific processes and general trends in riparian ecosystem buffers. C1 ARS, USDA, SEWRL, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Tifton, GA USA. Calif State Univ, Chico, CA USA. RP Lowrance, RR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SEWRL, POB 946, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RI inamdar, shreeram/B-7433-2009 NR 55 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1691 EP 1707 PG 17 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 279CV UT WOS:000085026500022 ER PT J AU Hagen, LJ Wagner, LE Skidmore, EL AF Hagen, LJ Wagner, LE Skidmore, EL TI Analytical solutions and sensitivity analyses for sediment transport in WEPS SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE wind speed; erosion; WEPS; model equations; evaluation; sediment ID WIND EROSION; AGGREGATE; SALTATION AB The Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) is a process-based, daily time-step model that simulates weather and field conditions. When wind speed exceeds the threshold, the EROSION submodel of WEPS simulates soil loss and deposition on a sub-hourly basis. The objectives of this study were to: (1) assemble the erosion process equations in a manner that allows analytic solutions; (2) develop analytic solutions for a uniform surface; and (3) evaluate the response to parameters in these solutions using linear sensitivity tests. Based on the principle of conservation of mass, an analytic solution was developed for a quasi-steady state equation of the saltation/creep discharge. This equation simulates two sources (entrainment of loose material and entrainment of material abraded from clods and crust) and three sinks (breakage of saltation/creep to suspension-size, trapping of saltation/creep, and interception by plant stalks). An analytic solution also was developed for the horizontal discharge of the suspension component. This equation simulates three sources (entrainment of loose material, entrainment of material abraded from clods and crust, and breakage of saltation/creep to suspension-size). Sensitivity tests of the simulation equations showed that soil loss by wind erosion was most sensitive to wind speed and surface-soil moisture content. C1 Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Wind Eros Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Hagen, LJ (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Wind Eros Res Unit, 2004 Throckmorton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 22 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1715 EP 1721 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 279CV UT WOS:000085026500024 ER PT J AU Grunwald, S Norton, LD AF Grunwald, S Norton, LD TI An AGNPS-based runoff and sediment yield model for two small watersheds in Germany SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE AGNPS; non-point source pollution; rainfall-runoff modeling; calibration; validation; surface runoff; sediment yield ID NONPOINT-SOURCE POLLUTION; GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION-SYSTEMS; SENSITIVITY; EROSION; AREAS AB The event-based Agricultural Non-Point Source (AGNPS) pollution model is used extensively to simulate surface runoff sediment yield and nutrient transport in unmonitored watersheds. Investigation, that compare AGNPS predictions to measured data are rare. The objective of the present study was to compare surface runoff and sediment yield predictions from AGNPS water quality simulation model and modified versions to measured data. Shortcomings of the AGNPS model were examined. The study was carried out using 52 rainfall-runoff events, 22 for calibration and 30 for validation from two small watersheds (G1 and G2) in Bavaria, Germany. Evaluation of model outputs was based on statistical comparisons between measured and predicted values for each rainfall-runoff event. We compared three different surface runoff prediction methods: uncalibrated curve number (Q1), calibrated curve number (Q2), and Lutz (Q3). The modifications made to sediment yield calculations encompassed: (i) replacement of the Universal Soil Loss Equation LS factor algorithm (S1) by one based on stream power theory (S2), and (a) linkage of channel erosion by individual categories of particle size to runoff velocity (S3). Measured median for surface runoff was under-predicted by 55.5% using Q1, overpredicted by 36.8% using Q2 and over-predicted by 13.1% using Q3 in G1. The largest coefficient of efficiency (E) was calculated for Q3 with 0.96 followed by 0.93 for Q2 and 0.25 for Q1 in G1. In G2, measured median for surface runoff was underpredicted by 80.0% using Q1, overpredicted by 45.0% using Q2, and over predicted by 35.0% using Q3 in G2. Best performance in terms of E was calculated by Q3 (0.83) followed by 0.76 for Q2 and 0.24 for Q1 in G2. Median sediment yield measurement was underpredicted by 57.2% using S1, underpredicted by 47.6% using S2 and underpredicted by 4.8% using S3 in G1. The largest E was calculated with 0.90 for S3 followed by 0.57 for S2 and 0.26 for S1 in G1. Measured median for sediment yield was underpredicted by 53.9% using S1, underpredicted by 38.5% using S2 and overpredicted by 3.3% using S3 in G2. E was largest with 0.72 (S3) followed by 0.60 (S2) and 0.57 (S1) in G2. Results of this study illustrated that a calibration of CN and Lutz method for surface runoff calculations and the use of variant S3 for sediment yield calculations with AGNPS model showed the highest merit to match measurements with predictions at the drainage outlet. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, USDA, W Lafayette, IN USA. RP Grunwald, S (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, 1525 Observ Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Grunwald, Sabine/B-6866-2009 NR 36 TC 12 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1723 EP 1731 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 279CV UT WOS:000085026500025 ER PT J AU Bjorneberg, DL Trout, TJ Sojka, RE Aase, JK AF Bjorneberg, DL Trout, TJ Sojka, RE Aase, JK TI Evaluating Wepp-predicted infiltration, runoff, and soil erosion for furrow irrigation SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE furrow irrigation; erosion modeling; WEPP ID RILL EROSION; FLOW; TECHNOLOGY; SEDIMENT; YIELDS; MODEL AB The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model contains a furrow irrigation component to simulate hydrology and erosion in irrigation furrows. It currently is the only multiple-event furrow erosion simulation model available for public use. However; the furrow irrigation component has not been evaluated yet. Therefore, we evaluated the WEPP model for furrow irrigation by comparing predicted infiltration, runoff and soil loss with field measurements from three southern Idaho studies on Portneuf silt loam (coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcids). Baseline effective hydraulic conductivity, rill erodibility, and critical shear were calibrated using data measured from the upper quarter of two fields. Calibrated effective hydraulic conductivity was within the range of WEPP-defined values for Portneuf soil. Calibrated rill erodibility of 0.0003 s m(-1) was almost two orders of magnitude less than the WEPP-defined value of 0.02 s m(-1), while calibrated critical shear of 1.2 Pa was about one-third of the WEPP-defined value of 3.5 Pa. Predicted infiltration correlated poorly with measured infiltration for most fields. Regression coefficients for predicted versus measured infiltration ranged from -0.07 to 035, indicating that predicted infiltration did not vary with measured infiltration. Predicted sail loss correlated well (R-2 = 0.57) with measured soil loss from the upper end of the two fields used to calibrate erodibility parameters. At the field ends however runoff was underpredicted and soil loss was overpredicted. When runoff was predicted reasonably well for an irrigation, cumulated predicted soil erosion across a field did not match cumulated measured erosion at field quarter segments because transport capacity was overpredicted. Deposition was not predicted unless runoff was greatly under-predicted, The WEPP model cannot be recommended for use with furrow irrigation until erodibility parameters and sediment transport are better defined for irrigation furrows. C1 ARS, USDA, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. ARS, USDA, Fresno, CA USA. RP Bjorneberg, DL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 3793 N 3600E, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. OI Trout, Thomas/0000-0003-1896-9170 NR 17 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1733 EP 1741 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 279CV UT WOS:000085026500026 ER PT J AU Hunsaker, DJ Clemmens, AJ Fangmeier, DD AF Hunsaker, DJ Clemmens, AJ Fangmeier, DD TI Cultural and irrigation management effects on infiltration, soil roughness, and advance in furrowed level basins SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE level basins; furrows; infiltrometer; infiltration parameters; cultural practices; Manning coefficient ID COMPACTION AB Surface irrigation system performance is highly dependent on the soil infiltration and roughness conditions, which are difficult to quantify and tend to change over the season. Studies were conducted in central Arizona in 1993 and 1994 during two cotton seasons on a sandy loam soil to evaluate the effects of cultural and irrigation management practices on infiltration, soil roughness, and water advance in furrowed level basins. Factors considered included tractor wheel traffic, furrow smoothing, irrigation frequency, basin flow rate, and the effects due to seasonal variations caused primarily by soil cultivation operations. In 1993, five different treatments incorporated three variables: irrigation frequency (high, nine irrigations; or low, seven irrigations), furrow smoothing (torpedoed or non-torpedoed furrows), and basin flow rate (moderate, 85 L s(-1); or high, 127 L s(-1)). In 1994, there were only two treatments: 1) low frequency (eight irrigations), non-torpedoed, moderate basin flow rate, and 2) high frequency (ten irrigations), torpedoed, moderate basin flow rate. Data collected from blocked-furrow infiltrometer tests made in both nonwheel and wheel furrows prior to irrigations were used to determine infiltration for the treatments during the two cotton seasons. Considering all data for each season, the mean cumulative infiltrated depth at four hours (D-4) was 42% and 33% less in 1993 and 1994, respectively, during the later period of the season, after cultivations ceased, than during the early period of the season, when soil cultivation operations were performed The mean for Dq was decreased 21% and 25% in wheel versus nonwheel furrows for 1993 and 1994, respectively. The effects of seasonal cultural conditions and tractor wheel compaction on infiltration were more dominant than effects due to irrigation frequency, torpedoing, or basin flow rate. Soil roughness, as measured by the Manning n, was as much as Jive times lower in torpedoed than non-torpedoed treatments during irrigations early in the season. For a moderate basin flow rate, treatments that were torpedoed exhibited faster furrow water advance and less variation in advance time among furrows than treatments that were not torpedoed. However a higher basin flow rate mitigated the effects of torpedoing on furrow advance. Thus, the most important benefit of torpedoing was that rapid and uniform water advance across the basin could be achieved with a moderate basin flow rate. C1 ARS, USDA, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Tucson, AZ USA. RP Hunsaker, DJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Water Conservat Lab, 4331 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 31 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1753 EP 1762 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 279CV UT WOS:000085026500028 ER PT J AU Puma, MC Maghirang, RG Hosni, MH Hagen, LJ AF Puma, MC Maghirang, RG Hosni, MH Hagen, LJ TI Modeling dust concentration distribution in a swine house under isothermal conditions SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE indoor air quality; livestock buildings; dust concentration distribution ID INLET VENTILATED AIRSPACES; PARTICLE-TRANSPORT AB A macroscopic model (Nazaroff and Cass, 1989) was used to predict dust concentration distribution in a mechanically ventilated swine nursery room under isothermal flow conditions. Four particle diameter size ranges, 0.5 to 0.9, 0.9 to 1.6, 1.6 to 2.8, and 2.8 to 5.0 mu m, were considered. Effects of dust generation rate, source location, and presence/absence of obstructions (mock pigs) on dust concentration distribution were evaluated. Predicted results were compared with experimental data from full-scale laboratory tests. Based on the ASTM (1995) criteria, predicted values for the 0.5 to 0.9, 0.9 to 1.6, and 1.6 to 2.8 mu m particle size ranges and total dust (0.5 to 5.0 mu m) agreed well with measured values; however measured values for the 2.8 to 5.0 mu m size range were higher than predicted values. Source location significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the dust concentration distribution, whereas dust generation rate and presence/absence of the mock pigs did not significantly (p < 0.05) influence the dust distribution. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Inst Environm Res, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. USDA, Wind Eros Res Unit, Manhattan, KS USA. RP Maghirang, RG (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, 147 Seaton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 9 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1811 EP 1821 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 279CV UT WOS:000085026500035 ER PT J AU Puma, MC Maghirang, RG Hosni, MH Hagen, L AF Puma, MC Maghirang, RG Hosni, MH Hagen, L TI Modeling of dust concentration distribution in a simulated swine room under non-isothermal conditions SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE indoor air quality; livestock buildings; dust concentration distribution ID PARTICLE-TRANSPORT AB Experimental and numerical modeling were conducted to determine the dust concentration distribution in a simulated, mechanically ventilated, swine nursery room under non-isothermal conditions. Effects of dust generation rate, temperature difference between supply air and inside ail; dust source location, and presence/absence of obstructions (mock pigs) on dust concentration were also evaluated. Results from numerical modeling agreed well with measured values from full-scale tests, based on the ASTM (1995) guidelines. Analysis of the measured values indicated that the dust source location significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the dust concentration distribution; dust concentration was higher at or near the source. However, the effects of temperature difference between supply air and inside air (7.0 vs. 16.0 degrees C), dust generation rate (low vs high), and presence/absence of the mock pigs On dust concentration distribution were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Inst Environm Res, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. USDA, Wind Eros Res Unit, Manhattan, KS USA. RP Maghirang, RG (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, 147 Seaton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1823 EP 1832 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 279CV UT WOS:000085026500036 ER PT J AU Vanotti, MB Hunt, PG AF Vanotti, MB Hunt, PG TI Solids and nutrient removal from flushed swine manure using polyacrylamides SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE animal waste treatment; polymers; swine wastewater; solid-liquid separation; nutrient removal; odor control ID CHEMICAL COAGULATION AB Most of the organic nutrients and reduced carbon (C) materials in liquid swine manure are contained in fine suspended particles that are not separated by available mechanical separators. Treatment with polyacrylamide (PAM) polymers prior to mechanical removal or gravity settling has the potential for enhancing solids-liquid separation thus concentrating nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and organic C. lit this work, we determined PAM charge and density characteristics most desirable for swine wastewater applications and established the optimum chemical requirement Treatments were applied to flushed manure from two swine operations in North Carolina. Cationic PAMs significantly increased solids separation while performance of neutral and anionic types was not different from a control. Cationic PAMs with moderate-charge density (20%) were more effective than polymers with higher charge density. Flocs were large and effectively retained with a 1-mm screen. Optimum PAM rate varied with the amount of total suspended solids (TSS) in the liquid manure; 26 and 79 mg PAM/L for samples containing 1.5 and 4.1 g TSS/L, respectively. Corresponding TSS removal efficiencies were 90 to 94%. In contrast, screening without PAM treatment captured only 5 to 14% of the suspended solids. Polymer usage rate was consistent and averaged 2.0% based on weight of dry solids produced. Volatile suspended solids (VSS) were highly correlated with TSS and comprised 79.5% of TSS. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and organic nutrient concentrations in the effluent were also significantly decreased by PAM treatment. The decrease of COD concentration, an important consideration for odor control, was linearly related with removal of suspended solids, at a rate of 2.0 g COD/g TSS and 2.6 g COD/g VSS. Removal efficiency of organic N and P followed approximately a I:I relationship with removal efficiency of TSS Chemical cost to capture 90% of the suspended solids was estimated to be $0.026 per hog per day ($2.79 per finished hog). Results obtained indicate that PAM treatment is very effective for removal of manure solids, COD, and organic nutrients from flushed swine effluents. The technology provides an attractive alternative to existing liquid manure handling methods for conserving nutrients and avoiding excessive nutrient application in areas where swine production is concentrated. C1 ARS, USDA, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, Florence, SC 29501 USA. RP Vanotti, MB (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, 2611 W Lucas St, Florence, SC 29501 USA. NR 26 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 6 U2 14 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1833 EP 1840 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 279CV UT WOS:000085026500037 ER PT J AU Mitchell, KA Bolstad, PV Vose, JM AF Mitchell, KA Bolstad, PV Vose, JM TI Interspecific and environmentally induced variation in foliar dark respiration among eighteen southeastern deciduous tree species SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide flux; forest carbon cycling; leaf gas exchange; leaf respiration; maintenance respiration ID PHOTOSYNTHESIS-NITROGEN RELATIONS; BOREAL FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; LEAF LIFE-SPAN; MAINTENANCE RESPIRATION; CARBON GAIN; PLANT; GROWTH; CANOPY; TEMPERATURE; ACCLIMATION AB We measured variations in leaf dark respiration rate (Rd) and leaf nitrogen (N) across species, canopy light environment, and elevation for 18 co-occurring deciduous hardwood species in the southern Appalachian mountains of western North Carolina. Our overall objective was to estimate leaf respiration rates under typical conditions and to determine how they varied within and among species. Mean dark respi ration rate at 20 degrees C (R-d,R-mass, mu mol CO2 (kg leaf dry mass)(-1) s(-1)) for all 18 species was 7.31 mu mol kg(-1) s(-1). Mean R-d,R-mass of individual species varied from 5.17 mu mol kg(-1) s(-1) for Quercus coccinea Muenchh, to 8.25 mu mol kg(-1) s(-1) for Liriodendron tulipifera L. Dark respiration rate varied by leaf canopy position and was higher in leaves collected from high-light environments. When expressed on an area basis, dark respiration rate (R-d,R-area, mu mol CO2 (kg leaf dry area)(-1) s(-1)) showed a strong linear relationship with the predictor variables leaf nitrogen (N-area, g N (m leaf area)(-2)) and leaf structure (LMA, g leaf dry mass (m leaf area)(-2)) (r(2) = 0.62). This covariance was largely a result of changes in leaf structure with canopy position; smaller thicker leaves occur at upper canopy positions in high-light environments. Mass-based expression of leaf nitrogen and dark respiration rate showed that nitrogen concentration (N-mass, mg N (g leaf dry mass)(-1)) was only moderately predictive of variation in R-d,R-mass for all leaves pooled (r(2) = 0.11), within species, or among species. We found distinct elevational trends, with both R-d,R-mass and N-mass higher in trees originating from high-elevation, cooler growth environments. Consideration of interspecies differences, vertical gradients in canopy light environment, and elevation, may improve our ability to scale leaf respiration to the canopy in forest process models. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. US Forest Serv, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, So Res Stn, Otto, NC 28763 USA. RP Mitchell, KA (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, 1530 Cleveland Ave N, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 48 TC 66 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 6 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 19 IS 13 BP 861 EP 870 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 244HA UT WOS:000083044700003 ER PT J AU Bolstad, PV Mitchell, K Vose, JM AF Bolstad, PV Mitchell, K Vose, JM TI Foliar temperature-respiration response functions for broad-leaved tree species in the southern Appalachians SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE broad-leaved trees; canopy position; leaf respiration; Q(10) ID LEAF DARK RESPIRATION; MAINTENANCE RESPIRATION; ABOVEGROUND PARTS; NITROGEN; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; GROWTH; EVERGREEN; PATTERNS; EXCHANGE; FOREST AB We measured leaf respiration in 18 eastern deciduous forest tree species to determine if there were differences in temperature-respiration response functions among species or among canopy positions. Leaf respiration rates were measured in situ and on detached branches for Acer pensylvanicum L., A. rubrum L., Betula spp. (B. alleghaniensis Britt. and B. lenta L.), Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet, Cornus florida L., Fraxinus spp. (primarily F. americana L.), Liriodendron tuliptfera L., Magnolia fraseri Walt., Nyssa sylvatica Marsh., Oxydendrum arboreum L., Platanus occidentalis L., Quercus alba L., Q. coccinea Muenchh., Q. prinus L., Q. rubra L., Rhododendron maximum L., Robinia psuedoacacia L., and Tilia americana L. in the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA. Dark respiration was measured on fully expanded leaves at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 degrees C with an infrared gas analyzer equipped with a temperature-controlled cuvette. Temperature-respiration response functions were fit for each leaf. There were significant differences in response functions among species and by canopy position within species. These differences were observed when respiration was expressed on a mass, nitrogen, or area basis. Cumulative nighttime leaf respiration was calculated and averaged over ten randomly selected nights for each leaf. Differences in mean cumulative nighttime respiration were statistically significant among canopy positions and species. We conclude that effects of canopy position and species on temperature-respiration response functions may need to be considered when making estimates of whole-tree or canopy respiration. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. US Forest Serv, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, Otto, NC 28763 USA. RP Bolstad, PV (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 33 TC 68 Z9 69 U1 3 U2 15 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 19 IS 13 BP 871 EP 878 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 244HA UT WOS:000083044700004 ER PT J AU Morrill, R Cromartie, J Hart, G AF Morrill, R Cromartie, J Hart, G TI Metropolitan, urban, and rural commuting areas: Toward a better depiction of the United States settlement system SO URBAN GEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE metropolitan; urban-rural; commuting AB Discontent with the current definition of metropolitan areas and the lack of differentiation within nonmetropolitan territory provided the incentive for the research presented here. Census tracts rather than counties were used as the building blocks for assignment of tracts, not just to metropolitan areas, but also to larger towns (10,000 to 49,999) and to smaller urban places (2,500 to 9,999). The analysis used 1990 census-defined urbanized areas and tract-to-tract commuter flows. Results include a modest shift of population from metropolitan to nonmetropolitan, as well as a significant reduction in the areal size of metropolitan areas, disaggregation of many areas, and frequent reconfiguration to a more realistic settlement form. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Geog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Econ Res Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20038 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Family Med, Rural Hlth Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Morrill, R (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Geog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 9 TC 161 Z9 162 U1 4 U2 28 PU V H WINSTON & SON INC PI PALM BEACH PA 360 SOUTH OCEAN BLVD, PH-B, PALM BEACH, FL 33480 USA SN 0272-3638 J9 URBAN GEOGR JI Urban Geogr. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 20 IS 8 BP 727 EP 748 PG 22 WC Geography; Urban Studies SC Geography; Urban Studies GA 299XH UT WOS:000086223400003 ER PT J AU Goff, JP AF Goff, JP TI Treatment of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium balance disorders SO VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE LA English DT Article ID CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID; PARTURIENT PARESIS; DAIRY-COWS; HYPOCALCEMIA; MECHANISMS; PROPIONATE; RUMINANTS; CHLORIDE; PLASMA; CALVES AB In food animal practice, the majority of the calcium (Ca) phosphorus (Phos), and magnesium (Mg) balance disorders are due to low blood concentrations of one or more of these minerals. The purpose of this article is to review methods that can be used to restore normal blood concentrations of these minerals. The theories on the pathophysiology and prevention of the diseases that result in these mineral imbalances are discussed in recent reviews.(9, 10, 21, 25, 28) Although law plasma Ca is often accompanied by changes in plasma Phos and Mg, the following sections will consider each mineral separately. The pros and cans of combined therapies will be discussed in the final section. In all cases the doses of the treatments described are those appropriate for the 600-kg cow. Doses for smaller animals and sheep or goats should be adjusted according to body weight. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Metab Dis & Immunol Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Goff, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Metab Dis & Immunol Unit, 2300 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 32 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 3 U2 19 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0749-0720 J9 VET CLIN N AM-FOOD A JI Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Food Anim. Pract. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 15 IS 3 BP 619 EP + PG 23 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 257XE UT WOS:000083807200011 PM 10573815 ER PT J AU Hamir, AN Snyder, DE Lichtenfels, JR AF Hamir, AN Snyder, DE Lichtenfels, JR TI Cerebral larva migrans in a raccoon (Procyon lotor) SO VETERINARY PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ascarid nematode; cerebrum; larva migrans; Procyon lotor; raccoons AB During 1997, gross and histopathologic examinations were performed on an adult female raccoon (Procyon lotor) that was live-trapped in Corvallis, Oregon. Multifocal eosinophilic granulomas indicative of neural and visceral larva migrans were observed. However, within these granulomas, the presence of parasitic larva was seen only in the cerebrum. Morphologic characteristics indicated that the nematode was an ascarid larva. However, it was smaller than the larva of Baylisascaris sp. This appears to be the first documented case of cerebral larva migrans in a raccoon. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Hamir, AN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, 2300 Dayton Ave,POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL VET PATHOLOGIST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0300-9858 J9 VET PATHOL JI Vet. Pathol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 36 IS 6 BP 618 EP 620 DI 10.1354/vp.36-6-618 PG 3 WC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences SC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences GA 283NH UT WOS:000085281300015 PM 10568447 ER PT J AU Ehlers, B Goltz, M Ejercito, MP Dasika, GK Letchworth, GJ AF Ehlers, B Goltz, M Ejercito, MP Dasika, GK Letchworth, GJ TI Bovine herpesvirus type 2 is closely related to the primate alphaherpesviruses SO VIRUS GENES LA English DT Article DE bovine; herpesvirus; mammillitis; DNA polymerase; glycoprotein G; sequence ID EVOLUTIONARY TIMESCALE; MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY; DNA; GENE; SEQUENCES; HSV-1; PCR AB Bovine herpesvirus type 2 (BoHV-2), also known as bovine mammillitis virus, is classified in the Family Herpesviridae, Subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, and Genus Simplexvirus along with herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and other primate simplexviruses on the basis of similarities in 4 genes within the 15 kb U-L 23-29 cluster. This could be explained either by a global similarity or a recombination event that brought primate herpesviral sequences into a bovine virus. Our sequences for DNA polymerase (U(L)30), a large gene adjacent to the previously identified conserved cluster, and glycoprotein G (U(S)4), a gene as distant from the cluster as possible on the circularized genome, confirm the close relationship between BoHV-2 and the primate simplexviruses, and argue for a global similarity and probably a close evolutionary relationship. Thus one can speculate that BoHV-2 may represent a greater hazard to humans than has been appreciated previously. C1 Robert Koch Inst, D-13353 Berlin, Germany. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Anim Hlth & Biomed Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Letchworth, GJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Arthropod Borne Anim Dis Res Lab, POB 3965,Univ Stn, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 33 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-8569 J9 VIRUS GENES JI Virus Genes PD NOV PY 1999 VL 19 IS 3 BP 197 EP 203 DI 10.1023/A:1008184630066 PG 7 WC Genetics & Heredity; Virology SC Genetics & Heredity; Virology GA 244NT UT WOS:000083058200004 PM 10595411 ER PT J AU Bytnerowicz, A Godzik, S Poth, M Anderson, I Szdzuj, J Tobias, C Macko, S Kubiesa, P Staszewski, T Fenn, M AF Bytnerowicz, A Godzik, S Poth, M Anderson, I Szdzuj, J Tobias, C Macko, S Kubiesa, P Staszewski, T Fenn, M TI Chemical composition of air, soil and vegetation in forests of the Silesian Beskid Moutains, Poland SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th IUFRO Workshop on Air Pollution Stress, Forest Responses to the Pollution Climate of the 21st Century CY SEP 21-23, 1998 CL EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND SP IUFRO DE Norway spruce; ozone; nitrogenous air pollutants; nutrients; forest health ID OZONE CONCENTRATIONS; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; RURAL SITE; NITROGEN; POLLUTANTS; MOUNTAINS; POLLUTION; NEEDLES; REGION AB For the first time concentrations of trace nitrogenous (N) air pollutants, gaseous nitric acid (HNO3), nitrous acid (HNO2), ammonia (NH3), and fine particulate nitrate (NO3) and ammonium (NH4), were measured in the montane forests of southern Poland. Determinations were performed in two forest locations of the Silesian Beskid Mountains in the western range of the Carpathian Mountains, and in an industrial/urban location in Karowice, Poland. The measurements performed in summer 1997 with honeycomb denuder/filter pack systems showed elevated concentrations of the studied pollutants. These findings agree with the low carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios and the results of N-15 analyses of soil and moss samples. High concentrations of N air pollutants help to explain previously determined high levels of NO3 and NH4 deposition to Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) canopies in these mountains. Ambient concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ozone (O-3) were elevated and potentially phytotoxic. Deficiencies of phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) in Norway spruce foliage were found while concentrations of other nutrients were normal. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Riverside, CA 92502 USA. Inst Ecol Ind Areas, Katowice, Poland. Coll William & Mary, Dept Biol Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA. RP Bytnerowicz, A (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Riverside, CA 92502 USA. RI Bytnerowicz, Andrzej/A-8017-2013 NR 29 TC 21 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 116 IS 1-2 BP 141 EP 150 DI 10.1023/A:1005263028673 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 246UL UT WOS:000083182900013 ER PT J AU Tausz, M Bytnerowicz, A Weidner, W Arbaugh, MJ Padgett, P Grill, D AF Tausz, M Bytnerowicz, A Weidner, W Arbaugh, MJ Padgett, P Grill, D TI Changes in free-radical scavengers describe the susceptibility of Pinus ponderosa to ozone in southern Californian forests SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th IUFRO Workshop on Air Pollution Stress, Forest Responses to the Pollution Climate of the 21st Century CY SEP 21-23, 1998 CL EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND SP IUFRO DE Pinus ponderosa; ozone; ascorbate; tocopherol; glutathione; antioxidants; oxidative stress ID GLUTATHIONE; STRESS; REDUCTASE; PLANTS AB Damage of Pinus ponderosa Dougl. Ex P. and C. Laws, in the San Bernardino Mountains in Southern California is a well-known example for ozone-phytotoxic effects in forests. In October 1997, needles were collected at the severely impacted Dogwood plot, where pines showing severe crown thinning ('symptomatic') and asymptomatic ones grow together. Visible chlorosis was not or only mildly developed on the sampled current year's (c) and previous year's (c+1) needles at the time of collection. In sun exposed needles of symptomatic trees, but not in needles which were dark adapted overnight, significantly lower glutathione contents were found compared to asymptomatic trees. In asymptomatic trees sun-exposed and dark adapted needles contained 85 to 90% of the glutathione pool in the reduced state, whereas in sun exposed needles of symptomatic trees a significantly higher proportion of oxidised glutathione was observed (> 20%). The redox state of the ascorbate pool remained unaffected, but needles of asymptomatic trees showed a significant decrease of total ascorbate upon darkening. Tocopherol contents were not significantly different between symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. The results indicate oxidative alterations in needles of symptomatic trees. Since these changes are detectable before severe visual symptoms appear on the needles, they represent initial physiological damage and might be useful for an early risk assessment of ozone phytotoxic potential on pine trees in the field. C1 Graz Univ, Inst Pflanzenphysiol, A-8010 Graz, Austria. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Tausz, M (reprint author), Graz Univ, Inst Pflanzenphysiol, Schubertstr 51, A-8010 Graz, Austria. RI Bytnerowicz, Andrzej/A-8017-2013; Tausz, Michael /C-1990-2013 OI Tausz, Michael /0000-0001-8205-8561 NR 18 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 116 IS 1-2 BP 249 EP 254 DI 10.1023/A:1005200220921 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 246UL UT WOS:000083182900018 ER PT J AU Karnosky, DF Mankovska, B Percy, K Dickson, RE Podila, GK Sober, J Noormets, A Hendrey, G Coleman, MD Kubiske, M Pregitzer, KS Isebrands, JG AF Karnosky, DF Mankovska, B Percy, K Dickson, RE Podila, GK Sober, J Noormets, A Hendrey, G Coleman, MD Kubiske, M Pregitzer, KS Isebrands, JG TI Effects of tropospheric O-3 on trembling aspen and interaction with CO2: Results from an O-3-gradient and a face experiment SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th IUFRO Workshop on Air Pollution Stress, Forest Responses to the Pollution Climate of the 21st Century CY SEP 21-23, 1998 CL EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND SP IUFRO DE ozone; carbon dioxide; FACE; aspen; greenhouse gases; climate change; gradients ID POPULUS-TREMULOIDES; NATURAL-SELECTION; OZONE TOLERANCE; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; CARBON-DIOXIDE; GROWTH; CLONES; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; SENSITIVITY; PHYSIOLOGY AB Over the years, a series of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) clones differing in O-3 sensitivity have been identified from OTC studies. Three clones (216 and 271[(O-3 tolerant] and 259 [O-3 sensitive]) have been characterized for O-3 sensitivity by growth and biomass responses, foliar symptoms, gas exchange, chlorophyll content, epicuticular wax characteristics, and antioxidant production. In this study we compared the responses of these same clones exposed to O-3 under field conditions along a natural O-3 gradient and in a Free-Air CO2 and O-3 Enrichment (FACE) facility. In addition, we examined how elevated CO2 affected O-3 symptom development. Visible O-3 symptoms were consistently seen (5 out of 6 years) at two of the three sites along the O-3 gradient and where daily one-hour maximum concentrations were in the range of 96 to 125 ppb. Clonal differences in O-3 sensitivity were consistent with our OTC rankings. Elevated CO2 (200 ppm over ambient and applied during daylight hours during the growing season) reduced visible foliar symptoms for all three clones from 31 to 96% as determined by symptom development in elevated O-3 versus elevated O-3 + CO2 treatments. Degradation of the epicuticular wax surface of all three clones was found at the two elevated O-3 gradient sites. This degradation was quantified by a coefficient of occlusion which was a measure of stomatal occlusion by epicuticular waxes. Statistically significant increases in stomatal occlusion compared to controls were found for all three clones and for all treatments including elevated CO2, elevated O-3, and elevated CO2 + O-3. Our results provide additional evidence that current ambient O-3 levels in the Great Lakes region are causing adverse effects on trembling aspen. Whether or not elevated CO2 in the future will alleviate some of these adverse effects, as occurred with visible symptoms but not with epicuticular wax degradation, is unknown. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Forest Res Inst, Zvolen 96092, Slovakia. Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Forestry Serv, Fredericton, NB E3B 5P7, Canada. US Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Biosyst & Proc Sci Div, Upton, NY 11973 USA. US Forest Serv, Savannah River Inst, New Ellenton, SC 29809 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Forestry, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Karnosky, DF (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, 101 UJ Noblet Forestry Bldg,1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. RI Noormets, Asko/A-7257-2009; Coleman, Mark/A-6741-2013 OI Noormets, Asko/0000-0003-2221-2111; NR 41 TC 90 Z9 99 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 116 IS 1-2 BP 311 EP 322 DI 10.1023/A:1005276824459 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 246UL UT WOS:000083182900025 ER PT J AU Houpis, JLJ Anderson, PD Pushnik, JC Anschel, DJ AF Houpis, JLJ Anderson, PD Pushnik, JC Anschel, DJ TI Among-provenance variability of gas exchange and growth in response to long-term elevated CO2 exposure SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th IUFRO Workshop on Air Pollution Stress, Forest Responses to the Pollution Climate of the 21st Century CY SEP 21-23, 1998 CL EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND SP IUFRO DE genetic variability; elevated CO2; climate change; pine; conifer; photosynthesis; growth ID ATMOSPHERIC CO2; PONDEROSA PINE; BIOMASS ALLOCATION; PLANT-RESPONSES; CARBON-DIOXIDE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; ENRICHMENT; FAMILIES; LEAVES AB Genetic variability can have profound effects on the interpretation of results from elevated CO2 studies, and future forest management decisions. Information on which varieties are best suited to future atmospheric conditions is needed to develop future forest management practices. A large-scale screening study of the effects of elevated CO2 on 15 half-sibling sources of genetically superior ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl ex P. Laws.) is presented. These sources represent multiple elevations and latitudes throughout California. Among-provenance variability in the effects of elevated CO2 on gas exchange and growth, and their correlation with geographic origin were investigated in ponderosa pine seedlings subjected to ambient or elevated CO2 concentrations (525 mu mol mol(-1) CO2, and 700 mu mol mol(-1) CO2) for more than two years in open-top chambers. Substantial among-provenance variability in growth response to elevated CO2 was evident, with 8 sources demonstrating no significant growth response to elevated CO2 while 7 sources responded positively. For all sources, elevated CO2 increased photosynthesis (ranging from 19% increase at 525 mu mol mol(-1) CO2 to 49% increase at 700 mu mol mol(-1) CO2). A modest correlation existed between geographic origin and above ground growth response to elevated CO2. C1 So Illinois Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Edwardsville, IL 62026 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Calif State Univ Los Angeles, Dept Biol Sci, Chico, CA 95929 USA. RP Houpis, JLJ (reprint author), So Illinois Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Box 1099, Edwardsville, IL 62026 USA. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 116 IS 1-2 BP 403 EP 412 DI 10.1023/A:1005203024884 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 246UL UT WOS:000083182900038 ER PT J AU Pushnik, JC Garcia-Ibilcieta, D Bauer, S Anderson, PD Bell, J Houpis, JLJ AF Pushnik, JC Garcia-Ibilcieta, D Bauer, S Anderson, PD Bell, J Houpis, JLJ TI Biochemical responses and altered genetic expression patterns in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Doug ex P. Laws) grown under elevated CO2 SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th IUFRO Workshop on Air Pollution Stress, Forest Responses to the Pollution Climate of the 21st Century CY SEP 21-23, 1998 CL EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND SP IUFRO DE ponderosa pine; elevated CO2; growth; gene expression ID SUCROSE-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE; CARBON-DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT; PROTEIN-PHOSPHORYLATION; SEEDLINGS; METABOLISM; LEAVES; ALLOCATION; ANATOMY; ENZYMES; TREES AB Biochemical and gene expression changes in response to elevated atmospheric CO2 were investigated in five maternal half-sibling breeding families of Ponderosa pine. Seedlings were grown in a common garden located at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, in open-topped chambers (OTC) for two years. Chamber atmospheres were maintained at ambient, ambient + 175 mu L L-1, CO2, or ambient + 350 mu L L-1CO2. Growth measurements showed significant increases in stem volumes and volume enhancement ratios in three of the five families studied when grown under elevated CO2. Biochemical and gene expression studies were undertaken to gain a mechanistic understanding of these phenotypic responses. Biochemical studies focused on sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) specific activities at increase CO2 levels. Kinetic evaluations of SPS showed an increase in V-Max. Specific SPS probes revealed increases in the transcriptional levels of one SPS gene with exposure to increasing CO2. RT-PCR differential gene displays showed that overall only a small fraction of visualized gene transcripts responded to elevated CO2 (8-10%). There were also significant differences between the gene expression patterns of the different families, some of which correlated with alterations in growth at elevated CO2 levels. C1 Calif State Univ Los Angeles, Dept Biol Sci, Chico, CA 95929 USA. US Forest Serv, Forest Sci Lab, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. So Illinois Univ, Edwardsville, IL 62026 USA. RP Pushnik, JC (reprint author), Calif State Univ Los Angeles, Dept Biol Sci, Chico, CA 95929 USA. NR 36 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 116 IS 1-2 BP 413 EP 422 DI 10.1023/A:1005207112589 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 246UL UT WOS:000083182900039 ER PT J AU Light, GG Dotray, PA Mahan, JR AF Light, GG Dotray, PA Mahan, JR TI Thermal dependence of pyrithiobac efficacy in Amaranthus palmeri SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pyrithiobac; Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. AMAPA, Palmer amaranth; acetolactate synthase; relative inhibitor potency; thermal dependence; AMAPA ID ACETOLACTATE SYNTHASE; PYRIMIDINYLSALICYLIC ACIDS; ACTION MECHANISM; TRANSLOCATION; TEMPERATURE; HERBICIDES; INHIBITION; HUMIDITY; COTTON; ENVIRONMENT AB Variability in weed control following pyrithiobac applications has been observed under field conditions. The influence of temperature on this variability was investigated. Results from field studies performed over two growing seasons identified plant and air temperatures at the time of herbicide treatment that correlated with whole-plant efficacy differences. Based an the field data, weed control with pyrithiobac was acceptable at application temperatures of 20 to 34 C. To investigate a potential source of thermal limitations on pyrithiobac efficacy, the thermal dependence of in vitro inhibition of acetolactate synthase (ALS), the site of action for pyrithiobac, was examined. A crude leaf extract of ALS was obtained from Amaranthus palmeri. Relative inhibitor potency (I(50)) values were: obtained at saturating substrate conditions for temperatures from 10 to 50 C. Regression analysis of field activity against I(50) values showed the two data sets to be highly correlated (R(2) = 0.88). The thermal dependence of enzyme/herbicide interactions may provide another means, of understanding environmental factors limiting herbicidal efficacy and predicting herbicide inhibition at the whole-plant level. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Stress & Water Conservat Lab, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. RP Light, GG (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. EM gingerlight@rocketmail.com NR 36 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 4 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 47 IS 6 BP 644 EP 650 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 281BV UT WOS:000085139000004 ER PT J AU Wiles, LJ Schweizer, EE AF Wiles, LJ Schweizer, EE TI The cost of counting and identifying weed seeds and seedlings SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Zea mays L., corn; bioeconomic model; sampling; seed bank; seedlings; weed management decision model; weed scouting ID SOYBEAN GLYCINE-MAX; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; SOIL AB Bioeconomic weed management models help growers achieve appropriate weed management with less herbicide by matching management to the weed population in a held. Growers, however, will not use bioeconomic models unless cost-effective methods to sample their weed populations are identified. Counting and identifying seeds and seedlings is the most time-consuming and costly part of sampling weed populations. The time required for this process was investigated and modeled as a first step in developing sampling plans for growers using WEEDCAM, a bioeconomic model for weed management in Zed mays L. in Colorado. The time required to count and identify seeds or seedlings was recorded for 9,405 soil cores (5 cm in diameter and 10 cm deep) and 9,726 quadrats (18-cm band over 1.52 m of crop row) collected or examined in eight corn fields in eastern Colorado. The time required to count and identify seeds was best described using a log-linear regression with time increasing with the number of seeds and species and the amount of sand in the core. The average cost of determining there are no seeds in a core is $1.07 for a core from a field with 37% sand and $4.32 if the field has 88% sand. The average cost of counting and identifying 36 seeds of four species is $2.70 and $10.88 for cores with 37 and 88% sand, respectively. The time required to count and identify seedlings was best described using a log-linear regression with time increasing with the number of seedlings and species. Classifying seedlings as grass or broadleaf did not improve the model. The average cost of determining that a quadrat is weed-free is $0.02. The average cost of counting and identifying 37 seedlings is $0.05, $0.07, $0.19, and $0.26 per quadrat for 1, 2, 4, and 6 species, respectively. The cost of identifying seeds and seedlings in eastern Colorado Z. mays fields to use WEEDCAM is estimated as $2.71 per core for the seed bank and $0.08 per quadrat for seedlings. C1 Colorado State Univ, USDA ARS, Water Management Res Unit, AERC, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Wiles, LJ (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, USDA ARS, Water Management Res Unit, AERC, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 19 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 47 IS 6 BP 667 EP 673 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 281BV UT WOS:000085139000008 ER PT J AU Clay, SA Lems, GJ Clay, DE Forcella, F Ellsbury, MM Carlson, CG AF Clay, SA Lems, GJ Clay, DE Forcella, F Ellsbury, MM Carlson, CG TI Sampling weed spatial variability on a fieldwide scale SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. AMBEL, common ragweed; Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. CIRAR, Canada thistle; Polygonum pensylvanicum L. POLPY, Pennsylvania smartweed; Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. SETLU, yellow foxtail; S. viridis (L.) Beauv. SETVI, green foxail; Glycine max (L.) Merr., soybean; Zea mays L., corn; mapping; precision farming; site-specific weed management; AMBEL; CIRAR; POLPY; SETLU; SETVI ID SOYBEAN GLYCINE-MAX; STABILITY; POPULATIONS; PARAMETERS; CEREAL; MAPS; CORN AB Site-specific weed management recommendations require knowledge of weed species, density, and location in the field. This study compared several sampling techniques to estimate weed density and distribution in two GS-ha no-till Zed mays-Glycine max rotation fields in eastern South Dakota. The most common weeds (Setaria viridis, Setaria glauca, Cirsium arvense, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, and Polygonum pensylvanicum) were counted by species in 0.1-m(2) areas on a 15- by 30-m (1,352 points in each field) or 30- by 30-m (676 points in each field) grid pattern, and points were georeferenced and data spatially analyzed. Using different sampling approaches, weed populations were estimated by resampling the original data set. The average density for each technique was calculated and compared with the average held density calculated from the all-point data. All weeds had skewed population distributions with more than 60% of sampling points lacking the specific weed, but very high densities (i.e., > 100 plants m(-2)) were also observed. More than 300 random samples were required to estimate densities within 20% of the all-point means about 60% of the time. Sampling requirement increased as average density decreased. The W pattern produced average species densities that often were similar to the field averages, but information on patch location was absent. Weed counts taken on the 15- by 30-m grid were dependent spatially and weed contour maps were developed. Kriged maps presented both density and location of weed patches and could be used to establish management zones. However, grid-sampling production fields on a small enough scale to obtain spatially dependent data may have limited usefulness because of time, cost, and labor constraints. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. USDA ARS, No Grain Insect Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. RP Clay, SA (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. NR 18 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 47 IS 6 BP 674 EP 681 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 281BV UT WOS:000085139000009 ER PT J AU Sabba, RP Vaughn, KC AF Sabba, RP Vaughn, KC TI Herbicides that inhibit cellulose biosynthesis SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE dichlobenil, 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile; isoxaben, N-[3-(ethyl-1-methyl propyl)]-5-isoxazolyl-2,6-dimechoxybenzamide; flupoxam, 1-[4-chloro-3-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-; popoxyl) methyl phenyl]-5-phenyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboximide; quinclorac, 3,7-dichloro-8-quinoline carboxylic acid; Lycopersicon esculentum L., tomato; Nicotiana tabacum L., tobacco; cell plate; cell wall; callose; pectin; extensin ID CELL PLATE FORMATION; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; HIGHER-PLANTS; CONFERS RESISTANCE; ISOXABEN TOLERANCE; TOMATO CELLS; 2,6-DICHLOROBENZONITRILE; CYTOKINESIS; WALLS; MECHANISM AB The cellulose-biosynthesis inhibitor (CBI) herbicides all selectively inhibit the synthesis of cellulose despite significant chemical differences. With the exception of quinclorac they are most effective in inhibiting cellulose synthesis in dicot plants. Dichlobenil and isoxaben are the oldest and best studied of these herbicides, whereas flupoxam is a more recent introduction and acts in many ways similarly to isoxaben. Quinclorac is unusual in that it seems to act as a cellulose inhibitor in grasses but as an auxinic herbicide in dicots. These herbicides inhibit cell plate formation at one of two relatively late stages without affecting microtubule function. The effects of dichlobenil are different from other CBI herbicides; dichlobenil inhibits cellulose synthesis but promotes callose synthesis in its place. Suspension cells of both Lycopersicon esculentum and Nicotiana tabacum can become habituated to normally inhibitory concentrations of dichlobenil or isoxaben by replacing the normal cellulose network in their walls with pectin and extensin. Natural resistance to CBI herbicides is rare and has only been found in red algae species. Arabidopsis lines produced by mutagenesis all share changes in active site rather than alterations in uptake, translocation, or metabolism of these herbicides. The lack of cross-resistance to different CBI herbicides of these mutants indicates that no fewer than three different sites in the cellulose biosynthesis pathway are affected by the different herbicides in this class. C1 USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Vaughn, KC (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, POB 350, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 50 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 16 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 47 IS 6 BP 757 EP 763 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 281BV UT WOS:000085139000021 ER PT J AU Johnson, EL Schmidt, WF AF Johnson, EL Schmidt, WF TI Flavonoids as chemotaxonomic markers for Erythroxylum ulei SO ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG C-A JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Erythroxylum ulei (E-ulei); baptigenin; genistein; orobol; isoflavone ID ALKALOID CONTENT; NOVOGRANATENSE; COCA; LEAVES; TAXA AB Leaf extracts of Erythroxylum ulei O. E. Schulz, produced six O-conjugated flavonoids. Three of the flavonoid aglycones were isoflavones, two were isoflavanones and the remainder a flavonol (quercetin). The major glycosides of these flavonols included mono- and dirhamnosides, mono-glucosides and galactosides with either 3', 3', or 7 linkage or a combination thereof. The two isoflavanones, in addition to being glycosylated, possessed a methyl group at position 2 of the C-ring. These flavonoids may be used as chemotaxonomic markers for the taxon. C1 USDA ARS, Weed Sci Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Johnson, EL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Weed Sci Lab, Bldg 001 Rm 329 BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU VERLAG Z NATURFORSCH PI TUBINGEN PA POSTFACH 2645, W-7400 TUBINGEN, GERMANY SN 0939-5075 J9 Z NATURFORSCH C JI Z.Naturforsch.(C) PD NOV PY 1999 VL 54 IS 11 BP 881 EP 888 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 262PV UT WOS:000084076400004 ER PT J AU Subramaniam, K Ye, Z Buechley, G Shaner, G Solomos, T Ueng, PP AF Subramaniam, K Ye, Z Buechley, G Shaner, G Solomos, T Ueng, PP TI Isolation of a Zeta class wheat glutathione S-transferase gene SO BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE STRUCTURE AND EXPRESSION LA English DT Article DE glutathione S-transferase; differential display PCR; Triticum aestivum ID 3'-UNTRANSLATED REGION; DICHLOROACETIC-ACID; PLANTS; PEROXIDASE; CARNATION; IDENTIFICATION; PURIFICATION; EXPRESSION; CLONING; ENCODES AB A new Zeta class glutathione S-transferases (GST) gene, pGST, has been cloned from wheat for the first time by the differential display PCR (DD-PCR) method. The genomic sequence of pGST, TA-GSTZ1, contains nine exons that encode a polypeptide of 213 amino acids and eight introns. The deduced amino acid sequence of TA-GSTZ1 as well as the exon:intron placement are more similar to the GSTs of the Zeta class than to the two wheat GSTs reported earlier. The pGST cDNA gene product expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by affinity chromatography showed typical Zeta class GST and glutathione peroxidase activities. Sequence polymorphism in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of TA-GSTZ1 gene in wheat has been discovered. In this study, an 89 bp sequence is present in the 3' UTR of TA-GSTZ1 gene in 16 wheat cultivars but absent in the other five. Although the biological importance of this polymorphism is unknown, it can be useful as a genetic marker in wheat breeding. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Nat Resource Sci & Landscape Architecture, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Ueng, PP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 34 TC 17 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4781 J9 BBA-GENE STRUCT EXPR JI Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Gene Struct. Expression PD OCT 28 PY 1999 VL 1447 IS 2-3 BP 348 EP 356 DI 10.1016/S0167-4781(99)00176-1 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 252ET UT WOS:000083489700029 PM 10542338 ER PT J AU Lichtenstein, AH Ausman, LM Schaefer, EJ AF Lichtenstein, AH Ausman, LM Schaefer, EJ TI Hydrogenated fats and serum cholesterol levels - Reply SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter ID ACIDS C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Lichtenstein, AH (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD OCT 28 PY 1999 VL 341 IS 18 BP 1396 EP 1397 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 249XE UT WOS:000083357800016 ER PT J AU Must, A Spadano, J Coakley, EH Field, AE Colditz, G Dietz, WH AF Must, A Spadano, J Coakley, EH Field, AE Colditz, G Dietz, WH TI The disease burden associated with overweight and obesity SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT North-American-Association-for-the-Study-of-Obesity Meeting CY NOV 10, 1997 CL CANCUN, MEXICO SP N Amer Assoc Study Obesity ID BODY-MASS INDEX; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; FAT DISTRIBUTION; WOMEN; MORTALITY; RISK; PREVALENCE; WEIGHT; POPULATION; PREDICTORS AB Context Overweight and obesity are increasing dramatically in the United States and most likely contribute substantially to the burden of chronic health conditions. Objective To describe the relationship between weight status and prevalence of health conditions by severity of overweight and obesity in the US population. Design and Setting Nationally representative cross-sectional survey using data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), which was conducted in 2 phases from 1988 to 1994. Participants A total of 16 884 adults, 25 years and older, classified as overweight and obese (body mass index [BMI] greater than or equal to 25 kg/m(2)) based on National Institutes of Health recommended guidelines. Main Outcome Measures Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, gallbladder disease, coronary heart disease, high blood cholesterol level, high blood pressure, or osteoarthritis, Results Sixty-three percent of men and 55% of women had a body mass index of 25 kg/m(2) or greater. A graded increase in the prevalence ratio (PR) was observed with increasing severity of overweight and obesity for all of the health outcomes except for coronary heart disease in men and high blood cholesterol level in both men and women. With normal-weight individuals as the reference, for individuals with BMIs of at least 40 kg/m(2) and who were younger than 55 years, PRs were highest for type 2 diabetes for men (PR, 18.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.7-46.8) and women (PR, 12.9; 95% CI, 5.7-28.1) and gallbladder disease for men (PR, 21.1; 95% CI, 4.1-84.2) and women (PR, 5.2; 95% CI, 2.9-8.9). Prevalence ratios generally were greater in younger than in older adults. The prevalence of having 2 or more health conditions increased with weight status category across all racial and ethnic subgroups. Conclusions Based on these results, more than half of all US adults are considered overweight or obese. The prevalence of obesity-related comorbidities emphasizes the need for concerted efforts to prevent and treat obesity rather than just its associated comorbidities. C1 Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Medford, MA 02155 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Brigham & Womens Hosp, Channing Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. New England Med Ctr, Dept Pediat Gastroenterol & Nutr, Boston, MA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ctr Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Must, A (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Colditz, Graham/A-3963-2009 OI Colditz, Graham/0000-0002-7307-0291 NR 39 TC 2459 Z9 2516 U1 23 U2 220 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 27 PY 1999 VL 282 IS 16 BP 1523 EP 1529 DI 10.1001/jama.282.16.1523 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 248MB UT WOS:000083277800019 PM 10546691 ER PT J AU Heymsfield, SB Greenberg, AS Fujioka, K Dixon, RM Kushner, R Hunt, T Lubina, JA Patane, J Self, B Hunt, P McCamish, M AF Heymsfield, SB Greenberg, AS Fujioka, K Dixon, RM Kushner, R Hunt, T Lubina, JA Patane, J Self, B Hunt, P McCamish, M TI Recombinant leptin for weight loss in obese and lean adults - A randomized, controlled, dose-escalation trial SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID LEPTIN; BODY-WEIGHT; MESSENGER-RNA; FOOD-INTAKE; OB PROTEIN; GENE; HUMANS; RESISTANCE; ADIPOSITY; TISSUE AB Context The protein hormone leptin is important to the homeostatic regulation of body weight. Treatment with exogenous leptin may affect weight loss, Objective To determine the relationship between increasing doses of exogenous leptin administration and weight loss in both lean and obese adults. Design A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, escalating dose cohort trial conducted from April 1997 to October 1998. Setting Four university nutrition and obesity clinics and 2 contract clinical research clinics. Participants Fifty-four lean (body mass index, 20.0-27.5 kg/m(2); mean [SD] body weight, 72.0 [9.7] kg) and 73 obese (body mass index, 27.6-36.0 kg/m(2); mean [SD] body weight, 89.8 [11.4] kg) predominantly white (80%) men (n = 67) and women (n = 60) with mean (SD) age of 39 (10.3) years. Interventions Recombinant methionyl human leptin self-administered by daily morning subcutaneous injection (0 [placebo], 0.01, 0,03, 0.10, or 0.30 mg/kg). In part A, lean and obese subjects were treated for 4 weeks; in part B, obese subjects were treated for an additional 20 weeks. Lean subjects consumed a eucaloric diet to maintain body weight at the current value, and obese subjects were prescribed a diet that reduced their daily energy intake by 2100 kJ/d (500-kcal/d) from the amount needed to maintain a stable weight. Main Outcome Measures Body weight, body fat, and incidence of adverse events. Results Weight loss from baseline increased with increasing dose of leptin among all subjects at 4 weeks (P = .02) and among obese subjects at 24 weeks (P = .01) of treatment. Mean (SD) weight changes at 4 weeks ranged from -0.4 (2.0) kg for placebo (n = 36) to -1.9 kg (1.6) kg for the 0.1 mg/kg dose (n = 29). Mean (SD) weight changes at 24 weeks ranged from -0.7 (5.4) kg for the 0.01 mg/kg dose (n = 6) to -7.1 (8.5) kg for the 0.30 mg/kg dose (n = 8). Fat mass declined from baseline as dose increased among all subjects at 4 weeks (P = .002) and among obese subjects at 24 weeks of treatment (P = .004); more than 95% of weight loss was fat loss in the 2 highest dose cohorts at 24 weeks, Baseline serum leptin concentrations were not related to weight loss at week 4 (P = .88) or at week 24 (P = .76). No clinically significant adverse effects were observed on major organ systems. Mild-to-moderate reactions at the injection site were the most commonly reported adverse effects. Conclusions A dose-response relationship with weight and fat loss was observed with subcutaneous recombinant leptin injections in both lean and obese subjects, Based on this study, administration of exogenous leptin appears to induce weight loss in some obese subjects with elevated endogenous serum leptin concentrations. Additional research into the potential role for leptin and related hormones in the treatment of human obesity is warranted. C1 St Lukes Roosevelt Hosp, Weight Control Unit, New York, NY 10025 USA. Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Scripps Clin, San Diego, CA USA. Covance Inc, Madison, WI USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA. Northwestern Univ, Chicago, IL USA. PPD Pharmaco Inc, Austin, TX USA. Amgen Inc, Dept Biostat, Thousand Oaks, CA USA. Amgen Inc, Dept Clin Affairs, Thousand Oaks, CA USA. Amgen Inc, Dept Int Clin Safety, Thousand Oaks, CA USA. Amgen Inc, Dept Prod Dev, Thousand Oaks, CA USA. Amgen Inc, Dept Clin Res, Thousand Oaks, CA USA. RP Heymsfield, SB (reprint author), St Lukes Roosevelt Hosp, Weight Control Unit, 1090 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY 10025 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [MO1-RR00054] NR 29 TC 788 Z9 810 U1 2 U2 29 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 27 PY 1999 VL 282 IS 16 BP 1568 EP 1575 DI 10.1001/jama.282.16.1568 PG 8 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 248MB UT WOS:000083277800025 PM 10546697 ER PT J AU Marita, JM Ralph, J Hatfield, RD Chapple, C AF Marita, JM Ralph, J Hatfield, RD Chapple, C TI NMR characterization of lignins in Arabidopsis altered in the activity of ferulate 5-hydroxylase SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE transgenic plants; mutant; syringyl lignin; heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC); guaiacyl lignin ID SOFTWOOD LIGNINS; C-13-NMR SPECTRA; BIOSYNTHESIS; SPECTROSCOPY; LIGNIFICATION; SENSITIVITY; PATHWAY; H-1-NMR; MUTANT AB Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of isolated lignins from an Arabidopsis mutant deficient in ferulate 5-hydroxylase (F5H) and transgenic plants derived from the mutant by overexpressing the F5H gene has provided detailed insight into the compositional and structural differences between these lignins. Wild-type Arabidopsis has a guaiacyl-rich, syringyl-guaiacyl lignin typical of other dicots, with prominent beta-aryl ether (beta-O-4), phenylcoumaran (beta-5), resinol (beta-beta), biphenyl/dibenzodioxocin (5-5), and cinnamyl alcohol end-group structures. The lignin isolated from the F5H-deficient fah1-2 mutant contained only traces of syringyl units and consequently enhanced phenylcoumaran and dibenzodioxocin levels. In fah1-2 transgenics in which the F5H gene was overexpressed under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, a guaiacyl-rich, syringyl/guaiacyl lignin similar to the wild type was produced. In contrast, the isolated lignin from the fah1-2 transgenics in which F5H expression was driven by the cinnamate 4-hydroxylase promoter was almost entirely syringyl in nature. This simple lignin contained predominantly beta-aryl ether units, mainly with erythro-stereochemistry, with same resinol structures. No phenylcoumaran or dibenzodioxocin structures (which require guaiacyl units) were detectable. The overexpression of syringyl units in this transgenic resulted in a lignin with a higher syringyl content than that in any other plant we have seen reported. C1 USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Biochem, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forestry, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Ralph, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 36 TC 90 Z9 96 U1 0 U2 28 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD OCT 26 PY 1999 VL 96 IS 22 BP 12328 EP 12332 DI 10.1073/pnas.96.22.12328 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 250DD UT WOS:000083373000026 PM 10535921 ER PT J AU Mayr, GA Chinsangaram, J Grubman, MJ AF Mayr, GA Chinsangaram, J Grubman, MJ TI Development of replication-defective adenovirus serotype 5 containing the capsid and 3C protease coding regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus as a vaccine candidate SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HETEROLOGOUS SYSTEMS; ANTIBODY-RESPONSE; EMPTY PARTICLES; COTTON RATS; EXPRESSION; TYPE-5; PROTEINS; IMMUNOGENICITY; IDENTIFICATION AB A recombinant replication-defective human adenovirus serotype 5 vector containing FMDV capsid, P1-2A, and viral 3C protease coding regions was constructed. Two viral clones were isolated, Ad5-P12X3CWT, containing the wild-type (WT) 3C protease that processes capsid polyprotein precursor into mature capsid proteins, and Ad5-P12X3CMUT, containing a point mutation in the protease coding region that inhibits processing. In 293 cells infected with either virus, synthesis of the FMDV capsid polyprotein precursor occurred, but processing of the polyprotein into structural proteins VP0, VP3, and VP1 occurred only in 3CWT virus-infected cells. Immunoprecipitation with monospecific and monoclonal antibodies indicates possible higher order structure formation in Ad5-P12X3CWT virus-infected cells. The viruses were used to elicit immune responses in mice inoculated intramuscularly (im). Only virus containing the 3CWT elicited a neutralizing antibody response. After boosting, this neutralizing antibody response increased. Swine inoculated im with Ad5-P12X3CWT virus developed a neutralizing antibody response and were either completely or partially protected from contract challenge with an animal directly inoculated with virulent FMDV. This adenovirus vector may be an efficient system for the delivery of FMDV cDNA into animals, leading to a high level of neutralizing antibody production and protection from FMDV challenge. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 ARS, PIADC, USDA, NAA, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Grubman, MJ (reprint author), ARS, PIADC, USDA, NAA, POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. NR 50 TC 82 Z9 105 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD OCT 25 PY 1999 VL 263 IS 2 BP 496 EP 506 DI 10.1006/viro.1999.9940 PG 11 WC Virology SC Virology GA 251AG UT WOS:000083422000022 PM 10544121 ER PT J AU Valentine, HT AF Valentine, HT TI Estimation of the net primary productivity of even-aged stands with a carbon-allocation model SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint Meeting of the North American Chapter of the International-Society-for-Ecological-Modelling (ISEM)/American-Institute-of-Biological-Sciences (AIBS) CY AUG 05-06, 1997 CL MONTREAL, CANADA SP Int Soc Ecol Modelling, N Amer Chapter, Amer Inst Biol Sci DE carbon dioxide; pipe-model theory; stand dynamics ID ELEVATED CO2; LOBLOLLY-PINE; BALANCE MODEL; GROWTH; RESPONSES; FOREST; TREES AB The estimation of the time-course of net primary productivity (NPP) is of general ecological interest. Solutions of Pipestem, a model of carbon allocation and growth, show a waxing and waning of NPP in even-aged stands of Pinus taeda between establishment and maturity. Peak productivity occurs at the time of stand closure. Estimation of NPP is inextricably linked with estimation of the production and loss of components of dry matter (foliage, feeder roots, and woody tissues). The fraction of available carbon allocated to the production of each of these components varies considerably over the course of stand development. Analyses also indicate that the increasing concentration of atmospheric CO2 is elevating the NPP of stands of P. taeda. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Valentine, HT (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, POB 640, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NR 28 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD OCT 20 PY 1999 VL 122 IS 3 BP 139 EP 149 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00134-9 PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 251YN UT WOS:000083474100002 ER PT J AU Vose, JM Bolstad, PV AF Vose, JM Bolstad, PV TI Challenges to modelling NPP in diverse eastern deciduous forests: species-level comparisons of foliar respiration responses to temperature and nitrogen SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint Meeting of the North American Chapter of the International-Society-for-Ecological-Modelling (ISEM)/American-Institute-of-Biological-Sciences (AIBS) CY AUG 05-06, 1997 CL MONTREAL, CANADA SP Int Soc Ecol Modelling, N Amer Chapter, Amer Inst Biol Sci DE leaf respiration; model comparisons; mixed species; temperature response ID LEAF CO2 EXCHANGE; SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; ECOSYSTEMS; CLIMATE; CANOPY; TISSUE AB Modelling net primary production (NPP) in eastern deciduous forests has usually been conducted with coarse scale models that lump or simplify physiological processes. Foliar respiration (R-d) is a key physiological process in forest ecosystem C cycling; however, there are very few data on leaf respiration R-d for deciduous hardwood species. As a result, leaf R-d is one of the most superficially treated processes in NPP models. We hypothesize that these data are critical for understanding patterns of net primary production and for parameterizing C cycling models in diverse eastern deciduous hardwood forests. Our objectives were: (1) to determine differences in leaf R-d for seven hardwood species (Acer rubrum, Liriodendron tulipifera, Quercus alba, Quercus coccinea, Quercus rubra, Quercus prinus and Carya glabra) common to the canopy of southern Appalachian forests; and (2) to evaluate the effects of using 'lumped parameter' versus 'species-specific parameter' approaches to determining the leaf respiration component of NPP. We used a temperature-controlled cuvette and an infrared gas analyzer to develop temperature response curves during the night (24:00-06:00 h). Differences in leaf respiration rates (expressed on either a mass or area basis) among species were substantial, varying by greater than three-fold at high leaf temperatures (30 degrees C). Q(10) values ranged from 1.97 to 2.44. Some of the variation in leaf respiration rates among species was related to differences in leaf N. Comparison with a lumped parameter model of leaf respiration (PnET-II) indicated good agreement on average due primarily to combinations of species which resulted in compensating errors; however, there was the potential for considerable variation with different mixes of species. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Forest Serv So Res Stn, USDA, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, Otto, NC 28763 USA. Coll Nat Resources, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Vose, JM (reprint author), Forest Serv So Res Stn, USDA, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, 3160 Coweeta Lab Rd, Otto, NC 28763 USA. NR 22 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD OCT 20 PY 1999 VL 122 IS 3 BP 165 EP 174 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00136-2 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 251YN UT WOS:000083474100004 ER PT J AU Olszyk, DM Centeno, HGS Ziska, LH Kern, JS Matthews, RB AF Olszyk, DM Centeno, HGS Ziska, LH Kern, JS Matthews, RB TI Global climate change, rice productivity and methane emissions: comparison of simulated and experimental results SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Oryza sativa; rice; carbon dioxide; methane; temperature ID INCREASING CARBON-DIOXIDE; ORYZA-SATIVA; TROPICAL RICE; PADDY RICE; YIELD; GROWTH; TEMPERATURE; CO2; PLANTS; IMPACT AB Irrigated rice production is a major food source for a large portion of the world's population, and a major anthropogenic source of the greenhouse gas methane (CH4). Potential impacts of global climate change [elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and/or elevated temperature] on rice can be predicted with simulation models, but experiments are necessary to determine how well these models mimic the responses of the field crop. This paper compares grain yield, biomass, and methane emissions from experiments at the international Rice Research Institute (IRRI) at Los Banos, the Philippines, with potential responses based on simulations using the ORYZA1 process model and the climate data from those experiments. Yield and biomass were compared for the 1995 and 1996 dry seasons (DS) and the 1994 wet season (WS). Emissions of CH4 from rice fields were evaluated for the 1995 WS and 1996 DS, Simulated and experimental responses (adjusted for effects of the open-top chambers on plant growth) differed with climate change scenario, response parameter, and season Under current climate conditions (ambient CO2 and ambient temperature), simulated grain yield was 14% lower than the adjusted experimental grain yield in the 1996 DS, but was 17 and 37% higher than experimental grain yield in the 1995 DS and 1994 WS, respectively. With current climate, simulations underestimated experimental aboveground, belowground, and total biomass. The simulated CH4 emissions were the same as the experimental emissions, assuming CH4 emissions were 2.9% of the simulated total biomass carbon. With elevated CO7 and ambient temperature, simulations predicted greater increases (compared with current climate) in grain yield, aboveground biomass, and total biomass, but generally smaller increases in belowground biomass and CH4 emissions than the significant (at p < 0.05) increases that were found experimentally. With ambient CO2 and elevated temperature, both simulations and experiments generally showed either no change or a decrease in grain yield and biomass, but none of the responses in the experiments wen statistically significant. Simulated ambient CO2 and elevated temperature resulted in a smaller decrease in CH4 emissions than the significant decrease found in the experiments. For both elevated CO2 and elevated temperature, simulated grain yield increased in all three seasons, whereas there were no significant effects on experimental grain yield. The simulations predicted smaller increases in belowground biomass and CH4 emissions with elevated CO2 and elevated temperature than the significant increases in the experiments. To better correspond to experimental results, this study suggested that current simulation models could be improved in terms of effects of temperature on grain yield and use of belowground biomass to estimate CH4 emissions. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Int Rice Res Inst, Manila 1099, Philippines. ARS, USDA, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Gen Dynam Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Cranfield Univ, Dept Nat Resources Management, Bedford MK45 4DT, England. RP Olszyk, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI Matthews, Robin/E-7975-2013 NR 58 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD OCT 18 PY 1999 VL 97 IS 2 BP 87 EP 101 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(99)00065-9 PG 15 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 247YC UT WOS:000083247700002 ER PT J AU Lugo, AE AF Lugo, AE TI Will concern for biodiversity spell doom to tropical forest management? SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; tropical forests; conservation; logging; mahogany; protected ID CHIMANES FOREST; CONSERVATION; BOLIVIA; ECOLOGY; DAMAGE; AMAZON; LANDS AB Arguments against active tropical forest management are analyzed in light of available data and new research that shows tropical forests to be more resilient after disturbances than previously thought. Tropical forest management involves a diverse array of human activity embedded in a complex social and natural environment. Within this milieu, forest structure and composition adjust to change and reflect the human and natural economy of regions. Critics of active forest management overestimate problems and underestimate human capacity to solve them. They isolate parts of a complex issue, i.e. the biodiversity component of tropical forest management, to generalize about the negatives of logging. This view of the tropics is consistent with past treatment of tropical issues by those that evaluate the situation from a non-tropical perspective. The literature reveals that conservation of biodiversity can be compatible with measured use of tropical forests. However, the conservation of biodiversity could be hurt should society not approach the tropical forestry issue holistically and act on misinformation. Active forest management is the means towards the goal of conservation and the best available way to simultaneously address human needs and conservation of biodiversity. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. RP Lugo, AE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, POB 25000, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. NR 46 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD OCT 18 PY 1999 VL 240 IS 1-3 BP 123 EP 131 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00319-8 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 243QD UT WOS:000083008000010 ER PT J AU Martin, A Janigian, D Shukitt-Hale, B Prior, RL Joseph, JA AF Martin, A Janigian, D Shukitt-Hale, B Prior, RL Joseph, JA TI Effect of vitamin E intake on levels of vitamins E and C in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues: implications for health recommendations SO BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ascorbate; alpha-tocapherol; brain; liver; heart; plasma ID PROTEIN-KINASE-C; D-ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; RAT-BRAIN; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; E SUPPLEMENTATION; E-DEFICIENCY; RECEPTOR-BINDING; ELDERLY SUBJECTS; CONTROLLED TRIAL AB Vitamin E (alpha-gamma-tocopherol) is an important component in biological membranes. A decrease in its concentration imposes structural and functional damage to the cells. The object of this study was to assess the effect of a graded dietary vitamin E (E) intake on E concentration in specific regions of the brain, and its influence on Vitamin C levels and neurological function. Following a 2-month period, rats supplemented with 5, 30, 60, 250 or 500 mg all-rac-alpha-tocopherol-acetate/kg diet (mg E/kg diet) exhibited a significant increase of E concentration in brain and peripheral tissues. However, while blood and Liver showed a dose response increase in E concentration which correlated well with the different levels of E in the diet, the central nervous system (Ch'S) followed the same pattern of increase of vitamin E in brain tissue only when the diet was supplemented with 5, 30, or 60 mg E/kg diet. No further increase in E concentration was observed when the diet was supplemented with 250 or 500 mg E/kg diet. Similarly, the heart tissue showed a significant increase in its E concentration when the was enriched with 5, 30, or 60 mg E/kg diet, with no further increases at 250 or 500 mg. Vitamin C concentration in brain cortex and cerebellum plasma, liver, and heart was reduced in the groups receiving 250 or 500 mg E/kg diet. Compared to the low E group, rats supplemented with the 60, 250 or 500 mg E/kg diet showed a significant enhancement in striatal dopamine (DA) release, but no differences were observed among the latter three groups. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr, Neurosci Lab, Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Martin, A (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr, Neurosci Lab, Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 53 TC 46 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8993 J9 BRAIN RES JI Brain Res. PD OCT 16 PY 1999 VL 845 IS 1 BP 50 EP 59 DI 10.1016/S0006-8993(99)01923-X PG 10 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 248RB UT WOS:000083288200007 PM 10529443 ER PT J AU Cahill, TM Benesch, JA Gustin, MS Zimmerman, EJ Seiber, JN AF Cahill, TM Benesch, JA Gustin, MS Zimmerman, EJ Seiber, JN TI Simplified method for trace analysis of trifluoroacetic acid in plant, soil, and water samples using headspace gas chromatography SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID HALOTHANE METABOLITES; SPECTROSCOPY; DEGRADATION; RETENTION; BROMIDE; PRODUCT; FOREST; URINE; FATE; F-19 AB A simple and sensitive analytical procedure was developed to determine the concentration of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in plant, soil, and water samples. The analysis involves extraction of TFA by sulfuric acid and methanol followed by derivatization to the methyl ester of TFA (MTFA). This is accomplished within a single vial without complex extraction procedures. The highly volatile MTFA is then analyzed using headspace gas chromatography. The spike recovery trials from all media ranged from a low of 86.7% to a high of 121.4%. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) were typically below 10%, although some tests had higher RSDs due to low concentrations near the detectable limit. The minimum detectable limit (MDL) for the method was 34 ng/g for dry plant material, 0.20 ng/g for soil, and 6.5 ng/L for water, This is the first practical method for low-level analysis of TFA in plants and soil, and it is a significant improvement over previous methods for TFA in water. C1 Univ Nevada, Ctr Environm Sci & Engn, Reno, NV 89557 USA. RP Seiber, JN (reprint author), USDA ARS, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 27 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 6 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD OCT 15 PY 1999 VL 71 IS 20 BP 4465 EP 4471 DI 10.1021/ac990484l PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 247GH UT WOS:000083212400006 ER PT J AU Hachey, DL Parsons, WR McKay, S Haymond, MW AF Hachey, DL Parsons, WR McKay, S Haymond, MW TI Quantitation of monosaccharide isotopic enrichment in physiologic fluids by electron ionization or negative chemical ionization GC/MS using di-O-isopropylidene derivatives SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; GLUCOSE-TURNOVER; STABLE ISOTOPES; ALANINE; GLUCONEOGENESIS; METABOLISM; TRACERS; HUMANS; CELLS AB The aldonitrile pentaacetate and other derivatives lack ions in the electron ionization (EI) spectra possessing an intact hexose structure and thus must be analyzed by chemical ionization GC/MS in order to study multiple isotopomers, We report methods for quantitation of hexose di-O-isopropylidene acetate (IPAc) or pentafluorobenzoyl (PFBz) esters. These were prepared in a two-step procedure using inexpensive reagents that do not adversely impact the isotopomer structure of the sugar. The acetate derivative possesses an abundant [M - CH3] ion in the EI spectrum which is suitable for quantitative analysis of isotopomers. The negative chemical ionization (NCI) spectrum of the corresponding pentafluorobenzoyl derivative has a dominant molecular anion. Moreover, the PFBz derivative is about 100-fold more sensitive than the acetate, which offers some advantages for analysis of minor hexoses found in plasma. Isotopic calibration curves of [U-C-13]glucose are linear over the 0.1-60% tracer/tracee range tested. The useful range for isotopic tracer studies is 25-2500 pmol for EI analysis of the acetate derivative and 0.1-55 pmol for NCI analysis of PFBz derivative (sample amount injected). For most studies where sample size is not limited, EI-GC/MS analysis of the IPAc derivative is preferred. NCI-GC/MS analysis is reserved when sample size is limiting or when studies involve hexoses other than glucose that are normally present at low concentration. C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Hachey, DL (reprint author), Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Pharmacol, 812 MRBI, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. NR 30 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD OCT 15 PY 1999 VL 71 IS 20 BP 4734 EP 4739 DI 10.1021/ac990724x PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 247GH UT WOS:000083212400045 PM 10546538 ER PT J AU Whitehead, TR Cotta, MA AF Whitehead, TR Cotta, MA TI Phylogenetic diversity of methanogenic archaea in swine waste storage pits SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE swine; waste; 16S rDNA; microbial ecology; methanogen; archaea ID CULTIVATION AB Total DNA was isolated from swine feces and a swine waste storage pit and used as templates for PCR amplification of archaeal 16 rDNA using specific primers. Only the sample from the center of the waste pit produced a PCR product. DNA sequence analyses of random clones demonstrated a variety of methanogenic archaea. Six groups of sequences were identified, including those similar to Methanobrevibacter sp., Methanocorpusculum sp., and Methanoculleus sp. Three groups of sequences represented unidentified organisms. These data suggest that swine waste storage pits may represent an untapped source of novel methanogenic archaea. (C) 1999 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Whitehead, TR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RI Whitehead, Terence/B-5235-2009; OI Cotta, Michael/0000-0003-4565-7754 NR 9 TC 63 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1097 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett. PD OCT 15 PY 1999 VL 179 IS 2 BP 223 EP 226 DI 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb08731.x PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 245QH UT WOS:000083119300005 PM 10518719 ER PT J AU Somkuti, GA Steinberg, DH AF Somkuti, GA Steinberg, DH TI Promoter activity of the pER341-borne STPhsp in heterologous gene expression in Escherichia coli and Streptococcus thermophilus SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE plasmid-borne promoter; STPhsp promoter; pER341; S. thermophilus ID GREEN-FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; LACTIC-ACID BACTERIA; SHUTTLE VECTORS; PLASMID DNA; STP2201; MELC AB A 138-bp EcoO109/HinfI fragment of Streptococcus thermophilus plasmid pER341 (2798 bp) including the promoter sequence of the heat stress protein gene hsp16.4 was tested in vector constructs for ability to activate the promoterless green fluorescent protein gene (gfp) from a jelly fish in Escherichia coli, S. thermophilus, and lactococci. STPhsp promoted gfp expression in transformed hosts as evidenced by the presence of green fluorescent (GFP(+)) colonies under UV illumination. The results confirmed the potential of STPhsp as a functional promoter in heterologous gene expression in dairy fermentation bacteria. (C) 1999 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Somkuti, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 25 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1097 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett. PD OCT 15 PY 1999 VL 179 IS 2 BP 431 EP 436 DI 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb08759.x PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 245QH UT WOS:000083119300033 PM 10518747 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Thulliez, P Romand, S Kwok, OCH Shen, SK Gamble, HR AF Dubey, JP Thulliez, P Romand, S Kwok, OCH Shen, SK Gamble, HR TI Serologic prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in horses slaughtered for food in North America SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Toxoplasma gondii; horses; serology; dye test; modified agglutination test ID SENSITIVITY; SPECIFICITY; INFECTION; SOWS; CATS AB Serum samples from 1788 horses slaughtered for food in North America were tested for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii using the modified direct agglutination test (MAT). Antibodies to T: gondii were found by the MAT in 124 (6.9%) of 1788 sera; the titers were 1:20 (69 horses), 1:40 (37 horses), 1:80 (9 horses), and greater than or equal to 1 :160 (9 horses). A total of 339 selected horses were also tested by the Sabin-Feldman dye test (DT). Dye test antibodies were found in 54 horses with titers of 1 :10 (29 horses), 1:20 (12 horses), 1:40 (4 horses) and 1 : 80 (9 horses). There was no correlation between the DT and the MAT. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Inst Puericulture, Lab Toxoplasmose, F-75014 Paris, France. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, BARC E,Bldg 1040, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 10 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD OCT 15 PY 1999 VL 86 IS 4 BP 235 EP 238 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(99)00148-X PG 4 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 248UT UT WOS:000083294700003 PM 10536980 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Venturini, L Venturini, C Basso, W Unzaga, J AF Dubey, JP Venturini, L Venturini, C Basso, W Unzaga, J TI Isolation of Sarcocystis falcatula from the South American opossum (Didelphis albiventris) from Argentina SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Sarcocystis falcatula; sporocysts; budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus); pneumonia; schizonts; Didelphis albiventris; coccidia; merozoites; Argentina ID MELOPSITTACUS-UNDULATUS; BIRDS; PATHOGENESIS; BUDGERIGAR; TRANSMISSION AB Sarcocystis sporocysts from the intestines of four opossums (Didelphis albiventris) from Argentina were identified as Sarcocystis falcatula based on schizogonic stages and pathogenicity to budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). Seven budgerigars fed sporocysts from the opossum feces died of acute sarcocystosis 8, 9, 11, 12, and 14 days after inoculation. Schizonts and merozoites found in the lungs and other organs of the budgerigars were identified as S. falcatula based on structure and immunoreactivity with S. falcatula-specific antibody. Sarcocystis falcatula was also isolated in bovine monocyte cell cultures inoculated with lung tissue from a budgerigar that died nine days after ingesting sporocysts. Two budgerigars inoculated subcutaneously with 1 000 000 culture-derived S. falcatula died 11 and 12 days post-inoculation. This is the first report of S. falcatula infection in South America. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA,Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Natl Univ La Plata, Fac Ciencias Vet, Catadra Parasitol, RA-1900 La Plata, Argentina. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), ARS, USDA,Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 19 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD OCT 15 PY 1999 VL 86 IS 4 BP 239 EP 244 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(99)00145-4 PG 6 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 248UT UT WOS:000083294700004 PM 10536981 ER PT J AU Ullah, AHJ Sethumadhavan, K Mullaney, EJ Ziegelhoffer, T Austin-Phillips, S AF Ullah, AHJ Sethumadhavan, K Mullaney, EJ Ziegelhoffer, T Austin-Phillips, S TI Characterization of recombinant fungal phytase (phyA) expressed in tobacco leaves SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID ASPERGILLUS-NIGER PHYTASE; CAULIFLOWER MOSAIC-VIRUS; FICUUM; GENE AB The phyA gene from Aspergillus ficuum coding for a 441-amino-acid full-length phytase was expressed in Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) leaves. The expressed phytase was purified to homogeneity using ion-exchange column chromatography. The purified phytase was characterized biochemically and its kinetic parameters were determined. When the recombinant phytase was compared with its counterpart from Aspergillus ficuum for physical and enzymatic properties, it was found that catalytically the recombinant protein was indistinguishable from the native phytase. Except for a decrease in molecular mass, the overexpressed recombinant phytase was virtually the same as the native fungal phytase. While the temperature optima of the recombinant protein remain unchanged, the pH optima shifted from pH 5 to 4. The results are encouraging enough to open the possibility of overexpressing phyA gene from Aspergillus ficuum in other crop plants as an alternative means of commercial production of this important enzyme. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA. RP Ullah, AHJ (reprint author), ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 24 TC 38 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD OCT 14 PY 1999 VL 264 IS 1 BP 201 EP 206 DI 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1501 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 246FJ UT WOS:000083153500036 PM 10527865 ER PT J AU Miller, LA Johns, BE Killian, GJ AF Miller, LA Johns, BE Killian, GJ TI Long-term effects of PZP immunization on reproduction in white-tailed deer SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE fertility control; immunocontraception; porcine zona pellucida; PZP; white-tailed deer ID REMOTELY-DELIVERED IMMUNOCONTRACEPTION; FERTILITY-CONTROL; ZONAE PELLUCIDAE; PROGESTERONE; VIRGINIANUS; PREGNANCY; PATTERNS AB A 6-year study was conducted to determine the long-term effects of porcine zona pellucida (PZP) vaccine on the immune and hormonal responses, and reproduction of the white-tailed deer. The first 2 years of active immunization resulted in an 89% reduction in fawning. Vaccination with PZP produced reversible infertility lasting 1-4 years. Infertility was directly related to immune titers to PZP. Doe fertility was restored when the antibody titer dropped to minimal levels, but following reimmunization, infertility was reestablished. Reduction in fawning throughout the 6-year study was 76%. It was also observed that immune responses among deer were variable, especially in the first year of treatment. Variability was also observed among deer for the duration of infertility following the initial vaccination. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Miller, LA (reprint author), USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 Laporte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 20 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD OCT 14 PY 1999 VL 18 IS 5-6 BP 568 EP 574 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(99)00165-6 PG 7 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 250PR UT WOS:000083397200024 PM 10519948 ER PT J AU Cho, YS Wang, QJ Krogmann, D Whitmarsh, J AF Cho, YS Wang, QJ Krogmann, D Whitmarsh, J TI Extinction coefficients and midpoint potentials of cytochrome c(6) from the cyanobacteria Arthrospira maxima, Microcystis aeruginosa, and Synechocystis 6803 SO BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS LA English DT Article DE photosynthesis; cytochrome; optical spectroscopy; extinction coefficient; redox potentiometry ID CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; PLASTOCYANIN; REDUCTION; COPPER; CHLAMYDOMONAS; EXPRESSION; ALGAE AB Cytochrome cs is a soluble heme protein that serves as a photosynthetic electron transport component in cyanobacteria and algae, carrying electrons from the cytochrome bf complex to photosystem I. The rapid accumulation of cytochrome cs sequence data from a wide range of species, combined with significant advances in determining high resolution three-dimensional structures, provides a powerful database for investigating the relationship between structure and function. The fact that the gene encoding cytochrome cs can be readily modified in a number of species adds to the usefulness of cytochrome cs as a tool for comparative analysis. Efforts to relate cytochrome cs sequence information to structure, and structural information to function depend on knowledge of the physical and thermodynamic properties of the cytochrome from different species. To this end we have determined the optical extinction coefficient, the oxidation/reduction midpoint potential, and the pH dependence of the midpoint potential of cytochrome cc isolated from three cyanobacteria, Arthrospira maxima, Microcystis aeruginosa, and Synechocystis 6803. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Illinois, ERML 197, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Ctr Biophys & Computat Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, Photosynth Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Biol Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Whitmarsh, J (reprint author), Univ Illinois, ERML 197, 1201 W Gregory Dr, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 30 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0005-2728 J9 BBA-BIOENERGETICS JI Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Bioenerg. PD OCT 6 PY 1999 VL 1413 IS 2 BP 92 EP 97 DI 10.1016/S0005-2736(99)00124-8 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 245UA UT WOS:000083125500004 PM 10514550 ER PT J AU Palmer, HJ Tuzon, CT Paulson, KE AF Palmer, HJ Tuzon, CT Paulson, KE TI Age-dependent decline in EGF-induced signaling is independent of intracellular thiols SO AGE LA English DT Article ID ACTIVATED PROTEIN-KINASES; GROWTH-FACTOR RECEPTOR; RAT HEPATOCYTES; TRANSDUCTION; GENERATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; INDUCTION; PATHWAYS; GLUTATHIONE; ASSOCIATION AB Loss of proliferative capacity is common in many tissue types during aging, We have shown that mitogenic signaling through the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor declines in hepatocytes from old rats. Specifically, we showed that in old hepatocytes there is a decrease in autophosphorylation of EGF receptor at Tyr-1173. This results in loss of recruitment of the adapter protein Shc to the membrane and decreased ERK MAP kinase pathway activation. Because EGF receptor signaling also requires intracellular generation of H2O2, we next questioned whether altering the intracellular GSH/thiol concentration may also affect the age-dependent decline in EGF receptor signaling. Surprisingly, decreased intracellular GSH had no effect on EGF receptor signaling in hepatocytes from either young or old animals. However, increasing the thiol concentration dramatically attenuated EGF receptor signaling in hepatocytes from both young and old animals. Unexpectedly, loss of EGF receptor signaling was due to a specific decrease in EGF receptor number, but not in other components of the EGF receptor signaling pathway such as ERK MAP kinase. These results suggest that age-dependent mechanisms of alteration in EGF receptor signaling are independent of thiol regulation of EGF receptor signaling. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Paulson, KE (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 35 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER AGING ASSOC PI MEDIA PA SALLY BALIN MEDICAL CENTER, 110 CHESLEY DR, MEDIA, PA 19063 USA SN 0161-9152 J9 AGE JI Age PD OCT PY 1999 VL 22 IS 4 BP 167 EP 173 DI 10.1007/s11357-999-0019-y PG 7 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 315BY UT WOS:000087093800004 PM 23604425 ER PT J AU Baxter, JR Elzen, PJ Westervelt, D Causey, D Randall, C Eischen, FA Wilson, WT AF Baxter, JR Elzen, PJ Westervelt, D Causey, D Randall, C Eischen, FA Wilson, WT TI Control of the small hive beetle, Aethina tumida in package bees SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Since its confirmed discovery in Florida in June 1998, the small hive beetle (Aethina tumida Murray) has spread to honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera) throughout the eastern U.S. and has been reported from several midwestern states. While it is most likely that the nature of beekeeping to migrate around the U.S. is mainly responsible for this spread, questions have arisen in the bee industry as to the control of the small hive beetle in the shipment of package bees from infested areas. In order to answer these questions, we undertook two large studies in the southeastern U.S. designed to test beetle control strategies in packages. C1 USDA ARS, Kika de la Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Baxter, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Kika de la Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, 2413 E Hwy 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 0 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 3 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 USA SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 139 IS 10 BP 792 EP 793 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 236NJ UT WOS:000082605200020 ER PT J AU Paetau, I Rao, D Wiley, ER Brown, ED Clevidence, BA AF Paetau, I Rao, D Wiley, ER Brown, ED Clevidence, BA TI Carotenoids in human buccal mucosa cells after 4 wk of supplementation with tomato juice or lycopene supplements SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE lycopene; phytofluene; carotenoids; buccal cells; plasma; tomato juice; oleoresin; beadlets; humans ID BETA-CAROTENE; SERUM CAROTENOIDS; TISSUE-LEVELS; VEGETABLES; CANCER; INGESTION; FRUITS; FOODS; RISK; MEN AB Background: Lycopene has been identified as a phytochemical with potentially protective health benefits. Objective: Our objective was to monitor lycopene changes in buccal mucosa cells (BMCs) in response to 3 vehicles for oral delivery of lycopene. Design: Fifteen healthy subjects ingested lycopene-rich tomato juice, tomato oleoresin, lycopene beadlets (each containing 70-75 mg lycopene) and a placebo for 4 wk each in a randomized crossover design while consuming self-selected diets. A 6-wk washout period separated the treatment periods. BMCs were collected at baseline and after 4 wk of supplementation. Results: Lycopene in BMCs increased significantly (approximate to 2-fold) after 4 wk of ingestion of oleoresin and of beadlets to 4.95 (P < 0.001) and 3.75 mu g/g protein (P = 0.053), respectively, but was not significantly affected by tomato juice treatment. The placebo treatment produced a significant decrease in BMC lycopene concentrations (P = 0.018). We observed significant treatment differences between oleoresin and tomato juice, oleoresin and placebo, and beadlets and placebo. BMC concentrations of phytofluene and beta-carotene, which were present in small amounts in the lycopene-containing treatments, increased significantly with ingestion of these products. Strong correlations were found between plasma and BMC concentrations of lutein, beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha-carotene, and beta-carotene. In contrast, correlations between lycopene concentrations in plasma and in BMCs were weak and not significant for any treatment. Conclusions: The cellular content of lycopene and other tomato-related carotenoids with proposed beneficial health effects can be increased through prolonged supplementation. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Phytonutrients Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Clevidence, BA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Phytonutrients Lab, Bldg 308-E,Room 114A, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 26 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 70 IS 4 BP 490 EP 494 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 239PR UT WOS:000082779100011 PM 10500017 ER PT J AU Wu, DY Meydani, M Leka, LS Nightingale, Z Handelman, GJ Blumberg, JB Meydani, SN AF Wu, DY Meydani, M Leka, LS Nightingale, Z Handelman, GJ Blumberg, JB Meydani, SN TI Effect of dietary supplementation with black currant seed oil on the immune response of healthy elderly subjects SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE gamma-linolenic acid; fatty acids; black currant seed oil; immune function; aging; prostaglandins; eicosanoids ID GAMMA-LINOLENIC ACID; POLYUNSATURATED FATTY-ACIDS; VITAMIN-E SUPPLEMENTATION; DIHOMOGAMMALINOLENIC ACID; HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES; STEARIDONIC ACID; CONTROLLED TRIAL; ATOPIC ECZEMA; PLASMA; LIPIDS AB Background: We have shown that the age-associated increase in prostaglandin E-2 production contributes to the decline in T cell-mediated function with age. Black currant seed oil (BCSO), rich in both gamma-linolenic (18:3n-6) and alpha-linolenic (18:3n-3) acids, has been shown to modulate membrane Lipid composition and eicosanoid production. Objective: Our objectives were to 1) test whether dietary supplementation with BCSO can improve the immune response of healthy elderly subjects, and 2) determine whether the altered immune response is mediated by a change in the factors closely associated with T cell activation. Design: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled (soybean oil) study was conducted to examine the effect of 2 mo of BCSO supplementation on the immune response of 40 healthy subjects aged greater than or equal to 65 y. In vivo immune function was determined by delayed type hypersensitivity skin response. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were tested for in vitro immune response. Results: In subjects supplemented with BCSO, the total diameter of induration at 24 h and individual responses to tetanus toroid and Trichophyton mentagrophytes were significantly higher than their baseline values. The change in response to tetanus toroid was significantly different from that of the placebo group. The BCSO group showed a significant increase in proliferative response of PBMCs to the T cell mitogen phytohemagglutinin that was not significantly different from that observed in the placebo group. BCSO had no effect on concanavalin A-induced mitogenic response, interleukin 2 and -1 beta production, and PBMC membrane fluidity. Prostaglandin E-2 production was significantly reduced in the BCSO-supplemented group, and this change was significantly different from that of the placebo group. Conclusion: BCSO has a moderate immune-enhancing effect attributable to its ability to reduce prostaglandin E-2 production. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Immunol Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Meydani, SN (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Immunol Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 53 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 70 IS 4 BP 536 EP 543 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 239PR UT WOS:000082779100017 PM 10500023 ER PT J AU Harrison, EH Smith, JC AF Harrison, EH Smith, JC TI Provitamin A food sources and serum retinol SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Letter C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Harrison, EH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 70 IS 4 BP 575 EP 575 PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 239PR UT WOS:000082779100025 PM 10500314 ER PT J AU Shearman, AM Ordovas, JM Cupples, LA Schaefer, EJ Harmon, MD Joost, O DeStefano, AL Keen, D Wilson, PWF Housman, DE Myers, RH AF Shearman, AM Ordovas, JM Cupples, LA Schaefer, EJ Harmon, MD Joost, O DeStefano, AL Keen, D Wilson, PWF Housman, DE Myers, RH TI A genome-wide scan for quantitative trait loci for lipid levels: The Framingham Study. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 MIT, Canc Res Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Tufts Univ, Lipid Metab Lab, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Natl Heart Lung & Blood Inst Framingham Heart Stu, Framingham, MA 01701 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 65 IS 4 SU S MA 2655 BP A467 EP A467 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 241JQ UT WOS:000082879802656 ER PT J AU Graczyk, TK Thompson, RCA Fayer, R Adams, P Morgan, UM Lewis, EJ AF Graczyk, TK Thompson, RCA Fayer, R Adams, P Morgan, UM Lewis, EJ TI Giardia duodenalis cysts of Genotype A recovered from clams in the Chesapeake Bay subestuary, Rhode River SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID HERON ARDEA-HERODIAS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM-PARVUM; CRASSOSTREA-VIRGINICA; WATER; OOCYSTS; SAMPLES AB Filter-feeding molluscan shellfish can concentrate zoonotic and anthroponotic waterborne pathogens. Cysts of Giardia sp. were detected by immunofluorescent antibodies in tissues of the clams Macoma balthica and M. mitchelli from Rhode River, a Chesapeake Bay (Maryland) subestuary. Molecular tests identified the cysts as Giardia duodenalis Genotype A, the most common genotype recovered from humans. Macoma clams are burrowers in mud or sandy-mud substrata and preferentially feed on the surface sediment layer. Waterborne Giardia cysts settle rapidly to the bottom in slow-moving waters and contaminate the sediment. Macoma clams do not have economic value, but can serve as biologic indicators of sediment contamination with Giardia sp. cysts of public health importance. These clams can be used for sanitary assessment of water quality. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Murdoch Univ, Sch Vet Studies, World Hlth Org, Collaborating Ctr Mol Epidemiol Parasit Infect, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. Murdoch Univ, Sch Vet Studies, State Agr Biotechnol Ctr, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. USDA ARS, Immun & Dis Resistance Lab, Livestock & Poultry Sci Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. US Dept Commerce, Cooperative Oxford Lab, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Natl Ocean Serv, Oxford, MD 21654 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. RP Graczyk, TK (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. NR 38 TC 39 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 61 IS 4 BP 526 EP 529 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 250FA UT WOS:000083377300003 PM 10548284 ER PT J AU Arness, MK Brown, JD Dubey, JP Neafie, RC Granstrom, DE AF Arness, MK Brown, JD Dubey, JP Neafie, RC Granstrom, DE TI An outbreak of acute eosinophilic myositis attributed to human Sarcocystis parasitism SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID MUSCLE; SARCOSPORIDIOSIS; INFECTION AB Seven members of a 15-man U.S. military team that had operated in rural Malaysia developed an acute illness consisting of fever, myalgias, bronchospasm, nesting pruritic rashes, transient lymphadenopathy, and subcutaneous nodules associated with eosinophilia, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and elevated levels of muscle creatinine kinase. Sarcocysts of an unidentified Sarcocystis species were found in skeletal muscle biopsies of the index case. Albendazole ameliorated symptoms in the index case; however, his symptoms persisted far more than 5 years. Symptoms in 5 other men were mild to moderate and self-limited, and 1 team member with laboratory abnormalities was asymptomatic. Of 8 team members tested for antibody to Sarcocystis, 6 were positive; of 4 with the eosinophilic myositis syndrome who were tested, all were positive. We attribute this outbreak of eosinophilic myositis to accidental tissue parasitism by Sarcocystis. C1 Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Prevent Med & Biostat, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. Univ Hawaii, John A Burns Sch Med, Dept Med, Tripler Army Med Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. USDA, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Res Ctr,Agr Res Serv, Livestock & Poultry Sci Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Parasit Dis Pathol Branch, Washington, DC 20306 USA. Amer Vet Med Assoc, Schaumburg, IL 60173 USA. Queens Med Ctr, Honolulu, HI USA. RP Arness, MK (reprint author), Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Prevent Med & Biostat, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd,Bldg A, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. NR 19 TC 43 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 61 IS 4 BP 548 EP 553 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 250FA UT WOS:000083377300006 PM 10548287 ER PT J AU Sipes, KM Edens, HA Kehrli, ME Miettinen, HM Cutler, JE Jutila, MA Quinn, MT AF Sipes, KM Edens, HA Kehrli, ME Miettinen, HM Cutler, JE Jutila, MA Quinn, MT TI Analysis of surface antigen expression and host defense function in leukocytes from calves heterozygous or homozygous for bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID FLOW CYTOMETRIC ANALYSIS; NODE HOMING RECEPTOR; HOLSTEIN CATTLE; FC-RECEPTORS; L-SELECTIN; NEUTROPHIL HETEROGENEITY; DIFFERENTIATION ANTIGENS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; RESPIRATORY BURST; CANDIDA-ALBICANS AB Objective-To analyze surface antigen expression and functional responses of leukocytes from calves heterozygous and homozygous for bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD). Animals-8 clinically normal calves, 4 calves heterozygous for BLAD, and 4 calves homozygous for BLAD. Procedure-Surface antigen expression was examined by flow cytometric analysis of leukocytes stained with monoclonal antibodies. Neutrophil function analyses included phagocytosis and killing of Candida albicans and measurement of respiratory burst activity using cytochrome c and dihydrorhodamine 123 assays. Differential leukocyte counts also were performed. Results-Leukocytes from heterozygous calves were similar to those of clinically normal calves with respect to surface antigen expression, C albicans phagocytosis and killing, and respiratory burst activity. In contrast, neutrophils from calves homozygous for BLAD had significantly reduced phagocytic and yeast-killing capacity but had higher respiratory burst activity than cells from clinically normal or heterozygous carves. Homozygous calves also had extreme neutrophilia and significantly more immature neutrophils. Conclusions-The heterozygous BLAD genotype does not cause detectable functional differences in leukocytes, compared with those of clinically normal calves. In contrast, leukocytes from homozygous calves seem to upregulate alternative host defense capabilities (eg, respiratory burst activity) to partially compensate for the lack of typical adherence-dependent host defense functions. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Vet Mol Biol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Metab Dis & Immunol Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Quinn, MT (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Vet Mol Biol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [T32 AI07465] NR 48 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 60 IS 10 BP 1255 EP 1261 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 241YF UT WOS:000082910900013 PM 10791939 ER PT J AU Chaubal, LH Holt, PS AF Chaubal, LH Holt, PS TI Characterization of swimming motility and identification of flagellar proteins in Salmonella pullorum isolates SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID DIFFERENTIATION; TYPHIMURIUM; EXPRESSION; CELLS; GENE AB Objective-To identify swimming motility in Salmonella pullorum isolates and to characterize the flagellar proteins produced by motile isolates. Sample population-30 S pullorum isolates and isolates of 7 other Salmonella sp. Procedure-Salmonella pullorum isolates were inoculated into high motility medium to evaluate swimming motility. Putative flagellar proteins were purified from the organisms and analyzed by means of gel electrophoresis and western blotting procedures, using various antisera specific for flagellar proteins. Antisera shown to be reactive with putative flagellar proteins were incorporated into the growth medium to examine their effects on motility of the isolates. Results-All S pullorum isolates had evidence of swimming motility. Two putative flagellar proteins were purified from 2 of the S pullorum isolates: a 60 to 62 kd protein shown to react with antiserum specific for type y flagellar protein, and a 58 to 59 kd protein shown to react with antiserum specific for type d flagellar protein and with antibody reactive to a highly conserved flagellar epitope found on various Enterobacteriaceae. Antiserum specific for type d flagellar protein inhibited swimming motility of S pullorum isolates, but antiserum specific for type y flagellar protein did not. Conclusions-Results suggest that S pullorum isolates can be induced to manifest swimming motility when grown on medium with a low agar concentration and possess a 58 to 59 kd protein of d serotype and a second protein of 60 to 62 kd that also may be a flagellar protein. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Holt, PS (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 24 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 60 IS 10 BP 1322 EP 1327 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 241YF UT WOS:000082910900023 PM 10791949 ER PT J AU Stanton, TB Sellwood, R AF Stanton, TB Sellwood, R TI Cloning and characteristics of a gene encoding NADH oxidase, a major mechanism for oxygen metabolism by the anaerobic spirocheta, Brachyspira (Serpulina) hyodysenteriae SO ANAEROBE LA English DT Article DE oxidative stress; swine dysentery; intestinal bacteria; anaerobe ID TREPONEMA-HYODYSENTERIAE; STREPTOCOCCUS-FAECALIS; MOLECULAR-CLONING; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; SWINE-DYSENTERY; PEROXIDASE; IDENTIFICATION; PURIFICATION; HEMOLYSIN; PROTEINS AB Brachyspira (Serpulina) hyodysenteriae cells consume oxygen during growth under a 1%O-2:99%N-2 atmosphere. A major mechanism of O-2 metabolism by this anaerobic spirochete is the enzyme NADH oxidase (EC 1.6.99.3). In these investigations, the NADH oxidase gene (nox) of B, hyodysenteriae strain B204 was cloned,expressed in Escherichia coli, and sequenced. By direct cloning of a Hind III-digested DNA fragment which hybridized with a nor DNA probe and by amplification of B204 DNA through the use of inverse PCR techniques, overlapping portions of the nor gene were identified and sequenced. The nor gene and flanking chromosome regions (1.7 kb total) were then amplified and cloned into plasmid pCRII. Lysates of E. coli cells transformed with this recombinant plasmid expressed NADH oxidase activity (1.1 mu mol NADH oxidized/min/mg protein) and contained a protein reacting with swine antiserum raised against purified B. hyodysenteriae NADH oxidase. The nor ORF (1.3 kb) encodes a protein with a predicted molecular mass of 50 158 kDa. The B, hyodysenteriae NADH oxidase shares significant (46%) amino acid sequence identity and common functional domains with the NADH oxidases of Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutans, suggesting a common evolutionary origin for these proteins. Cloning of the B. hyodysenteriae nor gene is an important step towards the goal of generating B. hyodysenteriae mutant strains lacking NADH oxidase and for investigating the significance of NADH oxidase in the physiology and pathogenesis of this anaerobic spirochete. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Enter Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Stanton, TB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Enter Dis Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 31 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1075-9964 J9 ANAEROBE JI Anaerobe PD OCT PY 1999 VL 5 IS 5 BP 539 EP 546 DI 10.1006/anae.1999.0196 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 289LY UT WOS:000085624300005 ER PT J AU Casas, E Barendse, W Beever, JE Burns, BM Davis, SK Erhardt, G Forster, M Gomez-Raya, L Kalm, E Kappes, SM Klungland, H Lewin, HA Lien, S Olsaker, I Reinsch, N Schwerin, M Song, Y Taylor, JF Thomsen, H Vage, DI Wu, X Xu, N Yeh, CC AF Casas, E Barendse, W Beever, JE Burns, BM Davis, SK Erhardt, G Forster, M Gomez-Raya, L Kalm, E Kappes, SM Klungland, H Lewin, HA Lien, S Olsaker, I Reinsch, N Schwerin, M Song, Y Taylor, JF Thomsen, H Vage, DI Wu, X Xu, N Yeh, CC TI Bovine chromosome 4 workshop: consensus and comprehensive linkage maps SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE bovine; consensus map; BTA4; linkage map; comprehensive map ID GENOME AB The report of the bovine chromosome 4 (BTA4) workshop is presented. Six laboratories contributed a total of 30168 informative meioses from 62 loci. Twenty-two loci were typed by at least two independent laboratories and were BTA4. The remaining 40 loci were subsequently incorporated into a comprehensive map. The sex-averaged consensus map covered 1314 cM. The female map was 124.3 cM in length, while the male map was 134.3 cM. The comprehensive sex-averaged map spanned 141.6 cM. The length of the female and male comprehensive maps were 123.1cM and 156.4 cM, respectively. Average genetic distance between loci was 6 and 2.3 cM for the consensus and comprehensive linkage maps, respectively. C1 USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. CSIRO Trop Agr, Gehrmann Labs, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia. Univ Illinois, Ctr Biotechnol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Anim Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ Giessen, Inst Tierzucht & Haustiergenet, D-35390 Giessen, Germany. Univ Munich, Inst Tierzucht, D-80539 Munich, Germany. Agr Univ Norway, Dept Anim Sci, N-1430 As Nlh, Norway. Univ Kiel, Inst Tierzucht & Tierhaltung, D-24098 Kiel, Germany. Norwegian Coll Vet Med, Dept Morphol Genet & Aquat Biol, N-0033 Oslo, Norway. Forschungsbereich Molekularbiol, Forschungsinst Biol Landwirtschaftlicher Nutztier, D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany. RP Casas, E (reprint author), USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Burns, Brian/A-9588-2011; Barendse, William/D-8608-2011; Moran, Paloma/J-6877-2014; OI Barendse, William/0000-0002-5464-0658; Moran, Paloma/0000-0002-3644-8507; Thomsen, Hauke/0000-0001-5951-3116 NR 9 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 30 IS 5 BP 375 EP 377 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.1999.00529.x PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 278JY UT WOS:000084987700008 PM 10582283 ER PT J AU Stone, RT Rexroad, CE Smith, TPL AF Stone, RT Rexroad, CE Smith, TPL TI Bovine UCP2 and UCP3 map to BTA15 SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE uncoupling proteins; SNP; bovine ID BROWN ADIPOSE-TISSUE; FREE FATTY-ACIDS; UNCOUPLING PROTEIN-3; GENOMIC STRUCTURE; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; LINKAGE MAP; GENE; THERMOGENESIS; LOCALIZATION; METABOLISM AB Two recently described uncoupling proteins, UCP2 and UCP3, may have important roles in determining feud conversion and/or maintenance energy requirements in livestock. Sequence was determined for the entire coding region and four of the six introns for bovine UCP3. A partial cDNA sequence was obtained for bovine UCP2. Radiation hybrid mapping was used to place UCP3 on BTA15, a chromosome previously shown to harbor a locus influencing meat tenderness. In order to place UCP3 in the existing linkage map, five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were developed. Linkage analysis using one of five SNPs was used to place UCP3 between 53.1 and 53.5 cM. No recombination was detected between UCP3 and IDVGA10, IDVGA32, and INRA145. The sequence of PCR products from a single BAC amplified with primers specific for either UCP2 or UCP3 indicate that UCP2 and UCP3 are separated by < 200 kb. C1 USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Stone, RT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 19 TC 9 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 30 IS 5 BP 378 EP 381 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.1999.00506.x PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 278JY UT WOS:000084987700009 PM 10582284 ER PT J AU Zegeye, A Ashwell, M Ogg, S Rexroad, C Mather, IH AF Zegeye, A Ashwell, M Ogg, S Rexroad, C Mather, IH TI RFLP markers in the bovine butyrophilin gene SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article ID TRAIT LOCI; CHROMOSOME-23; CATTLE C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Mather, IH (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 4 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 30 IS 5 BP 385 EP 386 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.1999.00526-4.x PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 278JY UT WOS:000084987700013 PM 10582287 ER PT J AU Grosz, MD Stone, RT AF Grosz, MD Stone, RT TI A single nucleotide polymorphism in the bovine kit oncogene (Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral (v-kit) oncogene homolog) SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Grosz, MD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Route 1 Box 2021, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 30 IS 5 BP 394 EP 394 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.1999.00526-13.x PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 278JY UT WOS:000084987700022 PM 10582296 ER PT J AU Kappes, SM Hines, HC Penedo, MCT Keele, JW AF Kappes, SM Hines, HC Penedo, MCT Keele, JW TI Linkage assignment of the last unmapped cattle erythrocyte antigen system, EAF SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article ID SERUM-PROTEIN; 2 PAIRS; B-Z; MARKERS; LOCI C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Anim Genet Lab, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Vet Genet Lab, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Kappes, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 30 IS 5 BP 396 EP 396 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.1999.00526-16.x PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 278JY UT WOS:000084987700025 PM 10582299 ER PT J AU Warren, WC Allison, T Tao, N Kappes, SM AF Warren, WC Allison, T Tao, N Kappes, SM TI Evaluation of two cDNA-derived bovine tandem repeat sequences, BMON112 and BMON114 SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article C1 Monsanto Co, St Louis, MO 63198 USA. USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Warren, WC (reprint author), Monsanto Co, 700 Chesterfield Pkwy, St Louis, MO 63198 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 30 IS 5 BP 401 EP 402 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.1999.00526-24.x PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 278JY UT WOS:000084987700033 PM 10582307 ER PT J AU Audtho, M Valaitis, AP Alzate, O Dean, DH AF Audtho, M Valaitis, AP Alzate, O Dean, DH TI Production of chymotrypsin-resistant Bacillus thuringiensis Cry2Aa1 delta-endotoxin by protein engineering SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INSECTICIDAL CRYSTAL PROTEINS; BRUSH-BORDER MEMBRANE; BOMBYX-MORI; VAR KURSTAKI; DOMAIN-II; LEPIDOPTERAN; BINDING; MIDGUT; SPECIFICITY; TOXINS AB Cleavage of the Cry2Aa1 protoxin (molecular mass, 63 kDa) from Bacillus thuringiensis by midgut juice of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) larvae resulted in two major protein fragments: a 58-kDa fragment which was highly toxic to the insect and a 49-kDa fragment which was not toxic. In the midgut juice, the protoxin was processed into a 58-kDa toxin within 1 min, but after digestion for 1 h, the 58-kDa fragment was further cleaved within domain I, resulting in the protease-resistant 49-kDa fragment. Both the 58-kDa and nontoxic 49-kDa fragments were also found in vivo when I-125-labeled toxin was fed to the insects. N-terminal sequencing revealed that the protease cleavage sites are at the C termini of Tyr49 and Leu144 for the active fragment and the smaller fragment, respectively. To prevent the production of the nontoxic fragment during midgut processing, five mutant proteins were constructed by replacing Leu144 of the toxin with Asp (L144D), Ala (L144A), Gly (L144G), His (L144H), or Val (L144V) by using a pair of complementary mutagenic oligonucleotides in PCR. All of the mutant proteins were highly resistant to the midgut proteases and chymotrypsin. Digestion of the mutant proteins by insect midgut extract and chymotrypsin produced only the active 58-kDa fragment, except that L144H was partially cleaved at residue 144. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Biochem, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Biophys Program, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. US Forest Serv, NE Expt Stn, USDA, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. RP Dean, DH (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Biochem, 484 W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01AI29092] NR 37 TC 20 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 65 IS 10 BP 4601 EP 4605 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 242UB UT WOS:000082959100045 PM 10508095 ER PT J AU Ortega, YK Capen, DE AF Ortega, YK Capen, DE TI Effects of forest roads on habitat quality for ovenbirds in a forested landscape SO AUK LA English DT Article ID PAIRING SUCCESS; SEIURUS-AUROCAPILLUS; BREEDING BIRDS; EDGE; FRAGMENTATION; WARBLERS; VERMONT; DENSITY; CORRIDORS; ABUNDANCE AB Numerous studies have reported lower densities of breeding Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapillus) adjacent to forest edges. However, none of these studies has considered habitat use and reproductive success to address mechanisms underlying the observed pattern, and most were conducted in fragmented landscapes and ignored juxtapositions of forest with narrow openings such as roads. We studied the influence of forest roads on Ovenbird density in an extensively forested region of Vermont, evaluating habitat use and reproductive success relative to mechanisms proposed to explain the density-edge relationship. Territory densities on seven study plots were 40% lower within edge areas (0 to 150 m from unpaved roads) than within interior areas (150 to 300 m from roads). We simulated the distribution of Ovenbird territories and concluded that passive displacement, where birds perceive habitat interfaces as boundaries and limit their territories entirely to forest habitat, did not account for the observed density-edge pattern. Territory size was inversely related to distance from roads, providing an alternative explanation for reduced densities near edges and suggesting that habitat quality was higher away from roads. Pairing success was lower within edge areas than within interior zones, but the difference was not statistically significant. The proportion of males that produced fledglings did not differ between edge and interior areas. We conclude that habitat quality for Ovenbirds may be lower within 150 m of unpaved roads in extensive forested landscapes, affecting territory density and possibly reproductive success. C1 Univ Vermont, Wildlife & Fisheries Biol Program, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. RP Ortega, YK (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NR 53 TC 54 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 1999 VL 116 IS 4 BP 937 EP 946 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 253XZ UT WOS:000083583600007 ER PT J AU Kunkle, RA Rimler, RB Steadham, EM AF Kunkle, RA Rimler, RB Steadham, EM TI Absence of protection against challenge with Aspergillus fumigatus by adoptive transfer of splenocytes from convalescent turkeys SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Aspergillus fumigatus; turkey; pneumonia; airsacculitis; adoptive transfer; splenocyte ID INVASIVE PULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS; CRYPTOCOCCUS-NEOFORMANS; MICE; MACROPHAGES; LYMPHOCYTES; VIRULENCE; IMMUNITY; CELLS; MODEL AB Only limited protective immunity against aspergillosis after experimental immunization of turkeys has been previously demonstrated. No studies evaluating the efficacy of transfer of immunity in preventing aspergillosis in birds have been reported. This study consisted of two trials assessing the level of protection against Aspergillus fumigatus challenge afforded by transfer of splenocytes from convalescent turkeys. Three treatment groups of 12-to-14-wk-old Beltsville small white (BSW) turkeys comprising the splenocyte donors were prepared by one of the following: 1) intra-air sac (IA) challenge with A. fumigatus conidia 5 wk prior to transfer; 2) IA challenge and then intravenous (IV) injection of killed conidia 1 wk prior to transfer; or 3) sham inoculations. Splenocytes from each group were pooled, enriched for mononuclear leukocytes by density gradient centrifugation, and diluted in cell culture medium (CM). Cell viability was assessed by dye exclusion. Each splenocyte preparation was administered intravenously to one of three recipient groups consisting of 10 BSW turkeys each. A control group (n = 10) was given cell-free CM. Recipients were challenged with viable A. fumigatus conidia 16 hr after splenocyte transfer by unilateral IA (trial I) or IV (trial 2) inoculation. Lesion scores postchallenge revealed no differences between turkeys given splenocytes from convalescent ys. naive (control) turkeys. IA exposure produced ipsilateral lesions in air sacs and lung, whereas TV exposure produced severe miliary hepatitis. Donor cell function was confirmed by mitogen blastogenesis; however, cells were nonresponsive to A fumigatus antigens, regardless of previous exposure status. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Kunkle, RA (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 1999 VL 43 IS 4 BP 678 EP 684 DI 10.2307/1592737 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 267AK UT WOS:000084332300006 PM 10611984 ER PT J AU Dodson, SV Maurer, JJ Holt, PS Lee, MD AF Dodson, SV Maurer, JJ Holt, PS Lee, MD TI Temporal changes in the population genetics of Salmonella pullorum SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Salmonella pullorum; RAPD; invasion; plasmid; fimbriae ID MULTILOCUS ENZYME ELECTROPHORESIS; VIRULENCE PLASMID; STRAINS; GENES; TYPHIMURIUM; INFECTION; CHICKENS; PRODUCTS; DISEASE; POULTRY AB Salmonella pullorum is the cause of pullorum disease, which is characterized by white diarrhea and a high mortality rate in poultry. During the 1990s, the serologic "pullorum" test has occasionally failed to detect infected birds during the early stage of disease. To determine if any recent genetic changes have taken place in S. pullorum to account for poor seroconversion sometimes observed in infected flocks, S. pullorum from 1930s outbreaks and strains isolated prior to the 1980s were typed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Of 40 S. pullorum isolates typed by this method, eight distinct DNA patterns were identified with one of three RAPD polymerase chain reaction primers. Sixty-two percent of S. pullorum isolates shared the same RAPD DNA pattern, and a major proportion of these strains were from recent flock infections. The RAPD patterns for S. pullorum were clearly distinct from the avian Salmonella group B isolates included in this analysis. The distribution of Salmonella virulence genes among avian Salmonella isolates was also examined. Eighty-five percent of the S. pullorum isolates had both the virulence plasmid gene, spvB, and the invasion gene, invA, with the same percentage positive for the Salmonella enteriditis fimbrial gene, sef: However, significant variability was observed among S. pullorum in their ability to invade avian epithelial cells, despite the presence of the Salmonella invasion gene in these isolates. C1 Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Avian Med, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Med Microbiol & Parasitol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Maurer, JJ (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Avian Med, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 43 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 1999 VL 43 IS 4 BP 685 EP 695 DI 10.2307/1592738 PG 11 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 267AK UT WOS:000084332300007 PM 10611985 ER PT J AU Brown, C King, DJ Seal, B AF Brown, C King, DJ Seal, B TI Detection of a macrophage-specific antigen and the production of interferon gamma in chickens infected with Newcastle disease virus SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Newcastle disease; macrophage; in situ hybridization; interferon gamma ID EXPRESSION; CELLS AB ormalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded spleen and intestinal tissues were harvested at 2 days postinfection from 4-wk-old white rock chickens infected with five different strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). These tissues were examined for the presence of macrophage antigen expression, virus replication, and interferon gamma (IFN gamma) production. The five strains represented ail three NDV pathotypes. Viral replication and IFN gamma, as determined by riboprobe in situ hybridization, were detected only in those chickens infected with velogenic viscerotropic NDV (VVNDV) strains. Macrophage antigen expression, an indicator of macrophage activation, was determined by immunohistochemistry with a macrophage-specific antibody, CVI-ChNL-68.1. Presence of macrophage antigen was most prominent in VVNDV-infected chickens. The distribution of this antigen within tissues was far more diffuse than the staining for viral mRNA. The presence of IFN gamma mRNA was detected in the spleen and intestinal lymphoid tissue of VVNDV-infected chickens. There was also increased macrophage antigen expression in the mesogen-infected birds, but it was less dramatic than in tissues from VVNDV-infected chickens. One of two lentogen-infected birds had evidence of increased macrophage antigen expression only in the spleen. C1 Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Brown, C (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 11 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 1999 VL 43 IS 4 BP 696 EP 703 DI 10.2307/1592739 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 267AK UT WOS:000084332300008 PM 10611986 ER PT J AU Witter, RL Gimeno, IM Reed, WM Bacon, LD AF Witter, RL Gimeno, IM Reed, WM Bacon, LD TI An acute form of transient paralysis induced by highly virulent strains of Marek's disease virus SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Marek's disease; transient paralysis; chicken; central nervous system; pathotype ID CHICKENS; LESIONS; DIAGNOSIS AB A novel syndrome was observed after inoculation of 3-wk-old chickens with highly virulent Marek's disease virus (MDV) strains. This syndrome was characterized by the acute onset of neurologic signs including flaccid paralysis of neck and limbs 9-10 days postinoculation, typically resulting in death 1-3 days after the onset of clinical signs. Most affected birds died, and spontaneous recovery was rare. Few if any gross tissue changes were found. Histologic brain lesions included acute vasculitis with vasogenic edema and perivascular cuffing. The syndrome was influenced by the virus strain and dose and by chicken strain and B haplotype and was prevented by vaccination with turkey herpesvirus. Chickens up to fs wk of age were susceptible. On the basis of clinical signs and histopathology, the syndrome was determined to be an acute form of transient paralysis (TP); its more acute nature and virtual lack of spontaneous recovery differentiated this syndrome from classical TP. Affected birds were viremic, and brains were positive for viral DNA by polymerase chain reaction assays, bur these tests were also positive in inoculated chickens without clinical signs and may have limited value for diagnosis. Although acute TP should occur only rarely in Marek's disease-vaccinated commercial hocks, this syndrome may be important in laboratory studies, where it could interfere with pathogenesis trials. Finally acute TP appears to be one component in the pathogenesis of the early mortality syndrome, a previously described immunodepressive disease induced by inoculation of 1-day-old chicks with highly virulent MDV. C1 USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. Michigan State Univ, Anim Hlth Diagnost Lab, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Witter, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 36 TC 39 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 1999 VL 43 IS 4 BP 704 EP 720 DI 10.2307/1592740 PG 17 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 267AK UT WOS:000084332300009 PM 10611987 ER PT J AU Gimeno, IM Witter, RL Reed, WM AF Gimeno, IM Witter, RL Reed, WM TI Four distinct neurologic syndromes in Marek's disease: Effect of viral strain and pathotype SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Marek's disease; transient paralysis; pathotype; pathogenesis; chicken; central nervous system ID CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; VIRUS; CHICKENS; PARALYSIS; LESIONS AB A chronological study of central nervous system disorders induced by Marek's disease virus (MDV) has been conducted. Neurologic clinical signs were recorded daily for individual chickens of two genetic lines after inoculation of 13 serotype I MDV strains representing all three pathotypes. In addition to classical transient paralysis (TP) previously described by many workers, and acute TP, described in the companion paper, we have identified for the first time two other neurologic syndromes, persistent neurologic disease (PND) and late paralysis (LP). PND designates birds that showed a variety of neurologic signs (ataxia, torticollis, and nervous ties) after recovery from paralysis (12-15 days postinoculation [DPI]) that either persisted through the observation period or presented a cyclic pattern. LP was a rare syndrome characterized by the late onset of the paralytic stage (about 20 DPI), perhaps indicating occasional failure of the initial intraabdominal inoculation to induce infection. Clinical signs and histopathologic alterations of the brain were also evaluated sequentially in chickens of two genetic lines after inoculation with two MDV strains (virulent MDV and very virulent plus MDV). Although clinical response differed greatly among treatment groups, types of lesions (endotheliosis, mononuclear perivascular cuffing, vasculitis, vacuolization, and increase in cellularity of the neuropil) were similar. However, early onset of lesions (by 6 days) appeared to be associated with a greater severity of clinical signs. We also found that neurologic response was greatly influenced by viral pathotype (virulence). This study thus confirms that the central nervous system is an important target organ for MDV resulting in several distinct clinical manifestations and suggests that neurologic responses in antibody-free chickens might be a useful criterion for virus pathotyping. C1 USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. Univ Complutense, Fac Vet, Dept Patol Anim 2, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. Michigan State Univ, Anim Hlth Diagnost Lab, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Witter, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 47 TC 46 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 1999 VL 43 IS 4 BP 721 EP 737 DI 10.2307/1592741 PG 17 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 267AK UT WOS:000084332300010 PM 10611988 ER PT J AU King, DJ AF King, DJ TI A comparison of the onset of protection induced by Newcastle disease virus strain B1 and, a fowl poxvirus recombinant Newcastle disease vaccine to a viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus challenge SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE avian paramyxovirus; B1 strain; CA 1083; fowl poxvirus vector; fusion protein; hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein; Newcastle disease; protection; recombinant vaccine ID HEMAGGLUTININ-NEURAMINIDASE; MATERNAL ANTIBODIES; MAREKS DISEASES; FUSION GENE; CHICKENS; TURKEYS; HERPESVIRUS; EFFICACY; NDV; OUTBREAKS AB Four-week-old specific-pathogen-free white rock chickens were immunized with either a commercial recombinant fowl poxvirus-vectored Newcastle disease vaccine (FPN) expressing the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase and fusion protein genes of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain BI or live NDV B1. Vaccinates and controls were challenged by eyedrop and intranasal (E/I) route with a viscerotropic velogenic NDV at 14 days postvaccination to determine the time of clearance of challenge virus. In a subsequent experiment, chickens were challenged at 3, 6, or 10 days postvaccination to determine the onset of immunity. Chickens that received a recommended held dose (Ix) or a 0.01 x dose of FP-N subcutaneously (SC) and were seropositive by hemagglutination-inhibition test at 14 days postvaccination cleared the challenge virus by 14 days postchallenge. Clinical Newcastle disease and high challenge virus titers in tissues were seen only in seronegative FP-N 0.01 x dose vaccinates and controls. In a comparison of vaccination with FP-N (IX, 10(4.9) median tissue culture infective dose) SC, B1 (10(6) median egg infective dose [EID50]) SC, or B1 (10(6) EID50) E/I, chickens vaccinated at 6 or 10 days before challenge with all vaccines were protected against clinical disease, but only those vaccinated with B1 E/I 10 days before challenge were protected against infection with the challenge virus. Vaccination at 3 days before challenge with BI E/I provided early protection, but severe nervous signs developed later and reduced overall protection to 60%, whereas disease in chickens vaccinated with B1 SC and FP-N SC 3 days before challenge was similar to the challenge controls. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP King, DJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 23 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 1999 VL 43 IS 4 BP 745 EP 755 DI 10.2307/1592743 PG 11 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 267AK UT WOS:000084332300012 PM 10611990 ER PT J AU Young, CR Ziprin, RL Hume, ME Stanker, LH AF Young, CR Ziprin, RL Hume, ME Stanker, LH TI Dose response and organ invasion of day-of-hatch leghorn chicks by different isolates of Campylobacter jejuni SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Campylobacter jejuni; chickens; colonization ID COLONIZATION; PREVALENCE; INFECTION; POULTRY; FOOD AB Colonization of the ceca and organ invasion by different isolates of Campylobacter jejuni were investigated in day-of-hatch leghorn chicks. This model of Campylobacter colonization of the ceca demonstrates that I) day-of-hatch birds do not naturally contain cecal Campylobacter, 2) ceca can be colonized with C. jejuni by oral gavage and not by cloacal inoculation; 3) C. jejuni can be recovered from the ceca up until at least 7 days postinoculation, 4) cecal colonization occurs when as little as 10(2) colony-forming units is orally inoculated into chicks, and 5) different C. jejuni isolates vary both in their ability to colonize the ceca and in their ability to invade the liver. These studies demonstrate that we have a working animal model for Campylobacter colonization for day-of-hatch chicks. This animal model is being used to examine intervention strategies such as vaccines by which Campylobacter can be reduced or removed from the food animal. C1 USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Young, CR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 24 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 1999 VL 43 IS 4 BP 763 EP 767 DI 10.2307/1592745 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 267AK UT WOS:000084332300014 PM 10611992 ER PT J AU Gast, RK Holt, PS AF Gast, RK Holt, PS TI Experimental horizontal transmission of Salmonella enteritidis strains (phage types 4, 8, and 13A) in chicks SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Salmonella enteritidis; chickens; horizontal transmission; phage type 4 ID UNITED-STATES; INFECTION; HENS; PERSISTENCE; OUTBREAKS; POULTRY; EGGS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; CALIFORNIA; VIRULENCE AB The recent isolation of phage type 4 Salmonella enteritidis strains from poultry and humans in the United Stares has generated considerable concern because this phage type is predominant in both animals and humans in many other nations, Understanding whether the presence of these strains in poultry flocks poses an elevated threat to public health is a critical issue for developing effective disease control programs. The present study evaluated whether S. enteritidis strains of various phage types found in poultry in the United States (phage types 4, 8, and 13a) differed in their potential for horizontal transmission from experimentally infected chicks to uninoculated chicks housed in the same isolator units. Five days after two seeder chicks in each group of 12 were inoculated with oral doses of approximately 10(3) S. enteritidis cells at 8 days of age, ceca and livers were sampled from seeder chicks and from their contact-exposed penmates. On the basis of the detection of S. enteritidis in cecal samples, phage type 4 strains were transmitted horizontally at a significantly lower frequency than were strains of other phage types. Nevertheless, two of three phage type 4 strains evaluated were very highly invasive. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Gast, RK (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 34 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 1999 VL 43 IS 4 BP 774 EP 778 DI 10.2307/1592747 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 267AK UT WOS:000084332300016 PM 10611994 ER PT J AU Berinstein, A Seal, BS Zanetti, F Kaloghlian, A Segade, G Carrillo, E AF Berinstein, A Seal, BS Zanetti, F Kaloghlian, A Segade, G Carrillo, E TI Newcastle disease virus surveillance in Argentina: Use of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and sequencing for molecular typification SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE avian paramyxovirus; avian diseases; sequence analysis; reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction ID CLEAVAGE-ACTIVATION; FUSION GLYCOPROTEIN; SITE; VIRULENCE AB Newcastle disease virus (NDV) remains a major pathogen of poultry where highly virulent strains require reporting to the Office of International Epizootes. NDV is a paramyxovirus existing as different strains classified on the basis of severity of the disease they cause. The present study was conducted in Argentina to determine the prevalence of highly virulent velogenic NDV strains in commercial poultry farms. Tracheal and cloacal swabs from 693 flocks, representing 14% of the broiler production, were collected and pooled. A pool amplified twice in embryonated eggs presented a limited hemagglutination titer. We performed reverse transcription coupled to polymerase chain reaction to amplify fusion and matrix protein gene sequences of the isolate and the strain Trenque Lauquen, isolated in Argentina during an outbreak in 1970-71 and previously characterized as velogenic viscerotropic by biological methods. The amino acid sequences were deduced From nucleotide sequences of the amplification products and the pathotype predicted according to the sequences obtained. From the samples analyzed, we found only one type of NDV, being the isolate identified as lentogenic NDV. This strain is probably the one used in vaccination of flocks where that sample was obtained. These data have allowed us to consider a velogenic NDV-free status in Argentina's commercia poultry C1 Inst Nacl Tecnol Agropecuaria, Ctr Invest Ciencias Vet, Inst Biotecnol, RA-1708 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. SENASA, DILAB, Dept Virol Aviar, RA-1640 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. RP Berinstein, A (reprint author), Inst Nacl Tecnol Agropecuaria, Ctr Invest Ciencias Vet, Inst Biotecnol, CC77 Moron, RA-1708 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 1999 VL 43 IS 4 BP 792 EP 797 DI 10.2307/1592751 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 267AK UT WOS:000084332300020 PM 10611998 ER PT J AU Capua, I Marangon, S Selli, L Alexander, DJ Swayne, DE Dalla Pozza, M Parenti, E Cancellotti, FM AF Capua, I Marangon, S Selli, L Alexander, DJ Swayne, DE Dalla Pozza, M Parenti, E Cancellotti, FM TI Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N2) in Italy during October 1997 to January 1998 SO AVIAN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCES; A VIRUSES; TURKEYS; HEMAGGLUTININ; CHICKENS AB Between the month of October 1997 and January 1998, eight outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza were diagnosed in the Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia regions in north-eastern Italy. For each of the eight outbreaks, influenza A virus of subtype H5N2 was isolated and the inoculation of susceptible chickens confirmed these viruses to be extremely virulent with intravenous pathogenicity indices in 6-week-old chickens of 2.98 to 3.00. Although it was not possible to trace the origin of infection, the epidemiological investigation revealed connections between several outbreaks and emphasized the well-known risk factors for avian influenza such as bird movement, rearing of mixed populations and contact with migratory waterfowl. Control measures listed in European Union directive 92/40/EEC were implemented promptly and spread of the infection to intensively-reared domestic poultry was avoided. C1 Ist Zooprofilatt Venezie, Dept Virol, I-35020 Padua, Italy. Ist Zooprofilatt Venezie, CREV, I-35020 Padua, Italy. VLA Weybridge, Addlestone KT15 3NB, Surrey, England. USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Capua, I (reprint author), Ist Zooprofilatt Venezie, Dept Virol, Via Romea 14-A, I-35020 Padua, Italy. RI Alexander, Dennis/C-9517-2011 NR 24 TC 50 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 2 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0307-9457 J9 AVIAN PATHOL JI Avian Pathol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 28 IS 5 BP 455 EP 460 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 242ZM UT WOS:000082972800005 PM 26911599 ER PT J AU Zimmerman, JC DeWald, LE Rowlands, PG AF Zimmerman, JC DeWald, LE Rowlands, PG TI Vegetation diversity in an interconnected ephemeral riparian system of north-central Arizona, USA SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE diversity; vegetation; canyon; riparian; southwest ID GEOMORPHOLOGICAL HETEROGENEITY; SPECIES RICHNESS; BIODIVERSITY; PERSPECTIVE; ECOSYSTEMS; LANDSCAPE; WETLANDS; FORESTS; STREAM; PLANTS AB A vegetation survey was conducted in the Pumphouse Wash canyon system, south of Flagstaff, Arizona. Plant species distribution, abundance, and diversity were quantified within and among canyons in this sensitive ephemeral riparian area. Abiotic variables were examined to see if they could predict vegetation diversity. Results of stand ordination and cluster analysis suggested that variation in vegetation distribution and composition was best explained by a complex temperature/moisture - substrate gradient. Understory diversity in general was related to changes in slope and sand/gravel substrate. Each tributary canyon supported unique plant species and the riparian vegetation in one tributary canyon was significantly less diverse than in each of the other canyons. The two canyons with the lowest understory diversity contained rare plant species not found in the other, more diverse canyons. Thus, overall diversity was demonstrated to be a poor predictor of the presence of rare species. Similarly, abiotic variation was useful at predicting diversity levels but was not useful at predicting species occurrence or ecological quality. In summary, attributes frequently considered of use for predicting conservation value of one type (e.g., diversity) were not good at predicting other conservation values (e.g., rarity). (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. No Arizona Univ, Sch Forestry, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Organ Pipe Cactus Natl Monument, Ajo, AZ 85321 USA. RP Zimmerman, JC (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 2500 Pine Knoll Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 66 TC 19 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 90 IS 3 BP 217 EP 228 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 209UD UT WOS:000081066500007 ER PT J AU Malakar, R Elkinton, JS Carroll, SD D'Amico, V AF Malakar, R Elkinton, JS Carroll, SD D'Amico, V TI Interactions between two gypsy moth (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) pathogens: Nucleopolyhedrovirus and Entomophaga maimaiga (Zygomycetes : Entomophthorales): Field studies and a simulation model SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Entomophaga maimaiga; Lymantria dispar; baculovirus; epizootic; host-pathogen model; population dynamics ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; FUNGAL PATHOGEN; NORTH-AMERICA; LARVAL MORTALITY; POPULATIONS; DISPAR; EPIZOOTICS; TRANSMISSION; INFECTION; DYNAMICS AB The sudden appearance of a fungal pathogen, Entomophaga maimaiga, in gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) populations in the United States in 1989 raised questions concerning its effect on mortality from nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV), a pathogen that causes the collapse of defoliating gypsy moth populations. To determine the impacts of E. maimaiga on LdMNPV-induced larval mortality, we collected gypsy moth larvae from seven 0.04-ha plots in 1992 and four 0.04-ha plots in 1994. Two of the plots in 1994 were supplemented with artificial rain, and the gypsy moth larvae in those plots had a higher E. maimaiga-induced mortality (seasonal cumulative mortality of 81%) than those in unwatered plots (66%). The levels of LdMNPV mortality were similar in both watered and unwatered plots (seasonal cumulative mortalities of 35 and 39%, respectively). To elucidate the impact of E. maimaiga on LdMNPV-induced mortality, we modified a previously developed host-pathogen model for LdMNPV to include both pathogens and fit it to our observed data on E. maimaiga mortality. The model predicted that, at moderate densities of gypsy moths, as in our plots, the mortality induced by LdMNPV would not be very different with or without E. maimaiga. This occurred because gypsy moth mortality from E. maimaiga reaches the highest level only when the older instars are present. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Entomol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Hamden, CT 06514 USA. RP Malakar, R (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Entomol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 36 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD OCT PY 1999 VL 16 IS 2 BP 189 EP 198 DI 10.1006/bcon.1999.0751 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 242AG UT WOS:000082915600011 ER PT J AU Thorpe, KW Cook, SP Webb, RE Podgwaite, JD Reardon, RC AF Thorpe, KW Cook, SP Webb, RE Podgwaite, JD Reardon, RC TI Aerial application of the viral enhancer Blankophor BBH with reduced rates of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) nucleopolyhedrovirus SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Lymantria dispar; baculovirus; Gypchek; optical brightener ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; OPTICAL BRIGHTENERS; DROPLET SIZE; EFFICACY; GYPCHEK; BACULOVIRUS; DEPOSITS; FOREST AB The viral enhancer Blankophor BBH was applied by air to gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, populations in two formulations of gypsy moth nucleopolyhedrovirus to determine if the enhancer could compensate for reduced rates of virus. Larval mortality due to virus in plots treated with a molasses-based formulation at 2.5 x 10(11) polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB)/ha (one-fourth the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service recommended rate) was 25% greater than in untreated plots. There was no increase in larval mortality in plots treated with an experimental wettable-powder formulation at 5 x 10(11) PIB/ha (one-half the recommended virus rate) compared to untreated plots but defoliation was 50% lower. The addition of 0.5% (W:V) Blankophor BBH did not increase the efficacy of either formulation. The volume of spray deposited onto leaf surfaces averaged 16.6 and 40.0 nl/cm(2) for the molasses-based formulation and 6.9 and 13.7 nl/cm(2) for the wettable-powder formulation with and without enhancer, respectively. A separate laboratory experiment in which 0.5-mu l droplets containing low (200 PIB/mu l) concentrations of virus with varying concentrations of Blankophor BBH were consumed by End-stage gypsy moth larvae demonstrated that viral enhancement increased with increasing concentration of Blankophor BBH and that a concentration of 0.3% was required to cause >90% larval mortality. This concentration in a 0.5-mu l droplet corresponds to 1.5 mu g of Blankophor BBH, which is proposed as an estimate of the dose required to cause >90% mortality in End-stage gypsy moth larvae. Based on the amount of spray deposited in the field test, only 0.03-0.2 mu g of Blankophor BBH/cm(2) of leaf surface was deposited, which was substantially below the proposed amount required for enhancement. The LC50 was 2.8 times greater when oak rather than lettuce was used as a host substrate without Blankophor BBH and 1.9 times greater with Blankophor BBH. The enhancer reduced LC50 values 213- and 314-fold on lettuce and oak, respectively. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Oklahoma Biol Survey, Norman, OK 73019 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Hamden, CT 06514 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Thorpe, KW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 26 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD OCT PY 1999 VL 16 IS 2 BP 209 EP 216 DI 10.1006/bcon.1999.0758 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 242AG UT WOS:000082915600013 ER PT J AU DeHayes, DH Schaberg, PG Hawley, GJ Strimbeck, GR AF DeHayes, DH Schaberg, PG Hawley, GJ Strimbeck, GR TI Acid Rain Impacts on Calcium Nutrition and Forest Health - Alteration of membrane-associated calcium leads to membrane destabilization and foliar injury in red spruce SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID EASTERN WHITE-PINE; ONION BULB CELLS; ABIES L KARST; WINTER INJURY; FROST HARDINESS; COLD TOLERANCE; FREEZING TOLERANCE; EXTRACELLULAR KCL; MESOPHYLL-CELLS; GROWTH-RESPONSE C1 Univ Vermont, Sch Nat Resources, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, USDA, S Burlington, VT 05403 USA. RP DeHayes, DH (reprint author), Univ Vermont, Sch Nat Resources, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. NR 73 TC 162 Z9 172 U1 5 U2 50 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD OCT PY 1999 VL 49 IS 10 BP 789 EP 800 DI 10.2307/1313570 PG 12 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 241PD UT WOS:000082891000007 ER PT J AU Vieira, NE Marini, JC Hopkins, E Abrams, SA Yergey, AL AF Vieira, NE Marini, JC Hopkins, E Abrams, SA Yergey, AL TI Effect of growth hormone treatment on calcium kinetics in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta type III and IV SO BONE LA English DT Article DE stable isotopes; bone; calcium; metabolism; children; osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) ID ENDOGENOUS FECAL CALCIUM; BIRTH-WEIGHT INFANTS; BONE TURNOVER; URINARY CALCIUM; FRACTIONAL ABSORPTION; ISOTOPIC TRACERS; STABLE ISOTOPES; SHORT CHILDREN; ELDERLY WOMEN; EXCRETION AB Using a dual stable isotope technique, the effect of growth hormone (GH) on whole body calcium (Ca) metabolism was studied in children (ages 5-14 years) with type III (n = 9) and IV (n = 8) osteogenesis imperfecta, Each subject was studied twice: at baseline and following a GH (0.1-0.2 U/kg per day) treatment period of 1-1.5 years. Subjects were given Ca-42 intravenously and Ca-44 orally. The sera and urine Ca-42 and Ca-44 isotopic enrichments were followed over 7 days using thermal ionization mass spectrometry, The SAAM program was used to fit a three-compartment model to the tracer data. No significant differences were observed between: (1) children with type III and IV disease; or (2) baseline studies of boys and girls within each disease type. However, GH treatment significantly increased: (1) the exchangeable calcium pool (EP) in type III patients (2086 vs. 4422 mg/day, p 0.02); and (2) the parameter associated with bone calcium accretion in type IV patients (Vo(+): 973 vs. 1560 mg/day, p = 0.03) with boys responding with a significantly greater increase than girls (p = 0.008). Although not statistically significant, a trend toward an increase in Vo(+) in type III patients and in EP in type IV was observed following treatment. Our observations imply that more Ca was available for bone mineralization following GH treatment in these subjects. (C) 1999 by Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 NICHD, LCMB, SMAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NICHD, Heritable Disorders Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. USDA ARS, Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX USA. RP Vieira, NE (reprint author), NICHD, LCMB, SMAMS, NIH, Bldg 10,Room 9D52,10 Ctr Dr,MSC 1580, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. OI Abrams, Steven/0000-0003-4972-9233 NR 34 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 8756-3282 J9 BONE JI Bone PD OCT PY 1999 VL 25 IS 4 BP 501 EP 505 DI 10.1016/S8756-3282(99)00186-6 PG 5 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 237MW UT WOS:000082661000016 PM 10511119 ER PT J AU Katul, G Hsieh, CI Bowling, D Clark, K Shurpali, N Turnipseed, A Albertson, J Tu, K Hollinger, D Evans, B Offerle, B Anderson, D Ellsworth, D Vogel, C Oren, R AF Katul, G Hsieh, CI Bowling, D Clark, K Shurpali, N Turnipseed, A Albertson, J Tu, K Hollinger, D Evans, B Offerle, B Anderson, D Ellsworth, D Vogel, C Oren, R TI Spatial variability of turbulent fluxes in the roughness sublayer of an even-aged pine forest SO BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE canopy turbulence; moving equilibrium hypothesis; planar homogeneity; roughness sublayer; spatial variability; turbulent fluxes ID SENSIBLE HEAT-FLUX; DECIDUOUS FOREST; PLANT CANOPIES; ATMOSPHERE INTERFACE; COHERENT STRUCTURES; VARIANCE METHOD; SURFACE-LAYER; CLOSURE-MODEL; EDDY MOTION; CO2 AB The spatial variability of turbulent flow statistics in the roughness sublayer (RSL) of a uniform even-aged 14 m (= h) tall loblolly pine forest was investigated experimentally. Using seven existing walkup towers at this stand, high frequency velocity, temperature, water vapour and carbon dioxide concentrations were measured at 15.5 m above the ground surface from October 6 to 10 in 1997. These seven towers were separated by at least 100 m from each other. The objective of this study was to examine whether single tower turbulence statistics measurements represent the flow properties of RSL turbulence above a uniform even-aged managed loblolly pine forest as a best-case scenario for natural forested ecosystems. From the intensive space-time series measurements, it was demonstrated that standard deviations of longitudinal and vertical velocities (sigma(u), sigma(w)) and temperature (sigma(T)) are more planar homogeneous than their vertical flux of momentum (u(*)(2)) and sensible heat (H) counterparts. Also, the measured H is more horizontally homogeneous when compared to fluxes of other scalar entities such as CO(2) and water vapour. While the spatial variability in fluxes was significant (>15%), this unique data set confirmed that single tower measurements represent the 'canonical' structure of single-point RSL turbulence statistics, especially flux-variance relationships. Implications to extending the 'moving-equilibrium' hypothesis for RSL flows are discussed. The spatial variability in all RSL flow variables was not constant in time and varied strongly with spatially averaged friction velocity u(*), especially when u(*) was small. It is shown that flow properties derived from two-point temporal statistics such as correlation functions are more sensitive to local variability in leaf area density when compared to single point flow statistics. Specifically, that the local relationship between the reciprocal of the vertical velocity integral time scale (I(w)) and the arrival frequency of organized structures ((u) over bar/h) predicted from a mixing-layer theory exhibited dependence on the local leaf area index. The broader implications of these findings to the measurement and modelling of RSL flows are also discussed. C1 Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Florida, Sch Forest Resources & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Indiana Univ, Dept Geog, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Durham, NH 03824 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Long Isl, NY 11973 USA. Univ Michigan, Biol Stn, Pellston, MI 49769 USA. Duke Univ, Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA. RP Katul, G (reprint author), Natl Taiwan Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Humanities & Social Sci, Taipei 10660, Taiwan. RI Albertson, John/A-3336-2008; Katul, Gabriel/A-7210-2008; Hollinger, David/G-7185-2012; OI Katul, Gabriel/0000-0001-9768-3693; Ellsworth, David/0000-0002-9699-2272 NR 47 TC 80 Z9 82 U1 2 U2 13 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8314 J9 BOUND-LAY METEOROL JI Bound.-Layer Meteor. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 93 IS 1 BP 1 EP 28 DI 10.1023/A:1002079602069 PG 28 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 262VT UT WOS:000084088900001 ER PT J AU Schmidt, DS Schmidt, RA Dent, JD AF Schmidt, DS Schmidt, RA Dent, JD TI Electrostatic force in blowing snow SO BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE blowing snow; charge-to-mass; drifting snow; electrostatic charge; electric field; saltation ID PARTICLES; SALTATION AB Separation of electrostatic charge during the transport of particles by wind adds a force to the gravitational and fluid forces that determine trajectories of particles moving by saltation. Evaluating this electrostatic force requires the electric field strength very near the saltation surface, and charge-to-mass ratios for the moving particles. Field mill readings 4 cm above the surface in a moderate blizzard showed electric field strength as high as +30 kV m(-1). Another experiment gave charge-to-mass ratios of individual saltation particles in low-level drifting that ranged between +72 mu C kg(-1) and 208 mu C kg(-1). From these measurements, we estimated electrostatic forces as large as the gravitational force on some saltating particles. Including forces of this magnitude in the equations of motion significantly alters predicted saltation trajectories from those for uncharged particles. Predictions appear reasonable that for some saltating particles, the electrostatic force prevents new surface impacts. These results should help improve models of energy transfer in the planetary boundary layer during blizzards and sandstorms. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. RP Schmidt, DS (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 43 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8314 J9 BOUND-LAY METEOROL JI Bound.-Layer Meteor. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 93 IS 1 BP 29 EP 45 DI 10.1023/A:1002045818907 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 262VT UT WOS:000084088900002 ER PT J AU Bento, JMS de Moraes, GJ C Bellotti, A Castillo, JA Warumby, JF Lapointe, SL AF Bento, JMS de Moraes, GJ C Bellotti, A Castillo, JA Warumby, JF Lapointe, SL TI Introduction of parasitoids for the control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus herreni (Hemiptera : Pseudococcidae) in north-eastern Brazil SO BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MANIHOTI HOMOPTERA; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; AFRICA AB The mealybug Phenacoccus herreni Cox & Williams causes considerable damage to cassava Manihot esculenta Crantz. Field surveys conducted between 1988 and 1994 indicated the mealybug was present in 57 municipalities in six States in north-eastern Brazil, in some places reaching high levels of infestation. Several native natural enemy species were found associated with the pest in Brazil. Exotic encyrtid parasitoids were imported and released in fields in the States of Bahia and Pernambuco. Apoanagyrus diversicornis (Howard) was introduced from Colombia, and Acerophagus coccois Smith, and Aenasius vexans (Kerrich) were introduced from Venezuela. By the end of 1996, a total of 35,930 parasitoids had been released. In Bahia, Apoanagyrus diversicornis was recovered 130, 234, 304 and 550 km from its release site after 6, 14, 21 and 33 months, respectively. Acerophagus coccois was recovered at 180 km from its release site nine months after release. Aenasius vexans, however, did not disperse at all despite being consistently recovered at its release site. In Pernambuco, 9010 parasitoids were released from October, 1995 onwards. Acerophagus coccois and Aenasius vexans were recovered up to 40 km from the release sites after three and five months of their initial releases, respectively. The establishment and dispersal of these parasitoids are discussed. C1 Univ Sao Paulo, ESALQ, Dept Entomol Fitopatol & Zool Agr, BR-13418900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. Ctr Int Agr Trop, Cali, Colombia. IPA, Recife, PE, Brazil. ARS, USDA, US Hort Res Lab, Orlando, FL USA. RP Bento, JMS (reprint author), Univ Sao Paulo, ESALQ, Dept Entomol Fitopatol & Zool Agr, BR-13418900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. RI Bento, Jose Mauricio/A-9759-2008; Moraes, Gilberto/H-9849-2012 OI Bento, Jose Mauricio/0000-0001-8655-5178; Moraes, Gilberto/0000-0002-5587-1781 NR 17 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 5 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0007-4853 J9 B ENTOMOL RES JI Bull. Entomol. Res. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 89 IS 5 BP 403 EP 410 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 283AJ UT WOS:000085253700002 ER PT J AU Hammack, L AF Hammack, L TI Stimulation of oogenesis by proteinaceous adult diets for screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera : Calliphoridae) SO BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID FLY; OVIPOSITION; FECUNDITY; BEHAVIOR; FLIES; ATTRACTANT; RESPONSES; NORTH AB The influence of protein in the adult diet on first cycle gonotrophic development was examined in newly colonized screwworm flies, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), reared on an artificial larval diet and bred in subsequent generations from females stimulated to oviposit only after all individuals in a colony were expected to have matured their eggs. This latter criterion was established with the goal of reducing selection for early ovarian maturity and increased autogeny. Under these conditions, supplementing the diet with raw meat during the first week after adult emergence hastened egg maturation by two to four days or more, increased the percentage of seven- to ten-day-old females that was gravid by 45%, and boosted the number of eggs per gravid female by c. 30%. The serous discharge from screwworm-infested sheep wounds, a casein-salt mixture, or casein in potassium hydroxide was as effective as raw meat. Addition of B vitamins to the casein-salt mixture was without further effect. The measures taken to reduce selection for altered gonotrophic development were not critically evaluated here, but they appeared successful in that age and protein affected ovarian maturation rates similarly in F-2 and F-27. Fecundity measured as eggs matured per gravid female differed between generations, but appeared correlated with size differences that were unrelated to colonization duration. C1 ARS, USDA, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND USA. RP Hammack, L (reprint author), ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, USDA, 2923 Medary Ave, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. NR 42 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0007-4853 J9 B ENTOMOL RES JI Bull. Entomol. Res. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 89 IS 5 BP 433 EP 440 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 283AJ UT WOS:000085253700005 ER PT J AU Entekhabi, D Asrar, GR Betts, AK Beven, KJ Bras, RL Duffy, CJ Dunne, T Koster, RD Lettenmaier, DP McLaughlin, DB Shuttleworth, WJ van Genuchten, MT Wei, MY Wood, EF AF Entekhabi, D Asrar, GR Betts, AK Beven, KJ Bras, RL Duffy, CJ Dunne, T Koster, RD Lettenmaier, DP McLaughlin, DB Shuttleworth, WJ van Genuchten, MT Wei, MY Wood, EF TI An agenda for land surface hydrology research and a call for the second international hydrological decade SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SOIL AB Hydrologic research at the interface between the atmosphere and land surface is undergoing a dramatic change in focus, driven by new societal priorities, emerging technologies, and better understanding of the earth system. In this paper an agenda for land surface hydrology research is proposed in order to open the debate for more comprehensive prioritization of science and application activities in the hydrologic sciences. Sets of priority science questions are posed and research strategies for achieving progress are identified. The proposed research agenda is also coupled with ongoing international data collection programs. The driving science questions and related research agenda lead to a call for the second International Hydrologic Decade. This activity will help to ensure that hydrology starts the new millennium as a coherent and vital discipline. C1 MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC USA. Atmospher Res, Pittsford, VT USA. Univ Lancaster, Lancaster, England. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA. USDA, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA USA. Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Entekhabi, D (reprint author), MIT, 48-331, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RI Beven, Keith/F-8707-2011; Betts, Alan/H-5282-2011; Koster, Randal/F-5881-2012; van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013; lettenmaier, dennis/F-8780-2011; Dunne, Thomas/B-6374-2014; OI Koster, Randal/0000-0001-6418-6383; van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858; lettenmaier, dennis/0000-0003-3317-1327; Dunne, Thomas/0000-0002-5281-6517; Wood, Eric/0000-0001-7037-9675 NR 10 TC 128 Z9 141 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 80 IS 10 BP 2043 EP 2058 DI 10.1175/1520-0477(1999)080<2043:AAFLSH>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 239UJ UT WOS:000082787800005 ER PT J AU Mech, LD Adams, LG AF Mech, LD Adams, LG TI Killing of a Muskox, Ovibos moschatus, by two Wolves, Canis lupus, and subsequent caching SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Wolf; Canis lupus; Muskox; Ovibos moschatus; predation; caching; food consumption; feeding; Northwest Territories; Canada ID WOLF PACK AB The killing of a cow Muskox (Ovibos moschatus) by two Wolves (Canis lupus) in 5 minutes during summer on Ellesmere Island is described. After two of the four feedings observed, one Wolf cached a leg and regurgitated food as far as 2.3 km away and probably farther. The implications of this behavior for deriving food-consumption estimates are discussed. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Mech, LD (reprint author), N Cent Forest Expt Stn, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 11 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 6 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 35069, WESTGATE PO, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1Z 1A2, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD OCT-DEC PY 1999 VL 113 IS 4 BP 673 EP 675 PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 273RK UT WOS:000084720700019 ER PT J AU Pabst, RJ Spies, TA AF Pabst, RJ Spies, TA TI Structure and composition of unmanaged riparian forests in the coastal mountains of Oregon, USA SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID GRADIENT ANALYSIS; VEGETATION; RIVER; STREAM; RANGE; COMMUNITIES; WASHINGTON; FLOODPLAIN; VIRGINIA; HISTORY AB We characterized the structure and composition of unmanaged riparian forests in three river basins in Oregon's coastal mountains. Our objective was to evaluate stand attributes at three spatial scales: streamside (site), drainage network (stream order), and basin (subregion). Data on basal area, species composition, snag density, canopy cover, and tree regeneration were collected along transects at 124 sites. Conifer basal area increased with distance from stream, a trend similar among subregions, and was highest at sites along first-order streams. Hardwood basal area was relatively constant with distance from stream and was proportionally higher at sites along second- and third-order streams than at sites along first-order streams. Conifer and hardwood tree regeneration occurred infrequently and varied by topographic position, stream order, and subregion. Conifer regeneration was associated with basal area of shade-tolerant conifers and appeared to be limited by shrub competition. The unmanaged forests we studied were characterized by a patchy mosaic of structure and composition. Hardwoods and shrubs were major components of the near-stream environment in these forests, whereas dominance of conifers was limited to hillslopes. It appears that fine-scale patterns associated with proximity to the stream are influenced by coarser scale factors such as valley-floor width and climate. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Pabst, RJ (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM rob.pabst@orst.edu NR 64 TC 63 Z9 67 U1 2 U2 10 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 29 IS 10 BP 1557 EP 1573 DI 10.1139/cjfr-29-10-1557 PG 17 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 252NU UT WOS:000083508400011 ER PT J AU Kenefic, LS Seymour, RS AF Kenefic, LS Seymour, RS TI Leaf area prediction models for Tsuga canadensis in Maine SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID COASTAL DOUGLAS-FIR; SAPWOOD AREA; ABIES-BALSAMEA; FOLIAGE; STANDS; SPRUCE; PINE; BIOMASS AB Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. (eastern hemlock) is a common species throughout the Acadian forest. Studies of leaf area and growth efficiency in this forest type have been limited by the lack of equations to predict leaf area of this species. We found that sapwood area was an effective leaf area surrogate in T. canadensis, though adding crown length to the sapwood equations improved model performance. Prediction bias was observed at the upper end of our data for the best sapwood equation. Sapwood area at crown base did not predict leaf area as well as sapwood area at breast height. Equations using crown length or crown volume alone were the least effective of all models tested. Models using stem cross-sectional area inside the bark or tree basal area with a modified live crown ratio produced results comparable with those of the best sapwood-based model and were unbiased across the range of our data. There findings verify the value of nonsapwood-based approaches to T. canadensis leaf area prediction. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Penobscot Expt Forest, Bradley, ME 04411 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Forest Ecosyst Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Kenefic, LS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Penobscot Expt Forest, RR 1 Box 589, Bradley, ME 04411 USA. RI Kenefic, Laura/H-3177-2014 NR 29 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 29 IS 10 BP 1574 EP 1582 DI 10.1139/cjfr-29-10-1574 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 252NU UT WOS:000083508400012 ER PT J AU Zablotowicz, RM Leung, KT Alber, T Cassidy, MB Trevors, JT Lee, H Veldhuis, L Hall, JC AF Zablotowicz, RM Leung, KT Alber, T Cassidy, MB Trevors, JT Lee, H Veldhuis, L Hall, JC TI Degradation of 2,4-dinitrophenol and selected nitroaromatic compounds by Sphingomonas sp UG30 SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bioremediation; dinitrophenol; metabolism; nitroaromatic; pentachlorophenol; Sphingomonas ID INITIAL HYDROGENATION; MINERALIZATION; CATABOLISM AB Sphingomonas strain UG30 mineralizes both p-nitrophenol (PNP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP). Our current studies showed that UG30 oxidatively metabolized certain other p-substituted nitrophenols, i.e., p-nitrocatechol, 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), and 4,6-dinitrocresol with liberation of nitrite. 2,6-DNP, o- or m-nitrophenol picric acid, or the herbicide dinoseb were not metabolized Studies using C-14-labelled 2,il-DNP indicated that in glucose-glutamate broth cultures of UG30, greater than 90% of 103 mu M 2,4-DNP was transformed to other compounds, while 8-19% of the 2,4-DNP was mineralized within 5 days. A significant portion (20-50%) of the 2,4-DNP was metabolized to highly polar metabolite(s) with one major unidentified metabolite accumulating from 5 to 25% of the initial radioactivity. The amounts of 2,4-DNP mineralized and converted to polar metabolites was affected by glutamate concentration in the medium. Nitrophenolic compounds metabolized by UG30 were also suitable substrates for the UG30 PCP-4-monooxygenase (pcpB gene expressed in Escherichia coli) which is likely central to degradation of these compounds. The wide substrate range of UG30 could render this strain useful in bioremediation of some chemically contaminated soils. C1 USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Univ Guelph, Dept Environm Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Fachhsch Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany. RP Zablotowicz, RM (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, POB 350, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. OI Zablotowicz, Robert/0000-0001-8070-1998 NR 19 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 6 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4166 J9 CAN J MICROBIOL JI Can. J. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 45 IS 10 BP 840 EP 848 DI 10.1139/cjm-45-10-840 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology GA 247GQ UT WOS:000083213300006 PM 10907421 ER PT J AU Fulton, RW d'Offay, JM Saliki, JT Burge, LJ Helman, RG Confer, AW Bolin, SR Ridpath, JF AF Fulton, RW d'Offay, JM Saliki, JT Burge, LJ Helman, RG Confer, AW Bolin, SR Ridpath, JF TI Nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for typing ruminant pestiviruses: Bovine viral diarrhea viruses and border disease virus SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE LA English DT Article ID RAPID DETECTION; ASSAY; CATTLE; GENOTYPES; ANTIBODY; SAMPLES; SERUM; BVDV AB A nested reverse transcription (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was evaluated for differentiating reference bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) strains, BVDV from diagnostic accessions, modified-live virus (MLV) BVDV strains in bovine viral vaccines, and a reference border disease virus (BDV), The detection level of this assay was compared to viral infection in cell culture, The PCR assay was used to distinguish 3 ruminant pestiviruses, types 1 and 2 BVDV, and type 3 BDV, The consensus (first) PCR assay detected all 3 ruminant pestiviruses, a result of the shared sequence homology, The consensus PCR product was subjected to a second (nested) PCR which used type-specific primers. The nested PCR was able to differentiate the 3 ruminant pestiviruses, Viral stocks of BVDV were diluted 10-fold and processed for the 2-step PCR assay. The sensitivity of this 2-step PCR assay was compared to viral infectivity in cell culture based on identical volumes of the system tested (cell culture assay and processing for RNA). The RT-PCR type-specific assay differentiated BVDV laboratory reference strains (12), diagnostic laboratory isolates (15), 2 MLV BVDV vaccine strains, and a BDV strain. The 30 ruminant pestiviruses typed included: (1) 27 reference strains and diagnostic laboratory isolates; 18 cytopathic (CP) type 1 strains, 3 CP type 2 strains, 3 noncytopathic (NCP) type 1 strains, and 3 NCP type 2 strains; (2) 2 MLV strains, type 1; and (3) 1 CP BDV type 3, The PCR assay had a detection limit of 10 TCID50/0.025 mk of virus when 3 separate BVDV were tested. This 2 step RT-PCR assay would be useful for the typing of ruminant pestiviruses, particularly BVDV isolates from the diagnostic laboratory. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Infect Dis & Physiol, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Anat Pathol & Pharmacol, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Oklahoma Anim Dis Diagnost Lab, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. ARS, Enter & Food Safety Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Fulton, RW (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Infect Dis & Physiol, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 24 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU CANADIAN VET MED ASSOC PI OTTAWA PA 339 BOOTH ST ATTN: KIMBERLY ALLEN-MCGILL, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1R 7K1, CANADA SN 0830-9000 J9 CAN J VET RES JI Can. J. Vet. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. Vet. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 63 IS 4 BP 276 EP 281 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 246KU UT WOS:000083163600008 PM 10534007 ER PT J AU Lee, IK Olsen, SC Kehrli, M Bolin, CA AF Lee, IK Olsen, SC Kehrli, M Bolin, CA TI The adjuvant effect of a single dose of interleukin-12 on murine immune responses to live or killed Brucella abortus strain Rb51 SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE LA English DT Article ID RESISTANCE; VACCINE AB This study was designed to determine if a single 0.5 mu g administration of recombinant murine interleukin-12 (IL-12) would influence immune responses of mice vaccinated with live or killed Brucella abortus strain RB51 (SRB51), Mice were vaccinated intraperitoneally,vith 5 x 10(8) cfu of live or gamma-irradiated SRB51 bacteria alone, or in combination with 0.5 mu g of IL-12, Control mice received saline or 0.5 mu g of IL-12, Serologic responses and spleen weights after vaccination were greater in mice vaccinated,vith live SRB51 when compared to mice receiving killed SRB51 or control treatments. Administration of a single dose of IL-12 as a vaccine adjuvant did not influence immune responses, clearance of live SRB51, or resistance against B, abortus strain 2308 (S2308) challenge, The results of this study suggest that a single administration of 0.5 mu g of IL-12 at the time of vaccination does not have significant adjuvant effects on vaccine-induced immune responses against live or killed Brucella. C1 ARS, Zoonot Dis Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. ARS, Metab Dis Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Olsen, SC (reprint author), ARS, Zoonot Dis Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 9 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU CANADIAN VET MED ASSOC PI OTTAWA PA 339 BOOTH ST ATTN: KIMBERLY ALLEN-MCGILL, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1R 7K1, CANADA SN 0830-9000 J9 CAN J VET RES JI Can. J. Vet. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. Vet. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 63 IS 4 BP 284 EP 287 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 246KU UT WOS:000083163600010 PM 10534009 ER PT J AU Kutz, S Hoberg, EP Polley, L AF Kutz, S Hoberg, EP Polley, L TI Experimental infections of muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) and domestic sheep with Umingmakstrongylus pallikuukensis (Nematoda : Protostrongylidae): parasite development, population structure, and pathology SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID LARVAE AB Three captive muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) were successfully infected with third-stage larvae of Umingmakstrongylus pallikuukensis digested or emerged from the slugs Deroceras reticulatum and D. laeve, for the first time completing the life cycle of this parasite under experimental conditions. The course of parasite development and patency was followed for 26 months post infection (p.i.) using fecal examinations and radiography. The prepatent periods in two of the muskoxen were 91 and 95 days and the patent period in one extended for 23 months. Larval production peaked 13-14 months p.i. On postmortem of two of the muskoxen at months 14 and 26 p.i., adult parasites were found only within pulmonary cysts and cysts were randomly distributed between left and right lungs. Cyst dimensions were positively correlated with the number of adult parasites they contained. On postmortem of the third muskox at day 97 p.i., not all adult parasites were within typical cysts; two were found free in interlobular septa. First-stage larvae were recovered from lung cysts of this animal but not from feces. Lung pathology in all three muskoxen appeared localized and associated with the adult nematodes. Infection of two sheep with third-stage larvae of U. pallikuukensis did not result in parasite establishment. C1 Univ Saskatchewan, Western Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Microbiol, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada. ARS, USDA, Biosyst & Natl Parasite Collect Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Kutz, S (reprint author), Univ Saskatchewan, Western Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Microbiol, 52 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada. EM susan.kutz@usask.ca NR 45 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 8 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 77 IS 10 BP 1562 EP 1572 DI 10.1139/cjz-77-10-1562 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 265VK UT WOS:000084266500008 ER PT J AU Hilderbrand, GV Jenkins, SG Schwartz, CC Hanley, TA Robbins, CT AF Hilderbrand, GV Jenkins, SG Schwartz, CC Hanley, TA Robbins, CT TI Effect of seasonal differences in dietary meat intake on changes in body mass and composition in wild and captive brown bears SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID YELLOWSTONE GRIZZLY BEARS; BLACK BEARS; URSUS-MARITIMUS; NATIONAL-PARK; ARCTOS AB The influence of seasonal dietary meat intake on changes in body mass and composition in wild and captive brown bears (Ursus arctos) was investigated because the importance and availability of meat to brown bear populations is currently an important management consideration in several North American ecosystems. Adult female brown bears on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, utilized meat heavily in both spring and fall. Meat accounted for 76.2 +/- 26.0% (mean +/- 1 SD; primarily moose carrion and calves) of assimilated carbon and nitrogen in the spring and 80.4 +/- 22.2% (primarily salmon) in the fall. Mass increases in the spring (71.8 +/- 28.2%) were mostly lean body mass, but increases in the fall (81.0 +/- 19.5%) were primarily fat. Daily intake by captive brown bears fed meat ad libitum during 12-day trials was positively related to body mass. Mass change was positively related to intake in both seasons, but the composition of the gain varied by season, with spring gains primarily lean body mass (64.2 +/- 9.4%), while fall gains were 78.8 +/- 19.6% lipid. Absolute rates of gain by wild bears occasionally equaled, but were usually much less than, those of captive bears. This was likely due to a combination of factors, which included the time required to locate and handle meat resources, the limited availability of or access to meat resources, and (or) the duration of meat resource availability. Estimated intake by bears not feeding selectively on high-energy components of moose and salmon were 8.5 +/- 1.5 kg/day and 541 +/- 156 kg/year and 10.8 +/- 4.6 kg/day and 1003 +/- 489 kg/year, respectively. Intake would drop by as much as 58% for bears feeding exclusively on salmon roe. Management strategies for areas with brown bears that consume significant amounts of meat should address the perpetuation and availability of these meat resources. C1 Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Zool, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Soldotna, AK 99669 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Hilderbrand, GV (reprint author), Alaska Dept Fish & Game, 333 Raspberry Rd, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. EM Grant_Hilderbrand@fishgame.state.ak.us RI Jansen, Heiko/A-5770-2008 NR 50 TC 79 Z9 82 U1 5 U2 29 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 77 IS 10 BP 1623 EP 1630 DI 10.1139/cjz-77-10-1623 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 265VK UT WOS:000084266500016 ER PT J AU Garen, D Woodward, D Geter, F AF Garen, D Woodward, D Geter, F TI A user agency's view of hydrologic, soil erosion and water quality modelling SO CATENA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Soil Erosion Modelling at the Catchment Scale CY APR, 1997 CL UTRECHT, NETHERLANDS DE hydrology; soil erosion; water quality; modelling ID AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS; TERRAIN; AREAS; FLOW; PRECIPITATION; RUNOFF; GIS AB The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) of the US Department of Agriculture provides assistance for land management planning and the use of conservation measures on private farmland in the United States. The NRCS must concern itself with a broad range of issues with regard to models and their application to support the assessments and decision making associated with these activities. These issues include the basic science for the description of physical processes, user issues in the practical application of the model, and software maintenance. In recent years, a significant amount of effort has gone into implementing existing agricultural hydrology/erosion/water quality models. There are, however, some important areas of model development that need to be addressed, including: reconciling the strengths and weaknesses of existing models; accounting for spatial variability of precipitation over the catchment; rectifying weaknesses in the stochastic climate generators currently included in some erosion models; improving the representation of runoff generating processes and water flow paths; and improving our understanding of ephemeral gully (thalweg) erosion and including algorithms to describe it. New model development also needs to follow modern standards of software engineering to ensure code reusability and maintainability. Although the NRCS is primarily a model user agency, it must be involved in all aspects of model development as well as model application to ensure satisfactory results. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Nat Resources Conservat Serv, USDA, Natl Water & Clim Ctr, Portland, OR 97204 USA. Nat Resources Conservat Serv, USDA, Natl Headquarters, Washington, DC 20013 USA. Nat Resources Conservat Serv, USDA, Ctr Informat Technol, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Garen, D (reprint author), Nat Resources Conservat Serv, USDA, Natl Water & Clim Ctr, 101 SW Main St,Suite 1600, Portland, OR 97204 USA. EM dgaren@wcc.nrcs.usda.gov; don.woodward@usda.gov; fgeter@itc.nrcs.usda.gov NR 46 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0341-8162 J9 CATENA JI Catena PD OCT PY 1999 VL 37 IS 3-4 BP 277 EP 289 DI 10.1016/S0341-8162(99)00039-9 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Geology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 259QA UT WOS:000083903500003 ER PT J AU Smith, RE Goodrich, DC Unkrich, CL AF Smith, RE Goodrich, DC Unkrich, CL TI Simulation of selected events on the Catsop catchment by KINEROS2 - A report for the GCTE conference on catchment scale erosion models SO CATENA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Soil Erosion Modelling at the Catchment Scale CY APR, 1997 CL UTRECHT, NETHERLANDS DE Catsop catchment; Netherlands; KINEROS2; runoff; sediment AB Data from the Catsop catchment in South Limburg, Netherlands was simulated with the model KINEROS2. The results of calibration and validation on a split set of runoff and sediment data are reported and the variations in apparent parameters are analyzed. Calibration was performed with regard to the temporal distribution of runoff and sediment rather than single values such as total or peak rates. Based on the simulations, soil erodibility was considerably higher in 1993 than earlier years. Sediment discharge is quite sensitive to hydrologic simulation, as the amount and velocity of runoff affects sediment transport capacity which in turn determines the delivery of soil disturbed by rainsplash. Overall ability of the model to reproduce the measured data was considered relatively good. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Colorado State Univ, USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Smith, RE (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, USDA ARS, AERC Foothills Campus, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Goodrich, David/B-1763-2009 OI Goodrich, David/0000-0001-7735-1448 NR 5 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0341-8162 J9 CATENA JI Catena PD OCT PY 1999 VL 37 IS 3-4 BP 457 EP 475 DI 10.1016/S0341-8162(99)00033-8 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Geology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 259QA UT WOS:000083903500015 ER PT J AU Folly, A Quinton, JN Smith, RE AF Folly, A Quinton, JN Smith, RE TI Evaluation of the EUROSEM model using data from the Catsop watershed, The Netherlands SO CATENA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Soil Erosion Modelling at the Catchment Scale CY APR, 1997 CL UTRECHT, NETHERLANDS DE soil erosion modelling; model evaluation; sensitivity analysis; event-based modelling ID UNCERTAINTY AB The performance of the EUROSEM model is evaluated for a catchment in the Netherlands. The model is calibrated using observed hydrographs and sedigraphs by interactively changing the input parameters net capillary drive, initial soil moisture content, saturated hydraulic conductivity, cohesion, Manning's n and the detachability of soil particles. Storms with characteristics similar to the calibration storms were simulated well, whereas the model did not perform too well for storms being significantly different. Simulation of soil loss was generally too high though the poor quality of observed soil loss made it difficult to assess the true performance of the model. Through a plus and minus 10% sensitivity analysis, it was revealed that the model was most sensitive to changes in the initial volumetric moisture content of the soil and Manning's n and at the same time, the sensitivity analysis proved to be both condition- and site specific in nature. Because of the difficulties of parameterising the model, it is recommended that in future applications of the model, minimum and maximum output values should be included as the output. Improved within storm modelling is needed, particularly to model conditions where crusting is widespread in the study area. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Cranfield Univ, Water Management Grp, Sch Agr Food & Environm, Bedford MK45 4DT, England. Colorado State Univ, USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Folly, A (reprint author), Cranfield Univ, Water Management Grp, Sch Agr Food & Environm, Bedford MK45 4DT, England. RI Quinton, John/B-1290-2011 OI Quinton, John/0000-0003-1746-4795 NR 14 TC 32 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0341-8162 J9 CATENA JI Catena PD OCT PY 1999 VL 37 IS 3-4 BP 507 EP 519 DI 10.1016/S0341-8162(99)00036-3 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Geology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 259QA UT WOS:000083903500018 ER PT J AU Vogt, RG Callahan, FE Rogers, ME Dickens, JC AF Vogt, RG Callahan, FE Rogers, ME Dickens, JC TI Odorant binding protein diversity and distribution among the insect orders, as indicated by LAP, an OBP-related protein of the true bug Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera, Heteroptera) SO CHEMICAL SENSES LA English DT Article ID TARNISHED PLANT BUG; ANTENNAL-SPECIFIC PROTEIN; MOTH MANDUCA-SEXTA; PHEROMONE-BINDING; MOLECULAR-CLONING; BIOCHEMICAL-CHARACTERIZATION; ANTHERAEA-POLYPHEMUS; OLFACTORY SENSILLA; HOST PLANTS; DROSOPHILA AB Insect odorant binding proteins (OBPs) are thought to deliver odors to olfactory receptors, and thus may be the first biochemical step in odor reception capable of some level of odor discrimination. OBPs have been identified from numerous species of several insect orders, including Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera; all are holometabolous insects belonging to the monophyletic division of insects known as the Endopterygota. Recently, an antennal protein with OBP-like properties was identified from Lygus lineolaris, a hemipteran insect representing the Hemipteroid Assemblage, a sister division to the Endopterygota. The full length sequence of Lygus antennal protein (LAP) is presented in this report. In situ hybridization analysis revealed LAP expression in cell clusters associating with olfactory sensilla; expression was adult-specific, initiating in developing adult tissue during the transitional period that precedes the actual adult molt. Sequence analysis confirmed that LAP is homologous with the OBP-related protein family and most similar ito the OS-E and OS-F proteins of Drosophila, the ABPX proteins of Lepidoptera and the OBPRP proteins of the Coleoptera. Assuming that the OBP-related proteins represent one homologous family, the identification of LAP significantly expands the phylogenetic depth of that family and its underlying role in odor detection to encompass all members of the Endopterygota and Hemipteroid Assemblage, which comprise >90% of all insect species. C1 Univ S Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. ARS, USDA, Genet & Precis Agr Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. ARS, USDA, Inst Plant Sci, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Vogt, RG (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. EM vogt@biol.sc.edu FU NIDCD NIH HHS [DC-00588] NR 91 TC 119 Z9 168 U1 0 U2 17 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0379-864X EI 1464-3553 J9 CHEM SENSES JI Chem. Senses PD OCT PY 1999 VL 24 IS 5 BP 481 EP 495 DI 10.1093/chemse/24.5.481 PG 15 WC Behavioral Sciences; Food Science & Technology; Neurosciences; Physiology SC Behavioral Sciences; Food Science & Technology; Neurosciences & Neurology; Physiology GA 247CE UT WOS:000083202400003 PM 10576256 ER PT J AU Inglett, GE AF Inglett, GE TI Nutraceuticals: The key to healthier eating SO CHEMTECH LA English DT Article ID BETA-GLUCAN; DIETARY FIBER; OAT; BRAN; AMYLODEXTRINS; CHOLESTEROL; EXTRACTS; DISEASE; LIPIDS; WOMEN AB Grandma was right about eating your porridge. Three new fat substitutes provide safe and functional alternatives to fat additives in foods. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biopolymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Inglett, GE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biopolymer Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0009-2703 J9 CHEMTECH JI Chemtech PD OCT PY 1999 VL 29 IS 10 BP 38 EP 42 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied SC Chemistry GA 243ZZ UT WOS:000083028500009 ER PT J AU Laird, DA AF Laird, DA TI Layer charge influences on the hydration of expandable 2 : 1 phyllosilicates SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE external surface; hydration; hydration number; layer charge; SAz-1; SHCa-1; surface area; SWa-1; swelling; VTx-1 ID WATER SORPTION; MONTMORILLONITE; SMECTITE; CLAYS; SOILS AB The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of layer charge on the hydration of Mg-saturated expandable 2:1 phyllosilicates. Water retained by 12 Mg-saturated clays at 54% relative humidity was quantified gravimetrically. X-ray diffraction and total chemical analysis were used to determine the hydratable surface area (447-759 m(2) g(-1)) and layer charge [0.327-0.754 electrons per formula unit (e f.u.(-1))] of each sample. Water retained by the clays increased with both hydratable surface area and layer charge of the clays. However, the increase in H2O content with layer charge occurred only on external surfaces of the clays. This result suggests that the H2O on external surfaces is localized around the cation/charge sites rather than forming multi-layers as was suggested previously. A model is proposed for the hydration of expandable 2:1 phyllosilicates. The model assumes that interlayer volume controls interlayer hydration and that the number of cation/charge sites on external surfaces controls hydration of external surfaces. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Laird, DA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Laird, David/E-8598-2014 NR 24 TC 102 Z9 103 U1 1 U2 12 PU CLAY MINERALS SOCIETY PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 4416, BOULDER, CO 80306 USA SN 0009-8604 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 47 IS 5 BP 630 EP 636 DI 10.1346/CCMN.1999.0470509 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA 252AK UT WOS:000083478400009 ER PT J AU Kastelein, JJP Ordovas, JM Wittekoek, ME Pimstone, SN Wilson, PWF Gagne, SE Larson, MG Schaefer, EJ Boer, JMA Gerdes, C Hayden, MR AF Kastelein, JJP Ordovas, JM Wittekoek, ME Pimstone, SN Wilson, PWF Gagne, SE Larson, MG Schaefer, EJ Boer, JMA Gerdes, C Hayden, MR TI Two common mutations (D9N, N291S) in lipoprotein lipase: a cumulative analysis of their influence on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in men and women SO CLINICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE genetics; lipids; lipoprotein lipase; lipoproteins; mutation ID FAMILIAL COMBINED HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION SURVIVORS; FREQUENTLY OCCURRING MUTATION; ISCHEMIC-HEART-DISEASE; HEPATIC LIPASE; INCREASED RISK; GENE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS AB We assessed the effect of two common mutations in the lipoprotein lipase gene (LPL), D9N and N291S, which have been shown to modulate plasma lipids in a wide spectrum of patients. A total of 1114 men and 1144 women from the Framingham Offspring Study (FOS) were analyzed for these two LPL variants. Subsequently, the association with fasting plasma lipids and risk of coronary artery disease (CHD) was determined. We extended our study by calculating weighed means of lipids and lipoproteins in carriers and non-carriers for these LPL mutations in patients with genetic dyslipidemias, CHD patients and healthy controls. In the FOS sample, the D9N and N291S alleles were associated with lower high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (Delta = -0.07 mmol/l, p = 0.03) and a trend towards increased triglycerides (Delta = 0.25 mmol/l, p = 0.07). In women, a trend towards the high triglyceride, low HDL-C phenotype was evident (Delta = -0.02 mmol/l for HDL-C and Delta = 0.14 mmol/l for triglycerides, respectively). Cumulative analysis of other studies of male carriers of the D9N and N291S revealed higher levels of triglycerides (D291N; 2.60(1.85) mmol/l vs. 1.62(1.18) mmol/l: p < 0.0001) (D9N; 1.94 (1.19) mmol/l vs. 1.74(1.17) mmol/l: p < 0.001) and lower HDL-C (N291S; 1.04(0.32) mmol/l vs. 1.15(0.28) mmol/l: p < 0.0001) (D9N; 1.08(0.24) mmol/l vs. 1.16(0.28) mmol/l: p < 0.0001). In females, results differed with higher TG levels (N291S; 1.70(0.99) mmol/l vs. 1.10(0.63) mmol/l: p < 0.001) (D9N; 1.08(0.76) mmol/l vs. 0.96(0.51) mmol/l: p < 0.01) and lower HDL-C levels (N291S; 1.27(0.33) mmol/l vs. 1.51(0.32) mmol/l: p < 0.0001); however, the HDL-C levels for D9N carriers were similar to non-carriers (D9N; 1.52(0.29) mmol/l vs. 1.53(0.35) mmol/l: p = 0.83). Our data provide evidence that common variants of the LPL gene are significant modulators of lipid and lipoprotein levels in both men and women. C1 Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Dept Vasc Med, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Med Genet, Vancouver, BC, Canada. NHLBI, Framingham Heart Study, Boston, MA USA. Boston Univ, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Dept Chron Dis & Environm Epidemiol, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. Aarhus Univ Hosp, Dept Med & Cardiol, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark. RP Kastelein, JJP (reprint author), Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Dept Vasc Med, Meibergdreef 9,G1-146, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands. RI Hayden, Michael/D-8581-2011; OI Hayden, Michael/0000-0001-5159-1419; Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 NR 53 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 0 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0009-9163 J9 CLIN GENET JI Clin. Genet. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 56 IS 4 BP 297 EP 305 DI 10.1034/j.1399-0004.1999.560407.x PG 9 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 264EZ UT WOS:000084168800009 PM 10636448 ER PT J AU Buckner, JS Hagen, MM Nelson, DR AF Buckner, JS Hagen, MM Nelson, DR TI The composition of the cuticular lipids from nymphs and exuviae of the Silverleaf Whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bemisia tabaci; Homoptera; hydrocarbons; insects; long-chain alcohols; long-chain aldehydes; sweetpotato whitefly; wax esters ID ADULT WHITEFLIES; TRIALEURODES-VAPORARIORUM; SCALE INSECTS; WAX PARTICLES; SURFACE WAX; HOMOPTERA; ALEYRODIDAE; CHEMISTRY; TABACI AB The surface lipids of Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) nymphs and exuviae were characterized. The identification and distribution of lipids were determined by capillary gas chromatography (CGC) and CGC-mass spectrometry (CGC-MS). The quantity of lipid from exuviae was 80% greater than that from nymphs. The composition for the lipid classes and the chain-length distribution of each lipid class were similar for both nymphs and exuviae: wax esters (86%), long-chain aldehydes (7%), hydrocarbons (3-4%) and long-chain alcohols (3-4%). The wax esters were composed of even-numbered-carbon compounds ranging from C-38 to C-64. Structural analyses of the wax esters by CGC-MS with single ion monitoring revealed that the carbon numbers for the major acid and alcohol moieties ranged from C-14-C-28 and C-24-C-36, respectively, and the major wax ester constituents were the C-52 ester, dotriacontanyl icosanoate (27%) and the C-54 ester, tetratriacontanyl icosanoate (14%). The major aldehyde was dotriacontanal (C-32), and the major alcohols were near equal amounts of dotriacontan-1-ol (C-32) and tetratriacontan-1-ol (C-34). The major hydrocarbons for both nymphs and exuviae were odd-carbon-numbered C-25-C-35 n-alkanes. Lipids extracted from the exuviae from laboratory-reared sweetpotato whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), were essentially the same as the lipids from B. argentifolii. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, Biosci Res Lab, USDA, State Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Buckner, JS (reprint author), ARS, Biosci Res Lab, USDA, State Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 21 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0305-0491 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS B JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B-Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 124 IS 2 BP 201 EP 207 DI 10.1016/S0305-0491(99)00117-0 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology GA 239JF UT WOS:000082764400011 ER PT J AU Reddy, JR Kwang, J Varthakavi, V Lechtenberg, KF Minocha, HC AF Reddy, JR Kwang, J Varthakavi, V Lechtenberg, KF Minocha, HC TI Semiliki forest virus vector carrying the bovine viral diarrhea virus NS3 (p80) cDNA induced immune responses in mice and expressed BVDV protein in mammalian cells SO COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article DE BVDV-NS3 immune responses; eukaryotic expression of BVDV-p80 ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; MOLECULAR-CLONING; NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; PLASMID DNA; CATTLE; REGION; IDENTIFICATION; GLYCOPROTEIN AB Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a primary pathogen responsible for bovine enteric, respiratory and reproductive failure. A genetic region is encoding the p80 (NS3) of BVDV as the most conserved protein among Pestiviruses. BVDV infection in cattle induces NS3 specific lymphocyte proliferation and humoral responses. To generate a DNA vaccine against BVDV, the gene for BVDV-NADL NS3 was cloned into an eukaryotic expression vector of Semiliki Forest virus (pSFV-1). Quadriceps muscles of BALB/c mice were injected with recombinant DNA generated statistically significant cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity (CTL) and cell mediated immune (CMI) responses against cytopathic and noncytopathic BVDV. Whereas, the BVDV-NS3 did not generate neutralizing antibodies against BVDV in mice. pSFV-1-NS3 DNA was subjected to in vitro transcription into mRNA. The mRNA was transfected into baby hamster kidney cells (BHK-21) and Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells (MDBK). The recombinant cells were used in the detection of DNA antigen responses by immunological assays. This report establishes the ability of BVDV-NS3 DNA inoculation to induce a strong cellular immune responses in mice. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 JN Int Inc, Oakland, NE USA. USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pediat Infect Dis, Nashville, TN USA. Midwest Vet Serv Inc, Oakland, NE USA. Kansas State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Diagnost Med Pathobiol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Reddy, JR (reprint author), JN Int Inc, Oakland, NE USA. NR 59 TC 13 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0147-9571 J9 COMP IMMUNOL MICROB JI Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 22 IS 4 BP 231 EP 246 DI 10.1016/S0147-9571(99)00014-4 PG 16 WC Immunology; Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA 227FE UT WOS:000082067500002 PM 10465327 ER PT J AU Schimmelpfennig, D Thirtle, C AF Schimmelpfennig, D Thirtle, C TI The internationalization of agricultural technology: Patents, R&D spillovers, and their effects on productivity in the European Union and United States SO CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC POLICY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 72nd Annual Conference of the Western-Economic-Association-International CY JUL 09-13, 1997 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON SP W Econ Assoc Int ID ECONOMIC-GROWTH; RETURNS; UK AB Multilateral indices of total factor productivity (TFP) allow efficiency comparisons between ten European Union countries and the United States from 1973 to 1993. Differences in TFP levels are then explained by land quality differences, public research and development (R&D) expenditures, education levels, private-sector patents, international spillovers of public R&D, and private-sector technology transfer. There is evidence that public R&D results in limited knowledge spillovers between the European countries and the United Stares. However, the use of international patent data from the Yale Technology Concordance shows not only that patents matter, but also that private sector technology transfer may be the dominant force in explaining TFP trends. The United States and the European Union countries with more advanced research systems (Netherlands, Denmark, France, and Belgium) converge in a high-growth club, while Germany, Luxembourg, Greece, Italy, Ireland, and the United Kingdom form the slow-growth group. Ignoring knowledge spillovers and technology transfer leads to biased estimates of R&D elasticities, which is hardly surprising since the private sector is now spending more than the public in some of these countries. Thus, the estimated rate of return to public agricultural R&D falls from over 60% in the closed economy model to 10% in the model that takes account of international spillovers. (JEL Q16). C1 Econ Res Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Univ Reading, Dept Agr & Food Econ, Reading RG6 2AH, Berks, England. Univ Pretoria, Dept Agr Econ Extens & Rural Dev, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa. RP Schimmelpfennig, D (reprint author), Econ Res Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 39 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 9 PU WESTERN ECONOMIC ASSOC INT PI HUNTINGTON BEACH PA 7400 CENTER AVE SUITE 109, HUNTINGTON BEACH, CA 92647-3039 USA SN 1074-3529 J9 CONTEMP ECON POLICY JI Contemp. Econ. Policy PD OCT PY 1999 VL 17 IS 4 BP 457 EP 468 PG 12 WC Economics; Public Administration SC Business & Economics; Public Administration GA 248DA UT WOS:000083259000003 ER PT J AU Callaway, TR Adams, KA Russell, JB AF Callaway, TR Adams, KA Russell, JB TI The ability of "low G plus C gram-positive" ruminal bacteria to resist monensin and counteract potassium depletion SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACID-FERMENTING BACTERIA; IONOPHORES; GROWTH; ACCUMULATION; FERMENTATION; DEAMINATION; FORCE AB Gram-negative ruminal bacteria with an outer membrane are generally more resistant to the feed additive, monensin, than Gram-positive species, but some bacteria can adapt and increase their resistance. 16S rRNA sequencing indicates that a variety of ruminal bacteria are found in the "low G + C Gram-positive group," but some of these bacteria are monensin resistant and were previously described as Gram-negative species (e.g., Selenomonas ruminantium and Megasphaera elsdenii). The activity of monensin can be assayed by its ability to cause potassium loss, and results indicated that the amount of monensin needed to catalyze half maximal potassium depletion (K-d) from low G + C gram-positive ruminal bacteria varied by as much as 130-fold. The K-d values for Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens 49, Streptococcus bovis JB1, Clostridium aminophilum F. S. ruminantium H4, and M. elsdenii B159 were 10, 65, 100, 1020, and 1330 nM monensin, respectively. B. fibrisolvens was very sensitive to monensin, and ii: did not adapt. S. bovis and C. aminophilum cultures that were transferred repeatedly with sub-lethal doses of monensin had higher K-d values than unadapted cultures, but the K-d was always less than 800 nM. S. ruminantium and M. elsdenii cells were highly resistant (K-d > 1000 nM), and this resistance could be explained by the ability of these low G + C Cram-positive bacteria to synthesize outer membranes. C1 Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. ARS, USDA, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Russell, JB (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Wing Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 24 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 39 IS 4 BP 226 EP 230 DI 10.1007/s002849900449 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 237WD UT WOS:000082678800009 PM 10486059 ER PT J AU Maxwell, D Wiebe, K AF Maxwell, D Wiebe, K TI Land tenure and food security: Exploring dynamic linkages SO DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE LA English DT Review ID SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; RESOURCE DEGRADATION; POLICY; HOUSEHOLD; GENDER; PROPERTY; SYSTEMS; MALNUTRITION; UNEMPLOYMENT; PRODUCTIVITY AB Land tenure and food security have each been the subject of extensive but generally separate - research in the past. Links between the two issues are now receiving increased attention, yet critical links between them remain unexplored. After a brief review of the two concepts, this article combines both issues within a dynamic framework that recognizes not just the conventional link between access to land and access to food in the short run, but also the recursive link between access to food and the ability to maintain sufficient resources to meet long-run needs. Such a framework makes explicit the trade-offs that poor households may face in bad years between consumption and investment in non-labour assets. Perhaps less intuitively, it also suggests that the need for self-insurance may force poor households to choose less efficient crops or production strategies than wealthier households even in good years. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of these results for equity, efficiency, research, and policy. C1 CARE Int, E Africa Middle E Reg Management Unit, Nairobi, Kenya. USDA, Econ Res Serv, Resource Econ Div, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Maxwell, D (reprint author), CARE Int, E Africa Middle E Reg Management Unit, POB 43864, Nairobi, Kenya. NR 109 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 16 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0012-155X J9 DEV CHANGE JI Dev. Change PD OCT PY 1999 VL 30 IS 4 BP 825 EP 849 DI 10.1111/1467-7660.00139 PG 25 WC Planning & Development SC Public Administration GA 253DX UT WOS:000083542300006 ER PT J AU Burvenich, C Paape, MJ Hoeben, D Dosogne, H Massart-Leen, AM Blum, J AF Burvenich, C Paape, MJ Hoeben, D Dosogne, H Massart-Leen, AM Blum, J TI Modulation of the inflammatory reaction and neutrophil defense of the bovine lactating mammary gland by growth hormorme SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference of Farm Animal Endocrinology CY DEC 07-10, 1998 CL BRUSSELS, BELGIUM DE somatotropin; IGF-I; mastitis; udder defense; leukocytes ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI MASTITIS; BLOOD POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES; SUPEROXIDE ANION SECRETION; FACTOR-I; DAIRY-COWS; MILK-YIELD; GAMMA-INTERFERON; EARLY POSTPARTUM; OXIDATIVE BURST; INSULIN AB This review is focused on the possible interactions of prolactin and somatotrope hormone in the modulation of inflammation of the mammary gland. Several different models are examined: Escherichia coli, Streptococcus uberis, and endotoxin mastitis. Subsequently, the release of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor during fever and mastitis, the immunophysiological effects of GH on E. coli mastitis, S. uberis and endotoxin mastitis, the galactopoietic action of rBST on healthy and mastitis cows as well as the immunologic effects of GH on leukocytes in healthy and diseased cows are discussed. It can be concluded that the underlying regulation of the neuro-endocrine network is fundamental in the normal function of the immune system. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Ghent, Fac Vet Med, Dept Physiol Biochem & Biometr, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium. USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Bern, Fac Vet Med, Div Nutr Pathol, Inst Anim Breeding, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. RP Burvenich, C (reprint author), Univ Ghent, Fac Vet Med, Dept Physiol Biochem & Biometr, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium. EM christina.burvenich@rug.ac.be NR 70 TC 30 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0739-7240 EI 1879-0054 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 17 IS 2-3 BP 149 EP 159 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(99)00032-6 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 242WV UT WOS:000082965400007 PM 10527118 ER PT J AU Vasilatos-Younken, R Wang, XH Zhou, Y Day, JR McMurtry, JP Rosebrough, RW Decuypere, E Buys, N Darras, V Beard, JL Tomas, F AF Vasilatos-Younken, R Wang, XH Zhou, Y Day, JR McMurtry, JP Rosebrough, RW Decuypere, E Buys, N Darras, V Beard, JL Tomas, F TI New insights into the mechanism and actions of growth hormone (GH) in poultry SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference of Farm Animal Endocrinology CY DEC 07-10, 1998 CL BRUSSELS, BELGIUM DE growth hormone; poultry; muscle; thyroid hormones ID RECOMBINANT PORCINE SOMATOTROPIN; I IGF-I; MUSCLE SATELLITE CELLS; HYPOTHALAMIC NEUROPEPTIDE-Y; GROWING-PIGS; BROILER-CHICKENS; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; BODY-COMPOSITION; FEED-EFFICIENCY; MESSENGER-RNA AB Despite well documented anabolic effects of GH in mammals, a clear demonstration of such responses in domestic poultry is lacking. Recently, comprehensive dose-response studies of GH have been conducted in broilers during late post-hatch development (8 to 9 weeks of age). GH reduced feed intake (FI) and body weight gain in a dose-dependent manner, whereas birds pair-fed to the level of voluntary Fl of GH-infused birds did not differ from controls. The reduction in voluntary FI may involve centrally mediated mechanisms, as hypothalamic neuropeptide Y protein and mRNA were reduced with GH, coincident with the maximal depression in Fl. Growth of breast muscle was also reduced in a dose-dependent manner. Circulating IGF-I was not enhanced by GH, despite evidence that early events in the GH signaling pathway were intact. A GH dose-dependent increase in circulatings 3,3',5-triiodothyronine(T3) paralleled decreases in hepatic 5D-III monodeiodinase activity, whereas 5'D-I activity was not altered. This confirms that a marked hyperthyroid response to GH occurs in late posthatch chickens, resulting from a decrease in the degradative pathway of T3 metabolism. This secondary hyperthyroidism would account for the decreased skeletal muscle mass (52) and lack of enhanced IGF-I (53) in GH-treated birds. Based upon these studies, it is now evident that GH does in fact have significant effects in poultry, but metabolic responses may confound the anabolic potential of the hormone. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Nutr, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Catholic Univ Louvain, Leuven Poultry Res Grp, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium. Cooperat Res Ctr Tissue Growth & Repair, Adelaide, SA, Australia. RP Vasilatos-Younken, R (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 68 TC 24 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 17 IS 2-3 BP 181 EP 190 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(99)00035-1 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 242WV UT WOS:000082965400010 PM 10527121 ER PT J AU Brown, JR Archer, S AF Brown, JR Archer, S TI Shrub invasion of grassland: Recruitment is continuous and not regulated by herbaceous biomass or density SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Chloris cucullata; competition of invasive woody plants in grasslands; photosynthesis; Prosopis glandulosa; savanna; seedling establishment; tree-grass interactions; woody plant invasion; xylem water potential ID WOODY PLANT INVASION; OLD-FIELD SUCCESSION; SOUTHERN NEW-MEXICO; PROSOPIS-GLANDULOSA; SEEDLING EMERGENCE; TEMPERATE SAVANNA; WATER RELATIONS; SUBTROPICAL SAVANNA; TREE ESTABLISHMENT; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE AB Proliferation of woody plants in grasslands and savannas since the 1800s has been widely documented. In the southwestern United States, increased abundance of honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa) has been attributed to heavy grazing by livestock. Here, we test the hypothesis that P. glandulosa invasion of grasslands requires, first, reductions in herbaceous biomass and density such as those that accompany livestock grazing and, second, episodes of high soil moisture availability. No combination of grass density (nonmanipulated or reduced 50%) or defoliation (none, moderate, heavy) significantly affected P. glandulosa seedling emergence within a watering regime (natural and supplemented) at our field site in semiarid southern Texas. Seedling emergence on plots receiving only natural rainfall was high (42%), despite the fact that precipitation was substantially below normal. Supplemental watering, to generate moisture levels approximating years of unusually high annual rainfall, increased emergence to 59%. Seedling survival after 2 yr was high (62-77%) and statistically comparable across the density, defoliation, and watering treatments. Net photosynthesis (A(n)) of 1-yr-old seedlings was enhanced by supplemental watering, but reductions in grass density or biomass had little effect on seedling A(n) or xylem water potential. Height, aboveground biomass, and leaf area were comparable among 1- and 2-yr-old seedings across all density, defoliation, and watering combinations. High seedling emergence and survival on unwatered plots, even during a "drought year,'' suggests that Prosopis recruitment is not contingent upon unusual or episodic rainfall. Reductions in biomass and density of herbaceous vegetation had no influence on seedling emergence, growth, or survival, suggesting that Prosopis invasion is minimally influenced by grass competition. Historic grazing at this site appears to have altered herbaceous composition and reduced above- and belowground biomass production below the threshold level required for competitive exclusion of woody vegetation. Such data suggest that rates and patterns of seed dispersal may be the primary determinants of P. glandulosa encroachment on present-day landscapes in semiarid regions. Minimizing livestock dispersal of seed (in the case of leguminous shrubs) and maintenance of an effective fire regime (through production of fine fuels) may be crucial for sustaining herbaceous composition and production in grazed systems prone to invasion by unpalatable woody plants. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Rangeland Ecol & Management, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Brown, JR (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA, NRCS, Jornada Expt Range, POB 30003,MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RI Young, Kristina/M-3069-2014 NR 86 TC 154 Z9 167 U1 7 U2 85 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD OCT PY 1999 VL 80 IS 7 BP 2385 EP 2396 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 243QU UT WOS:000083009400021 ER PT J AU Elsasser, TH Kahl, S Martinez, A Montuenga, LM Pio, R Cuttitta, F AF Elsasser, TH Kahl, S Martinez, A Montuenga, LM Pio, R Cuttitta, F TI Adrenomedullin binding protein in the plasma of multiple species: Characterization by radioligand blotting SO ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOMATOMEDIN-C; RADIOIMMUNOASSAY AB Frequently, peptide hormones circulate in plasma associated with specific binding proteins that modify the clearance and biochemical activities of the peptide. Our experimental approach was to use I-125-ligand blotting procedures to probe for the presence of specific adrenomedullin (AM) binding proteins (AMBPs). Plasma proteins from chick, calf, dog, goat, guinea pig, human, mouse, pig rabbit and sheep blood were separated electrophoretically in 10% nonreducing SDS-polyacrylamide gels and transferred to nitrocellulose. Nonspecific binding of tracer was blocked on the nitrocellulose with a hydrolyzed casein matrix. Blots were probed with synthetic human I-125-AM. Autoradiogram scanning of blots revealed a mixture of 140- and/or 120- kD protein complexes that bound I-125-AM in all species tested. Binding of the ligand was specific as judged by a linear competitive displacement of the tracer binding from human, bovine and pig plasma AMBP bands with increasing concentrations of nonlabelled AM in the binding buffer. A series of peptide fragments of AM representing amino- and carboxyterminal regions of the hormone, or amylin, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), or insulin failed to displace intact I-125-AM from ligand blot bands. Bovine plasma proteins from healthy and parasitized calves with an infection-related stunting syndrom were separated electrophoretically, transferred to nitrocellulose and probed with I-125-AM; phosphoimage densitometry analysis revealed a 67% decrease in AMBP band intensity in the 120 and 140 kD proteins from infected calves. We conclude that a specific binding protein(s) for AM exists in mammalian and avian blood that might impact on the bioactivity and function of AM in health and disease. C1 USDA ARS, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NCI, Dept Cell & Canc Biol, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Elsasser, TH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Martinez, Alfredo/A-3077-2013 OI Martinez, Alfredo/0000-0003-4882-4044 NR 12 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI CHEVY CHASE PA 8401 CONNECTICUT AVE, SUITE 900, CHEVY CHASE, MD 20815-5817 USA SN 0013-7227 EI 1945-7170 J9 ENDOCRINOLOGY JI Endocrinology PD OCT PY 1999 VL 140 IS 10 BP 4908 EP 4911 DI 10.1210/en.140.10.4908 PG 4 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 237RC UT WOS:000082669000065 PM 10499551 ER PT J AU Uri, ND AF Uri, ND TI Energy and the use of conservation tillage in US agriculture SO ENERGY SOURCES LA English DT Article AB The relationship between energy and the use of conservation tillage is of special importance in addressing concerns about the impact of agricultural production on the environment in the United States. It is the subject of this paper After establishing that a relationship exists between the price of energy and the use of conservation tillage via Granger causality, the relationship is quantified. It is shown that while the real price of crude oil, the proxy used for the price of energy, does not affect the rate of adoption of conservation tillage, it does impact the extent to which it is used. Finally there is no structural instability in the relationship between the relative use of conservation tillage and the real price of crude oil over the period 1963 to 1997. C1 Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Resource Inventory Div, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Uri, ND (reprint author), Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Resource Inventory Div, USDA, Rm1-Z11 8A, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 40 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0090-8312 J9 ENERG SOURCE JI Energy Sources PD OCT PY 1999 VL 21 IS 8 BP 757 EP 771 DI 10.1080/00908319950014498 PG 15 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 237JU UT WOS:000082653200008 ER PT J AU Blackmer, JL Byrne, DN AF Blackmer, JL Byrne, DN TI Changes in amino acids in Cucumis melo in relation to life-history traits and flight propensity of Bemisia tabaci SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE Bemisia; free amino acids; Cucumis melo; host-plant quality; life-history traits; flight behaviour; cage effect ID APHID ACYRTHOSIPHON-PISUM; ARGENTIFOLII HOMOPTERA; PHLOEM SAP; TRIALEURODES-VAPORARIORUM; SYCAMORE APHID; PEA APHID; ALEYRODIDAE; NITROGEN; QUALITY; POPULATION AB Phloem amino acids in Cucumis melo L. were measured to determine whether changes in nitrogen availability might affect life-history traits and flight activity of Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). During plant development, nineteen of the twenty common amino acids, plus hydroxyproline, citrulline, ornithine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were identified. For most essential amino acids, there were two peaks observed: an initial large peak associated with young plants, and a later small peak associated with senescing plants. For histidine, ornithine and citrulline, medium to large peaks in relative abundance were observed in mature plants. Arginine peaked during the first few weeks of development and was no longer detectable after wk 7. Serine and glutamine/glutamic acid were the only amino acids that peaked during plant senescence. Factor analysis was used to create a reduced number of orthogonal factors, which corresponded well with the trends that were observed for the various groups of amino acids. No single or combination of factors explained a significant amount of the variability in oviposition. For both males and females, factor 1 (predominantly essential amino acids) was the single most important predictor of adult weight. As the relative concentrations of essential amino acids decreased, whitefly weights decreased. Factors 1 and 3 (predominantly histidine and ornithine) were the most important predictors of developmental time. As these amino acids decreased in relative concentration, developmental time increased. Percent emergence was positively associated with factor 1 and negatively associated with factor 6 (predominantly aspartic acid). The distributions of flight duration for whiteflies emerging from young, mature and senescing melon plants were compared and they were always skewed towards short flights; however, the frequency of long-duration flights increased when melon plants began to senesce. Whiteflies from all plant-age categories were capable of flying for more than 2 h with fully developed eggs, but the presence of more than four mature eggs was associated with flights of reduced duration. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Entomol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Blackmer, JL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 46 TC 20 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 11 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 93 IS 1 BP 29 EP 40 DI 10.1046/j.1570-7458.1999.00559.x PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 253GY UT WOS:000083549500004 ER PT J AU Shelly, TE AF Shelly, TE TI Trimedlure and the mating competitiveness of irradiated male Mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera : Tephritidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ceratitis capitata; mating behavior; trimedlure ID CERATITIS-CAPITATA DIPTERA; METHYL EUGENOL; COURTSHIP; SUCCESS; ATTRACTION; FEMALE; FLY AB Males of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), are attracted to trimedlure, a synthetic lure widely used in monitoring and eradication programs. Previous work with wild males revealed that males exposed to trimedlure had a mating advantage over unexposed males under laboratory conditions. Here, I report the results of experiments that examine whether trimedlure increased the mating competitiveness of irradiated males from a long established laboratory colony (designated Maui-53 for location and year [1953] founders were field-collected) relative to (unexposed) nonirradiated males from a recently established laboratory colony (designated Maui-95). Maui-95 males achieved a disproportionately large number of matings when tested aginst unexposed Maui-53 males on feld-caged host plants. However, in tests conducted 1 d after exposure. Maui-53 males mated significantly more often than Maui-95 males. In tests conducted 3 and 7 d after exposure, Maui-53 males had the same mating success as Maui-95 males, Additional field studies revealed that both unexposed and exposed Maui-53 males spent more time pheromone-calling than Maui-95 males and consequently attracted greater. numbers of females. Exposure to trimedlure resulted in a slight, but nonsignificant, increase in the calling activity of Maui-53 males. Implications of these results for control efforts of C. capitata are discussed. C1 USDA, APHIS, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA. Univ Hawaii, Hawaiian Evolutionary Biol Program, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Shelly, TE (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, POB 1040, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA. NR 19 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 28 IS 5 BP 780 EP 786 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 250QM UT WOS:000083399300003 ER PT J AU Gouge, DH Lee, LL Henneberry, TJ AF Gouge, DH Lee, LL Henneberry, TJ TI Effect of temperature and lepidopteran host species on entomopathogenic nematode (Nematoda : steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) infection SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Steinernema; Heterorhabditis; entomopathogenic nematodes; infectivity; temperature; lepidopteran cotton pests ID SPODOPTERA-LITURA LEPIDOPTERA; NEOAPLECTANA-CARPOCAPSAE; GALLERIA-MELLONELLA; COMMON CUTWORM; NOCTUIDAE; XENORHABDUS; PHOTORHABDUS; REPRODUCTION; GELECHIIDAE; ADAPTATION AB Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of temperature on entomopathogenic nematode infection of an insect host. Late instars of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were incubated at 10 temperatures ranging between 9.9 and 40 degrees C, and exposed to 150 infective juvenile entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Steinernematidae; Heterorhabditidae) per larva. The number of infecting Steinernema riobrave Cabanillas, Poinar & Raulston, S. carpocapsae (Weiser) (Kapow) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar) (Cruiser), nematodes was recorded. Temperature, nematode species, and target insect all significantly affected the number of infective juvenile nematodes invading host insects. The temperature supporting the highest levels of nematode infection varied depending on insect host species. Larvae of P. gossypiella were then incubated at the same range of temperatures, and exposed to 2 dose rates (100 and 200 infective juveniles per larva) of S. riobrave, S. carpocapsae (Guardian), H. bacteriophora (Cruiser). or H. bacteriophora (Lawn Patrol). Increasing nematode dosage had no effect on the temperature at which nematode infection of P. gossypiella was highest. Doubling the nematode dose rate did not result in a significant increase in the number of infective juveniles infecting larvae for the nematode species tested with the exception of S. riobrave. The optimum temperature for the control of insect targets by a nematode will vary among target species. Assuming existing nematode temperature optima and applying the same conditions to untested insect species may not result in maximum biocontrol efficacy. C1 ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, USDA, Pacific W Area, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Gouge, DH (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Extens Serv, Dept Entomol, 412 Heep Ctr, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 42 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 7 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 28 IS 5 BP 876 EP 883 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 250QM UT WOS:000083399300015 ER PT J AU Tang, YQ Lapointe, SL Brown, LG Hunter, WB AF Tang, YQ Lapointe, SL Brown, LG Hunter, WB TI Effects of host plant and temperature on the biology of Toxoptera citricida (Homoptera : Aphididae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE brown citrus aphid; life table; population growth; citrus tristeza; virus; vector ID KIRKALDY HOMOPTERA; REPRODUCTION AB Development, reproduction, and population growth parameters of the brown citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy), were evaluated at 25 degrees C on 5 citrus-related host plants ('Carrizo', 'sour orange', 'Duncan grapefruit', 'Pineapple sweet orange', and 'Mexican lime'), and at 3 temperatures (20, 25, and 30 degrees C) on 'sour orange'. Brown citrus aphids had faster nymphal developmental times on 'Carrizo' and 'sweet orange' (6.7 d) compared with the other host plants (7.5-7.6 d). Aphids reared on 'Carrizo' had the highest fecundity (67.5 offspring/aphid) and daily reproduction (3.8 offspring/aphid/d). The net reproductive rate (62.6 offspring/aphid/generation) on 'Carrizo' was 21%, 49%, 53%, and 77% higher and the population doubling time (1.8 d) was 2%, 13%, 14%, and 20% faster compared with on 'sweet orange', 'sour orange', grapefruit, and 'Mexican lime', respectively. Development of nymphs was completed in either 4 or 5 instars. The brown citrus aphid had longer nymphal developmental times and adult reproductive periods at 20 degrees C (9.0 and 22.2 d, respectively) compared with at 25 degrees C (7.5 and 15.2 d) and 30 degrees C (6.3 and 11.2 d). The moderate temperature (25 degrees C) was optimal for the brown citrus aphid population growth and intrinsic rate of increase (0.33) was highest. Fecundity of brown citrus aphids reared at 30 degrees C in Florida (our data) was approximate to 10 times greater, and r(m) was twice as large as those reared under similar conditions in Japan (data from Komazaki 1982). It was concluded that brown citrus aphid populations in Florida could tolerate higher temperatures than the populations in Japan, and that different populations of brown citrus aphids may have greater genetic variation than was previously thought. C1 Fujian Agr Univ, Biol Control Res Inst, Fujian 35002, Peoples R China. ARS, USDA, US Hort Res Lab, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. Div Plant Ind, Gainesville, FL 32614 USA. RP Tang, YQ (reprint author), Fujian Agr Univ, Biol Control Res Inst, Fujian 35002, Peoples R China. NR 21 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 28 IS 5 BP 895 EP 900 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 250QM UT WOS:000083399300018 ER PT J AU Hof, J Flather, C Baltic, T Davies, S AF Hof, J Flather, C Baltic, T Davies, S TI Projections of forest and rangeland condition indicators for a national assessment SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE resource interactions; land management planning; econometric production functions; modeling; environmental outputs ID CONSERVATION; DIVERSITY; PATTERNS; AMERICA; OREGON AB This paper discusses projections of emerging geographic areas of concern with regard to forest and rangeland condition, as indicated by a model based on a set of independent econometric production functions tor condition indicators at the national scale. These production functions reflect two special characteristics: (1) the independence of ecological systems from human control, and (2) the broad scale spatial nature of environmental and ecological processes. The emphasis in this paper is the model projections themselves, which are presented and discussed using national-scale maps. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Hof, J (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, 3825 E Mulberry, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Flather, Curtis/G-3577-2012 OI Flather, Curtis/0000-0002-0623-3126 NR 47 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 24 IS 3 BP 383 EP 398 DI 10.1007/s002679900241 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 239DX UT WOS:000082754500009 ER PT J AU Lerch, RN Thurman, EM Blanchard, PE AF Lerch, RN Thurman, EM Blanchard, PE TI Hydroxyatrazine in soils and sediments SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE hydroxyatrazine; atrazine; stream sediments; mixed-mode sorption; persistence ID ATRAZINE DEGRADATION PRODUCTS; BOUND RESIDUE FORMATION; WESTERN TENNESSEE SOIL; S-TRIAZINE HERBICIDES; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ORGANIC-CARBON; 2 SOILS; DEETHYLATRAZINE; ADSORPTION; DESORPTION AB Hydroxyatrazine (HA) is the major metabolite of atrazine in most surface soils. Knowledge of HA sorption to soils, and its pattern of stream water contamination suggest that it is persistent in the environment. Soils with different atrazine use histories were collected from four sites, and sediments were collected from an agricultural watershed. Samples were exhaustively extracted with a mixed-mode extractant, and HA was quantitated using high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Atrazine, deethylatrazine (DEA), and deisopropylatrazine (DIA) were also measured in all samples. Concentrations of HA were considerably greater than concentrations of atrazine, DEA, and DIA in all soils and sediments studied. Soil concentrations of HA ranged from 14 to 640 mu g/kg with a median concentration of 84 mu g/kg. Sediment concentrations of HA ranged from 11 to 96 mu g/kg, with a median concentration of 14 mu g/kg. Correlations of HA and atrazine concentrations to soil properties indicated that HA levels in soils were controlled by sorption of atrazine. Because atrazine hydrolysis is known to be enhanced by sorption and pH extremes, soils with high organic matter (OM) and clay content and low pH will result in greater atrazine sorption and subsequent hydrolysis. Significant correlation of HA concentrations to OM, pH, and cation exchange capacity of sediments indicated that mixed-mode sorption (i.e., binding by cation exchange and hydrophobic interactions) was the mechanism controlling HA levels in sediment. The presence of HA in soils and stream sediments at the levels observed support existing hypotheses regarding its transport in surface runoff. These results also indicated that persistence of HA in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems is an additional risk factor associated with atrazine usage. C1 ARS, USDA, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. US Geol Survey, Organ Geochem Res Grp, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Lerch, RN (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011 NR 39 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 10 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 18 IS 10 BP 2161 EP 2168 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<2161:HISAS>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 240FD UT WOS:000082814500007 ER PT J AU Laegreid, WW Elder, RO Keen, JE AF Laegreid, WW Elder, RO Keen, JE TI Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in range beef calves at weaning SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article ID HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC-SYNDROME; VEROCYTOTOXIN-PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA-COLI-O157; HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS; EXPERIMENTAL-INFECTION; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; SEROTYPE O157-H7; BLOODY DIARRHEA; FEEDLOT CATTLE; OUTBREAK; ANTIGEN AB This study was designed to determine the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection of beef calves at weaning, prior to arrival at the feedlot or mixing with cattle from other sources. Fifteen range cow-calf herds, which weaned calves in October and November, were sampled in Kansas, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska and South Dakota. Faecal culture for E. coli O157:H7 was performed and anti-O157 serum antibody titres were determined by blocking ELISA. Thirteen of the 15 herds (87 %) were found to have at least one positive isolation of E. coli O157:H7 in faecal samples. Within positive herds, prevalence ranged from 1.7-20.0 %, with an average of 7.4 +/- 6.2 % S.D. of individual animals shedding E. coli O157:H7 in faeces. All herds had high prevalence of anti-O157 antibodies, ranging 63-100 % of individuals within herds seropositive. This study indicates that E. coli O157:H7 infection before weaning, prior to entry into feedlots, is widespread. Furthermore, serologic evidence suggests that most calves (83 %) and all herds (100 %) have been exposed to E. coli O157. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Anim Hlth Res Unit, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Laegreid, WW (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Anim Hlth Res Unit, POB 166,State Spur 18D, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 58 TC 109 Z9 114 U1 0 U2 7 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 123 IS 2 BP 291 EP 298 DI 10.1017/S0950268899002757 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 255GQ UT WOS:000083661500015 PM 10579450 ER PT J AU Mount, GA Haile, DG Barnard, DR Daniels, E AF Mount, GA Haile, DG Barnard, DR Daniels, E TI Integrated management strategies for Amblyomma americanum (Acari : Ixodidae) in non-agricultural areas SO EXPERIMENTAL AND APPLIED ACAROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Amblyomma americanum; lone star tick; integrated management; modeling; computer simulation ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; LONE STAR TICK; MOUNTAIN-SPOTTED-FEVER; COMPUTER-SIMULATION; EHRLICHIA-CHAFFEENSIS; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; VEGETATIVE MANAGEMENT; BORRELIA-BURGDORFERI; TRANSMISSION; SUSCEPTIBILITY AB The simulation model LSTSIM was revised and adapted to estimate the effects of different management strategies on populations of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (Linnaeus), in nonagricultural areas. The control technologies evaluated were area-wide acaricide application, acaricide self-treatment of white-tailed deer, vegetation reduction and reductions in the density of white-tailed deer. Estimated changes in tick populations using these technologies compared favorably with results from actual integrated tick management studies at five different geographic locations. Area-wide acaricide application and vegetation reduction, as well as combinations of the two technologies proved to be useful for short-term, seasonal management of ticks in small non-agricultural areas and residential sites. Self-treatment of deer with acaricide, applied topically or as a systemic, appears to be the most cost-effective technology for use in area-wide, long-term programs for tick control. The results of simulations suggest that reductions in deer density should be considered as a component of any tick management program. C1 ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Barnard, DR (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 37 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-8162 J9 EXP APPL ACAROL JI Exp. Appl. Acarol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 23 IS 10 BP 827 EP 839 DI 10.1023/A:1006262216124 PG 13 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 282VG UT WOS:000085240100005 ER PT J AU Haas, MJ Bailey, DG Baker, W Berka, TR Cichowicz, DJ Derewenda, ZS Genuario, RR Joerger, RD Klein, RR Scott, K Woolf, DJ AF Haas, MJ Bailey, DG Baker, W Berka, TR Cichowicz, DJ Derewenda, ZS Genuario, RR Joerger, RD Klein, RR Scott, K Woolf, DJ TI Biochemical and molecular biological characterization of a lipase produced by the fungus Rhizopus delemar SO FETT-LIPID LA English DT Review ID SELECTIVITY; MUTAGENESIS; SPECIFICITY; EXPRESSION; INTERFACE; FORMS; GENES AB The results of a comprehensive biochemical and molecular biological investigation of the lipase produced by the mycelial fungus Rhizopus delemar are described. This enzyme cleaves and synthesizes primary esters and related bonds, exhibits 1,3-positional selectivity in its actions on glycerides, and is a member of a family of enzymes that have been widely used in applied biocatalysis. Use of glycerol as main carbon source rather than glucose or lipid supported mycelial growth and lipase production. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity and characterized. Pure lipase was crystallized and its three-dimensional structure determined. The enzyme was found to adopt a configuration similar to those of other members of its homologous family. The structural data also indicated that lipases possess greater configurational mobility than had been previously appreciated. A complementary DNA clone was isolated that contained the full length lipase gene. The nucleic acid sequence of this cDNA indicated that it was initially synthesized as a preproenzyme, and allowed determination of the complete predicted amino acid sequence of the lipase, and its comparison to the sequences of related enzymes. Truncated forms of the cloned cDNA were produced that encoded either mature or prepro-lipase. These DNAs were introduced into a rightly regulated E. coli expression system, overcoming the toxicity of the enzyme while also allowing overproduction of lipase. Molecular modelling was employed to guide the rational mutagenesis of the enzyme, identifying sites within the substrate binding region that regulated substrate selectivity. Mutant lipases were generated with altered substrate specificities. creating novel enzymes and beginning the definition of structure-function relationships in the lipolytic enzymes. C1 ARS, USDA, ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA USA. Univ Alberta, Dept Biochem, Edmonton, AB, Canada. RP Haas, MJ (reprint author), 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19118 USA. NR 31 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-5985 J9 FETT-LIPID JI Fett-Lipid PD OCT PY 1999 VL 101 IS 10 BP 364 EP 370 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 254WB UT WOS:000083634200002 ER PT J AU Buchanan, RL Edelson, SG AF Buchanan, RL Edelson, SG TI Effect of pH-dependent, stationary phase acid resistance on the thermal tolerance of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 SO FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IN-GROUND BEEF; HEAT-SHOCK; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES; APPLE JUICE; D-VALUES; THERMOTOLERANCE; INACTIVATION; TEMPERATURE AB The ability of pH-dependent, stationary phase acid resistance to cross-protect Escherichia coli O157:H7 against a subsequent lethal thermal stress was evaluated using microbiological media and three liquid foods. Three strains were grown for 18 h at 37 degrees C in acidogenic (TSB+G, final pH 4.6-4.7) and non-acidogenic (TSB-G, final pH 7.0-7.2) media to provide stationary phase cells with and without,induction of pH-dependent acid resistance. The cells were then heated in BHI broth (pH 6.0) at 58 degrees C, using a submerged coil apparatus. The TSB+G grown strains had greatly increased heat resistance, with the heating time needed to achieve a five-log inactivation, being increased two- to fourfold. The z-values of TSB+G and TSB-G grown cells were 4.7 degrees C and 4.3 degrees C, respectively, increases in heat resistance with TSB+G-grown E. coli O157:H7 were also observed using milk and chicken broth, but not with apple juice. However cross-protection was restored if the pH of the apple juice was increased from 3.5 to 4.5. The data indicate that pH-dependent acid resistance provides E. coli O157:H7 with cross-protection against heat treatments, and that this factor must be considered to estimate this pathogen's thermal tolerance accurately (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Food Safety Res Unit, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Buchanan, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Food Safety Res Unit, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 37 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 13 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0740-0020 J9 FOOD MICROBIOL JI Food Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 16 IS 5 BP 447 EP 458 DI 10.1006/fmic.1998.0260 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA 250NU UT WOS:000083395100003 ER PT J AU Palumbo, SA Klein, P Capra, J Eblen, S Miller, AJ AF Palumbo, SA Klein, P Capra, J Eblen, S Miller, AJ TI Comparison of excision and swabbing sampling methods to determine the microbiological quality of swine carcass surfaces SO FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BACTERIA; SPONGES; TISSUE AB Although different sampling methods are available to determine the microbiological quality of animal carcass surfaces, these vary in their ability to recover bacteria quantitatively In this study excision and swabbing (one-site vs three-site) sampling methods were compared for their recovery (both numbers and incidence) of total aerobic bacteria (APC), total coliforms, and Escherichia coli biotype I from swine carcass surfaces. In addition, the effect of refrigerated storage (to simulate shipment to an off-site laboratory) was investigated as well as the effectiveness of the one vs three anatomical site swabbing methods. Based on samples from 120 market swine carcasses, the excision method recovered the highest levels (P > 0.05) of all three groups of bacteria (APCs, coliforms, and E.coli), followed by the three-site method and finally the one-site method For the APCs, the recovery, given as log cfu cm(-2) were 4.7, 4.0 and 3.3 respectively for excision, three-site swab, and one-site swab methods; for coliforms, the recovery was 2.1, 0.3 and -0.1 respectively and for E.coli it was 2.4, 0.3, and -0.3 respectively Comparing the swabbing methods, the three-site swab method recovered higher levels (P > 0.05) of the three groups of bacteria than the one-site swab method, with the ham being responsible for this increased recovery. Excision and the three-site swab method gave a higher incidence of E.coli (45 and 58 positive (one colony on one of the duplicate plates) out of MO carcasses respectively) than the one-site swab method (23 positive out of MO carcasses). Storage of the swabs overnight in the cold did not cause a decrease (P > 0.05) in either the number or incidence of bacteria recovered. These data indicate that while the excision method will recover the highest number and incidence of bacteria, swabbing methods can provide an alternative to this more labor intensive and destructive method. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Biochem & Biophys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Leidys Inc, Souderton, PA 18964 USA. RP Palumbo, SA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM spalumbo@arserrc.gov NR 18 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0740-0020 EI 1095-9998 J9 FOOD MICROBIOL JI Food Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 16 IS 5 BP 459 EP 464 DI 10.1006/fmic.1998.0259 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA 250NU UT WOS:000083395100004 ER PT J AU Buchanan, RL Bagi, LK AF Buchanan, RL Bagi, LK TI Microbial competition: effect of Pseudomonas fluorescens on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes SO FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CARNOBACTERIUM-PISCICOLA LK5; SODIUM-CHLORIDE; MODIFIED ATMOSPHERES; SPOILAGE BACTERIA; PRECOOKED CHICKEN; SCOTT-A; TEMPERATURE; MILK; PH; 13-DEGREES-C AB Listeria monocytogenes Scott A was cultured alone and in coculture with Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 33231 to characterize quantitatively the effects of microbial competition on the growth of this psychrotrophic pathogen. The bacteria were cultured in brain-heart infusion broth (BHI), using a 3 x 3 x 3 x 2 complete factorial design to assess the impact of temperature (4, 12, 19 degrees C) initial pH (5.0, 6.0,7.0) and sodium chloride content (5, 25, 45 gl(-1)) on the interaction between the two microorganisms. Samples were periodically plated on BHI agar and Vogel Johnson agar to obtain total counts and L. monocytogenes counts, respectively. Growth curves were generated by fitting the data to the Gompertz equation and the derived growth kinetics were compared. When P. fluorescens did influence the growth of L. monocytogenes, the primary effect was a suppression of the maximum population density (MPD) reached by the pathogen. Suppression of L. monocytogenes was generally associated with low incubation temperatures (4 degrees C) and sodium chloride levels (5 and 25 gl(-1)) Slight increases (< 1.0 log cfu ml(-1) in the MPD attained by L. monocytogenes were observed when grown in the presence of P. fluorescens at higher temperatures (12 and 19 degrees C) and sodium chloride levels (25 and 45 gl(-1) when the pH was 5.0. The current study supports earlier work that indicates that reliance on microbial competition as a barrier to control L. monocytogenes in refrigerated foods will require detailed knowledge of how the interaction between the pathogen and the microflora is affected by environmental and food characteristics such as storage temperature, pH, and water activity. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Buchanan, RL (reprint author), US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, 200 C St SW, Washington, DC 20204 USA. NR 22 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 3 U2 14 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0740-0020 J9 FOOD MICROBIOL JI Food Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 16 IS 5 BP 523 EP 529 DI 10.1006/fmic.1998.0264 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA 250NU UT WOS:000083395100011 ER PT J AU Green, DW Evans, JW Logan, JD Nelson, WJ AF Green, DW Evans, JW Logan, JD Nelson, WJ TI Adjusting modulus of elasticity of lumber for changes in temperature SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB This study evaluated the immediate effect of temperature on flexural modulus of elasticity (MOE) of green and dry nominal 2- by 4-inch (standard 38- by 89-mm) structural lumber at temperatures ranging from 150 degrees to -15 degrees F (66 degrees to 26 degrees C). For lumber at 12 percent moisture content (MC), a linear relationship was used to relate the increase in MOE to the decrease in temperature. For green lumber, MOE also increased with decreasing temperature. A segmented linear regression was developed to describe the change in MOE for temperatures from 150 degrees to 0 degrees F (66 degrees to -18 degrees C). The slope of this relationship was steeper below 32 degrees F (0 degrees C) than above this temperature. The actual MC of green lumber was not a factor above 0 degrees F (-18 degrees C). Below 0 degrees F, the increase in MOE with decreasing temperature was a function of both actual green MC and temperature. We discuss factors that cause this behavior in green wood at low temperatures and the use of an empirical model for describing the MOE-temperature relationship as a function of MC for frozen green lumber. The model is believed to be independent of softwood species and lumber grade. Relative to MOE at 100 degrees F (38 degrees C), results of this research support the C-t factors given in the National Design Specifications (1). C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Metriguard Inc, Pullman, WA 99163 USA. RP Green, DW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 19 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 5 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 49 IS 10 BP 82 EP 94 PG 13 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 247JP UT WOS:000083217900015 ER PT J AU Drake, SR Elfving, DC AF Drake, SR Elfving, DC TI Quality of 'Fuji' apples after regular and controlled atmosphere storage SO FRUIT VARIETIES JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE strains (Nagafu 2, 6 and 12); high carbon dioxide; Malus x domestica ID CARBON-DIOXIDE AB The postharvest quality of three strains (Naga-fu 2, 6 and 12) of 'Fuji' apples from two growing locations was evaluated over four storage seasons. Fruit quality was determined at harvest, after 90 days of regular atmosphere (RA) storage and after 210 days of controlled atmosphere (CA) storage at 1% O-2 & 1% CO2, 1% O-2 & 3% CO2 and 1% O-2 & 5% CO2. Strains of 'Fuji' apples had very little influence on quality at harvest or after RA storage. After CA storage some quality differences were evident between strains, particularly, for red color development, which was greater in Naga-fu 2. Growing location had an influence on quality parameters of 'Fuji' apples at harvest and after storage. These quality differences determined for 'Fuji' apples between growing locations may offer an explanation of the differences reported for 'Fuji' apple quality of the same strain. Carbon dioxide level in the storage atmosphere had a direct influence on fruit quality. Fruit stored at 5% CO2 displayed more internal breakdown at cavity development and less scald development than fruit stored at 1% and 3% CO2. 'Fuji' apples stored well and maintained good quality at 3% CO2, which would be less costly to maintain than 1% CO2, the standard recommendation for the CA storage of 'Fuji' apples. C1 ARS, USDA, TFRL, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Drake, SR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, TFRL, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 21 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER POMOLOGICAL SOC PI UNIVERSITY PK PA 103 TYSON BUILDING, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA SN 0091-3642 J9 FRUIT VARIETIES J JI Fruit Var. J. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 53 IS 4 BP 193 EP 198 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 259JA UT WOS:000083889700002 ER PT J AU Perkins-Veazie, P Collins, JK Clark, JR AF Perkins-Veazie, P Collins, JK Clark, JR TI Cultivar and storage temperature effects on the shelflife of blackberry fruit. SO FRUIT VARIETIES JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID THORNLESS BLACKBERRY AB 'Arapaho:'Choctaw: 'Navaho' and 'Shawnee' blackberries (Rubus sp.) were stored at constant temperatures of 2 degrees, 5 degrees, or 10 degrees C for 21, 14, or 7 days respectively, to determine shelflife. 'Navaha' consistently had fewer leaky berries than 'Choctaw' or 'Shawnee' for all storage intervals and temperatures 'Arapaho' and 'Navaho' had a high percentage of firm berries (77 to 86%) after storage at 5 or 10 degrees C. All fruit held in storage at 10 degrees C prior to freezing had fewer red berries than fruit held at 2 degrees C. At all storage temperatures, 'Arapaho' and 'Navaho' berries were more marketable, and had a higher soluble solids/titratable acidity compared to 'Choctaw' and 'Shawnee: Of the four cultivars, 'Navaho' had the fewest red berries after freezing. In all cultivars, titratable acidity declined, pH increased, and soluble solids remained the same for berries held 7, 14, or 21 days at 10, 5, and 2 degrees C, respectively. Total sugars were not different among cultivars and declined slightly during 21 d storage at 2 degrees C (550.6 and 426.2 mg/g dw, respectively). Initially, glucose, fructose, and sucrose were present in all cultivars (46.6, 48.3, 5.1%, respectively). After 21 d storage at 2 degrees C, glucose levels increased slightly (to 54.5%), fructose levels decreased (to 45.5%), and sucrose declined (to 0%). The excellent shelflife of 'Navaho' and 'Arapaho' blackberries indicates that fruit of these cultivars should be suitable for long distance shipment. C1 ARS, USDA, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. RP Perkins-Veazie, P (reprint author), ARS, USDA, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER POMOLOGICAL SOC PI UNIVERSITY PK PA 103 TYSON BUILDING, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA SN 0091-3642 J9 FRUIT VARIETIES J JI Fruit Var. J. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 53 IS 4 BP 201 EP 208 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 259JA UT WOS:000083889700004 ER PT J AU Grauke, LJ Thompson, TE Reid, B Gustafson, WA AF Grauke, LJ Thompson, TE Reid, B Gustafson, WA TI Verification of the true 'Witte' pecan and naming of the 'Martzahn' cultivar SO FRUIT VARIETIES JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB A discrepancy in the identification of the pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] cultivar 'Witte' has been resolved by a combination of techniques, including comparison of voucher specimens and evaluation records, supplemented by isozyme analysis. The origin of the error is traced in hopes of extricating accurate cultivar evaluation information on the historic cultivar, from evaluation records of a previously unnamed accession. A name, 'Martzahn', is given to that accession to facilitate separation of the two entities. C1 ARS, USDA, College Stn, TX 77879 USA. RP Grauke, LJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, College Stn, TX 77879 USA. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER POMOLOGICAL SOC PI UNIVERSITY PK PA 103 TYSON BUILDING, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA SN 0091-3642 J9 FRUIT VARIETIES J JI Fruit Var. J. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 53 IS 4 BP 208 EP 214 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 259JA UT WOS:000083889700005 ER PT J AU Campbell, TA Bao, G Xia, ZL AF Campbell, TA Bao, G Xia, ZL TI Completion of the agronomic evaluations of Medicago ruthenica [(L.) Ledebour] germplasm collected in Inner Mongolia SO GENETIC RESOURCES AND CROP EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE alfalfa; exploration; genetic resources; Medicago ruthenica; Medicago sativa AB Because Medicago ruthenica [(L.) Ledebour] is a potential new forage legume, we collected 90 accessions in Inner Mongolia in 1991. The 40 accessions evaluated in this study (E2) trace to 13 collection sites ranging from 40 degrees 40' (N) x 111 degrees 15' (E) to 42 degrees 55' (N) x 122 degrees 20' (E) and to altitudes ranging from 175 to 1493 m. Nineteen of these accessions were collected from new or under-represented sites in generally milder and drier climates (temperate desert steppes), compared to the 50 accessions evaluated earlier (E1). All accessions were evaluated at Beltsville, MD (USA) on a B and K deficient Iuka sandy loam (coarse-loamy, siliceous, acid, thermic, Aquic Udigluvent; pH 6.4) in two-year studies. Significant variation was noted in E1 and E2 for dry matter yield, growth habit, leaf shape, and plant height and width. Upright growth habit and leaf narrowness, and procumbency and yield were positively correlated in both evaluations, but no particular leaf shape or growth habit was correlated with tolerance to winter conditions. In E2, leaf:stem ratios of four M. ruthenica accessions and a cultivated alfalfa (M. sativa L.) check were not significantly different, but M. ruthenica was significantly more tolerant of potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae Harris) feeding than was M. sativa. Second-year alfalfa dry matter yield was about five times larger than that of M. ruthenica. Many of the highest yielding accessions were collected near cultivated fields and/or buildings. Although data for both evaluations demonstrated the same basic trends, there were sufficient deviations to emphasize the value of evaluating the entire germplasm collection. C1 ARS, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Grassland Res Inst, Huhhot 010010, Inner Mongolia, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Inst Soil & Fertilizat, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. RP Campbell, TA (reprint author), ARS, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 8 TC 7 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-9864 J9 GENET RESOUR CROP EV JI Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 46 IS 5 BP 477 EP 484 DI 10.1023/A:1008730322306 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 234DT UT WOS:000082469800007 ER PT J AU Wang, RRC Li, XM Chatterton, NJ AF Wang, RRC Li, XM Chatterton, NJ TI Loss of heterozygosity and accelerated genotype fixation in rice hybrids SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE LOH; in vivo somatic variation; homozygous F-2; RAPD; apomixis ID DNA; SEGREGATION; MARKERS AB Loss of heterozygosity is reported in rice hybrids of a particular heritage. Hybrids derived from a plant selected from the Chinese rice cultivar 'Zhongxin No. 1' exhibited somatic variations as evidenced by having both segregating and uniform panicle rows in F-2 progenies. F-3 plants from uniform F-2 rows were found to be homozygous for all 14 RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) markers, of which two co-dominant markers were located on chromosome 2 and five other markers were on five different chromosomes. RAPD markers unique to either parent were present or absent in all F-2 plants within some panicle rows, yet segregated in a Mendelian manner in other panicle rows. The molecular data suggest that somatic cells in these hybrids do not always contain both parental homologues of some chromosomes. These findings support the hypothesis that somatic chromosome pairing and recombination lead to loss of heterozygosity and non-identical daughter cells following mitosis. Sequential mitotic assortment of chromosome homologues of a plant's genome can lead to homozygous or nearly homozygous somatic cells that eventually develop into reproductive cells. As a result of this unique mechanism in rice hybrids derived from Zhongxin No. 1, uniform or less-segregating progenies can be identified from F-2 or F-3 panicle rows at a much higher frequency than normally expected. This phenomenon can be utilized to shorten the breeding cycle of rice, or other crops when plants containing gene(s) for mitotic pairing are identified, or when the genes are isolated from rice and effectively transferred into other crops. C1 USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Wang, RRC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, 695 North 1100 East, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 32 TC 13 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD OCT PY 1999 VL 42 IS 5 BP 789 EP 796 DI 10.1139/gen-42-5-789 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 253WR UT WOS:000083580400001 ER PT J AU Lee, JM Bush, AL Specht, JE Shoemaker, RC AF Lee, JM Bush, AL Specht, JE Shoemaker, RC TI Mapping of duplicate genes in soybean SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE homoeologous; Glycine; evolution; appressed pubescence; quantitative genetics ID ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE; QUANTITATIVE TRAITS; EVOLUTION; LOCI; RESISTANCE; SEQUENCES; GROUP-4; GLYCINE; GENOME; MAPS AB Appressed pubescence genes in soybean cause hairs on the upper surface of leaves to lie flat, while pubescence remains erect elsewhere on the plant. For decades this trait was believed to be controlled in soybean by duplicated single genes, Pa1 and Pa2. However, reports in the literature conflicted as to which phenotype was dominant or recessive. Two populations were developed, each approximately 100 individuals, and each segregating for one of the appressed pubescence genes. A combination of SSRs (simple sequence repeats) and RFLPs (restriction fragment length polymorphisms) were used in each of these populations to map the independent genes. Two-point analysis weakly linked Pa1 and Pa2 to separate linkage groups. Lack of strong linkage suggested the trait may not be controlled by single genes. When QTL (quantitative trait loci) analysis was performed, one major locus and several minor loci were detected in each population. We report the mapping of the genes controlling appressed pubescence in soybean and their placement in homologous regions. Although appressed pubescence was originally reported to be single duplicate genes, we report that it is actually a more complex phenotype with major duplicated genes and minor modifying genes. These results offer interesting implications regarding the evolution of duplicate genetic factors and the definition of qualitative traits. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Corn Insect & Crop Genet Res Grp, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Shoemaker, RC (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM rcsshoe@iastate.edu NR 39 TC 27 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 1 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD OCT PY 1999 VL 42 IS 5 BP 829 EP 836 DI 10.1139/gen-42-5-829 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 253WR UT WOS:000083580400005 ER PT J AU Bauchan, GR Hossain, MA AF Bauchan, GR Hossain, MA TI Constitutive heterochromatin DNA polymorphisms in diploid Medicago sativa ssp falcata SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE alfalfa; C-bands; chromosome; isochromosome ID KARYOTYPIC ANALYSIS; BANDED CHROMOSOMES; ALFALFA; CAERULEA; HYBRID; SYSTEM AB A Giemsa C-banding technique was used to study the amount and location of constitutive heterochromatin in diploid (2n = 2x = 16) Medicago sativa ssp. falcata (L.) Arcangeli. Most accessions had the standard C-banding pattern with centromeric bands on all the chromosomes and a prominent heterochromatic band at the nucleolar organizer regions (NOR) of the satellited (SAT) chromosomes. However, we observed in various accessions that constitutive heterochromatic C-bands can exist at the telomeric ends of all the chromosomes. Interstitial bands occurred on the short arms of all chromosomes except for chromosome 3 and on the long arms of chromosomes 1, 2, 3, and 6, only. Rearranged chromosomes such as isochromosomes have been observed for the short arms of chromosomes 2 and 6. This is the first report on the existence of C-banding polymorphisms and the detection of putative isochromsomes in the chromosomes of diploid ssp. falcata which could have contributed to the variation observed in cultivated alfalfa. C1 ARS, USDA, Inst Plant Sci, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Nat Resources & Landscape Architecture Dept, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Bauchan, GR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Inst Plant Sci, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 18 TC 10 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD OCT PY 1999 VL 42 IS 5 BP 930 EP 935 DI 10.1139/gen-42-5-930 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 253WR UT WOS:000083580400016 PM 10584312 ER PT J AU Irwin, SV Kesseli, RV Waycott, W Ryder, EJ Cho, JJ Michelmore, RW AF Irwin, SV Kesseli, RV Waycott, W Ryder, EJ Cho, JJ Michelmore, RW TI Identification of PCR-based markers flanking the recessive LMV resistance gene mo1 in an intraspecific cross in lettuce SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE lettuce; lettuce mosaic virus; molecular marker; disease resistance gene; bulked segregant analysis ID MOSAIC-VIRUS; PATHOTYPES AB Molecular markers flanking the recessive resistance gene mo1 were identified following analysis of two segregating populations. Generation of a population from a crisphead x crisphead cross of Lactuca sativa that segregated for resistance conferred by the mo1(2) allele, but not morphological traits, was required for accurate mapping of the gene. Resistance was best assessed by symptom development after inoculating F-3 families with the common pathotype II isolate of lettuce mosaic virus (LMV). Bulked segregant analysis for RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) markers using one population, followed by linkage analysis using another, identified markers on either side of the mo1 gene, approximately 8 cM apart. These markers will be useful for more efficient introgression of this resistance gene into additional lettuce cultivars. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Vegetable Crops, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Maui Agr Ctr, Kula, HI 96790 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Biol, Boston, MA 02125 USA. ARS, USDA, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. RP Michelmore, RW (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Vegetable Crops, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 22 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD OCT PY 1999 VL 42 IS 5 BP 982 EP 986 DI 10.1139/gen-42-5-982 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 253WR UT WOS:000083580400022 ER PT J AU Dong, F Novy, RG Helgeson, JP Jiang, J AF Dong, F Novy, RG Helgeson, JP Jiang, J TI Cytological characterization of potato - Solanum etuberosum somatic hybrids and their backcross progenies by genomic in situ hybridization SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE potato germplasm; Solanum etuberosum; molecular cytogenetics ID TUBEROSUM; BREVIDENS; RECOMBINATION; CHROMOSOMES; SEGREGATION AB Four somatic hybrids derived from a diploid wild species Solanum etuberosum and a diploid tuber-bearing Solanum clone 463-4, together with five BC1 and three BC2 plants, were analyzed by genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). None of the four somatic hybrids had the expected chromosome constitutions, i.e., 24 chromosomes from each fusion parent. Either one chromosome from S. etuberosum or one from the potato parent 463-4 was lost in the hybrids. Three BC1 plants had exactly one set of S. etuberosum chromosomes. The other two BC1 plants either had one extra or one fewer S. etuberosum chromosome, possibly because their somatic hybrid parents had an extra or had lost one S. etuberosum chromosome. The presence of one set, or close to one set, of S. etuberosum chromosomes in all BC1 plants suggests a preferential pairing and segregation of the S. etuberosum chromosomes in the somatic hybrids. Two of the three BC2 plants had 52 chromosomes, deviating significantly from the expected chromosome number of 48. These results suggest poor pairing between S. etuberosum and S. tuberosum chromosomes in the BC1 plants. The present study demonstrates the importance of combining GISH and DNA marker analysis for a thorough characterization of potato germplasm containing chromosomes from different species. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Jiang, J (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Jiang, Jiming/A-9614-2009 NR 16 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD OCT PY 1999 VL 42 IS 5 BP 987 EP 992 DI 10.1139/gen-42-5-987 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 253WR UT WOS:000083580400023 ER PT J AU Miller, DN Ghiorse, WC Yavitt, JB AF Miller, DN Ghiorse, WC Yavitt, JB TI Seasonal patterns and controls on methane and carbon dioxide fluxes in forested swamp pools SO GEOMICROBIOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE greenhouse gases; methane; wetland ID ATMOSPHERIC METHANE; TEMPERATE SWAMP; ORGANIC-MATTER; EMISSIONS; WETLANDS; PEATLAND; RICE; METHANOGENESIS; SEDIMENT; DYNAMICS AB We measured seasonal patterns in the fluxes of CH4 and CO2 in a forested wetland in central New York State front 1992 to 1995. The site was a red maple-hemlock swamp with permanent pools (similar to 30 cm deep), except when, the pools dried during severe drought in 1995. Annual CH4 emissions from the pools to the atmosphere averaged 4.3 (+/-2.4) mol m(-2) during 1993 to 1995 and ranged from 1.9 mol m(-2) in 1993 to 6.7 mol m(-2) in 1995. CO2 emissions from the pools during 1993 and 1994 were 10.5 and 11.9 mol m(-2) accounting for 84.6% and 75.6% of the gaseous carbon export during 1993 and 1994, respectively. A combination of temperature and carbon availability influenced seasonal CH4 and CO2 fluxes more than other environmental factors (temperature, water column depth, O-2, CH4, dissolved organic carbon, NH4+, or dissolved inorganic carbon). Based on an observed 12 degrees C threshold temperature, linear regression models explained from 31% to 77% of seasonal gas flux variability Compared with other forested wetlands, this sire produced substantially greater CH4 fluxes, and the CH4 flux accounted for a greater proportion of the total carbon flux from the system. C1 Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Ithaca, NY USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY USA. RP Miller, DN (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. OI Miller, Daniel/0000-0003-3476-487X NR 30 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 17 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0149-0451 J9 GEOMICROBIOL J JI Geomicrobiol. J. PD OCT-DEC PY 1999 VL 16 IS 4 BP 325 EP 331 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 271MA UT WOS:000084596700005 ER PT J AU Fritschi, FB Boote, KJ Sollenberger, LE Allen, LH AF Fritschi, FB Boote, KJ Sollenberger, LE Allen, LH TI Carbon dioxide and temperature effects on forage establishment: tissue composition and nutritive value SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bahiagrass; carbohydrate; digestibility; elevated carbon dioxide; elevated temperature; nitrogen concentration; rhizoma peanut ID ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC CO2; PASCOPYRUM-SMITHII C-3; INSECT PERFORMANCE; DECIDUOUS TREES; ROOT FRACTION; GAS-EXCHANGE; GRACILIS C-4; NITROGEN; PLANT; LEAF AB Atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) and temperature are likely to increase in the future and may change plant growth and composition characteristics. Rhizoma peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth.) and bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) were grown on a natural field soil in temperature-gradient greenhouses to evaluate the effects of elevated [CO2] and temperature on tissue composition and digestibility during the establishment year. Carbon dioxide levels were maintained at 365 (ambient) and 640 mu L CO2 L-1 air. The temperature-gradient greenhouses were regulated to obtain air temperature sectors of 0.2, 1.5, 2.9, and 4.5 degrees C above ambient. Samples were taken of previously undefoliated herbage at 57, 86, 121, 148, and 217 days after planting and entire plots were harvested at 218 days after planting. Elevated [CO2] increased total nonstructural carbohydrate concentration in rhizoma peanut leaves by almost 50%. Rhizoma peanut leaf N concentration was 6% lower at elevated than at ambient [CO2]. The N concentration in new rhizomes of rhizoma peanut was increased by high [CO2], while the N concentration in bahiagrass was not affected by temperature or [CO2]. No effects of [CO2] and temperature were found on neutral detergent fibre in rhizoma peanut leaves or stems; however, elevated [CO2] increased neutral detergent fibre in bahiagrass leaves. Only at season end was in vitro organic matter digestion of rhizoma peanut higher at ambient (623 g kg(-1)) than at elevated [CO2] (609 g kg(-1)). Elevated [CO2] had a greater effect on tissue composition of rhizoma peanut than of bahiagrass. These data suggest that elevated temperature and CO2-induced changes in chemical composition of forage species adapted to humid subtropics will be relatively small, particularly for C4 species. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Agron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Boote, KJ (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Agron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. OI Boote, Kenneth/0000-0002-1358-5496 NR 52 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 14 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOB CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 5 IS 7 BP 743 EP 753 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00260.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 237GH UT WOS:000082646900001 ER PT J AU Pritchard, SG Rogers, HH Prior, SA Peterson, CM AF Pritchard, SG Rogers, HH Prior, SA Peterson, CM TI Elevated CO2 and plant structure: a review SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE anatomy; development; elevated carbon dioxide; morphogenesis; morphology; ultrastructure ID CARBON-DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT; SOIL RESOURCE AVAILABILITY; SEEDLINGS CASTANEA-SATIVA; 2 NATURAL-POPULATIONS; PINUS-TAEDA SEEDLINGS; SOURCE-SINK RELATIONS; 4 POPLAR CLONES; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; LEAF-AREA; PERENNIAL RYEGRASS AB Consequences of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration on plant structure, an important determinant of physiological and competitive success, have not received sufficient attention in the literature. Understanding how increasing carbon input will influence plant developmental processes, and resultant form, will help bridge the gap between physiological response and ecosystem level phenomena. Growth in elevated CO2 alters plant structure through its effects on both primary and secondary meristems of shoots and roots. Although not well established, a review of the literature suggests that cell division, cell expansion, and cell patterning may be affected, driven mainly by increased substrate (sucrose) availability and perhaps also by differential expression of genes involved in cell cycling (e.g. cyclins) or cell expansion (e.g. xyloglucan endotransglycosylase). Few studies, however, have attempted to elucidate the mechanistic basis for increased growth at the cellular level. Regardless of specific mechanisms involved, plant leaf size and anatomy are often altered by growth in elevated CO2, but the magnitude of these changes, which often decreases as leaves mature, hinges upon plant genetic plasticity, nutrient availability, temperature, and phenology. Increased leaf growth results more often from increased cell expansion rather than increased division. Leaves of crop species exhibit greater increases in leaf thickness than do leaves of wild species. Increased mesophyll and vascular tissue cross-sectional areas, important determinates of photosynthetic rates and assimilate transport capacity, are often reported. Few studies, however, have quantified characteristics more reflective of leaf function such as spatial relationships among chlorenchyma cells (size, orientation, and surface area), intercellular spaces, and conductive tissue. Greater leaf size and/or more leaves per plant are often noted; plants grown in elevated CO2 exhibited increased leaf area per plant in 66% of studies, compared to 28% of observations reporting no change, and 6% reported a decrease in whole plant leaf area. This resulted in an average net increase in leaf area per plant of 24%. Crop species showed the greatest average increase in whole plant leaf area (+37%) compared to tree species (+14%) and wild, nonwoody species (+15%). Conversely, tree species and wild, nontrees showed the greatest reduction in specific leaf area (-14% and -20%) compared to crop plants (-6%). Alterations in developmental processes at the shoot apex and within the vascular cambium contributed to increased plant height, altered branching characteristics, and increased stem diameters. The ratio of internode length to node number often increased, but the length and sometimes the number of branches per node was greater, suggesting reduced apical dominance. Data concerning effects of elevated CO2 on stem/branch anatomy, vital for understanding potential shifts in functional relationships of leaves with stems, roots with stems, and leaves with roots, are too few to make generalizations. Growth in elevated CO2 typically leads to increased root length, diameter, and altered branching patterns. Altered branching characteristics in both shoots and roots may impart competitive relationships above and below the ground. Understanding how increased carbon assimilation affects growth processes (cell division, cell expansion, and cell patterning) will facilitate a better understanding of how plant form will change as atmospheric CO2 increases. Knowing how basic growth processes respond to increased carbon inputs may also provide a mechanistic basis for the differential phenotypic plasticity exhibited by different plant species/functional types to elevated CO2. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, Auburn, AL 36832 USA. Univ No Colorado, Dept Biol Sci, Greeley, CO 80639 USA. RP Pritchard, SG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, 411 S Donahue Dr, Auburn, AL 36832 USA. NR 158 TC 218 Z9 247 U1 10 U2 120 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOB CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 5 IS 7 BP 807 EP 837 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00268.x PG 31 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 237GH UT WOS:000082646900006 ER PT J AU Sanderson, SC Stutz, HC Stutz, M Roos, RC AF Sanderson, SC Stutz, HC Stutz, M Roos, RC TI Chromosome races in Sarcobatus (Sarcobataceae, Caryophyllales) SO GREAT BASIN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Sarcobatus; polyploidy; autoploidy; diploidization; Pleistocene distributions ID VEGETATIONAL HISTORY; ATRIPLEX; LAKE; CONFERTIFOLIA; CLIMATE; VALLEY; BASIN AB Sarcobatus Nees., a genus of North American halophytic shrubs, consists of 2 species: S. vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr. (n = 18, 36), which is widespread in western North America, and S. baileyi Cov. (n = 54), endemic to Nevada. Within S. vermiculatus, populations of n = 36 are widely distributed, whereas populations of n = 18 are found only in the Sonoran Desert, northern California, and northwestern Great Plains, locations at the periphery of the species range. Although the chromosome number of n = 18 is apparently tetraploid, failure to form an n = 27 race intermediate to those of n = 18 and n = 36 suggests that n = 18 S. vermiculatus is of significant age and that it behaves chromosomally as a diploid. Sarcobatus has a long fossil pollen record and endured Pleistocene climatic extremes with little range displacement. C1 US Forest Serv, Shrub Sci Lab, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Provo, UT 84606 USA. RP Sanderson, SC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Shrub Sci Lab, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, 735 N 500 East, Provo, UT 84606 USA. NR 48 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0017-3614 J9 GREAT BASIN NAT JI Gt. Basin Nat. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 59 IS 4 BP 301 EP 314 PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 249FZ UT WOS:000083323800001 ER PT J AU Wang, Z Acock, MC Liu, Q Acock, B AF Wang, Z Acock, MC Liu, Q Acock, B TI Growth, opium gum yield, and photoperiod response of five opium poppy accessions SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE anthesis; days to flower; capsule; dry-matter production; dry-matter partitioning; floral initiation; floral development; Papaver somniferum ID PAPAVER-SOMNIFERUM L.; PHASES AB Flowering time, growth, and opium gum yield from five seed sources (T, L, B1, B3, B3) of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L,) collected from different latitudes in three Southeast Asian countries were determined, Plants were grown in six growth chambers at a 11-, 12-, 13-, 11-, 15-, or 16-hour photoperiod with a 12-hour, 25/20 degrees C thermoperiod, Flower initiation was observed under a dissecting microscope (40x) to determine if time to floral initiation was identical for all accessions across a wide range of photoperiods. The main capsule was lanced for opium gum at 10,13, and 16 days after flowering (DAF). Plants were harvested at 21 DAF for plant height, leaf area, and organ dry-weight determinations. In a 16-hour photoperiod, flower initiation was observed 10 days after emergence (DAE) for B1 vs. 8 DAE for the other four accessions. Flowering time was affected most by photoperiod in B1 and least in B2, Flowering times for B3, L, and T were similar across the range of photoperiods, B2, B3, and L had the highest gum yields per capsule; even though B1 had the greatest total plant biomass it produced the lowest gum yield, There was no difference among accessions in the average ratio of gum : individual capsule volume, For the ratio of gun : capsule dry weight, only the difference between T and B1 was significant, Capsule size did affect these ratios slightly. T had a larger gum : volume ratio for larger capsules, and B3 had a smaller gum : dry-weight ratio for heavier capsules, Flowering time varied up to 40%, capsule dry weight up to 41%, and opium gum yield up to 71% for the five accessions across all treatments. No relationship was found between flowering time and the latitude where the seed sources were collected, Time to flower initiation could not be used to predict time to anthesis because floral development rates varied significantly among accessions and photoperiods, Capsule volume and dry weight were useful in estimating gum yield. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wang, Z (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 4 U2 5 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 1999 VL 34 IS 6 BP 1060 EP 1063 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 245XK UT WOS:000083133400014 ER PT J AU Chase, CA Sinclair, TR Chellemi, DO Olson, SM Glireath, JP Locascio, SJ AF Chase, CA Sinclair, TR Chellemi, DO Olson, SM Glireath, JP Locascio, SJ TI Heat-retentive films for increasing soil temperatures during solarization in a humid, cloudy environment SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE methyl bromide alternatives; soil solarization; polyethylene mulch ID OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; TOMATO; PATHOGENS; POLYETHYLENE; FUMIGATION; MANAGEMENT; NEMATODES AB Although summer soil solarization is a viable technique for the control of soilborne pests, periods of cloudy skies and high rainfall typical of the southeastern United States limit the heating of soils. This study was devised to evaluate whether polyethylene films designed for improved heat conservation could increase soil solarization temperatures under humid environmental conditions. Soil solarization was conducted in Summer 1996 at Quincy, Gainesville, and Bradenton: located in north, north central, and west central Florida, respectively. Temperatures at soil depths of 5, 10, and 25 cm were higher under clear solarization films than under black polyethylene. A clear, thermal-infrared absorbing film (TIR) was consistently more effective in increasing soil temperature than was a double-layered, clear bubble film or a 30 mu m clear, low-density polyethylene film. Soil temperatures under all film types were reduced by rainfall, but remained highest under TIR film. On cloudly days with light rainfall, temperatures under TIR film exceeded 45 degrees C at 5 cm depth. Soil temperatures rose rapidly,when rainy weather was followed by a clear day. Cumulative exposure to temperatures greater than or equal to 45 and 50 degrees C was greater with the TIR film than with the other films, indicating that it has the greatest potential for soil solarization in humid climates. C1 Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Agron Physiol & Genet Lab, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, N Florida Res & Educ Ctr, Quincy, FL 32351 USA. Univ Florida, Gulf Coast Res & Educ Ctr, Bradenton, FL 34203 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Hort Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Chase, CA (reprint author), Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Agron Physiol & Genet Lab, POB 110965, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 25 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 1999 VL 34 IS 6 BP 1085 EP 1089 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 245XK UT WOS:000083133400021 ER PT J AU Miller, WR McDonald, RE AF Miller, WR McDonald, RE TI Irradiation, stage of maturity at harvest, and storage temperature during ripening affect papaya fruit quality SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Carica papaya; quarantine treatment; postharvest quality; peel scald; lumpy fruit; decay; firmness; pulp color; pH; soluble solids; flavor ID GAMMA-IRRADIATION AB Solo-type papaya (Carica papaya L.) fruit at the mature green (MG) or one-quarter yellow (QY) stage of maturity were imported through the Port of Miami, Fla., and either irradiated (0.675 kGg) or not irradiated. Fruit condition and quality attributes were determined after ripening to the edible ripe stage at 25 degrees C before and after storage for 7 days at 10, 12, or 15 degrees C. The incidence and severity of peel scald was increased by irradiation regardless of storage and ripening regime; however, the degree of severity was dependent on fruit maturity at irradiation Irradiated QY fruit tended to have the most serious incidence and severity of scald. Mature green fruit ripened at 25 CC without storage had the lowest incidence of fruit with hard areas in the pulp ("lumpy" fruit). The QY fruit generally were second only to irradiated MG fruit stored at 10 CC in incidence of lumpiness. Anthracnose sp. decay and stem-end-rots affected 53% of all fruit. The least decay occurred on fruit ripened at 25 degrees C without storage, regardless of fruit maturity, and the most decay occurred on QY fruit with or without irradiation. Fruit ripened at 25 degrees C without storage had more palatable pulp (5.5 N) at the edible ripe stage than did fruit held in storage and then ripened. The effect of fruit maturity or irradiation dose on fruit firmness, however, was dependent on the storage temperature. Mature green fruit ripened at 25 degrees C lost less weight than did those stored at cold temperatures prior to ripening. We recommend that importers obtain fruit with only a slight break in ground color, and distribute them as rapidly as possible, while maintaining transit/storage temperatures at or above 15 degrees C with or without exposure to irradiation. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Res Lab, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. RP Miller, WR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Res Lab, 2120 Camden Rd, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. NR 13 TC 21 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 1999 VL 34 IS 6 BP 1112 EP 1115 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 245XK UT WOS:000083133400028 ER PT J AU Scorza, R Fogle, HW AF Scorza, R Fogle, HW TI 'Bluebyrd' plum SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE European plum; plum breeding; prune; Prunus domestica C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Scorza, R (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 1999 VL 34 IS 6 BP 1129 EP 1130 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 245XK UT WOS:000083133400033 ER PT J AU Link, T Marks, D AF Link, T Marks, D TI Distributed simulation of snowcover mass- and energy-balance in the boreal forest SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE snowmelt; forest canopy effects; boreal forest ID SOLAR-RADIATION; SNOW SURFACE; SPECTRAL ALBEDO; ALPINE REGION; SIERRA-NEVADA; EXCHANGE; CLIMATE; COVER; MODEL; SENSITIVITY AB The accurate distributed simulation of snowpack deposition and ablation beneath forest canopies is complicated by the fact that vegetation canopies strongly affect the snow surface energy balance. The canopy alters the radiation balance of the snowcover and reduces the wind speed at the snow surface. Simple canopy adjustment algorithms for solar and thermal radiation and wind speed are used in conjunction with commonly available land cover classifications to spatially distribute sub-canopy solar and thermal radiation, air and soil temperature, humidity, wind speed, and precipitation. The distributed climate surfaces are used to drive a two-layer coupled energy- and mass-balance snowmelt model over two areas within the BOREAS study region for the 1994-1995 snow season. Model results are validated using both automatic and manually collected snow depth data. The simulated timing and rate of snowpack development and ablation at both study areas are well represented beneath the canopy types where validation data are present. Rigorous evaluation of model performance beneath the full range of canopy types requires information regarding the spatial distribution of snow covered area during the ablation period. This study demonstrates that given basic landcover parameters, relatively simple canopy adjustments coupled with an energy balance model can be used to estimate climate conditions and snowcover processes across a range of boreal forest covers. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Oregon State Univ, Environm Sci Grad Program, US EPA, NHEERL, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Marks, D (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NW Watershed Res Ctr, 800 Pk Blvd,Suite 105, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RI Link, Timothy/G-5556-2012 NR 31 TC 67 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 13 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 13 IS 14-15 BP 2439 EP + DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199910)13:14/15<2439::AID-HYP866>3.0.CO;2-1 PG 17 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 261GZ UT WOS:000084002600024 ER PT J AU Bonta, JV Muller, M AF Bonta, JV Muller, M TI Evaluation of the Glugla method for estimating evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge SO HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES JOURNAL-JOURNAL DES SCIENCES HYDROLOGIQUES LA English DT Article AB Estimates of groundwater recharge are often needed for a variety of groundwater resource evaluation purposes. A method for estimating long-term groundwater recharge and actual evapotranspiration not known in the English literature is presented. The method uses long-term average annual precipitation, runoff potential evaporation, and crop-yield information, and uses empirical parameter curves that depend on soil and crop types to determine long-term average annual groundwater recharge (GWR). The method is tested using historic lysimeter records from 10 lysimeters at Coshocton, Ohio, USA. Considering the coarse information required, the method provides good estimates of groundwater recharge and actual evapotranspiration, and is sensitive to a range of cropping and land-use conditions. Problems with practical application of the technique are mentioned, including the need for further testing using given parameter curves, and for incorporating parameters that describe current farming practices and other land uses. The method can be used for urban conditions, and can be incorporated into a GIS framework for rapid, large-area, spatially-distributed estimations of GWR. An example application of the method is given. C1 USDA ARS, N Appalachian Expt Watershed, Coshocton, OH 43812 USA. RP Bonta, JV (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Appalachian Expt Watershed, POB 488, Coshocton, OH 43812 USA. NR 30 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU IAHS PRESS, INST HYDROLOGY PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O FRANCES WATKINS, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0262-6667 J9 HYDROLOG SCI J JI Hydrol. Sci. J.-J. Sci. Hydrol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 44 IS 5 BP 743 EP 761 DI 10.1080/02626669909492271 PG 19 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 244ZL UT WOS:000083080600007 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP AF Dubey, JP TI Neosporosis - the first decade of research SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Review DE dogs; history; life-cycle; Neospora caninum; neosporosis; oocysts ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; APICOMPLEXA INFECTIONS; CANINUM INFECTION; TRANSPLACENTAL TRANSMISSION; AGGLUTINATION-TEST; DAIRY-CATTLE; DOGS; DIAGNOSIS; PROTOZOA; CALIFORNIA AB This paper reviews the history of Neospora caninum for the past decade, and provides a prospective for research for the next decade. (C) 1999 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, LPSI, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, LPSI, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 33 TC 48 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0020-7519 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 29 IS 10 BP 1485 EP 1488 DI 10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00134-4 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 257QW UT WOS:000083794000002 PM 10608433 ER PT J AU Speer, CA Dubey, JP McAllister, MM Blixt, JA AF Speer, CA Dubey, JP McAllister, MM Blixt, JA TI Comparative ultrastructure of tachyzoites, bradyzoites, and tissue cysts of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Review DE bradyzoites; Neospora caninum; tachyzoites; tissue cysts; Toxoplasma gondii; ultrastructure ID CELL-CULTURE; DOGS; MICE; PARASITES; ORIGIN; BRAIN AB The ultrastructure of tachyzoites, bradyzoites and tissue cysts of the NC-1, NC-5 and NC-Liverpool strains of Neospora caninum are reviewed and compared with those of the VEG and ME-49 strains of Toxoplasma gondii. While each stage of N. caninum and T. gondii shared many ultrastructural characteristics. each parasite stage also had certain features or organelles that could be used to distinguish the two parasites. Some of the most prominent ultrastructural differences occurred in the number, appearance and location of rhoptries, looped-back rhoptries, micronemes, dense granules, small dense granules and micropores. The tissue cysts of both parasites were also basically similar, being surrounded by a cyst wall and not compartmentalised by septa. The cyst wall of N. caninum was irregular and substantially thicker, 0.5-4 mu m, than those of T, gondii which were smooth and 0.5 mu m thick. (C) 1999 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Montana State Univ, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. USDA ARS, Livestock & Poultry Sci Inst, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Vet Pathol, Urbana, IL 61802 USA. RP Speer, CA (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RI McAllister, Milton/C-8146-2013 OI McAllister, Milton/0000-0001-5457-2678 NR 24 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0020-7519 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 29 IS 10 BP 1509 EP 1519 DI 10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00132-0 PG 11 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 257QW UT WOS:000083794000005 PM 10608436 ER PT J AU Lindsay, DS Upton, SJ Dubey, JP AF Lindsay, DS Upton, SJ Dubey, JP TI A structural study of the Neospora caninum oocyst SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dog; Neospora caninum; oocyst structure; sporocysts; sporozoites ID ISOSPORA; DOGS AB Oocysts of Neospora caninum were collected from the faeces of a dog fed mouse brains containing tissue cysts of the NC-beef strain of N. caninum. Sporulated oocysts were spherical tb subspherical, and were 11.7x11.3 mu m. The length/width ratio was 1.04. No micropyle or oocyst residuum was present. Polar granules were not present, although occasionally tiny refractile granules were seen among sporocysts. Sporocysts were ellipsoidal, did not contain a Stieda body, and were 8.4x6.1 mu m. The length/width ratio for sporocysts was 1.37; A spherical or subspherical sporocyst residuum was present, and was composed of a cluster of small, compact granules of 4.3x3.9 mu m, or was represented by many dispersed granules of similar size. Sporozoites were elongate and 7.0-8.0x2.0-3.0 mu m in situ. No refractile bodies were present and the nucleus was centrally or slightly posteriorly located. The features of the oocyst of N. caninum are similar to those of Hammondia heydorni oocysts from dog faeces and Toxoplasma gondii and Hammondia hammondi oocysts from cat faeces. (C) 1999 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Virginia Tech, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathol, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. USDA ARS, Livestock & Poultry Sci Inst, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lindsay, DS (reprint author), Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Virginia Tech, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathol, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, 1410 Prices Fork Rd, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016 OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321 NR 13 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0020-7519 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 29 IS 10 BP 1521 EP 1523 DI 10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00121-6 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 257QW UT WOS:000083794000006 PM 10608437 ER PT J AU Liddell, S Jenkins, MC Dubey, JP AF Liddell, S Jenkins, MC Dubey, JP TI A competitive PCR assay for quantitative detection of Neospora caninum SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE competitive quantitative polymerase chain reaction; Neospora caninum ID VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; PROBE HYBRIDIZATION; PREGNANT SHEEP; INFECTION; MICE; DNA; DIAGNOSIS; TISSUES; FETAL AB A quantitative-competitive PCR (QC-PCR) assay was developed for measurement of Neospora caninum levels in the tissues of infected animals. A molecule was synthesised for use in PCR as a competitor to the target Neospora-specific Nc5 genomic sequence. The assay was used to evaluate the relative level of parasites in the brain and lungs of mouse pups in a model of vertical transmission of N. caninum. Infection on day 11 of gestation resulted in similar levels of parasites in all offspring. The assay should be useful in evaluation of vaccines against Neospora infection. Incorporation of the competitor molecule in the detection assay also provides a control for PCR failure and facilitates identification of truly negative samples. (C) 1999 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Livestock & Poultry Sci Inst, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Liddell, S (reprint author), USDA ARS, Livestock & Poultry Sci Inst, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI liddell, susan/C-2653-2012 NR 24 TC 56 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0020-7519 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 29 IS 10 BP 1583 EP 1587 DI 10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00101-0 PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 257QW UT WOS:000083794000014 PM 10608445 ER PT J AU De Marez, T Liddell, S Dubey, JP Jenkins, MC Gasbarre, L AF De Marez, T Liddell, S Dubey, JP Jenkins, MC Gasbarre, L TI Oral infection of calves with Neospora caninum oocysts from dogs: humoral and cellular immune responses SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE agglutination test; antibodies; cattle; ELISA; IFAT; immune response; Neospora caninum; oocyst; oral; PCR ID DAIRY-CATTLE; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; ABORTION; DIAGNOSIS; HYBRIDIZATION; CALIFORNIA; ANTIGENS; HERD; COWS AB Neospora caninum has been identified as a major cause of abortion in cattle in a number of countries throughout the world. Until the recent demonstration that dogs can serve as a definitive host of this parasite, it was not possible to study the infection in cattle orally exposed to oocysts. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of N. caninum oocysts to infect calves, and to define initial immune responses that arise after oral infection. Seven calves were fed approximately 10(4)-10(5) N. caninum oocysts, three calves served as uninfected controls. Before infection, all calves were serologically negative for anti-Neospora antibodies and the calves were non-reactive to Neospora rr antigen in an in vitro lymphocyte proliferation assay. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from inoculated calves were able to mount in vitro proliferative responses to crude N. caninum antigen extract as early as 1 week p.i. Within 2 and 4 weeks p.i., Neospora-specific IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies were detected by IFAT and ELISA in serum from infected calves but not from sham-infected calves. The continued presence of reactive cells in the blood, spleen and mesenteric, inguinal, bronchial lymph nodes was seen as late as 2.5 months p.i., and parasite DNA. was detected in the brain and spinal cord of the infected animals by PCR, indicating that the cattle were infected by oral inoculation of N. caninum oocysts collected from dogs, and that the animals were systematically sensitised by parasite antigen. 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP De Marez, T (reprint author), USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, BARC E Blgd 1040, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI liddell, susan/C-2653-2012 NR 35 TC 122 Z9 129 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0020-7519 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 29 IS 10 BP 1647 EP 1657 DI 10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00154-X PG 11 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 257QW UT WOS:000083794000020 PM 10608451 ER PT J AU Venturini, MC Venturini, L Bacigalupe, D Machuca, M Echaide, I Basso, W Unzaga, JM Di Lorenzo, C Guglielmone, A Jenkins, MC Dubey, JP AF Venturini, MC Venturini, L Bacigalupe, D Machuca, M Echaide, I Basso, W Unzaga, JM Di Lorenzo, C Guglielmone, A Jenkins, MC Dubey, JP TI Neospora caninum infections in bovine foetuses and dairy cows with abortions in Argentina SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Argentina; cattle; foetal; Neospora caninum; neosporosis; serology ID FLUORESCENT-ANTIBODY TEST; DIAGNOSIS; RESPONSES; CATTLE AB Antibodies to Neospora caninum were measured in bovine foetuses, dairy cows and beef cows in Argentina using the IFAT, the N. caninum agglutination test, and the recombinant NCDG1 and NCDG2 ELISA. Serum antibodies (IFAT titre 1:80) were found in 20 of 82 (24.4%) dairy cow foetuses and one of 22 (4.5%) beef cow foetuses. Microscopic lesions suggestive of neosporosis were seen in brains of seven of eight foetuses with IFAT titres of 1:80. Antibodies (IFAT) were found in 122 of 189 (64.5%) dairy cows that aborted. Serum antibody titres (IFAT) of 189 dairy cows that aborted were: < 1:25 (67 cows), 1:25 (four cows), 1:50 (16 cows), 1:200 (seven cows), 1:greater than or equal to 800 (95 cows). Of the 87 sera with IFAT titres of less than or equal to 1:50, 57 had no antibodies in 1:40 dilution and 30 had titres of 1:40 in the N. caninum agglutination test. Thus, sera from at least 56 dairy cows which had aborted were seronegative both in the N. caninum? agglutination test and the IFAT. The distribution of positive and negative sera was similar when measured by ELISA, except that, depending on cut-off titre, the ELISA indicated a greater number of seropositive cows that were negative by the IFAT and N, caninum agglutination test. These results suggest that transplacental transmission of N. caninum? in dairy cows in Argentina is frequent. 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Natl Univ La Plata, Lab Immunoparasitol, Catedra Parasitol, Fac Ciencias Vet, RA-1900 La Plata, Argentina. Natl Univ La Plata, Inst Pathol, Fac Ciencias Vet, RA-1900 La Plata, Argentina. INTA Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 11 TC 48 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0020-7519 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 29 IS 10 BP 1705 EP 1708 DI 10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00143-5 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 257QW UT WOS:000083794000026 PM 10608457 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Hollis, K Romand, S Thulliez, P Kwok, OCH Hungerford, L Anchor, C Etter, D AF Dubey, JP Hollis, K Romand, S Thulliez, P Kwok, OCH Hungerford, L Anchor, C Etter, D TI High prevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Illinois; Neospora caninum; neosporosis; Odocoileus virginianus; serology; USA; white-tailed deer AB Serum samples of 400 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from 16 preserves in northeastern Illinois were tested for Neospora caninum? antibodies in the N. caninum agglutination test using mouse-derived N. caninum tachyzoites and mercaptoethanol. Antibodies were found in 162 deer with titres of 1:40 (47 deer), 1:80 (32 deer), 1:160 (17 deer), 1:200 (eight deer), 1:400 (19 deer), 1:800 (17 deer) and greater than or equal to 1:1600 (22 deer). There were no significant differences in prevalence between age or sex of the deer. The high prevalence of N, caninum infection in deer is consistent with a sylvatic cycle of N. caninum. 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Illinois, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Inst Puericulture, Lab Toxoplasmose, F-75014 Paris, France. Univ Nebraska, Great Plains Vet Educ Ctr, Dept Vet & Biomed Sci, Inst Agr & Nat Resources, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Forest Preserve District Cook Country, Elgin, IL 60120 USA. Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Etter, Dwayne/J-8578-2012 OI Etter, Dwayne/0000-0002-5353-4642 NR 8 TC 56 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0020-7519 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 29 IS 10 BP 1709 EP 1711 DI 10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00142-3 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 257QW UT WOS:000083794000027 PM 10608458 ER PT J AU Griffiths, HM Sinclair, WA Smart, CD Davis, RE AF Griffiths, HM Sinclair, WA Smart, CD Davis, RE TI The phytoplasma associated with ash yellows and lilac witches'-broom: 'Candidatus Phytoplasma fraxini' SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE 16S rRNA; plant disease; Fraxinus; Syringa; 'Candidatus Phytoplasma fraxini' ID 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; MYCOPLASMALIKE ORGANISMS MLOS; PROTEIN GENE-SEQUENCES; WESTERN X-DISEASE; DNA PROBES; CLASSIFICATION; RELATEDNESS; DIFFERENTIATION; IDENTIFICATION; AMPLIFICATION AB Phytoplasmas associated with the plant diseases ash yellows (AshY, occurring in Fraxinus) and lilac witches'-broom (LWB, occurring in Syringa) represent a putative species-level taxon. Phytoplasmal DNA from 19 ash or lilac sources across the known geographic range of AshY (71-113 degrees W) was examined to determine if AshY and LWB phytoplasmas are a coherent group, if variability exists in both conserved and anonymous DNA, and if variability in 16S rDNA is related to host or geographic origin. The 16S rRNA gene and the 16S-23S spacer were amplified using primer pair P1/P7 and analysed using 15 restriction enzymes. RFLPs were detected in digests obtained with Alul, Hhal or Taql, for a total of four RFLP profile types. Sequencing of the amplimers from strains AshY1(T), AshY3, AshY5 and LWB3 (which represent the four 16S rDNA RFLP profile types) revealed only three positions in the 16S rRNA gene and one position in the 16S-23S spacer at which differences occurred; these were single nucleotide substitutions. Sequence homology between any two strains was > 99.8%. A portion of a ribosomal protein operon, amplified with primer pair rpF1/R1 from each of the four strains noted above, was analysed with six restriction enzymes, resulting in the detection of two RFLP profiles with Msel. Southern analysis, utilizing two non-specific probes from other phytoplasma groups, revealed three RFLP profile types in anonymous chromosomal DNA of strains representing the four 16S rDNA genotypes. Two strains, AshY3 and LWB had unique combinations of characters in the various assays. On the basis of RFLP profiles, the strains from the other plants sampled comprised two groups. The grouping was not clearly related to host or geographic origin. The genome size of strain AshY3 was estimated from PFGE data to be 645 kbp. Phylogenetic analysis of a 1423 bp 16S rDNA sequence from strains AshY1(T), AshY3, AshY5 and LWB3, together with sequences from 14 other mollicutes archived in GenBank, produced a tree on which the AshY and LWB strains clustered as a discrete group, consistent with previous analyses utilizing only type strain AshY1T. Thus, the AshY phytoplasma group is coherent but heterogeneous. The name 'Candidatus Phytoplasma fraxini' is proposed for this group. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Pathol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Griffiths, HM (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, 334 Plant Sci Bldg, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 40 TC 59 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG7 1AE SN 0020-7713 J9 INT J SYST BACTERIOL JI Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 49 BP 1605 EP 1614 PN 4 PG 10 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 251NB UT WOS:000083450800033 PM 10555342 ER PT J AU Prager, TC Zou, YL Jensen, CL Fraley, JK Anderson, RE Heird, WC AF Prager, TC Zou, YL Jensen, CL Fraley, JK Anderson, RE Heird, WC TI Evaluation of methods for assessing visual function of infants SO JOURNAL OF AAPOS LA English DT Article ID ACUITY CARD PROCEDURE; LINOLENIC ACID RATIO; TERM INFANTS; VEP ACUITY; VISION; CORTEX AB Purpose: Commonly used behavioral and electrical testing methods for estimation of visual acuity and visual function in infants yield different estimates and may not accurately predict visual acuity and visual function in later life. Moreover, neither test-retest variability nor side-by-side comparisons of the various methods have been thoroughly evaluated in the same infant population. The purpose of this study was to provide such an evaluation. Method: The test-retest variability of visual acuity and visual function was evaluated for the Teller Acuity Card (TAC) procedure, sweep visual evoked potential (VEP), as well as latency and amplitude measured by transient pattern VEP. Groups of approximately 20 infants contributed test-retest data. Visual function estimated by the various methods in a larger group of infants (n = 118) was compared. Correlations between methods and the validity of the various methods to detect maturational changes between 4 and 8 months of age were also assessed. Administration of these tests was according to standard and usual procedures. Results: The average percent difference between test and retest estimates of acuity as well as the SD was lowest for transient VEP latency (3%, 7% SD). The other methods were markedly more variable: sweep VEP (2%, 22% SD), TAC procedure (8%, 20% SD), and transient VEP amplitude (7.5%, 39% SD). Average coefficients of variation showed a similar trend: transient VEP latency, 8%; sweep VEP, 15%; TACs, 30%; and transient amplitude, 53%. Correlations among estimates by the methods were poor, but expected changes in visual maturation from 4 to 8 months of age were detected with all methods. Conclusions: All methods evaluated provide valid and reliable test-retest data for a group, but are less valid for estimating visual acuity and visual function of an individual subject, The poor correlations between any 2 of the testing methods suggest that each test assesses a different aspect of vision. Nonetheless, expected maturational changes between 4 and 8 months of age were readily detectable by all methods evaluated. C1 Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Ophthalmol & Visual Sci, Houston, TX USA. Ctr Healthcare Improvement, Houston, TX USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dean A McGee Eye Inst, Oklahoma City, OK USA. Univ Oklahoma, Hlth Sci Ctr, Oklahoma Ctr Neurosci, Oklahoma City, OK USA. RP Prager, TC (reprint author), Houston Eye Ctr, 6411 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NEI NIH HHS [EY10608] NR 23 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 1091-8531 J9 J AAPOS JI J. AAPOS PD OCT PY 1999 VL 3 IS 5 BP 275 EP 282 DI 10.1016/S1091-8531(99)70023-6 PG 8 WC Ophthalmology; Pediatrics SC Ophthalmology; Pediatrics GA 248AB UT WOS:000083252200005 PM 10532572 ER PT J AU Freeman, LM Mansfield, KG Lackner, AA Naumova, EN Gorbach, SL AF Freeman, LM Mansfield, KG Lackner, AA Naumova, EN Gorbach, SL TI Survival and failure to thrive in the SIV-infected juvenile rhesus monkey SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES LA English DT Article DE simian immunodeficiency virus; primate; weight loss; failure to thrive ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; NUTRITIONAL-STATUS; ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; WASTING SYNDROME; DIETARY-INTAKE; HIV-INFECTION; AIDS; MACAQUES; DISEASE; MALABSORPTION AB In AIDS patients, wasting in adults and failure to thrive in children are common and devastating problems. Weight loss in rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) has not been well characterized. The purpose of this study was to determine growth curves in SIV-infected juvenile macaques to determine the effects of SIV infection on body weight and growth. Medical records of seven juvenile male SIV-infected macaques were retrospectively reviewed to determine body weights, survival time, CD4 count, and viral load. Mean age and body weight at the time of inoculation were 63.3 weeks and 2.4 kg, respectively. Mean survival was 73.7 weeks, and mean body weight at the time of death was 3.0 kg, whereas the published mean body weight for this age of male rhesus macaque is 4.1 kg. Compared with the linear growth pattern of normal animals, the growth pattern for the SIV-infected animals exhibited strong nonlinearity with an inflection point at the mean survival of 74 weeks. After this time point, the discrepancy between growth curves for infected and healthy animals increased at a greater rate. Body weight correlated inversely with viral load (r = -0.368; p = .003) but there was no correlation between body weight and CD4 count. The results of this study suggest that failure to thrive is a consequence of SIV infection and may be related to severity of infection. C1 Tufts Univ, Sch Vet Med, Dept Clin Sci, N Grafton, MA 01536 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Harvard Univ, New England Reg Primate Res Ctr, Sch Med, Southborough, MA 01772 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Community Hlth, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Freeman, LM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Sch Vet Med, Dept Clin Sci, 200 Westboro Rd, N Grafton, MA 01536 USA. RI Naumova, Elena/C-5954-2011; OI Naumova, Elena/0000-0002-9562-4734 FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR00168]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK45734A, DK50550] NR 36 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1077-9450 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. PD OCT 1 PY 1999 VL 22 IS 2 BP 119 EP 123 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 283JT UT WOS:000085273000002 PM 10843524 ER PT J AU Beninger, CW Hosfield, GL AF Beninger, CW Hosfield, GL TI Flavonol glycosides from Montcalm dark red kidney bean: Implications for the genetics of seed coat color in Phaseolus vulgaris L. SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE dry bean; high-performance liquid chromatography; flavonoids ID PROTEIN; QUALITY; LOCUS AB Three flavonol glycosides were isolated and identified from the commercial dark red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar Montcalm. In order of highest to lowest concentration these compounds were 3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavonol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl (2-->1) O-beta-D-xylopyranoside (compound 1), quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (compound 2), and kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucapyranoside (compound 3). Compound 1 is a flavonol glycoside that has not been reported before in P. vulgaris L. These three flavonol glycosides were yellow compounds that do not contribute to the garnet red color of Montcalm seed coats. Red-colored compounds which tested positive for proanthocyanidins are most likely responsible for the red seed coat color of Montcalm. Previous work on the chemistry of the compounds produced from the multi-allelic seed coat gene series C-C-r-c(u) indicated that neither anthocyanins nor flavonol glycosides were detected from seed coat extracts in the presence of the c(u) locus. However, the seed coat color genotype of Montcalm is c(u) J g B v rk(d) and three flavonol glycosides were found. Technological advances such as modern HPLC analysis of seed coat extracts may allow for detection of small amounts of compounds which previously could not be seen using paper chromatography. Alternatively, the change of the Rk allele to rk(d) may allow for the synthesis of flavonol glycosides in the presence of c(u). C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, USDA ARS, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Beninger, CW (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, USDA ARS, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 22 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 47 IS 10 BP 4079 EP 4082 DI 10.1021/jf990440d PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 247VR UT WOS:000083242100022 PM 10552769 ER PT J AU Adamson, GE Lazarus, SA Mitchell, AE Prior, RL Cao, GH Jacobs, PH Kremers, BG Hammerstone, JF Rucker, RB Ritter, KA Schmitz, HH AF Adamson, GE Lazarus, SA Mitchell, AE Prior, RL Cao, GH Jacobs, PH Kremers, BG Hammerstone, JF Rucker, RB Ritter, KA Schmitz, HH TI HPLC method for the quantification of procyanidins in cocoa and chocolate samples and correlation to total antioxidant capacity SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE HPLC; procyanidins; cocoa; chocolate; quantification; antioxidant ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; RADICAL ABSORBENCY CAPACITY; PROANTHOCYANIDINS; CATECHINS; ASSAY; GRAPE AB Monomeric and oligomeric procyanidins present in cocoa liquors and chocolates were separated and quantified in four different laboratories using a normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with fluorescence detection. Procyanidin standards through decamers were obtained by extraction from cocoa beans, enrichment by Sephadex LH-20 gel permeation chromatography, and final purification by preparative normal-phase HPLC. The purity of each oligomeric fraction was assessed using HPLC coupled to mass spectrometry. A composite standard was then prepared, and calibration curves were generated for each oligomeric class using a quadratic fit of area sum versus concentration. Results obtained by each of the laboratories were in close agreement, which suggests this method is reliable and reproducible for quantification of procyanidins. Furthermore, the procyanidin content of the samples was correlated to the antioxidant capacity measured using the ORAC assay as an indicator for potential biological activity. C1 Mars Inc, Analyt & Appl Sci Grp, Hackettstown, NJ 07840 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA ARS, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Mars Inc, NL-5460 BB Veghel, Netherlands. RP Lazarus, SA (reprint author), Mars Inc, Analyt & Appl Sci Grp, 800 High St, Hackettstown, NJ 07840 USA. EM sheryl.lazarus@effem.com RI Hammerstone, John/N-9766-2013 NR 22 TC 266 Z9 273 U1 10 U2 64 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 47 IS 10 BP 4184 EP 4188 DI 10.1021/jf990317m PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 247VR UT WOS:000083242100041 PM 10552788 ER PT J AU Bean, SR Lookhart, GL AF Bean, SR Lookhart, GL TI Sodium dodecyl sulfate capillary electrophoresis of wheat proteins. 1. Uncoated capillaries SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE capillary electrophoresis; proteins; polymers; glutenins; wheat ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT SUBUNITS; POLYACRYLAMIDE-GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; CROSS-LINKED POLYACRYLAMIDE; SDS-PAGE SYSTEM; GLUTENIN SUBUNITS; ZONE-ELECTROPHORESIS; VARIETAL IDENTIFICATION; LINEAR POLYACRYLAMIDE; SEPARATION AB Four different polymer/buffer systems (a commercial polymer from Bio-Rad, dextran, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), and non-crosslinked poly(acrylamide)) were evaluated for use in sodium dodecyl sulfate capillary electrophoresis (SDS-CE) separations of wheat proteins. These polymers were chosen on the basis of published reports of their use in uncoated or dynamically coated capillaries. Each polymer was optimized (where possible) by manipulating the polymer concentration and buffer concentration, and through the use of organic modifiers such as methanol and ethylene glycol. The addition of ethylene glycol to the separation buffer was found to improve the resolution of the separations, despite dilution of the sieving polymers. When PEO was used as the sieving polymer, however, no improvement was seen when ethylene glycol was added. Despite producing similar separations of molecular mass markers, the polymers did not all produce similar wheat protein separations. The commercial reagent and dextran produced similar separations, while the poly(acrylamide) produced faster separations than either. The poly(acrylamide) displayed much lower resolution in the 40-60 kDa range than the other polymers, though this polymer was able to separate the high molecular mass glutenin subunits (HMM-GS) without the use of added organic solvent. PEO produced much different wheat protein separations than the other polymers, despite similar separations of the molecular weight markers. This may have been due to interaction between the wheat proteins and PEG. Each polymer system also predicted different molecular masses of the various wheat protein fractions separated, with the PEO and poly(acrylamide) grossly overestimating the masses for all protein classes. This could have been due to protein-polymer interactions. Further work was done with the Bio-Rad buffer modified by the addition of ethylene glycol. Several different wheat protein fractions as well as proteins extracted from several different cultivars were separated with this buffer and compared. SDS-CE separations were also compared to SDS-poly(acrylamide) gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and several differences in the migration pattern of HMM-CS were noted. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. ARS, USDA, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Lookhart, GL (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. OI Bean, Scott/0000-0001-8678-8094 NR 51 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 47 IS 10 BP 4246 EP 4255 DI 10.1021/jf990413n PG 10 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 247VR UT WOS:000083242100050 PM 10552797 ER PT J AU Karcher, A Melouk, HA El Rassi, Z AF Karcher, A Melouk, HA El Rassi, Z TI High-performance liquid phase separation of glycosides. 5. Determination of individual glucosinolates in cabbage and rapeseed by laser-induced fluorescene capillary electrophoresis via the enzymatically released isothiocyanate aglycon SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE glucosinolates; isothiocyanates; capillary electrophoresis; laser-induced fluorescence ID SITU CHARGED MICELLES; DANSYL AMINO-ACIDS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; PRODUCTS; CYCLOCONDENSATION AB A capillary electrophoresis (CE) method was developed for the profiling and determination of individual glucosinolates (GSs) via their isothiocyanate degradation products upon myrosinase digestion. The resulting isothiocyanates, the structures of which are reflective of the parent GS's, were then converted to their corresponding amines via base hydrolysis or reaction with 1,2-benzenedithiol. Subsequently, the amines were fluorescently labeled to allow their sensitive detection by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). The CE method involved the use of in situ charged micelles for the separation of isothiocyanates and their corresponding fluorescently labeled amines by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC). The term "in situ charged micelles" refers to micelles formed by complexing the polar hydroxyl groups of glycosidic surfactants with berate. The MECC method with on-column LIF detection was applied to the determination of GSs in white cabbage, rapeseed leaves, and rapeseed roots. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Chem, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, USDA ARS, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP El Rassi, Z (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Chem, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 22 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 47 IS 10 BP 4267 EP 4274 DI 10.1021/jf990578w PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 247VR UT WOS:000083242100053 PM 10552800 ER PT J AU Buttery, RG Orts, WJ Takeoka, GR Nam, YL AF Buttery, RG Orts, WJ Takeoka, GR Nam, YL TI Volatile flavor components of rice cakes SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE rice cakes; volatiles; flavor; aroma; identification; concentrations; concentration/threshold ratios ID POPCORN; AROMA AB Volatiles were obtained from commercially prepared and laboratory-prepared rice cakes using high-flow dynamic headspace isolation with Tenax trapping. Analysis was carried out by capillary GC/MS. More than 60 compounds were identified. Major volatiles included 1-hydroxy-2-propanone, furfuryl alcohol, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2-methylpyrazine, pyrazine, hexanal, furfural, pentanol, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone (acetoin), and ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine. Although not ideally applicable to a dry product, concentration/threshold ratios indicated that the compounds with a high probability of contributing to the aroma and flavor included 3-methylbutanal, dimethyl trisulfide, 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine, 4-vinylguaiacol, hexanal, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, 2-methylbutanal, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, 1-octen-3-ol, and 1-octen-3-one. C1 ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Buttery, RG (reprint author), ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 8 TC 75 Z9 76 U1 2 U2 22 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 47 IS 10 BP 4353 EP 4356 DI 10.1021/jf990140w PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 247VR UT WOS:000083242100068 PM 10552815 ER PT J AU Bianchini, GM Stipanovic, RD Bell, AA AF Bianchini, GM Stipanovic, RD Bell, AA TI Induction of delta-cadinene synthase and sesquiterpenoid phytoalexins in cotton by Verticillium dahliae SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Gossypium hirsutum; Gossypium barbadense; Malvaceae; Verticillium dahliae; phytoalexins; desoxyhemigossypol; delta-cadinene synthase; plant-pathogen interaction; sesquiterpenes ID (+)-DELTA-CADINENE SYNTHASE; TERPENOID PHYTOALEXINS; WILT RESISTANCE; GOSSYPIUM; DESOXYHEMIGOSSYPOL; EXPRESSION; CLONING; CYCLASE AB Phytoalexin biosynthesis occurred earlier in the resistant cotton cultivar Seabrook Sea Island 12B2 (SBSI) (Gossypium barbadense) than in the susceptible cotton cultivar Rowden (G. hirsutum) after inoculation with a defoliating isolate of the pathogen Verticillium dahliae. This was demonstrated by significantly higher levels of phytoalexins in SBSI 12 h after inoculation. Furthermore, by 48 h after inoculation of SBSI, the phytoalexins hemigossypol and desoxyhemigossypol achieved levels (23.9 and 10.5 mu g/g of fresh tissue, respectively) sufficient to completely inhibit conidial germination. Rowden required 96 h to attain comparable levels. Similarly, the activity of delta-cadinene synthase, a key enzyme required for the biosynthesis of the terpenoid phytoalexins, increased more rapidly in the resistant cotton cultivar than in the susceptible one. The changes in phytoalexin concentrations and enzyme activity are consistent with the hypothesis that phytoalexins are an essential component in protecting the plant from infection by V, dahliae. C1 ARS, So Crops Res Lab, USDA, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Biochem & Biophys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Stipanovic, RD (reprint author), ARS, So Crops Res Lab, USDA, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 17 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 47 IS 10 BP 4403 EP 4406 DI 10.1021/jf990195y PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 247VR UT WOS:000083242100078 PM 10552825 ER PT J AU Jayasundera, S Schmidt, WF Hapeman, CJ Torrents, A AF Jayasundera, S Schmidt, WF Hapeman, CJ Torrents, A TI Influence of the chemical environment on metolachlor conformations SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE metolachlor; NMR; molecular mechanics; chemical environment; atropisomers ID ACETAMIDE PESTICIDE STEREOISOMERS; ORGANIC-MATTER; C-13 NMR; SOIL; ACID; GROUNDWATER; BEHAVIOR; ALACHLOR; SORPTION; SLUDGE AB Metolachlor exists in multiple, different stable conformations in solution. Assignment of the NMR frequencies to chemical structure is a prerequisite to understanding the behavior of individual conformations. H-1 NMR experiments of metolachlor in different chemical environments identified the labile sites of metolachlor and environments that influence conformational/configurational changes. Within very specific chemical environments, metolachlor atropisomers aS,12S (aR,12R) and aR,12S (aS,12R) freely interchange, and consequently, the multiple conformations also interchange. The changes in chemical environments, which most alter the conformations and molecular dynamics of metolachlor, identify the most critical components affecting its environmental fate. These results enable a structural interpretation of conformational changes that can influence the environmental fate of metolachlor. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. ARS, Environm Chem Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Torrents, A (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 33 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 47 IS 10 BP 4435 EP 4442 DI 10.1021/jf990090v PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 247VR UT WOS:000083242100083 PM 10552830 ER PT J AU Kozukue, N Misoo, S Yamada, T Kamijima, O Friedman, M AF Kozukue, N Misoo, S Yamada, T Kamijima, O Friedman, M TI Inheritance of morphological characters and glycoalkaloids in potatoes of somatic hybrids between dihaploid Solanum acaule and tetraploid Solanum tuberosum SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Dihaploid Solanum tuberosum; tetraploid Solanum tuberosum; anther diffusion; electrofusion; potato clones; somatic hybrids; morphology; glycoalkaloids; alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, alpha-tomatine, demissine ID SYNERGISTIC INTERACTION; ALPHA-CHACONINE; TOMATO; HYBRIDIZATION; RESISTANCE; PRODUCTS; PLANTS AB Steroidal glycoalkaloids occur in potatoes and are reported to impart resistance to phytopathogens including bacteria, fungi, and insects. Because glycoalkaloids can be passed to progenies during breeding programs designed to develop improved potatoes, it is of importance to determine the quality of desired characteristics and the composition of glycoalkaloids of new somatic hybrids. The objective of this study was to determine the appearance, size, and shape (morphological characters) as well as the glycoalkaloid content of potato tubers of somatic hybrids between tetraploid Solanum tuberosum cv. Dejima (2n = 4x = 48 chromosomes) and the dihaploid clone ATDH-1 (2n = 2x = 24 chromosomes) induced by anther culture from Solanum acuale-T (acl-T, 2n. = 4x = 48 chromosomes). Tuber size and shape in somatic hybrids were in accord with these of cv. Dejima, whereas the tuber skin color resembled that of ATDH-1. Thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry studies showed that the two steroidal glycoalkaloids (alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine) were present in the tubers of S. tuberosum, whereas acl-T and ATDH-1 tubers were found to contain alpha-tomatine and demissine. The concentrations of total glycoalkaloids in both acl-T and ATDH-1 was >100 mg/100 g of fresh weight tuber cortex, much higher than in S. tuberosum. All somatic hybrids, except-one clone, contained four glycoalkaloids (alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, alpha-tomatine, and demissine) derived from the fusion parents. The lack of alpha-tomatine in the remaining clone may be due to somaclonal variation. The results show that character expression is influenced by ploidy level and that, total glycoalkaloid levels in most-somatic hybrids were intermediate between those of the fusion parents. The possible significance of these findings for plant-breeding and food safety is discussed. C1 Kenmei Jr Coll, Dept Home Econ, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan. Kobe Univ, Fac Agr, Lab Plant Breeding, Nada Ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan. Natl Inst Agrobiol Resources, Dept Biotechnol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Kozukue, N (reprint author), Kenmei Jr Coll, Dept Home Econ, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan. OI Friedman, Mendel/0000-0003-2582-7517 NR 28 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 47 IS 10 BP 4478 EP 4483 DI 10.1021/jf990252n PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 247VR UT WOS:000083242100090 PM 10552837 ER PT J AU Kindler, SD Hays, DB AF Kindler, SD Hays, DB TI Susceptibility of cool-season grasses to greenbug biotypes SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND URBAN ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aphididae; greenbug biotypes; Homoptera; native grasses ID CEREAL APHIDS HEMIPTERA; RESISTANT SORGHUM; HOMOPTERA; PREFERENCES AB The development of host plant resistant cereals has been used to limit the damage by greenbugs, Schizaphis graminum Rondani. The success of this strategy has been challenged by the occurrence of resistance-breaking biotypes. The dominant theory suggests that biotype development in this aphid may be driven by the planting of resistant cultivars of cereal grains. However, there are only a few reports examining the interaction of greenbug with native grasses despite the potentially important role they may have in driving the development, and in the harboring of as yet unknown biotypes of greenbugs. Therefore, we investigated the host suitability of eight species of range grasses to determine if any of them may have played a role in the development of greenbug biotypes. These species of grasses are grown on rangeland, pasture, roadsides, and some of them are used in reclamation projects in the Plains states. All entries supported populations of greenbug biotypes and sustained plant damage after a 7 d confinement period. Although wheat, Triticum aestivum L., supported higher greenbug numbers compared with the grasses for most biotypes, some of the grasses suffered equal or more plant damage than wheat. One of the most significant differences among the biotypes occurred with Canada bluegrass, Poa compressa L. Greenbug biotype F adults cultured on Canada bluegrass produced significantly more nymphs than the other biotypes and inflicted a significantly higher damage rating. This damage, which was ultimately lethal, was also observed in all of the species of wheatgrass and mountain brome when challenged with any greenbug biotype. These results suggest that the development of greenbug biotype F is driven by native grasses. While this study did not reveal other grass species that were diagnostic for the other biotypes, these results suggest that a more detailed survey of other cool and warm season grass species would reveal similar results. C1 USDA, ARS, Plant Sci & Water Conservat Res Lab, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. RP Kindler, SD (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Plant Sci & Water Conservat Res Lab, 1301 North Western St, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOUTH CAROLINA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI CLEMSON PA PO BOX 582, CLEMSON, SC 29633 USA SN 1523-5475 J9 J AGR URBAN ENTOMOL JI J. Agr. Urban Entomol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 16 IS 4 BP 235 EP 243 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 298PL UT WOS:000086148300002 ER PT J AU Bruck, DJ Lewis, LC AF Bruck, DJ Lewis, LC TI Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) larval parasitism and infection with entomopathogens in cornfields with different border vegetation SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND URBAN ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ostrinia nubilalis; Macrocentrus grandii; field border; Nosema pyrausta; Beauveria bassiana ID EUROPEAN CORN-BORER; NOSEMA-PYRAUSTA; BEAUVERIA-BASSIANA; MACROCENTRUS-GRANDII; PHYTOPHAGOUS INSECTS; LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE; FIELD POPULATIONS; CENTRAL ILLINOIS; DIVERSITY; MICROSPORIDIUM AB Observational studies were conducted in 1995 and 1996 to sample natural enemies of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) along field borders with differing vegetation levels. Corn fields adjacent to three broad classes of border vegetation: herbaceous, intermediate, and wooded, were studied. A cornfield adjacent to each border class was sampled along the entire length of its respective border. Ostrinia nubilalis larvae collected were evaluated for presence of the entomopathogens Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) and Nosema pyrausta (Paillot) (Microspora: Nosematidae) and the parasitoid Macrocentrus grandii Goidanich (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). There was a negative interaction noted between larvae parasitized by M. grandii and O. nubilalis larvae infected with N. pyrausta. This antagonism between the two biotic factors may explain why increased food and shelter adjacent to corn bordering diverse vegetation did not result in significantly higher parasitism in limited observations. The levels of entomopathogen infections also were not consistently influenced by border vegetation type. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Entomol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Bruck, DJ (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Entomol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 48 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOUTH CAROLINA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI CLEMSON PA PO BOX 582, CLEMSON, SC 29633 USA SN 1523-5475 J9 J AGR URBAN ENTOMOL JI J. Agr. Urban Entomol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 16 IS 4 BP 255 EP 272 PG 18 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 298PL UT WOS:000086148300004 ER PT J AU Hunter, WJ Kuykendall, LD AF Hunter, WJ Kuykendall, LD TI Effect of iron and iron chelators on the decomposition of wheat residue SO JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ACKER UND PFLANZENBAU LA English DT Article DE crop residues; EDDHA; FeEDTA; Pseudomonas; tillage; Triticum aestivum ID FUSARIUM-SUPPRESSIVE SOIL; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; FLUORESCENT PSEUDOMONADS; OXYSPORUM; BACTERIA; PUTIDA; STRAW; WILT AB The influence of two iron sources, FeCl3 and iron ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (FeEDTA), and an iron chelator, ethylenediamine di-o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, on wheat straw decomposition was monitored in laboratory incubations. Adding FeCl3 or FeEDTA to the incubation buffer did not alter the rate of decomposition, but the addition of the iron chelator, EDDHA, slowed decomposition significantly. These data suggest that microorganisms that produce iron chelators might be used to reduce residue decomposition in the field. C1 USDA ARS, Soil Plant Nutrient Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Hunter, WJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soil Plant Nutrient Res Unit, POB E,301 S Howes St, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-2250 J9 J AGRON CROP SCI JI J. Agron. Crop Sci.-Z. Acker Pflanzenbau PD OCT PY 1999 VL 183 IS 3 BP 179 EP 182 DI 10.1046/j.1439-037x.1999.00342.x PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 249KL UT WOS:000083332200004 ER PT J AU Coleman, SW Lupton, CJ Pfeiffer, FA Minikhiem, DL Hart, SP AF Coleman, SW Lupton, CJ Pfeiffer, FA Minikhiem, DL Hart, SP TI Prediction of clean mohair, fiber diameter, vegetable matter, and medullated fiber with near-infrared spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE mohair; clean yield; fibers; spectroscopy ID REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY; DEFINITION AB Four experiments were conducted in three separate years to test the utility of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to predict the clean mohair content of Angora goat fleece. Mohair fleece samples were obtained each year from yearling billies at the conclusion of the Angora Goat Performance Test conducted at the Texas A&M University Research Station, Sonora. In Exp. 1 (n = 293) and Exp. 2 (n = 256), fleeces were scanned with a Pacific Scientific (Silver Spring, MD) near-infrared spectrometer fitted with a fiber-optic probe, and calibrations were developed for clean mohair content. In Exp. 3, 59 mohair fleeces collected at the Texas A&M Research Station in San Angelo were sampled four times each. Each sample was scanned with the same spectrometer in reflectance mode fitted with a transport mechanism. This mechanism allowed the instrument to scan a 15-cm(2) segment of the fleece sample. Conventional procedures to determine reference values for mohair yield, vegetable matter content, fiber diameter, and percentage of medullated and kemp fibers were conducted. Prediction equations were developed that related NIR spectra to reference values for yield and diameter parameters and were used to predict mohair characteristics for each fleece sample. The predicted and reference values were subjected to a simple analysis of variance to determine variation within and across samples. In Exp. 1, mohair base was related to NIR spectra with R-2 = .46 and standard error of calibration (SEC) = 2.84%. In Exp. 2, similar repeatability errors for mohair base could be obtained for both reference- and NIRS-derived values. Fiber diameter and medullated fibers were poorly related to NIR spectra. When samples were scanned using the transport mechanism (Exp. 3), R-2 and SEC were .82 and 1.19% for mohair base and .93 and .98 mu m for fiber diameter, respectively. The CV for mohair base and diameter were 1.0 and 1.4010, whereas those for predicted mohair base and diameter were 1.4 and 3.4%, respectively. The increased variation within samples for predicted values represents sampling error and lack of fit between NIRS and the laboratory determined values. When the samples from Exp. 1 and 2 were rescanned with the NIRS transport (Exp. 4), R-2 and SEC were .79 and 2.03% for mohair base and .52 and 3.49 mu m for fiber diameter. The fiber optic probe would facilitate real-time analysis on the shearing floor, but our data indicate that the spectral limitations so far are too severe. A large sample device such as the transport gave excellent results for predicting mohair base and fiber diameter. C1 USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK USA. Texas A&M Univ, San Angelo, TX 76901 USA. Langston Univ, E Kika Garza Goat Res Inst, Langston, OK 73050 USA. RP Coleman, SW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Stn, 2227I Chinsegut Hill Rd, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 77 IS 10 BP 2594 EP 2602 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268YA UT WOS:000084446300003 PM 10521017 ER PT J AU Ferreira, GB MacNeil, MD Van Vleck, LD AF Ferreira, GB MacNeil, MD Van Vleck, LD TI Variance components and breeding values for growth traits from different statistical models SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE genetic parameters; growth; statistics ID RESTRICTED MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; ANIMAL-MODELS; BEEF-CATTLE; DOMINANCE; SELECTION; INVERSE; MATRIX; SIRES AB Estimates of genetic parameters resulting from various analytical models for birth weight (BWT, n = 4,155), 205-d weight (WWT, n = 3,884), and 365-d weight (YWT, n = 3;476) were compared. Data consisted of records for Line I Hereford cattle selected for postweaning growth from 1934 to 1989 at ARS-USDA, Miles City, MT. Twelve models were compared. Model 1 included fixed effects of year, sex, age of dam; covariates for birth day and inbreeding coefficients of animal and of dam; and random animal genetic and residual effects. Model 2 was the same as Model I but ignored inbreeding coefficients. Model 3 was the same as Model I and included random maternal genetic effects with covariance between direct and maternal genetic effects, and maternal permanent environmental effects. Model 4 was the same as Model 3 but ignored inbreeding. Model 5 was the same as Model I but with a random sire effect instead of animal genetic effect. Model 6 was the same as Model 5 but ignored inbreeding. Model 7 was a sire model that considered relationships among males. Model 8 was a sire model, assuming sires to be unrelated, but with dam effects as uncorrelated random effects to account for maternal effects. Model 9 was a sire and dam model but with relationships to account for direct and maternal genetic effects; dams also were included as uncorrelated random effects to account for maternal permanent environmental effects. Model 10 was a sire model with maternal grandsire and dam effects all as uncorrelated random effects. Model II was a sire and maternal grandsire model, with dams as uncorrelated random effects but with sires and maternal grandsires assumed to be related using male relationships. Model 12 was the same as Model 11 but with all pedigree relationships from the full animal model for sires and maternal grandsires. Rankings on predictions of breeding values were the same regardless of whether inbreeding coefficients for animal and dam were included in the models. Heritability estimates were similar regardless of whether inbreeding effects were in the model. Models 3 and 9 best fit the data for estimation of variances and covariances for direct, maternal genetic, and permanent environmental effects. Other models resulted in changes in ranking for predicted breeding values and for estimates of direct and maternal heritability. Heritability estimates of direct effects were smallest with sire and sire-maternal grandsire models. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Livestock & Range Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Ferreira, GB (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RI MacNeil, Michael/A-6772-2009 NR 15 TC 38 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 77 IS 10 BP 2641 EP 2650 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268YA UT WOS:000084446300009 PM 10521023 ER PT J AU Thallman, RM Cundiff, LV Gregory, KE Koch, RM AF Thallman, RM Cundiff, LV Gregory, KE Koch, RM TI Germplasm evaluation in beef cattle - Cycle IV: Postweaning growth and puberty of heifers SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef cattle; breeds; germplasm; puberty; pregnancy; growth ID BIOLOGICAL TYPES; TRAITS; FEMALES; ESTRUS; REPRODUCTION; HETEROSIS; SELECTION; OVULATION; HEREFORD; BREEDS AB Postweaning growth, puberty, and pregnancy traits were evaluated for 783 F-1 heifers sired by Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Shorthorn, Galloway, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, and Salers bulls and out of Angus and Hereford dams in Cycle TV of the Germplasm Evaluation (GPE) Program at the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center. The Hereford and Angus sires included a sample of bulls born from 1982 to 1985 (1980s HA) as well as reference sires born from 1963 to 1970 (REF HA) used in previous cycles of the GPE program. Breed group of sire had a significant (P < .01) effect on age and weight at puberty, on 200-, 400-, and 550-d weights, on ADG from 200 to 400 and from 400 to 550 d, and 550-d hip height, but it did not influence (P < .05) pregnancy rate. Mean age and weight at puberty were predicted from the cumulative distribution because of censoring of data in each tail of the distribution. Sire breed group rankings (and predicted means in days) for age at puberty were as follows: Piedmontese (332), Shorthorn (338), Charolais (348), REF HA (348), Galloway (351), 1980s HA (352), Salers (355), Longhorn (357), and Nellore (405). Sire breed group rankings (and predicted means in kilo-grams) for weight at puberty were Longhorn (283), Piedmontese (298), Galloway (305), REF HA(309), Shorthorn (329), 1980s HA (330), Salers (338),:Nellore (341), and Charolais (345). Sire breed group rankings (and least squares means in kilograms) for 200-d weight were Charolais (229), Salers (225), Nellore (221), Shorthorn (220), Piedmontese (215), 1980s HA (215), Galloway (209), REF HA (206), and Longhorn (197), with differences > 8.3 kg significant. Rankings for 400-d weight (kilograms) were Charolais (390), Shorthorn (384), Salers (380), 1980s HA (374), Nellore (364), REF HA (356), Piedmontese (353), Galloway (348), and Longhorn (321), with differences > 11.5 kg significant. Rankings for 550-d weight (kilograms) were Charolais (445), Salers (430), Shorthorn (429), 80's HA (422), Nellore (420), Piedmontese (401), REF HA (398), Galloway (389), and Longhorn (371), with differences > 11.7 kg significant. Rankings for 550-d hip height (centimeters) were Nellore (132.2), Charolais (131.9), Salers (129.9), Shorthorn (129.5), Piedmontese (126.7), 1980s HA (126.1), Longhorn (125.3), Galloway (121.7), and REF HA (121.5), with differences > 1.35 cm significant. Breed of sire had sig nificant effects on growth and puberty traits of heifers. C1 USDA, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Univ Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Thallman, RM (reprint author), USDA, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 29 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 77 IS 10 BP 2651 EP 2659 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268YA UT WOS:000084446300010 PM 10521024 ER PT J AU Geesink, GH Koohmaraie, M AF Geesink, GH Koohmaraie, M TI Effect of calpastatin on degradation of myofibrillar proteins by mu-calpain under postmortem conditions SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE mu-calpain; calpastatin; proteolysis; tenderness ID ACTIVATED NEUTRAL PROTEASE; STRUCTURAL PROTEINS; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; IONIC-STRENGTH; BOVINE MUSCLE; PROTEOLYSIS; TENDERIZATION; PH; PURIFICATION; TEMPERATURE AB To improve our understanding of the regulation of mu-calpain activity in situ during postmortem storage of muscle, the effect of different calpastatin levels on proteolysis of myofibrillar proteins by mu-calpain in a system closely mimicking postmortem conditions was studied. Increasing the amount of calpastatin in the incubations limited both the rate and extent of proteolysis of myofibrillar proteins and autolysis of mu-calpain. Excess calpastatin (i.e., a mu-calpain:calpastatin ratio of 1:4) did not inhibit proteolysis completely. Western blot analysis revealed that proteolysis of myofibrillar proteins virtually ceased after 7 d of incubation, despite the presence of partly autolyzed, therefore seemingly active, mu-calpain. A series of incubations of autolyzed mu-calpain revealed that the autolyzed form of this enzyme is unstable at an ionic strength observed in postmortem muscle. The possible significance of these results in terms of the regulation of mu-calpain activity in postmortem muscle is discussed. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Koohmaraie, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 FU NICHD NIH HHS [N01-HD-7-3263] NR 29 TC 93 Z9 106 U1 3 U2 7 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 77 IS 10 BP 2685 EP 2692 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268YA UT WOS:000084446300014 PM 10521028 ER PT J AU Shackelford, SD Wheeler, TL Koohmaraie, M AF Shackelford, SD Wheeler, TL Koohmaraie, M TI Evaluation of slice shear force as an objective method of assessing beef longissimus tenderness SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef; shear forces; tenderness ID COOKING; VALUES; MUSCLES; STEAKS AB Experiments were conducted to develop an optimal protocol for measurement of slice shear force (SSF) and to evaluate SSF as an objective method of assessing beef longissimus tenderness. Whereas six cylindrical, 1.27-cm-diameter cores are typically removed from each steak for Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) determination, a single l-cm-thick, Ei-cm-long slice is removed from the lateral end of each longissimus steak for SSF. For either technique, samples are removed parallel to the muscle fiber orientation and sheared across the fibers. Whereas WBSF uses a V-shaped blade, SSF uses a flat blade with the same thickness (1.016 mm) and degree of bevel (half-round) on the shearing edge. In Exp. 1, longissimus steaks were acquired from 60 beef carcasses to determine the effects of belt grill cooking rate (very rapid vs rapid) and conditions of SSF measurement (hot vs cold) on the relationship of SSF with trained sensory panel (TSP) tenderness rating. Slice shear force was more strongly correlated with TSP tenderness rating when SSF measurement was conducted immediately after cooking (r = -.74 to -.76) than when steaks were chilled (24 h, 4 degrees C) before SSF measurement (r = -.57 to -.72). When SSF measurement was conducted immediately after cooking, the relationship of SSF with TSP tenderness rating did not differ among the belt grill cooking protocols used to cook the SSF steak. In Exp. 2, longissimus steaks were acquired from 479 beef carcasses to compare the ability of SSF and WBSF of 1.27-cm-diameter cores to predict TSP tenderness ratings. Slice shear force was more strongly correlated with sensory panel tenderness rating than was WBSF (r = -.82 vs -.77). In Exp. 3, longissimus steaks were acquired from 110 beef carcasses to evaluate the repeatability (.91) of SSF over a broad range of tenderness. Slice shear force is a more rapid, more accurate, and technically less difficult technique than WBSF. Use of the SSF technique could facilitate the collection of more accurate data and should allow the detection of treatment differences with reduced numbers of observations and reduced time requirements, thereby reducing research costs. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Shackelford, SD (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 14 TC 77 Z9 82 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 77 IS 10 BP 2693 EP 2699 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268YA UT WOS:000084446300015 PM 10521029 ER PT J AU Varel, VH Kreikemeier, KK AF Varel, VH Kreikemeier, KK TI Low- and high-quality forage utilization by heifers and mature beef cows SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef cows; heifers; forage; intake; digestibility ID BOS-INDICUS CATTLE; FOOD-INTAKE; RUMINAL FERMENTATION; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; EATING RATE; DIGESTION; TAURUS; FIBER; ROUGHAGE AB Eight cows (7 to 9 yr old, 522 kg) and six heifers (10 mo old, 169 kg) were fed either alfalfa hay (18.7% CP) or mature brome hay (5.1% CP) to determine the effect of cattle age on apparent forage utilization. Cattle were fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas and were individually fed once daily (ad libitum intake, 1000). The split-plot design consisted of age (whole-plot) and two sampling periods feeding alfalfa or brome hay (subplot). Each period consisted of 28 d: d 1 to 13 for adaptation, d 13 to 20 for feed intake determination, and d 20 to 28 for sampling. Nylon bags containing NDF substrate from alfalfa or brome hay were incubated ruminally for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, and 192 h to determine the rate and extent of fiber degradation. Ruminal liquid dilution rate and fermentation characteristics were conducted on d 27. Ruminal fill was determined by total evacuation at 0800 on d 28. Cows consumed more feed (BW.75; P < .01) and had greater ruminal OM fill (P = .04) but had similar fluid fill (P = .88) compared with heifers. Ruminal liquid dilution rate was greater in cows than in heifers (P < .01). The rate of in situ NDF degradation was 3 and .5% per hour greater in cows than in heifers when alfalfa and brome hay were fed, respectively (age x hay, P < .01). Ruminal NDF digestibility as a percentage of intake was greater in cows than in heifers (P < .01). Numbers of ruminal cellulolytic bacteria were not affected by treatment (P > .21). These data indicate that mature cows have a smaller ruminal fluid fill that turns over more rapidly, and this may be responsible for a faster rate of ruminal fiber degradation in cows than in young heifers. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Varel, VH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 34 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 77 IS 10 BP 2774 EP 2780 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268YA UT WOS:000084446300026 PM 10521040 ER PT J AU Tsai, HF Wheeler, MH Chang, YC Kwon-Chung, KJ AF Tsai, HF Wheeler, MH Chang, YC Kwon-Chung, KJ TI A developmentally regulated gene cluster involved in conidial pigment biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CRNA-NIIA-NIAD; MELANIN BIOSYNTHESIS; CRYPTOCOCCUS-NEOFORMANS; COLLETOTRICHUM-LAGENARIUM; WANGIELLA-DERMATITIDIS; NITRATE ASSIMILATION; VERTICILLIUM-DAHLIAE; STRUCTURAL-ANALYSIS; NIDULANS; VIRULENCE AB Aspergillus fumigatus, a filamentous fungus producing bluish-green conidia, is an important opportunistic pathogen that primarily affects immunocompromised patients. Conidial pigmentation of A. fumigatus significantly influences its virulence in a murine model. In the present study, six genes, forming a gene cluster spanning 19 kb, were identified as involved in conidial pigment biosynthesis in A. fumigatus. Northern blot analyses showed the six genes to be developmentally regulated and expressed during conidiation. The gene products of alb1 (for "albino 1"), arp1 (for "aspergillus reddish-pink 1"), and arp2 have high similarity to polyketide synthases, scytalone dehydratases, and hydroxynaphthalene reductases, respectively, found in the dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-melanin pathway of brown and black fungi. The abr1 gene (for "aspergillus brown 1") encodes a putative protein possessing two signatures of multicopper oxidases. The abr2 gene product has homology to the laccase encoded by the yA gene of Aspergillus nidulans. The function of ayg1 (for "aspergillus yellowish-green 1") remains unknown. Involvement of the six genes in conidial pigmentation was confirmed by the altered conidial color phenotypes that resulted from disruption of each gene in A. fumigatus. The presence of a DHN-melanin pathway in A. fumigatus was supported by the accumulation of scytalone and flaviolin in the arp1 deletant, whereas only flaviolin was accumulated in the arp2 deletants. Scytalone and flaviolin are well-known signature metabolites of the DHN-melanin pathway. Based on DNA sequence similarity, gene disruption results, and biochemical analyses, we conclude that the 19-kb DNA fragment contains a six-gene cluster which is required for conidial pigment biosynthesis in A. fumigatus. However, the presence of abr1, abr2, and ayg1 in addition to alb1, arp1, and arp2 suggests that conidial pigment biosynthesis in A. fumigatus is more complex than the known DHN-melanin pathway. C1 NIAID, Clin Invest Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. ARS, Cotton Pathol Res Unit, So Crops Res Lab, USDA, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Kwon-Chung, KJ (reprint author), NIAID, Clin Invest Lab, NIH, Bldg 10,Room 11C304,10 Ctr Dr,MSC 1882, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 44 TC 195 Z9 219 U1 2 U2 32 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 181 IS 20 BP 6469 EP 6477 PG 9 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 243PM UT WOS:000083006500032 PM 10515939 ER PT J AU Schaefer, PW Gries, G Gries, R Holden, D AF Schaefer, PW Gries, G Gries, R Holden, D TI Pheromone components and diel periodicity of pheromonal communication in Lymantria fumida SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lepidoptera; Lymantriidae; Lymantria fumida; Lymantria monacha; nun moth; sex pheromone; periodicity; calling behavior; reproductive isolation; disparlure; (7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane (7S,8R)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane; 2-methyl-Z7-octadecene; (7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-octadecane; (+)-monachalure ID GYPSY-MOTH; NUN MOTH; IDENTIFICATION; LEPIDOPTERA; MONACHA AB Extracts of pheromone glands from female Lymanitria furnida were analyzed by coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and by coupled GC-mass spectrometry (MS). The two compounds that elicited responses from male L. furnida antennae were identified as cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane (disparlure) and 2-methyl-Z7-octadecene (2me-Z7-18Hy). Field experiments in northern Japan demonstrated that synthetic (7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane [(+)-disparlure] and 2me- Z7-18Hy are synergistic sex pheromone components of L. fumida. (7S,8R)cis-7,8-Epoxy-2-methyloctadecane [(-)-disparlure] had no behavioral effect on male L. fumida. Traps baited with (+)-disparlure and 2me-Z7-18Hy captured male L. fumida between 21:00 and 24:00 hr, whereas traps baited with (+)-monachalure [(7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-octadecane],(+)-disparlure and 2me-Z7-18Hy attracted males of the nun moth, L. monacha L., between 02:00 and 04:00 hr. Both temporal separation of pheromonal communication and specificity of pheromone blends seem to contribute to the reproductive isolation of sympatric and coseasonal L. fumida and L. monacha. C1 USDA ARS, Beneficial Insects Introduct Res Lab, Newark, DE 19713 USA. Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Ctr Environm Biol, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. RP Schaefer, PW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beneficial Insects Introduct Res Lab, Newark, DE 19713 USA. NR 21 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 25 IS 10 BP 2305 EP 2312 DI 10.1023/A:1020873807864 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 249NF UT WOS:000083338600008 ER PT J AU Dhiman, TR Anand, GR Satter, LD Pariza, MW AF Dhiman, TR Anand, GR Satter, LD Pariza, MW TI Conjugated linoleic acid content of milk from cows fed different diets SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE conjugated linoleic acid; dairy cow; milk; rumen ID LACTATING DAIRY-COWS; HIGH OIL CORN; RUMEN DIGESTA; FAT; HYDROGENATION; DERIVATIVES; LIPOLYSIS; STARCH; FEED AB Conjugated linoleic acid in milk was determined from cows fed different diets. In Experiment 1, cows were fed either normal or high oil corn and corn silage. Conjugated linoleic acid was 3.8 and 3.9 mg/g of milk fatty acids in normal and high oil treatments, respectively. In Experiment 2, cows consumed one-third, two-thirds, or their entire feed from a permanent pasture. Alfalfa hay and concentrates supplied the balance of feed for the one-third and two-third pasture treatments. Conjugated linoleic acid was 8.9, 14.3, and 22.1 mg/g of milk fatty acids in the one-third, two-third, and all pasture treatments, respectively. Cows grazing pasture and receiving no supplemental feed had 500% more conjugated linoleic acid in milk fat than cows fed typical dairy diets (Experiment 1). In Experiment 3, cows were fed either a control diet containing 55% alfalfa silage and 45% grain, or similar diets supplemented with 3% fish meal, or 250 g of monensin/cow/per day, or fish meal and monensin together. Conjugated linoleic acid was 5.3, 8.6, 6.8, and 8.9 mg/g of milk fatty acids in the control, fish meal, monensin, and fish meal plus monensin treatments, respectively. In Experiment 4, cows were fed either finely chopped alfalfa hay (Treatment 1), or coarsely chopped alfalfa hay (Treatment 2) in a 50% forage and 50% grain diet, or 66.6% grass hay and 33.4% grain (Treatment 3), or 98.2% grass hay (Treatment 4). Conjugated linoleic acid was 7.3, 8.3, 9.0, and 7.9 mg/g of milk fatty acids in treatments 1 through 4, respectively. C1 Univ Wisconsin, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, USDA, ARS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Dairy Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Food Res Inst, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Dhiman, TR (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 33 TC 277 Z9 292 U1 6 U2 23 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 82 IS 10 BP 2146 EP 2156 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 244NF UT WOS:000083057100014 PM 10531600 ER PT J AU Norman, HD Vanraden, PM Wright, JR Smith, LA AF Norman, HD Vanraden, PM Wright, JR Smith, LA TI Mathematical representations of correlations among yield traits and somatic cell score on test day SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE best prediction; correlation; milk yield; test day ID LACTATION YIELDS; PREDICTION AB Prediction of lactation yields and accuracies of yields for use in genetic evaluation can be improved by including information from test day correlations, especially for milk recording plans that vary in the numbers of milk weights recorded and component samples taken. Daily milk weights for 658 lactations of Canadian cows and monthly test records of milk, fat, and protein yields and somatic cell scores for 500,000 lactations of US cows were used to estimate phenotypic correlations between test days within herd-year. Correlations between daily yields for a designated interval between test days generally were highest for midlactation and were lowest for early and late lactation. Regression (two linear, two quadratic, and interaction effects) on mean DIM and interval between test days predicted correlations with a squared correlation of 0.94 for daily milk yields. Similar relationships were found for US monthly data. Variation in sampling was reduced, computer memory was minimized, and positive definiteness was guaranteed by fitting regressions on simply defined sources of correlation. An autoregressive matrix represented the within-trait correlations very well. The equations developed could be used to derive covariances and, subsequently, to estimate lactation yields and accuracies from combinations of individual daily milk, fat, and protein yields and somatic cell score. C1 USDA ARS, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Norman, HD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 82 IS 10 BP 2205 EP 2211 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 244NF UT WOS:000083057100022 PM 10531608 ER PT J AU Van Tassell, CP Wiggans, GR Norman, HD AF Van Tassell, CP Wiggans, GR Norman, HD TI Method R estimates of heritability for milk, fat, and protein yields of United States dairy cattle SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE heritability; method-R; genetic evaluation; milk yield ID GENETIC-PARAMETERS; VARIANCE-COMPONENTS; HERD; SIRE; HETEROGENEITY; ADJUSTMENT; LEVEL; MODEL AB Heritabilities for milk, fat, and protein yields were estimated from first lactation data used for USDA-Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA) genetic evaluations. Contemporary group assignments and standard deviations within herd-year were determined with the procedure used for national evaluations. Pedigree data were included for animals born since 1970; yield data were included for cows born since 1980. Lactation records were divided into four mutually exclusive data sets based on standard deviations. Ranges for standard deviations were chosen so that data sets were approximately equal in size. Method R was used to estimate heritability with 25 different random samples of half of the data for each data set. Because of the large number of Holstein observations, estimates of heritability for Holsteins were based on random subsets of the complete data file; each subset included approximately 5% of the data. Mean heritability estimates increased with standard deviations, and estimates ranged from 0.18 to 0.51 across breeds. Repeatability estimates for milk yield of Holsteins were approximately 0.50 and did not change with standard deviation. These heritability estimates were higher than those previously used in the USDA-DHIA genetic evaluation. Heritability used in the USDA-DHIA genetic evaluation have been increased based on these results. C1 USDA ARS, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Van Tassell, CP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Van Tassell, Curtis/0000-0002-8416-2087 NR 23 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 82 IS 10 BP 2231 EP 2237 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 244NF UT WOS:000083057100026 PM 10531612 ER PT J AU Voigt, RG Brown, FR Rozelle, JC Fraley, JK Jensen, CL Heird, WC AF Voigt, RG Brown, FR Rozelle, JC Fraley, JK Jensen, CL Heird, WC TI Concurrent and predictive validity of the clinical linguistic and auditory milestone scale and the mental developmental index of the Bayley scales of infant development SO JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL PEDIATRICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Mayo Clin, Rochester, MN USA. Baylor Coll Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0196-206X J9 J DEV BEHAV PEDIATR JI J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 20 IS 5 BP 399 EP 399 PG 1 WC Behavioral Sciences; Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics SC Behavioral Sciences; Psychology; Pediatrics GA 245PP UT WOS:000083117600031 ER PT J AU Hellmich, RL Higgins, LS Witkowski, JF Campbell, JE Lewis, LC AF Hellmich, RL Higgins, LS Witkowski, JF Campbell, JE Lewis, LC TI Oviposition by European corn borer (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) in response to various transgenic corn events SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ostrinia nubilalis; Bacillus thuringiensis; transgenic corn; refuge; resistance management; oviposition ID BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; RESISTANCE; PYRALIDAE AB Oviposition preference by European corn borers, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), for or against transgenic corn would influence amounts of refuge required for resistance management. The objective of this research was to determine if various Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn transgenic events influence a. nubilalis oviposition. All commercially available events (currently 5) were evaluated, plus I experimental event. Results from 3 independent studies are reported, including 3 field-cage experiments with vegetative corn, 2 field-cage experiments with reproductive corn, and 2 field experiments with natural O. nubilalis on reproductive corn. In each case, Bt corn hybrids are compared with their near isogenic hybrids by counting numbers of egg masses on each plant type. More extensive comparisons were made in 3 of the experiments by determining the number, size, and location of egg masses on the corn hybrids. Moths laid more egg masses on Bt corn than on non-Bt corn in 1 cage experiment. These results, however, were not found in any of the ether experiments. There is evidence that suggests cage effects influence moth oviposition more than Bt protein. Four of the 5 cage experiments and 2 field experiments indicate that the tested Bt events do not influence a. nubilalis oviposition. Larval injury to isogenic corn during the vegetative stage did not influence adult oviposition during the corn reproductive stage when compared with Bt corn and noninjured isogenic corn. Based on these experiments, suggestions are made for future studies that use natural a. nubilalis rather than a. nubilalis in cages. C1 Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Genet Lab, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Hellmich, RL (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Genet Lab, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Marion-Poll, Frederic/D-8882-2011 OI Marion-Poll, Frederic/0000-0001-6824-0180 NR 21 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 92 IS 5 BP 1014 EP 1020 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 246HL UT WOS:000083158300002 ER PT J AU Chang, CL Kurashima, R AF Chang, CL Kurashima, R TI Effects of ascorbic acid-rich bell pepper on development of Bactrocera latifrons (Diptera : Tephritidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bactrocera latifrons; ascorbic acid; larval diet; green bell pepper AB A survey of published nutritional data of ingredients currently used in larval diet for the fruit ny Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) indicated low levels of ascobic acid in the artificial diet in comparison to a preferred host (bell pepper, Capsicum annuum L.). Incorporation of various amounts of green bell pepper (Fresh or dehydrated powder) into larval diet significantly affected larval development by increasing pupal recovery up to 21%, adult emergence up to 17.5%, and the overall growth index. Pupal weight remained similar to that of a control diet. An optimal amount of ascorbic acid phosphate (5 mg/g diet) in the diet also improved development, especially in terms of pupal recovery and adult emergence. Addition of ascorbic acid phosphate (>15 mg/g of diet) produced detrimental effects (lengthened the larval period, decreased the pupal recovery, reduced pupal weight and overall growth index). Substituting bell pepper for carrot powder in the standard B. latifrons larval diet or supplementing the standard diet with ascorbic acid phosphate would be beneficial for mass rearing of B. latifrons. C1 USDA ARS, Trop Fruit Vegetable & Ornamental Crop Res Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Chang, CL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Trop Fruit Vegetable & Ornamental Crop Res Lab, 2727 Woodlawn Dr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 92 IS 5 BP 1108 EP 1112 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 246HL UT WOS:000083158300015 ER PT J AU Miller, JA Davey, RB Oehler, DD Pound, JM George, JE Ahrens, EH AF Miller, JA Davey, RB Oehler, DD Pound, JM George, JE Ahrens, EH TI Control of Boophilus annulatus (Acari : Ixodidae) on cattle using injectable microspheres containing ivermectin SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Boophilus annulatus; ivermectin; injectable microspheres ID TICKS ACARI; MOXIDECTIN; DIPTERA; AVERMECTIN; MICROPLUS; MUSCIDAE AB The efficacy of an injectable microsphere formulation of ivermectin For control of the cattle tick. Boophilus annulatus (Say), was tested on 2 groups of 6 Hereford heifers held on separate 7-ha tick-infested, buffel grass pastures. Cattle in one pasture were injected subcutaneously in the neck with a controlled-release microsphere formulation of ivermectin at the rate of 2.4 mg AI/kg body weight: the other group was injected with carrier only. Beginning 4 wk after injection and continuing throughout the remainder of the test (16 wk), no engorged ticks (greater than or equal to 5.5 mm) were found on any of the treated cattle, whereas large numbers of engorged ticks were found on the untreated controls During this period. a few ticks were recovered from untreated sentinel animals placed in the treatment pasture during 7-8 wk after treatment, but none were recovered from animals exposed from II-ZZ wk or 14-15 wk. Large numbers of B. annulatus ticks were Found on untreated sentinel cattle placed in the control pasture during these same periods. Although the cattle, pastures, and tick habitat were approximately equal, the treated cattle gained an average of 77 kg compared with an average of 42 kg for the control group, This technology offers a possible alternative to the current official program of dipping and vacating pastures for eradication of Boophilus sp. infestations from the quarantine zone in southern Texas. Larger scale testing is needed to determine the potential of the injectable microsphere formulation and to optimize its use in eradication or control strategies. C1 USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res Lab, So Plains Area, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. USDA ARS, So Plains Area, Cattle Fever Tick Res Lab, Mission, TX 78573 USA. RP Miller, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res Lab, So Plains Area, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. NR 18 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 92 IS 5 BP 1142 EP 1146 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 246HL UT WOS:000083158300021 PM 10582049 ER PT J AU Yokoyama, VY Miller, GT Hartsell, PL Eli, T AF Yokoyama, VY Miller, GT Hartsell, PL Eli, T TI On-site confirmatory test, film wrapped bales, and shipping conditions of a multiple quarantine treatment to control Hessian fly (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae) in compressed hay SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Mayetiola destructor; quarantine; hydrogen phosphide ID JAPAN; EXPORT; MORTALITY; EFFICACY AB No Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), adults emerged from infested wheat seedlings (15,377 total puparia) in an on-site confirmatory lest when exposed to compression and fumigation (60 g/28.3 m(3) aluminum phosphide) in hay bales in 5 different locations ill a freight container. Mean temperatures in the freight container ranged from 15.4 to 19.6 degrees C during the 7-d Fumigation in a heated building. Hydrogen phosphide residues were below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency tolerance of 0.1 parts per million in animal feeds 1 and 3 d after aeration. The successful completion of the on-site confirmatory test allowed approval in December 1996, of timothy, alfalfa, oat, Sudan grass,and Bermuda grass hays for export to Japan. Hydrogen phosphide concentrations in film wrapped and unwrapped units of compressed timothy hay were not significantly different throughout the 7-d fumigation period of the multiple quarantine treatment. The data showed that use of film-wrapped units of compressed hay bales would not diminish the efficacy of the treatment: and was approved by regulatory agencies in December 1997. The highest bale temperatures in freight containers of either timothy, alfalfa, Sudan grass, or Bermuda grass hays were recorded on days 1-3 (mean +/- SE) (range of 15.87 +/- 0.02 degrees C to 27.44 +/- 0.02 degrees C) during ocean freight from Seattle, WA to Nagoya, Japan. Lowest temperatures enroute were recorded on days 7-9 (range, of 6.75 +/- 0.03 degrees C to 9.59 +/- 0.02 degrees C). The range of the mean percentage relative humidity (mean +/- SE) was 31.7-60.0 for all species of hay at 3-d intervals during 12 d of ocean freight. Mean bale temperatures and relative humidities during ocean freight were in general tower than optimum for growth and development of Hessian fly. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RP Yokoyama, VY (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 13 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 92 IS 5 BP 1206 EP 1211 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 246HL UT WOS:000083158300031 ER PT J AU Gould, WP Hennessey, MK Pena, J Castineiras, A Nguyen, R Crane, J AF Gould, WP Hennessey, MK Pena, J Castineiras, A Nguyen, R Crane, J TI Nonhost status of lychees and longans to Caribbean fruit fly (Diptera : Tephritidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Litchi chinensis; Euphoria longana; Anastrepha suspensa; host; quarantine ID FLORIDA; COUNTY AB Field trapping of Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) in Groves of lychee, Litchi chinensis Sonn., and longan Euphoria longana (Lour.), showed that fly populations were present in high numbers in May and early lune, and declined in late June and July. In total, 34,016 fruits of Mauritius and Brewster lychee and Kohala longan were exposed to Caribbean fruit flies either in the laboratory or under natural conditions. No Caribbean fruit By larvae or eggs were recovered from any lychee or longan fruits in this study, whereas almost all of the control guava fruits had infestations. Brewster and Mauritius lychee and Kohala longan grown in Florida are not hosts to the Caribbean fruit fly. C1 USDA ARS, Subtrop Hort Res Stn, Miami, FL 33158 USA. RP Gould, WP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Subtrop Hort Res Stn, 13601 Old Cutler Rd, Miami, FL 33158 USA. NR 9 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 92 IS 5 BP 1212 EP 1216 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 246HL UT WOS:000083158300032 ER PT J AU Lynch, RE Wiseman, BR Sumner, HR Plaisted, D Warnick, D AF Lynch, RE Wiseman, BR Sumner, HR Plaisted, D Warnick, D TI Management of corn earworm and fall armyworm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) injury on a sweet corn hybrid expressing a cryIA (b) gene SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE corn earworm; fall armyworm; sweet corn; transgenic plants; Bt gene ID INSECTICIDAL PROTEIN GENE; TRANSGENIC TOMATO PLANTS; BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; FIELD PERFORMANCE; RESISTANCE; TOBACCO AB Research was conducted to evaluate transgenic sweet corn containing a modified cryIA(b) gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and a minimal number of insecticide applications for management of injury to ears by corn earworm, Helicoverpa tea (Boddie), and fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). GH-0937 (Bt+), Bonus (Bt-), and Silver Queen (Bt-) sweet corn hybrids were planted 15 April, 1 May, 15 May, 1 June, and 15 June 1997 to provide different intensities of insect pressure as populations increased during the season. During ear development, methomyl was applied in 0, 1, 3, or 5 applications beginning when 50% of the plants were silking. GH-0937 exhibited a high level of resistance to leaf feeding in the whorl stage by fall armyworm and to ear injury by the corn earworm and fall armyworm. With extreme insect pressure on plants for the 15 June planting, as evidenced by the extensive damage to Bonus and Silver Queen in the whorl stage, injury to ears of GH-0937 averaged only 7.9 cm(2) of kernel damage when no insecticide was applied, and was reduced to an average of only 1.7 cm(2) of kernel damage with 5 applications of methomyl. In this same test, Silver Queen and Bonus averaged 323 and 168 cm(2) of kernel damage, respectively, with no insecticide applications, and 172 and 50 cm(2), respectively, with 5 applications of methomyl. Injury to ears on GH-0937 was not eliminated, but was minimal and confined to a few kernels at the ear tip. Most of the observed injury was From feeding by nitidulid beetles, or to an occasional large fall armyworm larva that migrated from a susceptible plant to an untreated ear of GH-0937 where it fed before trying. Bt sweet corn offers an excellent opportunity to develop more environmentally compatible approaches for sweet corn production. C1 USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Lynch, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 20 TC 26 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 92 IS 5 BP 1217 EP 1222 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 246HL UT WOS:000083158300033 ER PT J AU Hays, DB Porter, DR Webster, JA Carver, BF AF Hays, DB Porter, DR Webster, JA Carver, BF TI Feeding behavior of biotypes E and H greenbug (Homoptera : Aphididae) on previously infested near-isolines of barley SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE greenbug; feeding behavior; resistance; barley ID RUSSIAN WHEAT APHID; SCHIZAPHIS-GRAMINUM; PROBING BEHAVIOR; WINTER-WHEAT; RESISTANCE; CULTIVARS; SORGHUM; GENES; ACID AB The feeding behavior of virulent and avirulent greenbug biotypes after preconditioning of the plant with virulent and avirulent greenbug biotypes was examined. A pair of near-isolines of barley, Hordeum vulgare L., differing by the antibiosis greenbug-resistance gene Rsg1a were used. Rsg1a confers resistance to all greenbug biotypes except biotypes H and J. When data from a 420-min feeding monitor period were divided into 2 periods (0-210 min and 210-420 min), differences in feeding behavior were noted during the later period. Biotype E probed 3.5-fold more frequently and fed in the phloem for 5- to 8-fold less total time when feeding on Rsg1a+ plants than on Rsg1a- plants or when biotype H fed on either the resistant or susceptible isoline. The feeding behavior of biotype E was not altered by preconditioning Rsg1a+ plants with biotype H. However, when biotype H was monitored on Rsg1a+ plants that were preconditioned for 24 h with biotype E, biotype H probed e-fold more often and spent 4-fold less time feeding in the phloem when compared with biotype H feeding on Rsg1a+ plants that were not preconditioned. This reduction did not occur for biotype H when monitored on Rsg1a- plants that had been preconditioned with biotype E or on Rsg1a+ that had been preconditioned with biotype H. These results suggest that the Rsg1a gene confers an inducible form of resistance that can be triggered by plant recognition of an avirulent greenbug biotype. C1 USDA ARS, Plant Sci Water Conservat Res Lab, Stillwater, OK 74057 USA. RP Hays, DB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plant Sci Water Conservat Res Lab, 1301 N Western St, Stillwater, OK 74057 USA. NR 23 TC 17 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 92 IS 5 BP 1223 EP 1229 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 246HL UT WOS:000083158300034 ER PT J AU Hesler, LS Riedell, WE Kieckhefer, RW Haley, SD Collins, RD AF Hesler, LS Riedell, WE Kieckhefer, RW Haley, SD Collins, RD TI Resistance to Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera : Aphididae) in wheat germplasm accessions SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Rhopalosiphum padi; wheat; host plant resistance; antibiosis; alate production ID CHERRY-OAT APHID; CEREAL APHIDS; WINTER-WHEAT; SOUTH-DAKOTA; YIELD LOSSES; REGISTRATION AB Studies compared and characterized host giant resistance to Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (bird cherry-oat aphid) among promising accessions of hexaploid wheat, Triticum aestivum L. Resistance was assessed for 7 wheat accessions. R. padi populations did not increase uniformly over time or by accession. After 7 d, accessions did not differ in numbers of R. padi, but by 11 d, MV4: had fewer R. padi per plant than other accessions except MV8 and Jubilejnaja 50. At 14 d, MV4 had fewer R, padi than other accessions except MV8; Jubilejnaja 50 had fewer aphids per plant than remaining accessions, but more than MV4 or MV8. R. padi nymphs developed more slowly on MV4 than other accessions, but plant accession did not affect the number of progeny that R, padi produced. The intrinsic rate of increase of R. padi was less on MV4 than on Ommid. R. padi produced a higher proportion of alatae on accession MV4, whereas they produced a lower percentage of alates on the accession Vista. In choice tests, distribution of alatae or apterae did not differ among wheat accessions. Low levels of antibiosis in MV4: may limit infestations of R, padi on wheat, and this may indirectly slow the spread of barley yellow dwarf virus and reduce the need for aphicide applications in wheat fields. C1 USDA ARS, No Grain Insect Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. S Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Hesler, LS (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Grain Insect Res Lab, 2923 Medary Ave, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. RI Haley, Scott/C-1228-2013 NR 32 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 92 IS 5 BP 1234 EP 1238 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 246HL UT WOS:000083158300036 ER PT J AU Clemons, CM Caulfield, DF Giacomin, AJ AF Clemons, CM Caulfield, DF Giacomin, AJ TI Dynamic fracture toughness of cellulose-fiber-reinforced polypropylene: Preliminary investigation of microstructural effects SO JOURNAL OF ELASTOMERS AND PLASTICS LA English DT Article DE fracture toughness; microstructure; fiber orientation; cellulose fiber ID COMPOSITES; BEHAVIOR AB In this study, the microstructure of injection-molded polypropylene reinforced with cellulose fiber was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy of the fracture surfaces and X-ray diffraction were used to investigate fiber orientation. The polypropylene matrix was removed by solvent extraction, and the lengths of the residual fibers were optically determined. Fiber lengths were reduced by one-half when compounded in a high-intensity thermokinetic mixer and then injection molded. At low fiber contents, there is little fiber orientation; at high fiber contents, a layered structure arises. To better understand mechanisms of fracture under impact loading, dynamic fracture analysis was performed based on linear elastic fracture mechanics. Dynamic critical energy release rates and dynamic critical stress intensity factors were deduced from instrumented Charpy impact test measurements. Dynamic fracture toughness increased with cellulose content and with orientation of fibers perpendicular to the crack direction. A preliminary evaluation of a simple model relating the microstructure to the dynamic fracture toughness shows promise, but further work is needed to assess its validity. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Mech Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Rheol Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Clemons, CM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. OI Giacomin, Jeffrey/0000-0002-3561-0349 NR 7 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 7 PU TECHNOMIC PUBL CO INC PI LANCASTER PA 851 NEW HOLLAND AVE, BOX 3535, LANCASTER, PA 17604 USA SN 0095-2443 J9 J ELASTOM PLAST JI J. Elastomer Plast. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 31 IS 4 BP 367 EP 378 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Polymer Science GA 245MC UT WOS:000083111900004 ER PT J AU Farrar, RR Ridgway, RL Dively, GP AF Farrar, RR Ridgway, RL Dively, GP TI Activity and persistence of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the celery looper (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) with a feeding stimulant and a stilbene-derived enhancer SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Spodoptera exigua; nuclear polyhedrosis virus; feeding stimulant; stilbene; enhancer ID GYPSY-MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; OPTICAL BRIGHTENERS; LYMANTRIIDAE BACULOVIRUS; RADIATION PROTECTION; POTENCY AB A nutrient-based feeding stimulant and a diaminostilbene disulfonic acid-derived enhancer (fluorescent brightener, Blankophor BBH(R); Burlington Chemical, Burlington, NC) were evaluated as adjuvants for the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the celery looper, Anagrapha falcifera (Kirby) (AfMNPV), against the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), on collard, Brassica oleracea L. (Acephala group), cv. 'Vates'. Tests included holding larvae on sprayed potted plants in the laboratory and bioassays of foliage collected from sprayed plants in the field. The feeding stimulant increased virus-caused mortality in all tests. The enhancer increased virus-caused mortality in the bioassays of field-collected foliage but not in the test of potted plants. Treatments with both materials maintained the greatest levels of activity over time in the field. At the concentration tested on potted plants (up to 0.5% of the spray), the enhancer may have acted as a feeding deterrent. Therefore, on the whole plants, where the larvae were free to move around, effects on feeding behavior may have reduced the effectiveness of the enhancer. In the bioassay of field-collected foliage, larvae were confined on small pieces of foliage and, thus, did not have the option of moving away from the enhancer. Because the enhancer and the feeding stimulant have both been previously reported to also protect viruses from degradation by ultraviolet light, exposure to sunlight in the field could also have contributed to differences in larval mortality. C1 USDA ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Farrar, RR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Bldg 011A,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 30 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 34 IS 4 BP 369 EP 380 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 255CF UT WOS:000083651400001 ER PT J AU Shapiro, M Hamm, JJ AF Shapiro, M Hamm, JJ TI Enhancement in activity of homologous and heterologous baculoviruses infectious to fall armyworm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) by selected optical brighteners SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE fall armyworm; Spodoptera frugiperda; NPV; optical brighteners ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; GYPSY-MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; FLUORESCENT BRIGHTENER; LYMANTRIIDAE BACULOVIRUS; SPODOPTERA-FRUGIPERDA; HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS; MIDGUT; SUSCEPTIBILITY; EXIGUA; FIELD AB The nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) from Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (SfMNPV) was the most active virus tested against fall armyworm, larvae (LC50 = 8.1 PIB per mm(2)). No LC(50)s could be obtained for the alfalfa looper, Autographa californica (Speyer), NPV (AcMNPV), the celery looper, Anagrapha falcifera (Kirby), NPV (AfMNPV), the wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.), NPV (GmMNPV), or the bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner), NPV (HaMNPV). The addition of an optical brightener, Tinopal LPW(R) (1%), (Sigma Co., St. Louis, MO) significantly enhanced the activities of all NPVs. The most activie NPV/Tinopal LPW combination was SfMNPV, followed by AcMNPVm HaMNPV, AfMNPV, and GmMNPV. In terms of speed of kill, SfMNPV was the most active virus tested. When Tinopal LPW was added, the LT50 was reduced by more than 35%. The addition of Tinopal LPW to the heterologous NPVs resulted in LC50 and LT50 values that were comparable to SfMNPV alone. Five of eight brighteners acted as activity enhancers for SfMNPV (i.e., Blankophor BBH, Blankophor HRS, Blankophor P167, Blankophor RKH, and Tinopal LPW), whereas Blankophor BSU, Blankophor DML, and Blankophor LPG did not enhance virus activity. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Shapiro, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 33 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 34 IS 4 BP 381 EP 390 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 255CF UT WOS:000083651400002 ER PT J AU Webb, RE Peiffer, RA Fuester, RW Valenti, MA Thorpe, KW White, GB Shapiro, M AF Webb, RE Peiffer, RA Fuester, RW Valenti, MA Thorpe, KW White, GB Shapiro, M TI Effects of blankophor BBH, a virus-enhancing adjuvant, on mortality of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Lymantria dispar; baculovirus; adjuvant; epidemiology; forest pest ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; OPTICAL BRIGHTENERS; GYPCHEK; EFFICACY AB We examined aspects of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar(L.)/nuclear polyhedrosis virus relationship, and the effects of Blankophor BBH on that relationship, that might impact the timing of virus kill in a cohort of treated larvae. We studied this relationship both for virus and enhancer applied together and separately. We found that a portion of larvae ingesting virus polyhedral inclusion bodies die later (more than 4 wk after infection) in the season, and that this can be affected by the presence of Blankophor BBH if the virus dose is above a certain level (in this study, 10(7) polyhedral inclusion bodies per 378 liters). Furthermore, the pattern of mortality resulting from virus ingestion was elucidated. This pattern was affected by Blankophor BBH, but only when the virus dose was above a certain higher level (in this study, 10(11) inclusion bodies per 378 liters). We also found that Blankophor BBH alone had no obvious effect on the course of the disease in gypsy moth larvae that had previously ingested virus; it caused neither an increase in mortality, a decrease in time to kill, nor any obvious effect on the pattern of kill. Most larvae died between 18 and 29 ct. Few larvae ingesting virus died earlier (13 to 17 d); however, about 5% of the larvae died later than 30 d after infection, which may be late enough to contribute to the second wave of mortality. A combination of Blankophor BBH at 0.5% and virus at 10(11) inclusion bodies resulted in an increase in mortality and a decrease in time of kill compared with that seen for that level of virus without the enhancer, while eliminating the "tail" of mortality occurring 30 d after infection. However, a combination of Blankophor BBH at 0.5% and virus at 10(9) inclusion bodies still give higher mortality than expected with the virus alone, but did not decrease the time of kill or eliminate the "tail." C1 USDA ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Webb, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 34 IS 4 BP 391 EP 403 PG 13 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 255CF UT WOS:000083651400003 ER PT J AU Webb, RE Thorpe, KW Podgwaite, JD Reardon, RC White, GB Talley, SE AF Webb, RE Thorpe, KW Podgwaite, JD Reardon, RC White, GB Talley, SE TI Efficacy of Gypchek against the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) and residual effects in the year following treatment SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Gypchek; nuclear polyhedrosis virus; gypsy moth; Lymantria dispar AB Gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), populations in three Maryland plots and three West Virginia plots were treated aerially with the gypsy moth multienveloped nuclear polyhedrosis virus product, Gypchek((R)) (U.S. Forest Service, USDA, Washington, DC). The study was a pilot test to demonstrate the efficacy of a single application of Gypchek suspended in the commercially-produced Carrier 038((R)) (Abbott Laboratories, N. Chicago, IL) at 9.5 liters and 1 x 10(12) polyhedral inclusion bodies per ha. This treatment resulted in virus levels that were significantly higher in the treated woodlots (58.7%) than in paired control woodlots (10.5%),with treatment effects highly significant. Results from treated plots in West Virginia (67.7% post-treatment virus infection) were clearly superior to results from Maryland (49.7% post-treatment virus infection) probably due to more favorable conditions during application in West Virginia. Defoliation averaged 15% in the treated woodlots and 32% in the control woodlots; however, a high degree of Variability in the control woodlots, perhaps due to compensatory mortality, probably caused by a late-season epizootic of the fungus Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu & Soper, accounted for the treatment effects being statistically non-significant at P = 0.05. Significantly higher levels of virus were found in treated woodlots than in control woodlots in an early-season larval collection made the year following treatment (1997) with virus levels averaging 11.7% in treated plots vs 5.0% in control plots. The second-year effects were particularly striking in the West Virginia plots (12.7% in treated plots vs 3.0% in control plots) suggesting that Gypchek applications may be particularly desirable in situations where natural virus is low or absent The results of the pilot test now give forest managers the option of using one application (full dose) or two applications (split dose) of Gypchek against the gypsy moth. C1 USDA ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Webb, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 34 IS 4 BP 404 EP 414 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 255CF UT WOS:000083651400004 ER PT J AU Wiseman, BR Lynch, RE Plaisted, D Warnick, D AF Wiseman, BR Lynch, RE Plaisted, D Warnick, D TI Evaluation of Bt transgenic sweet corn hybrids for resistance to corn earworm and fall armyworm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) using a meridic diet bioassay SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Helicoverpa zea; Spodoptera frugiperda; transgenic plants; Bt corn ID BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS; INSECTICIDAL PROTEIN; FIELD PERFORMANCE; MAIZE PLANTS; BORER; SURVIVAL; PROGENY; COTTONS; GROWTH AB A laboratory bioassay was used to evaluate Bt transgenic sweet corn hybrids for resistance against the corn earworm, Helicoverpa tea (Boddie), and the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). Whorl leaves, silks, and kernels, either fresh or oven-dried and ground with a mill, were incorporated into a dilute pinto bean diet and bioassayed against neonate, 3-, or 6-day-old larvae. Regardless of age of the larvae, results with the diet bioassay using fresh silks, oven-dried silks or fresh kernels were highly correlated with those! for the fresh silk bioassay. Differences in susceptibility between insect species to the CrylA(b) toxin produced in the transgenic plants were also readily discernable using the diet bioassay. Based on results of the bioassays, Novartis sweet corn hybrids containing a crylA(b) gene gene for delta-endotoxin production were very highly resistant to leaf, silk and kernel feeding by the corn earworm and highly resistant to leaf and silk feeding by the fall armyworm. C1 USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Wiseman, BR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, POB 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 20 TC 7 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 34 IS 4 BP 415 EP 425 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 255CF UT WOS:000083651400005 ER PT J AU Masler, EP Kovaleva, ES AF Masler, EP Kovaleva, ES TI Inhibition of larval growth in the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) by venom from the parasitic wasp Microbracon hebetor (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE chromatography; growth inhibition; larval mortality; Lymantria dispar; Microbracon hebetor; pupation delay; wasp venom ID EUPLECTRUS-PLATHYPENAE HYMENOPTERA; TRICHOPLUSIA-NI LEPIDOPTERA; HOST; EULOPHIDAE; NOCTUIDAE; TOXINS; SAY AB Extract of the venom glands of the adult female ectoparasitic wasp Microbracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) inhibited larval growth in the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). The inhibition was dose dependent and at 5 d after injection larval growth was reduced 50% by 2 x 10(-3) mu g venom gland protein per mg larval weight. Doses greater than 2.5 x 10(-2) mu g per mg larval weight prevented growth completely and accelerated larval death. Size-exclusion fractions of gland extract, which eluted between 35 kD and 66 kD molecular weight markers, inhibited growth and caused delayed pupation. At 5 d after injection of active chromatographic fractions, larval growth was reduced 50% by 2 x 10(-4) mu g fraction protein per mg larval weight. Doses greater than 1 x 10(-3) mu g fraction protein per mg larval weight stopped growth completely. Both crude extract and active column fractions caused their effects without evidence of extended paralysis. C1 USDA, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Masler, EP (reprint author), USDA, Nematol Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 34 IS 4 BP 435 EP 444 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 255CF UT WOS:000083651400007 ER PT J AU Smith, RA Nordlund, DA AF Smith, RA Nordlund, DA TI An improved cart for holding 32-cell trays used in mass rearing lepidopterous insects SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE form-fill-seal machine; mass rearing; Helicoverpa; Heliothis; Spodoptera C1 USDA ARS, REE, MSA, Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Smith, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, REE, MSA, Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 34 IS 4 BP 479 EP 483 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 255CF UT WOS:000083651400012 ER PT J AU Simmons, AM Jackson, DM AF Simmons, AM Jackson, DM TI An ultrasonic fogging device for managing Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) in greenhouse vegetables SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Bemisia argentifolii; Bernisia tabaci strain-B; insecticide applicator; biorational insecticide; imidacloprid C1 USDA ARS, Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. RP Simmons, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Vegetable Lab, 2875 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 34 IS 4 BP 494 EP 496 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 255CF UT WOS:000083651400015 ER PT J AU Mullen, MA AF Mullen, MA TI Special use pheromone-baited trap for the red flour beetle (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae) SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pheromone-baited traps; stored-product insects; insect detection and monitoring; Tribollum castaneum C1 USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Mullen, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 34 IS 4 BP 497 EP 500 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 255CF UT WOS:000083651400016 ER PT J AU Akdogan, H McHugh, TH AF Akdogan, H McHugh, TH TI Twin screw extrusion of peach puree: Rheological properties and product characteristics SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION LA English DT Article ID VISCOSITY; DOUGH AB A semi-empirical, nonlinear model was developed to incorporate the effects of extruder operating conditions (temperature, moisture, and shear rate) on viscosity of peach puree in a lab-size twin screw extruder. A power law dependency for shear rate, an exponential dependency for moisture, and a modified first order transform function for temperature effects were employed. The proposed model fit the experimental data well. Motor torque and Specific Mechanical Energy (SME) were significantly affected by all extruder operating conditions, Experimental apparent viscosity varied from 40 to 130 Pa.s, depending on the operating conditions. Color indicatives (L, a, b) and extrudate density were mainly influenced by the moisture content. Water activity was only influenced by moisture. C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Akdogan, H (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 31 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 6 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0145-8892 J9 J FOOD PROCESS PRES JI J. Food Process Preserv. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 23 IS 4 BP 285 EP 305 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4549.1999.tb00386.x PG 21 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 257JP UT WOS:000083779000002 ER PT J AU Oscar, TP AF Oscar, TP TI Response surface models for effects of temperature and previous temperature on lag time and specific growth rate of Salmonella typhimurium on cooked ground chicken breast SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID MICROBIAL-GROWTH; PH AB Response surface models were developed for effects of temperature (16 to 34 degrees C) and previous temperature (pretemperature; 16 to 34 degrees C) on lag time (lambda) and specific growth rate (mu) of Salmonella Typhimurium on cooked ground chicken breast. The primary objective was to determine whether pretemperature is a major factor affecting growth of Salmonella Typhimurium. Growth curves for model development (n = 32) and model testing (n = 18) were fit to a two-phase linear equation that directly estimated lambda and mu. Response surface models for ln lambda and ln mu as a function of temperature and pretemperature were obtained by regression analysis. Lag time and mu of Salmonella Typhimurium were affected by temperature but not pretemperature, Models were tested against data not used in their development. Prediction error (model accuracy) was 13.4% for lambda and 11.3% for mu, whereas the median relative error of predictions (model bias) was -3.0% for lambda and 6.8% for mu. Results indicated that the models provide reliable predictions of lambda and mu of Salmonella Typhimurium on cooked ground chicken breast within the matrix of conditions modeled. In addition, pretemperature (16 to 34 degrees C) is not a major factor affecting growth of Salmonella Typhimurium. C1 Univ Maryland Eastern Shore, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Agr Res Serv, USDA, Princess Anne, MD 21853 USA. RP Oscar, TP (reprint author), Univ Maryland Eastern Shore, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Agr Res Serv, USDA, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit Worksite,1124 Trig, Princess Anne, MD 21853 USA. EM toscar@umes-bird.umd.edu NR 12 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 62 IS 10 BP 1111 EP 1114 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 244EY UT WOS:000083039900002 PM 10528712 ER PT J AU Thayer, DW Boyd, G AF Thayer, DW Boyd, G TI Irradiation and modified atmosphere packaging for the control of Listeria monocytogenes on turkey meat SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID BREAST MEAT; CHICKEN; GROWTH; POULTRY; TEMPERATURE; ENVIRONMENT; SPOILAGE; SURVIVAL; SYSTEM; PORK AB When radiation-sterilized ground turkey meat was inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes, packaged under mixtures of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, and irradiated with gamma-radiation doses of 0 to 3.0 kGy, there was a statistically significant (P < 0.05), but probably not a biologically significant, lower (0.39 log) predicted bacterial survival in the presence of 100% carbon dioxide than in the presence of 100% nitrogen. Possibly because all atmospheres contained oxygen and because a response surface design was used, gamma-radiation resistance was not significantly (P < 0.05) different in air than in modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) mixtures containing 5% O-2 or containing 20, 40, 60, and 80% CO2 and balance N-2. The antilisterial effects of MAP mixtures containing 17.2, 40.5, and 64% CO2 and balance N-2 were compared to those associated with air and vacuum packaging on turkey inoculated with approximately 5 x 10(3) CFU/g. Samples were irradiated to doses of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 kGy and were stored at 7 degrees C for up to 28 days. Irradiation treatments were significantly more lethal in the presence of air packaging than in either vacuum packaging or MAP and in those samples that received >1.0 kGy, there was a concentration-dependent CO2 inhibition of L. monocytogenes multiplication and/or recovery. C1 Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Food Safety Res Unit, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Thayer, DW (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Food Safety Res Unit, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 26 TC 25 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 62 IS 10 BP 1136 EP 1142 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 244EY UT WOS:000083039900006 PM 10528716 ER PT J AU Meredith, FI Torres, OR de Tejada, SS Riley, RT Merrill, AH AF Meredith, FI Torres, OR de Tejada, SS Riley, RT Merrill, AH TI Fumonisin B-1 and hydrolyzed fumonisin B-1 (AP(1)) in tortillas and nixtamalized corn (Zea mays L.) from two different geographic locations in Guatemala SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; RICE CULTURE; TOXICITY; CANCER; PURIFICATION; METABOLITE; MYCOTOXINS; TRANSKEI; AREAS; RATS AB Fumonisin B-1 (FB1) is a common contaminant of corn worldwide and is responsible for several diseases of animals. In the preparation of tortillas, corn is treated with lime (producing nixtamal) that when heated hydrolyzes at least a portion of the FB1 to the aminopentol backbone (AP(1)), another known toxin. This study analyzed the amounts of FB1 and AP(1) in tortillas and nixtamal from two communities in the central highlands of Guatemala where corn is a major dietary staple (Santa Maria de Jesus, Sacatepequez, and Patzicia, Chimaltenango). The amounts of FB1 and AP(1) in tortillas from Santa Maria de Jesus were, respectively, 0.85 +/- 2.0 and 26.1 +/- 38.5 mu g/g dry weight (mean +/- SD), and from Patzicia were 2.2 +/- 3.6 and 5.7 +/- 9.4 mu g/g dry weight. Less than 6% of the tortillas from both locations contained greater than or equal to 10 mu g FB1/g dry weight; whereas, 66% of the samples from Santa Maria de Jesus and 29% from Patzicia contained greater than or equal to 10 mu g AP(1)/g dry weight. The highest amount of AP(1) (185 mu g/g dry weight) was found in tortillas from Santa Maria de Jesus. The highest amounts of FB1 were 6.5 and 11.6 mu g/g dry weight in tortillas from Santa Maria de Jesus and Patzicia, respectively. The mean concentration of FB1 in nixtamal was significantly higher in Santa Maria de Jesus compared to Patzicia. Surprisingly, API was not detected in any of the nixtamal samples. The human impact of exposure to these amounts of fumonisins is not known. However, based on findings with other animals, where corn is a dietary staple, long-term consumption of FB1 and AP(1) (especially at greater than or equal to 10 mu g/g of the diet) may pose a risk to human health. C1 ARS, RB Russell Agr Res Ctr, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, USDA, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Inst Nutr Cent Amer & Panama, Guatemala City 09001, Guatemala. Emory Univ, Dept Biochem, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Meredith, FI (reprint author), ARS, RB Russell Agr Res Ctr, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, USDA, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 25 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 62 IS 10 BP 1218 EP 1222 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 244EY UT WOS:000083039900021 PM 10528731 ER PT J AU Drake, SR AF Drake, SR TI Quality of 'Bosc' pears as influenced by elevated carbon dioxide storage SO JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY LA English DT Article ID DANJOU PEAR; ATMOSPHERE AB 'Bosc' pears (Pyrus communis L.) were placed in a purge-type controlled-atmosphere (CA) storage immediately after harvest (<24 h) and held for 180 days at IC. Oxygen in all atmospheres was 1.5% and CO2 was 1%, 3% or 5%. Pears were evaluated immediately after removal from CA storage and after ripening for an additional 7 days at 21 C. Pears stored in 3% CO2 were firmer, had a superior finish, with significantly reduced decay and internal breakdown than pears stored in 1% CO2. In 3% CO2, pears retained the ability to ripen after long-term storage. A 10 day delay in atmosphere establishment had little or no influence on the long-term keeping quality or ripening ability of 'Bosc 'pears. Firmness, soluble solids content and starch either alone or together were good indices of maturity for 'Bosc 'pears. C1 USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Drake, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0146-9428 J9 J FOOD QUALITY JI J. Food Qual. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 22 IS 4 BP 417 EP 425 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4557.1999.tb00174.x PG 9 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 260DV UT WOS:000083935000005 ER PT J AU Coulson, RN Guzman, MD Skordinski, K Fitzgerald, JW Conner, RN Rudolph, DC Oliveria, FL Wunneburger, DF Pulley, PE AF Coulson, RN Guzman, MD Skordinski, K Fitzgerald, JW Conner, RN Rudolph, DC Oliveria, FL Wunneburger, DF Pulley, PE TI Forest landscapes - Their effect on the interaction of the southern pine beetle and red-cockaded woodpecker SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article ID MORTALITY AB The nature of the interaction of the southern pine beetle and red-cockaded woodpecker was investigated using spatially explicit information on the structure of a forest landscape mosaic and knowledge of the behavior of the two organisms. This interaction is the basis for defining functional heterogeneity-how an organism perceives and responds to the elements forming the landscape. Implications for forest landscape management are discussed. The approach used illustrates how information on landscape configuration can be used with Knowledge of animal behavior to investigate species interaction in forests. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Knowledge Engn Lab, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ N Texas, Denton, TX 76203 USA. Carter & Burgess Inc, GIS Serv, Ft Worth, TX USA. USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Nacogdoches, TX USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Pineville, LA USA. RP Coulson, RN (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Knowledge Engn Lab, Minnie Belle Heep Bldg, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 30 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 97 IS 10 BP 4 EP 11 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 242GJ UT WOS:000082931900003 ER PT J AU Chavez, DJ Harding, JA Tynon, JF AF Chavez, DJ Harding, JA Tynon, JF TI National recreation trails - A forgotten designation SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article AB What value does federal designation add to open space resources that are not all federally owned and managed? Over the years the federal government, under the auspices of the National Park Service and USDA Forest Service, has designated trails across the United States as National Recreation Trails. A survey of federal, nonfederal public, and private National Recreation Trail managers indicated that few knew they maintained a federally designated trail. As a result, the managers could not use the designated to help them manage the trails. The time is right to revitalize this system. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Univ Montana, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Chavez, DJ (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 97 IS 10 BP 40 EP 43 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 242GJ UT WOS:000082931900008 ER PT J AU Neilan, JG Borca, MV Lu, Z Kutish, GF Kleiboeker, SB Carrillo, C Zsak, L Rock, DL AF Neilan, JG Borca, MV Lu, Z Kutish, GF Kleiboeker, SB Carrillo, C Zsak, L Rock, DL TI An African swine fever virus ORF with similarity to C-type lectins is non-essential for growth in swine macrophages in vitro and for virus virulence in domestic swine SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID VACCINIA VIRUS; IN-VITRO; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; DNA-SEQUENCE; GENE; GLYCOPROTEIN; A34R; INFECTION; MEMBRANE; HOMOLOG AB An African swine fever virus (ASFV) ORF, 8CR, with similarity to the C-type lectin family of adhesion proteins has been described in the pathogenic isolate Malawi Lil-20/1. The similarity of 8CR to cellular and poxvirus genes associated with cell adhesion, cell recognition and virus infectivity suggested that 8CR may be of significance to ASFV-host cell interactions, Sequence analysis of the 8CR ORF from additional pathogenic ASFV isolates demonstrated conservation among isolates from both pig and tick sources. Northern blot analysis demonstrated 8CR mRNA transcription late in the virus replication cycle. A Malawi Lil-20/1 8CR deletion mutant (Delta 8CR) was constructed to analyse 8CR function further. The growth characteristics in vitro of Delta 8CR in porcine macrophage cell cultures were identical to those observed for parental virus. In domestic swine, Delta 8CR exhibited an unaltered parental Malawi Lil-20/1 disease and virulence phenotype. Thus, although well conserved among pathogenic ASFV field isolates, 8CR is non-essential for growth in porcine macrophages in vitro and for virus virulence in domestic swine. C1 USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Neilan, JG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. NR 33 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG7 1AE SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 80 BP 2693 EP 2697 PN 10 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 241BZ UT WOS:000082863400018 PM 10573162 ER PT J AU Sigurdson, CJ Williams, ES Miller, MW Spraker, TR O'Rourke, KI Hoover, EA AF Sigurdson, CJ Williams, ES Miller, MW Spraker, TR O'Rourke, KI Hoover, EA TI Oral transmission and early lymphoid tropism of chronic wasting disease PrPres in mule deer fawns (Odocoileus hemionus) SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID ROCKY-MOUNTAIN ELK; BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY; FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS; CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB-DISEASE; CERVUS-ELAPHUS-NELSONI; PRION PROTEIN; SCRAPIE VIRUS; SHEEP; INFECTION; MICE AB Mule deer fawns (Odocoileus hemionus) were inoculated orally with a brain homogenate prepared from mule deer with naturally occurring chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion-induced transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. Fawns were necropsied and examined for PrPres, the abnormal prion protein isoform, at 10, 42, 53, 77, 78 and 80 days post-inoculation (p.i.) using an immunohistochemistry assay modified to enhance sensitivity. PrPres was detected in alimentary-tract-associated lymphoid tissues (one or more of the following: retropharyngeal lymph node, tonsil, Peyer's patch and ileocaecal lymph node) as early as 42 days p.i. and in all fawns examined thereafter (53 to 80 days p.i.). No PrPres staining was detected in lymphoid tissue of three control fawns receiving a control brain inoculum, nor was PrPres detectable in neural tissue of any fawn. PrPres-specific staining was markedly enhanced by sequential tissue treatment with formic acid, proteinase K and hydrated autoclaving prior to immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibody F89/160.1.5. These results indicate that CWD PrPres can be detected in lymphoid tissues draining the alimentary tract within a few weeks after oral exposure to infectious prions and may reflect the initial pathway of CWD infection in deer. The rapid infection of deer fawns following exposure by the most plausible natural route is consistent with the efficient horizontal transmission of CWD in nature and enables accelerated studies of transmission and pathogenesis in the native species. C1 Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Pathol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Vet Sci, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. Wildlife Res Ctr, Colorado Div Wildlife, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Colorado State Univ, Vet Diagnost Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Hoover, EA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Pathol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 27 TC 200 Z9 202 U1 0 U2 8 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG7 1AE SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 80 BP 2757 EP 2764 PN 10 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 241BZ UT WOS:000082863400028 PM 10573172 ER PT J AU O'Rourke, KI Besser, TE Miller, MW Cline, TF Spraker, TR Jenny, AL Wild, MA Zebarth, GL Williams, ES AF O'Rourke, KI Besser, TE Miller, MW Cline, TF Spraker, TR Jenny, AL Wild, MA Zebarth, GL Williams, ES TI PrP genotypes of captive and free-ranging Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) with chronic wasting disease SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB-DISEASE; DEER ODOCOILEUS-HEMIONUS; WHITE-TAILED DEER; PRION PROTEIN; MULE DEER; SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY; VARIANT CJD; SCRAPIE; SHEEP; PREDISPOSITION AB The PrP gene encodes the putative causative agent of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), a heterogeneous group of fatal, neurodegenerative disorders including human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, ovine scrapie and chronic wasting disease (CWD) of North American deer and elk. Polymorphisms in the PrP gene are associated with variations in relative susceptibility, pathological lesion patterns, incubation times and clinical course of TSEs of humans, mice and sheep. Sequence analysis of the PrP gene from Rocky Mountain elk showed only one amino acid change (Met to Leu at cervid codon 132), Homozygosity for Met at the corresponding polymorphic site (Met to Val) in humans (human codon 129) predisposes exposed individuals to some forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. In this study, Rocky Mountain elk homozygous for PrP codon 132 Met were over-represented in both free-ranging and farm-raised CWD-affected elk when compared to unaffected control groups. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Colorado Div Wildlife, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. S Dakota Anim Ind Board, Pierre, SD 57501 USA. Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Diagnost Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA, APHIS Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP O'Rourke, KI (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, 337 Bustad Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Besser, Thomas/A-4655-2011 NR 24 TC 102 Z9 108 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG7 1AE SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 80 BP 2765 EP 2769 PN 10 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 241BZ UT WOS:000082863400029 PM 10573173 ER PT J AU Bouwer, H Back, JT Oliver, JM AF Bouwer, Herman Back, Jennifer T. Oliver, James M. TI PREDICTING INFILTRATION AND GROUND-WATER MOUNDS FOR ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID WATER; BASINS; AREA AB Planning systems for the artificial recharge of ground water via surface infiltration requires site investigations to predict infiltration rates and land requirements. Also, the ability of the vadose zone to transmit water to the underlying aquifer must be assessed, and aquifer conditions must be evaluated to predict the rise of ground-water mounds and to determine where ground water must eventually be pumped up again to prevent ground-water mounds below recharge areas from rising too high. A simple technique is presented to convert data from short-duration single-cylinder infiltrometer tests to final infiltration rates for large areas. Also, simple equations are developed to estimate heights of perched ground-water mounds above restricting layers in the vadose zone, to estimate how far from the recharge area ground water must be pumped, and to what depth to create a steady-state system with constant height of the ground-water mound in the recharge area. The procedures are useful for feasibility studies and the preliminary design of recharge projects, including long-term underground storage or water banking. C1 [Bouwer, Herman] ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, USDA, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. [Back, Jennifer T.] Spronk Water Engineers, Denver, CO 80203 USA. [Back, Jennifer T.] ASL Hydrol & Environm Serv, Phoenix, AZ 85014 USA. [Oliver, James M.] Brown & Caldwell, Phoenix, AZ 85012 USA. RP Bouwer, H (reprint author), ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, USDA, 4331 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 32 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 12 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1084-0699 J9 J HYDROL ENG JI J. Hydrol. Eng. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 4 IS 4 BP 350 EP 357 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(1999)4:4(350) PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA V15AS UT WOS:000207775500007 ER PT J AU Shoda, LKM Zarlenga, DS Hirano, A Brown, WC AF Shoda, LKM Zarlenga, DS Hirano, A Brown, WC TI Cloning of a cDNA encoding bovine Interleukin-18 and analysis of IL-18 expression in macrophages and its IFN-gamma-inducing activity SO JOURNAL OF INTERFERON AND CYTOKINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID NATURAL-KILLER-CELLS; INTERFERON-GAMMA; T-CELLS; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; TRYPANOSOMA-CRUZI; TH1 DEVELOPMENT; BABESIA-BOVIS; CATTLE; MURINE; MICE AB Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a recently described cytokine that enhances interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production, either independently or synergistically with IL-12, These properties identify IL-18 as an immunoregulatory cytokine that may be pivotal in host defense against intracellular pathogens. We have isolated and sequenced a cDNA encoding bovine IL-18, The open reading frame (ORF) is 582 bp in length, encoding a predicted 192 amino acid (aa) precursor protein. Multiple sequence alignment demonstrated that bovine IL-18 has 65% and 78% identity with the predicted amino acid sequences of murine and human IL-18, respectively. IL-18 mRNA was constitutively present in bovine peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), with no upregulation on stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), IL-18 transcripts were weakly detected in B Lymphocytes but inducible in the B cell line BL-3, Human recombinant IL-18 (rHuIL-18) induced IFN-gamma production by PHA-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), which was potentiated by rHuIL-12. Further, rHuIL-12 and rHuIL-18 enhanced proliferation of untreated PBMC, Antigen-specific T cell lines demonstrated IL-18-dependent enhancement of IFN-gamma production, indicating that bovine T cells are one of the leukocyte subsets that respond to IL-18, Analysis of IL-18 expression and its ability to induce IFN-gamma production by bovine lymphocytes are important considerations for understanding mechanisms of protective immunity and designing vaccines for intracellular pathogens. C1 Washington State Univ, Program Vector Borne Dis, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Brown, WC (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Program Vector Borne Dis, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-30136] NR 35 TC 34 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1079-9907 J9 J INTERF CYTOK RES JI J. Interferon Cytokine Res. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 19 IS 10 BP 1169 EP 1177 DI 10.1089/107999099313118 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Immunology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Immunology GA 246KP UT WOS:000083163200011 PM 10547157 ER PT J AU Couture, P Otvos, JD Cupples, LA Wilson, PWF Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM AF Couture, P Otvos, JD Cupples, LA Wilson, PWF Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM TI Association of the A-204C polymorphism in the cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase gene with variations in plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the Framingham Offspring Study SO JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE LDL-cholesterol; cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase; genetic polymorphism ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; APOLIPOPROTEIN-E POLYMORPHISM; BILE-ACID SYNTHESIS; RECEPTOR GENE; APO-B; FAMILIES; LIPIDS; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; IDENTIFICATION; TRIGLYCERIDES AB The first reaction of the catabolic pathway of cholesterol is catalyzed by CYP7 and serves as the rate-limiting step and major site of regulation of bile acid synthesis in the liver, A common A to C substitution at position -204 of the promoter of CYP7 gene has been associated with variations in plasma LDL-cholesterol concentrations but the effect of this polymorphism is unknown in the general population, The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate the association of this polymorphism to lipoprotein levels in a population-based sample of 1139 male and 1191 female Framingham Offspring participants, In men, the C variant was associated with higher plasma concentrations of LDL- cholesterol and this association remained significant after adjustment for familial relationship, age, BMI, smoking, alcohol intake, the use of beta-blockers, and apoE genotype, The C variant was also associated with an increased TC/ HDL ratio in men, Variance components analysis indicated that allelic variability at nucleotide -204 of the CYP7 gem and polymorphism of the apoE gene accounted for 1 and 5% of the variation of plasma LDL-cholesterol concentrations, respectively, In women, however, there was no relationship between LDL-cholesterol and the A-204C polymorphism but subjects homozygous for the CC genotype had significantly lower triglyceride levels than heterozygotes, Moreover, no significant relationship was found between the A-204C variants and lipoprotein particle diameter or the prevalence of coronary heart disease in both genders.jlr Thus, our results show that the A-204C polymorphism in the CYP7 gem is associated with statistically significant variations in LDL-C and triglyceride concentrations in men and women, respectively, but the cumulative effects of these variations on atherosclerotic risk remain uncertain. C1 Tufts Univ, Lipid Metab Lab, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Biochem, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02118 USA. NHLBI, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701 USA. RP Ordovas, JM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Lipid Metab Lab, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL35243, HL54776]; PHS HHS [N01-38038] NR 47 TC 78 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPID RESEARCH INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0022-2275 J9 J LIPID RES JI J. Lipid Res. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 40 IS 10 BP 1883 EP 1889 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 244BL UT WOS:000083031900016 PM 10508208 ER PT J AU Kim, NC Desjardins, AE Wu, CD Kinghorn, AD AF Kim, NC Desjardins, AE Wu, CD Kinghorn, AD TI Activity of triterpenoid glycosides from the root bark of Mussaenda macrophylla against two oral pathogens SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LA English DT Article ID SAPONINS; PUBESCENS; SPECTROSCOPY; CONSTITUENTS; PLANTS AB Four new triterpenoid glycosides were isolated from the root bark of Mussaenda macrophylla. Their structures were determined as 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-28-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl- protobassic acid (1), 28-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-16 alpha-hydroxy-23-deoxyprotobassic acid (2), 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-28-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl- 16 alpha-hydroxyprotobassic acid (3), and 3-O-([beta-D-glucopyranosyl- (1-->6)1-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2))-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->3)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-cycloarta-22,24-dien-27-oic acid (mussaendoside W, 4). Four known triterpenoids [3-O-acetyloleanolic acid (5), 3-O-acetyldaturadiol (6), rotundic acid (7), and 16 alpha-hydroxyprotobassic acid (8)] were also isolated. The structures of 1-4 were determined by several spectroscopic techniques including 2D NMR methods. Compounds 1-6 showed inhibitory activity against a periodontopathic bacterium, Porphyromonas gingivalis, but were inactive against the cariogenic organism, Streptococcus mutans. C1 Univ Illinois, Coll Pharm, Program Collaborat Res Pharmaceut Sci, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Univ Illinois, Coll Pharm, Dept Med Chem & Pharmacognosy, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Univ Illinois, Coll Dent, Dept Periodont, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. RP Kinghorn, AD (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Coll Pharm, Program Collaborat Res Pharmaceut Sci, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. OI Kinghorn, A. Douglas/0000-0002-6647-8707 NR 25 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0163-3864 J9 J NAT PROD JI J. Nat. Prod. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 62 IS 10 BP 1379 EP 1384 DI 10.1021/np9901579 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 250CL UT WOS:000083371400007 PM 10543897 ER PT J AU Ketchum, REB Tandon, M Gibson, DM Begley, T Shuler, ML AF Ketchum, REB Tandon, M Gibson, DM Begley, T Shuler, ML TI Isolation of labeled 9-dihydrobaccatin III and related taxoids from cell cultures of Taxus canadensis elicited with methyl jasmonate SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LA English DT Article ID SUSPENSION-CULTURES; PHASE-II; TAXANES; PACLITAXEL; ANALOGS; SPECTROSCOPY; DERIVATIVES; CHEMISTRY; YEW AB Cell suspension cultures of Taxus canadensis rapidly produced paclitaxel (1) and other taxoids in response to elicitation with methyl jasmonate. Three of these taxoids, of potential value in the synthesis of taxoid analogues, have been isolated from cell cultures of Taxus canadensis and identified as 13-acetyl-9-dihydrobaccatin III (2), baccatin VI (3), and 9-dihydrobaccatin III (4). Of these metabolites, 9-dihydrobaccatin III (4) has not been isolated from any Taxus species, whereas 13-acetyl-9-dihydrobaccatin III (2) and baccatin VI (3) have been isolated from a number of natural sources. 2D NMR techniques, mass spectrometry, and partial synthesis were used to rigorously elucidate the structure and stereochemistry of these natural products. C1 Cornell Univ, Sch Chem Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Chem & Chem Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Shuler, ML (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Sch Chem Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA55254, CA55138-02] NR 28 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0163-3864 J9 J NAT PROD JI J. Nat. Prod. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 62 IS 10 BP 1395 EP 1398 DI 10.1021/np990201k PG 4 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 250CL UT WOS:000083371400010 PM 10543900 ER PT J AU James, LF AF James, LF TI Halogeton poisoning in livestock SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL TOXINS LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. RP James, LF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 10 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 7 PU ALAKEN, INC PI FT COLLINS PA 305 W MAGNOLIA ST, STE 196, FT COLLINS, CO 80521 USA SN 1058-8108 J9 J NAT TOXINS JI J. Nat. Toxins PD OCT PY 1999 VL 8 IS 3 BP 395 EP 403 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Toxicology GA 252TQ UT WOS:000083518700010 PM 10591042 ER PT J AU Abbas, HK Smeda, RJ Gerwick, BC Shier, WT AF Abbas, HK Smeda, RJ Gerwick, BC Shier, WT TI Fumonisin B-1 from the fungus Fusarium moniliforme causes contact toxicity in plants: Evidence from studies with biosynthetically labeled toxin SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL TOXINS LA English DT Article ID MAMMALIAN-CELL CULTURES; AAL-TOXIN; BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITIES; ALTERNARIA-ALTERNATA; PHLOEM MOBILITY; PHYTOTOXICITY; MYCOTOXINS; BIOSYNTHESIS; XENOBIOTICS; TISSUE AB Fumonisin B-1 (FB1) is the most abundant of a series of sphingosine analog mycotoxins produced by the fungus Fusarium moniliforme, a ubiquitous contaminant of stored corn (maize) worldwide. FB1 exhibits a variety of biological activities including phytotoxicity, which is of particular interest for its potential role as a virulence factor to facilitate invasion of plant tissues by the fungus. Droplets of FB1 solution applied to the leaf surface of jimsonweed, black nightshade, and susceptible tomatoes caused necrosis, growth inhibition, and death. With Arabidopsis thaliana grown on agar plates, an IC50 (concentration causing half maximal phytotoxicity) of less than 1 ppm was observed. [H-3]FB1 was prepared by biosynthetic incorporation of commercially-available radiolabeled presumptive precursors into the toxin in rice medium solid cultures of F. moniliforme JW#1. The labeled toxin produced by incorporation of [9,10-H-3]palmitate induced phytotoxic symptoms identical to unlabeled material, indicating it had full biological activity. The area of necrosis on treated leaves was similar in light and dark treated plants. Using liquid scintillation counting to quantify radioactivity in excised plant parts, over 95% of the [H-3]FB1 radioactivity applied to leaves of light or dark-treated plants was recovered from the treated leaf. When [H-3]FB1 was applied to a wound site an target plants, severe damage occurred at the site of FB1 application and in tissue above the site. These results indicate that FB, applied to intact surfaces of target plants exhibits primarily contact activity. Translocation of FB, is limited, occurring only when FB1 is applied to a wound site, and it results in damage to tissue above the point of application, indicating that FB1 is xylem mobile. C1 USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Dow AgroSci, Nat Prod Discovery, Indianapolis, IN 46268 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Med Chem, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Abbas, HK (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, POB 350, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 30 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ALAKEN, INC PI FT COLLINS PA 305 W MAGNOLIA ST, STE 196, FT COLLINS, CO 80521 USA SN 1058-8108 J9 J NAT TOXINS JI J. Nat. Toxins PD OCT PY 1999 VL 8 IS 3 BP 405 EP 420 PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Toxicology GA 252TQ UT WOS:000083518700011 PM 10591043 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Lindsay, DS AF Dubey, JP Lindsay, DS TI Sarcocystis speeri N-sp (Protozoa : Sarcocystidae) from the opossum (Didelphis virginiana) SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MYELOENCEPHALITIS; FALCATULA; BIRDS AB The North American opossum (Didelphis virginiana) is host to at least 3 species of Sarcocystis: Sarcocystis falcatula, Sarcocystis neurona, and a recently recognized Sarcocystis sp. A new name, Sarcocystis speeri, is proposed for the third unnamed Sarcocystis. Immunodeficient mice are an experimental intermediate host for S. speeri. Sarcocystis speeri sporocysts are 12-15 X 8-10 mu m in size, and its schizonts are found in many organs of mice. Sarcocysts of S. speeri are found in skeletal muscles and they are up to 5 mm long and filiform. By Light microscopy, the sarcocyst wall is thin (<1 mu m thick); ultrastructurally, the cyst wall is up to 1.8 mu m thick and has characteristic steeple-shaped villar protrusions surmounted by a spire. Sarcocystis speeri schizonts are morphologically and antigenically distinct from schizonts of S. neurona, and S. speeri sporocysts were not infective to budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016 OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321 NR 15 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 85 IS 5 BP 903 EP 909 DI 10.2307/3285830 PG 7 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 251ZB UT WOS:000083475300021 PM 10577729 ER PT J AU Hoberg, EP Monsen, KJ Kutz, S Blouin, MS AF Hoberg, EP Monsen, KJ Kutz, S Blouin, MS TI Structure, biodiversity, and historical biogeography of nematode faunas in Holarctic ruminants: Morphological and molecular diagnoses for Teladorsagia boreoarcticus N-sp (Nematoda : Ostertagiinae), a dimorphic cryptic species in muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CUTICULAR RIDGE-PATTERNS; NORTH-AMERICA; DOMESTIC RUMINANTS; ODOCOILEUS-VIRGINIANUS; PARASITIC NEMATODES; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; TRICHOSTRONGYLIDAE; KEY; NOMENCLATURE; SYSTEMATICS AB Discovery of the ostertagiine nematode Teladorsagia boreoarcticus n, sp, in muskoxen, Ovibos moschatus, from the central Canadian Arctic highlights the paucity of knowledge about the genealogical and numerical diversity of nematode faunas characteristic of artiodactyls at high latitudes across the Holarctic. Teladorsagin boreoarcticus is a dimorphic cryptic species distinguished from Teladorsagia circumcincta/Teladorsagia trifurcata in domestic sheep by a 13% divergence in the ND-I region of mitochondrial DNA constant differences in the synlophe, and significantly longer esophageal valve, spicules, gubernaculum, and bursa. Teladorsagin boreoarcticus represents an archaic component of the North American fauna and may have a Holarctic distribution in muskoxen and caribou. Recognition of T. boreoarcticus in muskoxen, in part, corroborates hypotheses for the existence of a cryptic species complex of Teladorsagia spp. among Caprinae and Cervidae at high latitudes and indicates the importance of climatological determinants during the late Tertiary and Pleistocene on diversification of the fauna. Also reinforced is the concept of the North American fauna as a mosaic of endemic and introduced species. Discovery of a previously unrecognized species of Teladorsagia has additional implications and clearly indicates that (I) our knowledge is incomplete relative to potentially pathogenic nematodes that could be exchanged among domestic and wild caprines; (2) we do not hale sufficient knowledge of the fauna to understand the ecological control mechanisms (limitations) on dissemination and host range, and (3) on understanding of historical and geographical influences on the genealogical diversity and distribution of nematode faunas in domestic and wild ruminants is requisite to define the interface between agricultural and natural ecosystems across the Holarctic. C1 USDA ARS, Biosystemat & Natl Parasite Collect Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hoberg, EP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosystemat & Natl Parasite Collect Unit, BARC E 1180,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 90 TC 74 Z9 86 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 85 IS 5 BP 910 EP 934 DI 10.2307/3285831 PG 25 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 251ZB UT WOS:000083475300022 PM 10577730 ER PT J AU Harp, JA AF Harp, JA TI Oral dosing of neonatal mice with sucrose reduces infection with Cryptosporidium parvum SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SPOROZOITE; LECTINS AB Cryptosporidium parvum is a significant cause of diarrheal disease in humans and economically important livestock species. There is no effective treatment available for this protozoan parasite. Mechanisms of intestinal colonization by C. parvum are not well understood, but it has been suggested that the parasite may: utilize a lectin-like receptor. We used an infant mouse model to test whether high sugar concentrations in the intestine would affect in vivo colonization with C. parvum. We found that a single oral dose of sucrose, administered to mice at the time of, or 24 hr before, challenge with C. parvum significantly reduced infection. Significant reduction of infection was also seen in mice given isomaltose. Histologic examination of intestinal sections of mice treated with sucrose or isomaltose, but not other sugars, showed marked vacuolation of the small intestinal epithelium 1 day after treatment. Three days after treatment, tissue appeared normal. Thus, sucrose and, to a lesser extent, isomaltose reduced in vivo colonization with C. parvum and altered epithelial cell morphology in intestines of mice. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Metab Dis & Immunol Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Harp, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Metab Dis & Immunol Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 18 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 85 IS 5 BP 952 EP 955 DI 10.2307/3285834 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 251ZB UT WOS:000083475300025 PM 10577733 ER PT J AU Davis, CR Barr, BC Pascoe, JR Olander, HJ Dubey, JP AF Davis, CR Barr, BC Pascoe, JR Olander, HJ Dubey, JP TI Hepatic sarcocystosis in a horse SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEOSPORA-CANINUM; INVITRO; NEURONA AB Hepatic sarcocystosis was diagnosed in a horse in association with refractory bacterial osteomyelitis and plasma cell tumor of the maxilla and hepatic salmonellosis. Gross lesions included pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal effusions, hepatomegaly, gastric ulceration, colonic edema, and proliferative tissues filling 2 maxillary dental alveoli. Histologically, liver was characterized by severe suppurative, necrotizing, periportal hepatitis, and severe periacinar necrosis. Hepatocytes frequently contained protozoal schizonts in various stages of development. in mature schizonts, merozoites were often arranged radially around a central residual body, consistent with asexual division by endopolygeny. Ultrastructural features of merozoites included an apical conoid and polar ring, anterior micronemes, central nuclei, and absence of rhoptries. These protozoa did not react to antisera raised against Neospora caninum, Sarcocystis neurona, Toxoplasma gondii, or Hammondia hammondi. The microscopic and ultrastructural characteristics and immunoreactivity of this organism are consistent with a Sarcocystis sp. other than S. neurona. This is the first report of Sarcocystis-associated hepatitis in a horse. The life cycle of this organism and source of infection are unknown. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Anat Physiol & Cell Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Calif Vet Diagnost Lab, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Surg & Radiol Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Pathol Microbiol & Immunol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Davis, CR (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Anat Physiol & Cell Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 11 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 85 IS 5 BP 965 EP 968 DI 10.2307/3285838 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 251ZB UT WOS:000083475300029 PM 10577737 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Romand, S Thulliez, P Kwok, OCH Shen, SK Gamble, HR AF Dubey, JP Romand, S Thulliez, P Kwok, OCH Shen, SK Gamble, HR TI Prevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in horses in North America SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS; AGGLUTINATION-TEST; APICOMPLEXA; DOGS AB Serum samples from 296 horses slaughtered for food in the United States were tested for antibodies to Neospora caninum by the Neospora-agglutination test (NAT). Antibodies were found in 69 (23.3%) horses with titers of 1:40 (19 horses), 1:80 (19 horses), 1:100 (3 horses). 1:200 (7 horses), 1:400 (4 horses), and 1:800 (17 horses). This is the first serologic survey for N. caninum antibodies in horses. C1 USDA ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Inst Puericulture, Lab Toxoplasmose, F-75014 Paris, France. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, BARC E Bldg 1040, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 12 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 85 IS 5 BP 968 EP 969 DI 10.2307/3285839 PG 2 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 251ZB UT WOS:000083475300030 PM 10577738 ER PT J AU Olness, A AF Olness, A TI A description of the general effect of pH on formation of nitrate in soils SO JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION AND SOIL SCIENCE-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PFLANZENERNAHRUNG UND BODENKUNDE LA English DT Article DE organic matter; nitrogen-mineralization-potential; US Cornbelt ID ZEA-MAYS L; NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; FERTILIZER; NITRIFICATION; AVAILABILITY; ACCUMULATION; CORN; TIME AB Soil [H+] and [OH-] have a major effect on the rate of microbial mineralization of organic matter and the subsequent expression of nitrate-N (NO3--N). The objective of this work is a mathematical description of the effect of [H+] and [OH-] on expression of NO3--N from soil organic matter. Data obtained from the Cooperative States Research Service North Central Regional Committee-201 study were analyzed for effects of [H+] and [OH-] on expression of NO3--N. Soil samples were collected in the 12-state Cornbelt Region (USA) during a 4-year period following a uniform protocol. Samples were taken immediately before or during planting and again at the V-5 growth stage of maize and analyzed for NO3--N. The change in [NO3--N] in the surface 0- to 30-cm of soil during pre-plant to V-5 growth stage of corn was estimated. Data were used only from sites receiving less than or equal to 15 kg N ha(-1) as starter fertilizer. The change in [NO3--N] was evaluated as a function of soil pH (usually obtained from 0- to 15- or 20-cm depth increments, the depth zone of probable formation). The data were examined as 1) the entire set and 2) only maximal values within a pH increment of 0.1 unit. The change in [NO3--N] reached a maximum at a pH of about 6.7 (approximate to 200 nM [H+]) and was negligible at pH < 5.0 or > 8.5. Application of a general energy model for limited systems showed greater sensitivity of NO3--N production to [OH-] than to [H+]. Field observations show that gains of > 300 kg or losses of > 80 kg of NO3--N ha(-1) can occur in periods of about 60 days. C1 ARS, USDA, REE, MWA,N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. RP Olness, A (reprint author), ARS, USDA, REE, MWA,N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, 803 Iowa Ave, Morris, MN 56267 USA. NR 37 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1436-8730 J9 J PLANT NUTR SOIL SC JI J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.-Z. Pflanzenernahr. Bodenkd. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 162 IS 5 BP 549 EP 556 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 245QL UT WOS:000083119600012 ER PT J AU Wei, H Albert, HH Moore, PH AF Wei, H Albert, HH Moore, PH TI Differential expression of sugarcane polyubiquitin genes and isolation of promoters from two highly-expressed members of the gene family SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Saccharum; constitutive promoter; polyubiquitin; sugarcane; transgene expression ID ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; NICOTIANA-TABACUM; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; UBIQUITIN GENES; MESSENGER-RNAS; HEAT-SHOCK; MAIZE; PROTEINS; PLANTS; STRESS AB To identify potential strong constitutive promoters, accumulation of polyubiquitin mRNA in sugarcane (Saccharum hybrid) was studied using gene-specific probes from five sugarcane polyubiquitin cDNA clones. Based on comparisons of 3' untranslated regions, these cDNAs can be grouped into four sub-groups within the sugarcane polyubiquitin gene family. RNA gel blot experiments indicated that these sub-groups differ substantially in constitutive expression levels and response to heat shock. Reverse northern experiments confirmed the relative magnitudes of constitutive expression in young leaves. One sub-group, homologous to cDNAs scubi241 and scubi511, was found to have the highest level of constitutive expression and to be little affected by heat shock. Genomic clones belonging to this sub-group were isolated; two of these clones, ubi4 and ubi9, were found to differ in the number of protein coding repeats but were highly similar in overall structure and in the sequence of DNA flanking the transcribed region. Both genes contain a single large intron located immediately upstream of the translation start codon. Transient expression experiments showed that the cloned promoters are sufficient to drive high levels of GUS expression in sugarcane suspension cells and in tobacco leaves. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Plant Mol Physiol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. USDA, ARS 99 193, Aiea, HI USA. RP Albert, HH (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Plant Mol Physiol, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 41 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA VILLENGANG 2, D-07745 JENA, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 155 IS 4-5 BP 513 EP 519 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 257BP UT WOS:000083762000011 ER PT J AU Gates, RN Hill, GM Bouton, JH AF Gates, RN Hill, GM Bouton, JH TI Wintering beef cattle on mixtures of 'Georgia 5' tall fescue and warm-season perennial grasses on coastal plain soils SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article ID ACREMONIUM-COENOPHIALUM; STEER PERFORMANCE; FUNGAL ENDOPHYTE; BERMUDAGRASS; ASSOCIATION; DIGESTION; PASTURE; CLOVER; FORAGE; GROWTH AB A persistent, perennial cool-season grass could reduce winter feed costs for beef production in the lower South. 'Georgia 5', is an endophyte-infested [Neotyphodium coenophialum (Morgan-Jones and Gems) Glenn, Bacon & Hanlin] tail fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) cultivar developed for improved persistence in the Coastal Plain. Two experiments were conducted to define the response of overseeded Georgia 5 to fall grazing deferment varying in starting date and duration, and to evaluate its potential contribution to winter feed for beef production. Plots of this tall fescue, overseeded on a warm-season grass pasture on upland Coastal Plain soils in 2 yr, were grazed continuously after establishment except for 60-, 90-, or 120-d fall grazing deferments beginning at 15-d intervals after 31 August. Deferments beginning mid-October or later provided benefit to Georgia 5 survival. Deferments longer than 60 d allowed greater herbage accumulation, but did not further enhance persistence. Georgia 5 tall fescue was overseeded on 'Coastal' bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] or 'Pensacola' bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Fluegge var. saurae Parodi) flatwoods pastures in October of 2 yr. Continuous stocking (1.9 heifers/acre in the first and 1.2 in the second year) of pastures began in the following April. Performance of heifers grazing overseeded pastures from December to April was compared with heifers fed bermudagrass hay ad libitum and 6.8 lb/head of a ground corn-cottonseed mixture three times weekly. Tall fescue herbage mass ranged from about 200 to 600 lb dry matter/acre from December through April. Growth of hay-fed heifers was faster (P < 0.05) than non-supplemented grazing heifers (1.51 vs 0.50 lb/d) in the first year, but similar for both treatments in the second year (0.99 lb/d). Foliar cover of tall fescue was stable in bermudagrass pastures and averaged 51%. Tall fescue declined in bahiagrass pastures from 61% in spring of 1990 to 35% in spring of 1992. Minor, but transient, fescue toxicosis symptoms were observed. Georgia 5 overseeded on warm-season grass pastures can be used for winter grazing and contribute to reduced beef production costs in the lower South. C1 Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, USDA ARS, Forage & Turf Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Gates, RN (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, USDA ARS, Forage & Turf Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 37 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0890-8524 J9 J PROD AGRIC JI J. Prod. Agric. PD OCT-DEC PY 1999 VL 12 IS 4 BP 581 EP 587 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 278MQ UT WOS:000084993900006 ER PT J AU Kitchen, NR Sudduth, KA Drummond, ST AF Kitchen, NR Sudduth, KA Drummond, ST TI Soil electrical conductivity as a crop productivity measure for claypan soils SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article ID BOUNDARY-LINE; FERTILIZER APPLICATION; LANDSCAPE POSITION; WHEAT YIELD; WATER; DENITRIFICATION; VARIABILITY; PREDICTION; MANAGEMENT; EROSION AB Inexpensive and accurate methods for spatially measuring soil properties are needed that enhance interpretation of yield maps and improve planning for site-specific management. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship of apparent profile soil electrical conductivity (ECa) and grain yield on claypan soils (Udollic Ochraqualfs). Grain yield data were obtained by combine yield monitoring and ECa by a mobile, on-the-go electromagnetic (EM) induction meter. Investigations were made on four claypan fields between 1993 and 1997 for a total of 13 site-years. Crops included five site-years of corn (Zea mays L.), seven site-years of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and one site-year of grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench]. Transformed ECa (1/ECa) was regressed to topsoil thickness giving r(2) values > 0.75 for three of the four fields. The relationship between grain yield and ECa was examined for each site-year in scatter plots. A boundary line using a log-normal function was fit to the upper edge of data in the scatter plots. A significant relationship between grain yield and ECa (boundary lines with r(2) > 0.25 in nine out of 13 site-years) was apparent, but climate, crop type, and specific field information was needed to explain the shape of the potential yield by ECa interaction. Boundary line data of each site-year fell into one of four condition categories: Condition 1-site-years where yield increased with decreasing ECa; Condition 2-site-years where yield decreased with decreasing ECa; Condition 3-where yield was less at low and high ECa values and highest at some mid-range values of ECa; and Condition 4-site-years where yield variation was mostly unrelated to ECa. Soil ECa provided a measure of the within-field soil differences associated with topsoil thickness, which for these claypan soils is a measure of root-zone suitability for crop growth and yield. C1 ARS, USDA, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Kitchen, NR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 69 TC 143 Z9 155 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0890-8524 J9 J PROD AGRIC JI J. Prod. Agric. PD OCT-DEC PY 1999 VL 12 IS 4 BP 607 EP 617 PG 11 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 278MQ UT WOS:000084993900010 ER PT J AU Yee, J Ferguson, W AF Yee, J Ferguson, W TI Cotton pest management strategies and related pesticide use and yield SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article AB The use of pesticides is an integral part of pest management for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production. However, in response to environmental and public safety concerns, alternative pest management strategies focused to reducing pesticide usage is becoming more important. The objective of this study is to evaluate various pest control practices as substitutes or complements to pesticides in maintaining or enhancing cotton yields. A tobit model is estimated using data from that 1994 USDA Cropping Practices Survey of cotton producers in the Sig major cotton-producing states to assess the effects of pest control strategies on yield and pesticide use in cotton production. Statistical tests were performed to assess the significance of differences between (i) high and low integrated pest management (IPM) fields, (ii) high and low pesticide use fields, and (iii) high and low yield fields, in terms of yield, pesticide use, use of individual IPM practices, and use of tillage and irrigation. High IPM fields had significantly higher yield, lower yield risk, and higher use of pesticide treatments than low IPM fields. High pesticide use fields generally used more IPM practices and had higher yield and lower yield risk than low pesticide use fields. High yield fields had lower yield risk used significantly more IPM practices, hut also used more pesticide treatments per acre than low yield fields. C1 Econ & Res Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Yee, J (reprint author), Econ & Res Serv, USDA, 1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0890-8524 J9 J PROD AGRIC JI J. Prod. Agric. PD OCT-DEC PY 1999 VL 12 IS 4 BP 618 EP 623 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 278MQ UT WOS:000084993900011 ER PT J AU Kuehn, CS Jung, HG Linn, JC Martin, NP AF Kuehn, CS Jung, HG Linn, JC Martin, NP TI Characteristics of alfalfa hay quality grades based on the relative feed value index SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article ID CELL-WALL COMPOSITION; MORPHOLOGICAL STAGE; HERBAGE QUALITY; STEMS; DIGESTIBILITY AB Leaf yield and quality are of interest for alfalfa, especially if stems are used to produce electricity through a gasification process, and this makes additional leaves available for animal feed. Quality of alfalfa and grass hay is evaluated by the relative feed value (RFV) index. Rays ranked by RFV are assigned to a quality standard grade ranging from prime through decreasing quality grades one, two, three, four, and five. The objective of this study was to determine how leaf and stem fractions varied in quantity and quality across hay quality grades. Alfalfa hay samples were collected from four commercial hay auctions. Samples were separated into stem, crude leaf, pure leaf, and weed material. Ratio of total leaf to stem material was greatest in the prime quality hay and declined as hay quality grade declined. Fiber components increased and in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) decreased in quality grades from prime to grade five in stem, and crude and pure leaf material. Increases in RFV were positively correlated with increases in leaf material and leaf to stem ratio, in addition to increases in IVDDM. Commercial hay ranked as either prime or grade one would be the best choice of hay to be processed and fed for leaves. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Anim Sci, USDA ARS, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Jung, HG (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Anim Sci, USDA ARS, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. NR 13 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 4 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0890-8524 J9 J PROD AGRIC JI J. Prod. Agric. PD OCT-DEC PY 1999 VL 12 IS 4 BP 681 EP 684 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 278MQ UT WOS:000084993900024 ER PT J AU Chabot, B Krishnagopalan, GA Abubakr, S AF Chabot, B Krishnagopalan, GA Abubakr, S TI Flexographic newspaper deinking: Treatment of wash filtrate effluent by membrane technology SO JOURNAL OF PULP AND PAPER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Research Forum on Recycling of the Technical Section, Canadian-Pulp-and-Paper-Association CY OCT 07-09, 1997 CL QUEBEC, CANADA SP Canadian Pulp & Paper Assoc DE deinking; effluent treatment; effluents; filtrates; flexographic ink; flotation; membranes; newspapers; ultrafiltration; washing ID ULTRAFILTRATION MEMBRANES; WATER; FLOTATION; FLUX; MODEL; PULP; INKS; WHEY AB Ultrafiltration was investigated as a means to remove flexographic ink pigments from wash filtrate effluent generated from various mixtures of flexographic and offset old newspapers from deinking operations. Membrane separation efficiency was assessed from permeate flux, fouling rate, and ease of membrane regeneration (cleaning). Ultrafiltration was capable of completely removing ink pigments from effluent streams. Permeate flux decreased significantly with time due to membrane fouling and concentration polarization. Flocculation by acidification of the flexographic ink of effluents containing high flexo ink content improved significantly the permeation rate and reduced the fouling due possibly to a more permeable cake formation near the membrane surface. Ultrafiltration produced better water quality compared to standard jar tests. C1 Auburn Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Chabot, B (reprint author), Univ Quebec, Ctr Rech Pates & Papiers, 3351 Blvd Forges,CP 500, Trois Rivieres, PQ G9A 5H7, Canada. NR 32 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU PULP & PAPER TECHNICAL ASSOCIATION CANADA PI MONTREAL PA 740 NOTRE DAME WEST, STE 810, MONTREAL, QC H3C 3X6, CANADA SN 0826-6220 J9 J PULP PAP SCI JI J. Pulp Pap. Sci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 25 IS 10 BP 337 EP 343 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA 247YV UT WOS:000083249300001 ER PT J AU Siragusa, GR AF Siragusa, GR TI Statistical validation of tee track-dilution plating method from ground beef and carcass surface samples SO JOURNAL OF RAPID METHODS AND AUTOMATION IN MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB A rapid and easy method of obtaining a viable culture count, the Track-Dilution method, was evaluated and compared to Spiral Plating to obtain viable culture counts fi om ground beef samples and beef carcass surface tissue samples inoculated with salmonellae or Escherichia coli O157:H7. Based on the statistical analysis of the dataset (n = 125 samples), the Track-Dilution method results were not different (P > 0.1) than those obtained from Spiral Plating. Linear correlation of the scatterplot of Spiral Plating and Track-Dilution indicated a high level of agreement between these two methods (r(2) = 0.97). The Track-Dilution method was a valid method for estimating viable culture counts for meat animal-derived samples with bacterial counts of more than 100 cfu/mL. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Siragusa, GR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 5 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 1060-3999 J9 J RAPID METH AUT MIC JI J. Rapid Methods Autom. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 7 IS 3 BP 155 EP 161 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 256CC UT WOS:000083707200002 ER PT J AU Tu, S Patterson, D Yu, LSL Irwin, P AF Tu, S Patterson, D Yu, LSL Irwin, P TI Effects of membrane protonophores on the ATP content of immunomagnetic beads captured Escherichia coli O157 : H7 SO JOURNAL OF RAPID METHODS AND AUTOMATION IN MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; ASSAY; BIOLUMINESCENCE; O157-H7; P-31 AB An approach to rapidly detect the presence of viable Escherichia coli O157:H7 is described. Specific immunomagnetic beads were applied to capture the bacteria in different solutions. The captured bacteria were then lysed by commercially available reagents to release cellular A TP which was detected by firefly luciferin-luciferase induced chemiluminescence. The bioenergetic status of the bacteria was adjusted by the addition of glucose, a carbon nutrient source, and carbonyl cyanide meta-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP), a membrane protonophore. The addition of glucose restored oxygen consumption and medium acidification activities and increased the ATP content of harvested bacteria after storage. On The other hand, CCCP enhanced the oxygen consumption and medium acidification but significantly decreased the ATP content. None of the glucose and CCCP effects could be detected with heat-killed and gamma-ray irradiated E. coli O157:H7. Thus, immunomagnetic capture of the E. coli followed by testing the bioenergetic responses of captured bacteria would qualitatively determine the presence of viable E. coli O157:H7. When applied, the-developed procedure could easily detect the presence of less than one CFU of the E. coli per gram of beef hamburg after a 6-h enrichment at 37C. C1 USDA ARS, N Atlantic Area, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Tu, S (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Atlantic Area, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 21 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 1 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 1060-3999 J9 J RAPID METH AUT MIC JI J. Rapid Methods Autom. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 7 IS 3 BP 205 EP 221 PG 17 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 256CC UT WOS:000083707200007 ER PT J AU Lu, RF Chen, YR AF Lu, RF Chen, YR TI Shear properties and Warner-Bratzler tenderness measurement of beef SO JOURNAL OF TEXTURE STUDIES LA English DT Article ID COOKED BEEF; TENSILE PROPERTIES; MUSCLE; RAW AB The shear properties of raw and cooked beef and their relationship with Wamer-Bratzler (WB) tenderness measurement were evaluated.: Shear tests were performed on four muscles, biceps femoris (BF), longissimus dorsi (LD), semimembranosus (SM), and semitendinosus (ST), with three different aging treatments (0, 1, and 2 weeks), using a specially designed device and:the WE shear device. Raw beef exhibited a nonlinear behavior characterized by linearity at small deformations, stress yield at intermediate deformations, and work hardening at large deformations. Cooked beef had a different nonlinear behavior with the slope of the force-displacement curve increasing with displacement before the peak force. Cooking resulted in a large increase (p=0.01) in maximum shear force and strain energy. The effect of muscle type and aging on shear:properties was mostly significant (p=0.05). The maximum shear force of cooked beef was correlated with WE measurement with the R-2 value ranging from 0.65 to 0.34 for LD, SM, and BF except for ST with a R-2 value of 0.10. Correlations of the shear properties of raw meat with WE measurement were low (R-2 < 0.36) indicating the difficulty of predicting WE tenderness from the shear properties of raw meat. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumenraaat & Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lu, RF (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Agr Engn, USDA ARS, 207 Farrrall Hall, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0022-4901 J9 J TEXTURE STUD JI J. Texture Stud. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 30 IS 4 BP 361 EP 375 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4603.1999.tb00225.x PG 15 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 266YH UT WOS:000084327500001 ER PT J AU Paiva, SAR Russell, RM AF Paiva, SAR Russell, RM TI beta-carotene and other carotenoids as antioxidants SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE carotenoids; beta-carotene; antioxidants; oxidative stress; retinol ID LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; IN-VITRO; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; SERUM CAROTENOIDS; PROSTATE-CANCER; LUNG-CANCER; VITAMIN-E AB Carotenoids are natural pigments which are synthesized by plants and are responsible for the bright colors of various fruits and vegetables. There are several dozen carotenoids in the foods that we eat, and most of these carotenoids have antioxidant activity. beta-carotene has been best studied since, in most countries it is the most common carotenoid in fruits and vegetables. However, in the U.S., lycopene from tomatoes now is consumed in approximately the same amount as beta-carotene. Antioxidants (including carotenoids) have been studied for their ability to prevent chronic disease, beta-carotene and others carotenoids have antioxidant properties in vitro and in animal models. Mixtures of carotenoids or associations with others antioxidants (e.g. vitamin E) can increase their activity against free radicals. The use of animals models for studying carotenoids is limited since most of the animals do not absorb or metabolize carotenoids similarly to humans. Epidemiologic studies have shown an inverse relationship between presence of various cancers and dietary carotenoids or blood carotenoid levels. However, three out of four intervention trials using high dose beta-carotene supplements did not show protective effects against cancer or cardiovascular disease. Rather, the high risk population (smokers and asbestos workers) in these intervention trials showed an increase in cancer and angina cases. It appears that carotenoids (including beta-carotene) can promote health when taken at dietary levels, but may have adverse effects when taken in high dose by subjects who smoke or who have been exposed to asbestos. It will be the task of ongoing and future studies to define the populations that can benefit from carotenoids and to define the proper doses, lengths of treatment, and whether mixtures, lather than single carotenoids (e.g. beta-carotene) are more advantageous. C1 Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Jean Mayer USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. UNESP, Fac Med Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP Paiva, SAR (reprint author), Sinai Hosp, 2435 W Belvedere Ave, Baltimore, MD 21215 USA. RI Paiva, Sergio/A-5101-2008 OI Paiva, Sergio/0000-0003-4412-1990 NR 62 TC 223 Z9 238 U1 10 U2 56 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 USA SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 18 IS 5 BP 426 EP 433 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 240NA UT WOS:000082831000003 PM 10511324 ER PT J AU Harris, SS Dawson-Hughes, B Perrone, GA AF Harris, SS Dawson-Hughes, B Perrone, GA TI Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D responses of younger and older men to three weeks of supplementation with 1800 IU/day of vitamin D SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE vitamin D supplementation; 25-hydroxyvitamin D; vitamin D absorption; aging ID SERUM 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN-D; METABOLITES; ABSORPTION; WOMEN; SKIN; FLOW; AGE AB Objective: The objective of this study was to compare changes in plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels of younger and older men after three weeks of oral vitamin D supplementation. Methods: Nine younger men (22 to 28 years) and nine older men (65 to 73 years) with self-reported vitamin D intakes below 200 IU/d were enrolled in February and randomized to 1800 IU/d of ergocalciferol (vitamin D-2, n=11) or to a control group (n=7) and followed for three weeks. Blood was collected at baseline, and after one, two and three weeks for measurement of plasma concentrations of total 25(OH)D, 25(OH)D-2 and 25(OH)D-3. Results: in both the younger and older supplemented men, 25(OH)D-2 and total 25(OH)D concentrations increased significantly during the study, whereas values of these metabolites did not change in younger or older control subjects. No group showed significant changes in 25-hydroxyvitamin D-3. There was a significant interaction between age group and supplement group, suggesting that the effect of vitamin D, supplementation on changes in 25(OH)D-2 changes with age. The mean increase in 25(OH)D-2 was greater in the younger supplemented men than in the older supplemented men (37+/-9 nmol/L vs. 19.5 nmol/L, p=0.027), and this accounted for their significantly greater increase in total 25(OH)D. Conclusion: These data are consistent with an age-related decline in the absorption, transport or liver hydroxylation of orally-consumed vitamin D. C1 Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Jean Mayer USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Harris, SS (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Jean Mayer USDA, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 26 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 USA SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 18 IS 5 BP 470 EP 474 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 240NA UT WOS:000082831000008 PM 10511329 ER PT J AU Heaney, RP McCarron, DA Dawson-Hughes, B Oparil, S Berga, SL Stern, JS Barr, SI Rosen, CJ AF Heaney, RP McCarron, DA Dawson-Hughes, B Oparil, S Berga, SL Stern, JS Barr, SI Rosen, CJ TI Dietary changes favorably affect bone remodeling in older adults SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL; GROWTH-FACTOR-I; CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTATION; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; MILK POWDER; TABLETS AB Objective To determine whether dietary counseling to increase milk intake could produce useful changes in the calcium economy and what, if any, other nutrition-related changes might be produced. Design Randomized, open trial. Subjects/setting Two hundred four healthy men and women, aged 55 to 85 years, who habitually consumed fewer than 1.5 servings of dairy foods per day. Six academic health centers in the United States. Intervention Subjects were instructed to consume 3 servings per day of nonfat milk or 1% milk as a part of their daily diets, or to maintain their usual diets, for a 12-week intervention period, which followed 4 weeks of baseline observations. Main outcome measures Energy and nutrient intake assessed from milk intake logs and 3-day food records; serum calciotrophic hormone levels at baseline and at 8 and 12 weeks; urinary excretion of calcium and N-telopeptide at 12 weeks. Statistical analyses Repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results In the milk-supplemented group, calcium intake increased by 729+/-45 mg/day (mean+/-standard error), serum parathyroid hormone level decreased by approximately 9%, and urinary excretion of N-telopeptide, a bone resorption marker, decreased by 13%. Urine calcium excretion increased in milk-supplemented subjects by 21+/-7.6 mg/day (mean+/-standard error), less than half the amount predicted to be absorbed from the increment in calcium intake. AU of these changes mere significantly different from baseline values in the milk:group and from the corresponding changes in the control group. Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase level (a bone formation marker) fell by approximately 9% in both groups. Serum level of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) rose by 10% in the milk group (P<.001), and the level of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) fell slightly (1.9%) in the milk group and rose significantly (7.9%) in the control group (P<.05). Applications/conclusions The changes observed in the calcium economy through consumption of food sources of calcium are similar in kind and extent to those reported previously for calcium supplement tablets. The increase in IGF-1 level and the decrease in IBFBP-4 level are new observations that are beneficial for bone health. Important improvements in skeletal metabolism can feasibly occur in older adults by consumption of food sources of calcium. Dietitians can be confident that food works, and that desired calcium intakes can be achieved using food sources. C1 Creighton Univ, Omaha, NE 68131 USA. Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Dept Hyperts, Portland, OR 97201 USA. Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Dept Clin Pharmacol, Portland, OR 97201 USA. Tufts Univ, Ctr Aging, USDA,Human Nutr Res Ctr, Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Med, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Magee Womens Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Pittsburgh, PA USA. Univ Calif, Davis, CA USA. St Joseph Hosp, Maine Ctr Osteoporosis Res & Educ, Bangor, ME USA. RP Heaney, RP (reprint author), Creighton Univ, 601 N 30th St,Suite 4841, Omaha, NE 68131 USA. NR 15 TC 153 Z9 154 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 USA SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 99 IS 10 BP 1228 EP 1233 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(99)00302-8 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 243UB UT WOS:000083014700020 PM 10524386 ER PT J AU Shelly, DC Brown, EM AF Shelly, DC Brown, EM TI Sampling strategies for infrared spectroscopic studies of raw, pickled, and in-process chrome tanned bovine hides SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID COLLAGEN AB Infrared spectroscopy is a powerful research tool for studying structure and structural changes in complex biomaterials, such as animal hides and leather. Recent advances in optical design and materials have made available accessories that enable the sampling of biomaterials as liquids, gels, pastes, powders and porous solids. For this report, the Gemini, a new sampling device for Horizontal Attenuated Total Reflection (HATR) and Diffuse Reflectance (DR) FTIR spectroscopy was evaluated as an option for the study of bovine hides, in successive stages of chrome tanning. Specifically, raw, pickled and chrome sulfate-treated bovine hides were subjected to HATR FTIR analysis so that changes in collagen structure as a function of chemical treatment could be observed. Also, freeze dried hides were examined by DR FTIR in order to detect the presence and structure of collagen-chromium complexes. Comparisons of HATR and DR FTIR show that the expected chemical changes in the hide can be observed. The quality of the spectra obtained is comparable to that reported by biomedical research groups. The GEMINI shows excellent versatility for in-processing hide sampling, enabling the detailed study of many truly unique chemical and biochemical phenomena of the tanning process. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Leather Res Inst, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Shelly, DC (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI CINCINNATI PA ROOM 5 CAMPUS STATION-14 TANNER RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 94 IS 8 BP 315 EP 321 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 239QW UT WOS:000082782000003 ER PT J AU Mozersky, SM Bailey, DG AF Mozersky, SM Bailey, DG TI Viscometric determination of collagenase activity in the presence of high salt concentration SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID HIDES AB In a previous publication from this laboratory, a simple, precise procedure was described for viscometric assay of collagenase activity. While applicable under usual conditions, the procedure fails with samples containing high concentrations of salt. High concentrations of NaCl are present in media in which halophilic microorganisms are grown, and assay of these media for collagenase activity was needed in our study of damage inflicted on salted hides by the halophiles. We here describe a simple modification of the original procedure which permits assay of samples containing as much as 4 M NaCl. The modification, in essence, adds only a single step in which the sample is diluted, prior to the measurement of its viscosity, to reduce its NaCl concentration to less than or equal to 0.2 M. The revised procedure provides researchers and leather manufactures with the ability to measure the production of collagenase activity by halophiles. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Mozersky, SM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI CINCINNATI PA ROOM 5 CAMPUS STATION-14 TANNER RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 94 IS 8 BP 322 EP 325 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 239QW UT WOS:000082782000004 ER PT J AU Hou, CT AF Hou, CT TI Biocatalysis symposium - Foreword SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Hou, CT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 76 IS 10 BP 1111 EP 1111 DI 10.1007/s11746-999-0081-8 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 247HW UT WOS:000083216200001 ER PT J AU Mangos, TJ Jones, KC Foglia, TA AF Mangos, TJ Jones, KC Foglia, TA TI Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of structured low-calorie triacylglycerols SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Biocatalysis Symposium held at the AOCS Annual Meeting CY MAY 10, 1999 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP Monsanto Co, Bristol Myers Squibb Co, Loders Croklaan, Suntory Ltd, duPont, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Steraloids Inc DE Carica papaya latex; C. papaya lipase; hydrogenated soybean oil; interesterification; low-calorie fats; Rhizomucor miehei lipase; triacetin; triacylglycerols ID CARICA-PAPAYA LATEX; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; INTERESTERIFICATION; ESTERIFICATION; SPECIFICITY; MIXTURES; ACIDS AB Because of their unique fatty acid specificities and regioselectivities, lipases have been found to be effective catalysts for the synthesis of structured lipids that have a predetermined composition and distribution of fatty acyl groups on the glycerol backbone. The prospective plant-derived lipase found in the exudate of Carica papaya is known for its short-chain acyl group specificity, 1,3-glycerol regioselectivity, and sn-3 stereoselectivity. Carica papaya latex (CPL) was therefore examined for its potential ability to synthesize structured low-calorie short- and long-chain triacylglycerols (SLCT). In this paper, we describe the utility of CPL in the lipase-catalyzed interesterification reaction of triacetin and hydrogenated soybean oil. Normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, combined with mass spectrometry, was used to distinguish the structured SLCT synthesized using the lipase from the corresponding SLCT produced by chemical synthesis. C1 USDA ARS, ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Foglia, TA (reprint author), USDA ARS, ERRC, 660 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 22 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 76 IS 10 BP 1127 EP 1132 DI 10.1007/s11746-999-0084-5 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 247HW UT WOS:000083216200004 ER PT J AU Gardner, HW Hou, CT AF Gardner, HW Hou, CT TI All (S) stereoconfiguration of 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid from bioconversion of oleic acid by Pseudomonas aeruginosa SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Biocatalysis Symposium held at the AOCS Annual Meeting CY MAY 10, 1999 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Monsanto Co, Bristol Myers Squibb Co, Loders Croklaan, Suntory Ltd, duPont, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Steraloids Inc DE biocatalysis; biotransformation; dihydroxy unsaturated fatty acid; microbe ID METHYL LINOLEATE; STERIC ANALYSIS; STEREOCHEMISTRY; HYDROPEROXIDES; LIPOXYGENASE; IDENTIFICATION; OXYGENATION; PRODUCTS; COMPOUND; 42A2 AB A previously established method was utilized to determine the stereoconfiguration of 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid (DHOE) from bioconversion of oleic acid by Pseudomonas aeruginosa NRRL strain B-18602 (PR3). The method involved formation of the (-)-menthoxycarbonyl (MCO) derivative of the two hydroxyls, oxidative cleavage of the double bond, and gas chromatography (CC) analysis of the two methyl-esterified diastereomeric fragments, methyl 2-MCO-decanoate and dimethyl 2-MCO-octanedioate. As described by previous workers, the 2(S)-MCO derivatives elute at earlier times by GC than the 2(R)-MCO derivatives. By comparing the GC analysis of the 2-MCO derivatives obtained from DHOE with that obtained from a partially racemized sample, DHOE was determined to be 7(S),10(S)-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM houct@mail.ncaur.usda.gov NR 30 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0003-021X EI 1558-9331 J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 76 IS 10 BP 1151 EP 1156 DI 10.1007/s11746-999-0088-1 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 247HW UT WOS:000083216200008 ER PT J AU Mund, MS Isbell, TA AF Mund, MS Isbell, TA TI Synthesis of chloroalkoxy eicosanoic and docosanoic acids from meadowfoam fatty acids by oxidation with aqueous sodium hypochlorite SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE bleach; chloroalkoxy; chlorohydroxy; chlorolactone; 5,13-docosadienoic acid; 5-docosenoic acid; 13-docosenoic acid; 5-eicosenoic acid; meadowfoam fatty acids; sodium hypochlorite ID DELTA-LACTONES; OIL; ENRICHMENT; ESTOLIDES AB Chloroalkoxy substituted C-20 and C-22 fatty acids can be synthesized from the unsaturated fatty acids in meadowfoam oil by reaction of the fatty acids with primary or secondary alcohols and an aqueous sodium hypochlorite solution (commercial bleach). The reactions are conducted at room temperature for 3 h. Chlorohydroxy fatty acid derivatives are formed as by-products owing to the presence of water in the reaction mixture. Chlorinated delta-lactones are also produced by direct reaction of sodium hypochlorite with the Delta 5 unsaturated fatty acids present in meadowfoam or by ring closure of the 6-chloro-5-hydroxy fatty acids. The product yield of chloroalkoxy fatty acids is dependent on the nature and volume of the alcohol used in the reaction, as well as the concentration and pH of the sodium hypochlorite solution. Primary alcohols such as methanol and butanol produce maximal yields (50-60%) of chloroalkoxy fatty acids whereas the secondary alcohol 2-propanol gives a 30% yield. Chloroalkoxy fatty acid yields can be increased to 75-80% by elimination of water from the reaction mixture through a procedure that partitions sodium hypochlorite from water into hexane/ethyl acetate mixtures. All of the reaction products were fully characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Isbell, TA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 76 IS 10 BP 1189 EP 1200 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 247HW UT WOS:000083216200014 ER PT J AU Wang, CH Erhan, S AF Wang, CH Erhan, S TI Studies of thermal polymerization of vegetable oils with a differential scanning calorimeter SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE activation energy; cross-link; DSC; vegetable oils ID AUTOXIDATION; PAINTS AB Vegetable oils are often thermally polymerized to provide a vehicle for printing inks and paints. The formations of isomerization, and the intra- and intermolecular bonds involved in the thermal process are crucial in designing a product with the appropriate characteristics. it was found, with a differential scanning calorimeter, that the thermal polymerization of various vegetable oils could be activated at lower temperatures under a dry-air purge and/or in the presence of metallic catalysts. The Diels-Alder reaction and the formation of intermolecular bonds in alkali-refined soybean oil under a dry-air purge could be activated at 99 and 161 degrees C in the presence of metallic catalysts, compared with 231 and over 300 degrees C in the absence of metallic catalysts, respectively. The energies needed to activate the Diels-Alder reaction and to form intermolecular bonds were calculated, and is in good agreement with available data. The hardness test of baked vegetable-oil systems was also implemented to qualitatively determine the degree of cross-linking. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Erhan, S (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 23 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 76 IS 10 BP 1211 EP 1216 DI 10.1007/s11746-999-0096-1 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 247HW UT WOS:000083216200017 ER PT J AU Asbury, GR Al-Saad, K Siems, WF Hannan, RM Hill, HH AF Asbury, GR Al-Saad, K Siems, WF Hannan, RM Hill, HH TI Analysis of triacylglycerols and whole oils by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; DESORPTION IONIZATION; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; TRIGLYCERIDES; MIXTURES; MODEL AB Since the introduction of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry the majority of research has focused on developing analytical methods for the qualitative determination of water soluble biomolecules such as proteins, peptides, carbohydrates, and oligonucleotides. This paper, however, reports the use of MALDI for the analysis of triacylglycerols and develops a new sample preparation method for nonpolar analytes. MALDI enables the rapid analyses of triacylglycerol (TAG) standards and mixtures of whole oils. The new method provides excellent shot to shot reproducibility, making quantification possible. Detection limits were in the mid femtomole range and the resolution was around 2000 which easily separated TAGs differing by one double bond. Sensitivity decreased with increasing molecular weight, causing biased results when analyzing complex mixtures with a significant range of molecular weight. In all cases only sodiated molecules and prompt losses of a fatty acid sodium salt were observed in the spectra. From this information it was possible to identify the three fatty acids on the glycerol backbone. Collision-induced dissociation was carried out on a triacylglycerol which proved to be useful for additional structural information, including the corroboration of the fatty acid components. With MALDI the percent compositions of TAGs in a standard olive oil was accurately determined. Finally, MALDI was used to examine the differences in lipid components between aged and fresh onion seeds, showing the potential of the technique for observing changes in lipid components in seeds. (J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 1999, 10, 983-991) (C) 1999 American Society for Mass Spectrometry. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Chem, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS Reg Plant Introduct Stn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Hill, HH (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Chem, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 24 TC 98 Z9 100 U1 5 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1044-0305 J9 J AM SOC MASS SPECTR JI J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 10 IS 10 BP 983 EP 991 DI 10.1016/S1044-0305(99)00063-X PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 236TK UT WOS:000082614500009 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Kerber, CE Granstrom, DE AF Dubey, JP Kerber, CE Granstrom, DE TI Serologic prevalence of Sarcocystis neurona, Toxoplasma gondii, and Neospora caninum in houses in Brazil SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS; HORSES; ANTIBODIES; SEROPREVALENCE; APICOMPLEXA; ENCEPHALOMYELITIS AB Objective-To determine serologic prevalence of Sarcocystis neurons, Toxoplasma gondii, and Neospora caninum in horses in Brazil. Design-Prevalence survey. Animals-101 Thoroughbreds in Brazil. Procedure-Blood samples were obtained from horses and tested for serum antibodies against S neurona by use of an immunoblot procedure with culture-derived S neurona merozoites as antigen, and for serum antibodies against T gondii and N caninum by use of a modified agglutination test with formalin-preserved tachyzoites and mercaptoethanol. Results-Antibodies against S neurona and T gondii were detected in 36 and 16 of 101 horses, respectively. Cross-reactivity between antibodies against T gondii and S neurona was not detected. Antibodies against N caninum were not detected in any samples. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-The high prevalence of antibodies against S neurona detected in clinically normal horses emphasizes the importance of examining CSF for antibodies when establishing a diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Clin Vet, Paddock Lab Analises, BR-05517050 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Univ Kentucky, Dept Vet Sci, Gluck Equine Res Ctr, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 48 TC 64 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 1 PY 1999 VL 215 IS 7 BP 970 EP 972 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 239HU UT WOS:000082763300021 PM 10511862 ER PT J AU Horan, RD Ribaudo, MO AF Horan, RD Ribaudo, MO TI Policy objectives and economic incentives for controlling agricultural sources of nonpoint pollution SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE economics; nonpoint source pollution; water quality; agriculture; incentives; compliance measures; point/nonpoint trading ID CONSERVATION COMPLIANCE; SOIL; EFFICIENCY; FARM AB In this paper, we review the physical characteristics of agricultural nonpoint pollution and discuss the implications for setting appropriate pollution control objectives and designing incentive-based pollution control policies. First, we discuss that policy objectives must be designed carefully to ensure positive economic net benefits can be expected from pollution control. Next, we review several classes of incentives and recommend the use of design-based incentives (i.e., incentives based on variable input use, management practices, and land use) for controlling nonpoint pollution. Cost-effectiveness requires that incentives elicit three types of responses from farmers: (1) use variable inputs at appropriate levels, (2) adopt appropriate management practices, and (3) make appropriate land use decisions at the extensive margin of production. If a set of incentives fails to induce the correct responses, the resulting runoff levels and hence ambient pollution levels and damages will be too large relative to policy goals. A review of existing programs suggests that greater program coordination and improved targeting of incentives are needed for further water quality improvements. Alternatively, properly designed market-based systems may be effective alternatives. These systems would reduce overall pollution control costs by allowing markets to allocate point source and nonpoint source control costs more efficiently. C1 ERS, RED, USDA, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Horan, RD (reprint author), ERS, RED, USDA, Room 4015,1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 61 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 20 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 35 IS 5 BP 1023 EP 1035 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04191.x PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 247MQ UT WOS:000083224900003 ER PT J AU Arnold, JG Srinivasan, R Muttiah, RS Allen, PM AF Arnold, JG Srinivasan, R Muttiah, RS Allen, PM TI Continental scale simulation of the hydrologic balance SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE surface water hydrology; modeling/statistics; evapotranspiration; plant growth; geographic information systems ID WATER-BALANCE; UNITED-STATES; RUNOFF; MODELS; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; PRECIPITATION; CATCHMENTS; CLIMATE; GIS AB This paper describes the application of a continuous daily water balance model called SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) for the conterminous U.S. The local water balance is represented by four control volumes; (1) snow, (2) soil profile, (3) shallow aquifer, and (4) deep aquifer. The components of the water balance are simulated using "storage" models and readily available input parameters. All the required databases (soils, landuse, and topography) were assembled for the conterminous U.S. at 1:250,000 scale. A GIS interface was utilized to automate the assembly of the model input files from map layers and relational databases. The hydrologic balance for each soil association polygon (78,863 nationwide) was simulated without calibration for 20 years using dominant soil and land use properties. The model was validated by comparing simulated average annual runoff with long term average annual runoff from USGS stream gage records. Results indicate over 45 percent of the modeled U.S. are within 50 mm of measured, and 18 percent are within 10 mm without calibration. The model tended to underpredict runoff in mountain areas due to lack of climate stations at high elevations. Given the limitations of the study, (i.e., spatial resolution of the data bases and model simplicity), the results show that the large scale hydrologic balance can be realistically simulated using a continuous water balance model. C1 ARS, USDA, Temple, TX 76502 USA. Texas Agr Expt Stn, Temple, TX 76502 USA. Baylor Univ, Dept Geol, Waco, TX 76798 USA. RP Arnold, JG (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 808 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RI Srinivasan, R/D-3937-2009 NR 49 TC 117 Z9 137 U1 3 U2 32 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 35 IS 5 BP 1037 EP 1051 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04192.x PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 247MQ UT WOS:000083224900004 ER PT J AU Clawson, RG Lockaby, BG Rummer, RB AF Clawson, RG Lockaby, BG Rummer, RB TI Harvest influences on floodwater properties in a forested floodplain SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE floodplain biogeochemistry; forested floodplain; silviculture; water chemistry ID EXCHANGE; SYSTEM AB Floodplain forests directly influence water quality by serving as sinks, sources, or transformers of nutrients. Increases in the demand for timber raise the question of how silvicultural disturbance may affect this function. The objective of this research was to compare biogeochemical relationships between undisturbed vs. disturbed conditions in a floodplain forest. A randomized complete block design consisting of three blocks and two treatments (partial harvest and undisturbed) was installed on the Flint River floodplain, Georgia. The partial cut was conducted during September-October 1993. Automated water samplers were situated to sample during flood events as sheetflow entered and exited treatment plots during the 1994, 1995 and 1996 flood seasons. Pre- vs, post-contact comparisons indicated that the undisturbed floodplain has minimal influence on water chemistry at this scale of measurement. Although the partial harvest on an 8-ha scale had minimal effect upon sheetflow water chemistry for three years following harvest, the data suggest that harvests may stimulate a minor increase in Ca and K sink activity. C1 Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Clawson, RG (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry, 108 MW Smith Hall, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 31 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 35 IS 5 BP 1081 EP 1088 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04195.x PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 247MQ UT WOS:000083224900007 ER PT J AU Burkart, MR Gassman, PW Moorman, TB Singh, P AF Burkart, MR Gassman, PW Moorman, TB Singh, P TI Estimating atrazine leaching in the Midwest SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE agricultural hydrology; nonpoint source pollution; infiltration and soil moisture; modeling; simulation; water quality ID COMPUTER-MODEL PREDICTIONS; FIELD DATA; SIMULATION-MODELS; ALLUVIAL SOILS; DEGRADATION; ALACHLOR; SURFACE; PRZM; GROUNDWATER; PERSISTENCE AB Data from seven Management Systems Evaluation Areas (MSEA) were used to test the sensitivity of a leaching model, Pesticide Root Zone Model-a, to a variety of hydrologic settings in the Midwest. Atrazine leaching was simulated because it was prevalent in the MSEA studies and is frequently detected in the region's groundwater. Short-term simulations used site-specific soil and chemical parameters. Generalized simulations used data available from regional soil databases and standardized variables. Accurate short-term simulations were precluded by lack of antecedent atrazine concentrations in the soil profile and water, suggesting that simulations using data for less than five years underestimate atrazine leaching. The seven sites were ranked in order of atrazine detection frequency (concentration > 0.2 mu g L(-1)) in soil water at 2 m depth in simulations. The rank order of the sites based on longterm simulations were similar to the ranks of sites based on atrazine detection frequency from groundwater monitoring. Simulations with Map Unit Use File (MUUF) soils data were more highly correlated with ranks of observed atrazine detection frequencies than were short-term simulations using site-specific soil data. Simulations using the MUUF data for soil parameters were sufficiently similarity to observed atrazine detection to allow the credible use of regional soils data for simulating leaching with PRZM-2 in a variety of Midwest soil and hydrologic conditions. This is encouraging for regional modeling efforts because soil parameters are among the most critical for operating PRZM-2 and many other leaching models. C1 ARS, USDA, MWA, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Ctr Agr Rural Dev, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Waterborne Environm Inc, Leesburg, VA 20175 USA. RP Burkart, MR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, MWA, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM burkart@nstl.gov NR 50 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 35 IS 5 BP 1089 EP 1100 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04196.x PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 247MQ UT WOS:000083224900008 ER PT J AU Shaw, PE Moshonas, MG Buslig, BS Barros, SM Widmer, WV AF Shaw, PE Moshonas, MG Buslig, BS Barros, SM Widmer, WV TI Discriminant and principal component analyses to classify commercial orange juices based on relative amounts of volatile juice constituents SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE Citrus sinensis; orange juice; volatile constituents; nutrients; multivariate analysis; headspace gas chromatography AB Pasteurised orange juices and two types of commercial orange juice from frozen concentrate were differentiated based on the combined levels of 15-25 volatile constituents monitored in each of 44 juice samples. Multivariate analysis programs were used to calculate discriminant and principal component analyses and to display the results graphically. Since this group of samples was part of a nutritional database study, other parameters were included in an effort to improve discrimination of the types of juice samples monitored. Addition of degrees Brix and acid values improved the separation by principal component analysis of the three types of juice studied, Discriminant analysis provided better separation of juice types than did principal component analysis. C1 ARS, USDA, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, Winter Haven, FL 33883 USA. Florida Dept Citrus, Winter Haven, FL USA. Florida Dept Citrus, Lake Alfred, FL USA. RP Shaw, PE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, 600 Ave S NW,POB 1909, Winter Haven, FL 33883 USA. NR 14 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 79 IS 13 BP 1949 EP 1953 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199910)79:13<1949::AID-JSFA462>3.0.CO;2-A PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 242RY UT WOS:000082956500027 ER PT J AU Williams, CE Moriarity, WJ AF Williams, CE Moriarity, WJ TI Occurrence of flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.), and mortality by dogwood anthracnose (Discula destructiva Redlin), on the northern Allegheny Plateau SO JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE Cornus florida; flowering dogwood; Discula destructiva; dogwood anthracnose; Allegheny Plateau; Pennsylvania; oak forest; forest decline ID CENTRAL PENNSYLVANIA; FOREST; VEGETATION; SEVERITY; CAROLINA; COUNTY; USA AB Flowering dogwood, Cornus florida L., is currently threatened throughout much of its range in eastern North America by the fungal pathogen Discula destructiva Redlin, the causal agent of the sometimes fatal disease dogwood anthracnose. We documented the occurrence of C. florida and assessed the extent of mortality by dogwood anthracnose in forests of the nonglaciated Allegheny Plateau in northwestern Pennsylvania, near the northern periphery of the species range. Classification analysis of plots with C. florida identified three oak-dominated community types in which C. florida occurred as a minor (importance value from 3.0 to 9.8) small tree: a Quercus rubra-Acer rubrum community; a Quercus alba-Q. rubra community; and a Q. coccinea-A. rubrum community. Oak communities supporting C. florida primarily occurred on silt loam soils on lower to upper slopes of southwesterly aspect. Density of C. florida (living and dead stems greater than or equal to 2.5 cm dbh/ha) varied across community types and was greatest in the Q. rubra-A. rubrum community (128 stems/ha) and lowest in the Q. alba-Q. rubra community (44 stems/ha). Sixty-nine living and dead stems of C. florida were tallied across community types. Of this total, all living C. florida trees (n = 24) had symptoms of dogwood anthracnose and all dead trees (n = 45) had died as a result of the disease; healthy, non-diseased trees were not encountered. Lack of non-diseased individuals across community types suggests that C. florida may either become an extremely rare element of Allegheny Plateau oak forests or eventually be eliminated from the region. C1 Clarion Univ Penn, Dept Biol, Clarion, PA 16214 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Allegheny Natl Forest, Warren, PA 16365 USA. RP Williams, CE (reprint author), Clarion Univ Penn, Dept Biol, Clarion, PA 16214 USA. NR 49 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0040-9618 J9 J TORREY BOT SOC JI J. Torrey Bot. Soc. PD OCT-DEC PY 1999 VL 126 IS 4 BP 313 EP 319 DI 10.2307/2997315 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 250FV UT WOS:000083379100005 ER PT J AU Elliott, KJ Vose, JM Swank, WT Bolstad, PV AF Elliott, KJ Vose, JM Swank, WT Bolstad, PV TI Long-term patterns in vegetation-site relationships in a southern Appalachian forest SO JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE canonical correspondence analysis; species-environment relationships; Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory ID NORTHERN LOWER MICHIGAN; DOGWOOD ANTHRACNOSE; ENVIRONMENT RELATIONSHIPS; MOUNTAIN-RANGE; OAK FORESTS; DISTURBANCE; GRADIENT; ECOLOGY; STANDS; BASIN AB We used permanent plot inventories from 1969-1973 and 1988-1993 to describe forest species distribution patterns of the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, a 2,185 ha basin in western North Carolina, USA. We used canonical correspondence analysis to explore the vegetation-site patterns for the 1970s and 1990s inventories combined. Site variables were determined by direct measurements or calculated by digital geographical information system mapping methods. Site variables were percent slope, elevation, terrain shape, precipitation, modified azimuth, soil organic matter content, soil depth, soil clay content, depth of A-horizon, potential solar radiation, and mean temperature during the growing season. Fifty percent of the variation in the vegetation distribution was explained by the site variables used in the canonical correspondence analysis. Soil organic matter, terrain shape, and elevation were the variables most strongly related to vegetation distribution. Species associated with convex terrain (upper slopes and ridges), such as Pinus rigida, Quercus coccinea, and Quercus velutina, decreased in abundance from the 1970s to the 1990s; species associated with soils having high organic matter content and deep A-horizons, such as Liriodendron tulipifera, Rhododendron maximum, and Tsuga canadensis increased in abundance. Individual species responded differently to site gradients. For example, Acer rubrum, Quercus prinus, Oxydendrum arboreum, and Nyssa sylvatica were located in the center of the ordination space (i.e., their occurrence was not related to any of the site variables), which suggests that these species are habitat generalists. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, Otto, NC 28763 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Elliott, KJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, Otto, NC 28763 USA. NR 57 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 11 PU TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0040-9618 J9 J TORREY BOT SOC JI J. Torrey Bot. Soc. PD OCT-DEC PY 1999 VL 126 IS 4 BP 320 EP 334 DI 10.2307/2997316 PG 15 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 250FV UT WOS:000083379100006 ER PT J AU Kleiboeker, SB Scoles, GA Burrage, TG Sur, JH AF Kleiboeker, SB Scoles, GA Burrage, TG Sur, JH TI African swine fever virus replication in the midgut epithelium is required for infection of Ornithodoros ticks SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID ALECTOROBIUS PUERTORICENSIS ACARI; EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS; PAVLOVSKYELLA MAROCANUS ACARI; GROWTH IN-VITRO; EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION; SOFT TICK; MOUBATA-PORCINUS; ARGASID TICK; VIRULENCE; VECTOR AB Although the Malawi Lil20/1 (MAL) strain of African swine fever virus (ASFV) was isolated from Ornithodoros sp. ticks, our attempts to experimentally infect ticks by feeding them this strain failed. Ten different collections of Ornithodorus porcinus porcinus ticks and one collection of O. porcinus domesticus ticks were orally exposed to a high titer of MAL. At 3 weeks postinoculation (p.i.), <25% of the ticks contained detectable virus, with viral titers of <4 log(10) 50% hemadsorbing doses/ml. Viral titers declined to undetectability in >90% of the ticks by 5 weeks p.i. To further study the growth defect, O. porcinus porcinus ticks were orally exposed to MAL and assayed at regular intervals p.i. Whole-tick viral titers dramatically declined (>1,000-fold) between 2 and 6 days p.i., and by 18 days p.i., viral titers were below the detection limit. In contrast, viral titers of ticks orally exposed to a tick-competent ASFV isolate, Pretoriuskop/96/4/1 (Pr4), increased 10-fold by 10 days p.i. and 50-fold by 14 days p.i. Early viral gene expression, but not extensive late gene expression or viral DNA synthesis, was detected in the midguts of ticks orally exposed to MAL. Ultrastructural analysis demonstrated that progeny virus was rarely present in ticks orally exposed to MAL and, when present, was associated with extensive cytopathology of phagocytic midgut epithelial cells. To determine if viral replication was restricted only in the midgut epithelium, parenteral inoculations into the hemocoel were performed. With inoculation by this route, a persistent infection was established although a delay in generalization of MAL was detected and viral titers in most tissues were typically 10- to 1,000-fold lower than those of ticks injected with Pr4. MAL was detected in both the salivary secretion and coral fluid following feeding but less frequently and at a lower titer compared to Pr4. Transovarial transmission of MAL was not detected after two gonotrophic cycles. Ultrastructural analysis demonstrated that, when injected, MAL replicated in a number of cell types but failed to replicate in midgut epithelial cells. In contrast, ticks injected with Pr4 had replicating virus in midgut epithelial cells. Together, these results indicate that MAL replication is restricted in midgut epithelial cells. This finding demonstrates the importance of viral replication in the midgut for successful ASFV infection of the arthropod host. C1 USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. RP Kleiboeker, SB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. NR 44 TC 23 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 8 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 73 IS 10 BP 8587 EP 8598 PG 12 WC Virology SC Virology GA 235QP UT WOS:000082554300074 PM 10482612 ER PT J AU Zhou, NN Senne, DA Landgraf, JS Swenson, SL Erickson, G Rossow, K Liu, L Yoon, KJ Krauss, S Webster, RG AF Zhou, NN Senne, DA Landgraf, JS Swenson, SL Erickson, G Rossow, K Liu, L Yoon, KJ Krauss, S Webster, RG TI Genetic reassortment of avian, swine, and human influenza A viruses in American pigs SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID A H3N2 VIRUSES; INTERSPECIES TRANSMISSION; ANTIGENIC SITES; SOUTHERN CHINA; HEMAGGLUTININ; EVOLUTION; H1N1; INFECTION; ANTIBODY; STRAINS AB In late summer through early winter of 1998, there were several outbreaks of respiratory disease in the swine herds of North Carolina, Texas, Minnesota, and Iowa. Four viral isolates from outbreaks in different states were analyzed genetically. Genotyping and phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the four swine viruses had emerged through two different pathways. The North Carolina isolate is the product of genetic reassortment between H3N2 human and classic swine H1N1 influenza viruses, while the others arose from reassortment of human H3N2, classic swine H1N1, and avian viral genes. The hemagglutinin genes of the four isolates were all derived from the human H3N2 virus circulating in 1995. It remains to be determined if either of these recently emerged viruses will become established in the pigs in North America and whether they will become an economic burden. C1 St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Virol & Mol Biol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA. USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. N Carolina Dept Agr & Consumer Serv, Rollins Anim Dis Diagnost Lab, Raleigh, NC 27605 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Vet Diagnost Med, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Vet Diagnost Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Jiangxi Med Coll, Dept Microbiol, Nanchang, Jiangxi, Peoples R China. RP Webster, RG (reprint author), St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Virol & Mol Biol, 332 N Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38105 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA-21765, P30 CA021765]; NIAID NIH HHS [AI29680, N01AI95357] NR 42 TC 357 Z9 405 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 73 IS 10 BP 8851 EP 8856 PG 6 WC Virology SC Virology GA 235QP UT WOS:000082554300105 PM 10482643 ER PT J AU Roffe, TJ Rhyan, JC Aune, K Philo, LM Ewalt, DR Gidlewski, T Hennager, SG AF Roffe, TJ Rhyan, JC Aune, K Philo, LM Ewalt, DR Gidlewski, T Hennager, SG TI Brucellosis in Yellowstone National Park bison: Quantitative serology and infection SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE bacteriology; bison; Bison bison; Brucella abortus; brucellosis; serology; Yellowstone National Park AB We collected complete sets of tissues, fluids, and swabs (approx 30) from 37 Yellowstone National Park (YNP) female bison (Bison bison) killed as a result of management actions by the Montana Department of Livestock and YNP personnel. Our goal was to establish the relation between blood tests demonstrating an animal has antibody to Brucella and the potential of that animal to be infected during the second trimester of pregnancy, the time when most management actions are taken, Twenty-eight of the 37 bison were seropositive adults (27) or a seropositive calf (l). We cultured samples using macerated whole tissues plated onto 4 Brucella-selective e media and incubated with added CO2 for 1 week. Specimens from 2 adult seropositive females using contaminated, thus eliminating them from our data. Twelve of the remaining 26 seropositive adult and calf female bison (46%) were culture positive for Brucella abortus from 1 or more tissues. Culture positive adult females had high serologic titers. All 11 adults measured <0.115 on the Particle Concentration Fluorescence Immunoassay (PCFIA), and 9 (82%) were <0.085. Complement fixation (CF) titers were >3+ at 1:40 for 10 of 11 (91%) animals. All culture positive female adults had either. a PCFIA less than or equal to 0.080 or a CF: reaction greater than or equal to 4+ at 1:80. However 5 (36%) bison with high titers were culture negative for B. abortus. Our findings on the relation between Brucella serology and culture are similar to those reported from studies of chronically infected cattle herds. C1 Montana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Cent Reg Off, Biol Resource Div, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Montana State Univ, Montana Dept Fish Wildlife & Parks, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. USDA, Bozeman, MT 59718 USA. USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Roffe, TJ (reprint author), Montana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Cent Reg Off, Biol Resource Div, FWP Bldg,1400 S 19th St, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 3 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 63 IS 4 BP 1132 EP 1137 DI 10.2307/3802831 PG 6 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 249JU UT WOS:000083330600007 ER PT J AU Brooks, RT AF Brooks, RT TI Residual effects of thinning and high white-tailed deer densities on northern redback salamanders in southern New England oak forests SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE commercial thinning; cover cover-board survey; mixed oak-hardwood forest; Plethodon cinereus; red-back salamander; southern New England AB Research has demonstrated that even-aged regeneration harvests, especially clearcutting, can have a major and long-lasting detrimental effect on forest amphibians, but the effects of less intensive silvicultural treatments have not been well documented. Additionally the chronic overabundance of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) has become a problem in many parts of North America, with associated effects on vegetation composition and structure and on ether wildlife. I assessed the effects of crown thinning and deer overabundance on the relative abundance of forest-floor salamanders in a southern New England mixed oak-hardwood forest. I surveyed salamanders by using cover boards in 16 forest stands with thinned or unthinned treatments and with histories of low (3-6 deer/km(2)) or high (10-17 deer/km(2)) deer densities. Surveys were conducted 5 times a year for 3 years. Northern redbacks salamanders (Pedthodon cinerus) were the dominate species in all surveys and in all treatment classes. Redbacks were most abundant in spring and fall surveys and in the second and third lear of the study Neither thinning nor white-tailed deer density had a significant effect on the number of redback observations: stands with high numbers of redbacks occurred in all treatment classes. At the stand level, numbers of redback observations were positively correlated with the number of pieces and area of coarse woody debris and with the density of tall (greater than or equal to 1 m) woody stems. The study suggests that 3 stand disturbance, where a large percentage of the canopy is retained and that results in an increase in cover of understory vegetation, would result in no long-term effect on forest-floor salamanders. C1 Univ Massachusetts, NE Res Stn, US Forest Serv, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Brooks, RT (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, NE Res Stn, US Forest Serv, 201 Holdsworth NRC, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 4 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 11 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 63 IS 4 BP 1172 EP 1180 DI 10.2307/3802835 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 249JU UT WOS:000083330600011 ER PT J AU Baker, DL Andelt, WF Burnham, KP Shepperd, WD AF Baker, DL Andelt, WF Burnham, KP Shepperd, WD TI Effectiveness of hot sauce (R) and deer away (R) repellents for deterring elk browsing of aspen sprouts SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE aspen; capsaicin; Cervus elaphus; Colorado; repellents; wildlife damage ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; MULE DEER; DAMAGE; WINTER; RANGE AB In western North America, large concentrations of elk (Cervus elaphus) can have detrimental effects on aspen (Populus tremuloides) regeneration and clone survival. In some situations, management intervention to protect aspen sprouts is needed. We conducted an experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of Hot Sauce Animal Repellent(R) (HS) and Deer Away(R) (DA) in deterring elk from browsing aspen sprouts during summer. We examined the responses of elk browsing on aspen sprouts at 3 levels of HS (0.062%, 0.62%, 6.2%) and 1 level of DA at 2 time periods (2 and 5 weeks postapplication). High concentration HS (6.2%) and DA were the most effective repellents; browsing on aspen sprouts was reduced by 45% with HS and 27% with DA compared to controls. Elk browsing on aspen sprouts decreased linearly (P < 0.001) with increased concentration of IIS. Levels of elk browsing on aspen sprouts were similar (P = 0.249) for repellent treatments applied 2 and 5 weeks prior to exposure to elk. We conclude that HS (6.2%) and DA will provide protection of aspen sprouts from browsing by elk for at least 5 weeks during the growing season, but current economic costs limit the practicality of large-scale use of these repellents. C1 Colorado Div Wildlife, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Baker, DL (reprint author), Colorado Div Wildlife, 317 W Prospect, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 38 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 10 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 63 IS 4 BP 1327 EP 1336 DI 10.2307/3802851 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 249JU UT WOS:000083330600027 ER PT J AU Blackwell, BF Seamans, TW Dolbeer, RA AF Blackwell, BF Seamans, TW Dolbeer, RA TI Plant growth regulator (Stronghold (TM)) enhances repellency of anthraquinone formulation (Flight Conirol (TM)) to Canada geese SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE airport; anthraquinone; Branta canadensis; Canada goose; grazing; plant growth regulator; repellent; tall grass management ID AVIAN FEEDING REPELLENT; METHYL ANTHRANILATE; GOOSE PROBLEMS; DIMETHYL AB There is a need for nonlethal methods of reducing conflicts between burgeoning populations of resident giant Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and humans at airports and other settings. An anthraquinone-based formulation (Flight Control(TM) [FC]; 50% anthraquinone [AQ], active ingredient) has shown promise in deterring grazing by Canada geese. We hypothesized that the addition of a plant growth regulator (Stronghold(TM) [SH]) might enhance the effectiveness of FC by minimizing the exposure of new, untreated grass. To isolate the effects of grass height, plant growth regulator and the combination of a repellent with a plant growth regulator on grazing by geese, we conducted 3 experiments, each using 24 geese in 6 18.3- x 30.5-m pens in northern Ohio during 1998. We evaluated the response of geese to short (4-11 cm) and tall grass (16-21 cm) in a g-day test (15-23 Jul). Next, SH (applied at 1.2 L/ha) was evaluated as a grazing repellent in a 14-day test (30 Jul-12 Aug). Finally, we evaluated the effectiveness of FC (2.3 L/ha) combined with SR (0.9 L/ha SH) as a grazing repellent in a 22-day test (11 Sep-2 Oct). We found no difference (P = 0.529) in the number of geese per observation in tall- (1.7 +/- 1.5; (x) over bar +/- SE) versus short-grass plots (2.3 +/- 1.5), nor in bill contacts per minute (P = 0.777) in tall- (12.6 +/- 9.3) versus short-grass plots (11.1 +/- 7.9). In the SH test, 14 days postapplication, mean grass height was 12.9 cm in untreated plots and 7.2 cm in treated plots. However, the number of geese per observation on untreated (1.8 +/- 1.3) and treated plots (2.2 +/- 1.3) did not differ (P = 0.567). Also, there was no difference (P = 0.706) in the number of bill contacts per minute in untreated (15.3 +/- 9.9) versus treated plots (18.1 +/- 14.2). In contrast, over a 22-day FC/SH test, the mean number of geese per observation was 2.6 times greater (P < 0.001) on untreated (2.9 +/- 0.5) versus treated plots (1.1 +/- 0.5). Further, the mean number of bill contacts per minute was 8.2 times greater (P < 0.001) on untreated (54.4 +/- 11.2) than treated plots (6.6 +/- 2.3). We observed no abatement in repellency 22 days posttreatment. Thus, we conclude that SH greatly enhanced the repellency of FC to grazing Canada geese, and we contend that the use of a plant growth regulator with FC will prove effective in reducing goose foraging at airports and other sites. C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. RP Blackwell, BF (reprint author), USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 6100 Columbus Ave, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. NR 24 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 63 IS 4 BP 1336 EP 1343 DI 10.2307/3802852 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 249JU UT WOS:000083330600028 ER PT J AU Shumake, SA Sterner, RT Gaddis, SE AF Shumake, SA Sterner, RT Gaddis, SE TI Repellents to reduce cable gnawing by northern pocket gophers SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE cable damage; gnawing; pocket gopher; repellent; Thomomys talpoides ID THOMOMYS-TALPOIDES; DAMAGE AB There is a continuing need to develop improved repellent formulations to protect buried cable installations from damage by problem wildlife. We evaluated 2.0% mass/mass levels of capsaicin and denatonium benzoate in a polybutene carrier material (Indopol(R)) and an aboveground, rodent-deer plastic mesh barrier (Vexar(R)) for reducing gnawing by northern pocket gophers (Thomomys talpoides) on communications cable (RG-8U). When treatments were applied as surface coatings, neither capsaicin nor denatonium samples were lower (P > 0.05) in measures of cable damage compared to control (Indopol(R) alone) or samples treated with Vexar(R) plastic mesh. When the test was repeated with a new group of 24 gophers (n = 6/group in each of 4 groups) but with the 2.0% capsaicin, 2.0% denatonium benzoate, and Indopol(R) enclosed with electrical shrink tubing, there was less damage for the capsaicin samples (P < 0.05) on mass, depth of cut, width, and volume of cable chewed when compared to samples treated with the Vesar(R) and Indopol(R). Denatonium benzoate treatment also produced repellent effects (P < 0.05) on the width measure when compared to Vexar(R) samples. In addition, the denatonium benzoate samples were damaged less than Indopol(R) samples, although not significantly, as measured by mass loss and depth of gnawing. Therefore, we concluded that although capsaicin and denatoneum benzoate appeared to be completely ineffective when applied as a surface coating to cable, the same agents became effective cable gnawing repellents when encased in electrical shrink tubing. This encasing procedure demonstrated quite clearly that the means for applying the repellent agent are an all important aspect of developing effective products to control gnawing damage by northern pocket gophers. C1 US Forest Serv, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Shumake, SA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 63 IS 4 BP 1344 EP 1349 DI 10.2307/3802853 PG 6 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 249JU UT WOS:000083330600029 ER PT J AU Smith, WP AF Smith, WP TI Relations of small mammal populations to even-aged shelterwood systems: A comment SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Clethrionomys gapperi; ecological scale; forest management; red-backed vole; shelterwood harvest; small mammals; spruce forest; statistical independence ID HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; FOREST; ABUNDANCE; RESPONSES; COMMUNITY; SCALE AB Von Trebra et al. (1998) concluded that shelterwood. harvesting of sub-boreal spruce forest did not negatively affect small mammal populations. However apparent problems with their experimental design leave us without a clear understanding of small mammal responses to forestry practices. I offer statistical and biological rationales as to why their experimental design was likely inappropriate to test the hypothesis that "a shelterwood silvicultural system would reduce small mammal populations" (Von Trebra et al. 1998:631). My objections emphasize issues of ecological scale, which suggests small mammal population results reported in their paper may not have reflected the habitat condition of individual experimental blocks, much less treatment units. Finally, I discuss implications to forest management, notably the conservation of sensitive species, of inferring conclusions and offering management recommendations from dubious results. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Smith, WP (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 2770 Sherwood Lane,Suite 2A, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM wsmith/r10@fs.fed.us NR 30 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 63 IS 4 BP 1376 EP 1380 DI 10.2307/3802857 PG 5 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 249JU UT WOS:000083330600033 ER PT J AU Bond, DR Tsai, BM Russell, JB AF Bond, DR Tsai, BM Russell, JB TI Physiological characterization of Streptococcus bovis mutants that can resist 2-deoxyglucose-induced lysis SO MICROBIOLOGY-SGM LA English DT Article DE Streptococcus bovis; 2-deoxyglucose; cell lysis; lipoteichoic acid ID LIPOTEICHOIC ACID; RUMINAL BACTERIA; GLUCOSE-TRANSPORT; BACILLUS-SUBTILIS; LOW-AFFINITY; GROWTH; SYSTEM; PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE; INHIBITION; AUTOLYSINS AB Streptococcus bovis JB1 does not normally lyse, but stationary phase lysis can be induced by including 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) in the growth medium. Isolates deficient in glucose/2DG phosphotransferase activity (PTS-) also lysed when 2DG was present (Lys(+)) and this result indicated that 2DG phosphorylation via the PTS was not an obligate requirement for 2DG-induced lysis, Cells and cell walls from 2DG-grown cultures lysed faster when proteinase K was added, but glucose-grown cultures and cell walls were not affected. A lipoteichoic acid (LTA) extract (aqueous phase from hot phenol treatment) from glucose-grown cells inhibited the lysis of 2DG-grown cultures, but a similar extract prepared from 2DG-grown cells was without effect. Thin-layer chromatography and differential staining indicated that wild-type and Lys(+) PTS- cells incorporated 2DG into LTA, but lysis-resistant cultures (Lys(-) PTS+ and Lys(-) PTS-) did not. LTA from lysis-resistant (Lys(-) PTS+ and Lys(-) PTS-) cells grown with glucose and 2DG also prevented 2DG-dependent lysis of the wild-type. LTA could not inhibit degradation of cell walls isolated from 2DC-grown cultures, but LTA inhibited the lysis of Micrococcus lysodeikticus (Micrococcus luteus) cells that were exposed to supernatants from 2DG-grown S. bovis cultures. Group D streptococci (including S. bovis) normally have an alpha-1,2 linked glucose disaccharide (kojibiose) in their LTA, but kojibiose cannot be synthesized from 2DG, This observation suggested that the kojibiose moiety of LTA was involved in autolysin inactivation. Wild-type S, bovis had ATP- as well as PEP-dependent mechanisms of 2DG phosphorylation and one lysis-resistant phenotype (Lys(-) PTS-) had reduced levels of both activities. However, the Lys(-) PTS+ phenotype was still able to phosphorylate 2DG via ATP and PEP and this result indicated that some other step of 2DG incorporation into LTA was being inhibited. Based on these results, growth in the presence of 2DG appears to prevent synthesis of normal LTA, which is involved in the regulation of autolytic enzymes. C1 Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. ARS, USDA, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Russell, JB (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Wing Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. OI Bond, Daniel/0000-0001-8083-7107 NR 42 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1350-0872 J9 MICROBIOL-SGM JI Microbiology-(UK) PD OCT PY 1999 VL 145 BP 2977 EP 2985 PN 10 PG 9 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 246GN UT WOS:000083156200038 PM 10537220 ER PT J AU Schoenbeck, MA Samac, DA Fedorova, M Gregerson, RG Gantt, JS Vance, CP AF Schoenbeck, MA Samac, DA Fedorova, M Gregerson, RG Gantt, JS Vance, CP TI The alfalfa (Medicago sativa) TDY1 gene encodes a mitogen-activated protein kinase homolog SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE lucerne; Nicotiana tabacum; phosphorylation; Sinorhizobium meliloti ID MAP KINASE; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; AGROBACTERIUM-TUMEFACIENS; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; TRANSIENT ACTIVATION; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; MOLECULAR-CLONING; EXPRESSION; YEAST; PLANT AB Development of root nodules, specifically induction of cortical cell division for nodule initiation, requires expression of specific genes in the host and microsymbiont. A full-length cDNA clone and the corresponding genomic clone encoding a MAP (mitogen-activated protein) kinase homolog were isolated from alfalfa (Medicago sativa), The genomic clone, TDY1, encodes a 68.9-kDa protein with 47.7% identity to MMK4, a previously characterized MAP kinase homolog from alfalfa, TDY1 is unique among the known plant MAP kinases, primarily due to a 230 amino acid C-terminal domain. The putative activation motif, Thr-Asp-Tyr (TDY), also differs from the previously reported Thr-Glu-Tyr (TEY) motif in plant MAP kinases. TDY1 messages were found predominantly in root nodules, roots, and root tips. Transgenic alfalfa and Medicago truncatula containing a chimeric gene consisting of 1.8 kbp of 5' flanking sequence of the TDY1 gene fused to the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) coding sequence exhibited GUS expression primarily in the nodule parenchyma, meristem, and vascular bundles, root tips, and root vascular bundles. Stem internodes stained intensely in cortical parenchyma, cambial cells, and primary xylem. GUS activity was observed in leaf mesophyll surrounding areas of mechanical wounding and pathogen invasion. The promoter was also active in root tips and apical meristems of transgenic tobacco. Expression patterns suggest a possible role for TDY1 in initiation and development of nodules and roots, and in localized responses to wounding. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Lyon Coll, Dept Biol, Batesville, AR 72503 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Samac, DA (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 61 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 12 IS 10 BP 882 EP 893 DI 10.1094/MPMI.1999.12.10.882 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 240LN UT WOS:000082827600006 PM 10517028 ER PT J AU Callahan, TM Rose, MS Meade, MJ Ehrenshaft, M Upchurch, RG AF Callahan, TM Rose, MS Meade, MJ Ehrenshaft, M Upchurch, RG TI CFP, the putative cercosporin transporter of Cercospora kikuchii, is required for wild type cercosporin production, resistance, and virulence on soybean SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE drug/proton antiporter ID OXYGEN-GENERATING PHOTOSENSITIZERS; SINGLET-OXYGEN; FILAMENTOUS FUNGI; TOXIN; GENE; EXPRESSION; PROTEINS; MUTANTS; IDENTIFICATION; TRANSFORMATION AB Many species of the fungal genus Cercospora, including the soybean pathogen C. kikuchii, produce the phytotoxic polyketide cercosporin, Cercosporin production is induced by light. Previously, we identified several cDNA clones of mRNA transcripts that exhibited light-enhanced accumulation in C, kikuchii, Targeted disruption of the genomic copy of one of these, now designated CFP (cercosporin facilitator protein), results in a drastic reduction in cercosporin production, greatly reduced virulence of the fungus to soybean, and increased sensitivity to exogenous cercosporin, Sequence analysis of CFP reveals an 1,821-bp open reading frame encoding a 65.4-kDa protein similar to several members of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) of integral membrane transporter proteins known to confer resistance to various antibiotics and toxins in fungi and bacteria. We propose that CFP encodes a cercosporin transporter that contributes resistance to cercosporin by actively exporting cercosporin, thus maintaining low cellular concentrations of the toxin. C1 USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Upchurch, RG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 42 TC 75 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 12 IS 10 BP 901 EP 910 DI 10.1094/MPMI.1999.12.10.901 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 240LN UT WOS:000082827600008 PM 10517030 ER PT J AU Crous, PW Palm, ME AF Crous, PW Palm, ME TI Systematics of selected foliicolous fungi associated with leaf spots of Proteaceae SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SOUTH-AFRICA; LEPTOSPHAERIA; NOV AB The present study treats several fungi associated with leaf spots of Proteaceae from Africa, Australia and India. Leptosphaeria leucadendri (anamorph: Sclerostagonospora leucadendri) is described from Leucadendron leaves from Australia, while three previously described African taxa from Protea leaves are transferred to Phaeophleospora as P. abyssinicae, P. congestum and P. protearum. Trimmatostroma protearum and a Phyllosticta sp. are described from Protea leaves collected in South Africa and Australia, respectively. Cercospora agharkarii, which occurs on Grevillea, is redisposed to Pseudocercopora while a new genus Pseudohendersonia, is proposed for P. proteae occurring on Protea leaves in South Africa. C1 Univ Stellenbosch, Dept Plant Pathol, ZA-7602 Matieland, South Africa. USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Syst Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Crous, PW (reprint author), Univ Stellenbosch, Dept Plant Pathol, P Bag X1, ZA-7602 Matieland, South Africa. RI Crous, Pedro/H-1489-2012 OI Crous, Pedro/0000-0001-9085-8825 NR 28 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 2 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 103 BP 1299 EP 1304 DI 10.1017/S0953756299008461 PN 10 PG 6 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 252RB UT WOS:000083515100011 ER PT J AU Clark, RB Zobel, RW Zeto, SK AF Clark, RB Zobel, RW Zeto, SK TI Effects of mycorrhizal fungus isolates on mineral acquisition by Panicum virgatum in acidic soil SO MYCORRHIZA LA English DT Article DE Acaulospora; Gigaspora; Glomus; alleviation of toxic minerals; mineral nutrient concentrations; low pH soil; switchgrass ID TRIFOLIUM-SUBTERRANEUM L; VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAE; ZEA-MAYS L; NUTRIENT-UPTAKE; PHOSPHATASE-ACTIVITY; ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS; CALCAREOUS SOIL; WHITE CLOVER; RHIZOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS; MANGANESE REDUCTION AB Plant ability to withstand acidic soil mineral deficiencies and toxicities can be enhanced by root-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) symbioses. The AMF benefits to plants may be attributed to enhanced plant acquisition of mineral nutrients essential to plant growth and restricted acquisition of toxic elements. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) was grown in pH(Ca) (soil:10 mM CaCl(2), 1:1) 4 and 5 soil (Typic Hapludult) inoculated with Glomus clarum, G. diaphanum, G, etunicatum, G, intraradices, Gigaspora albida, Gi. margarita, Gi. rosea, and Acaulospora morrowiae to determine differences among AMF isolates for mineral acquisition. Shoots of mycorrhizal (AM) plants had 6.2-fold P concentration differences when grown in pH(Ca) 4 soil and 2.9-fold in pH(Ca) 5 soil. Acquisition trends for the other mineral nutrients essential for plant growth were similar for AM plants grown in pH(Ca) 4 and 5 soil, and differences among AMF isolates were generally higher for plants grown in pH(Ca) 4 than in pH(Ca) 5 soil. Both declines and increases in shoot concentrations of N, S, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, and Mn relative to nonmycorrhizal (nonAM) plants were noted for many AM plants. Differences among AM plants for N and Mg concentrations were relatively small (< 2-fold) and were large (2- to 9-fold) for the other minerals. Shoot concentrations of mineral nutrients did not relate well to dry matter produced or to percentage root colonization. Except for Mn and one AMF isolate, shoot concentrations of Mn, Fe, B, and Al in AM plants were lower than in nonAM plants, and differences among AM plants for these minerals ranged from a low of 1.8-fold for Fe to as high as 6.9-fold for Mn. Some AMF isolates were effective in overcoming acidic soil mineral deficiency and toxicity problems that commonly occur with plants grown in acidic soil. C1 ARS, USDA, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Clark, RB (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, 1224 Airport Rd, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. EM rclark@afsrc.ars.usda.gov NR 84 TC 40 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 37 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0940-6360 J9 MYCORRHIZA JI Mycorrhiza PD OCT PY 1999 VL 9 IS 3 BP 167 EP 176 DI 10.1007/s005720050302 PG 10 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 245VU UT WOS:000083129500006 ER PT J AU Daniel, SL Fox, L AF Daniel, SL Fox, L TI Landsat-derived serpentine barren classification for locating McDonald's rock cress (Arabis macdonaldiana) SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Arabis macdonaldiana; Landsat Thematic Mapper; McDonald's rock cress; serpentine barrens; spectral classification AB Spectral signatures were developed using Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery to find serpentine barren habitat occupied by the U.S. federally listed endangered plant species Arabis macdonaldiana Eastwood. Focussing on mapping barrens in the Klamath Mountains of Del Norte County, California, within the North Fork Smith River Basin, we developed four spectral signatures. We sampled spectral classes using 60 randomly located accuracy assessment points. Results were analyzed using chi-square contingency tables (alpha = 0.20) and forward variable-selection logistic regression. The dependent variable was presence/absence of A. macdonaldiana. Independent variables were spectral signature, percent slope, transformed aspect, and elevation. Using geographic information systems, we were able to determine the amount of barren habitat in each spectral class, by watershed. The null hypothesis that all four spectral classes had the same frequency of A. macdonaldiana was rejected (X-2, 6.07, 0.10

2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 351ZL UT WOS:000089190000012 ER PT J AU Glahn, JF Tomsa, T Preusser, KJ AF Glahn, JF Tomsa, T Preusser, KJ TI Impact of great blue heron predation at trout-rearing facilities in the northeastern United States SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID HATCHERIES AB Stomach content analysis and raceway exclusion trials were conducted to evaluate the impact of great blue herons Ardea herodias at each of five trout-rearing facilities in the northeastern United States. Forty-two great blue herons, collected from July through September 1995 at five facilities, averaged 1.6 trout/bird or about half of their daily food requirement of 300 g/bird, in a single feeding. With two crepuscular foraging periods per day, great blue herons probably ate about three trout/d. Great blue herons consumed trout averaging 21.6 cm in total length, which is consistent with published visual estimates. However great blue herons consumed trout ranging from 12 cm to 38 cm, suggesting that most commercially produced trout would be vulnerable to heron predation. By comparing trout inventories between pairs of net-protected and unprotected pools, we measured trout losses due to great blue heron predation at the unprotected pool and extrapolated losses for each facility. Negligible trout losses at two sites were associated with either no great blue heron use of the unprotected pool or inventory shortages from the protected pool exceeding 2,800 fish. At the remaining three sites, trout losses ranged from 9.1% to 39.4%. The economic impact of these losses relative to great blue heron use patterns is discussed. Because large fish losses were documented from both bird predation and other causes, further controlled studies of this nature are recommended as a procedure for aquaculture managers to assess their losses to great blue herons and other avian predators. C1 US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Summerdale, PA 17093 USA. US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Castleton, NY 12033 USA. RP Glahn, JF (reprint author), US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, PO Drawer 6099, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 13 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 61 IS 4 BP 349 EP 354 DI 10.1577/1548-8454(1999)061<0349:IOGBHP>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 351ZL UT WOS:000089190000013 ER PT J AU Blumberg, JB AF Blumberg, JB TI Dietary reference intakes for vitamin E SO NUTRITION LA English DT Editorial Material ID RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; HEALTHY ELDERLY SUBJECTS; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; ANTIOXIDANT VITAMINS; E SUPPLEMENTATION; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; E CONSUMPTION; RISK; PLATELETS; CANCER C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Blumberg, JB (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 33 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0899-9007 J9 NUTRITION JI Nutrition PD OCT PY 1999 VL 15 IS 10 BP 797 EP 799 PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 234RC UT WOS:000082497300018 PM 10501299 ER PT J AU McKeown, N AF McKeown, N TI Antioxidants and breast cancer SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID VITAMIN-C; DIETARY FACTORS; BETA-CAROTENE; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; UNITED-STATES; NEW-YORK; RISK; VEGETABLES; RETINOL; MICRONUTRIENTS AB A recent prospective study found that consumption of fruits and vegetables high in specific carotenoids and vitamins reduced breast cancer risk among premenopausal women. This observed protection might not be due to the anticarcinogenic mechanism of a single nutrient Further prospective studies relating blood and dietary micronutrients to breast cancer risk are warranted. C1 Tufts Univ, Vitamin K Lab, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP McKeown, N (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Vitamin K Lab, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 32 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 57 IS 10 BP 321 EP 324 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 255DZ UT WOS:000083655400005 PM 10575909 ER PT J AU Kotob, SI McLaughlin, SM Van Berkum, P Faisal, M AF Kotob, SI McLaughlin, SM Van Berkum, P Faisal, M TI Discrimination between two Perkinsus spp. isolated from the softshell clam, Mya arenaria, by sequence analysis of two internal transcribed spacer regions and the 5 center dot 8S ribosomal RNA gene SO PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE polymerase chain reaction; phylogenetic relationships; ribosomal RNA loci ID SCALLOPS ARGOPECTEN-IRRADIANS; N-SP APICOMPLEXA; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM-PARVUM; PARASITE; MARINUS; DNA; IDENTIFICATION; INFECTION; PROTISTA AB The internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1 and ITS-2) regions and the 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene of 2 Perkinsus spp. (G117 and H49) originating from the softshell clam, Mya arenaria, of the Chesapeake Bay were cloned and sequenced to obtain evidence for their genetic divergence. A high level of heterogeneity in both regions, probably resulting from deletions, insertions, and base substitutions, was evident from alignments of the sequences of the 2 isolates with published sequences of other Perkinsus spp. The isolate G117 and other Perkinsus spp. were highly divergent (13-26 % and 19-20 % sequence divergence in ITS-1 and ITS-2, respectively). These regions in the isolate H49 and Perkinsus marinus were similar (99.07 % and 99 % for ITS-1 and ITS-2, respectively). Evidence obtained from a phylogenetic analysis using the aligned sequences suggests that G117 and H49 belong to 2 distinct species of Perkins rls. The isolate G117 possibly belongs to an as yet undescribed species of Perkinsus, and H49 belongs to the species P. marinus. The conclusions drawn from the genetic analysis of H49 and G117 are supported by previously reported morphological characteristics (McLaughlin & Faisal, 1998b). Isolates H49 and G117 originated from the same molluscan species demonstrating that at least 2 different species of Perkinsus call co-exist in 1 host. C1 Coll William & Mary, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Dept Environm Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Cooperat Oxford Lab, Oxford, MD 21654 USA. USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Kotob, SI (reprint author), Coll William & Mary, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Dept Environm Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. NR 31 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0031-1820 J9 PARASITOLOGY JI Parasitology PD OCT PY 1999 VL 119 BP 363 EP 368 DI 10.1017/S0031182099004801 PN 4 PG 6 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 247FM UT WOS:000083210500006 PM 10581614 ER PT J AU Huang, FN Zhu, KY Buschman, LL Higgins, RA Oppert, B AF Huang, FN Zhu, KY Buschman, LL Higgins, RA Oppert, B TI Comparison of midgut proteinases in Bacillus thuringiensis-susceptible and -resistant European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) SO PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bacillus thuringiensis; chymotrypsin; elastase; enzyme kinetics; European corn borer; insecticide resistance; proteinase; trypsin ID BRUSH-BORDER MEMBRANE; DELTA-ENDOTOXIN; PLODIA-INTERPUNCTELLA; HUBNER LEPIDOPTERA; INSECT RESISTANCE; BINDING-SITES; SPECIFICITY; LARVAE; ACTIVATION; SUBSTRATE AB The midgut proteinases from a Bacillus thuringiensis-susceptible (IA-S) and four laboratory-selected resistant strains (KS-SC, KS-NE, IA-1, and IA-3) of European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) were characterized using three synthetic substrates, N alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine p-nitroanilide (BApNA) for trypsin-like, N-succinyl-ala-ala-pro-phe p-nitroanilide (SAAPFpNA) for chymotrypsin-like, and N-succinyl-ala-ala-pro-leu p-nitroanilide (SAAPLpNA) for elastase-like proteinase activities. The hydrolyzing efficiency of trypsinlike proteinases, determined by V-max, decreased 35% in the KS-SC resistant strain compared with the susceptible strain. There were no significant differences in the Michaelis constant (K-m) among the five strains for the same substrate. When the purified B, thuringiensis Cry1Ab protoxin was used as the substrate, there was a detectable reduction in the hydrolysis of protoxin that was mediated by midgut proteinases from the KS-SC strain compared with the IA-S strain. Thus, the reduced trypsin-like proteinase activity appeared to lead to the reduced activation of the B. thuringiensis protoxins. This may confer or contribute to B. thuringiensis resistance in this strain. However, no significant difference was found in trypsin activity between the LA-S strain and the three other resistant strains (i.e., KS-NE, IA-1, and IA-3) and in chymotrypsin activity among all strains examined. These results suggest that other resistance mechanisms are responsible for the B. thuringiensis resistance in the KS-NE, IA-1, IA-2, and IA-3 strains of European corn borer. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Entomol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, SW Res Extens Ctr, Garden City, KS 67846 USA. ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, USDA, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Zhu, KY (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Entomol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 35 TC 25 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0048-3575 J9 PESTIC BIOCHEM PHYS JI Pest. Biochem. Physiol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 65 IS 2 BP 132 EP 139 DI 10.1006/pest.1999.2438 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 246MB UT WOS:000083166600007 ER PT J AU Gimenez-Espinosa, R Plaisance, KL Plank, DW Gronwald, JW De Prado, R AF Gimenez-Espinosa, R Plaisance, KL Plank, DW Gronwald, JW De Prado, R TI Propaquizafop absorption, translocation, metabolism, and effect on acetyl-CoA carboxylase isoforms in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) SO PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COENZYME-A CARBOXYLASE; ARYLOXYPHENOXYPROPIONATE HERBICIDES; LOLIUM-MULTIFLORUM; BIOTIN CARBOXYLASE; MOLECULAR-CLONING; BRASSICA-NAPUS; 2 FORMS; LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN; SUBUNIT AB Propaquizafop absorption, translocation. metabolism, and effects on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) isoforms were examined in chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.). Maximum foliar absorption of propaquizafop. approximately 35% of recovered herbicide, occurred 48 h after treatment. Of the absorbed propaquizafop, approximately 30% was rapidly metabolized to the acid form followed by a slow conversion of the acid to a polar metabolite. Approximately 4% of foliar-applied [C-14]propaquizafop was translocated from the treated leaflets within 72 h after application. Chloroplast stromal and cytosolic fractions were isolated from chickpea leaves. Proteins from both fractions were separated by SDS-PAGE and probed with avidin-alkaline phosphatase to detect biotinylated polypeptides. The cytosolic fraction contained a multifunctional ACCase as indicated by the presence of a biotinylated polypeptide of 200 kDa. The chloroplast stromal fraction contained the 36-kDa biotinylated subunit of the multi-subunit ACCase and a 200-kDa biotinylated protein which suggested the presence of a plastid-localized multifunctional ACCase. Pretreating isolated chloroplasts with thermolysin prior to lysis did not reduce the presence of the 200-kDa biotinylated protein. ACCase activity in both cytosolic and stromal fractions exhibited a high level of tolerance to propaquizafop acid and other graminicides. Total ACCase activity in the chickpea chloroplast stroma fraction appears to be composed of activities contributed by both multisubunit and multifunctional ACCases. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 ETS Ingn Agron & Montes, Dept Quim Agr & Edafol, Cordoba, Spain. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, Minneapolis, MN USA. ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, USDA, St Paul, MN USA. RP ETS Ingn Agron & Montes, Dept Quim Agr & Edafol, Cordoba, Spain. NR 30 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0048-3575 EI 1095-9939 J9 PESTIC BIOCHEM PHYS JI Pest. Biochem. Physiol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 65 IS 2 BP 140 EP 150 DI 10.1006/pest.1999.2431 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 246MB UT WOS:000083166600008 ER PT J AU Burkey, KO AF Burkey, KO TI Effects of ozone on apoplast/cytoplasm partitioning of ascorbic acid in snap bean SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article ID PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS L; ELEVATED CONCENTRATIONS; LEAVES; SPINACH; TRANSPORT; OXIDATION; APOPLAST; AMBIENT; PLASMA; AIR AB Apoplast/cytoplasm partitioning of ascorbic acid (AA) was examined in four genotypes of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) known to differ in ozone sensitivity. Plants were grown in pots under field conditions using open-top chambers to establish charcoal-filtered (CF) air (36 nmol mol(-1) ozone) or elevated ozone (77 nmol mol(-1) ozone) treatments, AA in fully expanded leaves of 36-day-old plants was separated into apoplast and cytoplasm fractions by vacuum infiltration methods using glucose 6-phosphate as a marker for cytoplasm contamination, Apoplast ascorbate levels ranged from 30 to 150 nmol g(-1) fresh weight. Ozone-sensitive genotypes partitioned 1-2% of total AA into the apoplast under CF conditions and up to 7% following a 7-day ozone exposure, In contrast, an ozone-tolerant genotype partitioned 3-4% of total leaf AA into the leaf apoplast in both CF and ozone-treated plants. The results suggest that genetic background anti ozone stress are factors that affect AA levels in the extracellular space. For all genotypes, the fraction of AA in the oxidized form was higher in the apoplast compared to the cytoplasm, indicative of a more oxidizing environment within the cell wall. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Bot, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Burkey, KO (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, PO Box 7631, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 24 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 6 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 107 IS 2 BP 188 EP 193 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1999.100206.x PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 265LJ UT WOS:000084245500006 ER PT J AU Scott, MP Jane, JL Soundararajan, M AF Scott, MP Jane, JL Soundararajan, M TI Carbon isotope ratios of amylose, amylopectin and mutant starches SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Zea mays; Hordeum vulgare; Solanum tuberosum; Oryza sativum; carbon isotope ratios; starch; amylose; amylopectin ID FRACTIONATION; PLANTS; LOCUS AB Carbon isotope ratios (expressed as delta(13)C values) were determined for various sources of starch and the starch fractions amylose and amylopectin. The delta(13)C values of amylose were consistently less negative, 0.4-2.3 parts per thousand, than those of amylopectin in kernal starch from maize (Zea mays) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) and in tuber starch from potato (Solanum tuberosum). Kernel starch isolated from the maize mutants wx1 and ae1, with known genetic lesions in the starch biosynthetic pathway, also showed significant differences in delta(13)C values. Collectively, these results suggest that variation in carbon isotope ratios in the amylose and amylopectin components of starch may be attributed to isotopic discrimination by the enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Food Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Biochem, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. RP Scott, MP (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Scott, M./E-3291-2010 NR 24 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD OCT PY 1999 VL 52 IS 4 BP 555 EP 559 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00271-X PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 254BL UT WOS:000083591600002 ER PT J AU Kinloch, BB Sniezko, RA Barnes, GD Greathouse, TE AF Kinloch, BB Sniezko, RA Barnes, GD Greathouse, TE TI A major gene for resistance to white pine blister rust in western white pine from the Western Cascade Range SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cronartium ribicola; genetic background; hypersensitivity; Pinus monticola ID POWDERY MILDEW RESISTANCE; SUGAR PINE; SUPPRESSOR; WHEAT AB A dominant gene for resistance to white pine blister was indicated by Mendelian segregation in full-sib families of western white pine parent trees selected for phenotypic resistance in six heavily infected stands in the Western Cascades of Oregon and Washington. Seedlings were artificially inoculated three times between 1959 and 1964 and observed for development of stem infection. Segregation at this locus (Cr2) occurred in only two of the six parent populations sampled: one a natural stand, Champion Mine (CM), and the other a plantation of unknown seed origin. At CM, reduced penetrance of this gene was expressed by altered Mendelian ratios (mostly less-than-expected resistant phenotypes) in families of specific combinations of certain parents, indicating the presence of modifier genes with effects that ranged from mild to almost complete suppression of Cr2. Between 1968 and 1994, an apparent shift in virulence at CM caused all of the resistant selections to become infected and die. Recent inoculations of many of the same or related families from these parents, made from grafted ramets in a seed orchard, showed that Cr2 conditions a classical hypersensitive reaction (HR) in needle tissues, the primary infection courts. In the latter tests, seedlings were challenged with wild-type and four other sources of inoculum at and near CM that were also suspected of having wider virulence than wild type. No seedlings segregating for HR that were inoculated with wild type subsequently developed stem symptoms, but the other inocula induced both susceptible and HR needle spots on Cr2- genotypes, and many of these seedlings did develop stem infections. This implied that spore genotypes with specific virulence to Cr2 are carried in these inocula. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Inst Forest Genet, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Dorena Genet Resource Ctr, Cottage Grove, OR 97424 USA. Tree Improvement Enterprises, Cottage Grove, OR 97424 USA. RP Kinloch, BB (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Inst Forest Genet, Box 245, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. NR 22 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD OCT PY 1999 VL 89 IS 10 BP 861 EP 867 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.10.861 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 240BU UT WOS:000082806500003 PM 18944728 ER PT J AU Chen, ZY Brown, RL Russin, JS Lax, AR Cleveland, TE AF Chen, ZY Brown, RL Russin, JS Lax, AR Cleveland, TE TI A corn trypsin inhibitor with antifungal act inhibits Aspergillus flavus alpha-amylase SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE antifungal protein; maize ID INSECT RESISTANCE; MAIZE KERNELS; PROTEIN; PURIFICATION; SEEDS; INFECTION; TRANSPORTERS; MECHANISM; BINDING; BARLEY AB In this study, we found that the inhibition of fungal growth in potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium by the 14-kDa corn trypsin inhibitor (TI) protein, previously found to be associated with host resistance to aflatoxin production and active against various fungi, was relieved when exogenous alpha-amylase was added along with TI. No inhibitory effect of TI on fungal growth was observed when Aspergillus flavus was grown on a medium containing either 5% glucose or 1% gelatin as a carbon source. Further investigation found that TI not only inhibited fungal production of extracellular alpha-amylase when A. flavus was grown in PDB medium containing TI at 100 mu g ml(-1) but also reduced the enzymatic activity of A. flavus alpha-amylase by 27%. At a higher concentration, however, TI stimulated the production of alpha-amylase. The effect of TI an the production of amyloglucosidase, another enzyme involved in starch metabolism by the fungus, was quite different. It stimulated the production of this enzyme during the first 10 h at all concentrations studied. These studies suggest that the resistance of certain corn genotypes to A. flavus infection may be partially due to the ability of TI to reduce the production of extracellular fungal alpha-amylase and its activity, thereby limiting the availability of simple sugars for fungal growth. However, further investigation of the relationship between TI levels and fungal alpha-amylase expression in vivo is needed. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Plant Pathol & Crop Physiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Brown, RL (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Plant Pathol & Crop Physiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 37 TC 66 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD OCT PY 1999 VL 89 IS 10 BP 902 EP 907 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.10.902 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 240BU UT WOS:000082806500008 PM 18944733 ER PT J AU Mazzola, M AF Mazzola, M TI Transformation of soil microbial community structure and Rhizoctonia-suppressive potential in response to apple roots SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE apple replant disease ID FLUORESCENT PSEUDOMONADS; SOILBORNE POPULATIONS; REPLANT DISEASE; ORCHARD SOILS; BIOCONTROL; PLANT; 2,4-DIACETYLPHLOROGLUCINOL; RHIZOSPHERE; WHEAT; ROT AB Changes in the composition of soil microbial communities and relative disease-suppressive ability of resident microflora in response to apple cultivation were assessed in orchard sails from a site possessing trees established for 1 to 5 years. The fungal community from roots of apple seedlings grown in noncultivated orchard soil was dominated by isolates from genera commonly considered saprophytic. Plant-pathogenic fungi in the genera Phytophthora, Pythium, and Rhizoctonia constituted an increasing proportion of the fungal community isolated from seedling roots with increasing orchard block age. Bacillus megaterium and Burkholderia cepacia dominated the bacterial communities recovered from noncultivated soil and the rhizosphere of apple seedlings grown in orchard soil, respectively. Populations of the two bacteria in their respective habitats declined dramatically with increasing orchard block age. Lesion nematode populations did not differ among soil and root samples from orchard blocks of different ages. Similar changes in microbial communities were observed in response to planting noncultivated orchard soil to five successive cycles of 'Gala' apple seedlings. Pasteurization of soil had no effect on apple growth in noncultivated soil but significantly enhanced apple growth in third-year orchard block soil. Seedlings grown in pasteurized soil from the third-year orchard block were equal in size to those grown in noncultivated soil, demonstrating that suppression of plant growth resulted from changes in the composition of the soil microbial community. Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 5 (AG 5) had no effect on growth of apple trees in noncultivated soil but significantly reduced the growth of apple trees in soil from third-year orchard soil. Changes in the ability of the resident soil microflora to suppress R. solani AG 5 were associated with reductions in the relative populations of Burkholderia cepacia and Pseudomonas putida in the rhizosphere of apple. C1 ARS, USDA, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Mazzola, M (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 31 TC 71 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD OCT PY 1999 VL 89 IS 10 BP 920 EP 927 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.10.920 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 240BU UT WOS:000082806500011 PM 18944736 ER PT J AU Johnson, KB DiLeone, JA AF Johnson, KB DiLeone, JA TI Effect of antibiosis on antagonist dose-plant disease response relationships for the biological control of crown gall of tomato and cherry SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE plant disease epidemiology ID AGROBACTERIUM-RADIOBACTER K84; STONE FRUIT; TUMEFACIENS; AGROCIN; MUTANT AB The crown gall pathosystem was used to evaluate a model that describes the dose-response relationship between biological control agents and plant pathogens. The model predicts that this relationship can become asymptotic, such that increased antagonist doses cannot compensate for deficiencies in disease suppression. Wounded roots of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and cherry (Prunus mahaleb) plants were dipped into different concentrations of the biological control organism Agrobacterium radiobacter strain K84 prior to inoculation with the pathogen A. tumefaciens. Pathogen strains sensitive or resistant to the antibiotic agrocin 84 were used, and for tomato experiments, a derivative of A. radiobacter strain K84 that does not produce agrocin 84 also was included as an experimental treatment. As predicted by the dose-response model, the amount of disease suppression per unit of antagonist decreased with increasing antagonist dose and became asymptotic at high antagonist densities. Control of crown gall of tomato was nearly complete with the combination of A. radiobacter K84 and an agrocin 84-sensitive strain of A. tumefaciens. Pathogen resistance to agrocin 84 or lack of agrocin 84 production by A. radiobacter resulted in antagonist dose-crown gall incidence relationships that were apparently asymptotic at levels of control significantly less than 100%. For field-grown cherry, similar dose-response relationships were observed with higher asymptotic levels of disease suppression obtained when trees were inoculated with an agrocin 84-sensitive A. tumefaciens strain compared with an agrocin 84-resistant pathogen strain. The differences among bacterial strain combinations in the magnitude of the asymptote defined by the dose-response relationships suggest that A. radiobacter impacts a smaller proportion of the pathogen population when the activity of agrocin 84 is muted. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Johnson, KB (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM johnsonk@bcc.orst.edu NR 22 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD OCT PY 1999 VL 89 IS 10 BP 974 EP 980 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.10.974 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 240BU UT WOS:000082806500019 PM 18944744 ER PT J AU Fedorova, M Tikhonovich, IA Vance, CP AF Fedorova, M Tikhonovich, IA Vance, CP TI Expression of C-assimilating enzymes in pea (Pisum sativum L.) root nodules. In situ localization in effective nodules SO PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Pisum sativum; alcohol dehydrogenase; fructose-1,6-biphosphate aldolase; in situ hybridization; nodule-enhanced malate dehydrogenase; nodule-enhanced sucrose synthase; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase; root nodules ID ENHANCED PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE; SUCROSE-SYNTHASE GENE; LEGUMINOSARUM BV VICIAE; SOYBEAN NODULES; MALATE-DEHYDROGENASE; RHIZOBIUM-LEGUMINOSARUM; NITROGEN-FIXATION; ALFALFA NODULES; LEGUME NODULES; INEFFECTIVE NODULES AB Full length cDNAs encoding alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), fructose-1,6-biphosphate aldolase (ALD), nodule-enhanced malate dehydrogenase (neMDH), phospho-enolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), and nodule-enhanced sucrose synthase (neSS) were isolated from a pea (Pisum sativum L.) root nodule cDNA library and characterized. Transcript abundance and cellular expression patterns for each gene were examined at different stages of nodule development. All the genes were expressed prior to the induction of nitrogenase suggesting a developmental signal as the initial trigger for expression. RNA tissue blots demonstrated that all the genes except ALD exhibit enhanced expression in effective nodules. In situ hybridization studies showed contrasting patterns of gene expression within various nodule zones. The highest expression of ADH was observed in interzone. ALD was expressed predominantly in nodule meristem, invasion zone and interzone. The neSS transcripts were found rather uniformly throughout the nodule. Expression of neMDH and PEPC was also detected throughout the nodule, but the highest levels were associated with interzone and N-2-fixing zone. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Res Inst Agr Microbiol, St Petersburg 189620, Russia. USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Fedorova, M (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, 411 Borlaug Hall,1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 60 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7791 J9 PLANT CELL ENVIRON JI Plant Cell Environ. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 22 IS 10 BP 1249 EP 1262 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00490.x PG 14 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 250PW UT WOS:000083397600006 ER PT J AU Franke, MD Brenneman, TB Holbrook, CC AF Franke, MD Brenneman, TB Holbrook, CC TI Identification of resistance to Rhizoctonia limb rot in a core collection of peanut germ plasm SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID ADULT-PLANT RESISTANCE; CULTIVARS; SOLANI; WHEAT; PATHOGENS; RUST AB Diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani lead to significant reductions in peanut yields and quality throughout the world. A subset of accessions from the peanut germ plasm core collection plus the commercial cultivars Florunner, Southern Runner, Georgia Browne, and Georgia Green were evaluated for resistance to limb and seedling hypocotyl infections caused by R, solani. Georgia Green and core accessions 95 (PI 497351), 197 (PI 331326), 208 (PI 274193), 244 (PI 343361), 246 (PI 343398), and 524 (PI 288178) had levels of resistance comparable to Georgia Browne, the only commercial cultivar reported to have partial resistance to Rhizoctonia limb rot. Eleven core accessions, representing the full range of disease expression, and the commercial cultivars were evaluated in growth chambers to quantify their susceptibility to seedling hypocotyl infections and to determine if evaluating seedlings could serve as a primary screening method to identify potential sources of limb rot resistance. The most resistant core accessions to seedling hypocotyl infections were 234 (PI 159664) and 366 (PI 268968), and the most resistant commercial cultivar was Georgia Green. There was not a significant correlation between resistance to limb rot in the field and the severity of hypocotyl infections in growth chambers, indicating that resistance to hypocotyl infections is not a good indicator of resistance to Rhizoctonia limb rot. C1 Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Dept Plant Pathol, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. ARS, USDA, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Franke, MD (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Dept Plant Pathol, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 31 TC 22 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 83 IS 10 BP 944 EP 948 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.10.944 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 239XT UT WOS:000082796100011 ER PT J AU Harris, LJ Desjardins, AE Plattner, RD Nicholson, P Butler, G Young, JC Weston, G Proctor, RH Hohn, TM AF Harris, LJ Desjardins, AE Plattner, RD Nicholson, P Butler, G Young, JC Weston, G Proctor, RH Hohn, TM TI Possible role of trichothecene mycotoxins in virulence of Fusarium graminearum on maize SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID GIBBERELLA-PULICARIS; TRICHODIENE SYNTHASE; REDUCED VIRULENCE; GENE DISRUPTION; FIELD CORN; DEOXYNIVALENOL; WHEAT; INOCULATION; RESISTANCE; ZEAE AB Trichothecene-producing and -nonproducing Fusarium graminearum strains were tested for their ability to cause Gibberella ear rot in field trials at two locations-Ottawa, Ontario, and Peoria, Illinois-in 1996. Maize ears were inoculated with wild-type or transgenic F. graminearum strains in which the trichothecene biosynthetic pathway had been disabled by the specific disruption of the trichodiene synthase gene and with a derivative revertant strain in which trichothecene production had been restored through recombination. A silk channel inoculation method was employed at both locations. In addition, a kernel puncture inoculation method was used at the Ontario location. Harvested maize ears were analyzed for visual disease severity, grain yield, deoxynivalenol (DON) concentration, and fungal biomass by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and/or ergosterol quantitation. There was a significant correlation (r = 0.86) between data obtained from the two different methods of quantifying fungal biomass. The trichothecene-nonproducing strains were still pathogenic but appeared less virulent on maize than the trichothecene-producing progenitor and revertant strains, as assayed by most parameters. This suggests that the trichothecenes may act as virulence factors to enhance the spread of F. graminearum on maize. C1 Agr & Agri Food Canada, Eastern Cereal & Oilseed Res Ctr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada. ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England. RP Harris, LJ (reprint author), Agr & Agri Food Canada, Eastern Cereal & Oilseed Res Ctr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada. RI Nicholson, Paul/I-4314-2012 NR 35 TC 122 Z9 127 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 83 IS 10 BP 954 EP 960 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.10.954 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 239XT UT WOS:000082796100013 ER PT J AU Hutchinson, TF Boerner, REJ Iverson, LR Sutherland, S Sutherland, EK AF Hutchinson, TF Boerner, REJ Iverson, LR Sutherland, S Sutherland, EK TI Landscape patterns of understory composition and richness across a moisture and nitrogen mineralization gradient in Ohio (USA) Quercus forests SO PLANT ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE gradient analysis; moisture index; nitrification; nitrogen mineralization; species richness; understory ID FOLIAR NUTRIENT DYNAMICS; EASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; OAK FORESTS; SOIL CHEMISTRY; SOUTHEASTERN OHIO; SLOPE POSITION; USE EFFICIENCY; VEGETATION; PRODUCTIVITY; ECOSYSTEMS AB This study quantified relationships of understory vascular plant species composition and richness along environmental gradients over a broad spatial scale in second-growth oak forests in eastern North America. Species frequencies were recorded in 108 25 x 25 m plots in four study sites extending over 70 km in southern Ohio, U.S.A.. The plots were stratified into three long-term soil moisture classes with a GIS-derived integrated moisture index (IMI). In addition to the IMI, the environmental data matrix included eight soil and three overstory variables. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that variations in understory species composition were most strongly related to topographic variations in predicted moisture (IMI), N mineralization rate, nitrification rate, and soil pH. In addition, floristic variation at the regional scale was correlated with variations in soil texture, nitrification, pH, and PO4-, resulting from differences in the soil parent material complexes among sites. Species richness averaged 65 species/plot, and increased with moisture and fertility. Stepwise regression indicated that richness was positively correlated with N mineralization rate and nitrification rate, and inversely correlated with tree basal area. Greater richness on fertile plots was the largely the result of increasing forb richness. Forb richness per quadrat (2 m(2)) was most strongly and positively related to N mineralization rate. Conversely, richness of understory individuals of tree species was greatest on xeric, less-fertile plots. Our results describe general, broad-scale species-environment relationships that occurred at both the topographic scale (long-term moisture status and fertility) and the regional scale (geomorphological differences among the sites). Strong species richness-N mineralization correlations indicate an important link between below-ground processes and above-ground biodiversity. Because N availability was a strong correlate to vegetation patterns at a broad-scale, our results suggest that the increasing rates of atmospheric N deposition in the region could have a major impact on understory vegetation dynamics. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Forest Expt Stn, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Ecol Evolut & Organismal Biol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Nature Conservancy, Dublin, OH 43017 USA. RP US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Forest Expt Stn, 359 Main Rd, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. EM thutchin/ne_de@fs.fed.us RI Iverson, Louis/C-7554-2009 OI Iverson, Louis/0000-0001-9501-471X NR 70 TC 70 Z9 80 U1 7 U2 36 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-0237 EI 1573-5052 J9 PLANT ECOL JI Plant Ecol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 144 IS 2 BP 177 EP 189 DI 10.1023/A:1009804020976 PG 13 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 235GC UT WOS:000082532500004 ER PT J AU Malik, MK Slovin, JP Hwang, CH Zimmerman, JL AF Malik, MK Slovin, JP Hwang, CH Zimmerman, JL TI Modified expression of a carrot small heat shock protein gene, Hsp17.7, results in increased or decreased thermotolerance SO PLANT JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID TRANSGENIC ARABIDOPSIS; PLANTS; CELLS; ACQUISITION; STRESS; TRANSFORMATION; QUANTITATION; ACCUMULATION; TEMPERATURES; GERMINATION AB We have determined that one small heat shock protein gene, encoding Hsp17.7, plays an important role in the ability of carrot cells and plants to survive thermal stress. Transgenic cells and regenerated plants were generated in which the carrot Hsp17.7 gene was either constitutively expressed (denoted CaS lines) or expressed as a heat inducible antisense RNA (denoted AH lines). Thermotolerance measurements demonstrated that CaS lines were more thermotolerant than vector controls and AH antisense lines were less thermotolerant than vector controls. RNA analysis demonstrated that Hsp17.7 mRNA was detectable, but not abundant, prior to heat shock in CaS cells, but not in vector control cells. Conversely, RNA analysis of antisense cells showed that, after heat shock, the amounts of mRNA for Hsp17.7 was moderately less abundant in AH cells than in vector controls. Analysis of protein synthesis in CaS cells did not indicate substantial synthesis or accumulation of Hsp17.7, or any small Hsp, at 23 degrees C. However, in the most thermotolerant line, protein synthesis was maintained at a higher rate than in other cell lines at a more extreme heat shock (42 degrees C). In contrast, antisense AH cells showed reduced synthesis of many Hsp, large and small. These results suggest that the Hsp17.7 gene plays a critical, although as yet not understood, role in thermotolerance in carrot. This represents the first demonstration of the ability to both increase and decrease thermotolerance by the manipulation of expression of a single gene. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Biol Sci, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. USDA ARS, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Zimmerman, JL (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Biol Sci, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. EM zimmerma@umbc.edu NR 47 TC 107 Z9 115 U1 0 U2 7 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0960-7412 J9 PLANT J JI Plant J. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 20 IS 1 BP 89 EP 99 DI 10.1046/j.1365-313X.1999.00581.x PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 253DZ UT WOS:000083542500009 ER PT J AU Ylstra, B McCormick, S AF Ylstra, B McCormick, S TI Analysis of mRNA stabilities during pollen development and in BY2 cells SO PLANT JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MESSENGER-RNA STABILITY; CDNA CLONE; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; BOX PROTEIN; TOBACCO; GENE; EXPRESSION; TOMATO; DIFFERENTIATION; IDENTIFICATION AB RNA stability is important in post-transcriptional gene expression. However, its role during plant male gametophyte development has not been studied in detail, probably because of technical difficulties and because earlier work suggested that, in general, mRNAs expressed during late pollen development would be stable. We determined mRNA stabilities of 12 pollen-expressed genes. We measured pollen mRNA decay during in planta development and in vitro maturation after transcriptional inhibition with ActinomycinD (ActD). Because five of these genes were also expressed in somatic cells we also measured RNA decay in BY2 cells after transcriptional inhibition with ActD. Ten of the mRNAs were highly stable during pollen development (t(1/2)>30h), including all seven pollen-specific mRNAs. However, two mRNAs showed a logarithmic decrease as pollen development proceeded, both in planta and in vitro. In fact, for one of these two, GUT8-2b, the mRNA level decreased significantly within 3h. Our results show that many pollen-expressed mRNAs are indeed long-lived but that at least some mRNAs undergo decay during pollen maturation. Thus, there is no overall cytoplasmic condition in pollen that stabilizes mRNAs and specific mRNA turnover mechanisms must exist. We detected reciprocal mRNA stabilities with two genes that are expressed in both BY2 cells and pollen. GUT15 mRNA, known to be unstable (t(1/2)<3h) in BY2 cells, was highly stable in pollen. In contrast, GRP2 mRNA decayed in pollen but was highly stable in BY2 cells. Therefore, we conclude that mRNA stability can be tissue-specific. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP McCormick, S (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RI Ylstra, Bauke/D-2906-2012; OI Ylstra, Bauke/0000-0001-9479-3010; McCormick, Sheila/0000-0001-9106-9385 NR 31 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-7412 J9 PLANT J JI Plant J. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 20 IS 1 BP 101 EP 108 DI 10.1046/j.1365-313X.1999.00580.x PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 253DZ UT WOS:000083542500010 ER PT J AU Martinez-Garcia, JF Monte, E Quail, PH AF Martinez-Garcia, JF Monte, E Quail, PH TI A simple, rapid and quantitative method for preparing Arabidopsis protein extracts for immunoblot analysis SO PLANT JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID AVENA-SATIVA L; PHYTOCHROME-B; TRANSGENIC ARABIDOPSIS; NATIVE PHYTOCHROME; IN-VIVO; LIGHT; MUTANT; ELONGATION; EXPRESSION; GENE AB Although Arabidopsis has numerous well documented advantages for genetic and molecular analyses, its small size can be a limitation for biochemical and immunochemical assays requiring protein extraction. We have developed a rapid method to extract total protein from small amounts of Arabidopsis tissue that can be used for quantitative immunoblot analysis. The procedure involves direct extraction of tissue into SDS-containing buffer under conditions permitting immediate protein quantification in the extract, using commercially available kits without prior fractionation. This approach provides maximal extraction and quantitative recovery of total cellular protein, together with accurate evaluation of target protein levels as a proportion of the total. We have examined the utility and sensitivity of the procedure using monoclonal antibodies to phytochromes A and C (phyA and phyC), which are high- and low-abundance members, respectively, of the phytochrome family in Arabidopsis. Both phytochromes could be rapidly and readily quantified in the tissues examined, with phyC being detectable in extracts representing as few as five dark-grown seedlings, two light-grown seedlings, or half a single leaf from 3-week-old adult plants. The data indicate that the procedure may have broad utility for the detection and quantitative analysis of many proteins, including those of low abundance, in a variety of applications in Arabidopsis. In one such application, we used transgenic Arabidopsis phyC-overexpressor seedlings to demonstrate that the procedure can be used to detect transgene-encoded protein early at the segregating T-2 generation, thereby offering the capacity for accelerated screening and selection of lines engineered to overexpress target proteins. C1 ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Quail, PH (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, USDA, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RI Elena, Monte/I-7221-2015; OI Martinez-Garcia, Jaime/0000-0003-1516-0341 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM 47475] NR 32 TC 118 Z9 121 U1 2 U2 23 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-7412 J9 PLANT J JI Plant J. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 20 IS 2 BP 251 EP 257 DI 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1999.00579.x PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 257JY UT WOS:000083779800013 PM 10571885 ER PT J AU McCallum, BD Roelfs, AP Szabo, LJ Groth, JV AF McCallum, BD Roelfs, AP Szabo, LJ Groth, JV TI Comparison of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici from South America and Europe SO PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE introduction; population studies; stem rust; wheat ID F-SP TRITICI; VIRULENCE VARIATION; ISOZYME; POPULATIONS; FUNGI; RACES AB Twenty isolates of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici from South America were compared with 19 from Europe using virulence, isozymes and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The isozyme and virulence patterns for these isolates were also compared with those of 11 isolates representative of the common race clusters in North America. All three types of marker showed a level of similarity between the South American and European isolates comparable with that between isolates from the same continent. The average similarity coefficients between the South American and European isolates were 0.65 for virulence, 0.67 for isozymes, and 0.70 for RAPD markers. Among South American isolates the values were 0.63 for virulence, 0.64 for isozymes and 0.72 for RAPDs. For the South American and European isolates, correlation between the similarity matrices based on RAPDs and on isozyme markers, respectively (r = 0.52), was higher than that between the RAPD and virulence matrices (r = 0.32) or between isozyme and virulence matrices (r = 0.16). The North American isolates had a comparable level of similarity for virulence and isozymes to both the South American and European populations. There was no clear distinction between the South American, North American and European isolates, which is consistent with the hypothesis that these populations may have had a common origin. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. ARS, USDA, Cereal Dis Lab, St Paul, MN USA. RP McCallum, BD (reprint author), Agr & Agri Food Canada, Cereal Res Ctr, 195 Dafoe Rd, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. NR 24 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-0862 J9 PLANT PATHOL JI Plant Pathol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 48 IS 5 BP 574 EP 581 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 245GV UT WOS:000083098800002 ER PT J AU Pare, PW Tumlinson, JH AF Pare, PW Tumlinson, JH TI Plant volatiles as a defense against insect herbivores SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PARASITIC WASPS; JASMONIC ACID; COTTON PLANTS; HOST LOCATION; BIOSYNTHESIS; LEAVES; ELICITOR; DAMAGE; HYMENOPTERA; BRACONIDAE C1 ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Tumlinson, JH (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RI Tumlinson, James/G-8358-2011; Pare, Paul/E-3055-2013 OI Pare, Paul/0000-0003-1644-723X NR 45 TC 526 Z9 581 U1 10 U2 139 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 121 IS 2 BP 325 EP 331 DI 10.1104/pp.121.2.325 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 245XW UT WOS:000083134700002 ER PT J AU Weinzweig, J Panter, KE Pantaloni, M Spangenberger, A Harper, JS Lui, F James, LF Edstrom, LE AF Weinzweig, J Panter, KE Pantaloni, M Spangenberger, A Harper, JS Lui, F James, LF Edstrom, LE TI The fetal cleft palate: II. Scarless healing after in utero repair of a congenital model SO PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 67th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Plastic-and-Reconstructive-Surgeons CY OCT 03-07, 1998 CL BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS SP Amer Soc Plast & Reconstruct Surgeons ID LIP REPAIR; PLASTIC-SURGERY; INUTERO; FETUS; MANAGEMENT; DIAGNOSIS; GROWTH AB The role of fetal surgery in the treatment of non-life-threatening congenital anomalies remains a source of much debate. Before such undertakings can be justified, models must be established that closely resemble the respective human anomalies, and the feasibility and safety of these in utero procedures must be demonstrated. The authors recently described and characterized a congenital model of cleft palate in the goat. The present work demonstrates the methodology they developed to successfully repair these congenital cleft palates in utero, and it shows palatal healing and development after repair. A surgically created cleft model was developed for comparative purposes. Palatal shelf closure normally occurs at approximately day 38 of gestation in the caprine species. Six pregnant goats were gavaged twice daily during gestational days 32 to 41 (term, 145 days) with a plant slurry of Nicotiana glauca containing the piperidine alkaloid anabasine; the 12 fetuses had complete congenital clefts of the secondary palate. Repair of the congenital clefts was performed at 85 days of gestation using a modified von Langenbeck technique employing lateral relaxing incisions with elevation and midline approximation of full-thickness, bilateral, mucoperiosteal palatal flaps followed by single-layer closure. Six congenitally clefted fetuses underwent in utero repair, six remained as unrepaired controls. Twelve normal fetuses underwent surgical cleft creation by excision of a 20 X 3 mm full-thickness midline section of the secondary palate extending from the alveolus to the uvula, at 85 days of gestation. Six surgically clefted fetuses underwent concurrent repair of the cleft at that time; six clefted fetuses remained as unrepaired controls. At 2 weeks of age, no congenitally or surgically created clefts repaired in utero demonstrated gross or histologic evidence of scar formation. A slight indentation at the site of repair was the only remaining evidence of a cleft. At 6 months of age, normal palatal architecture, including that of mucosal, muscular, and glandular elements, was seen grossly and histologically. Cross-section through the mid-portion of the repaired congenitally clefted palates demonstrated reconstitution of a bilaminar palate,with distinct oral and nasal mucosal layers, after single-layer repair. In utero cleft palate repair is technically feasible and results in scarless healing of the mucoperiosteum and velum. The present work represents the first in utero repair of a congenital cleft palate model in ally species. The use of a congenital cleft palate model that can be consistently reproduced with high predictability and little variation represents the ideal experimental situation. It provides an opportunity to manipulate specific variables, assess the influence of each change on the outcome and, subsequently, extrapolate such findings to the clinical arena with a greater degree of relevance. C1 Brown Univ, Rhode Isl Hosp, Hasbro Childrens Hosp, Sch Med,Dept Plast Surg, Providence, RI 02905 USA. Brown Univ, Rhode Isl Hosp, Div Biol & Med, Sch Med, Providence, RI 02905 USA. USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84321 USA. RP Weinzweig, J (reprint author), Brown Univ, Rhode Isl Hosp, Hasbro Childrens Hosp, Sch Med,Dept Plast Surg, 2 Dudley St,Suite 380, Providence, RI 02905 USA. NR 30 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0032-1052 J9 PLAST RECONSTR SURG JI Plast. Reconstr. Surg. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 104 IS 5 BP 1356 EP 1364 DI 10.1097/00006534-199910000-00018 PG 9 WC Surgery SC Surgery GA 241FF UT WOS:000082871500018 PM 10513918 ER PT J AU Gentles, A Smith, EE Kubena, LF Duffus, E Johnson, P Thompson, J Harvey, RB Edrington, TS AF Gentles, A Smith, EE Kubena, LF Duffus, E Johnson, P Thompson, J Harvey, RB Edrington, TS TI Toxicological evaluations of cyclopiazonic acid and ochratoxin a in broilers SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cyclopiazonic acid; ochratoxin A; broiler chick; organ weight; serum constituents ID T-2 TOXIN; ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; GROWING CHICKS; AFLATOXIN; TOXICITY; PHENYLALANINE; MYCOTOXINS; SYNERGISM; FEED AB The individual and combined effects of ochratoxin A (OA) and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) were evaluated in Petersen x Hubbard broiler chickens from 1 d to 3 wk of age. The experimental design was a 2 x 2 factorial with treatments of 0 and 2.5 mg OA/kg feed and 0 and 34 mg CPA/kg feed. Production performance, serum biochemistry, and gross pathological observations were evaluated. Body weight gain was reduced (P < 0.05) by OA, CPA, and OA-CPA in combination at the end of 3 wk. Ochratoxin A significantly increased the relative weight of the kidney and serum concentrations of uric acid and triglycerides and decreased total protein, albumin, and cholesterol. The toxicity of CPA was expressed primarily through increased relative weights of the proventriculus and increased activity of creatine kinase. Exposure to OA-CPA was characterized by increased relative weights of the liver, kidney, pancreas, and proventriculus; decreased concentrations of serum albumin, total protein, and cholesterol; increased activity of creatine kinase; and increased concentrations of triglycerides and uric acid. Postmortem examination revealed that the chickens fed CPA or OA-CPA had thickened mucosa and dilated proventricular lumen. Data from this study demonstrate that OA, CPA, and the OA-CPA combination ran limit broiler performance and adversely affect broiler health. The interaction of the compounds was primarily additive or less than additive in the parameter in which the interaction occurred. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Inst Environm & Human Hlth, Lubbock, TX 79416 USA. USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Prairie View A&M Univ, Cooperat Agr Res Ctr, Prairie View, TX 77466 USA. RP Smith, EE (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Inst Environm & Human Hlth, 1207 Gilbert Dr, Lubbock, TX 79416 USA. NR 50 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 78 IS 10 BP 1380 EP 1384 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 245WA UT WOS:000083130100007 PM 10536785 ER PT J AU Bailey, CA Fazzino, JJ Ziehr, MS Sattar, M Haq, AU Odvody, G Porter, JK AF Bailey, CA Fazzino, JJ Ziehr, MS Sattar, M Haq, AU Odvody, G Porter, JK TI Evaluation of sorghum ergot toxicity in broilers SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE sorghum; ergot; dihydroergosine; broilers; poultry ID CLAVICEPS-AFRICANA; PERFORMANCE; PATHOGEN; DISEASE; AMERICA; CHICKS AB Three experiments evaluated the performance of broilers fed sorghum ergot consisting of sphacelia/sclerotia of Claviceps africana present in tailings removed by conditioning of seed from grain sorghum hybrid seed production fields near Uvalde (Experiments 1 and 2) and Dumas (Experiment 3), Texas. Percentage sphacelia/sclerotia and total alkaloid content, respectively, in sorghum ergot tailings were 8% and 11.3 ppm for Uvalde and 75% and 235 ppm for Dumas. Sorghum ergot and control sorghum diets were based on the NRC (1994) requirements for starting broilers. In Experiment 1, neither growth nor feed efficiency were significantly reduced. in male broilers fed, sorghum ergot from hatch to 3 wk of age, but liver weights were significantly greater broilers were raised to 6 wk of age in floor pens using a three-phase feeding program. Sorghum ergot significantly reduced gain in 4-wk-old broilers and cumulative body weight at 5 wk. Feed conversion was significantly reduced during all three phases of feeding. Ln Experiment 3, control sorghum and the 75% ergot tailings were added to corn-soy basal diets at rates of 2.5, 5, and 10% by weight and fed to male broilers from hatch to 3 wk of age. Sorghum ergot did not significantly reduce growth, but, during Weeks 2 and 3, feed-to-gain ratios were higher. Neither type nor concentration of sorghum ergot significantly affected relative liver weights. We did not observe significant mortality or obvious symptoms of ergot toxicity, such as necrotic lesions of the feet or vesicular dermatitis of the comb, in any of the three experiments. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Texas Agr Expt Stn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Corpus Christi, TX 78403 USA. USDA ARS, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Bailey, CA (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Texas Agr Expt Stn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 20 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 78 IS 10 BP 1391 EP 1397 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 245WA UT WOS:000083130100009 PM 10536787 ER PT J AU Cason, JA Shackelford, AD AF Cason, JA Shackelford, AD TI Mixing of dye in a model scald tank SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bacterial patterns; scalder models; water mixing; computer simulation; poultry AB A model scald tank was constructed to study the mixing pattern of water in a poultry scalding system. Tank dimensions were approximately 6 m long by 10.5 cm wide with a water depth of 18 cm. Water was vigorously agitated with compressed air delivered through a 1.9-cm polyvinyl chloride pipe on the bottom of the tank. Food coloring was added to the tank at a single point, and water samples were taken at distances of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.5 m every 30 s for 10 min, with 0 or 10 L/min water flow through the tank. Dye concentration was determined spectrophotometrically. A chain drive was then installed above the tank with aluminum paddles (area about 25% of tank cross-sectional area) attached to the chain every 15.2 cm to simulate the movement of carcasses through the water at 140 carcasses per minute. Food coloring was added to the tank, and water samples were taken every 15 s for 2.5 min, with 0 or 13.5 L/min water flow through the tank. A computer program based on perfect mixing of water in small slices or cells within the tank was adjusted until predicted dye movement matched sampling data, with correlations of 0.91 or better at all sampling points. For scalder designs with uniform mixing of water, the computer model can predict mixing patterns, including counterflow conditions in a single tank, well enough to yield realistic residence time patterns for bacteria suspended in scald water. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Cason, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 78 IS 10 BP 1459 EP 1463 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 245WA UT WOS:000083130100018 PM 10536796 ER PT J AU Brown, JW Miller, SE AF Brown, JW Miller, SE TI A new species of Coelostathma clemens (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) from Cocos Island, Costa Rica, with comments on the phylogenetic significance of abdominal dorsal pits in Sparganothini SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE neotropical; endemic species; Coelostathma insularis; Amorbia; archipini; Euliini AB The entomofauna of Cocos Island, Costa Rica, includes nearly 100 species of Lepidoptera, among which are 13 species of Tortricidae, most of which are endemic. One of these, Coelostathma insularis, new species, is described and illustrated. The new species is most similar to C. binotata (Walsingham) from Mexico among described species. The genus Coelostathma Clemens is redescribed, and a lectotype is designated for C. binotata. The shared possession of abdominal dorsal pits in Coelostathma Clemens, Amorbia Clemens, and Aesicopa Zeller suggests a close phylogenetic relationship among these genera within Sparganothini; the variably modified subdorsal pits in Sparganopseustis Powell and Lambert may or may not be homologous with those of the other genera. C1 ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, Inst Plant Sci, USDA,Natl Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Brown, JW (reprint author), ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, Inst Plant Sci, USDA,Natl Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC 20560 USA. EM jbrown@sel.barc.usda.gov OI Miller, Scott/0000-0002-4138-1378 NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 101 IS 4 BP 701 EP 707 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 246MG UT WOS:000083167100001 ER PT J AU Henry, TJ AF Henry, TJ TI Review of the eastern North American Dicyphus, with a key to species and redescription and neotype designation for D-vestitus Uhler (Heteroptera : Miridae) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Insecta; Heteroptera; Miridae; plant bugs; eastern North America; Dicyphus; redescription; neotype; distribution; hosts; key AB Dicyphus vestitus Uhler is redescribed and a neotype from Colorado is designated for it. A dorsal adult habitus and selected scanning electron micrographs of D. vestitus and an identification key are provided to help recognize the eastern North American species of the genus. Distributions and host records are given for other eastern North American species. C1 Agr Res Serv, Systemat Entomol Lab,Plant Sci Inst, USDA, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Henry, TJ (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, Systemat Entomol Lab,Plant Sci Inst, USDA, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC 20560 USA. EM thenry@sel.barc.usda.gov NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 101 IS 4 BP 832 EP 838 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 246MG UT WOS:000083167100016 ER PT J AU Carroll, JF AF Carroll, JF TI Adult American dog ticks (Acari : Ixodidae) and canine-produced kairomones SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE kairomone; arrestment; host-finding ID IXODES-SCAPULARIS ACARI; FIELD AB In laboratory bioassays, adult American dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), of both sexes became akinetic on residues from the hair from the flanks of dogs and from between dog's toes. When confined in petri dishes, female D. variabilis became akinetic on or above (on the lid) a canine paw print on a disc of filter paper. These findings help explain the distribution of host-seeking adult D. variabilis along trails. C1 Agr Res Serv, USDA, Livestock & Poultry Inst, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Carroll, JF (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, USDA, Livestock & Poultry Inst, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 101 IS 4 BP 875 EP 879 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 246MG UT WOS:000083167100019 ER PT J AU Schauff, ME AF Schauff, ME TI New record of a parasitoid (Hymenoptera : Eulophidae) of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) (Lepidoptera : Crambidne) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article C1 Agr Res Serv, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA,Natl Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Schauff, ME (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA,Natl Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 101 IS 4 BP 910 EP 910 PG 1 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 246MG UT WOS:000083167100023 ER PT J AU Gagne, RJ AF Gagne, RJ TI Obituary - Alan Stone - 1904-1999 SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 Agr Res Serv, System Entomol Lab,PSI, USDA, Natl Museum Nat Hist,Smithsonian Inst, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Gagne, RJ (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, System Entomol Lab,PSI, USDA, Natl Museum Nat Hist,Smithsonian Inst, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 101 IS 4 BP 911 EP 913 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 246MG UT WOS:000083167100024 ER PT J AU Sreenath, HK Koegel, RG Moldes, AB Jeffries, TW Straub, RJ AF Sreenath, HK Koegel, RG Moldes, AB Jeffries, TW Straub, RJ TI Enzymic saccharification of alfalfa fibre after liquid hot water pretreatment SO PROCESS BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE untreated alfalfa; liquid hot water; raffinate; extract; cellulases; pectinases; saccharification ID D-XYLOSE FERMENTATION; PICHIA-STIPITIS; FRACTIONATION; CHROMATOGRAPHY; HYDROLYSIS; SELECTION; BIOMASS; ETHANOL; YEASTS; ACIDS AB Liquid hot water (LHW) at a high temperature has been advocated as a pretreatment for herbaceous and lignocellulosic materials prior to enzymic saccharification. The focus of our research was the suitability of LHW pretreatment of alfalfa (Medicago saliva) fibre in the presence and absence of mild acid for optimum saccharification using enzymes. Enzymic saccharification was optimised in terms of substrate and enzyme concentrations. The main components of the enzymic hydrolyzates were sucrose, glucose, xylose, arabinose, and low amounts of uronic acid. After LHW pretreatment, both the soluble hemicellulose-rich 'extract' fraction and the insoluble residue 'raffinate' fraction (which contains predominantly cellulose) of alfalfa were recovered; the yield was 48 and 41%, respectively. Enzymic saccharification released more reducing sugars from pretreated fibre than from untreated fibre. For untreated alfalfa, a commercial pectinase and cellulase mixture caused maximum release of reducing sugars; using 2 and 4% (w/v) enzyme, a maximum of 51 g/l reducing sugars was released from 100 g/l untreated alfalfa. The soluble extract, LHW-pretreated alfalfa, was clarified and saccharified with the same cellulase and pectinase mixture releasing 8.4 g/l reducing sugars from 15.5 g/l solids. Release of reducing sugars from the insoluble raffinate ranged from 59 to 65 g/l from 100 g/l substrate, using 2 and 4% (w/v) cellulase. Addition of 0.07% sulphuric acid to the LHW pretreatment facilitated hemicellulose solubilisation; 9.9 g/l reducing sugars were released from the alfalfa extract by enzymic saccharification. However, pretreatment with sulphuric acid reduced sugar release and decreased fibre degradation of the raffinate. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol Syst Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA, Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Vigo, Dept Chem Engn, As Lagaos 32004, Ourense, Spain. RP Sreenath, HK (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. EM sreenath@facstaff.wisc.edu RI Jeffries, Thomas/I-8576-2012; Moldes, Ana/I-1092-2015 OI Jeffries, Thomas/0000-0001-7408-4065; Moldes, Ana/0000-0002-8895-1948 NR 28 TC 48 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1359-5113 J9 PROCESS BIOCHEM JI Process Biochem. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 35 IS 1-2 BP 33 EP 41 DI 10.1016/S0032-9592(99)00029-1 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering, Chemical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering GA 252UK UT WOS:000083520500006 ER PT J AU Cohen, WB Justice, CO AF Cohen, WB Justice, CO TI Validating MODIS terrestrial ecology products: Linking in situ and satellite measurements SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Editorial Material ID IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER MODIS C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. RP Cohen, WB (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 7 TC 69 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 1 EP 3 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00053-X PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 241LJ UT WOS:000082884500001 ER PT J AU Thomlinson, JR Bolstad, PV Cohen, WB AF Thomlinson, JR Bolstad, PV Cohen, WB TI Coordinating methodologies for scaling landcover classifications from site-specific to global: Steps toward validating global map products SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID SURFACE PARAMETERIZATION SIB2; LAND-COVER; VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION; ATMOSPHERIC GCMS; SATELLITE DATA; CARBON; ACCURACY; MODEL; FORMULATION; ALGORITHMS AB The MODIS sensor to be launched on tho EOS-AM platform will be the most important sensor for global vegetation mapping. Among the programmatic goals for the MODIS sensor are to assess and track changes in land use/landcover, leaf area index (LAI), and net primary productivity (NPP). For these products to be used in global models, they must be rigorously validated with site-specific data products. This article presents a review of some of the problems facing a regional- to global-scale validation effort and presents strategies for coordinating the land-cover classification process across multiple sites. We suggest the Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) as the source of remotely sensed data for validation, and that the IGBP 17-class land-cover classification system be used to provide a link between more complex site-specific systems and global-scale data products.. We further recommend that the best site-specific land-cover classifications be obtained using whatever ancillary data are found to be useful as a basis for validation. In addition, we propose ways in which ambiguities in translation of classes, from specific to general systems may be identified. Finally, we stress that even though standardization of methodology among sites may not be appropriate to the goal of obtaining the best possible land-cover prodnets, there should be standardization of error analysis and metadata reporting. (C) Elsevier Science Inc., 1999. C1 Univ Puerto Rico, Inst Trop Ecosyst Studies, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR USA. RP Thomlinson, JR (reprint author), Univ Puerto Rico, Inst Trop Ecosyst Studies, POB 363682, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. NR 50 TC 134 Z9 136 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 16 EP 28 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00055-3 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 241LJ UT WOS:000082884500003 ER PT J AU Turner, DP Cohen, WB Kennedy, RE Fassnacht, KS Briggs, JM AF Turner, DP Cohen, WB Kennedy, RE Fassnacht, KS Briggs, JM TI Relationships between leaf area index and Landsat TM spectral vegetation indices across three temperate zone sites SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID THEMATIC MAPPER; UNDERSTORY VEGETATION; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; OREGON TRANSECT; WESTERN OREGON; SATELLITE DATA; FOREST CANOPY; EOS-MODIS; REFLECTANCE; MODEL AB Mapping and monitoring of leaf area index (LAI) is important for spatially distributed modeling of vegetation productivity, evapotranspiration, and surface energy balance. Global LAI surfaces will be an early product of the MODIS Land Science Team, and the requirements for LAI validation at selected sites have prompted interest in accurate LAI mapping at a more local scale. While spectral vegetation indices (SVIs) derived from satellite remote sensing have been used to map LAI, vegetation type, and related optical properties, and effects of Sun-surface-sensor geometry, background reflectance, and atmospheric quality can limit the strength and generality of empirical LAI-SVI relationships. In the interest of a preliminary assessment of the variability in LAI-SVI relationships across vegetation types, we compared Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper imagery from thee temperate zone sites with on-site LAI measurements. The sites differed widely in location, vegetation physiognomy (grass, shrubs, hardwood forest, and conifer forest), and topographic complexity. Comparisons were made using three different red and near-infrared-based SVIs (NDVI, SR, SAVI). Several derivations of the SVIs were examined, including those based on raw digital numbers (DN), radiance, top of the atmosphere reflectance, and atmospherically corrected reflectance. For one of the sites, which had extreme topographic complexity, additional corrections were made for Sun-surface-sensor geometry. Across all sites, a strong general relationship was preserved, with SVIs increasing up to LAI values of 3 to 5, For all but the coniferous forest site, sensitivity of the SVIs was low at LAI values above 5. In coniferous forests, the SVIs decreased at the highest LAI values because of decreasing near-infrared reflectance associated with the complex canopy in these mature to old-growth stands. The cross-site LAI-SVI relationships based on atmospherically corrected imagery were stronger than those based on DN, radiance, or top of atmosphere reflectance. Topographic corrections at the conifer site altered th SVIs in some cases but had little effect on the LAI-SVI relationships. Significant effects of vegetation properties on SVIs, which were independent of LAI, were evident. The variability between and around the best fit LAI-SVI relationships for this dataset suggests that for local accuracy in development of LAI surfaces it will be desirable to stratify by land cover classes (e. g. physiognomic type and successional stage) and to vary the SVI. (C) Elsevier Science Inc., 1999. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forest Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Madison, WI USA. Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Turner, DP (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Peavy Hall 154, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM turnerd@fsl.orst.edu NR 90 TC 303 Z9 347 U1 6 U2 77 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 52 EP 68 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00057-7 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 241LJ UT WOS:000082884500005 ER PT J AU Milne, BT Cohen, WB AF Milne, BT Cohen, WB TI Multiscale assessment of binary and continuous landcover variables for MODIS validation, mapping, and modeling applications SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER MODIS; ECOLOGICAL MODELS; RENORMALIZATION-GROUP; FRACTAL LANDSCAPES; AGGREGATION ERROR; LODGEPOLE PINE; PATTERN; SCALE; RESOLUTION; REGULARIZATION AB Validation, mapping, and modeling efforts, require accurate methods to transform process rates and ecosystem attributes estimated from small field plots to the 250-1000-m-wide cells used by a new; generation of land cover mapping sensors. We provide alternative scale transformations, each with attendant assumptions and limitations. The choice of method depends on spatial characteristics oft he land cover variables in question and consequently may vary between biomes or with the intended application. Wc extend the fractal similarity dimension renormalization method, previously det-eloped for binary maps, to continuous variables. The method can preserve both the mean and the multifractal properties of the image, thereby satisfying a major goal, namely, to privide accurate areal estimates without sacrificing information about within-site variation. The scale transformation enables the multifractal scaling exponents of landscapes or individual spectral bands to be brought in and out of register with each other, thereby opening another dimension upon which to detect the scales at which various land use or terrain processes operate. Alternatively, landscapes can be selectively rescaled to highlight patterns due to particular processes. We recommend geostatistical procedures with which to assess spatial characteristics both within a site and within individual image cells. We recommend that aggregation of fine-grain measurements during validation of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) products be based on continuous variables to reduce errors that originate uncertainties in binary maps. (C) Elsevier Science Inc., 1999. C1 Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR USA. RP Milne, BT (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. EM bmilne@sevilleta.unm.edu NR 75 TC 28 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 EI 1879-0704 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 82 EP 98 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00059-0 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 241LJ UT WOS:000082884500007 ER PT J AU Kwang, J Zuckermann, F Ross, G Yang, S Osorio, F Liu, W Low, S AF Kwang, J Zuckermann, F Ross, G Yang, S Osorio, F Liu, W Low, S TI Antibody and cellular immune responses of swine following immunisation with plasmid DNA encoding the PRRS virus ORF's 4, 5, 6 and 7 SO RESEARCH IN VETERINARY SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID RESPIRATORY SYNDROME VIRUS; BACULOVIRUS EXPRESSION; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; LELYSTAD-VIRUS; PORCINE; PROTEINS; SERA AB The objectives of this study was to investigate the role of DNA vaccines in the generation of an immune response and that elicited against individually encoded proteins of PRRSV. The genomic regions encoding ORFs 4, 5, 6 and 7 of the PRRS virus vaccine strain were cloned into the mammalian expression vector pcDNA3.1 (+). Inoculations with the recombinant plasmids resulted in detection of PRRS virus-specific antibodies in 71 per cent of the immunized animals by ELISA, virus neutralization and/or Western blotting assays. In addition, cellular immune responses were detected in 86 per cent of the immunized pigs by interferon gamma assay and/or proliferation assay. Pigs in the control group had no detectable immune response to PRRS virus. The results obtained demonstrated that DNA immunization against PRRS virus results in the production of both humoral and cell mediated immune responses in pigs. The results also indicate that neutralization epitopes for PRRS virus are present on the viral envelope glycoproteins encoded by ORF4 and ORF5. (C) 1999 Harcourt Publishers Limited. C1 USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Univ Illinois, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Vet Biomed Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Natl Univ Singapore, Inst Mol Agrobiol, Singapore 118240, Singapore. RP Kwang, J (reprint author), Natl Univ Singapore, Inst Mol Agrobiol, Lab Anim Hlth Biotechnol, Singapore 117604, Singapore. NR 19 TC 38 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0034-5288 J9 RES VET SCI JI Res. Vet. Sci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 67 IS 2 BP 199 EP 201 DI 10.1053/rvsc.1998.0291 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 247WZ UT WOS:000083245100016 PM 10502493 ER PT J AU Corre, MD Schnabel, RR Shaffer, JA AF Corre, MD Schnabel, RR Shaffer, JA TI Evaluation of soil organic carbon under forests, cool-season and warm-season grasses in the northeastern US SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE soil organic carbon; water-extractable organic carbon; biodegradable dissolved organic carbon; delta C-13; riparian ID AGRICULTURAL SOIL; PLAINS RANGELAND; RIPARIAN FOREST; WATER; DENITRIFICATION; CULTIVATION; NITROGEN; MATTER; DYNAMICS; BIODEGRADABILITY AB There is insufficient information on whether or not soil organic carbon (SOC) under forest and grass vegetation differs, and such information is needed by conservation programs targeted for C sequestration. When these contrasting types of vegetation are used for restoration of degraded riparian areas, evaluation of water-extractable and bioavailable dissolved organic carbon (WEOC and BDOC, respectively) is also important for assessing their potential in supplying available SOC for microbial degradation of nonpoint-source pollutants (e.g. nitrate removal by denitrification). Our objective was to compare the total SOC, WEOC and BDOC under forests, cool-season (C-3) and warm-season (C-4) grasses in the northeastern U S. Six locations were selected which had mature stands of forests, C-3 and C-4 grasses. The total SOC, WEOC and BDOC were measured to a depth of 1 m, Analysis based on pooled data from all locations showed no difference in total SOC under forest (averages between 17-48 Mg C ha(-1) at 0-5 cm depth), C-3 (19-35 mg C ha(-1)) and C-4 grasses (13-39 mg C ha(-1)). However, analysis conducted at each location indicated that total SOC was, in part, influenced by vegetation age. When vegetation age is the same, temperature was also implicated to influence changes in SOC. Neither forests nor C-3 and C-4 grasses consistently supported the highest amounts of WEOC, BDOC and the proportion of BDOC to WEOC (%BDOC) across locations. The %BDOC ranged from 2 to 84% and averages were 47% under forest, 49% under C-3 grass, 39% under C-4 grass, 41% above 60 cm depth, 47% below 60 cm depth. The uniform %BDOC with depth suggested similar amounts of available C resource for denitrifiers under these vegetation types. Conversion of C-3 grass to C-4 grass resulted to a loss of SOC during the early years of C-4 grass establishment. It took 16 to 18 y after planting for the total SOC under CS grass to approach that under the original C-3 grass. Under 16-y and 18-y C-4 grasses, the contribution of C-4-derived SOC ranged from 53% to 72% of the total SOC under the original C-3 grass. The slow accumulation of C-4-derived SOC is an important consideration for its use in restoring riparian and conservation areas in the northeastern US. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Gottingen, Inst Soil Sci & Forest Nutr, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. RP Corre, MD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, Bldg 3702,Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 34 TC 49 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 31 IS 11 BP 1531 EP 1539 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00074-7 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 230TP UT WOS:000082266700007 ER PT J AU Ettema, CH Lowrance, R Coleman, DC AF Ettema, CH Lowrance, R Coleman, DC TI Riparian soil response to surface nitrogen input: temporal changes in denitrification, labile and microbial C and N pools, and bacterial and fungal respiration SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE riparian zone; nitrogen saturation; denitrification; microbial dynamics ID GROUNDWATER NITRATE; BIOMASS-C; FOREST; WATER; WETLANDS; PLANT; EXTRACTION; MANAGEMENT; INTERFACES; DYNAMICS AB To investigate potential changes in soil microbial characteristics of riparian zones subject to chronic nitrogen influx, we conducted an N-addition experiment in a riparian forest in the Coastal Plain of Georgia, USA. During 6 months, we quantified temporal changes in denitrification and respiration rates, microbial biomass, and bacterial and fungal activity, following single and repeated inorganic N additions to the near-stream zone ('zone 1') and the upslope area ('zone 2') within the riparian site. Zone 1 soil had significantly higher soil moisture, larger labile and microbial C and N pools, higher denitrification, bacterial and fungal respiration rates, and a lower pH than zone 2 soil. Over time, all added N was effectively removed from zone 1 soil by denitrification, regardless of whether N was added in a single large pulse or multiple small pulses. In contrast, added N did not significantly stimulate denitrification in zone 2 soil, which lacked sufficient anaerobicity and had lower labile C levels. In neither zone did N addition result in net N immobilization into microbial biomass, suggesting that microbial storage is not a major N-removal mechanism in this riparian forest. In both zones N additions slightly reduced microbial C and basal respiration, and increased fungal activity. Although bacterial activity was not significantly affected, the observation of increased bacterivorous nematode populations in N-amended soils suggests that bacterial production had been temporarily stimulated by N addition. However, it may be expected that long-term effects of chronic N influx mostly negatively affect microbial biomass and activity, which could threaten the seemingly indefinite N-removal potential of denitrifiers in N-loaded riparian systems. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Ettema, CH (reprint author), Wageningen Univ Agr, Soil Biol Grp, POB 8005, NL-6700 EC Wageningen, Netherlands. OI Coleman, David/0000-0003-0390-1501 NR 41 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 6 U2 19 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 31 IS 12 BP 1609 EP 1624 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00071-1 PG 16 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 234NU UT WOS:000082491400002 ER PT J AU Ettema, CH Lowrance, R Coleman, DC AF Ettema, CH Lowrance, R Coleman, DC TI Riparian soil response to surface nitrogen input: the indicator potential of free-living soil nematode populations SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE riparian zone; nitrogen saturation; free-living nematodes; indicators ID PINE FOREST; BACTERIVOROUS NEMATODES; MATURITY INDEX; ARABLE SOIL; FOOD-WEB; NITRATE; MINERALIZATION; DECOMPOSITION; WETLANDS; DYNAMICS AB Nitrogen saturation of riparian ecosystems may lead to leaching and loss of surface water quality. In the search for early warning signs of N-saturation, we conducted an N-addition experiment to evaluate the indicator potential of free-living nematodes. During 6 months, we measured changes in feeding and life strategy groups, following single high and repeated low inorganic N-additions to a near-stream zone ('zone 1') and an upslope area ('zone 2') within a riparian forest in the southeast Coastal Plain of Georgia. In both zones, N-addition significantly increased the number of bacterivores but not fungivores. Only bacterivores with r-selected life strategies increased. In this group, Rhabditinae multiplied after N-addition in both zones, but Neodiplogasteridae and Myolaimidae responded to N only in zone 1, and Cephalobidae only in zone 2. Microbivore correlations with microbial data, collected concomitantly (Ettema et al., 1999. Riparian soil response to surface nitrogen input: temporal changes in denitrification, labile and microbial C and N pools, and bacterial and fungal respiration. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 31, 1609-1624), were considerably stronger in N-amended treatments than in controls, suggesting that N-addition synchronized microbial-microbivorous dynamics. At the end of the experiment, bacterivore abundance returned to control levels, probably partly due to predation, as predator populations had considerably increased several months after the first N-addition. The increase in predator abundance was greater in the single high than repeated low N-addition treatments, as was the case for bacterivore populations. These results suggest that nematodes can be indicators of N-saturation. However, for practical application, it appears that these indicators could only be meaningful when monitored together with other system characteristics, such denitrifrcation rates and litter N. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Ettema, CH (reprint author), Wageningen Univ Agr, Soil Biol Grp, POB 8005, NL-6700 EC Wageningen, Netherlands. EM christein.ettema@bb.benp.wau.nl OI Coleman, David/0000-0003-0390-1501 NR 53 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 31 IS 12 BP 1625 EP 1638 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00072-3 PG 14 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 234NU UT WOS:000082491400003 ER PT J AU Corwin, DL Goldberg, S David, A AF Corwin, DL Goldberg, S David, A TI Evaluation of a functional model for simulating boron transport in soil SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE solute transport; transient-state now; nonpoint source pollution; lysimeter; adsorption; trace element ID NONPOINT-SOURCE POLLUTANTS; COMPUTER-SIMULATION; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; VADOSE ZONE; ADSORPTION; SCALE; EQUATION; UNCERTAINTY; PREDICTION; MINERALS AB There has been renewed interest in the application of functional models to the transport of nonpoint source pollutants at polypedon (i.e., farm) and watershed scales because of the ease of their coupling to a geographic information system and to the accepted organizational hierarchy of pedogenetic modeling approaches. However, very little work has been done to evaluate the performance of a functional transient-state model for the transport of a reactive solute over an extensive study period. Subsequently, the functional model TETrans (Trace Element Transport) was evaluated for model performance with boron (B) transport data collected from a meso-scale soil lysimeter column over a 1000-day study period (i.e., 40 irrigations). Because the ability to simulate water now has been evaluated previously for TETrans, the focus of this evaluation centered around the performance of various functional models of B adsorption used as subroutines within the TETrans model, including the (1) Freundlich, (2) kinetic Freundlich, (3) Langmuir, (4) temperature-dependent Langmuir, and (5) pH-dependent Keren adsorption isotherm equations. Model performance was evaluated with statistical functions, specifically the Average Absolute Prediction Error, the Root Mean Square Error, the Reduced Error Estimate and the Coefficient of Residual Mass, and graphic displays of observed and predicted B concentration profiles. Even though no single adsorption isotherm equation, when coupled to TETrans, could be considered poor in its performance, results indicated that the order of model performance was the pH-dependent Keren equation first, followed by the temperature-dependent Langmuir and kinetic Freundlich equations, the Freundlich equation, and, finally, the Langmuir equation. Overall, the TETrans model was able to simulate the transport of B with deviations because no functional adsorption equation incorporated all the influences of pH, ionic strength, temperature, and kinetic effects into a single equation. The inability to correctly predict one of the measured peaks in B concentration near the soil surface suggests that problems with the timing of the sample collection may have occurred for the shallowest sampling depth. C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Corwin, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 57 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 164 IS 10 BP 697 EP 717 DI 10.1097/00010694-199910000-00001 PG 21 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 251FL UT WOS:000083433900001 ER PT J AU Potter, KN Torbert, HA Johnson, HB Tischler, CR AF Potter, KN Torbert, HA Johnson, HB Tischler, CR TI Carbon storage after long-term grass establishment on degraded soils SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE soil organic carbon; prairie; grassland; agricultural soils ID GREAT-PLAINS; MANAGEMENT; NITROGEN AB Recent concern about global warming has led to attempts to estimate the effects of management on carbon sequestration in soil. The objective of this study is to determine the amount of soil organic carbon (SOC) degraded by agricultural practices and the rate of carbon sequestration in soils after restoration of grass for various periods of time. The SOC contents of previously cultivated clay soils (Udic Haplusterts) in central Texas returned to grass 6, 26, and 60 years ago are compared with those of soils in continuous agriculture for more than 100 years and those of prairie soils that have never been tilled. Surface (0 to 5 cm) SOC concentration ranged from 4.44 to 5.95% In the prairie to 1.53 to 1.88% in the agricultural sites. Carbon concentration in restored grasslands was generally intermediate to that reported for the native prairie and agricultural sites. The SOC mass in the surface 120 cm of the agricultural soils was 25 to 43% less than that of native prairie sites. After the establishment of grasses, SOC mass in the grass sites was greater than at the agricultural sites. A linear relationship between the length of time in grass and the amount of SOC sequestered in the surface 60 cm Gt well for time periods from 6 to 60 years. The slope of this function provided an estimate of the carbon sequestration rate, in this case 447 kg C ha(-1) yr(-1), At this rate, it would require nearly an additional century (98 years) for the 60-year grass site to reach a carbon pool equivalent to that of the prairie. C1 USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RP Potter, KN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, 808 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX 76502 USA. EM potter@brc.tamus.edu NR 19 TC 100 Z9 108 U1 1 U2 21 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 164 IS 10 BP 718 EP 725 DI 10.1097/00010694-199910000-00002 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 251FL UT WOS:000083433900002 ER PT J AU Elrashidi, MA Baligar, VC Korcak, RF Alva, AK AF Elrashidi, MA Baligar, VC Korcak, RF Alva, AK TI Mobility of elements in soil under stabilized dairy feedlot surfaces: A laboratory study SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE elements mobility; chemical stabilization; water quality; dairy feedlot; coal combustion by-products; dairy manure ID ANION ADSORPTION; GIBBSITE; MANURE AB Accumulation of manure on dairy feedlot surfaces (DFS) generates great amounts of dissolved constituents that can impact surface water and groundwater quality. Application of fluidized bed combustion (FBC) residue has been suggested to stabilize DFS and to minimize the environmental impact on water quality. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of using FBC residue (to stabilize DFS) on the mobility of elements in Lily loam soil (Typic Hapludult). Seepage generated from simulated dairy manure (DM)-, FBC-, or DM/FBC-feedlot surfaces was applied to 70-cm soil columns at 10 weekly intervals. Using FBC with DM decreased the amount of N, P, Si, Mg, K, Na, and organic C retained by the soil and increased the retention of Ca, S, B, and Cl. A large portion of elements (e.g,, P, B, Ca, Mg, K, Na) was retained in the surface 20 cm of the soil and decreased with depth. However, using FBC with DM enhanced the release of native soil Al, Fe, and Mn. Mechanisms responsible for this depletion could include (i) dissolution of soil minerals by SO(4), (ii) replacement of elements on exchangeable sites by Ca, (iii) reduction of high-valence elements to more soluble forms, and (iv) formation of soluble element-organic complexes. We concluded that two sets of reactions should be considered when evaluating the impact of the stabilization process on water quality: (i) reactions between DM and FBC constituents that control chemical composition of the seepage and (ii) reactions between the seepage and soil components that control elements attenuation and mobility. C1 Univ Florida, CREC, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. USDA ARS, AFSRC, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. USDA ARS, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, PWA, Irrigated Agr Res & Educ Ctr, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. RP Elrashidi, MA (reprint author), Univ Florida, CREC, 700 Expt Stn Rd, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. EM melrashidi@aol.com NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 164 IS 10 BP 731 EP 739 DI 10.1097/00010694-199910000-00004 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 251FL UT WOS:000083433900004 ER PT J AU Reicosky, DC Reeves, DW Prior, SA Runion, GB Rogers, HH Raper, RL AF Reicosky, DC Reeves, DW Prior, SA Runion, GB Rogers, HH Raper, RL TI Effects of residue management and controlled traffic on carbon dioxide and water loss SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE tillage; organic matter; soil carbon; greenhouse effect; gas exchange ID TILLAGE SYSTEM; SOIL RESPIRATION; NITROGEN; CORN; BIOMASS AB Management of crop residues and soil organic matter is of primary importance in maintaining soil fertility and productivity and in minimizing agricultural impact on the environment. Our objective was to determine the effects of traffic and tillage on short-term carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) fluxes from a representative soil in the southeastern Coastal Plain (USA). The study was conducted on a Norfolk loamy sand (FAO classification, Luxic Ferralsols; USDA classification, fine-loamy siliceous, thermic Typic Kandiudults) cropped to a corn (Zea mays L.)- soybean (Glycine maw (L.) Merr) rotation with a crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) winter cover crop for eight years. Experimental variables were with and without traffic under conventional tillage (CT) (disk harrow twice, chisel plow, field cultivator) and no tillage (NT) arranged in a split-plot design with four replicates. A wide-frame tractive vehicle enabled tillage without wheel traffic. Short-term CO2 and H2O fluxes were measured with a large portable chamber. Gas exchange measurements were made on both CT and NT at various times associated with tillage and irrigation events. Tillage-induced COP and H2O fluxes were larger than corresponding fluxes from untilled soil. Irrigation caused the CO2 fluxes to increase rapidly from both tillage systems, suggesting that soil gas fluxes were initially limited by lack of water. Tillage-induced CO2 and H2O fluxes were consistently higher than under NT. Cumulative CO2 flux from CT at the end of 80 h was nearly three times larger than from NT while the corresponding H2O loss was 1.6 times larger. Traffic had no significant effects on the magnitude of CO:! fluxes, possibly reflecting this soil's natural tendency to reconsolidate. The immediate impact of intensive surface tillage of sandy soils on gaseous carbon loss was larger than traffic effects and suggests a need to develop new management practices for enhanced soil carbon and water management for these sensitive soils. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, Auburn, AL 36831 USA. Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Reicosky, DC (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, 803 Iowa Ave, Morris, MN 56267 USA. NR 30 TC 53 Z9 65 U1 4 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 52 IS 3-4 BP 153 EP 165 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(99)00065-3 PG 13 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 264FM UT WOS:000084170000003 ER PT J AU Filgueira, RR Fournier, LL Sarli, GO Aragon, A Rawls, WJ AF Filgueira, RR Fournier, LL Sarli, GO Aragon, A Rawls, WJ TI Sensitivity of fractal parameters of soil aggregates to different management practices in a Phaeozem in central Argentina SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE soils; structure; fractal dimension; fragmentation; aggregation; tillage ID WATER PROPERTIES; FRAGMENTATION; MASS; DIMENSIONS; STABILITY; POROSITY; MODELS AB Changes in soil structure often accompany changes in management practices and may affect the effectiveness of these practices. Parameters are needed to quantify these changes. Our objective was to see if fractal dimensions derived from 'aggregate bulk density-aggregate size' and 'aggregate number-aggregate size' relationships could be applied to quantify such changes. The study was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the School of Agronomy and Forestry Engineering, National University of La Plata, Argentina. A Vertic Phaeozem soil was sampled at seven locations differing in long-term management practices. The 'aggregate bulk density-aggregate size' and 'number of aggregates-aggregate size' data were obtained for seven ranges of aggregate sizes. Differences in treatments were reflected by the fragmentation fractal dimension but not the mass fractal dimension. The lowest fragmentation fractal dimensions corresponded to plots under long-term no-tillage and the highest to plots with a history of cultivation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under water. The fragmentation fractal dimension reflected the differences in soil management whereas the mass fractal dimension appeared to be insensitive to those differences. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Univ La Plata, Fac Ciencias Agr & Forestales, RA-1900 La Plata, Argentina. USDA ARS, NRI, HL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Filgueira, RR (reprint author), Natl Univ La Plata, Fac Ciencias Agr & Forestales, Calles 60 & 119, RA-1900 La Plata, Argentina. NR 25 TC 13 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 52 IS 3-4 BP 217 EP 222 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(99)00082-3 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 264FM UT WOS:000084170000008 ER PT J AU Atalla, RH VanderHart, DL AF Atalla, RH VanderHart, DL TI The role of solid state C-13 NMR spectroscopy in studies of the nature of native celluloses SO SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE LA English DT Article DE cellulose; native; carbon-13; NMR; solid state; structure; allomorphs; Raman; infrared; electron diffraction; review ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; HIGH-RESOLUTION; VALONIA CELLULOSE; CRYSTALLINE FORMS; HIGH-TEMPERATURES; TRANSFORMATION; MICROFIBRILS; SPECTRA; MACROPHYSA; ALKALINE AB Published spectroscopic observations pertaining to the crystal structure of native celluloses are reviewed for the purpose of defining our current level of understanding about crystalline polymorphism in these materials. Emphasis is placed on observations from solid state C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), which first led to the postulate that most native, semicrystalline celluloses are composites of two crystalline allomorphs, labeled I-alpha and I-beta. Historical background is presented, highlighting the structural controversies which mainly arose because different native celluloses were used, each one representing a different mixture of allomorphs. Input from Raman, infrared (IR) and electron diffraction data is included in the discussion of our current understanding of polymorphism in native celluloses. Also noted is the input from more recently studied celluloses (e.g., Halocynthia) as well as from newer processes that convert the I-alpha to the I-beta form. On the basis of Raman and IR observations, it is argued that the I-alpha and I-beta allomorphs differ in hydrogen bonding patterns only and that backbone conformations are nearly identical. Also, the point is made that the absence of correlation field splittings in the Raman spectra calls into question (although it does not disprove) whether the normal two-chain-per-unit-cell, monoclinic I-beta allomorph really possesses two equivalent chains. Considerable discussion is devoted to the allomorphic composition of cellulose crystallites in higher plants. Published methods of NMR lineshape analysis for the higher plant celluloses are reviewed and critiqued, both from the point of view of lineshape theory and from the point of view of self-consistency of inferences that are based on lineshape analyses for different carbons (particularly C1 and C4). It is concluded that higher plant celluloses most likely possess a minor amount of the I-alpha allomorph where the I-alpha/I-beta ratio is probably less than 0.25. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Atalla, RH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 57 TC 196 Z9 202 U1 3 U2 88 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-2040 J9 SOLID STATE NUCL MAG JI Solid State Nucl. Magn. Reson. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 15 IS 1 BP 1 EP 19 DI 10.1016/S0926-2040(99)00042-9 PG 19 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Condensed Matter; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Physics; Spectroscopy GA 265AJ UT WOS:000084215900002 PM 10903080 ER PT J AU Berry, PE Miller, RB Wiedenhoeft, AC AF Berry, PE Miller, RB Wiedenhoeft, AC TI A new lightweight-wooded species of Anaxagorea (Annonaceae) from flooded black-water shrublands in southern Venezuela SO SYSTEMATIC BOTANY LA English DT Article AB Anaxagorea inundata P. E. Berry & R. B. Miller is a distinctive new species from the blackwater Rio Atabapo basin in southern Venezuela. It is adapted to its strongly flooded habitat by producing very lightweight wood (specific gravity <0.2) and just a few leaves and flowers near the tips of the unbranched or few-branched stems. It appears to be most closely related to A. rheophytica Maas & Westra, also from a black-water river in southern Venezuela. An illustration of morphological features and photomicrographs of the wood anatomy are provided. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bot, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Berry, PE (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bot, 132 Birge Hall, 430 Lincoln Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 14 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PLANT TAXONOMISTS PI BRONX PA NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN, BRONX, NY 10458-5126 USA SN 0363-6445 J9 SYST BOT JI Syst. Bot. PD OCT-DEC PY 1999 VL 24 IS 4 BP 506 EP 511 DI 10.2307/2419639 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences; Evolutionary Biology SC Plant Sciences; Evolutionary Biology GA 278PR UT WOS:000084998600002 ER PT J AU Myers, GC Barbour, RJ Abubakr, S AF Myers, GC Barbour, RJ Abubakr, S TI Small-diameter trees used for thermomechanical pulps SO TAPPI JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB During the course of restoring and maintaining ecosystem health and function in the western interior of the United States, many small-diameter stems are removed from densely stocked stands. These materials are considered nonusable or underutilized. Information on the properties of these materials is needed to help managers understand when timber sales are a viable option to accomplish ecosystem objectives. Pulp is a logical use for small-diameter material. Thermomechanical pulps (TMPs) were prepared and evaluated from (a) lodgepole pine and mixed Douglas-fir-western larch sawmill residue chips, (b) lodgepole pine, Douglas-fir, and western larch submerchantable logs, and (c) lodgepole pine, Douglas-fir, and western larch small trees. TMPs prepared from Douglas-fir and lodgepole pine small trees had equal or better paper properties than pulp from sawmill residue chips of the same species. TMPS prepared from Douglas-fir, western larch, and lodgepole pine submerchantable logs and western larch small trees had lower paper properties than pulps from sawmill residue chips of the same species. Thermomechanical pulps prepared from lodgepole pine submerchantable logs and western larch small trees had the poorest properties of the eight raw materials evaluated. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portland, OR 97205 USA. RP Myers, GC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 9 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU TECH ASSN PULP PAPER IND INC PI NORCROSS PA 15 TECHNOLOGY PARK SOUTH, NORCROSS, GA 30092 USA SN 0734-1415 J9 TAPPI J JI TAPPI J. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 82 IS 10 BP 105 EP 110 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA 244HE UT WOS:000083045100016 ER PT J AU Tao, WY Calamari, TA Yu, CW Chen, Y AF Tao, WY Calamari, TA Yu, CW Chen, Y TI Preparing and characterizing kenaf/cotton blended fabrics SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID KENAF FIBER; NONWOVEN MATS AB Kenaf fibers offer the advantage of being renewable, biodegradable, and environmentally safe, but kenaf is difficult to process and spin because of its coarseness, stiffness, and the low cohesion of its fiber bundles. In this research, kenaf fibers are treated by a modified chemical degumming method to improve their properties. The finer and softer kenaf fiber bundles are easier to process than those in earlier studies. Treated kenaf fiber bundles are blended with Pima cotton and spun on a cotton processing system to yield blended 30/70 kenaf/cotton yarns. For comparison, 100% cotton yarn, 30/70 jute/cotton yarn, and 30/70 flax/cotton blended yam ate also prepared. The kenaf/cotton blended yarns are comparable to the jute/cotton and flax/cotton blends. Experimental woven fabrics made from 100% cotton yarn and from the blended yarns reveal that the breaking strength of kenaf/cotton blended fabric is similar to that of other blends, but lower than that of 100% cotton fabric. The kenaf blended fabric displays the highest air permeability. When the Kawabata Evaluation System is used to evaluate the fabrics, the results show that the blends are stiffer and less recoverable after deformation than the 100% cotton fabric, but the measured surface properties of the blended fabrics are comparable to those of 100% cotton. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. China Text Univ, Dept Text Engn, Shanghai 200051, Peoples R China. Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Tao, WY (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 15 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 13 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 USA SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 69 IS 10 BP 720 EP 724 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA 242LX UT WOS:000082943500004 ER PT J AU Akin, DE Rigsby, LL Perkins, W AF Akin, DE Rigsby, LL Perkins, W TI Quality properties of flax fibers retted with enzymes SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID USITATISSIMUM L. STEMS; CELL-WALLS; CORTICAL PARENCHYMA; HYPOCOTYL; PECTINS; CALCIUM AB Flax that has been mechanically treated in an opener-blender to disrupt stem integrity is enzymatically retted with a series of enzyme formulations with different levels of Flaxzyme with or without ethylenediamine-tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) as a chelator. Samples are then characterized by light and transmission electron microscopy and fiber tests for micronaire, strength (g/tex), and elongation. Unretted control fibers are off scale for micronaire and consist of fiber bundles with associated epidermis/cuticle fragments. Structurally, the lowest level of Flaxzyme used, i.e., 0.05% (w/v), plus 50 mmol EDTA produces ultimate fibers and bundles of various sizes without evidence of associated epidermis/cuticle. This formulation yields flax fibers with similar micronaire values and about 34% more strength than the recommended level of 0.3% Flaxzyme. A level of 3.0% Flaxzyme extensively removes middle lamellae from the bundles, produces the smallest micronaire values, and reduces strength to about 30% of fibers treated with 0.05% Flaxzyme plus chelator. Variations in fiber properties with the different formulations suggest that pectin degradation varies for different regions of the bast tissues and that specific strategies for improving enzymatic retting can be developed. Results show that fiber quality tests for cotton are useful in differentiating formulations for enzymatic retting of flax, and 0.05% Flaxzyme plus 50 mmol EDTA is the most efficient retting formulation. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Text Merchandising & Interiors, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Akin, DE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 19 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 0 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 USA SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 69 IS 10 BP 747 EP 753 DI 10.1177/004051759906901008 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA 242LX UT WOS:000082943500008 ER PT J AU Davidonis, GH Johnson, A Landivar, JA Hood, KB AF Davidonis, GH Johnson, A Landivar, JA Hood, KB TI The cotton fiber property variability continuum from motes through seeds SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MATURITY AB Cotton fiber quality at the bale level is a composite of all the constitutive fibers in the bale. Bales contain fibers from both mature seeds and motes (developmentally arrested seeds). The degree of variability shown in the fiber properties of seeds and motes serves as an indicator of the amount of variability in a bale. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) has been collected from machine harvested fields, and fibers have been removed by hand or ginned with a small laboratory saw gin and analyzed with the Zellweger-Uster advanced fiber information system (Ans). Distribution of ginned mote and seed weights are similar for three cotton varieties, but composite fiber properties are different. Early termination of embryo growth results in short-fiber motes. The degree of secondary wall deposition for short-fiber motes shows that the capacity for cell wall synthesis is not terminated with the termination of embryo growth. Cotton samples are categorized by ginned mote and seed weights. The cotton varieties with the most mature fibers also have the most mature mote fibers. As ginned seed weight increases, fiber maturity increases. Fiber perimeter values fluctuate for motes but remain constant once a ginned seed weight of 56 mg is reached. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Agr Res & Extens, Corpus Christi, TX 78406 USA. Perthshire Farms, Gunnison, MS 38746 USA. RP Davidonis, GH (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 20 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 USA SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 69 IS 10 BP 754 EP 759 DI 10.1177/004051759906901009 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA 242LX UT WOS:000082943500009 ER PT J AU Vuylsteke, M Mank, R Antonise, R Bastiaans, E Senior, ML Stuber, CW Melchinger, AE Lubberstedt, T Xia, XC Stam, P Zabeau, M Kuiper, M AF Vuylsteke, M Mank, R Antonise, R Bastiaans, E Senior, ML Stuber, CW Melchinger, AE Lubberstedt, T Xia, XC Stam, P Zabeau, M Kuiper, M TI Two high-density AFLP (R) linkage maps of Zea mays L.: analysis of distribution of AFLP markers SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Zea mays L.; AFLP (R); methylation AFLP (R); genetic map; DNA methylation ID FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS; GENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; MAIZE; BARLEY; RESISTANCE; DIVERSITY; POTATO; RFLP AB This study demonstrates the relative ease of generating high-density linkage maps using the AFLP(R) technology. Two high-density AFLP linkage maps of Zea mays L. were generated based on: (1) a B73 x Mo17 recombinant inbred population and (2) a D32 x D145 immortalized F-2 population. Although AFLP technology is in essence a mono-allelic marker system, markers can be scored quantitatively and used to deduce zygosity. AFLP markers were generated using the enzyme combinations EcoRI/MseI and PstI/MseI. A total of 1539 and 1355 AFLP markers have been mapped in the two populations, respectively. Among the mapped PstI/MseI AFLP markers we have included fragments bounded by a methylated PstI site ((m)AFLP markers). Mapping these (m)AFLP markers shows that the presence of C-methylation segregates in perfect accordance with the primary target sequence, leading to Mendelian inheritance. Simultaneous mapping of PstI/MseI AFLP and PstI/MseI (m)AFLP markers allowed us to identify a number of epi-alleles, showing allelic variation in the CpNpG methylation only. However, their frequency in maize is low. Map comparison shows that, despite some rearrangements, most of the AFLP markers that are common in both populations, map at similar positions, This would indicate that AFLP markers are predominantly single-locus markers. Changes in map order occur mainly in marker-dense regions. These marker-dense regions, representing clusters of mainly EcoRI/MseI AFLP and PstI/MseI (m)AFLP markers, colocalize well with the putative centromeric regions of the maize chromosomes. In contrast, PstI/MseI markers are more uniformly distributed over the genome. C1 Keygene NV, Wageningen, Netherlands. N Carolina State Univ, Mol Marker Facil, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Genet, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Univ Hohenheim, Inst Plant Breeding Seed Sci & Populat Genet, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany. Agr Univ Wageningen, Dept Plant Sci, Lab Plant Breeding, NL-6700 AJ Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Vuylsteke, M (reprint author), Keygene NV, POB 216, Wageningen, Netherlands. OI Kuiper, Martin/0000-0002-1171-9876 NR 63 TC 182 Z9 203 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 99 IS 6 BP 921 EP 935 DI 10.1007/s001220051399 PG 15 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 253DU UT WOS:000083542000001 ER PT J AU Edson, CM Purmal, A Brown, F Valeri, CR Budowsky, E Chapman, JR AF Edson, CM Purmal, A Brown, F Valeri, CR Budowsky, E Chapman, JR TI Viral inactivation in reo blood cell concentrates by INACTINE circle times: Mechanism of action and lack of effect on red cell physiology SO TRANSFUSION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Pentose Pharmaceut Inc, Cambridge, MA USA. USDA, Greenport, NY USA. USN, Blood Res Lab, Boston, MA USA. NR 0 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC BLOOD BANKS PI BETHESDA PA 8101 GLENBROOK RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2749 USA SN 0041-1132 J9 TRANSFUSION JI Transfusion PD OCT PY 1999 VL 39 IS 10 SU S BP 108S EP 108S PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 247EK UT WOS:000083207500516 ER PT J AU Wells, KD Foster, JA Moore, K Pursel, VG Wall, RJ AF Wells, KD Foster, JA Moore, K Pursel, VG Wall, RJ TI Codon optimization, genetic insulation, and an rtTA reporter improve performance of the tetracycline switch SO TRANSGENIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE codon bias; IRES; MAR; rtTA; TetR; tetR; transgenic; transgene switch ID MATRIX ATTACHMENT REGION; GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; MAMMALIAN-CELLS; TRANSGENIC MICE; EXPRESSION; PROMOTER; SYSTEM; TRANSCRIPTION; REPRESSOR; ELEMENTS AB The objective of this work was to further develop a tetracycline repressor (TetR) protein system that allows control of transgene expression. First, to circumvent the need for a binary approach, a single plasmid design was constructed and tested in tissue culture. To indirectly assay integrations that express the synthetic transcription factor (rtTA), a bicistronic gene was built which included an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and a green fluorescent protein coding region (GFP) on the same expression cassette as the coding region of rtTA (pTetGREEN). This construct did not produce fluorescent colonies when stably integrated and provided minimal expression of GFP in the face of adequate expression of rtTA. The coding region for TetR was then altered by introducing 156 silent point mutations to simulate mammalian genes. Replacement of wild-type TetR gene (tetR) in pTetGREEN with 'mammalianized' provided GFP expression. Adjustment of codon usage in the tetR region of rtTA nearly doubled the expression level of functional rtTA. To increase the number of rtTA expressing lines, the chicken egg-white lysozyme matrix attachment region (MAR) was introduced into the single plasmid design just upstream of the tetracycline operators (tetO). Inclusion of the MAR doubled the number of colonies that expressed rtTA (44 vs 88). With the modifications described here, the number of lines that express rtTA and provide induction from a single plasmid design can be increased by the inclusion of a MAR and the level of rtTA expression can be further increased by adjusting the base composition of the TetR coding region. The MAR also insulates the inducible gene from the promoter driving rtTA. C1 BARC, LPSI, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wall, RJ (reprint author), BARC, LPSI, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, USDA ARS Bldg 200,RM 8,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 29 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0962-8819 J9 TRANSGENIC RES JI Transgenic Res. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 8 IS 5 BP 371 EP 381 DI 10.1023/A:1008952302539 PG 11 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 268XF UT WOS:000084444400005 PM 10669945 ER PT J AU King, JS Albaugh, TJ Allen, HL Kress, LW AF King, JS Albaugh, TJ Allen, HL Kress, LW TI Stand-level allometry in Pinus taeda as affected by irrigation and fertilization SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biomass partitioning; ephemeral tissue; fine roots; foliage; loblolly pine; ontogenetic control; perennial tissues; resource availability ID SPRUCE PICEA-SITCHENSIS; LOBLOLLY-PINE; BIOMASS ALLOCATION; CARBON ALLOCATION; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; DRY-MATTER; PLANT NUTRITION; DOUGLAS-FIR; FINE ROOTS; GROWTH AB Changing environmental conditions have the potential to alter allometric relationships between plant parts, possibly leading to ecosystem-level feedbacks. We quantified allometric shifts in field-grown loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in response to altered resource availability based on data from multiple harvests to correct for size-related changes in biomass partitioning. A replicated factorial arrangement of irrigation and fertilization treatments was applied for 4 years to an 8-year-old loblolly pine plantation on a well-drained, low fertility site in North Carolina. Destructive and nondestructive growth measurements were used to develop treatment-specific regressions to estimate stand-level biomass for ephemeral and perennial plant parts, both above- and belowground. Stand-level allometric analysis indicated that irrigation increased biomass partitioning to fine roots and decreased partitioning to foliage, relative to other plant parts. Fertilization increased partitioning to perennial tissues (coarse roots, taproots, and branches) and decreased partitioning to ephemeral tissues (foliage and fine roots). Changes in allometry were small (< 6 %) but statistically significant, indicating that biomass partitioning in loblolly pine changes with altered resource availability, but is probably under strong ontogenetic control. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Forestry, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, USDA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP King, JS (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. NR 74 TC 88 Z9 89 U1 2 U2 13 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 19 IS 12 BP 769 EP 778 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 236PW UT WOS:000082608600001 ER PT J AU Asadauskas, S Perez, JM Erhan, SZ AF Asadauskas, S Perez, JM Erhan, SZ TI Kinetics of oxidative degradation: Applicability of time and temperature superposition SO TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 53rd Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Tribologists-and-Lubrication-Engineers CY MAY 17-21, 1998 CL DETROIT, MICHIGAN SP Soc Tribologists & Lubricat Engineers DE vegetable oils; oleates; triglycerides; triolein; unsaturation; lubricants; hydraulic fluids; biodegradable oils; polymerization; gelation; stability; micro oxidation; kinetics AB New methodology is suggested to quantify the effect of temperature on oxidative degradation and compare test results obtained at different temperatures or evaluate changes in chemical mechanisms. Assumption of the pseudo-first-order kinetics to calculate activation energies in oxidative polymerization of uninhibited 100 percent oleic triglyceride under thin film oxidation provided only semiquantitative results from available oxypolymerization data at six temperatures from 100 degrees to 175 degrees C. As an alternative approach, Time and Temperature Superposition (TTS) was applied to analyze the data. Several TTS forms consistent with Arrhenius equation showed much greater accuracy in determining activation energies and induction periods. Different stages of oxidative degradation were identified after the data from different temperatures were combined into one kinetic map. Kinetic maps of alkali-refined high oleic sunflower oil, fully formulated synthetic oleate-based hydraulic fluid and additive-free super refined mineral oil showed their increasing resistance to oxypolymerization. Limitations of TTS were discussed. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Asadauskas, S (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RI Asadauskas, Svajus/A-6766-2010 OI Asadauskas, Svajus/0000-0001-9267-5280 NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOC TRIBOLOGISTS & LUBRICATION ENGINEERS PI PARK RIDGE PA 840 BUSSE HIGHWAY, PARK RIDGE, IL 60068 USA SN 1040-2004 J9 TRIBOL T JI Tribol. Trans. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 42 IS 4 BP 860 EP 866 DI 10.1080/10402009908982293 PG 7 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 243MN UT WOS:000083002000023 ER PT J AU Panter, KE Ralphs, MH James, LF Stegelmeier, BL Molyneux, RJ AF Panter, KE Ralphs, MH James, LF Stegelmeier, BL Molyneux, RJ TI Effects of locoweed (Oxytropis sericea) on reproduction in cows with a history of locoweed consumption SO VETERINARY AND HUMAN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ALPHA-MANNOSIDASE ACTIVITY; ASTRAGALUS-LENTIGINOSUS; SWAINSONA-CANESCENS; CATTLE; INTOXICATION; INHIBITION AB Locoweed (Oxytropis sericea) was fed to 4 open cycling cows that had repeatedly consumed locoweed in previous grazing trails. They received locoweed at 20% of their diet for 30 d (0.68-0.76 mg swainsonine/kg/d). Locoweed induced an immediate rise in serum swainsonine (the locoweed toxin) and a concomitant drop in serum alpha-mannosidase activity in all cows accompanied by abnormal estrus behavior, increased estrous cycle lengths and failure to conceive. Serum progesterone (P4) profiles demonstrated that estrous cycles lengthened from an average of 19 d before locoweed feeding to an average of 34 d (range 24-43 d) while on locoweed. After locoweed feeding ceased, normal estrous cycles-returned within an average of 14 d (range 7-25 d) Two of the 4 cows conceived on their first post-locoweed estrus at 7 and 25 d. The third cow bred twice at 13 and 31 d after lowoweed feeding stopped, and the fourth cow bred 3 times at 11, 31 and 52 d before conception occurred. Pregnancies in all 4 cows progressed normally to 7 mo gestation when locoweed was again fed at 20% of the diet for 40 d (gestation days 213 and 253) to 2/4 cows, of which aborted 10 d after lowoweed feeding stopped (263 days gestation). The other cow fed lowoweed calved normally as did the 2 pregnancy control cows. Serum P4 and estradiol (E2) profiles during pregnancy appeared normal before, during and after locoweed feeding except in the cow that aborted, whose P4 declined and E2 increased prematurely. The general trend of serum prolactin was similar in locoweed-fed and control cows. C1 ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. ARS, USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Panter, KE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 25 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 2 PU COMPARATIVE TOXICOLOGY LAB PI MANHATTAN PA KANSAS STATE UNIV, MANHATTAN, KS 66506-5606 USA SN 0145-6296 J9 VET HUM TOXICOL JI Vet. Human Toxicol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 41 IS 5 BP 282 EP 286 PG 5 WC Toxicology; Veterinary Sciences SC Toxicology; Veterinary Sciences GA 240WE UT WOS:000082849400003 PM 10509427 ER PT J AU van den Berg, F Kubiak, R Benjey, WG Majewski, MS Yates, SR Reeves, GL Smelt, JH van der Linden, AMA AF van den Berg, F Kubiak, R Benjey, WG Majewski, MS Yates, SR Reeves, GL Smelt, JH van der Linden, AMA TI Emission of pesticides into the air SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Fate of Pesticides in the Atmosphere Implications for Risk Assessment CY APR 22-24, 1998 CL DRIEBERGEN, NETHERLANDS DE air quality; application technique; emission factor; emission model; glasshouse; measurement method; pesticides; regional emissions; spray drift; volatilization ID METHYL-BROMIDE VOLATILIZATION; BEHAVIOR ASSESSMENT MODEL; RANDOM-WALK MODEL; AGRICULTURAL FIELDS; TRACE ORGANICS; WHEAT FIELD; SPRAY DRIFT; BARE SOIL; CLASSIFICATION; EVAPORATION AB During and after the application of a pesticide in agriculture, a substantial fraction of the dosage may enter the atmosphere and be transported over varying distances downwind of the target. The rate and extent of the emission during application, predominantly as spray particle drift, depends primarily on the application method (equipment and technique), the formulation and environmental conditions, whereas the emission after application depends primarily on the properties of the pesticide, soils, crops and environmental conditions. The fraction of the dosage that misses the target area may be high in some cases and more experimental data on this loss term are needed for various application types and weather conditions. Such data are necessary to test spray drift models, and for further model development and verification as well. Following application, the emission of soil fumigants and soil incorporated pesticides into the air can be measured and computed with reasonable accuracy, but further model development is needed to improve the reliability of the model predictions. For soil surface applied pesticides reliable measurement methods are available, but there is not yet a reliable model. Further model development is required which must be verified by field experiments. Few data are available on pesticide volatilization from plants and more field experiments are also needed to study the fate processes on the plants. Once this information is available, a model needs to be developed to predict the volatilization of pesticides from plants, which, again, should be verified with field measurements. For regional emission estimates, a link between data on the temporal and spatial pesticide use and a geographical information system for crops and soils with their characteristics is needed. C1 DLO, Winand Staring Ctr Integrated Land Soil & Water R, NL-6700 AC Wageningen, Netherlands. Staatliche Lehr & Forsch Anstalt Landwirtschaft W, D-67435 Neustadt, Germany. NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US Geol Survey, NERL, Water Res Dept, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. ARS, US Salin Lab, USDA, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Dow AgroSci, Letcombe Regis, Wantage OX12 9JT, Oxon, England. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. RP van den Berg, F (reprint author), DLO, Winand Staring Ctr Integrated Land Soil & Water R, POB 125, NL-6700 AC Wageningen, Netherlands. RI de Voogt, Pim/C-5683-2017 OI de Voogt, Pim/0000-0001-9065-9797 NR 104 TC 122 Z9 123 U1 4 U2 42 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 115 IS 1-4 BP 195 EP 218 DI 10.1023/A:1005234329622 PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 243XT UT WOS:000083023300009 ER PT J AU Atkinson, R Guicherit, R Hites, RA Palm, WU Seiber, JN de Voogt, P AF Atkinson, R Guicherit, R Hites, RA Palm, WU Seiber, JN de Voogt, P TI Transformations of pesticides in the atmosphere: A state of the art SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Fate of Pesticides in the Atmosphere Implications for Risk Assessment CY APR 22-24, 1998 CL DRIEBERGEN, NETHERLANDS DE atmospheric lifetimes; pesticides; reaction rates; transformation products ID GAS-PHASE REACTIONS; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; SIERRA-NEVADA MOUNTAINS; KINETIC DATA EVALUATION; REACTION-RATE CONSTANTS; OH REACTION-KINETICS; DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; HYDROXYL RADICALS AB The current knowledge about transformation rates and products of pesticides in the atmosphere is reviewed. Reactive species and their concentrations in the atmosphere are presented. Reactions of pesticides with these species (including photolysis) in the gas and the particulate phase are evaluated from available experimental data. The potential of estimation methods is discussed. Experimental techniques for laboratory and outdoor measurements are reviewed. Finally, an estimation is made of uncertainties in atmospheric lifetimes due to chemical or physical reactions. It is concluded that the most important transformation of pesticides in the atmosphere is due to reaction with OH radicals. Very few experimental data for pesticides are available though. The levels of uncertainty in OH radical concentrations are acceptable, however, for a proper estimation of atmospheric removal rates due to reactions with OH radicals of those pesticides for which experimental transformation rates (of homologues) are available. C1 Univ Amsterdam, Amsterdam Res Inst Subst Ecosyst Environm & Toxic, NL-1018 WV Amsterdam, Netherlands. Univ Calif Riverside, Air Pollut Res Ctr, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. TNO, Inst Environm Sci Energy Res & Proc Innovat, NL-7300 AH Apeldoorn, Netherlands. Indiana Univ, Dept Chem, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Fraunhofer Inst Toxikol & Aerosolforsch, D-30625 Hannover, Germany. ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP de Voogt, P (reprint author), Univ Amsterdam, Amsterdam Res Inst Subst Ecosyst Environm & Toxic, Nieuwe Actergracht 166, NL-1018 WV Amsterdam, Netherlands. RI de Voogt, Pim/C-5683-2017 OI de Voogt, Pim/0000-0001-9065-9797 NR 115 TC 70 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 25 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 115 IS 1-4 BP 219 EP 243 DI 10.1023/A:1005286313693 PG 25 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 243XT UT WOS:000083023300010 ER PT J AU Simunek, J Wendroth, O van Genuchten, MT AF Simunek, J Wendroth, O van Genuchten, MT TI Estimating unsaturated soil hydraulic properties from laboratory tension disc infiltrometer experiments SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY; PARAMETER-ESTIMATION; EVAPORATION METHOD; CONDUCTIVITY; INFILTRATION; WATER; TRANSPORT; PERMEAMETERS; MODEL; FLOW AB Four tension disc infiltration experiments were carried out on a loamy soil in the laboratory for the purpose of estimating the unsaturated soil hydraulic properties. Sixteen tensiometers were installed in pairs at the following coordinate (r, z) positions: (10, 2.5), (10, 5), (10, 10), (15, 5), (15, 10), (15, 15), (15, 20), and (15, 30), where r represents the distance from the axis of symmetry and z is the location below the soil surface. A time domain reflectometry (TDR) probe was used to measure water contents at a depth of 2 cm directly below the tension disc. The first three experiments involved supply pressure heads at the disc of -20, -10, -5, and -1 cm, with the experiment lasting for -5 hours. The same supply pressure heads were also used for the fourth experiment, which lasted 6.25 days so as to reach steady state at each applied tension. The measured data were analyzed using Wooding's [1968] analytical solution and by numerical inversion. The parameter estimation method combined a quasi three-dimensional numerical solution of the Richards equation with the Marquardt-Levenberg optimization scheme. The objective function for the parameter estimation analysis was defined using different combinations of the cumulative infiltrated volume, TDR readings, and tensiometer measurements. The estimated hydraulic properties were compared against results obtained with an evaporation experiment as analyzed with Wind's [1968] method. Water contents in the retention curves were underestimated when both transient and quasi steady state experiments were analyzed by parameter estimation. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivities obtained by parameter estimation and using Wooding's [1968] analysis corresponded well. Drying branches of the hydraulic conductivity function determined by parameter estimation also corresponded well with those obtained with the evaporation method. C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. ZALF, Inst Soil Landscape Res, D-15374 Muncheberg, Germany. RP Simunek, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. EM JSimunek@ussl.ars.usda.gov RI Verbist, Koen/B-3029-2009; Simunek, Jiri/F-3196-2011; van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013 OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858 NR 39 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 35 IS 10 BP 2965 EP 2979 DI 10.1029/1999WR900179 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 240NQ UT WOS:000082832400006 ER PT J AU Lebron, I Schaap, MG Suarez, DL AF Lebron, I Schaap, MG Suarez, DL TI Saturated hydraulic conductivity prediction from microscopic pore geometry measurements and neural network analysis SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID WATER-RETENTION; SOIL POROSITY; FLOCCULATION; DOMAINS; CLAYS; SIZE AB Traditional models to describe hydraulic properties in soils are constrained by the assumption of cylindrical capillarity to account for the geometry of the pore space. This study was conducted to develop a new methodology to directly measure the porosity and its microscopic characteristics. The methodology is based on the analysis of binary images collected with a backscattered electron detector from thin sections of soils. Pore surface area, perimeter, roughness, circularity, and maximum and average diameter were quantified in 36 thin sections prepared from undisturbed soils. Saturated hydraulic conductivity K-sat, particle size distribution, particle density, bulk density, and chemical properties were determined on the same cores. We used the Kozeny-Carman equation and neural network and bootstrap analysis to predict a formation factor from microscopic, macroscopic, and chemical data. The predicted K-sat was in excellent agreement with the measured K-sat (R-2 = 0.91) when a hydraulic radius r(H) defined as pore area divided by pore perimeter and the formation factor were included in the Kozeny-Carman equation. C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Lebron, I (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RI lebron, Inma/A-4762-2013 OI lebron, Inma/0000-0001-8610-9717 NR 36 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 35 IS 10 BP 3149 EP 3158 DI 10.1029/1999WR900195 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 240NQ UT WOS:000082832400019 ER PT J AU Schaible, GD McCarl, BA Lacewell, RD AF Schaible, GD McCarl, BA Lacewell, RD TI The Edwards Aquifer water resource conflict: USDA farm program resource-use incentives? SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE; SECTOR MODELS; POLICY; ALLOCATION; BUREAU AB This paper summarizes economic and hydrological analyses of the impacts of the 1990 and 1996 U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) farm programs on irrigation water withdrawals from the Edwards Aquifer in south central Texas and on aquifer-dependent spring flows that support threatened and endangered species. Economic modeling, a regional producer behavioral survey, as well as institutional and farm characteristic analyses are used to examine likely irrigation water-use impacts. Hydrologic modeling is used to examine spring flow effects. study results show that 1990 USDA commodity programs caused producers to require less irrigation water in turn increasing rather than decreasing aquifer spring flows. Market economic factors are the dominant criteria influencing producer irrigation decisions. Farm-tenure arrangements and aquifer management responsibilities of the Edwards Aquifer Authority indicate that the 1996 Farm Act's PFC payment program will not cause an increase in irrigation withdrawals. Broader actions such as long-term water supply enhancement/conservation programs, dry-year water-use reduction incentives and water markets all provide tools for Edwards water-use conflict resolution. USDA farm programs do not apparently play a material part in the total debate. C1 Econ Res Serv, USDA, Resource Econ Div, Washington, DC 20036 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Agr Econ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Schaible, GD (reprint author), Econ Res Serv, USDA, Resource Econ Div, Room 4068,1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RI McCarl, Bruce/E-9445-2011 NR 41 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 35 IS 10 BP 3171 EP 3183 DI 10.1029/1999WR900182 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 240NQ UT WOS:000082832400021 ER PT J AU Harrison, HF Peterson, JK AF Harrison, HF Peterson, JK TI Effect of temperature and cultivar on the response of broccoli and collard (Brassica oleracea) to oxyfluorfen SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE oxyfluorfen, 2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene; broccoli, Brassica oleracea L-var. italica; collard, Brassica oleracea var. acephala.; herbicide tolerance ID VAR BOTRYTIS; PREEMERGENCE AB Growth chamber studies were conducted to investigate the effect of temperature, cultivar, and leaf wax content on the response of broccoli and collard to oxyfluorfen. Broccoli cultivars grown under cool temperatures (15/10 C) were more susceptible to preemergence (PRE) application of oxyfluorfen, and broccoli and collard cultivars grown at cool temperatures were more susceptible to postemergence (POST) application of oxyfluorfen than cultivars grown under warm temperatures (25/20 C). Differences between the tolerant cultivar 'Pinnacle' and the susceptible cultivar 'Packman' in response to PRE oxyfluorfen application were more distinct at warm temperatures than at cool temperatures. Although the broccoli and collard cultivars used in the POST study varied in leaf wax content, differences in wax content did not appear to be as important as other genetic factors in the differential response to POST oxyfluorfen application between cultivars. C1 USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. RP Harrison, HF (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD OCT-DEC PY 1999 VL 13 IS 4 BP 726 EP 730 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 277FV UT WOS:000084922800008 ER PT J AU Register, KB Magyar, T AF Register, KB Magyar, T TI Optimized ribotyping protocol applied to Hungarian Bordetella bronchiseptica isolates: identification of two novel ribotypes SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bordetella bronchiseptica; ribotyping; pig-bacteria; Hungary ID FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; DIVERSITY AB Rie reported previously that ribotype patterns generated with PvuII and a probe derived from the Escherichia coli rrnB gene could be used to differentiate isolates of Bordetella bronchiseptica, In the present study we report modifications made to the original ribotyping procedure that permit detection in the formerly characterized isolates of an additional 8 fragments with homology to rrnB. Ribotypes were redefined to include these fragments. Although this modification did not permit the detection of novel ribotypes from the previously characterized isolates, it did result in a more accurate reclassification of five of these isolates to other existing ribotypes. It was hypothesized that the additional fragments could form the basis for novel ribotypes in future analyses, and this was supported by the subsequent evaluation of 101 previously uncharacterized pig, rabbit, and dog B, bronchiseptica isolates from Hungary. A total of six different patterns were detected from this group, including two previously not identified that were designated ribotypes 17 and 18. The profile of ribotype 17 includes a novel fragment not associated with any other ribotype, A subset of the fragments constituting ribotype 18, essential for its differentiation from other ribotypes, is only detectable under the modified conditions reported here, Hungarian swine isolates are highly clonal, since 98.2% were identified as ribotype 3. Similarly, 83.7% of rabbit isolates from Hungary are also ribotype 3, Cluster analysis revealed that despite the existence of numerous ribotypes, B. bronchiseptica isolates display limited heterogeneity. The ability to detect additional ribotypes under the modified conditions described in this study strengthens the usefulness of ribotyping as an epidemiologic tool. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Agr Res Serv, Avian & Swine Resp Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Hungarian Acad Sci, Vet Med Res Inst, H-1581 Budapest, Hungary. RP Register, KB (reprint author), USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Agr Res Serv, Avian & Swine Resp Dis Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RI Magyar, Tibor/E-8693-2012 NR 17 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD SEP 29 PY 1999 VL 69 IS 4 BP 277 EP 285 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(99)00118-2 PG 9 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA 250PK UT WOS:000083396600005 PM 10535773 ER PT J AU Srivastava, V Anderson, OD Ow, DW AF Srivastava, V Anderson, OD Ow, DW TI Single-copy transgenic wheat generated through the resolution of complex integration patterns SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE wheat transformation; site-specific recombination; Cre-lox ID SITE-SPECIFIC RECOMBINATION; MICROPROJECTILE BOMBARDMENT; CHALCONE SYNTHASE; TRITICUM-AESTIVUM; RAPID PRODUCTION; PLANT-CELLS; T-DNA; GENE; EXPRESSION; TRANSFORMATION AB Genetic transformation of plants often results in multiple copies of the introduced DNA at a single locus. To ensure that only a single copy of a foreign gene resides in the plant genome, we used a strategy based on site-specific recombination. The transformation vector consists of a transgene flanked by recombination sites in an inverted orientation. Regardless of the number of copies integrated between the outermost transgenes, recombination between the outermost sites resolves the integrated molecules into a single copy. An example of this strategy has been demonstrated with wheat transformation, where four of four multiple-copy loci were resolved successfully into single copy transgenes. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Ow, DW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 44 TC 124 Z9 141 U1 1 U2 14 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD SEP 28 PY 1999 VL 96 IS 20 BP 11117 EP 11121 DI 10.1073/pnas.96.20.11117 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 241DY UT WOS:000082868500038 PM 10500139 ER PT J AU Nightingale, ZD Blumberg, JB Handelman, GJ AF Nightingale, ZD Blumberg, JB Handelman, GJ TI Purification of fatty acid methyl esters by high-performance liquid chromatography SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B LA English DT Article DE fatty acid methyl esters; cholesterol ID FISH-OIL; CHOLESTEROL; RETINA; BRAIN; RAT AB The determination by gas chromatography (GC) of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) prepared from complex biological samples is subject to interference from cholesterol. During sample injection on the GC system of FAMEs prepared from tissues that contain cholesterol, we observed a major contaminant that co-eluted with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3). To address this problem, FAMEs were purified on an amino-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column using a hexane-isopropanol gradient. The HPLC retention times for both the FAME fraction and cholesterol were stable and reproducible when the amino column was used for sample purification. The purified extracts were analyzed by GC without artifacts or impurity peaks after 50 analytical runs. The method described here will be useful for measurement of 22:6n-3 and other fatty acids important for studies of nutrition or pathology. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Handelman, GJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4347 J9 J CHROMATOGR B JI J. Chromatogr. B PD SEP 24 PY 1999 VL 732 IS 2 BP 495 EP 500 DI 10.1016/S0378-4347(99)00322-9 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 240RV UT WOS:000082839700026 PM 10517372 ER PT J AU Massman, WJ AF Massman, WJ TI A model study of kB(H)(-1) for vegetated surfaces using 'localized near-field' Lagrangian theory SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE atmosphere-biosphere heat transfer; boundary layers; turbulence ID AERODYNAMIC ROUGHNESS; PLANT CANOPIES; HEAT-TRANSFER; TRANSFER-COEFFICIENTS; SOURCE DISTRIBUTIONS; SPARSE VEGETATION; SCALAR ROUGHNESS; DENSE VEGETATION; LAND SURFACES; MASS-TRANSFER AB Models of energy and mass exchange between vegetation canopies and the atmosphere usually include some formulation of the bulk boundary layer resistance (Rb or the related parameter kB(-1)) to describe the effects of molecular diffusion occurring near the leaf and soil surfaces. Present formulations of kB(-1) are either empirical expressions or are physically based models derived from a K-theory approach. However, K-theory does not describe the observed counter gradient how within canopies and the empirical expressions usually lump both canopy and soil effects into a single surface resistance (single source approach). For areas of partial canopy cover, single source formulations have been difficult to formulate with any certainty and often do not agree with observations. This study uses 'localized near-field' (LNF) Lagrangian theory to develop a model of kB(-1) (for heat transfer) for the vegetation component of a dual source model and for the combined effects of canopy and soil in a single source approach. The present model also uses a physically based, one-dimensional, analytical model to describe the influence of canopy structure and density upon the within-canopy far field diffusivity and Lagrangian time scale which are central to the LNF Lagrangian theory. The canopy turbulence model is designed for arbitrary foliage structure and density and kB(-1) is defined in terms of heat and momentum fluxes rather than the more conventional logarithm of the ratio of the momentum and thermal roughness lengths. The resulting kB(-1) model is used for sensitivity studies of kB(-1) for canopies only (i.e. no soil contribution) and for the coupled canopy-soil system (i.e. a single source model). Results indicate that foliage density (Drag Area Index or Leaf Area Index), wind speed, leaf size, possible sheltering effects, and, to a lesser extent, the vertical foliage distribution and the vertical variation of the temperature difference between the foliage and the near-leaf air space can influence kB(-1). For the single source model the soil boundary layer resistance was found to be significant for areas of partial canopy cover. In spite of the relative complexity of the full LNF model of kB(-1), a simple expression that varies smoothly between bare soil and full canopy cover is developed that captures much of the modeled and observed variation in kB(-1) for the single source approach. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Massman, WJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 240 W Prospect, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 71 TC 65 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD SEP 22 PY 1999 VL 223 IS 1-2 BP 27 EP 43 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00104-3 PG 17 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 238YP UT WOS:000082742600003 ER PT J AU Oldroyd, BP Halling, L Rinderer, TE AF Oldroyd, BP Halling, L Rinderer, TE TI Development and behaviour of anarchistic honeybees SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE kin selection; worker policing; anarchy; laying workers; worker sterility ID APIS-MELLIFERA L; REPRODUCTIVE CONFLICT; EUSOCIAL HYMENOPTERA; WORKERS; BEES; STERILITY; OVARIES AB Anarchistic honeybees result from extremely rare behavioural mutations which allow workers to lay eggs despite the presence of the queen. We investigated the behavioural development of bees derived from a line in which ca. 5% of workers have developed ovaries and lay viable eggs. Other than their developed ovaries and proclivity to lay eggs, the anarchistic workers we studied are apparently normal, performing normal worker-like behaviour. Unlike many laying workers in queenless colonies, they are not queen-like and are apparently not the objects of aggression. When day-old workers from anarchistic colonies were cross-fostered into anarchistic and wild-type host colonies, the frequency of ovary development was an order of magnitude higher in the anarchistic host (9.1%) than in the wild-type host (0.7%). This suggests that there is a policing mechanism that affects ovary development in honeybees. Thus, worker reproduction is probably suppressed at the level of ovary development as well as by oophagy of worker-laid eggs. Other mechanisms, such as aggression towards individuals with developed ovaries, may also exist, but we found no evidence for this. C1 Univ Sydney, Sch Biol Sci A12, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. USDA ARS, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Res Lab, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. RP Oldroyd, BP (reprint author), Univ Sydney, Sch Biol Sci A12, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. EM boldroyd@bio.usyd.edu.au NR 26 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 0962-8452 J9 P ROY SOC B-BIOL SCI JI Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. PD SEP 22 PY 1999 VL 266 IS 1431 BP 1875 EP 1878 PG 4 WC Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 243LJ UT WOS:000082998500009 ER PT J AU deShazo, RD Williams, DF Moak, ES AF deShazo, RD Williams, DF Moak, ES TI Fire ant attacks on residents in health care facilities: A report of two cases SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID SOLENOPSIS-INVICTA; STINGS; HYPERSENSITIVITY; VENOM; HYMENOPTERA; INDOORS AB Background: Imported fire ants now infest more than 310 million acres in the United States and Puerto Rico. Colonies have been found in Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Virginia. Available reports suggest that each year, fire ants sting more than 50% of persons in endemic areas, resulting in a variety of medical consequences. Objective: To describe fire ant attacks among patients in health care facilities. Design: Case series and literature review. Setting: Two nursing homes in Mississippi. Patients: Two nursing home residents. Measurements: Clinical records to describe clinical sequelae of multiple stings. Results: With the 2 incidents reported here, the total number of reported indoor fire ant attacks on humans since 1989 is 10. Six of the persons attacked, including the 2 nursing home residents described here (who died after the stings), had preexisting neurologic impairment. Eight of the 10 attacks have been reported in the past 4 years. Conclusions: The presence of fire ants in occupied dwellings indicates the presence of active fire ant colonies in the immediate proximity. Efforts to eradicate these insects should be undertaken immediately, especially if immobile persons are present. These persons should be considered at risk for fire ant attacks as long as the ants are present. C1 Univ Mississippi, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Jackson, MS 39216 USA. USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP deShazo, RD (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Med Ctr, Dept Med, CSB6,2500 N State St, Jackson, MS 39216 USA. NR 27 TC 38 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 USA SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD SEP 21 PY 1999 VL 131 IS 6 BP 424 EP 429 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 237DY UT WOS:000082641100004 PM 10498558 ER PT J AU Goode, JG Yokelson, RJ Susott, RA Ward, DE AF Goode, JG Yokelson, RJ Susott, RA Ward, DE TI Trace gas emissions from laboratory biomass fires measured by open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: Fires in grass and surface fuels SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID OXYGENATED HYDROCARBONS; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; SAVANNA FIRES; SMOKE; COMBUSTION; PLUMES; CYCLES AB The trace gas emissions from six biomass fires, including three grass fires, were measured using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer coupled to an open-path, multipass cell (OP-FTIR). The quantified emissions consisted of carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, water vapor, carbon monoxide, methane, ammonia, ethylene, acetylene, isobutene, methanol, acetic acid, formic acid, formaldehyde, and hydroxyacetaldehyde. By including grass fires in this study we have now measured smoke composition from fires in each major vegetation class. The emission ratios of the oxygenated compounds, formaldehyde, methanol, and acetic acid, were 1-2% of CO in the grass fires, similar to our other laboratory and field measurements but significantly higher than in some other studies. These oxygenated compounds are important, as they affect O-3 and HOx chemistry in both biomass fire plumes and the free troposphere. The OP-FTIR data and the simultaneously collected canister data indicated that the dominant C-4 emission was isobutene (C4H8) and not 1-butene. The rate constant for the reaction of isobutene with the OH radical is 60% larger than that of 1-butene. We estimate that 67 +/- 9% of the fuel nitrogen was volatilized with the major nitrogen emissions, ammonia, and nitric oxide, accounting for 22 +/- 8%. C1 Univ Montana, Dept Chem, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Fire Chem Project, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Goode, JG (reprint author), Univ Montana, Dept Chem, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. EM jgoode@selway.umt.edu; byok@selway.umt.edu; rsusott/rmrs_missoula@fs.fed.gov; pyroward@aol.com RI Yokelson, Robert/C-9971-2011 OI Yokelson, Robert/0000-0002-8415-6808 NR 43 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 20 PY 1999 VL 104 IS D17 BP 21237 EP 21245 DI 10.1029/1999JD900360 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 238BC UT WOS:000082690200002 ER PT J AU Carriere, CJ AF Carriere, CJ TI The effect of amylose content from differing botanical sources on the nonlinear viscoelastic properties of semidilute solutions of maize starches SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE viscoelasticity; semidilute; starch; maize; amylose; amylopectin ID GENTLY SOLUBILIZED STARCHES; FLOW-INDUCED STRUCTURE; DMSO AB The effect of the addition of potato or maize on the shear-thickening behavior of semidilute solutions of maize was examined. The experiments were conducted at 25 degrees C using 90/10 weight-weight dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-water as the solvent. The addition of amylose to maize amylopectin reduced and eventually eliminated the observed shear-thickening behavior of maize amylopectin. When potato amylose was combined with maize amylopectin, the shear-thickening phenomenon was observed up to a total amylose content of 10% by weight. For maize amylose, the shear-thickening behavior was eliminated at an amylose content of 5%. Maize amylose is thus more effective in inhibiting the formation of the structure formed after the shear-thickening region than potato amylose. This result indicates that the amylose obtained from potatoes interacts differently, or entangles differently, with maize amylopectin than does the amylose obtained from maize. (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Carriere, CJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD SEP 19 PY 1999 VL 73 IS 12 BP 2429 EP 2436 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990919)73:12<2429::AID-APP11>3.0.CO;2-B PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 217AG UT WOS:000081476200011 ER PT J AU Ellis, WD O'Dell, JL AF Ellis, WD O'Dell, JL TI Wood-polymer composites made with acrylic monomers, isocyanate, and maleic anhydride SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE wood-polymer composite; water repellency; moisture exclusion; dimensional stability AB Wood could provide better service in some applications if it were harder and more dimensionally stable. In this study, wood-polymer composites (WPC) made with different chemical combinations were evaluated for dimensional stability, ability to exclude water vapor and liquid water, and hardness. Pine, maple, and oak solid wood were combined with different combinations of hexanediol diacrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, and maleic anhydride. Treatment slowed the rates of water vapor and Liquid water absorption. Although the resultant dimensional stability was not permanent, the rate of swelling of WPC specimens was less than that of unmodified wood specimens. In addition, WPC were harder than unmodified wood. The chemical combination of hexanediol diacrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and hexamethylene diisocyanate greatly decreased wetting and penetration of water into the wood. This chemical combination also gave the hardest and most dimensionally stable WPC. In general, WPC prepared using hydroxyethyl methacrylate were harder than specimens made without hydroxyethyl methacrylate and excluded water and moisture more effectively. (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Ellis, WD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 17 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 13 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD SEP 19 PY 1999 VL 73 IS 12 BP 2493 EP 2505 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990919)73:12<2493::AID-APP18>3.0.CO;2-C PG 13 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 217AG UT WOS:000081476200018 ER PT J AU Jacques, PF Selhub, J Rosenberg, IH AF Jacques, PF Selhub, J Rosenberg, IH TI Folic acid fortification - Reply SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Dept Agr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Jacques, PF (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Dept Agr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD SEP 16 PY 1999 VL 341 IS 12 BP 924 EP 924 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 235XL UT WOS:000082569100030 ER PT J AU Kolbe, AE Buongiorno, J Vasievich, M AF Kolbe, AE Buongiorno, J Vasievich, M TI Geographic extension of an uneven-aged, multi-species matrix growth model for northern hardwood forests SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE growth; matrix model; forest ecosystems; ecological diversity; statistics ID TREE DIVERSITY; TRANSITION MATRIX; ECONOMIC RETURNS; MANAGEMENT; STANDS; INCOME; LAND AB The objective of this study was to update and extend the geographic range of a forest growth model for northern hardwoods, developed previously with data from the fourth Wisconsin inventory (Lin et al., 1996. Ecol. Model., 91: 193-211.). To this end, Lin's model was recalibrated with data from the recent fifth inventory of Wisconsin and Michigan, and with the addition of a site variable to reflect variations in land productivity. After the introduction of site effects, there were still statistically significant differences between the equations of ingrowth, upgrowth, and mortality for Wisconsin and Michigan. Thus, two models were maintained, one for each state. Each model predicted well the growth of trees on post-sample plots, and simulated adequately the tree distribution in old stands in its own state. Applied to stands of the same initial distribution of tree species and size, the equations predicted faster early growth and higher basal area in the steady state in Michigan than in Wisconsin, with more marked differences on good than poor sites. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Buongiorno, J (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 35 TC 15 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD SEP 15 PY 1999 VL 121 IS 2-3 BP 235 EP 253 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00079-4 PG 19 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 237WT UT WOS:000082680100009 ER PT J AU Gan, J Papiernik, SK Koskinen, WC Yates, SR AF Gan, J Papiernik, SK Koskinen, WC Yates, SR TI Evaluation of accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) for analysis of pesticide residues in soil SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SUPERCRITICAL-FLUID EXTRACTION; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION; DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; COAL FLY-ASH; SOXHLET EXTRACTION; CONTAMINATED SOIL; ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ATRAZINE AB Accelerated solvent extraction, or ASE, is a new extraction technique that is similar in principle to Soxhlet extraction, but the use of elevated temperature and pressure with ASE allows the extraction to be completed within a short time and with a small quantity of solvent. In this study, we investigated the effect of residue aging, solvent type, and ASE conditions on the recovery of atrazine and alachlor from different soils and compared the efficiency of ASE with that of Soxhlet and solvent-shake extractions. With ASE, the use of dichloromethane-acetone (1:1, v/v) or methanol as solvent resulted in significantly greater pesticide recovery than hexane. After the residue was aged for >2 weeks, pesticide recovery was significantly influenced by the extraction temperature in ASE vessel, and the recovery increased to 130-140 degrees C and then decreased. The efficiency of ASE was generally better than that far Soxhlet or shake extraction using methanol-water (4:1, v/v). ASE extraction also consumed considerably less solvent than the other two conventional methods. C1 ARS, USDA, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Gan, J (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 23 TC 70 Z9 79 U1 3 U2 35 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 15 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 18 BP 3249 EP 3253 DI 10.1021/es990145+ PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 236RX UT WOS:000082613300029 ER PT J AU Joseph, JA Shukitt-Hale, B Denisova, NA Bielinski, D Martin, A McEwen, JJ Bickford, PC AF Joseph, JA Shukitt-Hale, B Denisova, NA Bielinski, D Martin, A McEwen, JJ Bickford, PC TI Reversals of age-related declines in neuronal signal transduction, cognitive, and motor behavioral deficits with blueberry, spinach, or strawberry dietary supplementation SO JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE phytonutrients; aging; dopamine; striatum; cognitive behavior; motor behavior ID GINKGO-BILOBA EXTRACT; EVOKED DOPAMINE RELEASE; STRIATAL DOPAMINE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; WATER-MAZE; ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; MUSCARINIC CONTROL; MEMORY IMPAIRMENT AB Ample research indicates that age-related neuronal-behavioral decrements are the result of oxidative stress that may be ameliorated by antioxidants. Our previous study had shown that rats given dietary supplements of fruit and vegetable extracts with high antioxidant activity for 8 months beginning at 6 months of age retarded age-related declines in neuronal and cognitive function. The present study showed that such supplements (strawberry, spinach, or blueberry at 14.8, 9.1, or 18.6 gm of dried aqueous extract per kilogram of diet, respectively) fed for 8 weeks to 19-month-old Fischer 344 rats were also effective in reversing age-related deficits in several neuronal and behavioral parameters including: oxotremorine enhancement of K+-evoked release of dopamine from striatal slices, carbachol-stimulated GTPase activity, striatal Ca-45 buffering in striatal synaptosomes, motor behavioral performance on the rod walking and accelerod tasks, and Morris water maze performance. These findings suggest that, in addition to their known beneficial effects on cancer and heart disease, phytochemicals present in antioxidant-rich foods may be beneficial in reversing the course of neuronal and behavioral aging. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Dept Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Denver, CO 80262 USA. RP Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Room 919,711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Bickford, Paula/J-5970-2012 OI Bickford, Paula/0000-0001-9657-7725 NR 76 TC 585 Z9 627 U1 7 U2 95 PU SOC NEUROSCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 11 DUPONT CIRCLE, NW, STE 500, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0270-6474 J9 J NEUROSCI JI J. Neurosci. PD SEP 15 PY 1999 VL 19 IS 18 BP 8114 EP 8121 PG 8 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 235KB UT WOS:000082539900043 PM 10479711 ER PT J AU Tomasula, PM Boswell, RT AF Tomasula, PM Boswell, RT TI Measurement of the solubility of carbon dioxide in milk at high pressures SO JOURNAL OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS LA English DT Article DE casein; CO2; solubility data; solubility measurements; proteins ID GAS ANTISOLVENT RECRYSTALLIZATION; SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS AB The solubility of CO2 in milk was studied at temperatures of 25, 38 and 50 degrees C and at pressures up to 6.9 MPa using a static method with an accuracy of 5%. These data are important for the design and control of processes which use CO2 for precipitation of casein from milk. The solubility of CO2 in milk was found to increase with pressure and decrease with increasing temperature - a trend similar to that observed for the solubility of CO2 in water. At 25 degrees C, the solubility of CO2 in milk was less than the solubility in water over the entire pressure range studied. Precipitation of casein was not observed. At 38 degrees C and 50 degrees C and pressures greater than 5.5 MPa, complete precipitation of casein from milk was observed? and the solubility of CO2 in milk was approximately the same as that in water. This indicates that casein destabilization is accompanied by an increase in water available for dissolution of CO2. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Tomasula, PM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM ptomasula@arserrc.gov NR 24 TC 15 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0896-8446 EI 1872-8162 J9 J SUPERCRIT FLUID JI J. Supercrit. Fluids PD SEP 15 PY 1999 VL 16 IS 1 BP 21 EP 26 DI 10.1016/S0896-8446(99)00019-4 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 241ZE UT WOS:000082913100003 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Venturini, MC Venturini, L McKinney, J Pecoraro, M AF Dubey, JP Venturini, MC Venturini, L McKinney, J Pecoraro, M TI Prevalence of antibodies to Sarcocystis neurona, Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in horses from Argentina SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Sarcocystis neurona; Toxoplasma gondii; Neospora caninum; antibodies; horses; Argentina ID EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS; SEROPREVALENCE AB Sera from 76 horses from Argentina were examined for antibodies to Sarcocystis neurona, Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum. Antibodies to S. neurona were found in 27 (35.5%) of 76 horses using immunoblots with culture derived merozoites as antigen. Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 10 (13.1%) of 76 horses by using the modified agglutination test with formalin-fixed tachyzoites and mercaptoethanol; titers were 1:25 (two horses), 1:50 (six horses), 1:100 (two horses), and 1:200 (one horse). Antibodies to N. caninum were not found in any of the 76 horses by the use of N. caninum agglutination test. This is the first report of S. neurona infection in horses in Argentina. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, USDA,Livestock & Poultry Sci Inst, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Natl Univ La Plata, Fac Vet Sci, RA-1900 La Plata, Argentina. Univ Kentucky, Gluck Equine Res Ctr, Dept Vet Sci, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, USDA,Livestock & Poultry Sci Inst, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 14 TC 59 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD SEP 15 PY 1999 VL 86 IS 1 BP 59 EP 62 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(99)00127-2 PG 4 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 232RT UT WOS:000082384300008 PM 10489203 ER PT J AU Adams, MB AF Adams, MB TI Acidic deposition and sustainable forest management in the central Appalachians, USA SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IEA Bioenergy Task XII Workshop on Environmental Issues CY SEP 20-25, 1997 CL EDDLESTON, SCOTLAND SP IEA DE acid deposition; calcium; forest productivity; nutrient cycling ID NITROGEN SATURATION; SUGAR MAPLE; WHOLE-TREE; ECOSYSTEMS; CALCIUM; SPRUCE; WATER; SOIL; ACIDIFICATION; ADDITIONS AB Long-term productivity of mixed-species forests in the central Appalachian region of the United States may be threatened by changes in base cation availability of the soil. These changes may be due to increased intensity of harvest removals and a shift toward shorter rotations that result in increased removal of calcium and magnesium in aboveground biomass, and through altered nutrient cycling. Atmospheric deposition, particularly of nitrogen, also affects nutrient cycling by increasing leaching of base cations from the soil in soil solution, and by altering the rate of nutrient cycling. In this paper, I present evidence for nitrogen saturation of forested ecosystems in the central Appalachians, discuss the symptoms and implications for productivity as well as the effects of changes in timber harvesting rates and intensity on nutrient cycling, and evaluate the potential for interaction between these two stressors. Indicators of changes in productivity of extensively managed forests due to base cation depletion are also discussed. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. RP Adams, MB (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, POB 404, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. NR 61 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD SEP 13 PY 1999 VL 122 IS 1-2 BP 17 EP 28 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00029-8 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 221NJ UT WOS:000081732900003 ER PT J AU Neary, DG Klopatek, CC DeBano, LF Ffolliott, PF AF Neary, DG Klopatek, CC DeBano, LF Ffolliott, PF TI Fire effects on belowground sustainability: a review and synthesis SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IEA Bioenergy Task XII Workshop on Environmental Issues CY SEP 20-25, 1997 CL EDDLESTON, SCOTLAND SP IEA DE fire; soils; physical properties; microbial ecology; nutrients; organic matter ID PINYON-JUNIPER ECOSYSTEMS; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; PONDEROSA PINE; LONG-TERM; NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS; LITTER DECOMPOSITION; MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; VEGETATION FIRES; SOIL-NITROGEN; CARBON POOLS AB The overall effects of fire on ecosystems are complex, ranging from the reduction or elimination of aboveground biomass to impacts on belowground physical, chemical and microbial mediated processes. Since a key component of overall ecosystem sustainability occurs belowground, recovery is tied to the soil's physical, chemical, and biological functions and processes. Depending on several fire severity measures, changes in belowground components can be either beneficial or deleterious to the entire ecosystem. Low-impact burning can promote a herbaoeous flora, increase plant available nutrients, and thin overcrowded forests, all of which can foster healthy systems. Severe fires can often cause changes in successional rates, alter above- and belowground species composition, generate volatilization of nutrients and ash entrainment in smoke columns, produce rapid or decreased mineralization rates, alter C : N ratios, and result in subsequent nutrient losses through accelerated erosion, leaching or denitrification. In addition, changes in soil hydrologic functioning, degradation of soil physical properties, decreases in micro- and macrofauna, and alterations in microbial populations and associated processes can occur. The direct effect of fire on belowground systems is a result of the burning severity, which integrates aboveground fuel loading (live and dead), soil moisture and subsequent soil temperatures, and duration of the burn. The time for recovery of belowground systems will not only depend on the burning intensity and its effect on key ecosystem processes and components, but also on the previous land-use practices. Thus, the impacts of fire on belowground systems can be highly variable and may not be predictable. Our paper is a general review of the effects of fire on belowground systems with emphasis placed on the changes in physical. biogeochemical and biological properties of soils and the resulting consequences these changes have for ecosystem sustainability. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Microbiol, USDA, US Forest Serv, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Neary, DG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 129 TC 637 Z9 715 U1 42 U2 271 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD SEP 13 PY 1999 VL 122 IS 1-2 BP 51 EP 71 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00032-8 PG 21 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 221NJ UT WOS:000081732900006 ER PT J AU Kelting, DL Burger, JA Patterson, SC Aust, WM Miwa, M Trettin, CC AF Kelting, DL Burger, JA Patterson, SC Aust, WM Miwa, M Trettin, CC TI Soil quality assessment in domesticated forests - a southern pine example SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IEA Bioenergy Task XII Workshop on Environmental Issues CY SEP 20-25, 1997 CL EDDLESTON, SCOTLAND SP IEA DE soil quality; productivity; harvesting; site preparation; loblolly pine ID NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; SITE PREPARATION; UNITED-STATES; COASTAL-PLAIN; LOBLOLLY-PINE; PRODUCTIVITY; WATER; GROWTH; AVAILABILITY; INDEX AB Maintenance and enhancement of soil productivity is central to the long-term success of intensive forest management. A simple technique is required for monitoring the effects of different management practices on soils as an aid in developing codes of practice that foster maintenance and enhancement of soil productivity. The objective of our work was to determine if management impacts on soil productivity could be assessed using the soil-quality concepts developed in agriculture. A soil-quality index (SQI) model, that measures the effects of management practices on five key growth-determining attributes of forest soils. namely (1) promote root growth, (2) store, supply and cycle nutrients, (3) accept, hold, and supply water, (4) promote gas exchange, and (5) promote biological activity, was developed and rested as part of a controlled study in intensively-managed pine plantations on the Lower Coastal Plain of South Carolina. Three 20-ha, 20-year-old loblolly pine plantations were harvested under wet and dry conditions to create a broad gradient in soil disturbance. Within each harvested plantation, a subset of 3-ha plots were site prepared by either bedding or mole-plowing plus bedding, then all sites were established as third-rotation pine plantations. Field data were collected spatially for soil bulk density, net N mineralization, water table depth, soil aeration, and soil moisture. Literature-based sufficiency values were determined for each property and substituted into the SQI model as surrogate indicators for the five key attributes, thus obtaining spatial SQI predictions within each harvesting and site preparation treatment. Our study results demonstrate how SQI monitoring could be used to identify the effects of management practices on soil productivity, which should aid in developing codes of practice as a component of achieving long-term sustainability in domesticated forests. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Coll Forestry & Wildlife Resources, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Westvaco Corp, Forest Sci Lab, Summerville, SC 29483 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, SE Forest Expt Stn, Charleston, SC USA. RP Kelting, DL (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Coll Forestry & Wildlife Resources, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 72 TC 30 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD SEP 13 PY 1999 VL 122 IS 1-2 BP 167 EP 185 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00040-7 PG 19 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 221NJ UT WOS:000081732900014 ER PT J AU Shogren, RL AF Shogren, RL TI Preparation and characterization of a biodegradable mulch: Paper coated with polymerized vegetable oils SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE mulch; paper; biodegradable; soybean oil; linseed oil ID FILM AB Kraft paper was coated with resins based on vegetable oils and then tested for mechanical properties, rate of biodegradation in soil, and ability to inhibit weed growth. Resins included oxidatively polymerized linseed oil (LO) and a polyester formed by the reaction of epoxidized soybean oil and citric acid (ESO-CA). Tensile strength of LO-coated paper (82 MPa) was slightly higher than uncoated paper (68 MPa), while the tensile strength of ESO-CA coated paper was somewhat lower (45 MPa). Elongations to break: (3-8%) were similar for all samples. The rates of weight loss and tensile strength during soil burial decreased as follows: uncoated paper > LO coated paper > ESO-Ch coated paper. The polymerized oils acted as barriers to penetration of microorganisms to the cellulosic fibers. Resin-coated papers inhibited weed growth for > 10 weeks, while uncoated paper was highly degraded and ineffective by 6-9 weeks. (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.*. C1 ARS, Plant Polymer Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Shogren, RL (reprint author), ARS, Plant Polymer Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 40 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 6 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD SEP 12 PY 1999 VL 73 IS 11 BP 2159 EP 2167 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990912)73:11<2159::AID-APP12>3.0.CO;2-Q PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 213DJ UT WOS:000081256600012 ER PT J AU Kark, JD Selhub, J Adler, B Gofin, J Abramson, JH Friedman, G Rosenberg, IH AF Kark, JD Selhub, J Adler, B Gofin, J Abramson, JH Friedman, G Rosenberg, IH TI Nonfasting plasma total homocysteine level and mortality in middle-aged and elderly men and women in Jerusalem SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID SERUM TOTAL HOMOCYSTEINE; REDUCTASE GENE MUTATION; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; VASCULAR-DISEASE; RISK FACTOR; HEALTH; HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA; PHYSICIANS; VITAMINS AB Background: Elevated plasma total homocysteine level has been associated with cardiovascular disease in many studies, mostly in Europe and North America. Data on persons from other areas and on associations with overall mortality are sparse. Objective: To determine the relation of plasma homocysteine level to all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Design: Prospective observational study with 9- to 11-year follow-up. Setting: A free-living, multiethnic Jewish population in western Jerusalem, Israel. Participants: 1788 residents of Jerusalem (808 men and 980 women) who were at least 50 years of age and were examined between 1985 and 1987 as part of the Kiryat Yovel Community Health Study. Measurements: Nonfasting plasma homocysteine level was determined in frozen stored samples. Deaths during follow-up were identified by linkage with the national population registry. Results: Plasma homocysteine levels exceeded 14 mu mol/L in 28% of men and 20% of women. During the study period, 405 deaths occurred. In multivariate Cox models that controlled for possible confounders, a nonmonotonic increase in mortality hazard ratios was associated with ascending quintile of homocysteine level: 1.0, 1.4, 1.3, 1.5, and 2.0 (P < 0.001 for trend), The relation was similar for cardiovascular and noncardiovascular causes of death (excluding cancer). The association was weaker when deaths that occurred during the first 5 years of follow-up were excluded; corresponding hazard ratios for ascending quintile of homocysteine level were 1.0, 1.0, 1.2, 1.1, and 1.6 (P = 0.063 for trend). Age- and sex-adjusted percentages of deaths "attributable" to elevated plasma homocysteine level(greater than or equal to 14 mu mol/L) were 12.5% (95% CI, 6.7% to 18.8%)for all deaths, 16.0% (CI, 7.2% to 25.6%) for deaths during the first 5 years of follow-up, and 8.3% (CI, 1.5% to 16.1%) for later deaths. Conclusions: A mildly to moderately elevated nonfasting plasma homocysteine level is a substantial risk marker for death from all causes. The association seems to be stronger during the first 5 years of follow-up. C1 Hadassah Univ Hosp, Dept Social Med, IL-91120 Ein Karem, Israel. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Hadassah Sch Publ Hlth & Community Med, Ein Karem, Israel. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Hadassah Univ Hosp, Geriatr Unit, IL-91120 Ein Karem, Israel. RP Kark, JD (reprint author), Hadassah Univ Hosp, Dept Social Med, POB 12000, IL-91120 Ein Karem, Israel. NR 43 TC 109 Z9 111 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 USA SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD SEP 7 PY 1999 VL 131 IS 5 BP 321 EP + PG 11 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 234AC UT WOS:000082458500001 PM 10475884 ER PT J AU Selhub, J Jacques, PF Rosenberg, IH Rogers, G Bowman, BA Gunter, EW Wright, JD Johnson, CL AF Selhub, J Jacques, PF Rosenberg, IH Rogers, G Bowman, BA Gunter, EW Wright, JD Johnson, CL TI Serum total homocysteine concentrations in the third national health and nutrition examination survey (1991-1994): Population reference ranges and contribution of vitamin status to high serum concentrations SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID PLASMA TOTAL HOMOCYSTEINE; FOLIC-ACID; COBALAMIN DEFICIENCY; REFERENCE INTERVALS; METHYLMALONIC ACID; ELDERLY POPULATION; VASCULAR-DISEASE; BRITISH MEN; RISK; HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA AB Background: The concentration of circulating total homocysteine is a sensitive marker of inadequate folate and vitamin B-12 status. Elevated homocysteine concentrations are associated with an increased risk for vascular disease. Objective: To identify reference ranges for serum total homocysteine concentration in U.S. residents and quantify the contribution of circulating vitamin concentrations to high homocysteine concentrations. Design: Cross-sectional prevalence study. Setting: United States. Patients: A nationally representative sample of 3563 male participants and 4523 female participants 12 years of age or older who participated in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Measurements: Reference ranges (5th and 95th percentiles) for the total homocysteine concentration were defined among participants who were folate- and vitamin B-12-replete and had normal creatinine concentrations. A high total homocysteine concentration was defined as one that exceeded the sex-specific 95th percentile for the reference sample (participants 20 to 39 years of age). The population attributable risk percentage was calculated to determine the contribution of low folate (<11 nmol/L) and vitamin B-12 (<185 pmol/L) concentrations to a high homocysteine concentration. Results: Reference ranges for serum total homocysteine concentration increased with age; these ranges were 4.3 to 9.9 mu mol/L for male participants and 3.3 to 7.2 mu mol/L for female participants 12 to 19 years of age and from 5.9 to 15.3 mu mol/L for men and 4.9 to 11.6 mu mol/L for women 60 years of age or older. A high homocysteine concentration was defined as at least 11.4 mu mol/L for male participants and at least 10.4 mu mol/L for female participants. Approximately two thirds of the cases of high homocysteine concentrations were associated with low vitamin concentrations. Conclusions: Upper reference limits for the serum total homocysteine concentration increased with age and were higher for male participants than for female participants at all ages. In most cases, high homocysteine concentrations were associated with low serum vitamin concentrations. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Hlth Examinat Stat, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Selhub, J (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL52630] NR 41 TC 269 Z9 279 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 USA SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD SEP 7 PY 1999 VL 131 IS 5 BP 331 EP + PG 10 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 234AC UT WOS:000082458500002 PM 10475885 ER PT J AU Bostom, AG Rosenberg, IH Silbershatz, H Jacques, PF Selhub, J D'Agostino, RB Wilson, PWF Wolf, PA AF Bostom, AG Rosenberg, IH Silbershatz, H Jacques, PF Selhub, J D'Agostino, RB Wilson, PWF Wolf, PA TI Nonfasting plasma total homocysteine levels and stroke incidence in elderly persons: The Framingham Study SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID VASCULAR-DISEASE; NATURAL-HISTORY; RISK FACTOR; HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA; SERUM; HOMOCYSTINURIA; ADULTS AB Background: Total homocysteine levels are associated with arteriosclerotic outcomes. Objective: To determine whether total homocysteine levels predict incident stroke in elderly persons. Design: Prospective population-based cohort study with 9.9 years of follow-up. Setting: Framingham, Massachusetts. Patients: 1947 Framingham Study participants (1158 women and 789 men; mean age +/- SD, 70 +/- 7 years). Measurements: Baseline total homocysteine levels and 9.9-year stroke incidence. Results: The quartiles of nonfasting total homocysteine levels were as follows: quartile 1, 4.13 to 9.25 mu mol/L; quartile 2, 9.26 to 11.43 mu mol/L; quartite 3, 11.44 to 14.23 mu mol/L; quartile 4, 14.24 to 219.84 mu mol/L. During follow-up, 165 incident strokes occurred. In proportional hazards models adjusted for age, sex, systolic blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, and history of atrial fibrillation and coronary heart disease, relative risk (RR) estimates comparing quartile 1 with the other three quartiles were as follows: quartile 2 compared with quartile 1-RR, 1.32 (95% CI, 0.81 to 2.14); quartile 3 compared with quartile 1-RR, 1.44 (CI, 0.89 to 2.34); quartile 4 compared with quartile 1-RR, 1.82 (CI, 1.14 to 2.91). The linear trend across the quartiles was significant (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Nonfasting total homocysteine levels are an independent risk factor for incident stroke in elderly persons. C1 Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Brown Univ, Mem Hosp Rhode Isl, Providence, RI 02912 USA. NHLBI, Framingham Study, Framingham, MA 01701 USA. RP Rosenberg, IH (reprint author), Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01-HL-40423-05, N01-HC-38038]; NINDS NIH HHS [2-RO1-NS-17950-17] NR 20 TC 272 Z9 285 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 USA SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD SEP 7 PY 1999 VL 131 IS 5 BP 352 EP 355 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 234AC UT WOS:000082458500005 PM 10475888 ER PT J AU Kim, GS Zeng, HD Rhule, JT Weinstock, IA Hill, CL AF Kim, GS Zeng, HD Rhule, JT Weinstock, IA Hill, CL TI Synthesis, X-ray structure, and hydrolytic chemistry of the highly potent antiviral polyniobotungstate A-alpha-[Si2Nb6W18O77](8-) SO CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID VIRUS; HETEROPOLYTUNGSTATES; MECHANISM; AGENTS; H2O2 AB Potently antiviral polyniobotungstates have been structurally characterized; the dimer A-alpha-[Si2Nb6W18O77](8-) cleaves cleanly to the monomer A-alpha-[SiNb3W9O40](7-) within 1 min in aqueous solution buffered at physiological (neutral) pH establishing that the monomer and not the dimer is pharmacologically relevant. C1 Emory Univ, Dept Chem, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Kangweon Natl Univ, Dept Sci Educ, Chunchon 200701, South Korea. US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Hill, CL (reprint author), Emory Univ, Dept Chem, 1515 Pierce Dr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. NR 19 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1359-7345 J9 CHEM COMMUN JI Chem. Commun. PD SEP 7 PY 1999 IS 17 BP 1651 EP 1652 DI 10.1039/a903983j PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 228HN UT WOS:000082131200019 ER PT J AU Derner, JD Briske, DD AF Derner, JD Briske, DD TI Does a tradeoff exist between morphological and physiological root plasticity? A comparison of grass growth forms SO ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE clonal plants; plant foraging; plant-soil relations; resource heterogeneity ID AMERICAN SHORTGRASS STEPPE; PATCHY SOIL ENVIRONMENT; NUTRIENT ACQUISITION; PERENNIAL GRASSES; AGROPYRON-DESERTORUM; NITROGEN; PROLIFERATION; PLANTS; HETEROGENEITY; PHOSPHATE AB A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential tradeoff between morphological and physiological root plasticity in caespitose and rhizomatous grass growth forms in semi-arid and mesic communities. Morphological and physiological root plasticity were evaluated with in-growth cores and excised root assays, respectively. The rhizomatous grass in the semi-arid community was the only species to display significant physiological root plasticity, but all species possessed the capacity to proportionally increase N-15 uptake with increasing concentrations of ((NH4)-N-15)(2)SO4 solution. Neither the caespitose nor the rhizomatous grass displayed morphological root plasticity in response to nitrogen addition in the mesic community. In contrast, significant morphological root plasticity occurred in species of both growth forms in the semi-arid community. These data suggest that the compact architecture and the ability to accumulate nutrients in soils directly beneath caespitose grasses did not increase selection pressure for physiological root plasticity at the expense of morphological root plasticity and that the coarse grained foraging strategy and low density of large diameter roots did not increase morphological root plasticity at the expense of physiological root plasticity in rhizomatous grasses. These preliminary data suggest that 1) a high maximum uptake rate for nitrogen in these perennial grasses may minimize the expression of physiological root plasticity, 2) morphological and physiological root plasticity may represent complimentary, rather than alternative, foraging strategies, and 3) the expression of root plasticity may be strongly influenced by abiotic variables within specific habitats. USDA-ARS (C) 1999 Published by Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS. C1 USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Rangeland Ecol & Management, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Derner, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, 808 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX 76502 USA. NR 49 TC 26 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 20 PU GAUTHIER-VILLARS/EDITIONS ELSEVIER PI PARIS PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75015 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1146-609X J9 ACTA OECOL JI Acta Oecol.-Int. J. Ecol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 20 IS 5 BP 519 EP 526 DI 10.1016/S1146-609X(00)86619-9 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 257AL UT WOS:000083758600003 ER PT J AU Rachlow, JL Kie, JG Berger, J AF Rachlow, JL Kie, JG Berger, J TI Territoriality and spatial patterns of white rhinoceros in Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe SO AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ceratotherium; ranges; rhinos; scent-marking; territories ID CERATOTHERIUM-SIMUM; HOME-RANGE; RHINOS AB Boundaries associated with reserves or conservation areas may alter spatial patterns of individuals, and may affect the sexes differently in species that exhibit sex-specific patterns of space use. Because of poaching threats, most African rhinos today persist within sanctuaries or reserves with fenced perimeters. We examined spatial patterns of adult white rhinos (Ceratotherium simum) in Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe. Matobo Park contains a high-density population of rhinos within a fenced reserve and a lower-density group outside of the fenced area. Adult females in the lower-density group used significantly larger home ranges than those in the high-density group. Overlap among female home ranges was extensive in both groups. Adult male white rhinos establish territories that are exclusive of other males performing scent-marking behaviours, and in Matobo Park, male territories were much larger than those observed in other populations of white rhinos. Additionally, few adult males in the high-density reserve held territories that occupied most available space; two-thirds of adult males were excluded from establishing territories, and followed a non-territorial tactic. In the absence of dispersal opportunities, managers may need to regulate the number of males within smaller reserves. Monitoring of spatial patterns should be undertaken to permit management decisions to be made with an understanding of male behaviour and territorial status. C1 Univ Nevada, Program Ecol Evolut & Conservat Biol, Reno, NV 89512 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. RP Rachlow, JL (reprint author), Zool Soc London, Inst Zool, Regents Pk, London NW1 4RY, England. NR 23 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 31 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-6707 J9 AFR J ECOL JI Afr. J. Ecol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 37 IS 3 BP 295 EP 304 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2028.1999.00175.x PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 237RZ UT WOS:000082671000005 ER PT J AU Andrews, SS Lohr, L Cabrera, ML AF Andrews, SS Lohr, L Cabrera, ML TI A bioeconomic decision model comparing composted and fresh litter for winter squash SO AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE decision making; poultry litter management; compost; bioeconomic model ID POULTRY MANURE; NITROGEN; SOILS AB Decision aids are needed to identify management strategies for complex agricultural problems affecting numerous stakeholders, Our objective was to develop a bioeconomic decision aid examining poultry litter application to winter squash, Cucurbita maxima, on the basis of multiple goals: enhancing environmental and soil quality, maximizing waste recycling, and maximizing net revenues. Because farm-level decisions about waste management may conflict with community goals, the decision aid balances the preferences of squash growers, poultry producers, and community-level decision makers. The aid utilizes a simulation model that compares four litter management alternatives: (1) fresh poultry litter applied to meet crop nitrogen (N) needs; (2) fresh poultry litter applied to meet crop phosphorus (P) needs; (3) composted poultry litter to meet crop N needs; and (4) composted poultry litter to meet crop P needs. Output from biophysical submodels compares well to literature data. Sensitivity tests show strong correlation between nutrient accumulation in soil pools and estimates of potentially available nutrients in fresh and composted litter. The decision model outcome, when averaged across stakeholder groups, clearly favors composted litter applied to meet crop P needs. Decision aids can help various stakeholder groups see how their priorities interact as well as demonstrate the importance of long-term analysis to assess alternative management strategies. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Agr & Appl Econ, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Andrews, SS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM andrews@nstl.gov NR 39 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-521X EI 1873-2267 J9 AGR SYST JI Agric. Syst. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 61 IS 3 BP 165 EP 178 DI 10.1016/S0308-521X(99)00046-3 PG 14 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 247RW UT WOS:000083234600002 ER PT J AU Ayars, JE Phene, CJ Hutmacher, RB Davis, KR Schoneman, RA Vail, SS Mead, RM AF Ayars, JE Phene, CJ Hutmacher, RB Davis, KR Schoneman, RA Vail, SS Mead, RM TI Subsurface drip irrigation of row crops: a review of 15 years of research at the Water Management Research Laboratory SO AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review DE subsurface drip irrigation; shallow ground water; cotton; tomato; sweet corn; cantaloupe; fertigation; water use efficiency; irrigation scheduling; microirrigation ID CORN; COTTON; UNIFORMITY; FREQUENCY; SURFACE; ROOT AB Use of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) has progressed from being a novelty employed by researchers to an accepted method of irrigation of both perennial and annual crops. This paper reviews the SDI research conducted by scientists at the Water Management Research Laboratory over a period of 15 years. Data are presented for irrigation and fertilization management on tomato, cotton, sweet corn, alfalfa, and cantaloupe for both plot and field applications. Results from these studies demonstrated significant yield and water use efficiency increases in all crops. Use of high frequency irrigation resulted in reduced deep percolation and increased use of water from shallow ground water when crops were grown in high water table areas. Uniformity studies demonstrated that after 9 years of operation SDI uniformity was as good as at the time of installation if management procedures were followed to prevent root intrusion. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Water Management Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. SDI Plus, Clovis, CA 93613 USA. Univ Calif, Shafter Res Stn, Shafter, CA 93263 USA. United Agri Prod, Fresno, CA 93745 USA. RP Ayars, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Water Management Res Lab, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 37 TC 158 Z9 213 U1 16 U2 98 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3774 J9 AGR WATER MANAGE JI Agric. Water Manage. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 42 IS 1 BP 1 EP 27 DI 10.1016/S0378-3774(99)00025-6 PG 27 WC Agronomy; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA 235HA UT WOS:000082535200001 ER PT J AU Schillinger, WF Cook, RJ Papendick, RI AF Schillinger, WF Cook, RJ Papendick, RI TI Increased dryland cropping intensity with no-till barley SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID RHIZOCTONIA ROOT-ROT; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; SOIL-TEMPERATURE; BARE PATCH; WHEAT; YIELD AB For most of a century, the wide spread practice of growing only one crop every other year in a tillage based wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-fallow rotation has degraded soils and contributed to environmental problems in low-precipitation (<350 mm annual) dryland regions of the inland Pacific Northwest of the USA. Many growers in this 2-million-ha cropland area are increasing the intensity; of cropping with spring crops, but most use conventional tillage (CT) for seedbed preparation. The agronomic performance of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), sown into CT seedbeds with double-disk drills or into standing stubble with several types of no-fill (NT) drills (hoe, single disk, and notched coulter), was determined in two experiments ron ducted both in 1996 and 1997 where the previous crop was either winter wheat or spring barley. We measured stand establishment, seed-zone temperature, soil Hater, dry biomass accumulation, rhizoctonia root rot, surface residue retention. and grain yield components, Plant stand (r(2) = 0.60). dry biomass accumulation (r(2) = 0.63), and spike density (r(2) = 0.62) as single independent variables, and combined in a multiple regression model (R-2 = 0.81), Here strongly correlated (P < 0.001) to grain yield. Early-season seed-zone temperatures were cooler under NT, but seed-zone water was slightly higher with CT. Low spike density consistently occurred in a wide row spacing (406 mm) NT drill treatment, and the highest overall yields Here obtained with NT drills with rows spaced 255 mm or less, Rhizoctonia root rot was severe on seminal roots in ail treatments in three out of four trials, but did not appear to limit yields, possibly due to healthy crown roots and favorable growing conditions. No-till spring sowing into undisturbed standing stubble (2420-5230 kg ha(-1)) can produce grain yields equal to or exceeding those under CT and ran provide environmental and potential soil quality benefits for low-precipitation dryland farming areas in the inland pacific Northwest. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Dept Plant Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Schillinger, WF (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Dept Plant Pathol, 201 Johnson Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. OI Schillinger, William/0000-0001-9285-8159 NR 20 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 91 IS 5 BP 744 EP 752 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 263JD UT WOS:000084120800002 ER PT J AU Unger, PW AF Unger, PW TI Conversion of Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) grassland for dryland crops in a semiarid region SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SORGHUM PRODUCTION; WATER STORAGE; TILLAGE; WHEAT; PLAINS; YIELD AB Information was needed regarding practices suitable for returning grassland to cropland when Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) contracts expired. A study on Pullman soil (Torrertic Paleustoll) involved seven tillage treatments (no-tillage and reduced, sweep, disk, moldboard plus disk, burn-sweep, and burn-disk tillage) with vegetation retained and the five non-burn tillage treatments with vegetation remoded before treatment. Fertilizer (NH4NO3) was applied at 0, 34, and 67 kg N ha(-1) in 1995 and at 0, 67, and 134 kg N ha(-1) in 1996 and 1997, Initial soil water contents were low, and soil never was tilled with wafer at planting time. Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] yielded less than or equal to 720 kg ha(-1) in 1995, and the 1995-1996 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop failed. Sorghum was not planted in 1996 because of a drought. Sorghum yielded 2260 to 4700 kg ha(-1) in 1997. Wheat yielded 1410 to 1980 kg ha(-1) in 1996-1997. Vegetation retention or removal affected yields slightly. Fertilization affected sorghum yields slightly and increased wheat yields. Vegetation control was difficult with no-tillage. Disk tillage to dislodge grass, followed by reduced- or no-tillage, appears best for converting CRP grassland to cropland in this semiarid region. Because of low initial soil water contents, a 90-d period is inadequate for obtaining adequate soil water storage unless precipitation is much above normal. Forgoing planting a crop soon after killing the vegetation when precipitation is low would provide more time for storing soil water and increase the potential for obtaining favorable yields. C1 USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RP Unger, PW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 91 IS 5 BP 753 EP 760 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 263JD UT WOS:000084120800003 ER PT J AU Wuest, SB Albrecht, SL Skirvin, KW AF Wuest, SB Albrecht, SL Skirvin, KW TI Vapor transport vs. seed-soil contact in wheat germination SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE; EMERGENCE; IMBIBITION; STRESS; DEPTH AB The assumption that seed-soil contact is important for germination of seeds has influenced imbibition research and equipment design but has not been tested, This study compared germination with and without seed-soil contact. Over a temperature range from 3 to 28 degrees C, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed was either provided with good seed-soil contact or separated from soil by fiberglass cloth, The germination system was sealed to prevent evaporation. At soil water potentials of -4.5 and -2.3 MPa, no seeds germinated in either treatment, When the soil water potential was -1.1 to -0.15 MPa, the average increase in germination time due to the absence of seed-soil contact was 0.3 d (5.6%). Days to germination ranged from 1.1 d at -0.15 MPa and 28 degrees C, to 18.3 d at -1.1 MPa and 3 degrees C. These results show that vapor transport may he the most important mechanism for imbibition and that liquid transport through seed-soil contact may make little contribution. Recognition of vapor transport as a sufficient, and perhaps dominant, mechanism for water transport between seed and soil should improve modeling efforts and planting equipment designs. C1 USDA ARS, Columbia Plateau Conservat Res Ctr, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. RP Wuest, SB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Columbia Plateau Conservat Res Ctr, POB 370, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. NR 16 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 91 IS 5 BP 783 EP 787 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 263JD UT WOS:000084120800006 ER PT J AU Gates, RN Hill, GM Burton, GW AF Gates, RN Hill, GM Burton, GW TI Response of selected and unselected bahiagrass populations to defoliation SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID RESTRICTED PHENOTYPIC SELECTION; TIFTON-9 PENSACOLA BAHIAGRASS; COASTCROSS-1 BERMUDAGRASS; COASTAL BERMUDAGRASS; GRAZING FREQUENCY; HARVEST FREQUENCY; FORAGE YIELDS; MORPHOLOGY; ESTABLISHMENT; PERFORMANCE AB Recurrent restricted phenotypic selection (RRPS) has increased spaced-plant yield of 'Pensacola' bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge var. saurae Parodi) and led to higher-yielding, more erect genotypes. Response to defoliation was examined in three entries: selection Cycle 0, Pensacola; Cycle 9, 'Tifton 9', and Cycle 14. In a 3-yr plot study, two cutting heights (15 or 100 mm) in combination with three regrowth intervals (2, 4, or 8 wk) were imposed throughout 24 wk. A split-split plot arrangement of regrowth interval (whole plot), cutting height (subplot) and entry (sub-subplot) was used, with sis replications. In a 2-yr grazing study, response of the same entries to defoliation from continuous stocking was evaluated, In the plot study, yield (7030 kg ha(-1)) was maximized by low cutting height and 8-wk regrowth interval during the first year. In Year 2, a 4-wk regrowth interval and low cutting height produced the highest yield (11 220 kg ha(-1)). Mean yields of Tifton 9 (7650 kg ha(-1)) and RRPS cycle 14 (7320 kg ha(-1)) were greater than Pensacola (6500 kg ha(-1)), but response of entries to cutting height and regrowth interval varied among years. In the grazing study, herbage mass was greater for Tifton 9 (1670 kg ha(-1)) and RRPS Cycle 14 (2000 kg ha(-1)) than for Pensacola (1420 kg ha(-1)). Carrying capacity of Tifton 9 (935 d ha(-1)) was greater than Pensacola (855 d ha(-1)). Daily gains were similar (0.34 kg) for all germplasms. Bahiagrass stand declined rapidly for RRPS Cycle 14. Continuous stocking at high grazing pressure was not suitable for RRPS Cycle 14. C1 USDA ARS, Forage & Turf Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Gates, RN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Forage & Turf Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 43 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 91 IS 5 BP 787 EP 795 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 263JD UT WOS:000084120800007 ER PT J AU Powell, JM Wu, ZG AF Powell, JM Wu, ZG TI Nitrogen-15 labeling of dairy feces and urine for nutrient cycling studies SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ANIMAL MANURE; SOIL; N-15 AB Estimates of the availability of dairy manure nutrients to crops rely on indirect measurements and can vary greatly. More accurate estimates of manure nutrient availability me needed to improve manure management. The objective of this study was to enrich dairy fetes and mine in N-15 to study nutrient flow in the feed-animal-manure-soil and crop-environment continuum. Ammonium sulfate (12.3 or 10 atom % N-15) was applied to soil to enrich alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) plants during growth. Alfalfa hay contained from 2.386 to 3.980 atom % N-15 in three harvests and corn silage contained 8.162 atom % b N-15. A feed mixture containing 55% alfalfa hav and 45% corn silage (4.026 atom % N-15) was fed to two mature nonlactating cows (Bos taurus) for 36 h. The pattern of N-15 excretion in urine and feces was similar for both cows. The N-15 appeared in urine by 8 h and in feces by 24 h, and peaked by 30 h in urine (1.642 atom % N-15) and by 54 h in feces (2.341 atom % N-15), Enrichment approached basal levels at 132 h after initial feeding for bath urine and fetes Of the total N-15 fed, 60% was recovered: 31% from urine and 29% from feces. Approximately 60 to 70% of the total N excreted in dairy fetes was endogenous N and 30 to 40% was undigested feed N, Combining feces excreted during the 16- to 122-h period after initial feeding of N-15-enriched feed would produce feces having uniformly labeled N components, The various N-15 enrichment levels of urine and feces collected during different times after feeding offer possibilities for studying differential N-15 use in short- and long-term nutrient cycling studies. C1 ARS, USDA, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Powell, JM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, 1925 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 21 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 91 IS 5 BP 814 EP 818 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 263JD UT WOS:000084120800011 ER PT J AU Eghball, B Power, JF AF Eghball, B Power, JF TI Composted and noncomposted manure application to conventional and no-tillage systems: Corn yield and nitrogen uptake SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID TERM CONSERVATION TILLAGE; CATTLE FEEDLOT MANURE; SOIL AB Manure application to the soil surface may not be as effective as incorporated manure for crop production, because of potential N loss. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of composted (compost) and noncomposted manure from beef cattle (Bos taurus) feedlots on corn (Zea mays L.) yield and N uptake under two tillage systems in 4 years. Conventional and no-till systems were used as main plots, and subplots consisted of application of composted and noncomposted manure and fertilizer to provide for corn N requirements, and check treatments. Manure and compost were applied and immediately incorporated by disking in the conventional system and left on the surface in the no-till. Fertilizer was incorporated in the conventional system and surface-applied in the no-till system each spring prior to planting. Results showed that in 3 out of 4 years there was no effect of tillage on corn grain yields of plots receiving manure or compost. Manure and compost application resulted in similar grain yield as that for fertilizer treatment in all Sears except for no-till in 1996. First-year N availability was approximately 38% for manure and 20% for compost in both tillage systems. Apparent N use efficiency was 17% for manure, 12% for compost, and 45% fur the fertilizer treatment across 4 years. Chlorophyll meter readings, indicating relative plant N concentration at different stages of growth, were closely related to N uptake and grain yield in gears with adequate water supply, but not in the drier year of 1995. Stalk NO3--N concentration at harvest was above the critical level of 2000 mg kg(-1) for the fertilizer treatment in 1995 but was low (<200 mg kg(-1)) for manure and compost treatments. Stalk NO3--N concentration did not exceed the critical level for any treatment in other Sears. When the correct N availability factor is used, beef cattle feedlot manure and compost can be effectively utilized in no-till corn production systems. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Eghball, B (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 20 TC 101 Z9 110 U1 1 U2 25 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 91 IS 5 BP 819 EP 825 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 263JD UT WOS:000084120800012 ER PT J AU Pantalone, VR Rebetzke, GJ Burton, JW Carter, TE Israel, DW AF Pantalone, VR Rebetzke, GJ Burton, JW Carter, TE Israel, DW TI Soybean PI 416937 root system contributes to biomass accumulation in reciprocal grafts SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID GLYCINE-MAX L; PLANT INTRODUCTION; DROUGHT STRESS; NODULATION; SHOOT; MUTANT; GROWTH; TRAITS AB Soybean [Glycine max. (L.) Merr.] plant introduction PI 416937 (PI4) has an extensive fibrous-like root system that contributes to enhanced drought and Al tolerance, The root system of PI4 appears to be more highly nodulated than standard southern U.S. cultivars, and thus has potential for enhanced N-2 fixation. Genetic transfer of PI4 root system to soybean cultivars may lead to increased seed N at harvest through increased biomass or seed protein concentration. This hypothesis has not been tested. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of PI4 root system on plant productivity and protein accumulation in soybean seedling reciprocal grafts grown to maturity in the field. In three experiments, grafts were initiated 5 d after greenhouse planting by transversely severing the hypocotyl 2 cm below the apical meristem and transferring H-edge cut scions to severed root stock, Plants were then transplanted and grown in the field. PI 416937 maintained its superior root fibrosity in graft combination with other genotype scions. In Exp. 2, at the end of the season, plants of non PI4 scions grafted to PI4 root stock averaged significantly higher in root fibrosity; score (8.2) than the mean of their self-grafts (6.0); however, when PI4 scions were grafted to root stock from other genotypes, the root fibrosity score decreased significantly (6.6) compared with PI4 self graft (8.4). Thus, grafting revealed that the root system itself, rather than the scion of PI4, regulates expression of the fibrous-like rooting trait. Seed protein concentration did not increase significantly for genotype scions grafted to PI4 root stork. In Exp. 3, 'Lee 74' or N85-492 grafted to PI4 root stock had significantly higher seed dry weight (161.1 g plant(-1) for Lee 74 grafted to PI4 vs. 96.4 g plant(-1) for the self-graft: 129.5 g plant(-1) for N85-492 grafted to PI4 vs. 79.4 g plant(-1) for the self-graft), The fibrous-like root system of PI4 enhances seed biomass when grafted to some non-PI4 genotypes, The genetic transfer of the PU rooting trait to elite germplasm through applied breeding may lead to the development of more productive soybean lines. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. CSIRO, Div Plant Ind, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Pantalone, VR (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. RI Rebetzke, Greg/F-6078-2010 NR 28 TC 14 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 91 IS 5 BP 840 EP 844 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 263JD UT WOS:000084120800015 ER PT J AU Reddy, KR Davidonis, GH Johnson, AS Vinyard, BT AF Reddy, KR Davidonis, GH Johnson, AS Vinyard, BT TI Temperature regime and carbon dioxide enrichment alter cotton roll development and fiber properties SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID RAY-FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY; SIMULATION-MODEL; CROP MANAGEMENT; GROWTH; SYSTEM; RICE AB Temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration [CO2] affect cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growth and development, but the interaction of these two factors on boil and fiber properties has not been studied. An experiment aas conducted in naturally lit plant growth chambers to determine the influence of temperature and atmospheric [CO2] on cotton (cv. DPL-51) boll and fiber growth parameters. Five temperature regimes were evaluated: the 1995 temperature at Mississippi State, MS; the 1995 temperature minus 2 degrees C; and the 1995 temperature plus 2, 5, and 7 degrees C. Daily and seasonal variation and amplitudes were maintained. Atmospheric [CO2] treatments were 360 (ambient) and 720 mu L L-1. Boll number, bell growth, and fiber properties were measured. Boll size and maturation periods decreased as temperature increased. Boll growth increased with temperature to 25 degrees C and then declined at the highest temperature. Boll maturation period, size, and growth rates were not affected by atmospheric [CO2]. The most temperature-sensitive aspect of cotton development is boll retention. Almost no bells were retained to maturity at 1995 plus 5 or 7 degrees C, but squares and bells were continuously produced even at those high temperatures. Therefore, the upper limit for cotton boil survival is 32 degrees C, or 5 degrees C warmer than the 1995 U.S. Mid-South ambient temperatures. The 720 mu L L-1 atmospheric [CO2] had about 40% more squares and bells across temperatures than the 360 mu L L-1 [CO2], Fibers were longer when bells grew at less than optimal temperatures (25 degrees C) for boll growth. As temperature increased, fiber length distributions were more uniform. Fiber fineness and maturity increased linearly with the increase in temperature up to 26 degrees C, but decreased at 32 degrees C. Short-fiber content declined linearly from 17 to 26 degrees C, but was higher at higher temperature. As for boll growth and developmental parameters, elevated atmospheric [CO2] did not affect any of the fiber parameters. Changes in temperature, however, had a dramatic effect on boll set and tiber properties. The relationships between temperature and boll growth and developmental rate functions and fiber properties provide the necessary functional parameters to build fiber models under optimum water and nutrient conditions. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Reddy, KR (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Box 9555, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. OI Reddy, Kambham Raja/0000-0002-7906-7755 NR 31 TC 51 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 91 IS 5 BP 851 EP 858 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 263JD UT WOS:000084120800017 ER PT J AU Unger, PW Baumhardt, RL AF Unger, PW Baumhardt, RL TI Factors related to dryland grain sorghum yield increases: 1939 through 1997 SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; WATER-USE; LIMITED IRRIGATION; WINTER-WHEAT; NO-TILLAGE; RESIDUE; SOIL; STORAGE; SYSTEM AB Grain yields of dryland (nonirrigated) grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], a major crop in the southern Great Plains, more than tripled in studies at the USDA-ARS Conservation and Production Research Lab., Bushland. TSI during the period from 1939 to 1997. Our objectives were to document the yield increases that occurred and to determine factors primarily responsible for the yield increases. Factors evaluated were annual precipitation, growing-season rainfall, soil water content at planting, soil water use, growing-season evapotranspiration, and pm of record. For the report, we assembled 502 treatment-years of grain yield data from 37 studies. For the 1939-1997 period, grain yields increased about 50 kg ha(-1) annually. Yields increased 139% during the 1956-1997 period, with 46 of those percentage units resulting from use of improved hybrids, based on results of a uniformly managed 40-year study, The remaining 93 percentage units for that period were attributed to of her factors. primarily to soil water at planting. increases in soil water at planting resulted from changes in management practices with time, mainly the adoption of improved crop residue management practices after about 1970. C1 ARS, USDA, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RP Unger, PW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. NR 41 TC 29 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 91 IS 5 BP 870 EP 875 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 263JD UT WOS:000084120800020 ER PT J AU Darwin, R AF Darwin, R TI The impact of global warming on agriculture: A Ricardian analysis: Comment SO AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW LA English DT Letter C1 Econ Res Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Darwin, R (reprint author), Econ Res Serv, USDA, 1800 M St,Room 4180, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 7 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER ECONOMIC ASSOC PI NASHVILLE PA 2014 BROADWAY, STE 305, NASHVILLE, TN 37203 USA SN 0002-8282 J9 AM ECON REV JI Am. Econ. Rev. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 89 IS 4 BP 1049 EP 1052 DI 10.1257/aer.89.4.1049 PG 4 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA 240KL UT WOS:000082825100021 ER PT J AU Booth, SL O'Brien-Morse, ME Dallal, GE Davidson, KW Gundberg, CM AF Booth, SL O'Brien-Morse, ME Dallal, GE Davidson, KW Gundberg, CM TI Response of vitamin K status to different intakes and sources of phylloquinone-rich foods: comparison of younger and older adults SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE osteocalcin; undercarboxylated osteocalcin; urinary gamma-carboxyglutamic acid; phylloquinone; bioavailability; vitamin K; adults ID CALCULATING CORRELATION-COEFFICIENTS; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; GAMMA-CARBOXYGLUTAMIC ACID; UNDERCARBOXYLATED OSTEOCALCIN; DIETARY PHYLLOQUINONE; PLASMA; BIOAVAILABILITY; HUMANS; DEFICIENCY; NUTRITION AB Background: Phylloquinone, found in dark-green vegetables and certain plant oils, is the primary dietary source of the fat-soluble vitamin K. Limited data suggest that the relative bioavailability of phylloquinone from vegetables is lower than that from a supplement. This finding is relevant to the maintenance of optimal vitamin K status. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare, in younger and older adults, the relative bioavailability of phylloquinone from a vegetable with that of a fortified oil. Design: In a crossover design with three 15-d residency periods in a metabolic unit, younger and older men and women (n = 36) consumed a mixed diet containing 100 mu g phylloquinone/d. During 2 residency periods, the mixed diet was supplemented for 5 d with either broccoli (377 mu g phylloquinone/d; broccoli diet) or phylloquinone-fortified oil (417 mu g/d; oil diet). The relative bioavailability of phylloquinone was defined by the difference in plasma phylloquinone, percentage serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin (%ucOC), and urinary gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in response to 5 d of supplementation. Results: For both younger and older adults, plasma phylloquinone concentrations were higher (P < 0.001) and %ucOC values were lower (P = 0.001) after the broccoli and oil diets than after the mixed diet only. Overall, the response to broccoli supplementation was not significantly different from the response to the fortified oil in either age group. Urinary gamma-carboxyglutamic acid did not change in response to supplementation. Conclusions: There was no significant difference in the relative bioavailability of phylloquinone, as evidenced by the lack of a significant difference in plasma phylloquinone and %ucOC between the 2 groups after either the broccoli or oil diets for younger and older adults. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Orthopaed & Rehabil, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. RP Booth, SL (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NIAMS NIH HHS [AR-38460] NR 37 TC 62 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 70 IS 3 BP 368 EP 377 PG 10 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 231WM UT WOS:000082334500010 PM 10479199 ER PT J AU Burri, BJ Sowell, AL Wong, M AF Burri, BJ Sowell, AL Wong, M TI Influence of carotenoid depletion and repletion on serum carotenoid and vitamin A concentrations SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, PWA, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 70 IS 3 SU S BP 626S EP 626S PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 233DU UT WOS:000082410900045 ER PT J AU Park, JYK Burri, BJ Lukoyanova, T Dueker, S AF Park, JYK Burri, BJ Lukoyanova, T Dueker, S TI Influence of plasma beta-carotene concentration on bioavailability and conversion of beta-carotene-d8 stable isotope in young healthy women SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, PWA, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 70 IS 3 SU S BP 626S EP 626S PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 233DU UT WOS:000082410900046 ER PT J AU Kowalski, SP Domek, JM Deahl, KL Sanford, LL AF Kowalski, SP Domek, JM Deahl, KL Sanford, LL TI Performance of Colorado potato beetle larvae, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), reared on synthetic diets supplemented with Solanum glycoalkaloids SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE alpha-tomatine; alpha-chaconine; alpha-solanine; leptine I; solanidine; Solanum chacoense; Solanum tuberosum; host-plant resistance; allelochemical(s) ID LEPTINE GLYCOALKALOIDS; RESISTANCE; CHACOENSE; CHRYSOMELIDAE; COLEOPTERA AB Glycoalkaloids are a class of secondary compounds (nitrogenous, steroidal glycosides), ubiquitously distributed throughout the Solanaceae. Numerous studies (in planta) have shown that certain glycoalkaloids, e.g., alpha-tomatine, solanocardenine, and leptine, have a negative impact on performance of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). However, the presence of other secondary compounds, as well as the nutritional status of the plants used, are additional variables in such experiments. By rearing Colorado potato beetle, from egg to prepupal stage, on a synthetic diet supplemented with the glycoalkaloids alpha-tomatine, alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, leptine I and the steroidal aglycone solanidine, we have been able to further establish the effects (ex planta) of these compounds on the Colorado potato beetle. Leptine I displayed a dose-dependent negative activity against the Colorado potato beetle (as measured by larval weight gain and time to molt), when assayed at 0.31, 0.62 and 1.23 mM concentrations; however, by the fourth stadium no effect was found. When Colorado potato beetle were fed a higher concentration of leptine I (2.4 mM), there was a sustained effect in all stadia. At 2.4 mM, leptine I displayed a greater negative impact on Colorado potato beetle growth and development than did alpha-tomatine. alpha-Chaconine at 2.4 mM did not impair Colorado potato beetle performance relative to Colorado potato beetle reared on control diets. alpha-Chaconine plus alpha-solanine, at concentrations commonly found in Solanum tuberosum L. foliage (0.6 and 0.3 mM respectively), did not impair Colorado potato beetle performance. The steroidal aglycone solanidine (2.4 mM) had a significant negative impact on Colorado potato beetle performance. Results are discussed in the context of host-plant resistance and insect-plant interactions. C1 USDA, Inst Plant Sci, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA, Inst Plant Sci, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Sanford, LL (reprint author), USDA, Inst Plant Sci, Vegetable Lab, Bldg 010A,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 29 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 5 PU POTATO ASSOC AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE, 5715 COBURN HALL, RM 6, ORONO, ME 04469-5715 USA SN 0003-0589 J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 76 IS 5 BP 305 EP 312 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 244DN UT WOS:000083036700007 ER PT J AU Bamberg, JB AF Bamberg, JB TI Screening for gibberellin deficiency mutants in Solanum tuberosum ssp Andigena SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Solanum tuberosum; dwarfs; germplasm ID POTATO AB A GA deficiency mutant was previously described in a single population of Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena (adg). A representative sample of 120 adg populations in the US Potato Genebank was screened for the dwarfing mutant. Up to 500 seedlings of each adg population were evaluated. Dwarfs were detected in 14 populations hom a minimum of 0.2% to a maximum of 27.7%, indicating that the allele is not particularly rare or at risk of loss from the Genebank. C1 ARS, USDA, US Potato Genebank, Sturgeon Bay, WI 54235 USA. RP Bamberg, JB (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Potato Genebank, 4312 Hwy 42, Sturgeon Bay, WI 54235 USA. NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU POTATO ASSOC AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE, 5715 COBURN HALL, RM 6, ORONO, ME 04469-5715 USA SN 0003-0589 J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 76 IS 5 BP 321 EP 322 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 244DN UT WOS:000083036700010 ER PT J AU Smith, J Lensing, S Horton, JA Lovejoy, J Zaghloul, S Forrester, I McGee, BB Bogle, ML AF Smith, J Lensing, S Horton, JA Lovejoy, J Zaghloul, S Forrester, I McGee, BB Bogle, ML TI Prevalence of self-reported nutrition-related health problems in the lower Mississippi delta SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; RISK-FACTORS; SERVICES AB Objectives. The purpose of this study was to assess demographic and geographic differences in prevalence of self-reported nutrition-related health problems in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. Methods. The authors analyzed 1991 and 1993 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data for adults 18 years or older. Results. Less educated African American women and women of other minority groups who were aged 35 to 64 years reported the highest prevalence of health problems. Geographic differences involved prevalence of hypertension, health status, and insurance status. Conclusions. Specific demographic subgroups and geographic areas with a high risk of health problems are in particular need of targeted interventions. C1 Arkansas Childrens Hosp, Res Inst, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA. Westat Corp, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Pennington Biomed Res Ctr, Baton Rouge, LA USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Human Sci, Pine Bluff, AR 71601 USA. Alcorn State Univ, Dept Family & Consumer Sci, Lorman, MS 39096 USA. Southern Univ & A&M Coll, Human Nutr & Food Program, Baton Rouge, LA USA. USDA ARS, Little Rock, AR USA. RP Lensing, S (reprint author), Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Childrens Hosp, Dept Pediat, 800 Marshall St,Slot 512-26, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA. EM slensing@care.ach.uams.edu NR 25 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 800 I STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20001-3710 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD SEP PY 1999 VL 89 IS 9 BP 1418 EP 1421 DI 10.2105/AJPH.89.9.1418 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 229UR UT WOS:000082214600021 PM 10474563 ER PT J AU Graczyk, TK Cranfield, MR Fayer, R Bixler, H AF Graczyk, TK Cranfield, MR Fayer, R Bixler, H TI House flies (Musca domestica) as transport hosts of Cryptosporidium parvum SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID FILTER DISSOLUTION METHOD; OOCYSTS; WATER; INFECTIVITY; RECOVERY; CALVES; MANURE AB Refuse and promiscuous-landing synanthropic filth flies, such as house flies (Musca domestica), are recognized as transport hosts for a variety of protozoan and metazoan parasites in addition to viral and bacterial pathogens of public health importance. Exposure of adult M. domestica to 20 mi of bovine diarrheal feces containing Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts (2.0 x 10(5) oocysts/ml) resulted in intense deposition of the oocysts through fly feces on the surfaces visited by the flies (mean = 108 oocysts/cm(2)). Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were detected by immunofluorescent antibodies on the exoskeleton of adult flies and in their digestive tracts. An average of 267, 131, 32, 19, and 14 oocysts per adult fly were eluted from its exoskeleton on days 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 after they emerged, respectively. Approximately 320 C. parvum oocysts per pupa were eluted from the external surface of the pupae derived from maggots that breed in a substrate contaminated with the bovine feces; the oocysts were numerous on maggots (approximately 150 oocysts/maggot). Adult and larval stages of house flies breeding or having access to C. parvum-contaminated substrate will mechanically carry the oocysts in their digestive tracts and on their external surfaces. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Baltimore Zoo, Baltimore, MD USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Div Comparat Med, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Penn, Sch Vet Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Graczyk, TK (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. NR 32 TC 49 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 61 IS 3 BP 500 EP 504 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 238EK UT WOS:000082697800030 PM 10497998 ER PT J AU Zollner, PA Lima, SL AF Zollner, PA Lima, SL TI Illumination and the perception of remote habitat patches by white-footed mice SO ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR LA English DT Article ID PEROMYSCUS-LEUCOPUS; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; CONSPECIFIC ATTRACTION; CONSERVATION BIOLOGY; HETEROMYID RODENTS; PREDATION RISK; OWL PREDATION; SMALL MAMMALS; DEER MICE; POPULATION AB Perceptual range, or the distance at which habitat 'patches' can be perceived, constrains an animal's informational window on a given landscape. If such constraints are great, they may limit successful dispersal between distant habitat patches. On dark nights, nocturnal white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus, have surprisingly limited perceptual abilities regarding distant forested habitat. In fact, their ability to orient towards such habitat while travelling in a bare agricultural field indicates a perceptual range under 30 m. However, increasing illumination can increase perceptual range. For example, full moonlight extends the perceptual range of mice to about 60 m. Light levels at dusk (twilight) extend perceptual range still further to about 90 m. These results suggest that interpatch dispersal by whitefooted mice would be more successful under greater illumination, but travelling under such conditions entails a considerable risk of predation. These mice might avoid such a conflict by travelling under the cover of darkness with the aid of information gathered remotely during relatively high illumination. We show that mice are indeed capable of such a 'look now and move later' strategy: mice retain directional information gained under bright conditions and maintain a previously determined bearing in conditions under which distant navigational stimuli may be largely absent (e.g. maximal darkness). Ultimately, a better understanding of the behavioural and ecological factors affecting the movements of animals across landscapes should produce a clearer picture of the interaction between landscape structure and population ecology. (C) 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. C1 Indiana State Univ, Dept Life Sci, Terre Haute, IN 47809 USA. RP Zollner, PA (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serf, N Cent Res Stn, 5985 Highway K, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. RI Zollner, Patrick/A-8727-2010 OI Zollner, Patrick/0000-0001-8263-7029 NR 71 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 15 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0003-3472 J9 ANIM BEHAV JI Anim. Behav. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 58 BP 489 EP 500 DI 10.1006/anbe.1999.1186 PN 3 PG 12 WC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology GA 241BY UT WOS:000082863300004 ER PT J AU Scheffer, SJ AF Scheffer, SJ TI Genetic variation and the potential for host range evolution in the leafmining fly Amauromyza flavifrons (Diptera : Agromyzidae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Agromyzidae; leafminer; genetic variation; genetic constraints; novel host; host range evolution ID CONSTRAINTS; CHRYSOMELIDAE; OPHRAELLA; PLANTS AB This study investigated patterns of genetic variation in host-use characters in the leafmining fly Amauromyza flavifrons Meigen. Females of this species readily oviposit on Beta vulgaris L., a nontraditional host plant upon which the larvae experience high levels of mortality. Experiments found significant genetic variation in oviposition response to B. vulgaris but not in either larval survival or growth on this plant species. In regions with high densities of B, vulgaris, it is predicted that the luck of genetic variation in larval survival and growth on this plant will constrain the adoption of this plant as a "true host plant" and, instead, females will evolve to have lower acceptance of this plant for oviposition. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Systemat Entomol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Scheffer, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Systemat Entomol Lab, Bldg 046,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 34 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 92 IS 5 BP 742 EP 747 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 243UG UT WOS:000083015200014 ER PT J AU McInnis, DO Rendon, P Jang, E Van Sauers-Muller, A Sugayama, R Malavasi, A AF McInnis, DO Rendon, P Jang, E Van Sauers-Muller, A Sugayama, R Malavasi, A TI Interspecific mating of introduced, sterile Bactrocera dorsalis with wild B-carambolae (Diptera : Tephritidae) in Suriname: a potential case for cross-species sterile insect technique SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Bactrocera; oriental fruit fly; carambola fruit fly; light intensity; hybridization; sterile insects ID FRUIT-FLY DIPTERA; RHAGOLETIS-POMONELLA; MALES; ERADICATION; FEMALES; HAWAII; FLIES AB Copulation with sperm transfer was observed between the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel),and the carambola fruit fly, B. carambolae (Drew & Hancock), in outdoor field cages in Suriname. Sterilized oriental fruit flies from Hawaii were shipped to Suriname for testing against wild carambola fruit flies to investigate whether the oriental fruit fly could be used in a potential sterile insect program against the carambola fruit fly. Of 217 total observed copulations on 5 test dates, 17 (7.8%) were interspecific, and 10 (4.6%) were of the crucial type, sterile oriental fruit fly male x wild carambola fruit fly female. Interspecific copulations tended to be of short duration, especially when the male was an oriental fruit fly (i.e., average time in copula was 148.0 min for carambola fruit By male x oriental fruit fly female, whereas only 4.67 min for oriental fruit fly male x carambola fruit fly female at a 5:1 oriental fruit fly:carambola fruit fly ratio). Homogamic (like with like) pairings tended to be longer, especially for carambola fruit fly, with average times in copula of 115.7 and 481.4 min for oriental fruit fly male x oriental fruit fly female and caramlola fruit fly male x carambola fruit fly female, respectively. With both sexes present, oriental fruit flies began mating earlier in the evening (approximate to 2,500-lux), whereas carambola fruit flies started mating at approximate to 300 lux. With only sterile male oriental fruit flies released, the proportion of interspecific pairs (oriental fruit fly male x carambola fruit fly female) rose to 1/3 of the total, at a sterile male: wild male ratio of 5:1. This was 3-fold higher than for the release of bisexual oriental fruit fly. An index of mating isolation, relative isolation index, was high (>100, where random mating = 1) because of high assortative mating in the case of bisexual oriental fruit fly. Approximately 70% of carambola fruit fly females that copulated with carambola fruit fly males had sperm in their spermathecae. By comparison, 0% (0/6 flies) were mated in the case of carambola fruit fly female mated to oriental fruit fly male when both oriental fruit fly sexes were present, whereas 50% (2/4 dies) were mated when males-only oriental fruit fly were released. C1 USDA ARS, Trop Fruit Vegetable & Ornamental Crop Res Lab, Honolulu, HI 96804 USA. USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Methods Dev Stn, Guatemala City, Guatemala. USDA ARS, Trop Fruit Vegetable & Ornamental Crop Res Lab, Hilo, HI USA. Suriname Minist Agr Anim Husbandry & Fisheries, Carambola Fruit Fly Project, Paramaribo, Surinam. Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Biociencias, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Carambola Fruit Fly Project, IICA, Paramaribo, Surinam. RP McInnis, DO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Trop Fruit Vegetable & Ornamental Crop Res Lab, Honolulu, HI 96804 USA. NR 34 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 7 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 92 IS 5 BP 758 EP 765 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 243UG UT WOS:000083015200016 ER PT J AU Elzen, PJ Baxter, JR Westervelt, D Randall, C Delaplane, KS Cutts, L Wilson, WT AF Elzen, PJ Baxter, JR Westervelt, D Randall, C Delaplane, KS Cutts, L Wilson, WT TI Field control and biology studies of a new pest species, Aethina tumida Murray (Coleoptera, Nitidulidae), attacking European honey bees in the Western Hemisphere SO APIDOLOGIE LA English DT Article DE Aethina tumida; small hive beetle; insecticides; control; honey bee; Apis mellifera; USA; attractants; brood predation AB The small hive beetle, Aethina tumida Murray, is a nitidulid species newly recorded attacking honey bees in the Western Hemisphere. We initiated field and laboratory tests on the control and biology of this new pest. Very high mortality of adult and larval A. tumida in Florida and Georgia hives resulted from field tests using 10 % coumaphos in plastic strips in trapping devices on the hive bottom: as high as 90.2 % beetle mortality occurred in hives in Florida. Adult beetles were found in the laboratory to feed on honey bee eggs, completely consuming all eggs, even in the presence of honey and pollen. Odors from hive products plus adult bees were found to be significantly attractive to flying adult beetles, as evidenced in baited trap studies. Hive products alone or bees alone were not attractive to adult A. tumida. (C) Inra/DIB/AGIB/Elsevier, Paris. C1 USDA ARS, Kika de la Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Elzen, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Kika de la Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, 2413 E Hwy 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 4 TC 85 Z9 90 U1 2 U2 11 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 0044-8435 J9 APIDOLOGIE JI Apidologie PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 30 IS 5 BP 361 EP 366 DI 10.1051/apido:19990501 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 248AA UT WOS:000083252100001 ER PT J AU Loveless, TM Saah, JR Bishop, PE AF Loveless, TM Saah, JR Bishop, PE TI Isolation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria containing molybdenum-independent nitrogenases from natural environments SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CYANOBACTERIUM ANABAENA-VARIABILIS; 2ND ALTERNATIVE NITROGENASE; AZOTOBACTER-VINELANDII; STRUCTURAL GENES; RHODOBACTER-CAPSULATUS; RHODOSPIRILLUM-RUBRUM; VANADIUM NITROGENASE; MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS; FE-PROTEIN; PURIFICATION AB Seven diazotrophs that grow well under Mo-deficient, N-2-fixing conditions were isolated from a variety of environments. These isolates fall in the gamma subdivision of the class Proteobacteria and have genes that encode the Mo nitrogenase (nitrogenase 1) and the V nitrogenase (nitrogenase 2). Four of the isolates also harbor genes that encode the iron-only nitrogenase (nitrogenase 3). C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Bishop, PE (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 30 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 65 IS 9 BP 4223 EP 4226 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 233HL UT WOS:000082421400068 PM 10473439 ER PT J AU Wang, HY Jones, RW AF Wang, HY Jones, RW TI Properties of the Macrophomina phaseolina endoglucanase (EGL 1) gene product in bacterial and yeast expression systems SO APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cellulase; heterologous expression; Escherichia coli; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ID ENCODING GENE; CLONING; CEREVISIAE; QUALITY AB Functional expression of a beta-D-1,4 glucanase-encoding gene (egl1) from a filamentous fungus was achieved in both Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a modified version of pRS413. Optimal activity of the E. coli-expressed enzyme was found at incubation temperatures of 60 degrees C, whereas the enzyme activity was optimal at 40 degrees C when expressed by S. cerevisiae. Enzyme activity at different pH levels was similar for both bacteria and yeast, being highest at 5.0. Yeast expression resulted in a highly glycosylated protein of approx 60 kDa, compared to bacterial expression, which resulted in a protein of 30 kDa. The hyperglycosylated protein had reduced enzyme activity, indicating that E. coli is a preferred vehicle for production scale-up. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. USDA ARS, Vegetable Lab, BARC W, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Jones, RW (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 0273-2289 J9 APPL BIOCHEM BIOTECH JI Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 81 IS 3 BP 153 EP 160 DI 10.1385/ABAB:81:3:153 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 271ZE UT WOS:000084624900002 PM 10652782 ER PT J AU Rotz, CA Johnson, LM Harrison, JH AF Rotz, CA Johnson, LM Harrison, JH TI Economics of corn silage processing on North American dairy farms SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE dairy production; kernel processor; corn silage; production costs; DAFOSYM; simulation; economics ID MODEL AB Whole farm impacts of using a corn silage processor on the forage harvester were assessed using long term simulations with DAFOSYM (The Dairy Forage System Model). Use of processing improved packing in the silo and increased the digestibility of the silage, which reduced supplemental feed requirements, and/or improved milk production. When processing was used on farms having 100 or 400 high producing Holstein cows with 40% of the forage requirement met by corn silage, the treatment provided about a 2% increase in milk production along with a small decrease in supplemental grain feeding. Increases in production costs were more than offset by the increase in milk sales providing about a $50/cow improvement in the annual net return or profit of the farm. Without an increase in milk production, the economic benefit dropped to $5/cow/year. if the amount of corn silage fed was increased to 75% of the total forage requirement, processing provided a 4% increase in milk production with an economic benefit near $100/cow/year The economic benefit of corn silage processing was moderately sensitive to the length-of-cut setting of the harvester milk price and processing's effect on forage digestibility and available energy. Changes in these assumptions varied farm net return by less than $20/cow/year. The results were relatively insensitive to reasonable assumptions for equipment price and power requirement, packing density in the silo, and supplemental feed prices. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Washington State Univ, Puyallup Res & Extens Ctr, Puyallup, WA 98371 USA. RP Rotz, CA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, Pasture Lab Bldg,Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 15 IS 5 BP 411 EP 421 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 246QT UT WOS:000083176600006 ER PT J AU Schoneman, R Ayars, JE AF Schoneman, R Ayars, JE TI Continuous measurement or drainage discharge SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE drainage discharge; datalogging; 90 degrees V-notch weir; construction costs; manhole AB The west side of the San Joaquin Valley of California has had drainage disposal problems since irrigation was introduced in the early 1900s. Selenium toxicity problems associated with the Kesterson Reservoir caused closure of the existing agricultural drainage system in 16 194 Ha (40,000 acres) in 1986. The continuing need for drainage of irrigated agricultural lands has prompted several welter management studies by the Water Management Research Laboratory of the USDA. One of the essential data requirements in these studies is the quantification of drain flows. A measurement station was constructed for this purpose employing a manhole with a 90 degrees V-notch weir and datalogging electronics to provide hourly waterflow data. Power was supplied by solar and conventional sources. Construction details, costs (for a solar powered station), and resulting data are shown. As configured, the measurement station has provided seasonal data streams for analysis during three years of operation. C1 USDA ARS, WMRL, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RP Schoneman, R (reprint author), USDA ARS, WMRL, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 15 IS 5 BP 435 EP + PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 246QT UT WOS:000083176600009 ER PT J AU Saha, BC Bothast, RJ AF Saha, BC Bothast, RJ TI Production of 2,3-butanediol by newly isolated Enterobacter cloacae SO APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID KLEBSIELLA-OXYTOCA AB Enterobacter cloacae NRRL B-23289 was isolated from local decaying wood/corn soil samples while screening for microorganisms for conversion of L-arabinose to fuel ethanol. The major product of fermentation by the bacterium was meso-2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD). In a typical fermentation, a BD yield of 0.4 g/g arabinose was obtained with a corresponding productivity of 0.63 g/l per hour at an initial arabinose concentration of 50 g/l. The effects of initial arabinose concentration, temperature, pH, agitation, various monosaccharides, and multiple sugar mixtures on 2,3-BD production were investigated. BD productivity, yield, and byproduct formation were influenced significantly within these parameters. The bacterium utilized sugars from acid plus enzyme saccharified corn fiber and produced BD (0.35 g/g available sugars). It also produced BD from dilute acid pretreated corn fiber by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (0.34 g/g theoretical sugars). C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Saha, BC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 17 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0175-7598 J9 APPL MICROBIOL BIOT JI Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 52 IS 3 BP 321 EP 326 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 245CN UT WOS:000083088800004 PM 10531643 ER PT J AU Jordan, D Li, F Ponder, F Berry, EC Hubbard, VC Kim, KY AF Jordan, D Li, F Ponder, F Berry, EC Hubbard, VC Kim, KY TI The effects of forest practices on earthworm populations and soil microbial biomass in a hardwood forest in Missouri SO APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE earthworms; Diplocardia spp.; soil microbial biomass C and N; soil compaction; harvest level; temperate hardwood forests ID CHLOROFORM FUMIGATION; NO-TILLAGE; COMPACTION; LUMBRICIDAE; NITROGEN; RELEASE AB Physical changes caused by forest management practices can have a dramatic effect on the soil biota in a forest ecosystem. The effects of soil compaction associated with harvesting on earthworm populations and selected soil properties were measured in a hardwood (oak-hickory) forest in Missouri. Soils in this region of Missouri are characterized by a cherty residuum that is primarily of the Clarksville series (Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Paledults). Earthworms were collected from a 0-15 cm depth each spring and fall for 2 years by handsorting and their populations determined on a per square meter basis. Two native earthworm species, Diplocardia omata and Diplocardia smithii, were identified at this site. Regardless of species, juvenile populations accounted for a major portion of the earthworms found in spring or fall. In 1995, Diplocardia ornata was the dominant species present and most affected by soil compaction. In 1996, soil compaction seemed to have a less restrictive effect on earthworms. Harvesting had no effect on either earthworm populations or biomass but had a significant effect on selected soil properties. Harvest levels had a significant negative correlation with soil moisture, soil inorganic N, and soil microbial biomass C and N. When above-ground biomass Like logs and forest floor Litter were removed and the soil was compacted, the standing soil microbial biomass along with soil moisture content and nutrients were reduced. Time (season of the year) had a significant effect on earthworm populations and biomass and all soil properties that were measured in both 1995-1996. Future studies at this site might include a seasonal study on the ecology and reproduction of these native earthworm species. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Dept Soil & Atmospher Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Alberta, Dept Agr Food & Nutrit Sci, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Lincoln Univ, USDA, Forest Serv, Jefferson City, MO 65102 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Entomol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Chonnam Natl Univ, Dept Agr Sci, Chonnam, South Korea. RP Jordan, D (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Dept Soil & Atmospher Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RI hubbard, Victoria/N-8938-2014 NR 27 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1393 J9 APPL SOIL ECOL JI Appl. Soil Ecol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 13 IS 1 BP 31 EP 38 DI 10.1016/S0929-1393(99)00017-7 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 235YX UT WOS:000082572400004 ER PT J AU Bostom, AG Bausserman, L Jacques, PF Liaugaudas, G Selhub, J Rosenberg, IH AF Bostom, AG Bausserman, L Jacques, PF Liaugaudas, G Selhub, J Rosenberg, IH TI Cystatin C as a determinant of fasting plasma total homocysteine levels in coronary artery disease patients with normal serum creatinine SO ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE coronary arteriosclerosis; renal function; homocysteine; determinants ID GLOMERULAR-FILTRATION RATE; ELDERLY POPULATION; SENSITIVE MARKER; HEART-DISEASE; NEPHROSCLEROSIS; HOMOCYST(E)INE; PREVALENCE; KIDNEY; HUMANS; RISK AB Serum creatinine, a surrogate for both renal function and homocysteine generation, is a determinant of fasting plasma total homocysteine levels in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. We hypothesized that among stable-CAD patients with normal creatinine levels (ie, less than or equal to 1.4 mg/dL), serum cystatin C, a more sensitive indicator of glomerular filtration rate, would better predict fasting total homocysteine levels in comparison with serum creatinine. Fasting plasma total homocysteine, folate, vitamin B-12, and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate levels, along with serum cystatin C, creatinine, and albumin levels, were determined in 164 consecutive stable-CAD patients (mean+/-SD age, 61+/-9 years; 78.7% men) whose serum creatinine level was less than or equal to 1.4 mg/dL. All subjects were examined at least 3 to 4 months after the widespread availability of cereal grain flour products fortified with folic acid. General linear modeling with ANCOVA revealed that serum cystatin C (P<0.001), B-12 (P<0.001), age (P=0.002), albumin (P=0.008), and sex (P=0.024) were independent determinants of fasting total homocysteine levels. Cystatin C alone determined over half of the variability (ie, R-2) in total homocysteine levels accounted for by these 5 independent regressors, In contrast, creatinine, folate, and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate were not independently predictive of fasting total homocysteine levels (P>0.2). Consistent with the impact of folic acid fortification of cereal grain flour in the general population, only 1 of the CAD subjects (0.6%) had a plasma folate level <3 ng/mL. We conclude that serum cystatin C levels may reflect subtle decreases in renal function that independently predict fasting total homocysteine levels among stable-CAD patients with normal serum creatinine. C1 Brown Univ, Mem Hosp Rhode Isl, Div Gen Internal Med, Pawtucket, RI 02860 USA. Brown Univ, Mem Hosp Rhode Isl, Div Cardiol, Pawtucket, RI 02860 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Miriam Hosp, Lipid Res Lab, Providence, RI 02906 USA. RP Bostom, AG (reprint author), Brown Univ, Mem Hosp Rhode Isl, Div Gen Internal Med, 111 Brewster St, Pawtucket, RI 02860 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01-HL-56908-01A1] NR 27 TC 43 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1079-5642 J9 ARTERIOSCL THROM VAS JI Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 19 IS 9 BP 2241 EP 2244 PG 4 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 234KE UT WOS:000082482900027 PM 10479668 ER PT J AU Sharpe, RR Harper, LA AF Sharpe, RR Harper, LA TI Methane emissions from an anaerobic swine lagoon SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE anaerobic lagoon; micrometeorological; hogs; pigs; greenhouse gases ID MANURE AB Gaseous methane (CH4) emissions from a swine waste holding lagoon were determined periodically during the year. Micrometeorological techniques were used in order that emission rates from the lagoon were measured under ambient conditions with little disturbance to the natural environment. During the cold winter measurement period, CH4 fluxes were linearly related to lagoon water temperature below 22 degrees C (r = 0.87). During warmer measurement periods, both water and air temperatures and windspeed affected emissions rates. In general, flux rates followed a diurnal pattern with greater fluxes during the day when both temperature and windspeed were greatest. Mathematical models using air and water temperature and windspeed factors could explain 47 to 75% of the Variation in fluxes. Daily emission rates ranged from 1 to 500 kg CH4 ha(-1) d(-1). The average flux for the year was 52.3 kg CH4 ha(-1) d(-1) which corresponded to about 5.6 kg CH4 animal(-1) yr(-1) from the primary lagoon. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, So Piedmont Conservat Res Ctr, USDA, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. RP ARS, So Piedmont Conservat Res Ctr, USDA, 1420 Expt Stn Rd, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. RI Ducey, Thomas/A-6493-2011 NR 18 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 EI 1873-2844 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 33 IS 22 BP 3627 EP 3633 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00104-1 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 207ME UT WOS:000080940000005 ER PT J AU Baker, SA Bradshaw, DK Miller-Ihli, NJ AF Baker, SA Bradshaw, DK Miller-Ihli, NJ TI Trace element determinations in food and biological samples using ICP-MS SO ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY UPDATE; PLASMA MASS-SPECTROMETRY; BEVERAGES AB A method for the determination of 13 elements (Na, Big, P, K, Ca, V, Cr, Fe, Xln, Co, Ni, Zn, and Cu) in digested food and biological samples is presented. Five internal standards (Sc, Ga, Ge, Y, and In) were investigated in this work and both Ga and Ge were determined to be effective in compensating for matrix-induced signal suppression. A single internal standard could be used to accurately determine the concentration of all of the analytes, even though they differed significantly in mass and ionization potential. Results for five reference materials using Ga as the internal standard (SRM 1548- Total Diet, SRM 1549 - Milk Powder, SRM 1577a - Bovine Liver, RM 8431 Mixed Diet, and an in-house QC material - Bread) were in good agreement with the reference values. Average recoveries were 102 % - range of 91-112% (SRM 1548), 96 % - range of 74-106% (SRM 1549), 102 % - range of 89-110% (SRM 1577a), 100 % range of 83-130% (RIM 8431), and 100% - range of 89-112 % (QC Bread) based on the mean reference concentration. The measurement precision for individual digested samples was typically better than 0.5% RSD (n=3). In addition, the average difference (duplicate sample preparations) between measured concentrations for ail analytes in the five matrices was only 3 %. C1 USDA ARS, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Miller-Ihli, NJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 10 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 3 PU PERKIN-ELMER CORP PI NORWALK PA 761 MAIN AVE, NORWALK, CT 06859-0105 USA SN 0195-5373 J9 ATOM SPECTROSC JI Atom. Spectrosc. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 20 IS 5 BP 167 EP 173 PG 7 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 251MM UT WOS:000083449500001 ER PT J AU Hatting, JL Humber, RA Poprawski, TJ Miller, RM AF Hatting, JL Humber, RA Poprawski, TJ Miller, RM TI A survey of fungal pathogens of aphids from South Africa, with special reference to cereal aphids SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Diuraphis noxia; Russian wheat aphid; cereal aphids; entomopathogenic fungi; Pandora neoaphidis; Conidiobolus thromboides; Conidiobolus coronatus; Conidiobolus obscurus; Neozygites fresenii; Entomophthora planchoniana; Verticillium lecanii; Beauveria bassiana; distribution; microbial control ID RUSSIAN WHEAT APHID; SOUTHWESTERN IDAHO; HOMOPTERA; ENTOMOPHTHORALES; HYMENOPTERA; INFECTION AB Surveys of entomopathogenic fungi of aphids in South Africa were conducted from 1995 through 1998. A total of eight species of fungi known to infect and kill aphid hosts mere collected, including six Entomophthorales and two Hyphomycetes. The Entomophthorales included Pandora neoaphidis, Conidiobolus thromboides, C. obscurus, C. coronatus, Entomophthora planchoniana, and Neozygites fresenii. The two Hyphomycetes collected were Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii. P. neoaphidis, C. thromboides, C. obscurus, and E. planchoniana are considered first reports from South Africa, and V. lecanii was for the first time isolated from an insect host in South Africa, Most findings of entomopathogenic fungi were from cereal aphids including six species from the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia. In both the summer and the winter rainfall regions of South Africa, fungi recorded from the cereal aphid complex were found from early spring through early summer. Findings from nonagricultural aphid hosts were usually made during late-summer through late-fall with two recordings during the winter months of June and July The number of species of fungi collected reflects a great diversity in the aphid-pathogenic flora from South Africa, (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 S African Agr Res Council, Small Grain Inst, ZA-9701 Bethlehem, South Africa. USDA ARS, Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Plant Protect Res Unit, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. Texas A&M Univ Syst, USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. Texas A&M Univ Syst, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. Univ Natal, Dept Zool & Entomol, ZA-3209 Scottsville, South Africa. RP Hatting, JL (reprint author), S African Agr Res Council, Small Grain Inst, Private Bag X29, ZA-9701 Bethlehem, South Africa. NR 49 TC 29 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD SEP PY 1999 VL 16 IS 1 BP 1 EP 12 DI 10.1006/bcon.1999.0731 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 321YZ UT WOS:000087484100001 ER PT J AU Tipping, PW Holko, CA Abdul-Baki, AA Aldrich, JR AF Tipping, PW Holko, CA Abdul-Baki, AA Aldrich, JR TI Evaluating Edovum puttleri Grissell and Podisus maculiventris (Say) for augmentative biological control of Colorado potato beetle in tomatoes SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Colorado potato beetle; Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Podisus maculiventris; Edovum puttleri; augmentative biological control; staked tomatoes ID CHRYSOMELIDAE; COLEOPTERA; PENTATOMIDAE; HEMIPTERA AB Multiple releases of Edovum puttleri Grissell (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) resulted in increased parasitism and predation rates of eggs of Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), in small plots of staked tomatoes grown in plastic or hairy vetch mulch. No consistent effect of the mulch on CPB infestations was found over the years of the study. No parasitism by E. puttleri occurred in 1995, while parasitism ranged from 0 to 30.6% per sample date in 1997. P. maculiventris nymphs were found at higher densities in release plots and readily attacked CPB egg masses, Despite the ability of both beneficials to search the structurally complex plant and find the pest, the cost of maintaining release rates that were high enough to achieve significant control of the pest would be prohibitive on a larger scale. C1 USDA ARS, Aquat Weed Control Res Lab, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. Maryland Dept Agr, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. USDA ARS, Vegetable Lab, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Agr Res Ctr W, Insect Chem Ecol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Tipping, PW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Aquat Weed Control Res Lab, 3205 Coll Ave, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. NR 24 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD SEP PY 1999 VL 16 IS 1 BP 35 EP 42 DI 10.1006/bcon.1999.0738 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 321YZ UT WOS:000087484100005 ER PT J AU Baker, JE Dowell, FE Throne, JE AF Baker, JE Dowell, FE Throne, JE TI Detection of parasitized rice weevils in wheat kernels with near-infrared spectroscopy SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE biological control; stored products; wheat; parasitoid; Hymenoptera; rice weevil; mass rearing; NIR; near-infrared; detection ID INTERNAL INSECT INFESTATION; REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY; CURCULIONIDAE; COLEOPTERA AB Individual kernels of wheat containing immature rice weevils, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), parasitized by Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) could be separated from uninfested kernels and kernels that contained unparasitized weevils by using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Wheat kernels from cultures of the parasitoid were X-rayed and sorted into uninfested kernels, kernels infested with weevil larvae or pupae, kernels containing parasitoid larvae feeding on host weevils, and kernels containing parasitoid pupae and remains of the host. Kernels were automatically positioned and scanned (400-1700 nm) with the NIR system. Kernels containing parasitoid pupae mere completely differentiated from kernels containing weevil pupae as web as all other kernels in this automated system. With the appropriate integration of NIR spectroscopy and seed-sorting instrumentation, kernels containing parasitoid pupae could be automatically collected from cultures of A. calandrae during the mass rearing of this beneficial insect. C1 USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Baker, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 10 TC 37 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD SEP PY 1999 VL 16 IS 1 BP 88 EP 90 DI 10.1006/bcon.1999.0733 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 321YZ UT WOS:000087484100013 ER PT J AU Slavicek, JM Popham, HJR Riegel, CI AF Slavicek, JM Popham, HJR Riegel, CI TI Deletion of the Lymantria dispar multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyl transferase gene enhances viral killing speed in the last instar of the gypsy moth SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE nucleopolyhedrovirus; baculovirus; Lymantria dispar; gypsy moth; viral efficacy; ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyltransferase; biological control ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE GENE; SERIAL PASSAGE; CELL-CULTURE; BACULOVIRUS; IDENTIFICATION; LARVAE AB The Lymantria dispar multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV) is used on a limited basis as a gypsy moth (L. dispar) control agent. In an effort to improve the efficacy (i.e., killing speed) of the LdMNPV, we generated a recombinant viral strain (vEGT-) that does not produce the enzyme ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyltransferase (EGT), We compared the potency and efficacy of vEGT- to wild-type virus (A21-MPV) and the impact of vEGT- and A21-MPV on larval weight gain. Bioassay of L. dispar Ist, 4th, and 5th instars showed no significant difference in the LC50 values in larvae infected with vEGT- or A21-MPV. The LT50 values of Ist and 4th instar larvae infected with either virus were similar, but the LT50 value of 5th instar larvae infected with vEGT- was significantly lower by ca, 33% compared with larvae infected with A21-MPV, Female 4th and 5th instar larvae infected with vEGT- gained significantly less weight than those infected with A21-MPV, whereas male 4th and 5th instar larvae infected with either virus showed no significant difference in weight gain. Larval weight gain was also used as an indicator of feeding activity through generation of FT50 values (time when 50% of larvae ceased feeding). Fifth instar larvae infected with vEGT- exhibited a decrease in the FT50 Of ca. 32% compared with A21-MPV-infected larvae. Comparison of the total number of polyhedra produced in vEGT- or A21-MPV infected larvae showed that significantly more polyhedra were produced in 5th instars infected with A21-MPV. Deletion of the LdMNPV egt gene generated an improved virus strain since the killing speed of vEGT- is significantly faster than wild-type virus in 5th instar L. dispar larvae, and larvae infected with vEGT- stopped gaining weight earlier than larvae infected with wild-type virus, Because the majority of foliage consumption by L. dispar larvae occurs in the 5th instar, the use of vEGT- may offer better foliage protection than wildtype virus in the field. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Northeastern Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. RP Slavicek, JM (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Northeastern Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 359 Main Rd, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. NR 26 TC 49 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD SEP PY 1999 VL 16 IS 1 BP 91 EP 103 DI 10.1006/bcon.1999.0734 PG 13 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 321YZ UT WOS:000087484100014 ER PT J AU Marshall, WE Wartelle, LH Boler, DE Johns, MM Toles, CA AF Marshall, WE Wartelle, LH Boler, DE Johns, MM Toles, CA TI Enhanced metal adsorption by soybean hulls modified with citric acid SO BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE modified soybean hulls; copper adsorption; citric acid; sodium hydroxide ID AGRICULTURAL BY-PRODUCTS; ION-EXCHANGE PROPERTIES; GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBONS; SOY OIL COMPONENTS; ADSORBENTS; CITRATE AB A method was developed to enhance metal ion adsorption of soybean hulls for wastewater treatment using copper ion (Cu2+) as a typical metal ion. Hulls, extracted with 0.1 N NaOH, were modified with different citric acid (CA) concentrations (0.1-1.2 M) at 120 degrees C for 90 min. CA-modified hulls had adsorption capacities for Cu2+ from 0.68 to 2.44 mmoles/g, which was much higher than for unmodified hulls (0.39 mmoles/g). The total negative charge for these hulls also increased with increasing CA concentration and was about twice the copper ion adsorption capacity at all CA concentrations. The need for NaOH (base) extraction (BE) before CA modification was examined. CA-modified, non-extracted (NE) and CA-modified, BE hulls were compared for adsorption kinetics and adsorption capacity. Base extraction resulted in modified hulls with faster adsorption kinetics and slightly lower adsorption capacity for copper ion than NE hulls. For BE, CA-modified hulls, increasing the temperature from 25 degrees C to 60 degrees C appeared to have no effect on the rate of copper ion removal from solution. CA modification of soybean hulls greatly enhanced metal ion removal and resulted in a product with possible commercial potential for metal ion remediation. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Marshall, WE (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd,POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 16 TC 130 Z9 147 U1 4 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-8524 J9 BIORESOURCE TECHNOL JI Bioresour. Technol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 69 IS 3 BP 263 EP 268 DI 10.1016/S0960-8524(98)00185-0 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels GA 193UE UT WOS:000080154900010 ER PT J AU Bothast, RJ Nichols, NN Dien, BS AF Bothast, RJ Nichols, NN Dien, BS TI Fermentations with new recombinant organisms SO BIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS LA English DT Article ID ZYMOMONAS-MOBILIS GENES; XYLOSE ISOMERASE GENE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI-B; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE GENE; ETHANOL-PRODUCTION; KLEBSIELLA-OXYTOCA; CORN FIBER; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; PACHYSOLEN-TANNOPHILUS; LACTOBACILLUS-PLANTARUM AB United States fuel ethanol production in 1998 exceeded the record production of 1.4 billion gallons set in 1995. Most of this ethanol was produced from over 550 million bushels of corn. Expanding fuel ethanol production will require developing lower-cost feedstocks, and only lignocellulosic feedstocks are available in sufficient quantities to substitute for corn starch. Major technical hurdles to converting lignocellulose to ethanol include the lack of low-cost efficient enzymes for saccharification of biomass to fermentable sugars and the development of microorganisms for the fermentation of these mixed sugars. To date, the most successful research approaches to develop navel biocatalysts that will efficiently ferment mixed sugar syrups include isolation of novel yeasts that ferment xylose, genetic engineering of Escherichia coli and other gram negative bacteria for ethanol production, and genetic engineering of Saccharoymces cerevisiae and Zymomonas mobilis for pentose utilization. We have evaluated the fermentation of corn fiber hydrolyzates by the various strains developed. E. coli K011, E. coli SL40, E. coli FBR3, Zymomonas CP4 (pZB5), and Saccharomyces 1400 (pLNH32) fermented corn fiber hydrolyzates to ethanol in the range of 21-34 g/L with yields ranging from 0.41 to 0.50 g of ethanol per gram of sugar consumed. Progress with new recombinant microorganisms has been rapid and will continue with the eventual development of organisms suitable for commercial ethanol production. Each research approach holds considerable promise, with the possibility existing that different "industrially hardened" strains may find separate applications in the fermentation of specific feedstocks. C1 ARS, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Bothast, RJ (reprint author), ARS, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. OI Dien, Bruce/0000-0003-3863-6664 NR 83 TC 99 Z9 108 U1 1 U2 25 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 8756-7938 J9 BIOTECHNOL PROGR JI Biotechnol. Prog. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 15 IS 5 BP 867 EP 875 DI 10.1021/bp990087w PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 242JF UT WOS:000082936200010 PM 10514256 ER PT J AU Sullivan, NH Bowden, WB McDowell, WH AF Sullivan, NH Bowden, WB McDowell, WH TI Short-term disappearance of foliar litter in three species before and after a hurricane SO BIOTROPICA LA English DT Article DE Cyrilla racemiflora; Dacryodes excelsa; decomposition; hurricane; nitrogen; Prestoea montana; Puerto Rico; tropical forest ID TROPICAL RAIN-FOREST; LUQUILLO-EXPERIMENTAL-FOREST; RIPARIAN NITROGEN DYNAMICS; PUERTO-RICO; LEAF LITTER; SUBSTRATE QUALITY; DECOMPOSITION; RATES; DISTURBANCE; WATERSHEDS AB Litter disappearance was examined before (1989) and after (1990) Hurricane Hugo in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico using mesh litterbags containing abscised Cyrilla racemiflora or Dacryodes excelsa leaves or fresh Prestoea montana leaves. Biomass and nitrogen dynamics were compared among: (i) species; (ii) mid- and high elevation forest types; (iii) riparian and upland sites; and (iv) pre- and post-hurricane disturbed environments. Biomass disappearance was compared using multiple regression and negative exponential models in which the slopes were estimates of the decomposition races subsequent to apparent leaching losses and the y-intercepts were indices of initial mass losses (leaching). Cyrilla racemiflora leaves with low nitrogen (0.33%) and high lignin (22.1%) content decayed at a low rate and immobilized available nitrogen. Dacryodes excelsa leaves had moderate nitrogen (0.67%) and lignin (16.6%) content, decayed at moderate rates, and maintained the initial nitrogen mass. Prestoea montana foliage had high nitrogen (1.76%) and moderate lignin (16.7%) content and rapidly lost both mass and nitrogen. There were no significant differences in litter disappearance and nitrogen dynamics among forest types and slope positions. Initial mass loss of C. racemiflora leaves was lower in 1990 bur the subsequent decomposition rate did nor change. Initial mass losses and the overall decomposition rates were lower in 1990 than in 1989 for Dacryodes excelsa. Dacryodes excelsa and C. racemiflora litter immobilized nitrogen in 1990 bur released 10-15 percent of their initial nitrogen in 1989, whereas P. montana released nitrogen in both years (25-40%). Observed differences in litter disappearance races between years may have been due to differences in the timing of precipitation. Foliar litter inputs during post-hurricane recovery of vegetation in Puerto Rico may serve to immobilize and conserve site nitrogen. C1 Univ Missouri, US Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Landcare Res, Lincoln 8152, New Zealand. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Nat Resources, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Sullivan, NH (reprint author), Univ Missouri, US Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RI Bowden, William/J-9219-2014; McDowell, William/E-9767-2010 OI McDowell, William/0000-0002-8739-9047 NR 62 TC 19 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 5 PU ASSOC TROPICAL BIOLOGY INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0006-3606 J9 BIOTROPICA JI Biotropica PD SEP PY 1999 VL 31 IS 3 BP 382 EP 393 DI 10.1111/j.1744-7429.1999.tb00380.x PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 248RA UT WOS:000083288100001 ER PT J AU Petersen, RL Bosley, A Rebbeck, J AF Petersen, RL Bosley, A Rebbeck, J TI Ozone stimulates protonematal growth and gametophore production in Polytrichum commune SO BRYOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID SPHAGNUM; EXPOSURE; DIOXIDE; RESPONSES; MOSSES AB In order to assess the effects of O-3 an the early growth and developmental phases of the gametophyte of Polytrichcum commune Hedw., young protonemata were grown far Jive weeks under the following concentrations of ozone (O-3 ): 11 (ambient-control), 50, 100, and 150 ppb. Protonematal growth was assessed weekly by measuring total area of the colony and gametophore (bud) production was estimated as area of the colony occupied by young gametophores. No O-3 effect on protonematal growth or gametophore production was detected until the final two wet ks of treatments. Calculated slopes of protonematal and gametophore growth, based on log-transformed data, were significantly affected by exposure to O-3. Protonematal colonies exposed to 50, 100, and 150 ppb O-3 had slopes that were 114, 100, and 90%, respectively of the ambient O-3 treated colonies. Gametophore production of colonies exposed to 50, 100, and 150 ppb O-3 had slopes that were 189, 173, and 125%, respectively of those colonies exposed to ambient air. After 35 days of treatment, final protonematal growth at 50 ppb was nearly double (193%) that of ambient and gametophore area was nearly tripled (276%) that of ambient. At 100 pph, O-3 protonematal growth was 127% and gametophore area was 202% of the control. At 150 ppb O-3 protonematal and gametophore growth were 76% and 91% respectively of the control. We suggest that O-3 may interfere with the hormonal controls of the early gametophytic development of P. commune resulting in the stimulation of both protonematal growth and gametophore production. If these growth and developmental increases of P. commune, induced at 50 ppb under laboratory conditions are also occurring in nature, then P. commune, a common and abundant bryophyte, may be out-competing other species associates at current ambient oxidant levels. However, if O-3 levels were to increase as currently predicted the growth and competitiveness of P, commune could be impaired. C1 Howard Univ, Dept Biol, Washington, DC 20059 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Northeastern Res Stn, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. RP Petersen, RL (reprint author), Howard Univ, Dept Biol, Washington, DC 20059 USA. NR 27 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER BRYOLOGICAL LICHENOLOGICAL SOCIETY INC PI FAIRFAX PA C/O JAMES D LAWREY, GEORGE MASON UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY MSN 3E1, FAIRFAX, VA 22030 USA SN 0007-2745 J9 BRYOLOGIST JI Bryologist PD FAL PY 1999 VL 102 IS 3 BP 398 EP 403 DI 10.2307/3244226 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 235ZX UT WOS:000082574700006 ER PT J AU Duff, RJ Oliver, MJ Wood, AJ AF Duff, RJ Oliver, MJ Wood, AJ TI A Tortula ruralis cDNA encoding small-subunit ribosomal protein S3a: Polysomal retention of transcript in response to desiccation and rehydration SO BRYOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID VEGETATIVE DESICCATION; PHYSIOLOGICAL-ASPECTS; TOLERANCE; GENE; IDENTIFICATION; CULTURES; PLANTS AB A Tortula ruralis cDNA Rps3a, encoding a predicted polypeptide with significant similarity to the small-subunit ribosomal protein S3a, was isolated from a desiccated gametophyte cDNA library. The deduced 248 amino acid polypeptide is approximately 28 kDa, with a predicted pi of 10.09, and shares extensive identity (> 75%) with S3a ribosomal proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana and Helianthus annuus. The deduced polypeptide (RPS3a) contains three nuclear targeting signals, one of which is unique to the bryophyte S3a homologue, and is strongly predicted by PSORT to be nuclear localized (> 97% certainty). Northern blot hybridization using total and polysomal RNA demonstrated Rsp3a is constitutively expressed in moss gametophytes during a wet/dry/wet cycle. Phylogenetic analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence demonstrates T. ruralis RPS3a is most similar to S3a ribosomal proteins front Tracheophytes. C1 So Illinois Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. USDA ARS, Cropping Syst Res Lab, Plant Stress & Water Conservat Unit, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA. RP Wood, AJ (reprint author), So Illinois Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. NR 32 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 7 U2 8 PU AMER BRYOLOGICAL LICHENOLOGICAL SOCIETY INC PI FAIRFAX PA C/O JAMES D LAWREY, GEORGE MASON UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY MSN 3E1, FAIRFAX, VA 22030 USA SN 0007-2745 J9 BRYOLOGIST JI Bryologist PD FAL PY 1999 VL 102 IS 3 BP 418 EP 425 DI 10.2307/3244230 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 235ZX UT WOS:000082574700010 ER PT J AU Craig, JR Rimstidt, JD Bonnaffon, CA Collins, TK Scanlon, PF AF Craig, JR Rimstidt, JD Bonnaffon, CA Collins, TK Scanlon, PF TI Surface water transport of lead at a shooting range SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Virginia Tech, Dept Geol Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US Forest Serv, George Washington Natl Forest, Roanoke, VA 24019 USA. US Forest Serv, Jefferson Natl Forest, Roanoke, VA 24019 USA. Virginia Tech, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Craig, JR (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Dept Geol Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RI Rimstidt, James/N-8910-2013 NR 17 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 63 IS 3 BP 312 EP 319 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 231PZ UT WOS:000082320100006 PM 10475908 ER PT J AU Teulon, DAJ Cameron, EA Nakahara, S AF Teulon, DAJ Cameron, EA Nakahara, S TI Thrips (Thysanoptera) diversity in a sugar maple (Aceraceae) plantation SO CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID TAENIOTHRIPS-INCONSEQUENS THYSANOPTERA C1 New Zealand Inst Crop & Food Res Ltd, Christchurch, New Zealand. Penn State Univ, Dept Entomol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Teulon, DAJ (reprint author), New Zealand Inst Crop & Food Res Ltd, PB 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand. RI Teulon, David/F-2169-2010 NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA 393 WINSTON AVE, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2A 1Y8, CANADA SN 0008-347X J9 CAN ENTOMOL JI Can. Entomol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 131 IS 5 BP 629 EP 633 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 233HX UT WOS:000082422400005 ER PT J AU Knapp, RA Preisler, HK AF Knapp, RA Preisler, HK TI Is it possible to predict habitat use by spawning salmonids? A test using California golden trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID FLOW INCREMENTAL METHODOLOGY; REDD-SITE SELECTION; CUTTHROAT TROUT; BROWN TROUT; RIVER; STREAMS; FISH AB It is widely believed that stream salmonids select spawning sites based on water depth, water velocity, and substrate size. Attempts to predict spawning locations using these habitat features have met with little success, however. In this study, we used nonparametric logistic regression to determine what habitat features were associated with the locations chosen by spawning California golden trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita). From this nonparametric model, we developed a parametric model that incorporated the habitat features most strongly associated with spawning sites and used this model to calculate the probability of use by spawning golden trout for specific stream locations. The overall nonparametric model was highly significant and explained 62% of the variation in spawning location. Four of the eight habitat variables, substrate size, water depth, water velocity, and stream width, had highly significant effects and alone explained 59% of the variation in spawning location. The results of a cross-validation procedure indicated that the parametric model generally provided a good fit to the data. These results indicate that location-specific probabilities of use were predictable based on easily measured habitat characteristics and that nonparametric regression, an approach still rarely used in ecological studies, may have considerable utility in the development of fish-habitat models. Given the escalating pace at which fish habitats are being altered, such models are increasingly important in predicting the effects of these alterations on populations. C1 Univ Calif, Sierra Nevada Aquat Res Lab, Mammoth Lakes, CA 93546 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. RP Knapp, RA (reprint author), Univ Calif, Sierra Nevada Aquat Res Lab, Star Route 1,Box 198, Mammoth Lakes, CA 93546 USA. RI Knapp, Roland/B-1337-2009 OI Knapp, Roland/0000-0002-1954-2745 NR 37 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 56 IS 9 BP 1576 EP 1584 DI 10.1139/cjfas-56-9-1576 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 239AB UT WOS:000082745700007 ER PT J AU Wipfli, MS Hudson, JP Chaloner, DT Caouette, JR AF Wipfli, MS Hudson, JP Chaloner, DT Caouette, JR TI Influence of salmon spawner densities on stream productivity in Southeast Alaska SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH CARCASSES; COHO SALMON; PACIFIC SALMON; FOOD WEBS; USA; DECOMPOSITION; WASHINGTON; NITROGEN; SURVIVAL; GROWTH AB We conducted this study to determine the relationship between salmon spawner abundance and stream biofilm and benthic macroinvertebrate abundance in Southeast Alaska. Experiments took place in outdoor artificial and natural streams. Six pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) carcass treatments (0.00, 1.45, 2.90, 4.35, 5.80, and 7.25 kg wet mass) placed in artificial channels were subsampled repeatedly for biofilm ash-free dry mass (AFDM), chlorophyll a, and macroinvertebrates. In a small (nonanadromous) forest stream, we sampled benthos throughout a 66-m reach 17 days after distributing 60 carcasses along the lower half of that reach. All response variables significantly increased in response to carcass additions in both artificial and natural streams. Chlorophyll a continued to increase across all loading rates, while AFDM and total macroinvertebrate densities showed no further response to loading beyond the first treatment (1.45 kg) in artificial streams. In the natural stream, AFDM and chironomid densities continued increasing across loading levels. These results indicated that increased spawner densities increased lower trophic level abundance until a trophic capacity was reached. Salmon escapement goals should consider food web effects, especially on trophic levels that support juvenile salmonids, that ultimately affect freshwater salmon production. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Entomol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Wipfli, MS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, 2770 Sherwood Lane, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NR 38 TC 113 Z9 117 U1 3 U2 11 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 56 IS 9 BP 1600 EP 1611 DI 10.1139/cjfas-56-9-1600 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 239AB UT WOS:000082745700010 ER PT J AU Muzika, RM Liebhold, AM AF Muzika, RM Liebhold, AM TI Changes in radial increment of host and nonhost tree species with gypsy moth defoliation SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID SPRUCE BUDWORM OUTBREAKS; FIR TUSSOCK MOTH; DOUGLAS-FIR; GROWTH; RECONSTRUCTION; IMPACT AB Ring widths from 1458 trees from Massachusetts, New York, and New Jersey were measured to determine the influence of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) defoliation on both hosts (primarily oaks (Quercus spp.)) and nonhosts. Previous year's defoliation negatively influenced radial increment in all oak species. Defoliation also negatively affected radial growth of pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.), an intermediate host. There was little or no effect of defoliation on increment of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and bigtooth aspen (Populus grandidentata Michx.), but both are preferred hosts. Defoliation of host trees in mixed stands resulted in increased increment in the nonhosts tulip-tree (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) and ash (Fraxinus spp.) in the year following defoliation. The effect of defoliation was also evident in the relative production of earlywood and latewood with a pronounced dominance of earlywood production in host trees during the same year as defoliation and often in the following year. C1 Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Muzika, RM (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RI Liebhold, Andrew/C-1423-2008 OI Liebhold, Andrew/0000-0001-7427-6534 NR 33 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 11 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 29 IS 9 BP 1365 EP 1373 DI 10.1139/cjfr-29-9-1365 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 250DM UT WOS:000083373800008 ER PT J AU Burke, MK Lockaby, BG Conner, WH AF Burke, MK Lockaby, BG Conner, WH TI Aboveground production and nutrient circulation along a flooding gradient in a South Carolina Coastal Plain forest SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID SOUTHEASTERN FLOODPLAIN FORESTS; USE EFFICIENCY; NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; LOBLOLLY-PINE; PHOTOSYNTHETIC RATES; GROWTH-RESPONSES; NYSSA-SYLVATICA; SWAMP-FOREST; WETLANDS; RESORPTION AB Relative to effects of flooding, little is known about the influence of hydrology-nutrient interactions on aboveground net primary production (NPP) in forested wetlands. We found that nutrient circulation and NPP were closely related along a complex physical, chemical, and hydrologic gradient in a bottomland hardwood forest with four distinct communities. Aboveground biomass, NPP, biomass partitioning to stem production, growth efficiency, and soil macronutrient availability were greatest in the flooded zone, possibly because of the stable hydrologic regime. In the wet transition zone, trees were least productive, nutrient use efficiency was highest, and N retranslocation from foliage before abscission was "complete." Wet and dry transition zones had the lowest litterfall quality. Soil organic matter was negatively correlated with extractable NH4-N plus NO3-N before in situ incubations and positively correlated with litterfall lignin/N ratios. Lignin/P and C/N ratios were positively correlated with exchangeable soil Ca and Mg, cation exchange capacity, and clay content and negatively correlated with extractable soil P. We concluded that periodic flooding and associated widely fluctuating soil chemistry resulted in disequilibrium between the plant community and environmental conditions, which led to nutrient deficiency and low NPP in the transition zones compared with the continuously flooded and mesic zones. C1 Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Ctr Forested Wetlands Res, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. Clemson Univ, Belle W Brauch Forest Sci Inst, Georgetown, SC 29442 USA. RP Burke, MK (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Ctr Forested Wetlands Res, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 62 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 15 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 29 IS 9 BP 1402 EP 1418 DI 10.1139/cjfr-29-9-1402 PG 17 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 250DM UT WOS:000083373800012 ER PT J AU Scarascia-Mugnozza, GE Hinckley, TM Stettler, RF Heilman, PE Isebrands, JG AF Scarascia-Mugnozza, GE Hinckley, TM Stettler, RF Heilman, PE Isebrands, JG TI Production physiology and morphology of Populus species and their hybrids grown under short rotation. III. Seasonal carbon allocation patterns from branches SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID SOURCE TRANSITION; LEAVES; CLONES; C-14; SINK; TRANSLOCATION; ARCHITECTURE; PHENOLOGY; DELTOIDES; BIOMASS AB Seasonal patterns of photosynthates export were followed on 1- and 2-year-old trees of four Populus clones, belonging to the species Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray, Populus deltoides Bartr., and their interspecific hybrids grown in the field under short rotation. Different types of branches (including sylleptic and proleptic) and cohorts of leaves on the main stem were exposed to (CO2)-C-14 at monthly and bimonthly intervals in the first and second growing season. Patterns of photosynthates export were influenced by phenology and differed markedly among clones. Differences of translocation patterns were also found among various portions of the crown. Sylleptic branches exported carbon mainly to the lower stem and the roots, whereas main stem leaves, before bud set, contributed much to the height growth of the tree. Sylleptic branches also had greater translocation efficiency than proleptic, contributing more, on a per unit mass basis, to the growth of the tree. Within branches of the same order and among branches of different order, export of assimilates followed patterns similar to those found in the main stem. There was little export of assimilates between adjacent branches of the same order or between branches and main stem leaves. Clones 11-11 and 1-12, which had the highest number of sylleptic branches, were also the most productive clones, respectively, for the hybrids and the parental species. C1 Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Washington State Univ, Western Washington Res & Extens Ctr, Puyallup, WA 98371 USA. US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, USDA, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. RP Scarascia-Mugnozza, GE (reprint author), Univ Tuscia, Dept Forest Environm & Resources, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy. RI Hinckley, Thomas/F-9249-2010 OI Hinckley, Thomas/0000-0002-2821-6044 NR 29 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 8 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 29 IS 9 BP 1419 EP 1432 DI 10.1139/cjfr-29-9-1419 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 250DM UT WOS:000083373800013 ER PT J AU Brodie, BB AF Brodie, BB TI Classical and molecular approaches for managing nematodes affecting potato SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE PHYTOPATHOLOGIE LA English DT Article DE cyst nematodes; host resistance; transgenes ID GENE CONFERRING RESISTANCE; ROOT-KNOT NEMATODES; GLOBODERA-ROSTOCHIENSIS; SOLANUM-TUBEROSUM; PRATYLENCHUS-PENETRANS; MELOIDOGYNE-CHITWOODI; CYST-NEMATODES; CULTIVATED POTATO; PALLIDA; BULBOCASTANUM AB Potato cyst (Globodera spp.), root-knot (Meloidogyne spp.), and root lesion (Pratylenchus spp.) nematodes are the most economically important nematodes of potatoes in temperate climates. Potato cyst nematodes occur worldwide and include two species, Globodera pallida (the white cyst nematode) and Globodera rostochiensis (the golden nematode), each composed of several pathotypes. The gene HI, which confers a high level of resistance to the golden nematode pathotype Ro1, has been bred into several potato cultivars that are grown worldwide. Mapping of the H-1 gene has led to the development of a molecular marker to screen segregating populations for resistance to the golden nematode and to monitor the use of resistant cultivars in statutory control programs. Pathotype Ro2 of the golden nematode that overcomes H-1-mediated resistance was recently discovered in New York State in the United States, and a high level of resistance to this pathotype has been identified. Several sources of resistance to G. pallida are known and have been used in traditional potato breeding programs to develop cultivars resistant to this species. Molecular markers that are closely linked to genes for resistance to two G. pallida pathotypes have been identified in different regions of the potato genome. Although resistance to root-knot and root lesion nematodes has been identified, limited success has been realized in the use of this resistance either through classical or molecular techniques to manage these nematodes on potatoes. Engineered resistance genes are currently being developed that may prove effective against both species of potato cyst nematodes as well as other nematode parasites of potato. C1 Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Brodie, BB (reprint author), Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 61 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 11 PU CANADIAN PHYTOPATHOL SOC PI GUELPH PA DEPT ENVIRON BIOL/UNIV GUELPH CAN. J PLANT PATHOL. DR. ROBERT HALL, GUELPH, ONTARIO N1G 2W1, CANADA SN 0706-0661 J9 CAN J PLANT PATHOL JI Can. J. Plant Pathol.-Rev. Can. Phytopathol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 21 IS 3 BP 222 EP 230 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 238WD UT WOS:000082736800003 ER PT J AU Ma, J Stampfer, MJ Christensen, B Giovannucci, E Hunter, DJ Chen, J Willett, WC Selhub, J Hennekens, CH Gravel, R Rozen, R AF Ma, J Stampfer, MJ Christensen, B Giovannucci, E Hunter, DJ Chen, J Willett, WC Selhub, J Hennekens, CH Gravel, R Rozen, R TI A polymorphism of the methionine synthase gene: Association with plasma folate, vitamin B-12, homocyst(e)ine, and colorectal cancer risk SO CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE POLYMORPHISM; BETAINE-HOMOCYSTEINE METHYLTRANSFERASE; POPULATION-BASED COHORT; PERNICIOUS-ANEMIA; CELL-LINES; METHYLATION; DEFICIENCY; COBALAMIN; NEOPLASIA; DEFECTS AB We previously reported (J. Chen et al., Cancer Res., 56: 4862-4864, 1996; J. Ma et al., Cancer Res., 57: 1098-1102, 1997) that a 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphism (677C-->T, ala-->val) was associated with lower risk of colorectal cancer. In this study, we examined the relationship of a polymorphism (2756A-->G, asp-->gly) in the gene ((MTR) for methionine synthase, another important enzyme in the same folate/methionine/homocyst(e)ine metabolic pathway, with risk of colorectal cancer among 356 cases and 476 cancer-free controls. The frequency of the homozygous variant genotype (gly/gly) was slightly lower among cases (3%) than controls (5%). The odds ratio for the gly/gly genotype was 0.59 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.27-1.27] compared with those with the homozygous wild type (asp/asp). There were no significant differences in plasma levels of folate, vitamin B12, and homocyst(e)ine (tHcy) among the MTR genotypes, in contrast to the MTHFR polymorphism. However, similar to the interaction observed for the MTHFR polymorphism among men who consumed less than 1 alcoholic drink/day, those with the gly/gly genotype had a lower risk of colorectal cancer with an odds ratio of 0.27 (95% CI, 0.09-0.81) compared with those with the asp/asp genotype. The possible association of the MTR polymorphism with lower risk of colorectal cancer especially among those with low alcohol consumption, in the same direction as for the MTHFR polymorphism, is intriguing. However, our study had limited statistical power because of the low frequency of the MTR variant genotype, which is reflected in the wide CIs. Hence, these findings need to be confirmed in larger populations. C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Channing Lab, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Div Prevent Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Brigham & Womens Hosp, Channing Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Brigham & Womens Hosp, Div Prevent Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. McGill Univ, Montreal Childrens Hosp, Dept Human Genet, Montreal, PQ H3Z 2Z3, Canada. McGill Univ, Montreal Childrens Hosp, Dept Pediat, Montreal, PQ H3Z 2Z3, Canada. McGill Univ, Montreal Childrens Hosp, Dept Biol, Montreal, PQ H3Z 2Z3, Canada. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer US Dept Agr, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Ma, J (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Channing Lab, Dept Med, 181 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA 40360, CA 42182] NR 32 TC 191 Z9 199 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 11806, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35202 USA SN 1055-9965 J9 CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR JI Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 8 IS 9 BP 825 EP 829 PG 5 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 236CK UT WOS:000082580500012 PM 10498402 ER PT J AU Carriere, CJ Inglett, GE AF Carriere, CJ Inglett, GE TI Nonlinear viscoelastic solution properties of oat-based beta-glucan/amylodextrin blends SO CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS LA English DT Article DE viscoelastic properties; nonlinear; beta; -glucan/amylodextrin blends; shear-thickeneing ID GENTLY SOLUBILIZED STARCHES; FLOW-INDUCED STRUCTURE; RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES; SEMIDILUTE SOLUTIONS; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; GLUCAN; SHEAR; BRAN; AMYLODEXTRINS; BEHAVIOR AB The rheological properties of several (1,3; 1,4)-beta-D-glucan/amylodextrin blends, designated as OATRIM, were investigated. OATRIM containing 10% by weight (1,3; 1,4)-beta-D-glucan, was found to exhibit a region of shear-thickening behavior at 25 degrees C above a critical shear rate of 30 s(-1). The shear-thickening behavior was also found to be dependent on the temperature of the suspension with the magnitude of the observed shear-thickening region decreasing with temperature and finally being eliminated at a temperature of 60 degrees C. When the level of (1,3; 1,4)-beta-D-glucan in the OATRIM sample was reduced to 5% by weight, the shear-thickening region was not observed. When the (1,3; 1,4)-beta-D-glucan level was increased to 24% by weight, two regions of shear thickening were observed with critical shear rates of 30 and 100 s(-1). In addition, a double stress overshoot was observed during the start-up of steady-state shear at a shear rate of 100 s(-1). These observations indicate that the shear-thickening behavior is due, in part, to interactions between the (1,3; 1,4)-beta-D-glucans and the amylodextrins that make up OATRIM. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biomat Proc Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biopolymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Carriere, CJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biomat Proc Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 32 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0144-8617 J9 CARBOHYD POLYM JI Carbohydr. Polym. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 40 IS 1 BP 9 EP 16 DI 10.1016/S0144-8617(99)00031-4 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic; Polymer Science SC Chemistry; Polymer Science GA 226BR UT WOS:000082000900002 ER PT J AU Singh, V Haken, AE Dowd, MK Niu, YX Zou, SH Eckhoff, SR AF Singh, V Haken, AE Dowd, MK Niu, YX Zou, SH Eckhoff, SR TI Batch steeping of corn: Effects of adding lactic acid and sulfur dioxide at different times on starch yields, protein contents, and starch pasting properties SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID WET-MILLING PROCEDURE AB The effect of adding lactic acid and sulfur dioxide at different times from the start of batch steeping on corn starch yields was studied. Five commercial hybrids were steeped with 0.5% lactic acid or 0.2% sulfur dioxide added over the first 15 hr of steeping and wet-milled following a 100-g corn wet-milling procedure. No significant differences were observed In starch yields when lactic acid was added to the steep solution (SO2 and water) from 0 hr (start of steeping) to 15 hr. Addition of SO2 to the steep solution (lactic acid and water) resulted in significantly higher average starch yields when SO2 was added between 5 and 15 hr compared with addition at 0 ht (SO2 and lactic acid for full 24 hr of steeping). Based on the results of the first experiment, a second experiment was done in which one of five original hybrids was steeped for 24 hr, during which lactic acid or SO2 was added until 23.9 hr (i.e., 5 min before milling) after the start of steeping. Similar results were found in the second experiment. Residual protein in starch samples did not exceed 0.85%. Steep-water protein content decreased with delays (16-20 hr) in adding either chemical to the steep solution. A significant effect on starch pasting: properties of chemicals and duration of chemicals in steepwater was observed. Testing these findings using a larger scale (1,000 g) corn wet-milling procedure produced results similar to those obtained with the 100-g corn wet-milling procedure. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Agr Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA USA. RP Singh, V (reprint author), USDA ARS, ERRC, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19454 USA. RI Eckhoff, Steven/F-2505-2010 NR 16 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 76 IS 5 BP 600 EP 605 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1999.76.5.600 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 237TV UT WOS:000082672900002 ER PT J AU Ohm, JB Chung, OK AF Ohm, JB Chung, OK TI Gluten, pasting, and mixograph parameters of hard winter wheat flours in relation to breadmaking SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID RAPID VISCO-ANALYZER; BAKING QUALITY; DOUGH PROPERTIES; FUNCTIONAL-PROPERTIES; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; PROTEIN; STARCH; ENVIRONMENT; SYSTEM AB Flour gluten, pasting, and mixogram characteristics of 12 hard winter wheat cultivars grown in six counties in Kansas were analyzed using the Glutomatic System, a Rapid Visco-Analyser, and MIXSMART computer software, respectively, to investigate their relationships with breadmaking. Gluten contents and hydration amounts had significant correlations with water absorption. In addition, gluten parameters were significantly correlated to kernel hardness. One of the most difficult challenges in mixograph usage is to find the optimum water absorption of a given flour. Flour protein contents (FP) and near-infrared hardness scores or EP and gluten parameters could predict mixograph water absorptions, showing RT values of 0.842 or 0.814, respectively by multiple regression analysis. For our set of 72 wheat samples, computer-analyzed mixograph parameters were significantly correlated to conventional parameters. Computer-analyzed mixograph midline peak times and bandwidths at 6 min were highly correlated to conventional mixograph mix times and mixing tolerances, respectively. Flour pasting temperatures complemented FP in predicting loaf volumes. The ratios of FP to pasting temperatures had a significant curvilinear relationship with loaf volumes showing an R-2 of 0.725. C1 USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Chung, OK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 53 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 76 IS 5 BP 606 EP 613 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1999.76.5.606 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 237TV UT WOS:000082672900003 ER PT J AU Huebner, FR Bietz, JA Nelsen, T Bains, GS Finney, PL AF Huebner, FR Bietz, JA Nelsen, T Bains, GS Finney, PL TI Soft wheat quality as related to protein composition SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 80th Annual Meeting of the AACC CY NOV, 1995 CL SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS SP AACC ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; GLIADINS; GLUTENIN AB Soft red and white winter wheats from the eastern United Stares, used primarily to produce cookies, cakes, and biscuits, have quality requirements very different from those of bread wheats. In general, soft wheats have been bred to have low protein content, and conventional wisdom has been that protein composition of soft wheat is relatively unimportant. To test this hypothesis, relationships between soft wheal protein composition and end-use functional quality characteristics were examined. Quantitative protein compositions of eight cultivars of soft wheats grown in a wide area of the eastern United States during seven years (53 samples total) were analyzed by size-exclusion HPLC. Results were statistically correlated with numerous chemical and physical characteristics and quality factors of these wheats, their flours, and of cookies baked from the flours. For the entire sample set, wheats containing high molecular weight glutenin subunits 2+12 showed significantly different properties and cookie characteristics from those with subunits 5+10, but amounts of most individual fractions correlated poorly with quality descriptors. For individual soft wheat cultivars, however. amounts of many individual gliadin and glutenin subfractions correlated significantly with quality descriptors such as SDS sedimentation, mixograph absorption, peak mixing time, mixograph number, cookie diameter, and top grain. Protein contents as a function of genotype and environment also differed greatly among cultivars, as did: ratios of gliadin to glutenin. These results clearly revealed that suitability of soft wheat cultivars for specific products can be rapidly determined by quantitative and qualitative analyses of protein composition. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. USDA ARS, Soft Wheat Qual Lab, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. RP Huebner, FR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 10 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 76 IS 5 BP 650 EP 655 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1999.76.5.650 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 237TV UT WOS:000082672900010 ER PT J AU Lu, W Grant, LA AF Lu, W Grant, LA TI Effects of prolonged storage at freezing temperatures on starch and baking quality of frozen doughs SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID BREAD DOUGH; THAW CYCLES; YEAST; STABILITY AB The effects of prolonged frozen storage on the starch, rheological, and baking properties of doughs were investigated. Four hard red spring (HRS) wheat cultivars exhibiting consistently different gluten characteristics were used. Gelatinization properties of starches isolated from fresh and thawed frozen doughs over 16 weeks of frozen storage were examined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Significance of results varied with cultivar, but all cultivars showed a significant increase in Delta H with increased frozen storage time, indicating water migration and ice crystallization. The amount of freezable water in frozen doughs increased for all cultivars with frozen storage, but the rate of increase varied. Glupro showed a consistent increase in freezable water during frozen storage (41.6%), which may be associated with its high protein content and strong gluten characteristics. Rheological strength of the frozen doughs which was determined by decreases in extensigraph resistance and storage modulus (G'), declined throughout frozen dough storage. Proofing time increased from 45 min for fresh doughs to an average of 342 min for frozen doughs stored 16 weeks. Concomitantly, loaf volumes decreased from an average of 912 cm(3) for fresh doughs to an average of 738 cm(3) for the frozen doughs. Longer proof times and greater loaf volume loss were obtained for the cultivars exhibiting greater gluten strength characteristics. C1 USDA ARS, Hard Red Spring Durum Wheat Qual Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Cereal Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Grant, LA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hard Red Spring Durum Wheat Qual Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 32 TC 50 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 76 IS 5 BP 656 EP 662 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1999.76.5.656 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 237TV UT WOS:000082672900011 ER PT J AU Lu, W Grant, LA AF Lu, W Grant, LA TI Role of flour fractions in breadmaking quality of frozen dough SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID WHEAT FLOURS; YEAST; STABILITY; BAKING AB The primary objective of the research was to fractionate two flours into four major flour components (starch, water solubles, gliadin, and glutenin) and determine the contributions of these fractions to frozen dough quality. Two hard red spring wheat flours of diverse mixing properties, Glupro (strong) and Prospect tweak), were used. When each fraction of Prospect was replaced by the corresponding Glupro fraction, the baking quality of the Prospect reconstituted frozen doughs was improved. Replacement of Glupro fractions with equivalent Prospect fractions resulted in a decline in baking quality of the reconstituted frozen doughs. The functional properties of the four fractions appeared to depend on interactions between fraction and flour components. This was observed when two fractions from one cultivar were simultaneously exchanged with the corresponding two fractions of the other cultivar. This experiment resulted in better baking quality than that of the original reconstituted flours. Within time strong and weak flours, the effect of each fraction on frozen dough was significantly different. Of the four fractions, glutenin played a predominant role in baking quality of the frozen doughs. The gliadin and starch fractions contributed significantly to frozen dough quality but not as much as the glutenin fraction. The contribution of the water-soluble fractions to frozen dough quality was minimal. Results of this study corroborate published reports that stronger flours perform better in frozen bread doughs. Intercultivar differences in flour strength required for frozen doughs appear to be in the glutenin protein fraction. C1 USDA ARS, Hard Red Spring Durum Wheat Qual Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Cereal Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Grant, LA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hard Red Spring Durum Wheat Qual Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 17 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 76 IS 5 BP 663 EP 667 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1999.76.5.663 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 237TV UT WOS:000082672900012 ER PT J AU Lawton, JW Shogren, RL Tiefenbacher, KF AF Lawton, JW Shogren, RL Tiefenbacher, KF TI Effect of batter solids and starch type on the structure of baked starch foams SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB The effects of starch type on the properties of baked starch foams were investigated. Starch types used for baking were normal corn, normal potato, waxy corn, high-amylopectin potato, wheat, and tapioca. Solids content of the starch batters used to bake foam trays ranged from 25 to 45%. Processing parameters and physical properties of the foams were examined. Starch-foamed trays were formed by heating a starch batter inside a closed mold. Scanning electron micrographs showed that the thin-walled foamed trays have a dense outer skin and a less dense interior with large cells. The weight of the foamed trays and density of the foam depended on the amount of batter cooked inside the mold, the percent solids of the batter, and the type of starch used. The high-amylopectin starches made the lightest trays, while the normal cereal starches made the heaviest trays. Baking time depended on percent solids of the batter, the batter volume added to the mold, and starch type. The normal cereal starches had the longest baking times and the high-amylopectin starches had the shortest baking times Strength and flexibility of the bays are correlated with tray weight and foam density. Heavier trays had greater strength and less flexibility than did lighter Grays. Physical properties of the trays can be tailored to meet specific criteria by changing the starch type used and the batter solids. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Franz Haas Machinery Amer, Richmond, VA USA. RP Lawton, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM lawtonjw@mail.ncaur.usda.gov NR 17 TC 29 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 4 PU AACC INTERNATIONAL PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 76 IS 5 BP 682 EP 687 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1999.76.5.682 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 237TV UT WOS:000082672900015 ER PT J AU Demeke, T Huel, P Abdel-Aal, ESM Baga, M Chibbar, RN AF Demeke, T Huel, P Abdel-Aal, ESM Baga, M Chibbar, RN TI Biochemical characterization of the wheat waxy A protein and its effect on starch properties SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L.; ENDOSPERM CHARACTER; MAIZE STARCHES; COMMON WHEAT; AMYLOSE; GELATINIZATION; IDENTIFICATION; SYNTHASE; QUALITY; LOCUS AB Granule bound starch synthase1 (GBSS1) is a key enzyme in amylose biosynthesis and is encoded by the A, B and D CBSSI wx loci in wheat. Wheat lines with mutations at the three GBSS1 loci have been identified. We have characterized and compared the grain starch of CDCW6 wheat line (null B and D for GBSS1) with PI235238 (null A and B for GBSS1), waxy (null A, B and D for GBSS1), and AC Reed (wild type wheat) grain starches. The grain starch of waxy, CDCW6, PI235238, and AC Reed lines contained approximate to 0, 12, 23, and 25% amylose (w/w), respectively. Waxy, partially waxy, and wild wheat grain starches showed significant differences in onset and peak transition temperatures as determined by differential scanning calorimetric analysis. Grain starches extracted from waxy, CDCW6, and PI235238 also had higher enthalpy of gelatinization values than did wild wheat starch. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the highest crystallinity for starch extracted from waxy wheat, followed by CDCW6. The starch produced from the CDCW6 line may find special food and industrial applications because of its relatively low amylose concentration. C1 Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Plant Biotechnol, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada. Univ Saskatchewan, Ctr Crop Dev, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B1, Canada. USDA ARS, Western Wheat Qual Lab, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Chibbar, RN (reprint author), Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Plant Biotechnol, 110 Gymnasium Pl, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada. RI Chibbar, Ravindra/A-4787-2008 OI Chibbar, Ravindra/0000-0002-2282-5236 NR 31 TC 46 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 76 IS 5 BP 694 EP 698 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1999.76.5.694 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 237TV UT WOS:000082672900017 ER PT J AU Champagne, ET Bett, KL Vinyard, BT McClung, AM Barton, FE Moldenhauer, K Linscombe, S McKenzie, K AF Champagne, ET Bett, KL Vinyard, BT McClung, AM Barton, FE Moldenhauer, K Linscombe, S McKenzie, K TI Correlation between cooked rice texture and Rapid Visco Analyses measurements SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID MILLED-RICE; QUALITY AB Although amylose content is considered the most important determinant of cooked rice texture, this constituent falls short as a predictor. because cultivars with similar amylose contents may differ in textural properties. Thus, amylography is used as one of a battery of tests, in addition to measuring amylose content, to improve differentiation of cultivars. The purpose of our study was to determine how well amylography conducted with a Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) serves as a predictor of cooked rice texture, alone and in combination, with amylose content. Textural properties of 87 samples representing short-, medium-, and long-grain rice cultivars were assessed by descriptive sensory and instrumental texture profile (TPA) analyses and related to RVA measurements. None of the cooked rice textural attributes, whether measured by descriptive analysis or TPA, were modeled by RVA with high accuracy (i.e., high r(2)). Sensory texture attributes cohesiveness of mass, stickiness, and initial starchy coating and TPA attribute adhesiveness had the strongest correlations with RVA measurements. Setback explained most of the variance attributed to models describing these attributes; the strongest correlation was with cohesiveness of mass (r = 0.69; equivalent to coefficient of determination, r(2) = 0.47). inclusion of amylose and protein contents in regression analyses did not strengthen models. Exclusion of samples that cook atypically, based on amylose content or gelatinization temperature types, slightly improved the accuracy of RVA measurements for predicting cooked rice texture. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. USDA ARS, Biometr Consulting Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Rice Qual Lab, Beaumont, TX USA. USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30613 USA. Univ Arkansas, Rice Res & Extens Ctr, Stuttgart, Germany. Louisiana State Univ, Rice Res Stn, Crowley, LA USA. Calif Cooperat Rice Res Fdn, Biggs, CA USA. RP Champagne, ET (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 29 TC 99 Z9 105 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 76 IS 5 BP 764 EP 771 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1999.76.5.764 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 237TV UT WOS:000082672900027 ER PT J AU Kahlon, TS Chow, FI Wood, DF AF Kahlon, TS Chow, FI Wood, DF TI Cholesterol response and foam cell formation in hamsters fed rice bran, oat bran, and cellulose plus soy protein diets with or without added vitamin E SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; HYPERLIPIDEMIC HAMSTER; PLASMA-LIPOPROTEINS; WHEAT BRAN; RATS; OIL; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; METABOLISM; FRACTIONS; BARLEY AB Four-week-old male golden Syrian hamsters were fed diets containing cellulose (control, CC), cellulose + soy protein (CS), CS + vitamin E, (CSE), rice bran (RB), RE + vitamin E (RBE), oat bran (OB), and OB + Vitamin E (OBE) for six weeks (pl = 10/treatment). Diets contained (by weight) 10% total dietary fiber, 3% N, 20% fat, 0.5% cholesterol, and some diets had an additional 0.1% vitamin E, After six weeks, RE and OB diets resulted in significantly higher weight gain than the CC diet. Plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) values and the LDL-C/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio in hamsters fed CSE, RBE, OB, and OBE diets were significantly lower than in those fed CC diet. There were no significant differences in total plasma cholesterol values among the hamsters fed any of the diets. Liver cholesterol in animals fed OB and OBE diets was significantly lower than in all other groups. Foam cell areas in the inner bend of the aortic arch in animals fed all treatment diets were significantly reduced when compared with that in animals fed CC diet. The level of additional dietary vitamin E did not result in further significant reductions in foam cell area. The results of this study suggest that diets containing rice bran, oat bran, or soy protein significantly reduced the development of atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Kahlon, TS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 39 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 76 IS 5 BP 772 EP 776 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1999.76.5.772 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 237TV UT WOS:000082672900028 ER PT J AU Vemulapalli, R McQuiston, JR Schurig, GG Sriranganathan, N Halling, SM Boyle, SM AF Vemulapalli, R McQuiston, JR Schurig, GG Sriranganathan, N Halling, SM Boyle, SM TI Identification of an IS711 element interrupting the wboA gene of Brucella abortus vaccine strain RB51 and a PCR assay to distinguish strain RB51 from other Brucella species and strains SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; INSERTION-SEQUENCE; MUTANT STRAINS; CATTLE; DIFFERENTIATION; MELITENSIS; DNA; RESPONSES; PROTECTION; OVIS AB Brucella abortus vaccine strain RB51 is a natural stable attenuated rough mutant derived from the virulent strain 2308. The genetic mutations that are responsible for the roughness and the attenuation of strain RB51 have not been identified until now. Also, except for an assay based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, no other simple method to differentiate strain RB51 from its parent strain 2308 is available. In the present study, we demonstrate that the wboA gene encoding a glycosyltransferase, an enzyme essential for the synthesis of O antigen, is disrupted by an IS711 element in B. abortus vaccine strain RB51. Exploiting this feature, we developed a PCR assay that distinguishes strain RB51 from all other Brucella species and strains tested. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Boyle, SM (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 31 TC 87 Z9 97 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 6 IS 5 BP 760 EP 764 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 235LE UT WOS:000082542500024 PM 10473532 ER PT J AU Sikora, LJ AF Sikora, LJ TI MSW compost reduces nitrogen volatilization during dairy manure composting SO COMPOST SCIENCE & UTILIZATION LA English DT Article ID WASTES AB Manures lose N through volatilization almost immediately after deposit. Attempts to control losses include the addition of a C source to stimulate nitrogen immobilization. Composting is a treatment process that recommends the addition of carbonaceous materials to achieve a C:N ratio of 30:1 to stimulate degradation and immobilize nitrogen. Dairies near cities may be able to reduce N loss from manures by composting with urban carbonaceous residues such as municipal solid waste (MSW) or MSW compost that, by themselves, have Little agronomic value. Studies were conducted using a self-heating laboratory composter where dairy solids were mixed with MSW compost to determine the reduction of N loss during composting. One-to-one mixtures (v/v) of dairy manure solids and MSW compost were composted and NH3 volatilization, CO2 evolution and temperatures were compared to composting of manure alone. Addition of MSW compost resulted in increased CO2 evolution and reduced N loss. Nitrogen loss from composting dairy manure alone was four to ten times greater than that from composting dairy manure mixed with MSW compost. Adjustment of the C:N ratio to 25 by adding MSW compost to manure appeared to be the major factor in reducing N losses. C1 ARS, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Sikora, LJ (reprint author), ARS, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 26 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU JG PRESS, INC PI EMMAUS PA 419 STATE AVE, EMMAUS, PA 18049 USA SN 1065-657X J9 COMPOST SCI UTIL JI Compost Sci. Util. PD FAL PY 1999 VL 7 IS 4 BP 34 EP 41 PG 8 WC Ecology; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA 269FW UT WOS:000084466900005 ER PT J AU Ascough, JC Hoag, DL Frasier, WM McMaster, GS AF Ascough, JC Hoag, DL Frasier, WM McMaster, GS TI Computer use in agriculture: an analysis of Great Plains producers SO COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE mail survey; computer adoption; agricultural software use; technology transfer ID ADOPTION AB Computers have changed a great deal in the past decade, yet the last survey of computer use in agriculture was performed in 1991. Furthermore, previous computer use surveys are not very extensive in coverage. In the summer and fall of 1996, we conducted a random survey of Great Plains producers. The purpose of the survey was to examine three questions: (1) who adopts computers and what are they and their farms like; (2) what are the characteristics of non-adopters; and (3) what tasks do producers want computers to perform? Our results confirmed that most of the variables earlier studies identified as influential on computer adoption still had an impact. These included farm size (acres and sales), ownership of livestock, farm tenure, and off-farm employment exposure to computer use. We found some question as to whether age or experience is a better predictor of computer adoption. Moreover, there also appears to be reason to question whether education has a significant impact on adoption. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Great Plains Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Ascough, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Great Plains Res Unit, 301 S Howes St,POB E, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 16 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1699 J9 COMPUT ELECTRON AGR JI Comput. Electron. Agric. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 23 IS 3 BP 189 EP 204 DI 10.1016/S0168-1699(99)00044-7 PG 16 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Agriculture; Computer Science GA 249CX UT WOS:000083316200002 ER PT J AU Engeman, RM Campbell, DL AF Engeman, RM Campbell, DL TI Pocket gopher reoccupation of burrow systems following population reduction SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE activity assessment; animal damage; reforestation; Thomomys ID THOMOMYS; MAZAMA AB The application of rodenticide baits to pocket gopher burrows can quickly reduce gopher density on reforestation units, but the food resources and burrow systems remain intact. This,coupled with the rodent's high reproductive and dispersal potentials, allows for rapid repopulation of treated sites. We monitored 73 pocket gopher activity plots in southern Oregon which had been rendered inactive with toxic baits. The plots promptly returned to active, indicating rapid reoccupation by gophers. Six months after baiting, 86% of plots were reoccupied. By one year post-baiting, 96% of plots were reoccupied. These results demonstrate the potential for rapid population recovery following rodenticide treatment and emphasize the need for an integration of other methods to avert damage to reforestation efforts for the long term. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Engeman, RM (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 18 IS 8 BP 523 EP 525 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(99)00055-1 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 245DY UT WOS:000083092000006 ER PT J AU Gouge, DH Lee, LL Henneberry, TJ AF Gouge, DH Lee, LL Henneberry, TJ TI Parasitism of diapausing pink bollworm Pectinoaphora gossypiella (Lepidoptera : Gelechiidae) larvae by entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda : Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE entomopathogenic nematodes; infectivity; temperature; Steinernema; Heterorhabditis; Pectinophora gossypiella; insect diapause ID NEOAPLECTANA-CARPOCAPSAE; TEMPERATURE; RHABDITIDA; SOIL; INFECTIVITY; NOCTUIDAE; PRODUCTS; INSECTS AB Diapausing larvae of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), were exposed to entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Steinernematidae; Heterorhabditidae) at a dosage of 100 or 200 infective juveniles (IJ) per larva. No significant differences between infection of Steinernema riobrave (strain 355) Cabanillas, Poinar and Raulston, and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (strain Cruiser) (Poinar) were observed after either 6-d or 9-d of incubation. No significant difference in infection levels occurred due to increasing dose. Greatest insect mortality occurred due to parasitism by S. riobrave (355). In a second assay, diapausing larvae of P. gossypiella were exposed to S. riobrave (355), Steinernema carpocapsae (strain Kapow) (Weiser), H. bacteriophora (strain Lawn Patrol), or H. bacteriophora (Cruiser) at dosages of 50, 100, 200, or 400 IJs per larva. S. carpocapsae and H. bacteriophora (Cruiser) infected larvae at significantly higher rates compared with H. bacteriophora (Lawn Patrol) and S. riobrave. A significant difference in infection levels occurred due to nematode dose. In a third assay cotton bells infested with diapausing P. gossypiella were exposed to S. riobrave (355), or H. bacteriophora (Cruiser). Boxes were prepared with bells buried 5 cm below the soil surface or bells laid on the soil surface. Boxes also were incubated at constant temperature or exposed to ambient seasonal temperatures and light. H. bacteriophora (Cruiser) infected larvae at significantly higher rates compared with S. riobrave (355). Significant differences in infection levels occurred due to the location of the boil placement and the incubation temperature. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Entomol, Texas Agr Expt Serv, Heep Ctr 412, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Pacific W Area, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Gouge, DH (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Entomol, Texas Agr Expt Serv, Heep Ctr 412, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM d-gouge@tamu.edu NR 44 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 18 IS 8 BP 531 EP 537 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(99)00057-5 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 245DY UT WOS:000083092000008 ER PT J AU Cheres, MT Miller, JF Knapp, SJ AF Cheres, MT Miller, JF Knapp, SJ TI Donor inbred lines for enhancing the performance of single-cross sunflower hybrids SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID HELIANTHUS-ANNUUS L; CULTIVATED SUNFLOWER; IMPROVING PARENTS; FAVORABLE ALLELES; IDENTIFYING LINES; GENETIC DIVERSITY; GERMPLASM; IDENTIFICATION AB The performance of single-cross hybrids can only be enhanced by adding favorable alleles from donor inbred lines that are not present in either parent. The public inbred lines of cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) have not been systematically screened as a source of new favorable alleles for enhancing hybrid performance. The objective of this study was to assess the merits of a sample of public inbred lines as donors of alleles for increasing the seed yield of three hybrids (HA383 x RHA373, HA372 x RHA377, and HA89 x RHA373). The net gain of favorable alleles and several other statistics were estimated from the seed yield means of 14 sterility maintainer (B) lines, four fertility restorer (R) lines, 81 B x B hybrids, and 42 B x R hybrids in field tests at Corvallis, OR and Casselton, ND in 1996 and 1997. HA383 x RHA373, HA372 x RHA377, and HA89 x RHA373 were the highest-yielding hybrids from three heterotic patterns. HA383 x RHA373 had the highest seed yield across years and locations (3285 kg ha(-1)) among all hybrids. The most promising donors for increasing the seed yield of HA383 x RHA373 were HA822, HA851, and HA372. Similarly, the most promising donors: for increasing the seed yield of HA372 x RHA377 were HA821 and HA384, and the most promising donors for increasing the seed yield of HA89 x RHA373 were HA383, HA384, and HA821. The elite gene pool of sunflower seems to be a rich source of favorable alleles for increasing hybrid seed yields. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Knapp, SJ (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 21 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 39 IS 5 BP 1325 EP 1331 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 240EW UT WOS:000082813800009 ER PT J AU Riedell, WE Reese, RN AF Riedell, WE Reese, RN TI Maize morphology and shoot CO2 assimilation after root damage by western corn rootworm larvae SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GAS-EXCHANGE PARAMETERS; WATER RELATIONS; PLANT-DENSITY; FIELD CORN; CHRYSOMELIDAE; COLEOPTERA; INJURY; MANAGEMENT; STRESS; GROWTH AB Knowledge of the physiological stress mechanisms triggered by corn rootworm larval feeding damage may suggest new ways of maintaining maize (Zea mays L.) productivity in plants damaged by this important insect pest. Western corn rootworm [Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (LeConte)] larval feeding damage to maize roof systems causes complex changes in leaf CO2 assimilation. The objective of our study was to further explore the relationships between plant morphology and CO2 assimilation in rootworm-damaged maize. The effects of moderate or severe root damage caused by larval feeding or by mechanical damage on roof system morphology, shoot dry weight, leaf area, stomatal conductance, and CO2 assimilation were investigated in greenhouse experiments. Rootworm larval feeding, which removed about 75% of the total root system volume, or mechanical cutting treatments imposed at the V12 leaf stage, which removed about 30% of the total root system volume, had no effect upon leaf CO2 assimilation hut significantly reduced stomatal conductance when measured at the tassel development stage; During the time when larvae were damaging root systems or when specific root node axes were mechanically cut, however, leaf CO2 assimilation was less in root-damaged plants than in undamaged plants. Larval-damaged root systems had accelerated adventitious root axis growth and development in the nodes located immediately above the damaged nodes. This compensatory root growth was more pronounced under the moderate root feeding damage treatments than in the severe root damage treatments. Total leaf area and shoot CO2 assimilation were less in plants with severe larval feeding damage than in plants with moderate damage or in control plants, Thus, the severity of root damage plus the level of root compensatory growth play important roles in mediating shoot growth and CO2 assimilation responses to stress imposed by rootworm larval feeding. C1 USDA ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. S Dakota State Univ, Biol Microbiol Dept, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Riedell, WE (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, 2923 Medary Ave, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. NR 38 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 39 IS 5 BP 1332 EP 1340 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 240EW UT WOS:000082813800010 ER EF