FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Tainter, JA AF Tainter, JA TI Problem solving: Complexity, history, sustainability SO POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE collapse; complexity; problem solving; organizations; sustainability AB Sustainability or collapse follow from the success or failure of problem-solving institutions. The factors that lead to long-term success or failure in problem solving have received little attention, so that this fundamental activity is poorly understood. The capacity of institutions to solve problems changes over time, suggesting that a science of problem solving, and thus a science of sustainability, must be historical. Complexity is a primary problem-solving strategy, which is often successful in the short-term, but cumulatively may become detrimental to sustainability. Historical case studies illustrate different outcomes to long-term development of complexity in problem solving. These cases clarify future options for contemporary societies: collapse, simplification, or increasing complexity based on increasing energy subsidies. C1 USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Tainter, JA (reprint author), Rocky Mt Res Stn, 2205 Columbia SE, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. RI Quezada, George/I-1106-2012 OI Quezada, George/0000-0002-4060-6109 NR 96 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 16 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0199-0039 J9 POPUL ENVIRON JI Popul. Env. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 22 IS 1 BP 3 EP 41 DI 10.1023/A:1006632214612 PG 39 WC Demography; Environmental Studies SC Demography; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 382CB UT WOS:000165799900001 ER PT J AU Neven, LG Drake, SR AF Neven, LG Drake, SR TI Comparison of alternative postharvest quarantine treatments for sweet cherries SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sweet cherry; quarantine; irradiation; controlled atmosphere/temperature treatment system ID CODLING MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; GAMMA-IRRADIATION; TORTRICIDAE LARVAE; GRAPEFRUIT AB The effects of controlled atmosphere heat treatments (CATTS) and irradiation on sweet cherry fruit quality were compared to fumigation with methyl bromide. 'Bing' and 'Rainier' sweet cherry varieties were tested from the Yakima and Wenatchee, WA growing areas. Irradiated cherries had overall quality better than methyl bromide-treated cherries. CATTS-treated 'Rainier' cherries, but not 'Bing', had more pitting and bruising after 14 days of storage than Fruit From other treatments. Both cultivars treated with methyl bromide had poorer stem quality than controls. CATTS-treated 'Bing' fruits had poorer stem quality after 7 and 14 days of storage than the controls. This research demonstrated that both irradiation and CATTS have potential for alternative quarantine treatments for sweet cherries. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Neven, LG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 21 TC 26 Z9 34 U1 4 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 20 IS 2 BP 107 EP 114 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(00)00110-1 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 353YT UT WOS:000089303600001 ER PT J AU Fan, X Argenta, L Mattheis, JP AF Fan, X Argenta, L Mattheis, JP TI Inhibition of ethylene action by 1-methylcyclopropene prolongs storage life of apricots SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE apricot; MCP; shelf life; respiration; ethylene; quality ID DELICIOUS APPLE FRUIT; METHYL JASMONATE; BIOSYNTHESIS; RESPONSES; ATMOSPHERES; RESPIRATION; PROPYLENE; VOLATILES; ALDEHYDE; QUALITY AB 'Perfection' apricot fruit (Prunus armeniaca L.) were treated with 1 mu l l(-1) 1-methylcyclopropene (MCP) for 4 h at 20 degrees C then stored at 0 or 20 degrees C. The onset of ethylene production was delayed and respiration rate was reduced following MCP treatment. MCP treatment resulted in less firmness and titratable acidify loss during storage at both temperatures and delayed production of volatile alcohols and esters during ripening at 20 degrees C. MCP treated fruit also exhibited less color change and were greener than controls. The effects of MCP were less pronounced following treatment of fruit at a more advanced stage of development. (C) Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Mattheis, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 30 TC 121 Z9 157 U1 4 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 20 IS 2 BP 135 EP 142 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(00)00121-6 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 353YT UT WOS:000089303600004 ER PT J AU Ju, ZG Curry, EA AF Ju, ZG Curry, EA TI Stripped corn oil emulsion alters ripening, reduces superficial scald, and reduces core flush in 'Granny Smith' apples and decay in 'd'Anjou' pears SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE plant oil; emulsion; ethylene; alpha-farnesene; firmness; storage; fruit ID ALPHA-FARNESENE; STORAGE; FRUIT; ETHOXYQUIN; OXIDATION AB 'Granny Smith' apples (Malus x domestica Borkh) and 'Beurre d'Anjou' pears (Pyrus communis L.) were dipped in a 2.5, 5, or 10% stripped corn oil (alpha-tocopherol <5 mg kg(-1)) emulsions, 2000 mg l(-1) diphenylamine (DPA), respectively, at harvest and stored in air at 0 degrees C for 8 months. Untreated fruit served as controls. In oil-treated apples and pears, ethylene and alpha-farnesene production rates were lower in early storage and higher in late storage than in controls. Untreated 'Granny Smith' apples and 'd'Anjou' pears developed 34 and 23% superficial scald, respectively, after 6 months storage, whereas fruit treated with oil at 5 or 10%, or with DPA at 2000 mg l(-1) were free from scald. After 8 months storage, oil at 10% was as effective as DPA in controlling scald in pears, whereas in apples, fruit treated with 10% oil developed 18% scald and DPA-treated fruit were scald free. DPA-treated apples, however, developed 32% senescent scald, while 5 or 10% oil-treated fruit had none. Oil-treated fruit were greener, firmer and contained more titratable acidity after 8 months of storage than control or DPA-treated apples and pears. In 'Granny Smith', 100% of the controls and 79% of the DPA-treated fruit developed coreflush after 8 months of storage, but in 10% oil-treated fruit, coreflush was eliminated. In 'd'Anjou', 34% of the controls and 27% of the DPA-treated fruit showed decay after 8 months of storage, compared with 5% decay in 5% oil-treated fruit, and no decay in 10% oil-treated fruit. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Ju, ZG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. EM ju@tfrl.ars.usda.gov NR 22 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 EI 1873-2356 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 20 IS 2 BP 185 EP 193 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(00)00119-8 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 353YT UT WOS:000089303600009 ER PT J AU Holt, PS Stone, HD Gast, RK Greene, CR AF Holt, PS Stone, HD Gast, RK Greene, CR TI Application of the agar gel precipitin test to detect antibodies to Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in serum and egg yolks from infected hens SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE agar gel precipitin test; serology; Salmonella enteritidis; egg yolk antibody ID LAYING HENS; CHICKENS; IDENTIFICATION; TYPHIMURIUM; POULTRY; FLOCKS AB Serological surveillance can be an important component for egg quality assurance programs geared toward controlling problems with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. enteritidis) within a flock. Serum is the primary sample source for the procedures, although egg yolk antibody assays have become popularity in recent years. However, these assays tend to be labor intensive, requiring procedures for extracting antibodies from the yolk followed by assaying the samples. We describe an adaptation of the agar gel precipitin (AGP) test for use in detecting antibodies to S. enteritidis deposited in egg yolks of infected hens. Yolk or sera from infected birds were administered to wells cut into seven-well clusters in an agar gel plate, and detection antigen was added to the center well. The agar gels were incubated for 24 h and then examined for the presence of precipitin lines formed by the interaction of antibody with antigen. Three different antigens were tested: S. enteritidis flagella, SEF14 (a 14-kDa fimbrial protein produced ostensibly by S, enteritidis). C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Holt, PS (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 17 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 79 IS 9 BP 1246 EP 1250 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 354RY UT WOS:000089344500004 PM 11020067 ER PT J AU Allen, PC AF Allen, PC TI Effects of treatments with cyclooxygenase inhibitors on chickens infected with Eimeria acervulina SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE chickens; coccidiosis; inflammation; prostanoids; NO2-+NO3- ID NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE; IN-VITRO; LEISHMANIA-MAJOR; BALB/C MICE; MACROPHAGES; NIMESULIDE; COCCIDIOSIS; CELLS; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; INFLAMMATION AB Reduced weight gains and feed conversions are major sources of economic losses from avian coccidiosis. Experiments were conducted to determine possible involvement of up-regulation of cyclooxygenase (COX) activity during coccidia infections that might contribute to reduced weight gain. In a series of trials, young (3 to 5 wk of age) cockerels infected with Eimeria acervulina, a duodenal parasite, received oral treatments with indomethacin (IM), an inhibitor of both COX-1 and COX-2, or nimesulide (NIM), a specific inhibitor of COX-2. Infection doses varied with experiment (from 10(5) to 10(6) oocysts per chick). Effects of infection on weight gain, duodenal lesions, plasma carotenoids, and levels of NO2- + NO3- were determined at 6 d postinoculation. Total oocysts were enumerated in feces collected from 5 through 8 d postinoculation from separate replicate groups. In no trials did treatment with IM reverse effects of infection on weight gain or significantly reduce lesion scores. However, in all trials, IM treatment reduced oocyst output per chick (Trial 1, 15%; Trial 2, 19%; Trial 3, 53%; Trial 4, 29%; Trial 5, 28.5%). Supplementation of feed with 400 and 100 ppm NTM significantly reduced weight gain of, and increased oocyst output from, infected chicks, whereas supplementation with 50 ppm NIM had no beneficial effects on weight gain or lesion scores, but reduced oocyst shedding. The inability of the IM and NIM treatments to reverse infection-associated weight gain suppression suggests that this pathological effect is not linked to increased prostanoid synthesis as a result of COX-2 up-regulation during infection. The inhibitory effects of IM treatment on oocyst shedding suggest that COX-2 products may have immunosuppressive effects in coccidia infection at local sites of infection. The stimulating effects of high-dose NIM treatments on oocyst shedding suggest that this compound may inhibit synthesis of other prostanoids as well. C1 USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab 1040, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Allen, PC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab 1040, BARC E, Bldg 1040,Rm 103, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 62 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 79 IS 9 BP 1251 EP 1258 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 354RY UT WOS:000089344500005 PM 11020068 ER PT J AU Yan, F Kersey, JH Fritts, CA Waldroup, PW Stilborn, HL Crum, RC Rice, DW Raboy, V AF Yan, F Kersey, JH Fritts, CA Waldroup, PW Stilborn, HL Crum, RC Rice, DW Raboy, V TI Evaluation of normal yellow dent corn and high available phosphorus corn in combination with reduced dietary phosphorus and phytase supplementation for broilers grown to market weights in litter pens SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE high available phosphorus corn; phytase; phytic acid; broilers; fecal phosphorus ID MICROBIAL PHYTASE; SOYBEAN-MEAL; ACCUMULATION; PHOSPHATE AB A study was conducted to determine the extent fecal P levels could be reduced while maintaining performance. Various strategies were employed including the use of a high available phosphorus hybrid of corn (HAPC), supplementation with phytase enzyme, and reduced dietary P levels. The use of HAPC resulted in a 50% reduction in phytate-bound dietary P as compared with a normal yellow dent corn (YDC) diet. Dietary non-phytate P was maintained at either NRC (1994) recommendations for appropriate age periods or reduced by 0.075 or 0.15%. Portions of the diets were supplemented with 1,000 units of phytase/kg. Male chicks of a commercial strain were grown to 56 d on the test diets. Broilers fed diets with HAPC had BW, feed conversion, livability, and tibia ash that were equal to or superior to those fed diets with YDC with considerably reduced fecal P content at any dietary level of nonphytate P. Phytase supplementation enabled birds to maintain live performance at lower levels of nonphytate P, further reducing the fecal P output. One of the greatest contributions of phytase was a reduction in mortality at the lower levels of nonphytate P. Dietary P levels could be reduced by 0.075% under NRC (1994) recommendations without adversely affecting live performance; a reduction of 0.15% in conjunction with phytase supplementation maintained BW, feed conversion, and livability but reduced tibia ash. The extent to which dietary P levels can be reduced over the entire feeding program is subject to further research. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Poultry Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Pioneer HiBred Int Inc, Johnston, IA 50131 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Small Grains Res Facil, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. RP Waldroup, PW (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Poultry Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. EM pwaldro@comp.uark.edu NR 26 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 79 IS 9 BP 1282 EP 1289 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 354RY UT WOS:000089344500010 PM 11020073 ER PT J AU Gill, SJ Milliken, J Beardsley, D Warbington, R AF Gill, SJ Milliken, J Beardsley, D Warbington, R TI Using a mensuration approach with FIA vegetation plot data to assess the accuracy of tree size and crown closure classes in a vegetation map of northeastern California SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID COVER AB The accuracy of the Lassen-Modoc vegetation map was assessed using data from a grid of permanent Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) plots in conjunction with a fuzzy logic approach. This paper presents the results for the Modoc National Forest. The main foci of this paper are the methods and results for assessing the accuracy of tree size and crown closure classes using a mensurational approach based on calculations made from the plot data. Tl,is approach proved very useful in conjunction with fuzzy accuracy methods. Higher error rates reported for crown closure classes may be due to a variety of factors including error associated with crown closure modeling methods, error associated with crown closure calculations for a plot, and the variability of crown closure within a plot. Using the FIA data has proven to represent a cost-effective,means of generating accuracy assessment information based oil a probability sample. (C) Elsevier Science Inc., 2000. C1 Calif Polytech State Univ San Luis Obispo, Nat Resources Management Dept, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 USA. US Bur Reclamat, US Dept Interior, Sacramento, CA USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Portland, OR USA. US Forest Serv, Remote Sensing Lab, USDA, Sacramento, CA USA. RP Gill, SJ (reprint author), Calif Polytech State Univ San Luis Obispo, Nat Resources Management Dept, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 73 IS 3 BP 298 EP 306 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(00)00105-X PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 347GH UT WOS:000088919500004 ER PT J AU Firbank, LG Forcella, F AF Firbank, LG Forcella, F TI Agriculture - Genetically modified crops and farmland biodiversity SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID DYNAMICS C1 Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Grange Sands LA11 6JU, Cumbria, England. USDA, Agr Res Stn, Morris, MN 56267 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Firbank, LG (reprint author), Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Grange Sands LA11 6JU, Cumbria, England. OI Firbank, Leslie/0000-0003-1242-8293 NR 10 TC 46 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 26 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 1 PY 2000 VL 289 IS 5484 BP 1481 EP 1482 DI 10.1126/science.289.5484.1481 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 349XW UT WOS:000089071700027 PM 10991733 ER PT J AU Meyer, SE Debaene-Gill, SB Allen, PS AF Meyer, SE Debaene-Gill, SB Allen, PS TI Using hydrothermal time concepts to model seed germination response to temperature, dormancy loss, and priming effects in Elymus elymoides SO SEED SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE after-ripening; dormancy; Elymus elymoides; hydrothermal time; modelling; priming; seed germination ID BROMUS-TECTORUM L; ABSCISIC-ACID; CONSTANT TEMPERATURES; PERENNIAL RYEGRASS; WATER RELATIONS; DEHYDRATION; SENSITIVITY; PATTERNS AB Hydrothermal time (HTT) describes progress toward seed germination under various combinations of incubation water potential (Psi) and temperature (T). To examine changes in HTT parameters during dormancy loss, seeds from two populations of the bunchgrass Elymus elymoides were incubated under seven temperature regimes following dry storage at 10, 20 and 30 degreesC for intervals from 0 to 16 weeks. Fully after-ripened seeds were primed for 1 week at a range of Psis. Data on germination rate during priming were used to obtain a HTT equation for each seed population, while data obtained following transfer to water were used to calculate HTT accumulation during priming. HTT equations accurately predicted germination time course curves if mean base water potential, Psi (b)(50), was allowed to vary with temperature. Psi (b)(50) values increased linearly with temperature, explaining why germination rate does not increase with temperature in this species. Psi (b)(50) showed a linear decrease as a function of thermal time in storage. Slopes for the T x Psi (b)(50) relationship did not change during after-ripening. This thermal after-ripening time model was characterized by a single base temperature and a constant slope across temperatures for each collection. Because the difference between initial and final Psi (b)(50)s was uniform across temperatures, the thermal after-ripening requirement was also a constant. When seeds were primed for 1 week at -4 to -20 MPa, accumulation of HTT was a uniform 20% of the total HTT requirement. When primed at 0 to -4 MPa, HTT accumulation decreased linearly with decreasing priming potential, and a hydrothermal priming time model using a constant minimum priming potential adequately described priming effects. Use of these simple HTT relationships will facilitate modelling of germination phenology in the field. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Shrub Sci Lab, Provo, UT 84606 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Agron & Hort, Provo, UT 84602 USA. RP Meyer, SE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Shrub Sci Lab, 735 N 500 E, Provo, UT 84606 USA. EM semeyer@sisna.com NR 35 TC 61 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 4 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CB2 8RU CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND SN 0960-2585 J9 SEED SCI RES JI Seed Sci. Res. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 10 IS 3 BP 213 EP 223 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 378LP UT WOS:000165586100002 ER PT J AU Drijber, RA Doran, JW Parkhurst, AM Lyon, DJ AF Drijber, RA Doran, JW Parkhurst, AM Lyon, DJ TI Changes in soil microbial community structure with tillage under long-term wheat-fallow management SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE microbial community composition; tillage; PL-FAMEs; EL-FAMEs; mycorrhizae ID FATTY-ACID PROFILES; ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGUS; ORGANIC-MATTER CHANGES; GREAT-PLAINS; NO-TILLAGE; SUBSURFACE BACTERIA; REDUCED TILLAGE; WATER STORAGE; BIOMASS; NITROGEN AB Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were used to 'fingerprint' soil microbial communities that evolved during 25 years of wheat-fallow cropping following native mixed prairie sod at Sidney, Nebraska, USA. Total ester-linked FAMEs (EL-FAMEs) and phospholipid-linked FAMEs (PL-FAMEs) were compared for their ability to discriminate between plots remaining in sod and those cropped to wheat or left fallow under no-till, sub-till or plow management. Cropped plots were higher in microbial biomass than their fallowed counterparts, and did not differ significantly with tillage for the 0-15 cm depth. Under fallow, microbial biomass was greatest in no-till and least in plow. Both cluster and discriminant analysis of PL- and EL-FAMEs clearly separated the remaining native sod plots from the existing wheat-fallow plots. This separation was particularly pronounced for the EL-FAMEs and was largely driven by high amounts in sod of a single FAME, C16:1(cis11), which has been cited as a biomarker for arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Within wheat-fallow, C16:1(cis11) declined significantly from no-till to plow, which supports the origin of C16:1(cis11) from extraradical mycelium and spores of AM fungi known to be sensitive to soil disturbance. Although discriminant analysis of PL- and EL-FAMEs differentiated wheat and fallow systems by tillage, discrimination among tillage treatments was expressed most strongly during fallow. FAME profiles from fallow plow were most dissimilar from cropped soils which suggests a relationship between tillage management and the long-term resiliency of the microbial community developed under the wheat crop. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Biometry, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Panhandle Res & Extens Ctr, Scottsbluff, NE 69361 USA. RP Drijber, RA (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. EM rdrijberl@unl.edu NR 58 TC 152 Z9 170 U1 4 U2 54 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 32 IS 10 BP 1419 EP 1430 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00060-2 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 348DD UT WOS:000088969100011 ER PT J AU Simunek, J Hopmans, JW Nielsen, DR van Genuchten, MT AF Simunek, J Hopmans, JW Nielsen, DR van Genuchten, MT TI Horizontal infiltration revisited using parameter estimation SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE horizontal infiltration; parameter optimization; Bruce and Klute method; soil hydraulic properties ID HYDRODYNAMIC DISPERSION; WATER; SOIL; DIFFUSIVITY; ABSORPTION; FLOW AB A parameter estimation approach that combines a numerical code for unsaturated now with a nonlinear optimization method was used to analyze horizontal infiltration data for Columbia silt loam and Hesperia sandy loam. The data were previously investigated by Nielsen et al, (1962) using the analytical method of Bruce and Klute (1956), As with the original analysis, water content profiles at the different times could be analyzed accurately in a simultaneous fashion only when the applied pressure head at the column boundary was close to saturation (-0.02 m). For much lower boundary pressures (-0.50 and -1.00 m), water content profiles for the different times had to be analyzed independently, Excellent agreement was obtained between diffusivities calculated from the same water content profiles using either the analytical method of Bruce and Klute or the numerical parameter estimation technique, However, in addition to diffusivities, the numerical parameter estimation analysis also provided estimates of the entire soil-water retention and hydraulic conductivity functions. Numerical analysis of the experimental data produced functional forms of the hydraulic properties, compared with point values, when using the analytical analysis. C1 USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Hydrol Program, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Simunek, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RI Simunek, Jiri/F-3196-2011; van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013 OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858 NR 20 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 165 IS 9 BP 708 EP 717 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 358ZB UT WOS:000089586100004 ER PT J AU He, ZL Calvert, DV Alva, AK Banks, DJ Li, YC AF He, ZL Calvert, DV Alva, AK Banks, DJ Li, YC TI Nutrient leaching potential of mature grapefruit trees in a sandy soil SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE grapefruit production; nutrient leaching; sandy soil; soil profile differentiation; water contamination ID NITROGEN MANAGEMENT; AGRICULTURAL PHOSPHORUS; NITRATE; CITRUS; EUTROPHICATION; PHOSPHATE; QUALITY; YIELD AB There has been increasing concern over nutrient loss from agricultural practices that may contribute to the accelerated contamination of groundwater and surface waters. This concern is greater in sandy soils, which have minimal nutrient retention capacity. Both field- and column-leaching studies were conducted to examine the teaching of NO3-, PO (3-)(4), and K in a Riviera fine sand (loamy, siliceous, hyperthermic, Arenic Glossaqualf) under grapefruit production that received 0 to 168, 0 to 30, and 0 to 168 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) of N, P, and K, respectively. The concentrations of NO3-N, PO4-P, and K were measured in soil solution sampled using suction lysimeters installed above (120 cm) and below (180 cm) the hardpan. Column leaching was conducted using soil collected from 0 to 30, 30 to 60, 60 to 90, 90 to 120, 120 to 150, and 150 to 180 cm of the profile, and the amounts of N, P, and K applied to the leaching column were equivalent to the application rates in the field. The concentrations of NO3-N, PO4-P, and K in soil solution at both 120- and 180-cm depths increased with increasing fertilizer rates. Fertigation tended to enhance leaching of NO3-N, PO4-P, and K compared with dry soluble granular application. The concentrations of NO3-N and PO4-P in soil solution were much higher at the 120 cm depth than at the 180 cm depth, whereas the reverse was true with respect to K solution concentrations. The average concentrations of NO3-N in soil solution at both the 120- and 180-cm depths over 3 years were well below 10 mg L-1, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) drinking water quality standard, even at the highest rate of fertilizer application. Solution K concentrations at the 180-cm depth were close to or slightly higher than 12 mg L-1, the maximum level for drinking water set by the European Community. Solution PO4-P concentrations at the 120-cm depth (average 0.25 to 0.70 mg L-1 over 3 years for plots receiving various amounts of fertilizer) were much higher than the U.S. EPA criteria for fresh waters (0.025 mg L-1 in lakes and 0.05 mg L-1 in streams) and may constitute a P source for surface waters as soil solution above this depth is likely to seep into water furrows through lateral movement and be discharged into drainage water. A column leaching study demonstrated that the argillic horizon in the Riviera fine sand effectively reduced downward movement of PO4-P and K because it had a much greater sorption capacity for phosphate and K, but it had much less effect on the vertical transport of NO3-N along the soil profile. The results indicate that best management practices in this sandy soil region should be directed to minimizing the leaching of PO4-P and K in addition to NO3-N. C1 Zhejiang Univ, Dept Resource Sci, Hangzhou 310027, Peoples R China. USDA ARS, PWA, Ctr Irrigated Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. Univ Florida, Ctr Trop Res & Educ, Homestead, FL 33031 USA. RP He, ZL (reprint author), Univ Florida, Inst Food & Agr Sci, Indian River Res & Educ Ctr, 2199 S Rock Rd, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. RI Li, Yuncong/B-9517-2009; He, Zhenli/R-1494-2016 OI He, Zhenli/0000-0001-7761-2070 NR 25 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 5 U2 10 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 165 IS 9 BP 748 EP 758 DI 10.1097/00010694-200009000-00008 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 358ZB UT WOS:000089586100008 ER PT J AU Wilson, GV Ely, DM Hokett, SL Gillespie, DR AF Wilson, GV Ely, DM Hokett, SL Gillespie, DR TI Recharge from a subsidence crater at the Nevada Test Site SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID HYDRAULIC-PROPERTIES; SOIL; DISTRIBUTIONS; FIELD; FLOW AB Current recharge through the alluvial fans of the Nevada Test Site (NTS) is considered to be negligible, but the impact of more than 400 nuclear subsidence craters on recharge is uncertain, Many of the craters contain a playa region, but the impact of these playas has not been addressed, It was hypothesized that a crater playa would focus infiltration through the surrounding coarser-grained material, thereby increasing recharge. Crater U5a was selected because it represented a worst case for runoff into craters. A borehole mas instrumented for neutron logging beneath the plays center and immediately outside the crater. Physical and hydraulic properties were measured along a transect in the crater and outside the crater. Particle-size analysis of the 14.6 m of sediment in the crater and morphological features of the crater suggest that a large pending el ent of approximate to 63 000 m(3) had occurred since crater formation. Water flow simulations with HYDRUS-2D, which were corroborated by the measured water contents, suggest that the wetting front advanced initially by as much as 30 m yr(-1) with a recharge rate 32 Zr after the event of 2.5 m yr(-1). Simulations based on the measured properties of the sediments suggest that infiltration will occur preferentially around the play a perimeter. However, these sediments were shown to effectively restrict future recharge by storing water until removal by evapotranspiration (ET), This work demonstrated that subsidence craters may be self-healing. C1 Desert Res Inst, Hydrol Sci Div, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RP Wilson, GV (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, 598 McElroy Dr, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 28 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 64 IS 5 BP 1570 EP 1581 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 360VT UT WOS:000089688600004 ER PT J AU Carpenter-Boggs, L Kennedy, AC Reganold, JP AF Carpenter-Boggs, L Kennedy, AC Reganold, JP TI Organic and biodynamic management: Effects on soil biology SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MICROBIAL BIOMASS; FARMING SYSTEMS; FOREST SOILS; QUALITY; NITROGEN; MINERALIZATION; COMMUNITIES; MATTER; CARBON AB Biodynamic agriculture is a unique organic farming system that utilizes, in addition to the common tools of organic agriculture, specific fermented herbal preparations as compost additives and field sprays. The objective of this work was to determine whether biodynamic compost or field spray preparations affect the soil biological community in the short term, beyond the effects of organic management. Four fertilizer options: (i) composted dairy manure and bedding (organic fertilization), (ii) the same material composted with biodynamic compost preparations, (iii) mineral fertilizers, and (iv) no fertilizer were investigated with and without the biodynamic field spray preparations. Both biodynamic and nonbiodynamic composts increased soil microbial biomass, respiration, dehydrogenase activity, soil C mineralized in 10 d (MinC), earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) population and biomass, and metabolic quotient of respiration per unit biomass (qCO(2)) by the second year of study. No significant differences were found between soils fertilized with biodynamic vs. nonbiodynamic compost. Use of biodynamic field sprays was associated with more MinC and minor differences in soil microbial fatty acid profiles in the first gear of study. There were no other observed effects of the biodynamic preparations. Organically and biodynamically managed soils had similar microbial status and were more biotically active than soils that did not receive organic fertilization. Organic management enhanced soil biological activity, but additional use of the biodynamic preparations did not significantly affect the soil biotic parameters tested. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Land Management & Water Conservat Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Carpenter-Boggs, L (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, 803 Iowa Ave, Morris, MN 56267 USA. NR 57 TC 99 Z9 110 U1 15 U2 100 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 64 IS 5 BP 1651 EP 1659 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 360VT UT WOS:000089688600015 ER PT J AU Wang, FL Alva, AK AF Wang, FL Alva, AK TI Ammonium adsorption and desorption in sandy soils SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID QUANTITY-INTENSITY RELATIONSHIPS; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; KENTUCKY SUBSOILS; POTASSIUM; SYSTEMS AB Leaching of fertilizer N in sandy soils is both an agricultural and environmental concern and depends, in part, on the N holding capacity of the soils in the vadose zone. We examined NH4 adsorption and desorption in surface (0-30 cm) and subsurface (30-60 cm) samples of Wabasso (sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Alfic Alaquod) and Candler (uncoated hyperthermic, Typic Quartzipsamment) sands using a batch technique, Samples of a 90- to 100-cm depth horizon of the Wabasso sand were also used in the study. The NH4 quantity-intensity (Q/I) relations showed that the potential buffering capacity (PBC) of the soils ranged from 0.26 (Wabasso, 30-60 cm depth) to 3.9 (Wabasso, 90-100 cm depth) cmol(c) kg(-1) M-1/2. Labile NH4, as determined from the on, was 4.9 x 10(-3) (Candler, subsurface) to 13.8 x 10(-3) (Wabasso, surface) cmol(c) kg(-1). Positive linear relationships were observed between organic C content and Q/I plot parameters (potential NH4 buffering capacity and labile NH4) of all soil samples except in the Wabasso 90- to 100-cm depth horizon, Although NH4 adsorption capacity of the surface soils was greater than that of the subsurface soils, desorption was greater from the former soils than that from the latter. This study clearly demonstrated that the potential NH4 buffering rapacity and labile NH4 for the sandy soils studied sere much lower than those for clay and silt loam soils. C1 USDA ARS, PWA, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Soil Sci, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada. RP Alva, AK (reprint author), USDA ARS, PWA, 24106 N Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 23 TC 29 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 18 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 64 IS 5 BP 1669 EP 1674 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 360VT UT WOS:000089688600017 ER PT J AU Lindbo, DL Rhoton, FE Hudnall, WH Smeck, NE Bigham, JM Tyler, DD AF Lindbo, DL Rhoton, FE Hudnall, WH Smeck, NE Bigham, JM Tyler, DD TI Fragipan degradation and nodule formation in Glossic Fragiudalfs of the lower Mississippi River Valley SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MICROMORPHOLOGY; SOILS AB Glossic Fragiudalfs comprise several million hectares of agronomically important soils within the silty, uplands of the lower Mississippi River Valley (Major Land Resource Area [MLRA] 134). These soils are typified by a fragipan within 100 cm of the surface overlain bg a 5-cm-thick, or more, glossic horizon containing bleached coatings (albic material) along primary ped bees, indicating fragipan degradation. Concentrations of Fe-Mn nodules also occur in horizons above the fragipan. There is limited documentation regarding the in situ morphology of the nodules or their relationship to the underlying fragipan. The objectives of this study were to document (i) the profile distribution of nodules, (ii) variations in nodule morphology with depth, and (iii) the role of fragipans in nodule formation. Nodules were most common and largest directly above the fragipan horizons. Field and micromorphological observations suggested the nodules formed in remnants of the brittle fragipan matrix as a result of the conversion of Btx material to E' material (albic material) that isolated and surrounded brittle fragipan peds. The brittle peds that are the precursors to nodules appeared to decrease in size and became more highly impregnated with Fe and Mn oxides with distance above the fragipan. Spatial relationships of Fe concentrations and argillans within the nodules illustrated that the nodules were being formed in place and were not transported despite having distinct borders. With time the glossic horizon expands at the expense of the fragipan, resulting in a horizon consisting of Fe-Mn nodules and a few isolated brittle peds in a matrix of albic material. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Vernon G James Res & Extens Ctr, Plymouth, NC 27962 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Jackson, TN USA. RP Lindbo, DL (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Vernon G James Res & Extens Ctr, 207 Res Stn Rd, Plymouth, NC 27962 USA. NR 20 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 64 IS 5 BP 1713 EP 1722 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 360VT UT WOS:000089688600023 ER PT J AU Butters, GL Benjamin, JG Ahuja, LR Ruan, H AF Butters, GL Benjamin, JG Ahuja, LR Ruan, H TI Bromide and atrazine leaching in furrow- and sprinkler-irrigated corn SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FIELD; WATER; NITRATE; SOILS; CROP AB Irrigation method is an important consideration in the management of nutrients and pesticides. A 2-yr study was undertaken to evaluate Br- and atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] leaching following uniform spray application in a corn (Zea mays L.) field under three irrigation treatments: (i) furrow irrigation,vith water placement in every furrow (EF), (ii) furrow irrigation with water placement (at twice the rate) in alternate furrows (AF), and (iii) sprinkler irrigation (SP), The soil, a Fort Collins clay loam (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Aridic Haplustalf), was ridged and furrow ed for all irrigation treatments, In both gears of the study, Br- movement under all three irrigation treatments was dominated by lateral now into the ridge and/or dry furrow positions. The deepest Br- leaching Nas found in the SP treatment, but with irrigation scheduled at 100% of evapotranspiration (ET) in no case in either year did Br- mass below the root zone (1.2 m) exceed 3% of applied mass. Comparing the furrow irrigation treatments, applying water at twice the rate to alternative furrows neither increased nor decreased the plot averaged downward movement of Br-. Atrazine movement was largely unaffected by the type and placement of irrigation, though in each treatment the downward leaching of atrazine was much greater than expected, suggesting nonequilibrium conditions and/or movement with a mobile reactive phase. A modified version of the unsaturated flow and transport code CHAIN-2D, which included two-dimensional root water and solute uptake with partitioning of the soil water into mobile and immobile regions, accurately simulated the Br- concentration profiles. The model will be useful in evaluating management alternatives for the placement of water and chemicals that minimize losses below the root zone. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA ARS, Cent Great Plains Res Unit, Akron, CO 80720 USA. USDA ARS, Great Plains Syst Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Butters, GL (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 20 TC 9 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 64 IS 5 BP 1723 EP 1732 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 360VT UT WOS:000089688600024 ER PT J AU Liu, BY Nearing, MA Shi, PJ Jia, ZW AF Liu, BY Nearing, MA Shi, PJ Jia, ZW TI Slope length effects on soil loss for steep slopes SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Empirical soil erosion models continue to play an important role in soil conservation planning and environmental evaluations around the world. The effect of hillslope length on soil loss, often termed the slope length factor, is one of the main and most variable components of any empirical model. In the most widely used model, the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), normalized soil loss, L, is expressed as a power function of slope length, lambda, as L = (lambda/22.1)(m), in which the slope exponent, m, is 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 for different, increasing slope gradients. In the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), the exponent, m, is defined us a continuous function of slope gradient and the expected ratio of rip to interrill erosion. When the slope gradient is 60% and the ratio of rill to interrill erosion is classified as moderate, the exponent m has the value of 0.71 in RUSLE, as compared with 0.5 for the USLE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between soil loss and slope length for slopes up to 60% in steepness. Soil loss data from natural runoff plots at three locations on the Loess Plateau in China and data from a precious study were used. The results indicated that the exponent, m, for the relationship between soil loss and the slope Length for the combined data from the three stations in the Loess Plateau was 0.44 (r(2) = 0.95). For the data as a whole, the exponent did not increase as slope steepness increased from 20 to 60%. We also found that the value of m was greater for intense storms than for less intense storms. These experimental data indicate that the USLE exponent, m = 0.5, is more appropriate for steep slopes than is the RUSLE exponent, and that the slope length exponent varies as a function of rainfall intensity. C1 Beijing Normal Univ, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. Purdue Univ, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, USDA ARS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Open Res Lab Environm Change & Disaster State Edu, Beijing, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Soil & Water Conservat, Yangling, Shaanxi, Peoples R China. RP Nearing, MA (reprint author), Beijing Normal Univ, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. NR 14 TC 62 Z9 130 U1 7 U2 43 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 64 IS 5 BP 1759 EP 1763 PG 5 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 360VT UT WOS:000089688600028 ER PT J AU Green, VS Stott, DE Norton, LD Graveel, JG AF Green, VS Stott, DE Norton, LD Graveel, JG TI Polyacrylamide molecular weight and charge effects on infiltration under simulated rainfall SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID WATER-QUALITY; AGGREGATE STABILITY; SOIL AMENDMENTS; FURROW EROSION; POLYMERS; ENERGY; CRUST AB Soil sealing is a severe problem worldwide. Increased runoff and decreased seedling emergence cause on- and off-site problems affecting farmers and communities. One possible soil settling control measure is the application of polyacrylamide (PAM). Little is known about the interaction of specific PAMs with soils of differing characteristics. This study was conducted to examine the relationship between different PAMs and soils of varying characteristics. We examined PAM charge densities (CD) of 20, 30, and 40% hydrolysis with molecular weights (MW) of 6, 12, and 18 Mg mol(-1). The soils used were Heiden clay (fine, smectitic, thermic Udic Haplustert), Cecil sandy loam (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludult), and Fincastle silt loam (fine silty, mixed, mesic Aeric Epiaqualf). Polyacrylamide (20 kg ha(-1)) was sprayed onto the soil in liquid form. Soil material was exposed to rainfall simulation in the laboratory. Infiltration rate was used as an indicator of soil surface sealing. Polyacrylamide increased infiltration rates on all three soils relative to the control. Twenty and 30% CD PARE performed best in maintaining high infiltration rates on Heiden clay. The 12 Mg mol(-1) MW formulations worked best for Cecil sandy loam. Fincastle silt loam showed no preference for a particular PAM formulation. Polyacrylamide increased final infiltration rate by as much as 3- to 5-fold for these soils. Different PAM formulations provided differing degrees of soil protection, varying between soils. Understanding the interaction of different soils with various PAM formulations will enable PAM users to select the best PAM product for their soil conditions. C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Stott, DE (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, 1150 Lilly Hall, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. EM destott@purdue.edu RI Stott, Diane/A-1270-2010 OI Stott, Diane/0000-0002-6397-3315 NR 33 TC 53 Z9 68 U1 2 U2 19 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 64 IS 5 BP 1786 EP 1791 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 360VT UT WOS:000089688600032 ER PT J AU Aulakh, MS Khera, TS Doran, JW Kuldip-Singh Bijay-Singh AF Aulakh, MS Khera, TS Doran, JW Kuldip-Singh Bijay-Singh TI Yields and nitrogen dynamics in a rice-wheat system using green manure and inorganic fertilizer SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CROPPING SYSTEMS; SOILS; TRANSFORMATIONS; RESIDUE; TEXTURE AB Integrating fertilizer N (FN) with legume green manures (GR I) can foster sustainable and environmentally sound agricultural systems in subtropical, semiarid soils low in organic matter. A 4-yr replicated field experiment with irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) rotations was conducted on a sandy loam soil in the Punjab of India to evaluate the effects of incorporating cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) or sesbania (Sesbania aculeata L.) GM on crop productivity, N-use efficiency, and NO3 leaching. Rice grain yields with pretransplant incorporation of 20 and 40 Mg GM ha(-1) (GM(20) and GM(40)) ranged from 5.18 to 5.81 Mg ha(-1), which were equivalent to the 5.40 Mg ha(-1) obtained with 120 kg FN ha(-1) (FN120). Rice yield with 60 kg FN ha(-1) (FN60) and GM(20) was double the control yield and 6% greater than the FN120 treatment. Nitrogen utilization by rice was greater for GM(20) than FN, as indicated by greater fertilizer N equivalents and an apparent N recovery by rice of 79 vs. 63%. While FN had no residual effects, residual GM produced greater wheat yields, indicating that FN applied to wheat could be reduced by 25%. Soil NO3-N leaching to 60 cm in the rice crop was apparently used by the subsequent wheat crop, which has a deeper and more extensive rooting system. After 4 yr, use of FN120 for both crops resulted in 35 kg of residual NO3-N ha(-1) in the 150 cm soil profile (74% below 90 cm), whereas only 19 kg NO3-N ha(-1) remained with GM(20) plus FN60. Use of GM(20) with FN60 for a rice-wheat rotation demonstrated greater yields of rice and wheat, 25 to 50% reduction in fertilizer N use, and decreased potential for groundwater NO3 contamination. C1 Punjab Agr Univ, Dept Soils, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Punjab Agr Univ, Farm Advisory Serv, Kapurthala, Punjab, India. RP Aulakh, MS (reprint author), Punjab Agr Univ, Dept Soils, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India. NR 36 TC 48 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 11 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 64 IS 5 BP 1867 EP 1876 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 360VT UT WOS:000089688600040 ER PT J AU Griffin, TS Honeycutt, CW AF Griffin, TS Honeycutt, CW TI Using growing degree days to predict nitrogen availability from livestock manures SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID POTENTIALLY MINERALIZABLE NITROGEN; CROP RESIDUE CARBON; HEAT UNITS; COMPOSTED MANURES; POULTRY MANURE; SOIL; TEMPERATURE; NITRIFICATION; LITTER; SLURRY AB Predictive tools are needed to better match N release from manure with crop demand. Growing degree days (GDD) hale been successfully used to predict N release from crop residues and other amendments. A 112-d incubation experiment was conducted at 10, 17, and 24 degrees C to evaluate GDD (0 degrees C base temperature) predictions of N transformations from beef (Bos taurus), dairy, poultry (Gallus gallus), and swine (Sus scrofa) manure, Manure was incorporated at rates estimated to provide 150 kg N ha(-1) (or 75 mg N kg(-1) soil). Soil NO3 and NH4 concentrations were determined at weekly or biweekly intervals, The rate of NO3 accumulation increased with increasing temperature, and could be predicted across temperature regimes using GDD, This predictive ability could be generalized across dairy, poultry, and swine manures using an exponential equation, NO3 = 54.10[1 - exp(-0.006GDD)1, while N was immobilized by incorporation of beef manure. The disappearance of NH4 was a linear function of time and of GDD. A single predictive equation was sufficient for dairy, poultry, and swine manures, in the form NH4 las percentage of input) = 0.703 - 0,0021GDD (R-2 = 0,66), with soil NH4 reaching zero at approximate to 350 GDD, These laboratory data indicate that GDD can be used for predicting NO3 accumulation and NH4 disappearance from a range of livestock manures. If successfully extended to the field, this predictive capability may allow for improved management of N from animal manures. C1 Univ Maine, Orono, ME 04473 USA. Univ Maine, USDA ARS, New England Plant Soil & Water Lab, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Griffin, TS (reprint author), Univ Maine, 495 Coll Ave, Orono, ME 04473 USA. NR 30 TC 52 Z9 62 U1 4 U2 14 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 64 IS 5 BP 1876 EP 1882 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 360VT UT WOS:000089688600041 ER PT J AU Zablotowicz, RM Locke, MA Gaston, LA Bryson, CT AF Zablotowicz, RM Locke, MA Gaston, LA Bryson, CT TI Interactions of tillage and soil depth on fluometuron degradation in a Dundee silt loam soil SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE no-tillage; microbial degradation; herbicide sorption; microbial biomass; microbial activity ID COVER CROP; MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; REDUCED TILLAGE; SURFACE SOIL; SORPTION; SYSTEMS; ADSORPTION; DESORPTION; KINETICS; ALACHLOR AB Fluometuron (N,N-dimethyl-N'-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea) is the most widely used soil applied herbicide in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) production in the Southeastern United States. Thus, there is a need to understand the persistence of this herbicide under various crop management systems in regards to both herbicide efficiency and environmental fate. The effects of long-term no-tillage practices on fluometuron degradation were studied in a Dundee silt learn under laboratory conditions. Soil was collected at four depths (0-2, 2-5, 5-10, and 10-25 cm) from field plots following 11 years of continuous no-tillage (NT) or conventional tillage (CT). Organic carbon content, microbial biomass, and fluorescein diacetate (FDA)-hydrolytic activity were 48, 106, and 127% greater, respectively, in the upper 2 cm of NT soil compared to CT soil. Microbial biomass and FDA-hydrolytic activity were 39-66 and 34-99% greater in the CT compared to NT soil, respectively, in the 2-5 and 5-10 10 cm depths. Fluometuron degradation was assessed under laboratory conditions using C-14-ring labeled fluometuron. Fluometuron was degraded more rapidly at depths between 0 and 10 cm of the CT soil relative to the NT soil. Fluometuron degradation was described as first-order (k = 0.0754, 0.0608, 0.0273, and 0.0074 per day in the 0-2, 2-5, 5-10, and 10-25 cm depths of CT soils compared to 0.035, 0.0368, 0.0145, and 0.0138 per day in respective depths of NT soil). Although the surface 0-2 cm of the NT soil had greater microbial activity and biomass, higher fluometuron sorption in the surface 0-2 cm NT soil compared to CT (Freundlich coefficient [K-f] NT = 7.12 versus CT = 1.88) reduced fluometuron solution concentration in NT soil and may have impeded degradation. Interactions between soil biological activity and fluometuron soil solution concentrations, mediated by sorption, may determine the potential for fluometuron degradation in soils under long-term NT practices. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Zablotowicz, RM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Weed Sci Res Unit, POB 350, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. OI Zablotowicz, Robert/0000-0001-8070-1998 NR 24 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 57 IS 1-2 BP 61 EP 68 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(00)00150-1 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 373AL UT WOS:000165266200006 ER PT J AU Stout, WL Weaver, SR Gburek, WJ Folmar, GJ Schnabel, RR AF Stout, WL Weaver, SR Gburek, WJ Folmar, GJ Schnabel, RR TI Water quality implications of dairy slurry applied to cut pastures in the northeast USA SO SOIL USE AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE cattle slurry; manures; leaching; nitrate; groundwater pollution; water quality ID NITROGEN; FERTILIZER; LYSIMETER AB Nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) leaching from animal production systems in the northeast USA is a major non-point source of pollution in the Chesapeake Bay. We conducted a study to measure NO3-N leaching from dairy slurry applied to orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L., cv. Pennlate) using large drainage lysimeters to measure the direct impact of four rates of slurry (urine and faeces) N application (0, 168, 336, 672 kg N ha(-1)yr(-1)) on NO3-N leaching on three soil types. We then used experimentally-based relationships developed earlier between stocking density and NO3-N leaching loss and leachate NO3-N concentration to estimate the added impact of animal grazing. Nitrate N leaching losses from only dairy slurry applied at the 0, 158, 336, and 672 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) rates were 5.85, 8.26, 8.83, and 12.1 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1), respectively with corresponding NO3-N concentrations of 1.60, 2.30, 2.46, and 3.48 mg l(-1). These NO3-N concentrations met the 10 mg l(-1) US EPA drinking water standard. However, when a scenario was constructed to include the effect of NO3-N leaching caused by animal grazing, the NO3-N drinking water standard was calculated to be exceeded. C1 ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, USDA, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Stout, WL (reprint author), ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, USDA, Curtin Rd,Bldg 3702, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 31 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 7 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-0032 J9 SOIL USE MANAGE JI Soil Use Manage. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 16 IS 3 BP 189 EP 193 PG 5 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 375MU UT WOS:000165404400003 ER PT J AU Zhang, JH Li, Y Lindstrom, MJ Yang, Z AF Zhang, JH Li, Y Lindstrom, MJ Yang, Z TI Soil water properties in a recently established forest as affected by grazing in a semiarid valley SO SOIL USE AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Mt Hazards & Environm, Chengdu 610041, Peoples R China. Minist Water Conservancy, Chengdu 610041, Peoples R China. ARS, USDA, NC Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. RP Zhang, JH (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Mt Hazards & Environm, POB 417, Chengdu 610041, Peoples R China. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-0032 J9 SOIL USE MANAGE JI Soil Use Manage. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 16 IS 3 BP 234 EP 235 PG 2 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 375MU UT WOS:000165404400012 ER PT J AU Henneberry, TJ Jech, LF de la Torre, T Hendrix, DL AF Henneberry, TJ Jech, LF de la Torre, T Hendrix, DL TI Cotton aphid (Homoptera : Aphididae) biology, honeydew production, sugar quality and quantity, and relationships to sticky cotton SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID GOSSYPII GLOVER HOMOPTERA; BEMISIA-TABACI; PHLOEM SAP AB Cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, fecundity, nymph development, honeydew production, and honeydew relationships to cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., lint stickiness were studied in the laboratory and in the field. Apterous adult females produced an average of 1.7 nymphs per day and the nymphs (four instars) developed to adults in an average of 4.1 days, in each case at 26.7 degreesC in the laboratory. Average longevity of adults was 16.1 days. More honeydew drops were produced by one-day old nymphs than three- or four- day old nymphs. There were no significant differences between amounts of glucose, fructose, trehalulose, or melezitose produced by nymphs of different ages. But one- and two- day old nymphs produced more sucrose than four-day-old but not three-day-old nymphs. Numbers of honeydew drops produced on a day to day basis by adults and adults plus their nymphs were highly variable and did not show a distinct pattern of production. Adults alone and adults plus their nymphs in leaf cages over 28 and 24 days, respectively, averaged, For all measured sugars, 1.83 and 2.68 micrograms per day. More honeydew drops, sugars. (except trehalulose and melezitose) and progeny were produced by adults at 26.7 degreesC compared with 15.5 or 32.2 degreesC. Increasing times of exposure of clean cotton lint to aphids acid the resulting increasing amounts of honeydew sugars under laboratory and field conditions were significantly related to increasing cotton lint stickiness as measured with a thermodetector. C1 ARS, USDA, PWA, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Henneberry, TJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, PWA, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 26 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 8 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 25 IS 3 BP 161 EP 174 PG 14 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 388QV UT WOS:000166193800001 ER PT J AU Nordlund, DA AF Nordlund, DA TI The Lygus problem SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Lygus Management Symposium held at the 73rd Annual Meeting of the Southeastern Branch of the Entomological-Society-of-America CY FEB 28-MAR 03, 1999 CL DESTIN, FLORIDA SP Entomol Soc Amer, SE Branch AB This paper introduces a series of papers that were originally presented at the Lygus Management Symposium, held at the 73(rd) Annual Meeting of the Southeastern Branch of the Entomological Society of America, which was held at Destin, Florida, February 28 - March 3, 1999. Designed to set the stage for the more detailed papers to follow, this paper includes some introductory information on Lygus spp. biology and ecology. However, we know that some species of Lygus regularly cause severe losses in many important crops. Thus, the Lygus problem takes the form of the question: how do we effectively manage these pests? Much of this paper, therefore, focuses on pest management philosophy and approaches to build a framework for development of a cost effective system(s) for Lygus spp. management. Finally, the organization and goals of the symposium are discussed. C1 ARS, USDA, REE, MSA,Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Nordlund, DA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, REE, MSA,Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD SEP PY 2000 SU 23 BP 1 EP 5 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 389RW UT WOS:000166252400001 ER PT J AU Snodgrass, GL Scott, WP Robbins, JT Hardee, DD AF Snodgrass, GL Scott, WP Robbins, JT Hardee, DD TI Area-wide management of the tarnished plant bug by reduction of early-season wild host plant density SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Lygus Management Symposium held at the 73rd Annual Meeting of the Southeastern Branch of the Entomological-Society-of-America CY FEB 28-MAR 03, 1999 CL DESTIN, FLORIDA SP Entomol Soc Amer, SE Branch ID LYGUS-LINEOLARIS HETEROPTERA; MISSISSIPPI; DELTA; MIRIDAE; POPULATIONS; LEPIDOPTERA; ABUNDANCE; NOCTUIDAE AB An experiment was conducted in Sunflower and Washington Counties in the Delta of Mississippi in 1998 that evaluated control of tarnished plant bugs (TPB), Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., by reduction in numbers of wild host plants found near fields with herbicides in April. Four experimental areas (three check areas and one treated area) each approximately square and 4.8 km on a side were used. Marginal areas at least 100 m in length around ditches, fields, and roads with good stands of wild hosts in all four experimental areas were chosen for treatment and/or sampling. Wild host plant densities in the sample areas in the four experimental areas were not significantly different in pre-treatment counts. Treatment of the sample areas with a combination of mecoprop + 2, 4-D + dicamba at 1.55 + 0.54 + 0.17 kg AI/ha significantly reduced host plant density as compared to host plant density in the check areas. TPB populations on wild hosts in the sample areas were numerically higher in the treated area than they were in the three check areas prior to application of the herbicides. TPB populations in the treated sample areas declined 4.1-fold as compared to TPB populations found in the sample areas in the three check areas, when sampled 2-3 weeks after treatment. Small areas with good stands of plant hosts were also spot-treated with glyphosate, but these areas were not sampled. In the treated experimental area, an estimated 28.7 ha of marginal areas with wild host plants were present, and 7.9 ha (27.5%) were treated with the two herbicides. Cotton fields were sampled weekly in the treated area (14 fields) and three check areas (33 fields) for TPB from the 2nd week in June through the Ist week of August. TPB numbers found in the cotton were very low and no effect on TPB numbers found in cotton in the treated area could be detected. C1 ARS, USDA, So Insect Management Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Snodgrass, GL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Insect Management Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD SEP PY 2000 SU 23 BP 59 EP 66 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 389RW UT WOS:000166252400006 ER PT J AU Scott, WP Snodgrass, GL AF Scott, WP Snodgrass, GL TI A review of chemical control of the tarnished plant bug in cotton SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Lygus Management Symposium held at the 73rd Annual Meeting of the Southeastern Branch of the Entomological-Society-of-America CY FEB 28-MAR 03, 1999 CL DESTIN, FLORIDA SP Entomol Soc Amer, SE Branch ID INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE; ARTHROPOD POPULATIONS; MISSISSIPPI DELTA; HETEROPTERA; MIRIDAE AB Research addressing insecticide control of the tarnished plant bug (TPB), Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), began during the 1930's. During this time calcium arsenate, paris green, and sulphur, which were used to control other cotton pests, also provided control of the TPB. During the 1940's, mixtures such as chlorinated camphene + sulphur, DDT + sulphur, and benzene hexachloride + sulphur suppressed the TPB. During the 1960's, other organochlorine insecticides such as dieldrin, endrin, strobane, and toxaphene were new cotton insecticides that also provided control of the TPB. Malathion was one of the first organophosphate insecticides used for cotton insect management. The carbamates, aldicarb and carbaryl, and the organophosphates, monocrotophos, and acephate, were registered for use in cotton during the 1970's and provided effective TPB suppression. The pyrethroid insecticides were first registered for use in cotton in 1978, and while not specifically recommended for TPB control, they were very effective against them. Other organophosphate insecticides, such as azinphos-methyl, chlorpyrifos, dicrotophos, dimethoate, and trichlorfon were used for TPB control during this time. Some of the organophsophate, pyrethroid, and carbamate insecticides were used for TPB control for many years without documented instances of insecticide resistance. However, pyrethroid resistance was first detected in 1993 in a field population of TPB in the Mississippi Delta. Resistant insects were also found to have multiple resistance to some organophosphate, carbamate, and cyclodiene insecticides. The level of control with organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid insecticides has decreased drastically over the past several years, and new chemistry is needed to manage resistant populations in cotton. Imidacloprid (a imidazolidinimine registered for cotton use during the mid-90's) and fipronil (a phenyl-pyrazole which should be registered for use in cotton in 2000) are both new classes of insecticides that have shown excellent activity on TPB that are highly resistant to other classes of insecticides. Actara (class thiamethaozam) chemistry continues to show good activity on TPB with expected registration in 2001. C1 ARS, USDA, So Insect Management Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Scott, WP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Insect Management Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 96 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 8 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD SEP PY 2000 SU 23 BP 67 EP 81 PG 15 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 389RW UT WOS:000166252400007 ER PT J AU Cohen, AC AF Cohen, AC TI A review of feeding studies of Lygus spp. with emphasis on artificial diets SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Lygus Management Symposium held at the 73rd Annual Meeting of the Southeastern Branch of the Entomological-Society-of-America CY FEB 28-MAR 03, 1999 CL DESTIN, FLORIDA SP Entomol Soc Amer, SE Branch ID CONSUMPTION; LYGAEIDAE; HEMIPTERA; PREDATOR; HESPERUS AB Several researchers have reported varying degrees of success with diets for Lygus spp. Earlier efforts at developing diets for lygus were based on the assumption that the hemipteran feeding mechanism restricts ingestion to materials that were already liquids before feeding had begun. Therefore, the diets formulated for lygus bugs consisted only of ingredients that were soluble or that could be included as emulsions (i.e., lipids). Interestingly, simultaneous with the early diet work, several exquisitely detailed and very sophisticated histological studies showed that lygus bugs destroy solid plant tissues and remove particulate cellular contents, including storage vacuoles, plastids, nuclei, etc. In the mid-1970's some literature emerged describing lygus bugs as facultative entomophages, but diet researchers evidently assumed that lygus bugs, as well as other hemipterans, used only the "body fluids" of their insect prey. Although earlier diet work provided some excellent basic information about consumption and utilization rates, as well as some excellent basic nutrition information, none of these studies provided diet formulations that could be used in a practical lygus rearing system. It was not until a nutritionally complex diet slurry was described that rearing systems could be advanced. The feeding mechanisms of lygus are discussed here as they relate to application to artificial diet technology. C1 ARS, USDA, REE, MSA,Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Cohen, AC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, REE, MSA,Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 46 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 4 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD SEP PY 2000 SU 23 BP 111 EP 119 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 389RW UT WOS:000166252400010 ER PT J AU Smith, RA Nordlund, DA AF Smith, RA Nordlund, DA TI Mass rearing technology for biological control agents of Lygus spp. SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Lygus Management Symposium held at the 73rd Annual Meeting of the Southeastern Branch of the Entomological-Society-of-America CY FEB 28-MAR 03, 1999 CL DESTIN, FLORIDA SP Entomol Soc Amer, SE Branch ID ARTIFICIAL DIETS; HYMENOPTERA; HESPERUS; QUALITY; SYSTEM; UNITS AB Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), the tarnished plant bug, and Lygus hesperus Knight, the Western tarnished plant bug, are important pests of many crops in the Eastern and Western United States, respectively. Alternatives to conventional insecticides for control of these pests are of increasing interest, in part because of the advance of the boil weevil eradication program and the introduction of transgenic plants. Several parasitoids and predators are candidates for use in augmentative biological control, as a component of area wide IPM for Lygus spp. management. These include the parasitoids Anaphes iole Girault, Peristenus stygicus Loan, and Leiophron uniformis (Gahan); and the predators Geocaris punctipes (Say), Orius insidiosus (Say), and possibly even Chrysoperla spp. To be useful, these natural enemies must be available in large numbers, and thus arises the need for mass rearing techniques. Currently, even for those species that are available from commercial sources, rearing systems do not have the capacity to produce these insects in sufficient numbers to support biological control of Lygus spp. in crops such as cotton. This paper reviews some of the progress that is being made in the development of up-scaled systems for rearing both Lygus spp. and predators and parasitoids that attack these important pests. C1 ARS, USDA, REE, MSA,Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Smith, RA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, REE, MSA,Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 28 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD SEP PY 2000 SU 23 BP 121 EP 127 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 389RW UT WOS:000166252400011 ER PT J AU Wright, MS Greene-McDowelle, DM Zeringue, HJ Bhatnagar, D Cleveland, TE AF Wright, MS Greene-McDowelle, DM Zeringue, HJ Bhatnagar, D Cleveland, TE TI Effects of volatile aldehydes from Aspergillus-resistant varieties of corn on Aspergillus parasiticus growth and aflatoxin biosynthesis SO TOXICON LA English DT Article DE Aspergillus parasiticus; corn; volatiles; aerial hyphae; aflatoxin ID LIPOXYGENASE PATHWAY; MAIZE; COTTON; FLAVUS; CONTAMINATION; PLANTS; FUNGI; EAR AB The fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus produce a potent class of hepatocarcinogens known as aflatoxins. Corn-derived volatile compounds have been previously found to affect growth and aflatoxin production in A. flavus. In this study, the effects on A. parasiticus of three corn-derived volatile compounds, n-decyl aldehyde, hexanal and octanal, were measured. These three compounds were previously found to be variably expressed in five Aspergillus-resistant maize strains and three susceptible strains. In this study, A. parasiticus radial growth was restricted least by n-decyl aldehyde and most by octanal. Treatments of 100 mu l of both hexanal and octanal were found to completely inhibit radial growth of the fungus using an agar plate assay method. While the volatile compound n-decyl aldehyde had less of an effect on radial growth than the other volatiles, the n-decyl aldehyde treated colonies had a predominance of uniquely aerial hyphae. These colony structures were found to have more complex hyphae and significantly fewer conidiophores than the control and other aldehyde treatments. Furthermore, aflatoxin production by the fungus was reduced by n-decyl aldehyde and hexanal, but was stimulated by octanal. The results presented here indicate that all three volatile compounds reduce radial growth but only n-decyl aldehyde significantly inhibits aflatoxin biosynthesis in A. parasiticus. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Wright, MS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 23 TC 52 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0041-0101 J9 TOXICON JI Toxicon PD SEP PY 2000 VL 38 IS 9 BP 1215 EP 1223 DI 10.1016/S0041-0101(99)00221-4 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 308GY UT WOS:000086703200004 PM 10736475 ER PT J AU Nislow, KH Folt, CL Parrish, DL AF Nislow, KH Folt, CL Parrish, DL TI Spatially explicit bioenergetic analysis of habitat quality for age-0 Atlantic salmon SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID NET ENERGY GAIN; RAINBOW-TROUT; MICROHABITAT USE; BROOK TROUT; GROWTH-RATE; SEA-TROUT; STREAM; SURVIVAL; MODEL; SALAR AB Spatial and temporal variation in growth conditions for young juveniles may determine the ultimate success of salmonid populations. To assess this aspect of habitat quality, we developed a spatially explicit bioenergetics model to predict age-0 Atlantic salmon Salmo salar growth rate potential (GRP) in rearing streams of the Connecticut River, from the time of stocking in the spring, to the end of the summer. During the first month after stocking, there appears to be a paucity of suitable habitat. Most available habitat is predicted to result in low foraging success of small fish and to be energetically stressful because of the combination of high spring discharge and low water temperature. Although less than 14% of available habitat was predicted to support positive growth in the spring, 47% of the fish we observed occupied microhabitats predicted to yield positive growth, indicating the importance of habitat selection. In contrast, from mid-June to August, 67% of available habitat was predicted to yield positive growth, and 92% of all fish occupied positive growth microhabitats. Consistent with these results, sites with higher salmon GRP in the early season, but not in the mid- or late season, had higher final salmon densities by the end of August. Hydroclimatic regimes characteristic of more southerly rearing streams in the Connecticut River basin were predicted from our model to cause a potential shift from early-season to late-season habitat-related growth constraints along this environmental gradient. This work demonstrates the value of applying a bioenergetics approach to issues related to conservation of Atlantic salmon and provides a framework for future research on early life history energetic determinants of habitat duality. C1 Dartmouth Coll, Dept Biol Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. Univ Vermont, Sch Nat Resources, Vermont Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. RP Nislow, KH (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, US Forest Serv, Holdsworth Natl Res Ctr 201, NE Res Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 40 TC 67 Z9 68 U1 2 U2 30 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 129 IS 5 BP 1067 EP 1081 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<1067:SEBAOH>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 375VQ UT WOS:000165422300001 ER PT J AU Schneider, AD Howell, TA AF Schneider, AD Howell, TA TI Surface runoff due to LEPA and spray irrigation of a slowly permeable soil SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE irrigation; runoff; sprinkler irrigation; furrow dikes; LEPA; spray irrigation AB Surface runoff during low energy precision application (LEPA) and spray sprinkler irrigation of diked and undiked furrows was measured from 20-m-long plots on a slowly permeable, Pullman clay loam. The control treatment (100% irrigation) was sufficient irrigation, applied in 25 mm applications, to maintain the plant available water level in the 1.4-m-deep profile at 75% or more. Deficit irrigation treatment plots received 0, 40, 60, and 80% of the control treatment amount on the same day. The plots were cropped to grain sorghum, and the field had a uniform 0.25% slope in the direction of the 0.76-m spaced furrows. Cultural practices were similar to those used for high-yield irrigated grain sorghum in the southern Great Plains. LEPA double-ended socks and spray heads with flat, medium-grooved deflector plates were both spaced 1.52 m apart over alternate furrows. Runoff was measured volumetrically in steel tanks from three wheel track and three non-wheel track furrows in each plot. No sprinkler runoff occurred in any treatments with the 40% irrigation amount and with the spray/diked combination. Two-year; seasonal average runoff from the spray/undiked combination with 100% irrigation was 12% of the applied water: For the LEPA/diked combination with 100% irrigation, runoff was about twice that of the spray/undiked combination with a two-year; seasonal average of 22%. With the LEPA/undiked combination, two-year; average seasonal runoff percentages were 37, 46, and 52% for the 60, 80, and 100% irrigation amounts. For 1997, a year of near average rainfall, grain sorghum yields were significantly reduced by runoff for the LEPA/undiked combination. A drought occurred during the early part of the 1998 crop season, and grain yields were significantly reduced both with and without furrow dikes for the LEPA sprinkler method. C1 USDA ARS, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RP Schneider, AD (reprint author), USDA ARS, PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. NR 11 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 43 IS 5 BP 1089 EP 1095 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 371QP UT WOS:000165189900004 ER PT J AU van Donk, SJ Tollner, EW AF van Donk, SJ Tollner, EW TI Apparent thermal conductivity of mulch materials exposed to forced convection SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE guarded hot plate; mulch; heat transfer; thermal conductivity; air velocity ID PARTIAL SURFACE MULCH; CROP RESIDUE; SOIL-TEMPERATURE; WATER-FLOW; HEAT; MOISTURE; EVAPORATION; REGIMES; SYSTEM AB Soil temperature controls plant growth and many related processes in the soil. A mulch or crop residue covering the soil may alter soil temperatures significantly Available simulation models often lack experimental data for the mulch thermal conductivity and its dependence on air velocity. The apparent thermal conductivity (kj of wheat straw, pine straw, tire chips, dry sandy soil, and the thermal resistance of Bermudagrass sods were measured using a guarded hot plate at air velocities between 0 and 5 m/s. For all mulch materials, k ranged between 0.1 and 0.6 W m(-1) degreesC(-1), and increased with increasing air velocity except for the more compact materials such as soil and, to a lesser extent, small tire chips. We found a minimum in k around 1 m/s for the thicker (> 0.1 m) layers of wheat straw and pine straw, which was tentatively attributed to interactions between the straw and the convection Cti-ee versus forced mechanism at the I m/s velocity). A model was created for predicting apparent thermal conductivity through mulches in thermally unstable environments. Using estimated mulch opacity parameters and fitting convection parameters, r(2) values ranging from 0.72 to 0.99 were obtained. The model may be used in field situations where the soil under a mulch is warmer than the air above the mulch, which is a typical nighttime condition. The model should be tested using independently measured data. C1 Univ Georgia, Driftmier Engn Ctr, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Manhattan, KS USA. RP Tollner, EW (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Driftmier Engn Ctr, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 43 IS 5 BP 1117 EP 1127 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 371QP UT WOS:000165189900007 ER PT J AU Tiwari, AK Risse, LM Nearing, MA AF Tiwari, AK Risse, LM Nearing, MA TI Evaluation of WEPP and its comparison with USLE and RUSLE SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE soil erosion; modeling; validation; WEPP; USLE; RUSLE ID SOIL-EROSION MODEL; SENSITIVITY AB The USDA-Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) demonstrates a new generation of water erosion prediction technology for use in soil and water conservation planning and assessment. The WEPP computer model is based on various interacting natural processes in hydrology, plant sciences, soil physics, and erosion mechanics. The model offers several advantages over existing erosion prediction technology and has the capability of accommodating spatial and temporal variability in topography, soil properties, cropping and management and sediment detachment and deposition. The model has a wider range of applicability as it accounts for most of the variables affecting runoff and erosion processes. However considerable validation is required to assess the reliability of predictions obtained from the model. Sixteen-hundred plot years of natural runoff plot data were used for verification and validation of WEPP including most of data used to develop Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). WEPP predictions of soil loss from natural runoff plots at 20 different locations were compared to measured data and existing technology (i.e., USLE and RUSLE). WEPP recorded a model efficiency of 0.71 compared to 0.80 and 0.72 for the USLE and RUSLE respectively While the USLE and RUSLE did exhibit better model efficiency than WEPP this could be attributed to availability of more refined and site specific input parameters for the empirical models. C1 Univ Georgia, Driftmier Engn Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. CSWCRTI, Datia, Madhya Pradesh, India. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN USA. RP Risse, LM (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Driftmier Engn Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 21 TC 91 Z9 99 U1 1 U2 32 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 43 IS 5 BP 1129 EP 1135 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 371QP UT WOS:000165189900008 ER PT J AU Ikediala, JN Tang, J Drake, SR Neven, LG AF Ikediala, JN Tang, J Drake, SR Neven, LG TI Dielectric properties of apple cultivars and codling moth larvae SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE dielectric properties; radiofrequency; microwaves; apples; codling moth ID ENDED COAXIAL LINE; COMPLEX PERMITTIVITY MEASUREMENTS; MICROWAVE PERMITTIVITIES; BIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES; FRUIT; FREQUENCIES; DEPENDENCE; VEGETABLES; TISSUES; INSECTS AB Dielectric properties of four apple cultivars and third and fifth instars codling moth (Cydia pomonella) were measured between 30 MHz and 3000 MHz at 5 degreesC to 55 degreesC, using the open-ended coaxial-line probe technique. Dielectric constant of apples decreased with frequency and decreased slightly with increasing temperature. The dielectric loss factor increased linearly with temperature in the radio frequency range but was nearly constant at the microwave frequencies. Minimum dielectric loss factor of apples was observed at about 915 MHz. Dielectric constant and loss factor were not influenced by cultivar; pulp section or degree of ripeness of apples. Firmness and titratable acidity in apples decreased, while soluble solids content increased significantly due to ripeness. But these properties were not correlated with the dielectric properties. Dielectric constant and loss factor of codling moth larvae followed a similar pattern of variation with frequency and temperature as for the apples. The dielectric properties of third instars codling moth were higher than those of the fifth instars in the radio frequency region. Dielectric constant and loss factor of the insect were much higher than that of the apples at frequencies lower than 2450 MHz, suggesting that differential heating may be untenable at 2450 MHz or higher frequency for codling moth larvae in the apple host. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Biol Syst Engn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Qual Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA USA. USDA ARS, Fruit & Vegetable Insect Res Lab, Yakima, WA USA. RP Tang, J (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Biol Syst Engn, 213 LJ Smith Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Tang, Juming/A-4027-2009 OI Tang, Juming/0000-0001-9449-1004 NR 31 TC 52 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 43 IS 5 BP 1175 EP 1184 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 371QP UT WOS:000165189900013 ER PT J AU Dunn, RO AF Dunn, RO TI Analysis of oxidative stability of methyl soyate by pressurized-differential scanning calorimetry SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE antioxidants; biodiesel; oil stability index; oxidation temperature; pressurized-differential scanning calorimetry ID ESTERS; OIL AB Biodiesel, an alternative diesel fuel that may be derived from soybean oil, is composed of long-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acid alkyl esters. Extensive oxidative degradation can compromise viscosity, acid value, peroxide value, and other parameters in the current ASTM biodiesel fuel guideline. This work examines pressurized-differential scanning calorimetry (P-DSC) for analysis of oxidative stability of biodiesel. Heating scans were conducted under static air-atmosphere with 5 degreesC/min ramping. Increasing pressure from 1000 to 5000 kPa did not significantly affect results and 2000 kPa was selected for the remainder of this study. Curves were analyzed for oxidation temperature (OT) of methyl soyate samples from four separate sources. With respect to unmodified methyl soyate, addition of antioxidants increased OT from 108.4-127.2 degreesC to 237.2-163.4 degreesC. Mixtures with added tert.-butylhydroquinone consistently gave higher OT values than those with +/-alpha -tocopherol; therefore, P-DSC may be useful for screening antioxidants. Although P-DSC results were consistent with corresponding oil stability index (OSI) data measured at 50 degreesC, no correlation for predicting OSI directly from OT results was evident, with the possible exception of unmodified methyl soyate. This work establishes P-DSC as an analytical tool in evaluating the oxidative stability of biodiesel with and without antioxidants. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Dunn, RO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 11 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 43 IS 5 BP 1203 EP 1208 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 371QP UT WOS:000165189900016 ER PT J AU Brokaw, N Busing, RT AF Brokaw, N Busing, RT TI Have we forgotten the forest because of the trees? Reply SO TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION LA English DT Letter C1 Manomet Ctr Conservat Sci, Manomet, MA 02345 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Brokaw, N (reprint author), Manomet Ctr Conservat Sci, POB 1770, Manomet, MA 02345 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0169-5347 J9 TRENDS ECOL EVOL JI Trends Ecol. Evol. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 15 IS 9 BP 376 EP 376 DI 10.1016/S0169-5347(00)01939-X PG 1 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 346GQ UT WOS:000088863000021 ER PT J AU Chojnacky, DC Bentz, BJ Logan, JA AF Chojnacky, DC Bentz, BJ Logan, JA TI Mountain pine beetle attack in ponderosa pine: Comparing methods for rating susceptibility - Introduction SO USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION RESEARCH PAPER RMRS LA English DT Article DE Dendroctonus ponderosae; Pinus ponderosa; mortality; hazard rating; risk rating; logistic regression; Colorado Plateau ID COLEOPTERA; SCOLYTIDAE; RISK AB Two empirical methods for rating susceptibility of mountain pine beetle attack in ponderosa pine were evaluated. The methods were compared to stand data modeled to objectively rate each sampled stand for susceptibly to bark-beetle attack. Data on bark-beetle attacks, from a survey of 45 sites throughout the Colorado Plateau, were modeled using logistic regression to estimate the probability of attack on individual trees from tree and stand variables. The logistic model allowed flexibility to easily scale results up to a stand level for comparison to the empirical methods. The empirical method, developed by Munson and Anhold, most closely correlated to the logistic regression results. However, the Munson/Anhold method rated all 45 study sites as either moderately or highly susceptible to bark-beetle attack, which raises concern about its lack of sensitivity. Future work on evaluating risk of bark-beetle impact should consider more than stand characteristics. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Interior W Bank Beetle Project, Logan, UT USA. RP Chojnacky, DC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 6 PU ROCKY MT RESEARCH STATION PI OGDEN PA 324 25TH ST, OGDEN, UT 84401 USA J9 USDA FOR SERV RM R S JI USDA For. Serv. RM. RS. Res. Paper RMRS PD SEP PY 2000 IS RP-26 BP 1 EP + PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 453WV UT WOS:000169940200001 ER PT J AU Woodbury, BL Dahab, MF AF Woodbury, BL Dahab, MF TI Effect of residence times and flow reversal on effluent quality from reversible flow biological denitrification reactors SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE biological denitrification; fixed-film reactors; static-bed reactors; nitrate; nitrogen; reversible reactors; groundwater contamination ID NITRATE REMOVAL; ION-EXCHANGE; WATER; SURVIVAL; SYSTEMS AB This paper reports the results of a fixed-film, two-stage, reversible flow biological denitrification reactor system operated under flow reversal cycles and decreasing residence times for the removal of nitrate from contaminated groundwater. In this system, the second-stage (i.e., follow) reactor is operated in series with the first-stage (i.e., lead) reactor. After a given operational period, the flow regime is reversed so that the follow reactor becomes the lead and vice versa, The reversible flow system was found to be effective in reducing effluent nitrate, nitrite, soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), and total suspended solids concentrations when operated at residence times as short as 30 minutes. Results demonstrate the ability of this system to withstand the stresses associated with low hydraulic residence times and short flow cycles. The 30-minute residence time had the shortest flow reversal adaptation period than other longer residence times. The rapid acclimation was attributed to biofilm population adaptations and to breakthrough of nitrate and SCOD from the lead reactor, allowing the follow reactor biomass to remain more active with respect to denitrification. The shorter residence times translate to reductions in capital cost on scaled-up systems. C1 USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Civil Engn, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Biol Syst Engn, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. RP Woodbury, BL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166,State Spur 18D, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 USA SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 72 IS 5 BP 574 EP 584 DI 10.2175/106143000X138157 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 487HV UT WOS:000171869500009 ER PT J AU Yang, DQ Kane, DL Hinzman, LD Goodison, BE Metcalfe, JR Louie, PYT Leavesley, GH Emerson, DG Hanson, CL AF Yang, DQ Kane, DL Hinzman, LD Goodison, BE Metcalfe, JR Louie, PYT Leavesley, GH Emerson, DG Hanson, CL TI An evaluation of the Wyoming gauge system for snowfall measurement SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENTS; ACCURACY; MODEL; VARIABILITY; ADJUSTMENT; TRANSPORT; ALASKA; CANADA; BIASES AB The Wyoming snow fence (shield) has been widely used with precipitation gauges for snowfall measurement at more than 25 locations in Alaska since the late 1970s. This gauge's measurements have been taken as the reference for correcting wind-induced gauge undercatch of snowfall in Alaska. Recently, this fence (shield) was tested in the World Meteorological Organization Solid Precipitation Measurement Intercomparison Project at four locations in the United States of America and Canada for six winter seasons. At the Intercomparison sites an octagonal vertical Double Fence with a Russian Tretyakov gauge or a. Universal Belfort recording gauge was installed and used as the Intercomparison Reference (DFIR) to provide true snowfall amounts for this intercomparison experiment. The intercomparison data collected were compiled at the four sites that represent a variety of climate, terrain, and exposure. On the basis of these data sets the performance of the Wyoming gauge system for snowfall observations was carefully evaluated against the DFIR and snow cover data. The results show that (1) the mean snow catch efficiency of the Wyoming gauge compared with the DFIR is about 80-90%, (2) there exists a close linear relation between the measurements of the two gauge systems and this relation may serve as a transfer function to adjust the Wyoming gauge records to obtain an estimate of the true snowfall amount, (3) catch efficiency of the Wyoming gauge does not change with wind speed and temperature, and (4) Wyoming gauge measurements are generally compatible to the snowpack water equivalent at selected locations in northern Alaska. These results are important to our effort of determining true snowfall amounts in the high latitudes, and they are also useful for regional hydrologic and climatic analyses. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Water & Environm Res Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Atmospher Environm Serv, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RP Yang, DQ (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Water & Environm Res Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RI Hinzman, Larry/B-3309-2013 OI Hinzman, Larry/0000-0002-5878-6814 NR 55 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 36 IS 9 BP 2665 EP 2677 DI 10.1029/2000WR900158 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 351XE UT WOS:000089184100021 ER PT J AU Syvitski, JP Morehead, MD Bahr, DB Mulder, T AF Syvitski, JP Morehead, MD Bahr, DB Mulder, T TI Estimating fluvial sediment transport: The rating parameters SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; TURBIDITY CURRENTS; EEL MARGIN; RIVER; DISCHARGE; DYNAMICS; OCEANS; SEA AB Correlations between suspended sediment load rating parameters, river basin morphology, and climate provide information about the physical controls on the sediment load in rivers and are used to create predictive equations for the sediment rating parameters. Long-term time-averaged values of discharge, suspended load, flow duration, flow peakedness, and temporally averaged values of precipitation, temperature, and range in temperature were coupled with the drainage area and basin relief to establish statistical relationships with the sediment rating parameters for 59 gauging stations. Rating parameters (a and b) are defined by a power law relating daily discharge values of a river (Q) and its sediment concentration C-s, where C-s = aQ(b). The rating coefficient n (the mathematical concentration at Q = 1 m(3)/s) is inversely proportional to the long-term mean discharge and is secondarily related to the average air temperature and the basin's topographic relief. The rating exponent b (the log-log slope of the power law) correlates most strongly with the average air temperature and basin relief and has lesser correlations with the long-term load of the river (which is related to basin relief and drainage area). The rating equation describes the long-term character of the suspended sediment load in a river. Each river undergoes higher-frequency variability (decadal, interannual, and storm event) around this characteristic response, controlled by weather patterns and channel recovery from extreme precipitation events. C1 Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. Univ Bordeaux 1, URA CNRS 197, Dept Geol & Oceanog, F-33405 Talence, France. RP Syvitski, JP (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Syvitski, James/L-2008-2013 NR 44 TC 144 Z9 147 U1 5 U2 30 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 36 IS 9 BP 2747 EP 2760 DI 10.1029/2000WR900133 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 351XE UT WOS:000089184100028 ER PT J AU Dieleman, JA Mortensen, DA Buhler, DD Cambardella, CA Moorman, TB AF Dieleman, JA Mortensen, DA Buhler, DD Cambardella, CA Moorman, TB TI Identifying associations among site properties and weed species abundance. I. Multivariate analysis SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Abutilon theophrasti Medicus ABUTH, velvetleaf; Amaranthus spp., pigweed; Cyperus esculentus L. CYPES, yellow nutsedge; Polygonum coccineum Muhl. ex Willd. POLCC, swamp smartweed; Setaria spp., foxtail; Zea mays L., corn; Glycine max (L.) Merr., soybean; canonical correlation analysis; grid-sampling; soil properties; spatial heterogeneity; ABUTH; AMASS; CYPES; POLCC; SETSS ID SOYBEAN GLYCINE-MAX; SOIL PROPERTIES; ENVIRONMENT RELATIONSHIPS; FIELD-SCALE; VARIABILITY; HERBICIDES; COMMUNITY; EFFICACY AB Site properties and weed species abundance are known to vary spatially across fields. The extent to which they covary is not well understood. The objective of this research was to assess how canonical correlation analysis could be used to identify associations among sire properties and weed species abundance within an agricultural field. A farmer-managed field rotated between Zea mays and Glycine max in Boone County, IA, was grid-sampled for site properties in 1992 and for weed species abundance between 1994 and 1997. Twelve site properties were considered in relation to five weed species that were identified and counted after all weed control operations were completed. Site properties such as total nitrogen, Bray-l P, percent organic carbon, and texture were spatially variable. Weed species abundance was also spatially variable such that most weeds were found in patches and much of the field was weed-free. Canonical correlation analysis identified one to four significant correlations between linear combinations of site properties and weed species abundance. The first and second pairs of linear combinations explained the majority of variation in the data and were used to identify associations among site properties and weed species abundance. In years with Z. mays, the first pair of linear combinations described an association between herbicide activity and weed presence, and the second described topography and soil texture associations with weed presence. In years with G. max, the single observed association described a link between soil texture and presence of Setaria species and Polygonum coccineum. Several consistent associations were identified across years, indicating that site properties can influence weed abundance. However, annual variation in the associations may be attributed to differences in agronomic and weed management practices for each crop, as well as temporal weather variation influencing weed abundance from year to year. This multivariate technique is an important tool to identify associations between site properties and weed abundance that could help explain observed patchy patterns of weed abundance. These associations are an important first step in the generation of hypotheses to be tested at the whole field scale. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Dieleman, JA (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 28 TC 53 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 11 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 48 IS 5 BP 567 EP 575 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048[0567:IAASPA]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 362NB UT WOS:000089783100007 ER PT J AU Dieleman, JA Mortensen, DA Buhler, DD Ferguson, RB AF Dieleman, JA Mortensen, DA Buhler, DD Ferguson, RB TI Identifying associations among site properties and weed species abundance. II. Hypothesis generation SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Abutilon theophrasti Medicus ABUTH, velvetleaf; Amaranthus spp., pigweed; Apocynum cannabinum L. APCCA, hemp dogbane; Helianthus annuus L. HELAN, common sunflower; Physalis subglabrata Mack. et Bush. PHYSU; smooth groundcherry; Setaria spp., foxtail; Solanum ptycanthum Dun. ex DC. SOLPT; eastern black nightshade; Strophostyles leiosperma (T. et G.) Piper, smooth-seed wildbean; Zea mays L., corn; canonical correlation analysis; grid-sampling; soil properties; spatial heterogeneity; ABUTH; AMASS; APCCA; HELAN; PHYSU; SETSS ID SOYBEAN GLYCINE-MAX; CORN ZEA-MAYS; SOIL PROPERTIES; ORGANIC-MATTER; FIELD-SCALE; VARIABILITY; HERBICIDES; COMMUNITY; EFFICACY; SORPTION AB Identification of associations between site properties and weed species abundance led to the generation of hypotheses as to why weed populations occur where they do, or do not, in agricultural fields. The objective of this research was to use a multivariate statistical technique, canonical correlation analysis, to identify the associations. Two continuous Zed mays production fields under center-pivot irrigation in the central Platte River Valley of Nebraska were grid-sampled between 1994 and 1997 for nine site properties and six to seven weed species. Weed species were identified and counted just prior to postemergence weed control in two adjacent quadrats (1 by 0.38 m) at each grid sampling point. These quadrats represented untreated weed populations emerging between crop rows and treated populations that survived preemergence herbicide banded within the crop row. Canonical correlation analysis identified one to five significant correlations between linear combinations of site properties and weed species abundance depending on field site, years, and between- vs. on-crop row weed populations. The first pair of linear combinations consistently described an association that separated weed species across-a gradient of topography and soil type. The second pair of linear combinations described associations between weed species and soil fertility In all cases, it was hypothesized that management practices strongly interacted with site properties to create the observed associations with weed populations. Other hypothesized mechanisms For weed patchiness include patchiness in available soil moisture that would influence weed seed germination, emergence, and seedling growth. Additional variation in plant-available preemergence herbicide concentration across the field site would vary weed control efficacy. Another mechanism would be variation in soil fertility that affects the growth, reproduction, and competitive ability of both the crop and the weed. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. S Cent Res & Extens Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Dieleman, JA (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 34 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 11 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 48 IS 5 BP 576 EP 587 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 362NB UT WOS:000089783100008 ER PT J AU Skinner, K Smith, L Rice, P AF Skinner, K Smith, L Rice, P TI Using noxious weed lists to prioritize targets for developing weed management strategies SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE weed regulation; prioritization; database; CADDR; CENDI; CENMA; GENRE; CENSO; CIRAR; CONAR; CRUNU; EPHES; LYTSA; SONAR; SORHA; SORVU ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; INVASIONS AB To identify the most commonly regulated weedy plants in the United States and southern Canada, we compiled a database of noxious weed lists obtained from the 48 continental stares and six bordering provinces. The 10 most frequently listed weeds are Cirsium arvense, Carduus nutans, Lythrum spp. (includes purple loosestrife), Convolvulus arvensis, Euphorbia esula, Acroptilon repens, Sorghum spp. (includes johnsongrass and shattercane), Cardaria spp. (includes hoary cress, also called whitetop), Centaurea maculosa, and Sonchus arvensis. When genera are ranked, the top genus is Centaurea, which includes C. maculosa, C. diffusa, and C. solstitalis. Biological control programs have targeted many of the top dicotyledonous weeds of national concern, but none of the weedy grasses and sedges. We recommend that exploratory studies be initiated to determine the feasibility of developing biological control agents for the latter species. The complete database of noxious weed lists is available on the Internet at http://invader.dbs.umt.edu. This information may be useful to resource managers and regulatory officials in assessing which weeds are problematic in adjacent geographic areas and by researchers to help select which weeds to target with new management strategies. C1 USDA ARS, No Plains Agr Res Lab, Sidney, MT 59270 USA. Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Skinner, K (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Plains Agr Res Lab, 1500 N Cent Ave, Sidney, MT 59270 USA. EM kskinner@sidney.ars.usda.gov NR 29 TC 90 Z9 92 U1 2 U2 20 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 48 IS 5 BP 640 EP 644 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048[0640:UNWLTP]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 362NB UT WOS:000089783100015 ER PT J AU Millhollon, R AF Millhollon, R TI Loose kernel smut for biocontrol of Sorghum halepense in Saccharum sp hybrids SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. SORHA; johnsongrass; Sporisorium cruentum (Kuhn) K. Vanky; fungus-causing loose kernel smut of Sorghum sp.; Saccharum sp hybrids; sugarcane; Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench; sorghum genotypes; biological weed control; mycoherbicide; spray formulation; sorghum smut disease; sugarcane weed control; SORHA; johnsongrass ID INFECTION AB Sporisorium cruentum teliospores and sporidia (cultured from teliospores with about 30-fold spore increase) caused about equal, although variable, levels of smut infection of individual Sorghum halepense plants when applied ro the foliage. Teliospores were applied in a water-surfactant suspension (10(6) spores ml(-1)) at 935 L ha(-1) and sporidia in a water-in-oil invert emulsion (about 10(7) spores ml(-1)) at 468 L ha(-1). In crop interference studies, a single foliar application of teliospores to space-planted S. halepense plants in a first-year crop of Saccharum sp. hybrids caused about 55% infection (ar least one smutted panicle per plant) but did not reduce the level of S. halepense infestation or substantially improve Saccharum yield compared to noninoculated plants. Smutted panicles usually appeared 30 to 60 d after the foliar treatment, but many culms on a plant produced only healthy panicles. Two applications of teliospores, either 7 d apart in one experiment or 1 yr apart in another, significantly increased (P = 0.05) smut infection over one application but generally did nor improve Saccharum yield substantially over plots infested with noninoculated S. hal epense. In contrast to foliar spray inoculation, S. halepense plants injected with teliospores in the seedling stage prior to transplanting to the field were 98% infected with smut and were much less competitive with the crop than noninoculated transplants. In host range studies using several S. bicolor genotypes inject ed with teliospores in the greenhouse, the ratios of resistant to susceptible were 17 to 2 for grain types and 16 to 5, with 2 intermediate, for forage types, showing that genotypes have a relatively high level of resistance ro the disease. The result of these experiments indicate that loose kernel smut has potential as a biocontrol agent for S. halepense, but only if infection by foliar treatment can be improved to levels at least comparable to injection. C1 USDA ARS, Sugarcane Res Unit, So Reg Res Ctr, Houma, LA 70361 USA. RP Millhollon, R (reprint author), USDA ARS, Sugarcane Res Unit, So Reg Res Ctr, Houma, LA 70361 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 48 IS 5 BP 645 EP 652 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048[0645:LKSFBO]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 362NB UT WOS:000089783100016 ER PT J AU Sahr, DP Knowlton, FF AF Sahr, DP Knowlton, FF TI Evaluation of tranquilizer trap devices (TTDs) for foothold traps used to capture gray wolves SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE animal capture; Canis lupus; Minnesota; necropsy; propiopromazine; tranquilizer trap device; trap injuries; TTD wolf; wolves ID INJURIES; COYOTES AB Humaneness is an important issue associated with using foothold traps. Gray wolves (Canis lupus) captured with foothold traps frequently incur injuries to their feet, legs, and teeth during struggles to escape. Using tranquilizer trap devices (TTDs) on foothold traps reduces such injuries to coyotes (C. latrans). We collected data from 112 wolves (91 adults and 21 pups) killed in depredation control efforts in Minnesota during 1996 to determine whether TTDs would improve humaneness by reducing severity of injuries incurred by wolves. We also assessed the effects TTDs might have on other species caught during wolf-capture efforts by examining 114 animals from 9 other species. Radiographs and necropsies of foot and leg injuries of 37 adult wolves captured in traps equipped with TTDs containing propiopromazine hydrochloride revealed a significant reduction in severity of injuries compared to those among 48 wolves caught in traps without propiopromazine. None of 42 nontarget individuals captured in traps equipped with TTDs containing propiopromazine hydrochloride died from drug overdoses and injuries to these animals were less severe than among animals caught in traps without TTDs containing tranquilizer. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, APHIS, USDA, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Sahr, DP (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, 34912 US Highway 2, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. NR 25 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 7 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 2000 VL 28 IS 3 BP 597 EP 605 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 365RP UT WOS:000089964500019 ER PT J AU Meadows, LE Knowlton, FF AF Meadows, LE Knowlton, FF TI Efficacy of guard llamas to reduce canine predation on domestic sheep SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Canis latrans; coyotes; domestic sheep; guard animals; llamas; predation; predator control; Utah AB Coyotes (Canis latrans) can pose serious economic threats to sheep producers throughout the western United States. At the same time, important segments of the public prefer environmentally benign means to resolve conflicts with wild species. We evaluated the effectiveness of guard Ilamas to reduce canine predation on domestic sheep by placing 20 Ilamas with Utah sheep producers and comparing data collected from these flocks over 20 months with similar data collected from flocks without Ilamas. Comparisons included proportion of flocks with losses to predators and mean predation rates on ewes and lambs. We also conducted surveys to assess producer opinions about including Ilamas in their sheep management programs. In all comparisons of lamb losses between treatments and controls, losses sustained by control flocks in the first summer grazing season (SGS1) were significantly greater than in flocks with Ilamas. Among treatment flocks, losses were similar for SGS1 and the second summer grazing season (SGS2). Among controls, losses were greater in SGS1 and dropped to levels similar to treatment flocks in SGS2. The results suggest that predation may have to reach a threshold before guard Ilamas have noticeable effects on losses. Surveys of producers with Ilamas indicated strong support for using Ilamas as guard animals for sheep. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv,Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Meadows, LE (reprint author), HCR 74,Box 61, Ft Davis, TX 79734 USA. NR 30 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 12 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 2000 VL 28 IS 3 BP 614 EP 622 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 365RP UT WOS:000089964500021 ER PT J AU Mech, LD Harper, EK Meier, TJ Paul, WJ AF Mech, LD Harper, EK Meier, TJ Paul, WJ TI Assessing factors that may predispose Minnesota farms to wolf depredations on cattle SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE animal husbandry; Canis lupus; cattle; depredations; habitat; livestock; predation; wolves AB Wolf (Canis lupus) depredations on livestock cause considerable conflict and expense in Minnesota. Furthermore, claims are made that such depredations are fostered by the type of animal husbandry practiced. Thus, we tried to detect factors that might predispose farms in Minnesota to wolf depredations. We compared results of interviews with 41 cattle farmers experiencing chronic cattle losses to wolves (chronic farms) with results from 41 nearby "matched" farms with no wolf losses to determine farm characteristics or husbandry practices that differed and that therefore might have affected wolf depredations. We also used a Geographic information System (GIS) to detect any habitat differences between the 2 types of farms. We found no differences between chronic and matched farms in the 11 farm characteristics and management practices that we surveyed, except that farms with chronic losses were larger, had more cattle, and had herds farther from human dwellings. Habitat types were the same around farms with and without losses. The role of proper carcass disposal as a possible factor predisposing farms to wolf depredations remains unclear. C1 US Geol Survey, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. RP Mech, LD (reprint author), N Cent Res Stn, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 11 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 26 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 2000 VL 28 IS 3 BP 623 EP 629 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 365RP UT WOS:000089964500022 ER PT J AU Haveri, BA Carey, AB AF Haveri, BA Carey, AB TI Forest management strategy, spatial heterogeneity, and winter birds in Washington SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; birds; conservation; forest management; Pacific Northwest; silviculture; variable-density thinning; Washington; winter ID OLD-GROWTH FORESTS; DOUGLAS-FIR; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; POPULATIONS; SQUIRRELS AB Ecological management of second-growth forest holds great promise for conservation of biodiversity, yet little experimental evidence exists to compare alternative management approaches. Wintering birds are one of several groups of species most likely to be influenced by forest management activities. We compared species richness and proportion of stand area used over time by wintering birds in 16 second-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands to determine the effects of management strategy and experimental variable-density thinnings. Management strategies were retaining legacies (large live, dead, and fallen trees from the previous old-growth stand) with long rotations and managing for high-quality timber with multiple thinnings and removal of defective trees. Experimental thinnings were designed to reduce inter-tree competition and monopolization of light, moisture, and nutrients by trees at the expense of other growth forms, reproduce the within-stand spatial heterogeneity found in old-growth forests; and accelerate development of habitat breadth. Proportion of area used and species richness increased with experimental thinnings. Two of the 8 most common winter species increased their use of experimentally thinned stands. No species exhibited greater use of unthinned, competitive-exclusion-stage stands over thinned stands. Variable-density thinnings, in conjunction with other conservation measures (legacy retention, decadence management, and long rotations), should provide habitat for abundant and diverse birds. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. RP Haveri, BA (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3625 93rd Ave SW, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. EM acarey@fs.fed.us NR 35 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 2000 VL 28 IS 3 BP 643 EP 652 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 365RP UT WOS:000089964500025 ER PT J AU Ward, JP Salas, D AF Ward, JP Salas, D TI Adequacy of roost locations for defining buffers around Mexican spotted owl nests SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE conservation planning; Geographic Information System; habitat buffer; Mexican spotted owl; mixed-conifer forest; nesting habitat; New Mexico; roost location; Sacramento Mountains; Strix occidentalis lucida AB Current guidelines to conserve Mexican spotted owls (Strix occidentalis lucida) require delineation of a 40-ha buffer around a nest prior to thinning and burning near the nest site. Because Mexican spotted owl nests can be difficult to find, we evaluated using roost locations to delineate protective buffers. We analyzed the distances between roost and nest locations of individual owls documented during 1990-1996 in the Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico, and tested the ability of local resource managers to delineate protective buffers using information associated with roost locations. In 3 scenarios used to delineate buffers around locations of roosting adult or subadult spotted owls, a circular, 40-ha buffer excluded known nests in 27%-82% of territories examined (n=26-34). In contrast, all nests (n=22) were included in 40-ha circular buffers delineated around locations of juvenile spotted owls that were observed prior to 1 August of the same year that a nest was observed. Our test of resource managers showed that maps depicting spotted owl roost locations, topography, vegetation type, and density of trees >45 cm dbh could be used to delineate ecologically shaped buffers (similar to 40 ha) that included at least one nest/territory 93% of the time (median, n=6 managers) and 83% of all nests (median, n=6 managers) observed in a territory. A minimum of 4 years of surveys with one or more roost observations would be required to correctly buffer one or more nests in a territory 97% of the time and 6 years of surveys would be required to protect 95% of all nests. These findings will aid those planning management activities that require buffers designed to conserve nesting habitat of Mexican spotted owls. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Alamogordo, NM 88310 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Sacramento Ranger Stn, Lincoln Natl Forest, Cloudcroft, NM 88317 USA. RP Ward, JP (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 1101 New York Ave, Alamogordo, NM 88310 USA. EM pward/r3_lincoln@fs.fed.us NR 23 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 2000 VL 28 IS 3 BP 688 EP 698 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 365RP UT WOS:000089964500031 ER PT J AU Barras, SC Kadlec, JA AF Barras, SC Kadlec, JA TI Abiotic predictors of avian botulism outbreaks in Utah SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE avian botulism; avian disease; Clostridium botulinum type C; waterfowl; wading birds; wetlands ID CLOSTRIDIUM-BOTULINUM AB Avian botulism is a toxicosis responsible for large outbreaks in wild waterfowl and wading birds. The toxin is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum type C. We gathered existing climatological and streamflow data for the Bear River Delta of northeastern Utah to determine effects of environmental factors on probability of occurrence of an avian botulism outbreak. We built a logistic regression model using weather variables and streamflow amounts for 28 years, with a response variable if an outbreak occurred during each year. Winter-summer precipitation amounts and summer streamflow were predictors of outbreak probability (P<0.001). Outbreaks were more likely to occur during years of high winter-summer precipitation and high Bear River flows during summer. We concluded that these outbreak predictors may contribute to water-level fluctuations in managed wetland units, associated previously with outbreaks in this and other systems. C1 Utah State Univ, Ctr Ecol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Barras, SC (reprint author), USDA, Natl Wildlife Hlth Res Ctr, 6100 Columbus Ave, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. NR 30 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 2000 VL 28 IS 3 BP 724 EP 729 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 365RP UT WOS:000089964500035 ER PT J AU Hakk, H Larsen, G Bergman, A Orn, U AF Hakk, H Larsen, G Bergman, A Orn, U TI Metabolism, excretion and distribution of the flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol-A in conventional and bile-duct cannulated rats SO XENOBIOTICA LA English DT Article AB 1.C-14-TBBP-A (2,2-bis(4-hydroxy-3,5-dibromophenyl)propane) was administered orally to the conventional and bile-duct cannulated male Sprague-Dawley rat (2.0 mg/kg body weight). Urine, bile and faeces were collected daily for 72 h, and selected tissues were removed for distribution studies. 2. Faeces was the major route of elimination of TBBP-A in the conventional rat (91.7 % of dose), and urine was a minor elimination route (0.3 %). Enterohepatic circulation was suggested by biliary excretion of 71.3 % and faecal excretion of 26.7 % of the administered radioactivity in the bile-duct cannulated rat. 3. C-14-labelled residues in tissues were 2 % in the conventional rat, and < 1 % in the bile-duct cannulated rat. The large and small intestines contained the majority of the tissue C-14 activity for both groups of rat. Levels of TBBP-A in liver were < 0.1 %, and in fat were below the level of quantification. 4. Three metabolites were characterized in 0-24 h bile samples. Glucuronic acid and sulphate ester conjugates were characterized by mass spectrometry. More than 95 % of the extractable faecal C-14 was identified as parent TBBP-A. 5. Negligible amounts of TBBP-A-derived C-14 were associated with carrier proteins in the urine and bile. C1 ARS, USDA, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Stockholm Univ, Dept Environm Chem, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Hakk, H (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Biosci Res Lab, POB 5674 Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 22 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 0049-8254 J9 XENOBIOTICA JI Xenobiotica PD SEP PY 2000 VL 30 IS 9 BP 881 EP 890 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 363CP UT WOS:000089817300004 PM 11055266 ER PT J AU Massman, WJ AF Massman, WJ TI A simple method for estimating frequency response corrections for eddy covariance systems SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE eddy covariance; frequency response corrections; spectral transfer functions ID PATH CO2 ANALYZERS; WATER-VAPOR; SAMPLING TUBES; FLUXES; FLUCTUATIONS; ATTENUATION; SPECTRA; TURBULENCE; SENSORS; TIME AB A simple analytical formula is developed for estimating the frequency attenuation of eddy covariance fluxes due to sensor response, path-length averaging, sensor separation, signal processing, and flux averaging periods. Although it is an approximation based on flat terrain cospectra, this analytical formula should have broader applicability than just hat-terrain providing the peak frequencies of the logarithmic cospectra are known. Comparing the integral and analytical formulations for momentum flux, heat flux, vapor flux, and closed-path and open-path CO2 eddy covariance systems demonstrates that, except for a relatively uncommon atmospheric condition, the absolute difference between the integral and approximate correction factors is less than +/-0.06 for both stable and unstable atmospheric conditions (0 less than or equal to/L less than or equal to 2). Because closed-path systems can have the tube entrance separated longitudinally from the sonic anemometer, a cospectral transfer function is developed for the phase shift caused by the intrinsic time constant of a first-order scalar instrument and the longitudinal separation of the mouth of the tube and the sonic anemometer. The related issues of tube lag time and other spectral transfer functions are also discussed. In general, it is suggested that the simple formula should be quite useful for experimental design and numerical correction of eddy covariance systems for frequency attenuation. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Massman, WJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, 240 W Prospect, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 34 TC 235 Z9 252 U1 3 U2 48 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD AUG 28 PY 2000 VL 104 IS 3 BP 185 EP 198 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00164-7 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 347XE UT WOS:000088953800002 ER PT J AU Ullah, AHJ Sethumadhavan, K Lei, XG Mullaney, EJ AF Ullah, AHJ Sethumadhavan, K Lei, XG Mullaney, EJ TI Biochemical characterization of cloned Aspergillus fumigatus phytase (phyA) SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID FICUUM PHYTASE; ACTIVE-SITE; SUBSTRATE SELECTIVITY; ANGSTROM RESOLUTION; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; ACID-PHOSPHATASE; PURIFICATION; CLONING; NIGER; IDENTIFICATION AB The gene for Aspergillus fumigatus phytase (phyA) was cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris. The enzyme expressed was purified to near homogeneity using sequential ion-exchange chromatography and was characterized biochemically. Although A. fumigatus phytase shows 66.2% sequence homology with A. ficuum phytase, the most widely studied enzyme, the cloned phytase showed identical molecular weight and temperature optima profile to the benchmark phytase, The pH profile of activity and kinetic parameters, however, differed from A. ficuum phytase. The cloned enzyme contains the septapeptide RHGARYP motif, which is also identical to the active site motif of A. ficuum phytase. Chemical probing of the active site Arg residues using both cyclohexanedione and phenylglyoxal resulted in the inactivation of phytase, The cloned A fumigatus phytase, however, was more resistant to phenylglyoxal-induced inactivation. Both cloned A. fumigatus and A. ficuum phytases were identically affected by cyclohexanedione. Both the thermal characterization data and kinetic parameters of cloned and expressed A. fumigatus phytase indicate that this biocatalyst is not superior to the benchmark enzyme. The sequence difference between A. fumigatus and A. ficuum phytase may explain why the former enzyme catalyzes poorly compared to the benchmark enzyme. In addition, differential sensitivity toward the Arg modifier, phenylglyoxal, indicates a different chemical environment at the active site for each of the phytases. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Ullah, AHJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 23 TC 29 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD AUG 28 PY 2000 VL 275 IS 2 BP 279 EP 285 DI 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3271 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 349WZ UT WOS:000089069700006 PM 10964658 ER PT J AU Ashby, RD Foglia, TA Solaiman, DKY Liu, CK Nunez, A Eggink, G AF Ashby, RD Foglia, TA Solaiman, DKY Liu, CK Nunez, A Eggink, G TI Viscoelastic properties of linseed oil-based medium chain length poly(hydroxyalkanoate) films: effects of epoxidation and curing SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article DE epoxidation; poly(hydroxyalkanoate); mechanical properties ID BACTERIAL POLYHYDROXYALKANOIC ACIDS; PSEUDOMONAS-OLEOVORANS; CROSS-LINKING; CHEMICAL MODIFICATION; SIDE-CHAINS; POLY(BETA-HYDROXYALKANOATES); BIOSYNTHESIS; POLYESTERS; ELASTOMERS; POLY-3-HYDROXYALKANOATES AB Medium-chain-length poly(hydroxyalkanoate) (mcl-PHA) polymers derived from linseed oil (PHA-L) have a relatively small molar mass and contain a high concentration of unsaturated side-chains. As such, these polymers are amorphous and take on the consistency of a viscous liquid at room temperature. In order to increase the application potential of this material, the side-chain olefinic groups of PHA-L were converted to epoxy derivatives (PHA-LE) using m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA). Epoxidation resulted in a 37% conversion of olefinic to epoxy groups. The epoxy groups enhanced the PHA-LE film susceptibility to crosslinking upon exposure to air. PHA-LE films began to crosslink and stiffen in less than 25 days, whereas PHA-L films began to crosslink between days 50 and 75. The PHA-LE films showed an increase in tensile strength (TS, from 4.8 to 20.7 MPa) and Young's modulus (YM, from 12.9 to 510.6 MPa) between 25 and 100 days. In contrast, PHA-L had a TS of 25.0 MPa and YM of 767.8 MPa after 100 days. Epoxidation helped induce crosslink formation; however, aging for 100 days ultimately resulted in crosslinked films from both PHA-L and PHA-LE with higher strength and durability than the original materials. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. DLO, Agrotechnol Res Inst, ATO, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Ashby, RD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 23 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0141-8130 J9 INT J BIOL MACROMOL JI Int. J. Biol. Macromol. PD AUG 28 PY 2000 VL 27 IS 5 BP 355 EP 361 DI 10.1016/S0141-8130(00)00140-9 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Applied; Polymer Science SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Polymer Science GA 355ZQ UT WOS:000089418800006 PM 10998494 ER PT J AU Ott, CM Smith, BD Portis, AR Spreitzer, RJ AF Ott, CM Smith, BD Portis, AR Spreitzer, RJ TI Activase region on chloroplast ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase - Nonconservative substitution in the large subunit alters species specificity of protein interaction SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID RIBULOSE-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE; RUBISCO ACTIVASE; DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; CHLAMYDOMONAS-REINHARDTII; CO2/O-2 SPECIFICITY; OXYGENASE RUBISCO; 1,5-BISPHOSPHATE; TOBACCO; GENE AB In the active form of ribulose-1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco, EC 4.1.1.39), a carbamate at lysine 201 binds Mg2+, which then interacts with the carboxylation transition state. Rubisco activase facilitates this spontaneous carbamylation/metal-binding process by removing phosphorylated inhibitors from the Rubisco active site. Activase from Solanaceae plants (e.g. tobacco) fails to activate Rubisco from non-Solanaceae plants (e.g. spinach and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii), and non-Solanaceae activase fails to activate Solanaceae Rubisco. Directed mutagenesis and chloroplast transformation previously showed that a proline 89 to arginine substitution on the surface of the large subunit of Chlamydomonas Rubisco switched its specificity from non-Solanaceae to Solanaceae activase activation. To define the size and function of this putative activase binding region, substitutions were created at positions flanking residue 89. As in the past, these substitutions changed the identities of Chlamydomonas residues to those of tobacco. Whereas an aspartate 86 to arginine substitution had little effect, aspartate 94 to lysine Rubisco was only partially activated by spinach activase but now fully activated by tobacco activase. In an attempt to eliminate the activase/tubisco interaction, proline 89 was changed to alanine, which is not present in either non-Solanaceae or Solanaceae Rubisco. This substitution also caused reversal of activase specificity, indicating that amino acid identity alone does not determine the specificity of the interaction. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Biochem, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. ARS, Photosynth Res Unit, USDA, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Spreitzer, RJ (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Biochem, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. NR 38 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD AUG 25 PY 2000 VL 275 IS 34 BP 26241 EP 26244 DI 10.1074/jbc.M004580200 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 348RF UT WOS:000088999700050 PM 10858441 ER PT J AU Srebotnik, E Hammel, KE AF Srebotnik, E Hammel, KE TI Degradation of nonphenolic lignin by the laccase/1-hydroxybenzotriazole system SO JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE laccase; 1-hydroxybenzotriazole; radical mediator; lignin; delignification; kraft pulp ID MODEL COMPOUNDS; CORIOLUS-VERSICOLOR; FUNGAL LACCASES; KRAFT PULP; OXIDATION; SUBSTRUCTURE; MEDIATORS; DELIGNIFICATION; BIODEGRADATION AB Phenolic and nonphenolic (permethylated) synthetic [C-14]lignins were depolymerized by Trametes villosa laccase in the presence of a radical mediator, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT). Gel permeation chromatography of the treated lignins showed that similar to 10% of their substructures were cleaved. The system also cleaved a beta-O-4-linked model compound, 1-(4-ethoxy-3-methoxy-ring-[C-14]phenyl)-2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-propane-1,3-diol, and a beta-1-linked model, 1,2-bis-(3-methoxy-4-[C-14]methoxyphenyl)-propane-1,3-diol, that represent nonphenolic substructures in lignin. High performance liquid chromatography of products from the oxidized models showed that they were produced in sufficient yields to account for the ability of laccase/HOBT to depolymerize nonphenolic lignin. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Inst Microbial & Biochem Technol, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Vienna Univ Technol, Inst Biochem Technol & Mikrobiol, A-1060 Vienna, Austria. RP USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Inst Microbial & Biochem Technol, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. EM kehammel@facstaff.wisc.edu RI Hammel, Kenneth/G-1890-2011 OI Hammel, Kenneth/0000-0002-2935-5847 NR 33 TC 96 Z9 103 U1 0 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1656 EI 1873-4863 J9 J BIOTECHNOL JI J. Biotechnol. PD AUG 25 PY 2000 VL 81 IS 2-3 BP 179 EP 188 DI 10.1016/S0168-1656(00)00303-5 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 354NJ UT WOS:000089336300010 PM 10989177 ER PT J AU Liu, HC Creech, RG Jenkins, JN Ma, DP AF Liu, HC Creech, RG Jenkins, JN Ma, DP TI Cloning and promoter analysis of the cotton lipid transfer protein gene Ltp3 SO BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR AND CELL BIOLOGY OF LIPIDS LA English DT Article DE genomic DNA walking; intron; polymerase chain reaction; reporter gene ID DNA-BINDING; MYB; ACTIVATION; EXPRESSION; PLANTS; BARLEY; FIBER AB A cotton Ltp3 gene and its 5' and 3' flanking regions have been cloned with a PCR-based genomic DNA walking method. The amplified 2.6 kb DNA fragment contains sequences corresponding to GH3 cDNA which has been shown to encode a lipid transfer protein (LTP3). The gene has an intron of 80 bp which is located in the region corresponding to the C-terminus of LTP3. The Ltp3 promoter was systematically analyzed in transgenic tobacco plants by employing the Escherichia coli beta-glucuronidase gene (GUS) as a reporter. The results of histochemical and fluorogenic GUS assays indicate that the 5' flanking region of the Ltp3 gene contains cis-elements conferring the trichome specific activity of Ltp3 promoter. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Ma, DP (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Box 9650, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 20 TC 48 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1388-1981 J9 BBA-MOL CELL BIOL L JI BBA-Mol. Cell. Biol. Lipids PD AUG 24 PY 2000 VL 1487 IS 1 BP 106 EP 111 DI 10.1016/S1388-1981(00)00072-X PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology GA 351AV UT WOS:000089134600010 PM 11004611 ER PT J AU Appel, LJ Miller, ER Jee, SH Stolzenberg-Solomon, R Lin, PH Erlinger, T Nadeau, MR Selhub, J AF Appel, LJ Miller, ER Jee, SH Stolzenberg-Solomon, R Lin, PH Erlinger, T Nadeau, MR Selhub, J TI Effect of dietary patterns on serum homocysteine - Results of a randomized, controlled feeding study SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Article DE nutrition; risk factors; metabolism ID PLASMA HOMOCYSTEINE; FOLIC-ACID; FOLATE; RISK; VITAMIN-B12; ASSOCIATION; POPULATION; DISEASE; HEALTH AB Background-Elevated blood levels of homocysteine are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Although numerous studies have assessed the impact of vitamin supplements on homocysteine, the effect of dietary patterns on homocysteine has not been well studied. Methods and Results-During a 3-week run-in, 118 participants were fed a control diet, low in fruits, vegetables, and dairy products, with a fat content typical of US consumption. During an 8-week intervention phase, participants were then fed 1 of 3 randomly assigned diets: the control diet, a diet rich in fruits and vegetables but otherwise similar to control, or a combination diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products and reduced in saturated and total fat. Between the end of run-in and intervention periods, mean change in homocysteine was +0.46 mu mol/L in the control diet, +0.21 mu mol/L in the fruits and vegetables diet (P=0.47 compared with control), and -0.34 mu mol/L in the combination diet (P=0.03 compared with control, P=0.12 compared with the fruits and vegetables diet), In multivariable regression models, change in homocysteine was significantly and inversely associated with change in serum folate (P=0.03) but not with change in serum vitamin B-12 (P=0.64) or pyridoxal 5' phosphate, the coenzyme form of vitamin B-6 (P=0.83). Conclusions-Modification of dietary patterns can have substantial effects on fasting levels of total serum homocysteine. These results provide additional insights into the mechanisms by which diet might influence the occurrence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. C1 Johns Hopkins Med Inst, Welch Ctr Prevent Epidemiol & Clin Res, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Yonsei Univ, Grad Sch Hlth Sci & Management, Dept Epidemiol & Dis Control, Seoul 120749, South Korea. NCI, Canc Prevent Studies Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Sarah W Stedman Ctr Nutr Studies, Durham, NC USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Appel, LJ (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, 2024 E Monument St,Suite 2-645, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR-00722]; NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-02642, HL-50981] NR 29 TC 103 Z9 110 U1 2 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD AUG 22 PY 2000 VL 102 IS 8 BP 852 EP 857 PG 6 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 346GT UT WOS:000088863200008 PM 10952952 ER PT J AU Krishnan, HB Jiang, GQ Krishnan, AH Wiebold, WJ AF Krishnan, HB Jiang, GQ Krishnan, AH Wiebold, WJ TI Seed storage protein composition of non-nodulating soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and its influence on protein quality SO PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE globulins; Glycine max; nodulation; nitrogen fertilization; protein composition; protein quality; storage protein ID BETA-CONGLYCININ GENES; 7S GLOBULIN; SULFATE CONCENTRATIONS; EXOGENOUS METHIONINE; EXPRESSION; SUBUNIT; REGIONS; INVITRO; MUTANT; LEVEL AB A 53 kDa protein, which accumulates at low levels in non-nodulating Clark soybeans, was purified by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Polyclonal antibodies were raised against the gel-purified protein. N-terminal sequence analysis identified the 53 kDa protein as the beta-subunit of beta-conglycinin. Results from Western blot analysis, using antibodies raised against the purified beta-subunit of beta-conglycinin, revealed that accumulation of this protein was enhanced in non-nodulating soybeans when the plants were supplemented with nitrogen. Results from Northern blot analysis indicate that non-nodulating soybeans in general had lower levels of mRNA for the major soybean seed proteins. A one-time application of nitrogen to non-nodulating soybeans enhanced the accumulation of the 1.6 kb beta-conglycinin beta-subunit mRNA. The mRNA levels of the 2.1 kb beta-conglycinin alpha'-subunit and the 2.2 kb G4 glycinin in the non-nodulating soybeans were several-fold lower than in nodulating soybeans. Nitrogen application had no effect on the abundance of these RNA transcripts. The amount of RNA encoding an 8.5 kDa sulfur-rich protein was two-fold higher in non-nodulating soybeans when compared with nodulated soybeans. Nitrogen application reduced the abundance of this transcript to levels comparable with those of nodulated soybeans. Despite lower levels of the beta-subunit of beta-conglycinin, the methionine content of the total seed protein fraction was lower than that of nodulated soybeans. In contrast, non-nodulating soybeans contained more cysteine than nodulating soybeans. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Krishnan, HB (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, 108W Curtis Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 35 TC 16 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0168-9452 J9 PLANT SCI JI Plant Sci. PD AUG 22 PY 2000 VL 157 IS 2 BP 191 EP 199 DI 10.1016/S0168-9452(00)00283-1 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 350DF UT WOS:000089084900006 ER PT J AU Muhitch, MJ McCormick, SP Alexander, NJ Hohn, TM AF Muhitch, MJ McCormick, SP Alexander, NJ Hohn, TM TI Transgenic expression of the TRI101 or PDR5 gene increases resistance of tobacco to the phytotoxic effects of the trichothecene 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol SO PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE tobacco; plant disease resistance; trichothecenes; mycotoxins; transgenic tobacco; wheat head scab ID FUSARIUM-SPOROTRICHIOIDES; DRUG-RESISTANCE; HEAD BLIGHT; YEAST; 3-O-ACETYLTRANSFERASE; METABOLITES; MYCOTOXINS; DISRUPTION; MULTIPLE; CELLS AB Mycotoxins are fungal secondary compounds that are toxic to vertebrates. Their presence in food and feeds, as the result of fungal disease in crops, can present a danger to animal or human health. Many mycotoxins have also been shown to be phytotoxic and in some cases, such as with trichothecenes produced by the wheat head blight fungus Fusarium graminearum, mycotoxins may act as virulence factors. Antibiotic-producing organisms, including fungi, protect themselves from their own toxins by metabolic alteration of the compound, modification of the target site of action or by exporting the compound to the extracellular space. We have tested the effectiveness of adapting two of these strategies, metabolic alteration and extracellular transport, to protect plant cells from the deleterious effects of the trichothecene 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS). Tobacco plants were transformed with either the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene PDR5, which encodes a multi-drug transporter, or with the Fusarium sporotrichioides gene TRI101, which encodes a trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase. Both genes conferred significant increased tolerance to DAS as measured by a sensitive seed germination assay. Expression of PDR5 or TRI101 in a seed-specific manner in crop plants such as wheat could lower the incidence of head blight as well as reduce mycotoxin levels within the seed. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Muhitch, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 19 TC 43 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0168-9452 J9 PLANT SCI JI Plant Sci. PD AUG 22 PY 2000 VL 157 IS 2 BP 201 EP 207 DI 10.1016/S0168-9452(00)00282-X PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 350DF UT WOS:000089084900007 ER PT J AU Hallfrisch, J Veillon, C Patterson, KY Hill, AD Benn, I Holiday, B Burns, R Zhonnie, S Price, F Sorenson, A AF Hallfrisch, J Veillon, C Patterson, KY Hill, AD Benn, I Holiday, B Burns, R Zhonnie, S Price, F Sorenson, A TI Bone-related mineral content of water samples collected on the Navajo reservation SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mineral content; water samples; Navajo reservation ID CALCIUM; OSTEOPOROSIS; DEFICIENCY; DENSITY; COPPER; WOMEN; RISK; HIP AB Although dairy food intake is low among the Navajo people, hip fracture rates are lower than in Caucasians. Genetic differences in bone density have been cited as the reasons for low fracture rates among Native Americans and other segments of the population. However, more detailed examination of mineral intakes suggests that environmental factors may provide part of the explanation for the lower fracture rates. Cultural practices such as the addition of ash to traditional foods and the high mineral content of water may provide much higher intakes of bone-related minerals than food intake surveys have previously reported. As part of a larger study to assess overall intake of minerals related to bone health and other conditions, water samples were collected from the Navajo reservation. Duplicates were collected at least one week apart from 53 sites including wells, springs, taps, and storage barrels and analyzed by atomic absorption and inductively coupled plasma spectrometry for a number of minerals. For average intakes of 2 1/day, water could provide up to 212 mg of calcium, 150 mg of magnesium and 8 mg of zinc. The combined contribution of mineral intakes provided by the addition of juniper ash to traditional foods, not genetic differences, may partially explain the lower fracture rates of the Navajo people. Further research in this area is required to confirm this hypothesis. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Navajo Reservat, Navajo Senior Ctr, Window Rock, AR USA. Utah State Univ, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Hallfrisch, J (reprint author), ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Room 126,Bldg 308,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 25 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD AUG 21 PY 2000 VL 149 IS 2-3 BP 143 EP 148 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(00)00220-1 PG 6 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 350AA UT WOS:000089076800010 PM 10967411 ER PT J AU Adlof, RO AF Adlof, RO TI Perspectives on the synthesis of conjugated linoleic acid isomers. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, NCAUR, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 4-AGFD BP U21 EP U21 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200005 ER PT J AU Biresaw, G Carriere, CJ AF Biresaw, G Carriere, CJ TI Molecular weight and temperature dependence of the interfacial tension of PS/PDMS blends using imbedded fiber retraction method. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 261-POLY BP U293 EP U293 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XV UT WOS:000166091301660 ER PT J AU Clay, SA Koskinen, WC AF Clay, SA Koskinen, WC TI Effect of variability of soil properties as a function of depth on pesticide sorption-desorption. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 84-AGRO BP U59 EP U59 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200237 ER PT J AU Connick, WJ Daigle, DJ AF Connick, WJ Daigle, DJ TI Formulation of microbial herbicides. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. USDA, So Reg Res Stn, New Orleans, LA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 73-AGRO BP U58 EP U58 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200226 ER PT J AU Cote, GL Ahlgren, JA Biely, P AF Cote, GL Ahlgren, JA Biely, P TI Cyclic products from alternan. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biopolymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 82-CARB BP U122 EP U122 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200592 ER PT J AU Dionigi, CP AF Dionigi, CP TI Federal policy impacting contaminants in wetlands and estuaries. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 137-AGRO BP U68 EP U68 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200290 ER PT J AU Doner, LW Johnston, DB Singh, V AF Doner, LW Johnston, DB Singh, V TI Analysis and properties of arabinoxylans from corn wet-milling fractions (coarse and fine fiber, spent flake). SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 56-AGFD BP U29 EP U29 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200057 ER PT J AU Dorner, JW AF Dorner, JW TI Recent advances in analytical methodology for cyclopiazonic acid. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Peanut Res Lab, Dawson, GA 31742 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 81-AGFD BP U33 EP U33 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200082 ER PT J AU Eggleston, G Legendre, BL Richard, C AF Eggleston, G Legendre, BL Richard, C TI Oligosaccharides as sensitive indicators of sugarcane deterioration. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. USDA ARS, SSSC, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RI Richard, Charley/C-4078-2014 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 33-CARB BP U114 EP U114 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200543 ER PT J AU Fishman, ML Chau, HK Kolpak, FJ Brady, JE AF Fishman, ML Chau, HK Kolpak, FJ Brady, JE TI Solvent effects on the molecular properties of pectins. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Hercules Inc, Div Analyt Sci, Wilmington, DE 19898 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 79-CARB BP U121 EP U121 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200589 ER PT J AU Friedman, M Mandrell, RE AF Friedman, M Mandrell, RE TI Structure-function relationships of natural antimicrobial compounds. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 141-AGFD BP U41 EP U41 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200141 ER PT J AU Goldade, DA Johnston, JJ Chipman, RB AF Goldade, DA Johnston, JJ Chipman, RB TI Evaluation of potential capsaicin contamination of maple sap and syrup. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 111-AGRO BP U64 EP U64 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200264 ER PT J AU Halvorson, AD AF Halvorson, AD TI Nitrogen fertilization, tillage, and cropping system influences on soil organic carbon. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 27-FERT BP U379 EP U379 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091202022 ER PT J AU Hatfield, JL Prueger, JH AF Hatfield, JL Prueger, JH TI Nutrient use efficiency: The potential for improving environmental quality. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 28-FERT BP U380 EP U380 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091202023 ER PT J AU Hetzer, PR Brown, SS Rice, PJ Baker, JE Harman-Fetcho, JA AF Hetzer, PR Brown, SS Rice, PJ Baker, JE Harman-Fetcho, JA TI Comparative effects of cultivation practices (vegetative vs. polyethylene mulch) on pesticide-related ambient toxicity in estuarine habitats. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Maryland, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. USDA, Environm Chem Lab, Washington, DC USA. RI Baker, Joel/A-9685-2011 OI Baker, Joel/0000-0002-9980-7781 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 141-AGRO BP U68 EP U69 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200294 ER PT J AU Kobaisy, M Tellez, M Webber, C Dayan, FE Schrader, KK Wedge, DE AF Kobaisy, M Tellez, M Webber, C Dayan, FE Schrader, KK Wedge, DE TI Chemical composition and biological activity of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) essential oil. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, NPURU, University, MS 38677 USA. USDA, SCARL, University, MS USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 70-AGFD BP U31 EP U31 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200071 ER PT J AU Kochansky, J AF Kochansky, J TI Synthesis of (diethyl-D-10) coumaphos and related compounds. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, ARS, Bee Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 121-AGRO BP U65 EP U65 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200274 ER PT J AU Koskinen, WC Mulla, DJ Oliveira, RS Khakural, BR Robert, PC AF Koskinen, WC Mulla, DJ Oliveira, RS Khakural, BR Robert, PC TI Spatial variability of herbicide sorption on soil. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, Agr Res Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 83-AGRO BP U59 EP U59 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200236 ER PT J AU Lamikanra, O Watson, M AF Lamikanra, O Watson, M TI Characterization of cantaloupe melon peroxidase. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Food Proces & Sensory Quality, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 60-AGFD BP U30 EP U30 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200061 ER PT J AU Liu, B McConnell, LL AF Liu, B McConnell, LL TI Herbicide and insecticide mass loadings from the Susquehanna River to the northern Chesapeake Bay. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Duxbury Operat, Duxbury, MA 02332 USA. USDA, Environm Chem Lab, Washington, DC USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Civil Engn, Baltimore, MD USA. RI McConnell, Laura/H-1519-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 142-AGRO BP U69 EP U69 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200295 ER PT J AU Locke, MA Zablotowicz, RM Gaston, LA AF Locke, MA Zablotowicz, RM Gaston, LA TI Environmental fate of fluometuron in a watershed from the Mississippi Delta Management System Evaluation Area Project. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 85-AGRO BP U60 EP U60 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200238 ER PT J AU Maragos, CM AF Maragos, CM TI Novel assays and sensor platforms for the detection of aflatoxins. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 79-AGFD BP U33 EP U33 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200080 ER PT J AU Mauldin, RE Primus, TM Kimball, BA Cummings, JL Johnston, JJ York, DL AF Mauldin, RE Primus, TM Kimball, BA Cummings, JL Johnston, JJ York, DL TI Determination of anthraquinone residues in lettuce (Lactuca sativa). SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 11-AGRO BP U48 EP U48 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200164 ER PT J AU McCarty, GW Angier, J Mookherji, S AF McCarty, GW Angier, J Mookherji, S TI Assessing riparian buffer function for improved water quality. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 156-AGRO BP U71 EP U71 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200309 ER PT J AU McFeeters, RF AF McFeeters, RF TI Preservation of stored cucumbers with acetic acid and sodium benzoate. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Food Sci, Agricultural Res Serv, USDA, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 39-AGFD BP U27 EP U27 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200040 ER PT J AU Merken, HM Beecher, GR AF Merken, HM Beecher, GR TI Analysis of flavonoids in botanicals and foods. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 137-AGFD BP U41 EP U41 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200137 ER PT J AU Mulla, DJ Gowda, P Koskinen, WC Khakural, BR Robert, PC AF Mulla, DJ Gowda, P Koskinen, WC Khakural, BR Robert, PC TI Modeling the effect of precision agriculture on pesticide losses to surface waters. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 146-AGRO BP U69 EP U69 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200299 ER PT J AU Pepperman, AB Kuan, JCW Johnson, RM AF Pepperman, AB Kuan, JCW Johnson, RM TI Alginate controlled release systems. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, Commod Utilizat Res Unit, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, Cotton Fiber Qual Res Unit, New Orleans, LA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 75-AGRO BP U58 EP U58 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200228 ER PT J AU Petroski, RJ Weisleder, D AF Petroski, RJ Weisleder, D TI Improved preparation of sap beetle (Coleoptera nitidulidae) aggregation pheromones. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, REE, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 135-AGRO BP U67 EP U68 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200288 ER PT J AU Potter, TL Wauchope, RD Culbreth, AK AF Potter, TL Wauchope, RD Culbreth, AK TI Field dissipation of chlorothalonil following sequential chemical application: A case study of fungicide use in peanut production. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, SE Watershed Res Lab, USDA, Tifton, GA 31794 USA. USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 147-AGRO BP U70 EP U70 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200300 ER PT J AU Powell, M AF Powell, M TI Observer's view of science in US regulatory agencies. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 22-CHAL BP U218 EP U218 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201109 ER PT J AU Primus, TM Kohler, DJ Goodall, MA Yoder, C Griffin, DL Miller, L Johnston, JJ AF Primus, TM Kohler, DJ Goodall, MA Yoder, C Griffin, DL Miller, L Johnston, JJ TI Keeping it simple: Determination of 4,4 '-dinitrocarbanilide (DNC), the active component of the infertility agent Nicarbazin in chicken, duck, and snake eggs. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, APHIS, WS, NWRC, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 12-AGRO BP U48 EP U48 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200165 ER PT J AU Ragsdale, NN AF Ragsdale, NN TI United States Department of Agriculture: Non-laboratory career opportunities for chemists. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 36-CHAL BP U219 EP U219 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201122 ER PT J AU Rice, CP Bialek, K McCarty, G Rheinstein, J AF Rice, CP Bialek, K McCarty, G Rheinstein, J TI Impacts of a riparian buffer area on the fate and transport of atrazine, metolachlor and cyanazine. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 157-AGRO BP U71 EP U71 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200310 ER PT J AU Rimando, AM Kalt, W Magee, J AF Rimando, AM Kalt, W Magee, J TI Reservatrol in vaccinium species and muscadine grapes. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Thad Cochran Res Ctr, University, MS 38677 USA. Agr & Agri Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. USDA, Small Fruit Res Stat, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 74-AGFD BP U32 EP U32 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200075 ER PT J AU Savary, BJ Hochkiss, AT Fishman, ML Cameron, R Luzio, G AF Savary, BJ Hochkiss, AT Fishman, ML Cameron, R Luzio, G TI Purification and properties of plant pectin methylesterases and their use in studying pectin structure-functional property relationships. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Hercules Res Ctr, Hercules Food Gums, Wilmington, DE 19898 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 78-CARB BP U121 EP U121 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200588 ER PT J AU Schisler, DA Khan, NI Boehm, MJ AF Schisler, DA Khan, NI Boehm, MJ TI Reduction of Fusarium head blight disease severity and deoxynivalenol levels in grain via application of choline metabolizing antagonists at wheat flowering. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 46-AGFD BP U28 EP U28 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200047 ER PT J AU Shogren, RL Viswanathan, A Felker, F Gross, RA AF Shogren, RL Viswanathan, A Felker, F Gross, RA TI Distribution of octenyl succinate groups in octenyl succinic anhydride modified waxy maize starch. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Chem, Camden, NJ 08102 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 16-CARB BP U111 EP U111 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200526 ER PT J AU Slodki, ME AF Slodki, ME TI Phosphomannan Y-2448 monoester components: An update on structures and applications in cell biology research. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 77-CARB BP U121 EP U121 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200587 ER PT J AU Snook, ME Crockett, SL Price, RA Giannasi, DE AF Snook, ME Crockett, SL Price, RA Giannasi, DE TI Polyphenols, flavonoids and hypericin levels in seventeen species of St. John's wort (Hypericum) native to the southern US SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Bot, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 63-AGFD BP U30 EP U30 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200064 ER PT J AU Southwick, LM Grigg, BC Kornecki, TS Fouss, JL AF Southwick, LM Grigg, BC Kornecki, TS Fouss, JL TI Potential influence of subsurface drainage in sugarcane cultivation on estuarine water quality of Louisiana's gulf coast. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 155-AGRO BP U71 EP U71 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200308 ER PT J AU Steinheimer, TR Scoggin, KD AF Steinheimer, TR Scoggin, KD TI Herbicide leaching to shallow groundwater beneath glacial till soils of central Iowa under conservation tillage. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, ARS, NSTL, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 130-AGRO BP U67 EP U67 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200283 ER PT J AU Steinheimer, TR Scoggin, KD AF Steinheimer, TR Scoggin, KD TI Residues of corn/soybean herbicides in water: Enhancing both selectivity of determination and confirmation of identity using liquid chromatography with ion-trap mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, Agr Res Stn, NSTL, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 13-AGRO BP U49 EP U49 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200166 ER PT J AU Strange, ED Konstance, RP Onwulata, CI AF Strange, ED Konstance, RP Onwulata, CI TI Extrusion of butter oil, corn meal, and salt. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 57-AGFD BP U29 EP U29 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200058 ER PT J AU Takeoka, G Dao, LT AF Takeoka, G Dao, LT TI Antioxidant constituents of almond hulls. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 34-AGFD BP U26 EP U26 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200035 ER PT J AU Tellez, MR Schrader, KK Kobaisy, M AF Tellez, MR Schrader, KK Kobaisy, M TI Volatile components of the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria perornata. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Dev Natural Prod, NPURU, Oxford, MS 38677 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 71-AGFD BP U32 EP U32 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200072 ER PT J AU Volz, SA Johnston, JJ Griffin, DL AF Volz, SA Johnston, JJ Griffin, DL TI Solid phase extraction gas chromatography/electron capture detector method for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in wildlife whole blood. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, APHIS, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 14-AGRO BP U49 EP U49 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200167 ER PT J AU Wauchope, RD Potter, TL Culbreath, AK AF Wauchope, RD Potter, TL Culbreath, AK TI Field dissipation of chlorothalonil following sequential applications in peanut: Modeling and metabolite tracking. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, USDA ARS, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 148-AGRO BP U70 EP U70 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200301 ER PT J AU Wheeler, WB Toth, SJ Burr, W AF Wheeler, WB Toth, SJ Burr, W TI Crop profiles for US agriculture: A searchable database on the World Wide Web. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Wheeler & Associates, Pensacola, FL 32501 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Entomol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. USDA, Off Pest Management Policy, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 105-AGRO BP U63 EP U63 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200258 ER PT J AU Whitaker, TB Hagler, WM Giesbrecht, FG Johansson, AS AF Whitaker, TB Hagler, WM Giesbrecht, FG Johansson, AS TI Sampling, sample preparation and analytical variability associated with testing wheat for deoxynivalenol. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Stat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 78-AGFD BP U33 EP U33 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200079 ER PT J AU Wright, SF Rillig, MC Nichols, KA AF Wright, SF Rillig, MC Nichols, KA TI Glomalin: A soil protein important in carbon sequestration. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Nat Resources & Landscape Architecture, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 70-FUEL BP U396 EP U396 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091202100 ER PT J AU Zhao, SH Arthur, EL Moorman, TB Coats, JR AF Zhao, SH Arthur, EL Moorman, TB Coats, JR TI Influence of aging atrazine-treated soil on bioavailability of atrazine and survival of Agrobacterium radiobacter strain J14A. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Entomol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Bayer Corp, Environm Fate Grp, Pittsburgh, PA 15205 USA. USDA, ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 23-AGRO BP U50 EP U50 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200176 ER PT J AU Zhou, GW Willett, JL Carriere, CJ Wu, YV AF Zhou, GW Willett, JL Carriere, CJ Wu, YV TI Effect of starch granule size on the viscosity of starch-filled poly(hydroxy ester ether) biodegradable composites. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biomat Proc Res Unit, Peoria, IL USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biopolymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 309-PMSE BP U375 EP U375 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XV UT WOS:000166091302174 ER PT J AU Zimba, PV AF Zimba, PV TI Role of nutrient runoff in altering downstream ecosystems: Florida Bay, FL, USA. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Stoneville, MS 39776 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 159-AGRO BP U72 EP U72 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200312 ER PT J AU Johnson, LA Weitze, KF Fiser, P Maxwell, WMC AF Johnson, LA Weitze, KF Fiser, P Maxwell, WMC TI Storage of boar semen SO ANIMAL REPRODUCTION SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE liquid and frozen semen; cold shock; diluent; cryoprotectant; thawing of semen; staining of sperm ID ACCESSORY SPERM COUNT; BOVINE SERUM-ALBUMIN; FERTILIZING-CAPACITY; ACROSOMAL INTEGRITY; GLYCEROL CONCENTRATION; SPERMATOZOA FROZEN; SEMINAL PLASMA; COLD SHOCK; BUTYLATED HYDROXYTOLUENE; ARTIFICIAL-INSEMINATION AB The problems, aspects and methods of liquid storage and freeze-thawing of boar semen are discussed and a review is given on examination of spermatozoa by the recent flourescent staining methods. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Tierarztlichen Hsch Hannover, Inst Reprod Med, D-3000 Hannover, Germany. Agr & Agri Food Canada, Ctr Food & Anim Res, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Univ Sydney, Dept Anim Sci, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. RP Johnson, LA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 142 TC 323 Z9 368 U1 13 U2 55 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4320 J9 ANIM REPROD SCI JI Anim. Reprod. Sci. PD AUG 18 PY 2000 VL 62 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 143 EP 172 DI 10.1016/S0378-4320(00)00157-3 PG 30 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Reproductive Biology SC Agriculture; Reproductive Biology GA 344BV UT WOS:000088738500007 PM 10924823 ER PT J AU Donoghue, AM Wishart, GJ AF Donoghue, AM Wishart, GJ TI Storage of poultry semen SO ANIMAL REPRODUCTION SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE poultry; avian semen; storage in vitro; cryoprotectant; fertilizing ability ID THAWED FOWL SPERMATOZOA; PERIVITELLINE LAYER; FERTILIZING ABILITY; TURKEY SPERMATOZOA; IN-VITRO; MEMBRANE INTEGRITY; AVIAN SPERMATOZOA; SPERM VIABILITY; SEMINAL PLASMA; FLOW-CYTOMETRY AB Methods of semen collection and artificial insemination (AI) in poultry, requirement for diluents, methods of Liquid and frozen storage of avian semen and evaluation of spermatozoa after storage for fertilizing ability are reviewed. Frozen storage of semen from non-domestic birds is also briefly discussed. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Arkansas, Poultry Sci Ctr O 303, USDA ARS, Poultry Prod & Prod Safety, Fayetteville, AR 72742 USA. Univ Abertay Dundee, Sch Sci & Engn, Avian Reprod Grp, Dundee DD1 1HG, Scotland. RP Donoghue, AM (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Poultry Sci Ctr O 303, USDA ARS, Poultry Prod & Prod Safety, Fayetteville, AR 72742 USA. NR 134 TC 74 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4320 J9 ANIM REPROD SCI JI Anim. Reprod. Sci. PD AUG 18 PY 2000 VL 62 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 213 EP 232 DI 10.1016/S0378-4320(00)00160-3 PG 20 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Reproductive Biology SC Agriculture; Reproductive Biology GA 344BV UT WOS:000088738500010 PM 10924826 ER PT J AU Li, RL Liu, T Wong, BS Pan, T Morillas, M Swietnicki, W O'Rourke, K Gambetti, P Surewicz, WK Sy, MS AF Li, RL Liu, T Wong, BS Pan, T Morillas, M Swietnicki, W O'Rourke, K Gambetti, P Surewicz, WK Sy, MS TI Identification of an epitope in the C terminus of normal prion protein whose expression is modulated by binding events in the N terminus SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE prion protein; monoclonal antibodies; epitope mapping; prion protein conformation AB We have characterized the epitopes of a panel of 12 monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) directed to normal human cellular prion protein (PrPC) using ELISA and Western blotting of recombinant PrP or synthetic peptide fragments of PrP. The first group of antibodies, which is represented by Mabs 5B2 and 8B4, reacts with PrP23-145, indicating that the epitopes for these Mabs are located in the 23 to 145 N-terminal region of human PrP. The second group includes Mabs 1A1, 6H3, 7A9, 8C6, 8H4, 9H7 and 2G8. These antibodies bind to epitopes localized within N-terminally truncated recombinant PrP90-231. Finally, Mabs 5C3, 2C9 and 7A12 recognize both PrP23-145 and PrP90-231, suggesting that the epitopes for this group are located in the region encompassing residues 90 to 145. By Western blotting with PepSpot(TM) only three of Mabs studied (5B2, 8B4 and 2G8) bind to linear epitopes that are present in 13-residue long synthetic peptides corresponding to human PrP fragments. The remaining nine Mabs appear to recognize conformational epitopes. Two N terminus-specific Mabs were found to prevent the binding of the C terminus-specific Mab 6H3. This observation suggests that the unstructured N-terminal region may influence the local conformation within the folded C-terminal domain of prion protein. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Inst Pathol, Div Neuropathol, Cleveland, OH 44107 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Sy, MS (reprint author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Inst Pathol, Div Neuropathol, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44107 USA. RI Wong, Boon-Seng/G-2759-2012 OI Wong, Boon-Seng/0000-0002-7118-8077 FU NIA NIH HHS [AG14359]; NINDS NIH HHS [NS38604] NR 15 TC 100 Z9 101 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-2836 J9 J MOL BIOL JI J. Mol. Biol. PD AUG 18 PY 2000 VL 301 IS 3 BP 567 EP 573 DI 10.1006/jmbi.2000.3986 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 346PV UT WOS:000088881000001 PM 10966770 ER PT J AU Bartelt, RJ Zilkowski, BW AF Bartelt, RJ Zilkowski, BW TI Airflow rate in the quantitation of volatiles in air streams by solid-phase microextraction SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CALIBRATION AB A previously reported method for nonequilibrium quantitation of air-borne volatiles from air streams by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was improved by broadening its scope. The original method was defined for the 100-mu m poly(dimethylsiloxane) fiber type for a wide range of analytes, sampling temperatures, and sampling times, but only for four specific airflow configurations. The present study extends the choice of volumetric airflow rates to a continuous range between 2 and 220 mL/min. Kinetics of absorption was characterized for 21 different airflow rates within this range using n-alkanes of 11-18 carbons. Nonlinear regression analysis was used to develop a relationship between airflow rate and absorption kinetics and then to integrate these results into the previous model. The overall model (with 8 fitted degrees of freedom and based on 2240 measurements) had an r(2) value of 0.9972 and residual variability (RSD) of 9.75%, which compared favorably with the sampling precision of SPME (similar to 5%), The method allows absolute quantitation by SPME for a broad range of analytes and sampling parameters without prior calibration of the individual fiber and regardless of whether equilibration is complete. Simulations are presented that demonstrate how the choice of airflow rate can affect quantitation. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Bartelt, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 10 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD AUG 15 PY 2000 VL 72 IS 16 BP 3949 EP 3955 DI 10.1021/ac000101f PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 343NV UT WOS:000088709200038 ER PT J AU Souza, JM Choi, I Chen, QP Weisse, M Daikhin, E Yudkoff, M Obin, M Ara, J Horwitz, J Ischiropoulos, H AF Souza, JM Choi, I Chen, QP Weisse, M Daikhin, E Yudkoff, M Obin, M Ara, J Horwitz, J Ischiropoulos, H TI Proteolytic degradation of tyrosine nitrated proteins SO ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE 3-nitrotyrosine; proteasome; chymotrypsin; superoxide dismutase; tyrosine hydroxylase ID SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; NITRIC-OXIDE; 26S PROTEASOME; PEROXYNITRITE; PHOSPHORYLATION; 20S; INACTIVATION; ACTIVATION; DEATH AB Tyrosine nitration is a covalent posttranslational protein modification that has been detected under several pathological conditions. This study reports that nitrated proteins are degraded by chymotrypsin and that protein nitration enhances susceptibility to degradation by the proteasome. Chymotrypsin cleaved the peptide bond between nitrated-tyrosine 108 and serine 109 in bovine Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase. However, the rate of chymotryptic cleavage of nitrated peptides was considerably slower than control. In contrast, nitrated bovine Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase was degraded at a rate 1.8-fold faster than that of control by a gradient-purified 20S/26S proteasome fraction from bovine retina. Exposure of PC12 cells to a nitrating agent resulted in the nitration of tyrosine hydroxylase and a 58 +/- 12.5% decline in the steady-state levels of the protein 4 h after nitration. The steady-state levels of tyrosine hydroxylase were restored by selective inhibition of the proteasome activity with lactacystin. These data indicate that nitration of tyrosine residue(s) in proteins is sufficient to induce an accelerated degradation of the modified proteins by the proteasome and that the proteasome may be critical for the removal of nitrated proteins in vivo. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Div Neonatol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Div Child Dev & Rehabil Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Div Biochem & Biophys, Stokes Res Inst, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Dept Pediat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ Penn, Abramson Res Ctr 416D, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Lab Nutr & Vis Res, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Med Coll Penn & Hahnemann Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Philadelphia, PA 19102 USA. Univ Republ, Fac Med, Dept Bioquim, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay. RP Ischiropoulos, H (reprint author), Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Div Neonatol, 34th St & Civic Ctr Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. FU NEI NIH HHS [EY11735]; NHLBI NIH HHS [HL54926]; NIA NIH HHS [AG13966] NR 30 TC 185 Z9 186 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-9861 J9 ARCH BIOCHEM BIOPHYS JI Arch. Biochem. Biophys. PD AUG 15 PY 2000 VL 380 IS 2 BP 360 EP 366 DI 10.1006/abbi.2000.1940 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 347UZ UT WOS:000088948700018 PM 10933892 ER PT J AU Incardona, JP Gaffield, W Lange, Y Cooney, A Pentchev, PG Liu, S Watson, JA Kapur, RP Roelink, H AF Incardona, JP Gaffield, W Lange, Y Cooney, A Pentchev, PG Liu, S Watson, JA Kapur, RP Roelink, H TI Cyclopamine inhibition of sonic hedgehog signal transduction is not mediated through effects on cholesterol transport SO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE neural development; holoprosencephaly; teratogen; U18666A; progesterone; membrane trafficking ID LEMLI-OPITZ-SYNDROME; NIEMANN-PICK DISEASE; KINESIN-RELATED PROTEIN; MOTOR-NEURON INDUCTION; COENZYME-A REDUCTASE; FLOOR PLATE; C-DISEASE; 7-DEHYDROCHOLESTEROL REDUCTASE; CRANIOFACIAL MALFORMATIONS; PRENATAL-DIAGNOSIS AB Cyclopamine is a teratogenic steroidal alkaloid that causes cyclopia by blocking Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signal transduction. We have tested whether this activity of cyclopamine is related to disruption of cellular cholesterol transport and putative secondary effects on the Shh receptor, Patched (Ptc). First, we report that the potent antagonism of Shh signaling by cyclopamine is not a general property of steroidal alkaloids with similar structure. The structural features of steroidal alkaloids previously associated with the induction of holoprosencephaly in whole animals are also associated with inhibition of Shh signaling in vitro. Second, by comparing the effects of cyclopamine on Shh signaling with those of compounds known to block cholesterol transport, we show that the action of cyclopamine cannot be explained by inhibition of intracellular cholesterol transport. However, compounds that block cholesterol transport by affecting the vesicular trafficking of the Niemann-Pick C1 protein (NPC1), which is structurally similar to Ptc, are weak Shh antagonists. Rather than supporting a direct link between cholesterol homeostasis and Shh signaling, our findings suggest that the functions of both NPC1 and Ptc involve a common vesicular transport pathway. Consistent with this model, we find that Ptc and NPC1 colocalize extensively in a vesicular compartment in cotransfected cells. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Biol Struct, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Ctr Dev Biol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Pathol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Rush Presbyterian St Lukes Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. NINDS, Dev & Metab Neurobiol Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. RP Roelink, H (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Biol Struct, Box 357420,HSB G527, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL28448]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES07033, ES09210] NR 77 TC 77 Z9 84 U1 1 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0012-1606 J9 DEV BIOL JI Dev. Biol. PD AUG 15 PY 2000 VL 224 IS 2 BP 440 EP 452 DI 10.1006/dbio.2000.9775 PG 13 WC Developmental Biology SC Developmental Biology GA 347XY UT WOS:000088955500027 PM 10926779 ER PT J AU Blanchard, PE Lerch, RN AF Blanchard, PE Lerch, RN TI Watershed vulnerability to losses of agricultural chemicals: Interactions of chemistry, hydrology, and land-use SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATRAZINE DEGRADATION PRODUCTS; NORTH-CENTRAL MISSOURI; MISSISSIPPI RIVER; SURFACE WATERS; HERBICIDES; TRIBUTARIES; PESTICIDES; NITRATE; SOILS; BASIN AB The objective of this study was to conduct a multibasin reconnaissance survey to determine the relative importance of chemical properties, land-use, and hydrology to agricultural chemical contamination of streams in northern Missouri. In 1994 and 1995, samples were collected from 140 sites on 95 different streams and rivers throughout northern Missouri. Samples were collected under preplant and postplant conditions and analyzed for common herbicides and dissolved nutrients. Atrazine, the most frequently detected herbicide was detected in all postplant samples and 99% and 99% of the preplant samples in 1994 and 1995, respectively. The study area has significant variations in soils, hydrology, and land-use (row-cropping intensity). The hydrology is largely determined by the soils, as reflected by soil hydrologic groups. Nitrate and herbicide concentrations showed opposite trends across the study region. Streams draining watersheds with runoff-prone soils had the highest herbicide concentrations, while streams draining watersheds with more groundwater recharge had low herbicide concentrations but the highest NO3-N concentrations. Current data are sufficient to develop a conceptual framework for assessing watershed vulnerability based on three key factors. The primary factor is the chemistry of the compound, which determines the potential hydrologic transport pathways for that chemical to be lost from the soil. Nitrate can potentially be leached or lost in runoff. Moderately sorbed compounds, such as atrazine, are more likely to be lost in runoff or degraded within the soil than leached. The hydrology of a region is the secondary factor, as it determines the relative importance of the leaching and runoff transport pathways. The third factor then is the land-use, which includes the percentage of a watershed that is cropped, the locations within the watershed that are cropped, and the chemicals applied. Management practices to improve water quality must be designed in accordance with the dominant problems and transport pathways of a watershed. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Coll Agr Food & Nat Resources, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Blanchard, PE (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Coll Agr Food & Nat Resources, 263 Agr Engn Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 37 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 4 U2 33 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG 15 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 16 BP 3315 EP 3322 DI 10.1021/es991115+ PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 344GN UT WOS:000088751000002 ER PT J AU Lugo, AE Gucinski, H AF Lugo, AE Gucinski, H TI Function, effects, and management of forest roads SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE roads; ecotone; alien species; ecosystem; technoecosystem ID GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION-SYSTEM; PUERTO-RICO; LAND-USE; DISTURBANCE; DEFORESTATION; ENVIRONMENT; LANDSCAPE; INTENSITY; INVASION; IMPACTS AB We propose a unified approach to the management and analysis of the function and effects of roads on forested rural landscapes. The approach is based on considering roads as ecosystems (techno-ecosystems) and conducting analyses of road ecology prior to making policy or management decisions. An ecosystem approach to road issues has four advantages: (1) allows for the analysis of all types of roads irrespective of geographic location; (2) provides a holistic framework for analyzing all aspects of roads from their alignment to their operation and decommissioning as well as all road functions irrespective of value judgment; (3) provides a holistic focus to their management; and (4) supplements landscape management approaches based on spatial concepts. We present five precautions to be considered when evaluating road ecosystems: (1) identify the type of road under consideration; (2) differentiate the effects and conditions of individual road segments from those of road networks; (3) he explicit about what phase of road development the argument applies because different phases of development have different effects on the landscape; (4) ascertain the age of the road and evaluate the degree of landscape adjustment to the road and vice versa; and (5) not to prejudge human-induced changes in landscapes as automatically good or bad for the ecology or economy of a region. This ecosystem focus and guiding principles are applied to several issues that road policy and management activities must address. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, USDA, Pacific NW Stn, Corvallis, OR USA. RP Lugo, AE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, POB 25000, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. EM a_lugo@uprl.upr.clu.edu NR 65 TC 61 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD AUG 15 PY 2000 VL 133 IS 3 BP 249 EP 262 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00237-6 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 341NH UT WOS:000088596100006 ER PT J AU Huq, E Tepperman, JM Quail, PH AF Huq, E Tepperman, JM Quail, PH TI GIGANTEA is a nuclear protein involved in phytochrome signaling in Arabidopsis SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID LIGHT; THALIANA; TRANSDUCTION; MUTANTS; IMPORT; RED; EXPRESSION; ELONGATION; TRANSITION; SEQUENCES AB In a genetic screen of available T-DNA-mutagenized Arabidopsis populations for loci potentially involved in phytochrome (phy) signaling, we identified a mutant that displayed reduced seedling deetiolation under continuous red light, but little if any change in responsiveness to continuous far-red light. This behavior suggests disruption of phyB, but not phyA signaling. We have cloned the mutant locus by using the T-DNA insertion and found that the disrupted gene is identical to the recently described GIGANTEA (GI) gene identified as being involved in control of flowering time. The encoded GI polypeptide has no sequence similarity to any known proteins in the database. However, by using beta-glucuronidase-GI and green fluorescent protein-GI fusion constructs, we have shown that GI is constitutively targeted to the nucleus in transient transfection assays. Optical sectioning by using the green fluorescent protein-GI fusion protein showed green fluorescence throughout the nucleoplasm. Thus, contrary to previous computer-based predictions that GI would be an integral plasmamembrane-localized polypeptide, the data here indicate that it is a nucleoplasmically localized protein. This result is consistent with the proposed role in phyB signaling, given recent evidence that early phy signaling events are nuclear localized. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94720 USA. RP Quail, PH (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 38 TC 188 Z9 198 U1 0 U2 14 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD AUG 15 PY 2000 VL 97 IS 17 BP 9789 EP 9794 DI 10.1073/pnas.170283997 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 345XM UT WOS:000088840500081 PM 10920210 ER PT J AU Li, J Zhu, XD Boston, R Ashton, FT Gamble, HR Schad, GA AF Li, J Zhu, XD Boston, R Ashton, FT Gamble, HR Schad, GA TI Thermotaxis and thermosensory neurons in infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus, a passively ingested nematode parasite SO JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article DE ablation; Caenorhabditis elegans; dendrite; laser microbeam; cell death; ultrastructure ID CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS; STRONGYLOIDES-STERCORALIS; SENSORY NEUROANATOMY; AMPHIDIAL NEURONS AB As a basis for studies of thermal behavior of infective larvae (L3) of Haemonchus contortus resulting from ablation of amphidial neurons, the locations of the amphidial cell bodies in the hatchling larva (L1) were compared with their locations in the L3. We sought to verify that killing each targeted cell body in L1 destroys the putative corresponding dendrite of the L3. These comparisons confirmed the predicted cell body-to-dendrite connections, as well as similarities in the general amphidial structure of the two stages. We then conducted a series of studies using laser microbeam ablation of amphidial cell bodies in the L1 to determine the role of specific neurons in the thermal behavior of the L3. In a thermal gradient, normal L3 of H. contortus migrate to the temperature at which they were cultured and/or maintained. Larvae grown at 16 degrees or 26 degrees C migrate appropriately to either of these temperatures. Larvae grown to the L3 stage at 16 degrees C and then moved to 26 degrees C become acclimated to this temperature and thereafter migrate to it. However, when the putative thermosensory neurons, the finger cell neurons (AFD), were ablated in hatchling larvae with a laser microbeam, and these were grown to the L3 stage and tested on a radial thermal gradient, they failed to migrate to their culture temperature. Instead, they moved actively and continuously over much of the assay plate surface, with no obviously oriented cryo- or thermotactic movement. Ablation-control larvae, those in which putatively chemosensory neuron classes ASE or AWC were killed, migrated normally to their culture temperature. When the RIA interneurons (identified by positional homology with those of Caenorhabditis elegans) were ablated, the operated larvae moved actively, but circled near the initial placement point; control larvae, in which other nonamphidial neurons were killed, migrated normally. These results indicate that the finger cell neurons (AFD) are the primary thermosensory class in H. contortus. The RIA-class neurons integrate thermal responses in H. contortus, as do their putative structural homologs in C. elegans, but the behavior of H. contortus subsequent to RIA ablation is strikingly different. J. Comp. Neurol. 424:58-73, 2000. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Penn, Sch Vet Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. ARS, USDA, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Schad, GA (reprint author), Univ Penn, Sch Vet Med, 3800 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. FU PHS HHS [R01 A1 22662] NR 27 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0021-9967 J9 J COMP NEUROL JI J. Comp. Neurol. PD AUG 14 PY 2000 VL 424 IS 1 BP 58 EP 73 DI 10.1002/1096-9861(20000814)424:1<58::AID-CNE5>3.0.CO;2-Z PG 16 WC Neurosciences; Zoology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Zoology GA 337MF UT WOS:000088364600005 PM 10888739 ER PT J AU Hunsaker, DJ Kimball, BA Pinter, PJ Wall, GW LaMorte, RL Adamsen, FJ Leavitt, SW Thompson, TL Matthias, AD Brooks, TJ AF Hunsaker, DJ Kimball, BA Pinter, PJ Wall, GW LaMorte, RL Adamsen, FJ Leavitt, SW Thompson, TL Matthias, AD Brooks, TJ TI CO2 enrichment and soil nitrogen effects on wheat evapotranspiration and water use efficiency SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE global change; soil water use; crop coefficient; subsurface drip ID CARBON-DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT; ENERGY-BALANCE; SAP FLOW; COTTON; YIELD; FACE; TRANSPIRATION; MOISTURE AB Evapotranspiration (ET) and water use efficiency (WUE) were evaluated for two spring wheat crops, grown in a well-watered, subsurface drip-irrigated field under ambient (about 370 mu mol mol(-1) during daytime) and enriched (200 mu mol mol(-1) above ambient) CO2 concentrations during 1995-1996 and 1996-1997 in Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiments in central Arizona. The enriched (FACE) and ambient (Control) CO2 treatments were replicated in four, circular plots, each 25 m in diameter. Two soil nitrogen (N) treatments, ample (High N) and limited (Low N), were imposed on one-half of each circular plot. Wheat ET, determined using soil water balance procedures, was significantly greater in High N than Low N treatments starting in late-March (anthesis) during both years. Differences in ET between CO2 treatments during the seasons were generally small and not statistically significant, however, there was a tendency for the ET to be lower for FACE than Control under the High N treatment. The reduction in the cumulative seasonal ET due to FACE averaged 3.7 and 4.0% under High N and 0.7 and 1.2% under Low N in the first and second years, respectively. However, WUE (grain yield per unit seasonal ET) was significantly increased for the FACE treatment under both soil N treatments. For the High N treatment, the WUE was 19 and 23% greater for FACE than Control and for the Low N treatment the WUE was 12 and 7% greater for FACE than Control in the 2 years, respectively. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Soil Water & Environm Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Maricopa Agr Ctr, Maricopa, AZ 85239 USA. RP USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. EM dhunsaker@uswcl.ars.ag.gov NR 43 TC 50 Z9 62 U1 2 U2 30 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 EI 1873-2240 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD AUG 8 PY 2000 VL 104 IS 2 BP 85 EP 105 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00157-X PG 21 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 339XL UT WOS:000088503100001 ER PT J AU Lindberg, AC Shivik, JA Clark, L AF Lindberg, AC Shivik, JA Clark, L TI Mechanical mouse lure for Brown Treesnakes SO COPEIA LA English DT Article ID GARTER SNAKES; CUES; LIZARDS AB The importance of prey movement for stimulating feeding behavior of Brown Treesnakes was tested by using a mechanical mouse model in combination with and without prey odor. Prey movement was found to be important in stimulating brown treesnake feeding behavior. Prey movement combined with prey odor was not significantly different than prey movement alone. In the development of simple artificial lures based on the stimulus of live mice, visual lures lacking movement are likely to be ineffective. Lures that combine a visual moving stimulus with prey odor are likely to be the most effective artificial lure for trapping brown treesnakes. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Shivik, JA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 24 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ICHTHYOLOGISTS HERPETOLOGISTS PI CHARLESTON PA UNIV CHARLESTON, GRICE MARINE LABORATORY, 205 FORT JOHNSON RD, CHARLESTON, SC 29412 USA SN 0045-8511 J9 COPEIA JI Copeia PD AUG 4 PY 2000 IS 3 BP 886 EP 888 DI 10.1643/0045-8511(2000)000[0886:MMLFBT]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 369EV UT WOS:000165053800036 ER PT J AU Wang, SY Camp, MJ AF Wang, SY Camp, MJ TI Temperatures after bloom affect plant growth and fruit quality of strawberry SO SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Article DE biomass allocation; carbohydrates; Fragaria x ananassa; fruit quality; organic acids; temperatures ID SELECTION AB The influence of four day/night temperature combinations (18/12, 25/12, 25/22, 30/22) on plant growth and fruit. quality of 'Earliglow' and 'Kent' strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) were studied. The optimum day/night temperatures for leaf and petiole growth was 25/12 degrees C, while for roots and fruits it was at 18/12 degrees C. For the growth of the whole plant, 25/12 degrees C was also the optimum temperature, Fruit surface and flesh color became darker (L* value decreased) and greater in pigment intensity (chroma value increased) as the day and night temperatures increased. Leaf color was brighter, greener and greater in pigment intensity as day and night temperatures decreased (18/12 degrees C), Increased in growth temperatures resulted in decreased fruit quality including soluble solids (SSC), titratable acids (TA), SSC/TA ratio, and ascorbic acid (AA) content in the fruit. Plants grown at 18/12 degrees C greatest amounts of fructose, glucose, and total carbohydrates in fruit and decreased with increasing temperature. The greatest fruit sucrose content occurred at 25/12 degrees C and the lowest was at 30/22 degrees C. Fruit from plants grown at 18/12 degrees C also contained greater amounts of citric acid and ellagic acid, but lesser amounts of malic acid. As the day/night temperature increased, fruit malic acid content increased, while citric acid and ellagic acid content decreased. Temperatures of 30/22 degrees C inhibited plant and fruit growth, and also reduced fruit quality. At higher day and night temperatures (25/22 and 30/22 degrees C), leaves, petioles, and crowns had higher amounts of fructose and myo-inositol, whereas at cooler temperatures (18/12 and 25/12 degrees C), greater amounts of sucrose were found. Plants grown at 25/12 degrees C had the highest starch and total carbohydrate contents. Cooler day/night temperature (18/12 degrees C) shifted biomass from leaves to roots. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Biometr Consulting Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wang, SY (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 28 TC 72 Z9 84 U1 4 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4238 J9 SCI HORTIC-AMSTERDAM JI Sci. Hortic. PD AUG 4 PY 2000 VL 85 IS 3 BP 183 EP 199 DI 10.1016/S0304-4238(99)00143-0 PG 17 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 343VR UT WOS:000088723600003 ER PT J AU Bouwer, H AF Bouwer, H TI Integrated water management: emerging issues and challenges SO AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE integrated water management; populations; water issues; underground storage; non-point source pollution; virtual water; water reuse ID CHEMICALS AB Most of the projected global population increases will take place in Third World Countries that already suffer from water, food, and health problems. Increasingly, agricultural water management must be coordinated with, and integrated into, the overall water management of the region. Sustainability, public health, and environmental protection are key factors. More storage of water behind dam and especially in aquifers via artificial recharge is necessary to save water in times of water surplus for use in times of water shortage. Municipal wastewater can be an important water resource but its use must be carefully planned and regulated to prevent adverse health effects and, in the case of irrigation, undue contamination of groundwater. While almost an liquid fresh water of the planet occurs underground its long-term suitability as a source of water is threatened by nonpoint source pollution from agriculture and by aquifer depletion due to groundwater withdrawals in excess of groundwater recharge. Water short countries can save water by importing most of their food and electric power from other countries with more water, so that in essence they also get the water that was necessary to produce these commodities and, hence, is virtually embedded in the commodities. This 'virtual' water tends to be a lot cheaper for the receiving country than developing its own water resources. Local water can then be used for purposes with higher social or economic returns or saved for the future. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V, All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Agr Res Serv, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Bouwer, H (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Agr Res Serv, 4331 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 23 TC 152 Z9 166 U1 21 U2 121 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3774 J9 AGR WATER MANAGE JI Agric. Water Manage. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 45 IS 3 BP 217 EP 228 DI 10.1016/S0378-3774(00)00092-5 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA 337RN UT WOS:000088375600002 ER PT J AU Elzen, PJ Baxter, JR Elzen, GW Rivera, R Wilson, WT AF Elzen, PJ Baxter, JR Elzen, GW Rivera, R Wilson, WT TI Evaluation of grapefruit essential oils for controlling Varroa jacobsoni and Acarapis woodi SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE varroa; tracheal mite; Varroa jacobsoni; Acarapis woodi; monoterpenoids; grapefruit ID HONEY-BEE HYMENOPTERA; PLANT-EXTRACTS; APIDAE; ACARI; COLONIES; MONOTERPENOIDS; TARSONEMIDAE AB Four essential oils found in citrus leaves - citral, limonene, citronellal, and linalool - were tested in the laboratory for effectiveness in knocking down Varroa jacobsoni mites from infested honey bees. Citral was the most effective, with 72.8% knockdown of mites from infested bees exposed to this compound. Only 7.9% initial knockdown of varroa mites was observed in the field test of citral, not significantly different from initial control mite drop. Total population change after 6 weeks of exposure between citral and control treatments was also not significantly different, with great increases in mite populations seen in the citral and control hives. Citral was more effective, however, in controlling the tracheal mite, Acarapis woodi, resulting in a 66.8% reduction in populations after initial treatment. Discussion is presented on the use of natural essential oils in the control of honey bee acarine pests. C1 USDA ARS, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Elzen, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, 2413 E Hwy 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 USA SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 140 IS 8 BP 666 EP 668 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 339DK UT WOS:000088462200030 ER PT J AU Wojan, TR AF Wojan, TR TI The composition of rural employment growth in the "new economy" SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE de-skilling; division of labor; occupations; seemingly unrelated regression ID URBAN AB This article examines changes in the patterns of occupational employment in urban and rural labor markets in seven southern states between 1970 and 1990. A method is developed for assessing whether occupational employment patterns are becoming more differentiated over time, The analysis identities a process of increasing similarity across all occupational groups between 1970 and 1980. In contrast. the 1980-90 period is characterized by increasing rural specialization in Operator (low-skill) occupations amid increasing similarity in four of nine inclusive occupational categories, These results provide partial support for conjectures regarding greater differentiation of tasks performed in rural and urban labor markets. C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Wojan, TR (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 26 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 82 IS 3 BP 594 EP 605 DI 10.1111/0002-9092.00049 PG 12 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 335QE UT WOS:000088254900009 ER PT J AU Figlio, DN Gundersen, C Ziliak, JP AF Figlio, DN Gundersen, C Ziliak, JP TI The effects of the macroeconomy and welfare reform on food stamp caseloads SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Oregon, Dept Econ, Inst Res Poverty, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. Univ Oregon, Dept Econ, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Econ, Inst Res Poverty, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Natl Bur Econ Res, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Ziliak, JP (reprint author), Univ Oregon, Dept Econ, Inst Res Poverty, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. EM jziliak@oregon.uoregon.edu NR 8 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 82 IS 3 BP 635 EP 641 DI 10.1111/0002-9092.00053 PG 7 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 335QE UT WOS:000088254900013 ER PT J AU Wilde, PE Hofferth, S Stanhope, S Noonan, M Collins, N AF Wilde, PE Hofferth, S Stanhope, S Noonan, M Collins, N TI Pre-1997 trends in welfare and food assistance in a national sample of families SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Food & Rural Econ Div, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Univ Michigan, Inst Social Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Program Financial Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Program Appl Econ, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Ctr Populat Studies, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Wilde, PE (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, Food & Rural Econ Div, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RI Wilde, Parke/B-6011-2009 OI Wilde, Parke/0000-0002-9596-9230 NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 82 IS 3 BP 642 EP 648 DI 10.1111/0002-9092.00054 PG 7 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 335QE UT WOS:000088254900014 ER PT J AU Kilkenny, M Jensen, HH Garasky, S Olmsted, J AF Kilkenny, M Jensen, HH Garasky, S Olmsted, J TI Welfare and food assistance at the state and sub-state level: A framework for evaluating economic and programmatic changes SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Econ, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Human Dev Family Studies Dept, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Kilkenny, M (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Econ, Ames, IA 50011 USA. OI Jensen, Helen/0000-0001-6878-1729 NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 82 IS 3 BP 649 EP 655 DI 10.1111/0002-9092.00055 PG 7 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 335QE UT WOS:000088254900015 ER PT J AU Shane, MD Liefert, WM AF Shane, MD Liefert, WM TI The international financial crisis: Macroeconomic linkages to agriculture SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Market & Trade Econ Div, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Shane, MD (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, Market & Trade Econ Div, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 82 IS 3 BP 682 EP 687 DI 10.1111/0002-9092.00061 PG 6 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 335QE UT WOS:000088254900021 ER PT J AU Langley, SV Giugale, M Meyers, WH Hallahan, C AF Langley, SV Giugale, M Meyers, WH Hallahan, C TI International financial volatility and agricultural commodity trade: A primer SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID EXCHANGE-RATE VOLATILITY; FLOWS; MODELS; RISK C1 USDA, ERS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. World Bank, Washington, DC 20433 USA. RP Langley, SV (reprint author), USDA, ERS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 20 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 82 IS 3 BP 695 EP 700 DI 10.1111/0002-9092.00063 PG 6 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 335QE UT WOS:000088254900023 ER PT J AU Glauber, JW AF Glauber, JW TI If a tree falls in the forest: The effects of liberalization if tariffs are nonbinding: Discussion SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Glauber, JW (reprint author), USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 82 IS 3 BP 727 EP 728 DI 10.1111/0002-9092.00069 PG 2 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 335QE UT WOS:000088254900029 ER PT J AU Young, CE Westcott, PC AF Young, CE Westcott, PC TI How decoupled is US agricultural support for major crops? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Young, CE (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 9 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 82 IS 3 BP 762 EP 767 DI 10.1111/0002-9092.00076 PG 6 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 335QE UT WOS:000088254900036 ER PT J AU Burfisher, ME Robinson, S Thierfelder, K AF Burfisher, ME Robinson, S Thierfelder, K TI North American farm programs and the WTO SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID ACREAGE DECISIONS; UNCERTAINTY; INSURANCE; INCOME; RISK C1 USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. USN Acad, Annapolis, MD 21402 USA. RP Burfisher, ME (reprint author), USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 82 IS 3 BP 768 EP 774 DI 10.1111/0002-9092.00077 PG 7 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 335QE UT WOS:000088254900037 ER PT J AU Wilde, PE AF Wilde, PE TI The analysis of household surveys: A microeconometric approach to development policy. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Book Review C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Wilde, PE (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RI Wilde, Parke/B-6011-2009 OI Wilde, Parke/0000-0002-9596-9230 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 82 IS 3 BP 780 EP 782 PG 3 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 335QE UT WOS:000088254900040 ER PT J AU Wong, WW Stuff, JE Butte, NF Smith, EO Ellis, KJ AF Wong, WW Stuff, JE Butte, NF Smith, EO Ellis, KJ TI Estimating body fat in African American and white adolescent girls: a comparison of skinfold-thickness equations with a 4-compartment criterion model SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE skinfold thickness; body fat; female adolescents; densitometry; isotope dilution; dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; ethnicity; whites; African Americans; girls; race; prediction equations; blacks ID ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS; CHILDREN; OBESITY; DENSITY; WOMEN; OVERWEIGHT; HEALTH; INDEX; MASS AB Background: Although skinfold-thickness equations are widely used to estimate body fat, their accuracy in a biracial population of female adolescents has not been established. Objective: We undertook this study to determine the agreement between 8 widely used skinfold-thickness equations and a 4-compartment criterion model in predicting the percentage body far of 72 white and 40 African American girls aged 13.0 +/- 1.9 y. Design: The biceps, triceps, suprailiac, subscapular, thigh, calf, and abdominal skinfold thicknesses of the subjects were measured with skinfold calipers and the buttocks circumference with a metal tape. The percentage fat mass (%FM) predicted by using each skinfold-thickness equation was compared with the criterion value calculated by the 4-compartment model on the basis of measurements of body density, body water, and bone mineral content. Results: When the racial groups were analyzed separately, the Bland-Altman analysis indicated that the quadratic equations agreed most closely with the 4-compartment model's measurement of %FM. Agreement of the other equations varied with body fatness. Conclusions: The quadratic equation of Slaughter et al is recommended for population studies in female adolescents because of its accuracy and simplicity. However, an individual %FM can be over- or underestimated by approximate to 10% when this skinfold-thickness equation is used. C1 ARS, USDA, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Wong, WW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 26 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 72 IS 2 BP 348 EP 354 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 340YW UT WOS:000088565100007 PM 10919926 ER PT J AU Ribaya-Mercado, JD Solon, FS Solon, MA Cabal-Barza, MA Perfecto, CS Tang, GW Solon, JAA Fjeld, CR Russell, RM AF Ribaya-Mercado, JD Solon, FS Solon, MA Cabal-Barza, MA Perfecto, CS Tang, GW Solon, JAA Fjeld, CR Russell, RM TI Bioconversion of plant carotenoids to vitamin A in Filipino school-aged children varies inversely with vitamin A status SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE vitamin A; retinol; beta-carotene bioconversion; carotenoids; fruit; vegetables; anthelmintic drugs; deuterated retinol dilution; stable isotope dilution; school-age children ID ISOTOPE-DILUTION TECHNIQUE; GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES; TOTAL-BODY STORES; BETA-CAROTENE; DARK-GREEN; NUTRITIONAL-STATUS; SERUM CAROTENOIDS; CONTROLLED DIETS; A STATUS; RETINOL AB Background: It is important to understand the factors affecting strategies to improve the vitamin A status of populations. We reported previously that a 3-d deuterated-retinol-dilution (DRD) procedure might be used to indicate total body stores of vitamin A, Objective: We studied the ability of 3-d DRD to detect changes in the body pool size of vitamin A and the effect of vitamin A status on the bioconversion of plant carotenoids to vitamin A. Design: Two separate, unrelated studies were conducted in 7-13-y-old children with poor or marginal serum retinol concentrations (0.32-0.93 mu mol/L) by feeding them controlled diets daily for 5 d/wk for 12 wk, after treatment with an anthelmintic drug. In school 1 (n = 27), lunch and 2 snacks that were provided at school contained 2258 retinol equivalents/d (mostly from orange fruit and vegetables) and 5.3 MJ/d from 33 g fat, 37 g protein, and 209 g carbohydrates; in school 2 (n = 25), 2 snacks provided 2.5 MJ/d from 9.4 g far, 9.6 g protein, and 119 g carbohydrates, but no carotenes. Results: In school 1, mean serum beta-carotene increased from 0.12 to 0.62 mu mol/L (P = 0.0001) and serum retinol increased from 0.68 to 1.06 mu mol/L (P = 0.0001). In school 2, serum beta-carotene increased from 0.06 to 0.11 mu mol/L (P = 0.0001) and serum retinol increased from 0.66 to 0.86 mu mol/L (P = 0.0001). In school 1, but not school 2, improvement in serum retinol varied inversely with baseline retinol (r = -0.38, P = 0.048). In both schools, 3-d DRD showed reductions in the ratio of serum deuterated to nondeuterated retinol (D:H retinol) postintervention, denoting improvements in vitamin A status; the higher D:H retinol tie, the poorer the status) at baseline, the greater the reduction in D:H retinol postintervention (school 1: r = -0.99, P = 0.0001; school 2: r = -0.89, P = 0.0001). Conclusions: Three-day DRD can detect changes in the body pool size of vitamin A, although a predictive equation to quantitate total body stores of vitamin A with the use of 3-d data needs to be developed. Bioconversion of plant carotenoids to vitamin A varies inversely with vitamin A status; improvement in status after dietary interventions is strongly influenced by total body stores of vitamin A and is influenced little or not at all by serum retinol. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Nutr Ctr Philippines, Manila, Philippines. Dept Hlth, Bur Res & Labs, Manila, Philippines. Univ Philippines, Coll Publ Hlth, Dept Parasitol, Quezon 1101, Philippines. Int Atom Energy Agcy, Vienna, Austria. RP Ribaya-Mercado, JD (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 47 TC 62 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 72 IS 2 BP 455 EP 465 PG 11 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 340YW UT WOS:000088565100022 PM 10919941 ER PT J AU Russell, RM AF Russell, RM TI The aging process as a modifier of metabolism SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Role of Dietary Supplements for Physically Active People CY JUN 03-04, 1996 CL BETHESDA, MARYLAND DE aging; elderly; nutrient requirements; metabolism; dietary requirements; absorption; gastrointestinal function; dietary reference intakes; DRIs; recommended dietary allowances; RDAs ID PROTEIN-BOUND VITAMIN-B12; ELDERLY PEOPLE; ATROPHIC GASTRITIS; BACTERIAL OVERGROWTH; RETINYL ESTERS; DEFICIENCY; MALABSORPTION; ADULTS; WOMEN; REQUIREMENTS AB Because elderly adults have distinct metabolic characteristics that alter various nutrient requirements, simple extrapolations of nutrient requirements for younger adults are not warranted. Gastrointestinal function is well preserved with aging regarding the digestion and absorption of macronutrients, but the aging gastrointestinal tract becomes less efficient in absorbing vitamin B-12, vitamin D, and calcium. The new dietary reference intakes considered recent studies in aging adults and concluded that the recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) should be 1200 mg and 15 mu g for calcium and vitamin D, respectively, for persons over the age of 70 y. The new RDAs for riboflavin, niacin, thiamine, folate, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 are not different for persons in the oldest age category (>70 y) than for those aged 51-70 y. Because this is a quickly advancing field, it will be important to closely follow new research on nutrient requirements and aging over the next several years. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Russell, RM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 32 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 72 IS 2 SU S BP 529S EP 532S PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 342FH UT WOS:000088634200006 PM 10919955 ER PT J AU Lukaski, HC AF Lukaski, HC TI Magnesium, zinc, and chromium nutriture and physical activity SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Role of Dietary Supplements for Physically Active People CY JUN 03-04, 1996 CL BETHESDA, MARYLAND DE trace elements; endurance; muscle strength; physical activity; nutritional status; mineral supplements; magnesium; zinc; chromium ID DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN-CHOLESTEROL; BODY-COMPOSITION; TRACE MINERALS; DIETARY-INTAKE; COPPER STATUS; EXERCISE; MEN; SUPPLEMENTATION; PICOLINATE; STRENGTH AB Magnesium, zinc, and chromium are mineral elements required in modest amounts to maintain health and optimal physiologic function. For physically active persons, adequate amounts of these micronutrients are needed in the diet to ensure the capacity for increased energy expenditure and work performance. Most physically active individuals consume diets that provide amounts of magnesium and zinc sufficient to meet population standards. Women tend to consume less of these minerals than is recommended in part because they eat less food than men. Inadequate intakes of magnesium and zinc have been reported for participants in activities requiring restriction of body weight. Dietary chromium is difficult to estimate because of a lack of appropriate reference databases. Acute, intense activity results in short-term increases in both urine and sweat losses of minerals that apparently diminish during recovery in the days after exercise. Supplemental magnesium and zinc apparently improve strength and muscle metabolism. However, evidence is lacking as to whether these observations relate to impaired nutritional status or a pharmacologic effect. Chromium supplementation of young men and women does not promote muscle accretion, fat loss, or gains in strength. Physically active individuals with concerns about meeting guidelines for nutrient intake should be counseled to select and consume foods with high nutrient densities rather than to rely on nutritional supplements. The indiscriminate use of mineral supplements can adversely affect physiologic function and impair health. C1 ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Lukaski, HC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Box 9034, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RI Biguzzi, Felipe/E-4724-2015 NR 79 TC 49 Z9 52 U1 5 U2 26 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 72 IS 2 SU S BP 585S EP 593S PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 342FH UT WOS:000088634200015 PM 10919964 ER PT J AU Stoll, B Chang, XY Fan, MZ Reeds, PJ Burrin, DG AF Stoll, B Chang, XY Fan, MZ Reeds, PJ Burrin, DG TI Enteral nutrient intake level determines intestinal protein synthesis and accretion rates in neonatal pigs SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE protein degradation; total parenteral nutrition; preterm infants; amino acid metabolism ID TOTAL PARENTERAL-NUTRITION; LEUCINE KINETICS; WHOLE-BODY; GROWTH; METABOLISM; MODEL; CATABOLISM; INFANTS; PIGLETS; ORGAN AB Our objective was to determine the minimum enteral intake level necessary to increase the protein accretion rate (PAR) in the neonatal small intestine. Seven-day-old piglets received an equal total daily intake of an elemental diet, with different proportions given enterally (0, 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%). After 7 days, piglets were infused intravenously with [H-2(3)]leucine for 6 h, and the fractional protein synthesis rate (FSR) was measured in the proximal (PJ) and distal jejunum (DJ) and the proximal (PI) and distal ileum (DI). The jejunal FSR increased from 45%/day to 130%/day between 0 and 60% enteral intake, whereas the FSR in the ileum was less sensitive to enteral intake level. At 0% enteral intake, PAR was significantly negative in the PJ, DJ, and PI (range -70 to -43 mg/day) and positive in the DI (49 mg/day), whereas intestinal protein balance occurred at 20% enteral intake. At 100% enteral intake, the PAR was greatest in the DI, even though the rates of protein turnover were 50% lower than in the PJ. We conclude that there is net intestinal protein loss at 0% enteral intake, protein balance at 20% enteral intake, and maximal intestinal protein accretion at 60% enteral intake. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Burrin, DG (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [R01-HD33920, R01-HD35679] NR 28 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0193-1857 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-GASTR L JI Am. J. Physiol.-Gastroint. Liver Physiol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 279 IS 2 BP G288 EP G294 PG 7 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Physiology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Physiology GA 338FQ UT WOS:000088408200007 PM 10915636 ER PT J AU Tucker, KL Bermudez, OI Castaneda, C AF Tucker, KL Bermudez, OI Castaneda, C TI Type 2 diabetes is prevalent and poorly controlled among Hispanic elders of Caribbean origin SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID BODY-FAT DISTRIBUTION; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; MEXICAN-AMERICANS; ESTIMATING STATURE; UNITED-STATES; MELLITUS; INSULIN; HEALTH; OBESITY; WOMEN AB Objectives. We estimated prevalence and control of type 2 diabetes in Puerto Rican, Dominican, and non-Hispanic White (NHW) elders and associated them with sociodemographic and health behavior variables and with body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference. Methods. We used a cross-sectional analysis with a sample of Hispanic elders in Massachusetts and a comparison group of NHWs (1991-1997). The analysis included 379 Puerto Ricans, 113 Dominicans, and 164 NHWs, aged 60 to 96 years, with complete questionnaires and blood samples. Results. Type 2 diabetes was significantly more prevalent among Puerto Ricans (38%) and Dominicans (35%) than among NHWs (23%). Differences remained after covariates were adjusted for. Hispanics with diabetes were approximately 3 times more likely to use insulin than NHWs. Puerto Ricans were 2 times, and Dominicans 3 times, more likely to have glycosylated hemoglobin concentrations of 7% or above than NHWs. BMI and waist circumference were individually associated with diabetes. When included in the model together, waist circumference, but not BMI, remained independently associated with diabetes. Conclusions. Ethnicity was more strongly associated with diabetes status and control than were socioeconomic or measured health behavior variables, suggesting that genetic or other culturally related factors may explain these differences. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Tucker, KL (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010; OI Tucker, Katherine/0000-0001-7640-662X FU NIA NIH HHS [R01 AG10425] NR 45 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD AUG PY 2000 VL 90 IS 8 BP 1288 EP 1293 DI 10.2105/AJPH.90.8.1288 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 338BR UT WOS:000088398700022 PM 10937011 ER PT J AU Brockmeier, SL Palmer, MV Bolin, SR AF Brockmeier, SL Palmer, MV Bolin, SR TI Effects of intranasal inoculation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, Bordetella bronchiseptica, or a combination of both organisms in pigs SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID PASTEURELLA-MULTOCIDA; SWINE INFERTILITY; DUAL INFECTIONS; PREGNANT SWINE; PRRSV; CHALLENGE; IMMUNITY; STRAINS; HERDS; PATHOGENICITY AB Objective - To examine effects of co-infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Bordetella bronchiseptica in pigs. Animals - Forty 3-week-old pigs. Procedure - 30 pigs (10 pigs/group) were inoculated with PRRSV, B bronchiseptica, or both. Ten noninoculated pigs were control animals. Results-Clinical signs, febrile response, and decreased weight gain were most severe in the group inoculated with both organisms. The PRRSV was isolated from all pigs in both groups inoculated with virus. All pigs in both groups that received PRRSV had gross and microscopic lesions consistent with interstitial pneumonia. Bordetella bronchiseptica was cultured from all pigs in both groups inoculated with that bacterium. Colonization of anatomic sites by B bronchiseptica was comparable between both groups. Pigs in the group that received only B bronchiseptica lacked gross or microscopic lung lesions, and B bronchiseptica was not isolated from lung tissue. In the group inoculated with B bronchiseptica and PRRSV, 3 of 5 pigs 10 days after inoculation and 5 of 5 pigs 21 days after inoculation had gross and microscopic lesions consistent with bacterial bronchopneumonia, and B bronchiseptica was isolated from the lungs of 7 of those 10 pigs. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance - Clinical disease was exacerbated in co-infected pigs, including an increased febrile response, decreased weight gain, and B bronchiseptica-induced pneumonia. Bordetella bronchiseptica and PRRSV may circulate in a herd and cause subclinical infections. Therefore, co-infection with these organisms may cause clinical respiratory tract disease and leave pigs more susceptible to subsequent infection with opportunistic bacteria. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Resp Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Virus & Prion Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Brockmeier, SL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Resp Dis Livestock Res Unit, 2300 Dayton Ave,POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 46 TC 36 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 61 IS 8 BP 892 EP 899 DI 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.892 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 340ER UT WOS:000088520600007 PM 10951978 ER PT J AU Rainard, P Riollet, C Poutrel, B Paape, MJ AF Rainard, P Riollet, C Poutrel, B Paape, MJ TI Phagocytosis and killing of Staphylococcus aureus by bovine neutrophils after priming by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and the des-arginine derivative of C5a SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID FC-GAMMA RECEPTOR; RESPIRATORY BURST; OXIDATIVE BURST; POLYMORPHONUCLEAR NEUTROPHILS; MEDIATED PHAGOCYTOSIS; BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY; INTERFERON-GAMMA; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; COMPLEMENT; ACTIVATION AB Objectives--To evaluate effects of proinflammatory mediators on phagocytosis and killing of Staphylococcus aureus, the oxidative burst (OB), and expression of receptors for opsonins by bovine neutrophils. Sample Population-Neutrophils from 10 cattle. Procedure-Neutrophils were primed with recombinant bovine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) or the des-arginine derivative of bovine C5a (C5a(desArg)) and mixed with S aureus. Phagocytosis and OB were measured by use of flow cytometry. Rate of phagocytosis and intracellular killing were evaluated. Expression of receptors for immunoglobulins and the C3bi fragment of complement were estimated by use of flow cytometry. Results--Priming of neutrophils by TNF-alpha improved phagocytosis of S aureus with a concentration-dependent effect. Phagocytosis of preopsonized washed bacteria was increased by activation of neutrophils with C5a(desArg). Phagocytosis was optimal when neutrophils primed with TNF-alpha were activated with C5a(desArg). The OB of phagocytizing neutrophils was highest when TNF-alpha and C5a(desArg) were used in combination. Bactericidal activity of neutrophils was stimulated by priming with TNF-alpha or C5a(desArg). Binding of bovine IgM or IgG(2) to bovine neutrophils was not stimulated by TNF-alpha, C5a(desArg), or both, and aggregated IgG1 did not bind to neutrophils regardless of their activation state. Both TNF-alpha and C5a(desArg) increased expression of beta 2 integrins (CD18), with the highest expression when they were used in combination. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance--The mediators TNF-alpha and C5a(desArg) stimulated phagocytic killing by neutrophils and potentiated each other when used at suboptimal concentrations. Bovine neutrophils have enhanced bactericidal activities at inflammatory sites when TNF-alpha, C5a(desArg), Or both are produced locally. C1 Ctr Tours Nouzilly, INRA, Pathol Infect & Immunol Lab, F-37380 Nouzilly, France. USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resitance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Rainard, P (reprint author), Ctr Tours Nouzilly, INRA, Pathol Infect & Immunol Lab, F-37380 Nouzilly, France. NR 45 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 61 IS 8 BP 951 EP 959 DI 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.951 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 340ER UT WOS:000088520600018 PM 10951989 ER PT J AU Boughton, DA AF Boughton, DA TI The dispersal system of a butterfly: A test of source-sink theory suggests the intermediate-scale hypothesis SO AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE source sink; dispersal; habitat; diffusion; ideal free distribution ID EUPHYDRYAS-EDITHA BUTTERFLIES; POPULATION REGULATION; BALANCED DISPERSAL; DENSITY DEPENDENCE; ANIMAL POPULATIONS; EVOLUTION; METAPOPULATION; DYNAMICS; ENVIRONMENTS; NYMPHALIDAE AB Theory predicts source-sink dynamics can occur in species with the ideal preemptive distribution but not with the ideal free distribution. Source-sink dynamics can also occur in species with passive dispersal, in which a fixed fraction of the population disperses each generation. However, in nature, dispersal often approximates random diffusion rather than ideal choices or fixed probabilities. Here, I ask which dispersal system occurred in a butterfly (Euphydryas editha) known to have source-sink dynamics. The study used 13 experimental sites, where vacant and occupied habitat patches were juxtaposed. I estimated movement during the flight season and rested hypotheses about the type of dispersal system. Ideal free and ideal preemptive models were rejected because per capita movement rates were density independent. Passive dispersal was rejected because per capita rates were related to patch area and habitat preference. The diffusion model best explained the data because it predicted both the area relationship and an odd feature of the habitat preference: immigration was not higher in preferred habitat; rather, emigration was lower. The diffusion model implied that source-sink dynamics were driven by diffusion from areas of high to low population density. Existing source-sink theory assumes fine-scale patchiness, in which animals have perfect knowledge and ease of mobility. The results from the butterfly suggest that sourer-sink dynamics arise at coarser spatial scales, where diffusion models apply. C1 Univ Texas, Dept Zool, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Boughton, DA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM dboughton@fs.fed.us NR 57 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 3 U2 12 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0003-0147 EI 1537-5323 J9 AM NAT JI Am. Nat. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 156 IS 2 BP 131 EP 144 DI 10.1086/303380 PG 14 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 334XU UT WOS:000088212200003 ER PT J AU Shelly, TE AF Shelly, TE TI Male signalling and lek attractiveness in the Mediterranean fruit fly SO ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR LA English DT Article ID CERATITIS-CAPITATA DIPTERA; FLIES DIPTERA; COURTSHIP BEHAVIOR; MAJOR COMPONENTS; MATING-BEHAVIOR; FEMALE CHOICE; TEPHRITIDAE; AGGREGATION; DROSOPHILA; STRATEGIES AB I tested the null hypothesis that females of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, were equally likely to visit leks composed of males with high versus low mating success. In laboratory trials, the observed distribution of matings among males differed significantly from that expected by chance, owing primarily to the higher than expected numbers of individuals with low (mated 0-1 days over 6 consecutive observation days) or high (mated 4 or more days) mating scores. I termed these two groups as 'low' and 'high' maters, respectively. In the field, greater numbers of female sightings were made at artificial leks of high maters than low maters. This result apparently reflected a greater calling propensity among high maters. Slopes of female sightings versus calling level did not differ significantly between leks of low and high maters, suggesting that the observed relationship between calling activity and female sightings was independent of male mating status. Following the same protocol, I conducted a second experiment to examine whether males used the signals of conspecific males to locate lek sites and, if so, whether signal attractiveness varied with male mating ability. Attraction of males to calling conspecifics was far weaker than that observed for females, and over five different trials a total of only seven male sightings were made at any of the established leks. (C) 2000 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. C1 Univ Hawaii, Hawaiian Evolutionary Biol Program, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. USDA, APHIS, Waimanalo, HI USA. RP Shelly, TE (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Hawaiian Evolutionary Biol Program, 3050 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 46 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0003-3472 J9 ANIM BEHAV JI Anim. Behav. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 60 BP 245 EP 251 DI 10.1006/anbe.2000.1470 PN 2 PG 7 WC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology GA 356WX UT WOS:000089468100012 ER PT J AU Rexroad, CE Owens, EK Johnson, JS Womack, JE AF Rexroad, CE Owens, EK Johnson, JS Womack, JE TI A 12 000 rad whole genome radiation hybrid panel for high resolution mapping in cattle: characterization of the centromeric end of chromosome 1 SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE bovine; radiation hybrids; mapping; chromosome 1 ID BOVINE GENOME; LINKAGE MAP; CONSTRUCTION AB We have constructed a 12 000 rad bovine whole-genome radiation hybrid panel (BovR12) to complement the 5000 rad panel (BovR5) currently available to the bovine genomics research community. Initial characterization with markers from chromosome 1 reveals a higher frequency of breakage between adjacent markers and subsequently a larger number of 'linkage' groups on this chromosome. For this set of markers, the retention frequency is also higher than in BovR5. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. ARS, USDA, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Womack, JE (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 16 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 31 IS 4 BP 262 EP 265 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2000.00641.x PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 377LD UT WOS:000165514300003 PM 11086535 ER PT J AU Salazar, LF Muller, G Querci, M Zapata, JL Owens, RA AF Salazar, LF Muller, G Querci, M Zapata, JL Owens, RA TI Potato yellow vein virus: its host range, distribution in South America and identification as a crinivirus transmitted by Trialeurodes vaporariorum SO ANNALS OF APPLIED BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Potato viruses; closterovirus; insect transmission; whitefly ID INFECTIOUS CHLOROSIS VIRUS; LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; BIPARTITE CLOSTEROVIRUS; TOMATO; GENOME; EXTRACTS AB Sporadic outbreaks of potato yellow vein disease (PYVD) were first observed in the early 1940's by potato growers in Antioquia, Colombia. Long known to be transmitted by the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum), the precise identity of its causal agent (presumably viral in nature) has remained obscure. Here, we present evidence that a closterovirus with a bipartite genome, potato yellow vein virus (PYVV), is associated with PYVD. Electrophoretic analysis revealed that diseased tissue contains 4-5 disease-specific dsRNAs ranging in size from c. 9 000-1 800 bp. RT-PCR reactions containing pairs of degenerate primers directed against conserved motifs in the closterovirus heat-shock protein homologue produced products of the expected sizes. Comparison of the corresponding amino acid sequences revealed striking similarities between PYVV and two bipartite, whitefly-transmitted criniviruses, Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder and Tomato chlorosis viruses. Epidemiological surveys carried out in Rionegro, Colombia identified Polygenum mepalense, Polygonum spp., Rumex obtusifolium, Tagetes spp., and Catharanthus roseus as potential viral reservoirs. PYVV is transmitted through tubers, and visual symptoms alone cannot be used to determine infection status. A sensitive hybridisation-based assay for PYVV has been developed for use in seed certification programmes. C1 Int Potato Ctr, Lima, Peru. CORPOICA, Expt Stn, Rionegro Antioquia, Colombia. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Salazar, LF (reprint author), Int Potato Ctr, POB 1558, Lima, Peru. NR 31 TC 29 Z9 39 U1 4 U2 10 PU ASSOC APPLIED BIOLOGISTS PI WARWICK PA C/O HORTICULTURE RESEARCH INT WELLSBOURNE, WARWICK CV35 9EF, ENGLAND SN 0003-4746 J9 ANN APPL BIOL JI Ann. Appl. Biol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 137 IS 1 BP 7 EP 19 DI 10.1111/j.1744-7348.2000.tb00052.x PG 13 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 422LX UT WOS:000168120700002 ER PT J AU Roberts, JA Whitelaw, CA Gonzalez-Carranza, ZH McManus, MT AF Roberts, JA Whitelaw, CA Gonzalez-Carranza, ZH McManus, MT TI Cell separation processes in plants - Models, mechanisms and manipulation SO ANNALS OF BOTANY LA English DT Review DE abscission; dehiscence; cell separation; wall degradation; gene expression; polygalacturonase; beta-1,4-glucanase; pathogenesis-related proteins; ethylene ID BRASSICA-NAPUS L; OILSEED RAPE PODS; PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEINS; TOMATO FLOWER ABSCISSION; PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS L; SAMBUCUS-NIGRA L; MESSENGER-RNA; LEAF ABSCISSION; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; FRUIT-DEVELOPMENT AB Abscission and dehiscence are developmental processes that involve the co-ordinated breakdown of the cell wall matrix at discrete sites and at specific stages during the life cycle of a plant. In this review we examine the events that influence the differentiation of abscission and dehiscence zone cells and the changes that are associated with wall degradation. There is convincing evidence to believe that ethylene and auxin co-ordinate the timing of leaf, flower and fruit abscission but the events that regulate dehiscence and seed abscission are unclear. The use of transgenic plants and model systems such as Arabidopsis is assisting our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate abscission and dehiscence and the application of this information will advance our understanding of cell separation processes in general. Armed with this knowledge it should be possible to either delay or accelerate abscission and dehiscence, and this could have major benefits for the agricultural and horticultural industries. (C) 2000 Annals of Botany Company. C1 Univ Nottingham, Sch Biosci, Div Plant Sci, Loughborough LE12 5RD, Leics, England. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Massey Univ, Inst Mol Biosci, Palmerston North, New Zealand. RP Roberts, JA (reprint author), Univ Nottingham, Sch Biosci, Div Plant Sci, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, Leics, England. RI Jones, Cathy/A-7135-2011 OI Jones, Cathy/0000-0003-2844-2161 NR 88 TC 98 Z9 110 U1 1 U2 19 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0305-7364 J9 ANN BOT-LONDON JI Ann. Bot. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 86 IS 2 BP 223 EP 235 DI 10.1006/anbo.2000.1203 PG 13 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 339WP UT WOS:000088501100002 ER PT J AU Topp, E Mulbry, WM Zhu, H Nour, SM Cuppels, D AF Topp, E Mulbry, WM Zhu, H Nour, SM Cuppels, D TI Characterization of S-triazine herbicide metabolism by a Nocardioides sp isolated from agricultural soils SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SP STRAIN ADP; PSEUDOMONAS SP; ATRAZINE MINERALIZATION; RHODOCOCCUS-CORALLINUS; BACTERIAL CONSORTIUM; RAPID MINERALIZATION; DEGRADATION; PROTEIN; CATABOLISM; GENE AB Atrazine, a herbicide widely used in corn production, is a frequently detected groundwater contaminant. Nine gram-positive bacterial strains able to use this herbicide as a sole source of nitrogen were isolated from four farms in central Canada. The strains were divided into two groups based on repetitive extragenic palindromic (rep)-PCR genomic fingerprinting with ERIC and BOXAIR primers, Based on 16S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis, both groups were identified as Nocardioides sp. strains. None of the isolates mineralized [ring-U-C-14] atrazine. There was no hybridization to genomic DNA from these strains using atzABC cloned from Pseudomonas sp, strain ADP or trzA cloned from Rhodococcus corallinus. S-Triazine degradation was studied in detail in Nocardioides sp, strain C190. Oxygen was not required for atrazine degradation by,whole cells or cell extracts. Based on high-pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometric analyses of products formed from atrazine in incubations of whole cells with (H2O)-O-18, sequential hydrolytic reactions converted atrazine to hydroxyatrazine and then to the end product N-ethylammelide. Isopropylamine, the putative product of the second hydrolytic reaction, supported growth as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. The triazine hydrolase from strain C190 was isolated and purified and found to have a K-m for atrazine of 25 mu M and a V-max of 31 mu mol/min/mg of protein. The subunit molecular mass of the protein was 52 kDa. Atrazine hydrolysis was not inhibited by 500 mu M EDTA but mas inhibited by 100 mu M Mg, Cu, Co, or Zn, Whole cells and purified triazine hydrolase converted a range of chlorine or methylthio-substituted herbicides to the corresponding hydroxy derivatives. In summary, an atrazine-metabolizing Nocardioides sp, widely distributed in agricultural soils degrades a range of s-triazine herbicides by means of a novel s-triazine hydrolase. C1 Agr & Agri Food Canada, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada. USDA ARS, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Topp, E (reprint author), Agr & Agri Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada. OI Topp, Ed/0000-0002-8273-9372 NR 49 TC 112 Z9 133 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 66 IS 8 BP 3134 EP 3141 DI 10.1128/AEM.66.8.3134-3141.2000 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 340QP UT WOS:000088546300002 PM 10919761 ER PT J AU Sarker, MR Shivers, RP Sparks, SG Juneja, VK McClane, BA AF Sarker, MR Shivers, RP Sparks, SG Juneja, VK McClane, BA TI Comparative experiments to examine the effects of heating on vegetative cells and spores of Clostridium perfringens isolates carrying plasmid genes versus chromosomal enterotoxin genes SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN GASTROINTESTINAL-DISEASES; VIRULENCE GENES; BORNE; CPE; EXPRESSION; STRAINS AB Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) is an important virulence factor for both C. perfringens type A food poisoning and several non-food-borne human gastrointestinal diseases. Recent studies have indicated that C. perfringens isolates associated with food poisoning carry a chromosomal cpe gene, while non-food-borne human gastrointestinal disease isolates carry a plasmid cpe gene. However, no explanation has been provided far the strong associations between certain cpe genotypes and particular CPE-associated diseases. Since C. perfringens food poisoning usually involves cooked meat products, we hypothesized that chromosomal cpe isolates are so strongly associated with food poisoning because (i) they are more heat resistant than plasmid cpe isolates, (ii) heating induces loss of the cpe plasmid, or (iii) heating induces migration of the plasmid cpe gene to the chromosome, When me tested these hypotheses, vegetative cells of chromosomal cpe isolates were found to exhibit, on average approximately twofold-higher decimal reduction values (D values) at 55 degrees C than vegetative cells of plasmid cpe isolates exhibited. Furthermore, the spores of chromosomal cpe isolates had, on average, approximately 60-fold-higher D values at 100 degrees C than the spores of plasmid cpe isolates had. Southern hybridization and CPE Western blot analyses demonstrated that all survivors of heating retained their cpe gene in its original plasmid or chromosomal location and could still express CPE, These results suggest that chromosomal cpe isolates are strongly associated with food poisoning, at least in part, because their cells and spores possess a high degree of heat resistance, which should enhance their survival in incompletely cooked or inadequately warmed foods. C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Mol Genet & Biochem, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP McClane, BA (reprint author), Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Mol Genet & Biochem, E1240 BSTWR, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [R37 AI019844, AI 19844-17, R01 AI019844] NR 23 TC 106 Z9 108 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 66 IS 8 BP 3234 EP 3240 DI 10.1128/AEM.66.8.3234-3240.2000 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 340QP UT WOS:000088546300016 PM 10919775 ER PT J AU Wagner, BL Lewis, LC AF Wagner, BL Lewis, LC TI Colonization of corn, Zea mays, by the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OSTRINIA-NUBILALIS HUBNER; CUTICLE-DEGRADING ENZYMES; BALSAMO VUILLEMIN; BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; PYRALIDAE; BORER; LEPIDOPTERA; INFECTION; SUPPRESSION; MICROSCOPY AB Light and electron microscopy were used to describe the mode of penetration by the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin into corn, Zea mays L, After inoculation with a foliar spray of conidia, germinating hyphae grew randomly across the leaf surface, Often a germ tube formed from a conidium and elongated only a short distance before terminating its growth, Not all developing hyphae on the leaf surface penetrated the cuticle. However, when penetration did occur, the penetration site(s) was randomly located, indicating that B. bassiana does not require specific topographic signals at an appropriate entry site as do some phytopathogenic fungi. Long hyphal structures were observed to follow the leaf apoplast in any direction from the point of penetration, ii few hyphae were observed within xylem elements, Because vascular bundles are interconnected throughout the corn plant, this may explain how B, bassiana travels within the plant and ultimately provides overall insecticidal protection, Virulency bioassays demonstrate that B, bassiana does not lose virulence toward the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), once it colonizes corn. This endophytic relationship between an entomopathogenic fungus and a plant suggests possibilities for biological control, including the use of indigenous fungal inocula as insecticides. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Entomol, Ames, IA USA. RP Lewis, LC (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Genet Lab, Insectary Bldg, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 42 TC 87 Z9 99 U1 2 U2 50 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 66 IS 8 BP 3468 EP 3473 DI 10.1128/AEM.66.8.3468-3473.2000 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 340QP UT WOS:000088546300049 PM 10919808 ER PT J AU Ignoffo, CM Wong, JFH McCutchen, WF Saathoff, SG Garcia, C AF Ignoffo, CM Wong, JFH McCutchen, WF Saathoff, SG Garcia, C TI Yields of occlusion bodies from Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) and Helicoverpa (Heliothis) zea (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) larvae fed wild or recombinant strains of baculoviruses SO APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article DE nucleopolyhedrovirus; Heliothis virescens; Helicoverpa zea ID NUCLEAR-POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; AUTOGRAPHA-CALIFORNICA LEPIDOPTERA; LEIURUS-QUINQUESTRIATUS-HEBRAEUS; INSECT-SPECIFIC TOXIN; GENE; NEUROTOXIN; SUSCEPTIBILITY; EXPRESSION; MORTALITY; VECTORS AB Larvae of Helicoverpa tea and Heliothis virescens fed recombinant strains of two nucleopolyhedroviruses (AcMNPV, HzSNPV), genetically engineered to express two different scorpion toxins, produced significantly lower numbers (ca. 4 to 10-fold lower) of occlusion bodies than larvae infected with the wild strain of these viruses. Lower yields of occlusion bodies were a manifestation of early larval paralysis caused by the toxin-expressing recombinant strains. C1 ARS, Biol Control Insects Res Lab, USDA, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. Dupont Co, Stine Haskell Res Ctr, Agr Prod, Newark, DE 19714 USA. Univ Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Ignoffo, CM (reprint author), ARS, Biol Control Insects Res Lab, USDA, 1503 S Providence, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. NR 27 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU JAPAN SOC APPL ENTOMOL ZOOL PI TOKYO PA 1-43-11 KOMAGOME TOSHIMA-KU, TOKYO, 170, JAPAN SN 0003-6862 J9 APPL ENTOMOL ZOOL JI Appl. Entomol. Zoolog. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 35 IS 3 BP 389 EP 392 DI 10.1303/aez.2000.389 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 349ZK UT WOS:000089075400015 ER PT J AU Doran, JW Zeiss, MR AF Doran, JW Zeiss, MR TI Soil health and sustainability: managing the biotic component of soil quality SO APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Soil Heatlh: Managing the Biological Component of Soil Quality CY NOV 10, 1998 CL LAS VEGAS, NEVADA SP Entomol Soc Amer, Amer Phytopathol Soc DE soil health; soil quality; ecosystem functions ID DIVERSITY; BIODIVERSITY; AGRICULTURE; INDEX AB Soil health is the capacity of soil to function as a vital living system, within ecosystem and land-use boundaries, to sustain plant and animal productivity, maintain or enhance water and air quality, and promote plant and animal health. Anthropogenic reductions in soil health, and of individual components of soil quality, are a pressing ecological concern. A conference entitled 'Soil Health: Managing the Biological Component of Soil Quality' was held was held in the USA in November 1998 to help increase awareness of the importance and utility of soil organisms as indicators of soil quality and determinants of soil health. To evaluate sustainability of agricultural practices, assessment of soil health using various indicators of soil quality is needed. Soil organism and biotic parameters (e.g, abundance, diversity, food web structure, or community stability) meet most of the five criteria for useful indicators of soil quality. Soil organisms respond sensitively to land management practices and climate. They are well correlated with beneficial soil and ecosystem functions including water storage, decomposition and nutrient cycling, detoxification of toxicants, and suppression of noxious and pathogenic organisms. Soil organisms also illustrate the chain of cause and effect that links land management decisions to ultimate productivity and health of plants and animals. Indicators must be comprehensible and useful to land managers, who are the ultimate stewards of soil quality and soil health. Visible organisms such as earthworms, insects, and molds have historically met this criterion. Finally, indicators must be easy and inexpensive to measure, but the need for knowledge of taxonomy complicates the measurement of soil organisms. Several farmer-participatory programs for managing soil quality and health have incorporated abiotic and simple biotic indicators. The challenge for the future is to develop sustainable management systems which are the vanguard of soil health; soil quality indicators are merely a means towards this end. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. FAO IPM Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam. RP Doran, JW (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, 116 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 49 TC 335 Z9 438 U1 31 U2 243 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1393 J9 APPL SOIL ECOL JI Appl. Soil Ecol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 15 IS 1 BP 3 EP 11 DI 10.1016/S0929-1393(00)00067-6 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 342PZ UT WOS:000088655500002 ER PT J AU Herrick, JE AF Herrick, JE TI Soil quality: an indicator of sustainable land management? SO APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Soil Health: Managing the Biological Component of Soil Quality CY NOV 10, 1998 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP Entomol Soc Amer, Amer Phytopathol Soc DE soil quality; sustainability; indicators; landscape; ecosystem functions ID RANGELAND SOILS AB Soil quality appears to be an ideal indicator of sustainable land management. Soil is the foundation for nearly all land uses. Soil quality, by definition, reflects the capacity to sustain plant and animal productivity, maintain or enhance water and air quality, and promote plant and animal health. By reflecting the basic capacity of the soil to function, it integrates across many potential uses. Nonetheless, few land managers have adopted soil quality as an indicator of sustainable land management. There are a number of constraints to adoption. Most could be overcome through a concerted effort by the research community. Specifically, we need to address the following issues: (1) demonstrate causal relationships between soil quality and ecosystem functions, including biodiversity conservation, biomass production and conservation of soil and water resources. True calibration of soil quality requires more than merely comparing values across management systems; (2) increase the power of soil quality indicators to predict response to disturbance. Although then are many indicators that reflect the current capacity of a soil to function, there are few that can predict the capacity of the soil to continue to function under a range of disturbance regimes. Both resistance and resilience need to be considered; (3) Increase accessibility of monitoring systems to land managers. Many existing systems are too complex, too expensive, or both; (4) Integrate soil quality with other biophysical and socio-economic indicators. Effective early-warning monitoring systems will require not just the inclusion of both biophysical and socio-economic indicators, but also the development of models that incorporate feedbacks between soil quality and socio-economic conditions and trends and (5) Place soil quality in a landscape context. Most ecosystem functions depend on connections through time across different parts of the landscape. In conclusion, soil quality is a necessary but not sufficient indicator of sustainable land management. Its value will continue to increase as limitations are diminished through collaboration between scientists, land managers and policymakers. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Herrick, JE (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS Jornada Expt Range, MSC 3JER,Box 30003, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. EM jherrick@nmsu.edu NR 36 TC 97 Z9 114 U1 8 U2 58 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1393 J9 APPL SOIL ECOL JI Appl. Soil Ecol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 15 IS 1 BP 75 EP 83 DI 10.1016/S0929-1393(00)00073-1 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 342PZ UT WOS:000088655500008 ER PT J AU Gelman, DB Rojas, MG Kelly, TJ Hu, JS Bell, RA AF Gelman, DB Rojas, MG Kelly, TJ Hu, JS Bell, RA TI Ecdysteroid and free amino acid content of eggs of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata SO ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE eggs; ecdysteroids; amino acids; Colorado potato beetle; artificial diet; Edovum puttleri ID OSTRINIA-NUBILALIS HUBNER; EUROPEAN CORN-BORER; CATOLACCUS-GRANDIS HYMENOPTERA; NEWLY-LAID EGGS; SCHISTOCERCA-GREGARIA; EDOVUM-PUTTLERI; MANDUCA-SEXTA; 5TH INSTARS; ECDYSONE; METABOLISM AB In order to identify components of the Colorado potato beetle (CPB) egg that may be required by Edovum puttleri, a parasitic wasp that parasitizes the CPB egg, to complete development, ecdysteroid and free amino acid content of CPB eggs were analyzed by reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography followed by radioimmunoassay to identify ecdysteroids. Ecdysteroid titers were relatively low (<300 pg/egg) through day 2 post-oviposition and then increased sharply, reaching concentrations >2,500 pg/egg on day 3 post-oviposition. Ecdysone (E), 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), and polar conjugates of E were prominent ecdysteroids present in eggs sampled on days 0 and 1 post-ecdysis, and E, 20E, three peaks containing more polar ecdysteroids (metabolic inactivation products), and polar conjugates of E were present in eggs sampled on day 2. Thus, at a time when parasitization of CPB eggs by E. puttleri is relatively high (0-48 h), physiologically-active ecdysteroids (20E and perhaps E are physiologically active) are present at concentrations between 50 and 200 pg/egg. Ecdysone and 20E reached their highest levels in day-3 eggs, indicating that ecdysteroid may direct physiological processes associated with the completion of CPB embryonic development. In day-4 eggs, the concentration of E and 20E fall dramatically and polar metabolites of E and/or 20E are now responsible for the high ecdysteroid content of the eggs. Interestingly, conjugates of E decrease to relatively low levels in day-3 eggs and are absent in day-4 eggs. Therefore, it is likely that the increase in E in day-3 eggs is due, in part, to the breakdown of polar conjugates of E. Nine amino acids were present in significant quantities in eggs sampled at various times between 0 and 48 h post-oviposition. These include histidine, glutamine, proline, asparagine, serine, glutamic acid, threonine, lysine, and tyrosine. The first three amino acids were present at concentrations that were approximately 2 to 6 times greater than the concentrations of the last six amino acids. Amounts of most of the free amino acids varied with the age of the eggs from which the extract was prepared, but in general, there was no correlation between the levels at times of maximum parasitization (0 and 30 h) and the levels at the less favored times of parasitization (16 and 48 h). This information should facilitate the development of diets for both parasites and predators of pest species of beetles. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 44:172-182, 2000. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.dagger C1 ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, USDA, PSI, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA USA. RP Gelman, DB (reprint author), ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, USDA, PSI, Rm 322,Bldg 306, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 41 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0739-4462 J9 ARCH INSECT BIOCHEM JI Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 44 IS 4 BP 172 EP 182 DI 10.1002/1520-6327(200008)44:4<172::AID-ARCH4>3.0.CO;2-U PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 340FC UT WOS:000088521600004 PM 10918312 ER PT J AU Sun, ZY Larson, IA Ordovas, JM Barnard, JR Schaefer, EJ AF Sun, ZY Larson, IA Ordovas, JM Barnard, JR Schaefer, EJ TI Effects of age, gender, and lifestyle factors on plasma apolipoprotein A-IV concentrations SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS LA English DT Article DE lipoprotein; apolipoprotein A-IV; population study; diabetes; hormone replacement therapy ID LECITHIN-CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE; COMMERCIAL IMMUNOTURBIDIMETRIC ASSAY; DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; REFERENCE INTERVALS; MESENTERIC LYMPH; FOOD-INTAKE; C-III; RAT; ACTIVATION; TRIGLYCERIDE AB Apolipoprotein (apo) A-IV is a protein component of triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins (HDL). Plasma apo A-IV levels were measured by immunoelectrophoresis and these values were related to other biological variables in 723 middle aged and elderly men and women (more than 90% of them were Caucasian) prior to participation in a lifestyle modification program. Apo A-IV may play an important function in regulating lipid absorption, reverse cholesterol transport, and food intake. The data are consistent with the following concepts: (1) apo A-IV levels are significantly and positively correlated with age (r = 0.159, P < 0.05) in all subjects, with plasma apo A-I levels in both men (r = 0.194, P < 0.001) and women (r = 0.213, P < 0.001), and with apo E (r = 0.111, P < 0.05) and TG levels (r = 0.120, P < 0.05) in men; (2) apo A-IV levels are inversely correlated with body mass index (r = 0.170, P < 0.05) in women; (3) female subjects on hormone replacement therapy have significantly lower plasma apo A-IV levels (by 4.1%, P < 0.05) than normal controls; (4) diabetic subjects have significantly higher apo A-IV levels (by 21%, P < 0.01) than normal subjects; (5) there is no significant effect of smoking, alcohol intake, and apo A-IV-1/2 genotype on apo A-IV levels. The data indicate that plasma apo A-IV levels are significantly affected by age, diabetes, and hormone replacement therapy. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, Div Clin Nutr, Lab Kinesiol, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. RP Schaefer, EJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 NR 52 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0021-9150 J9 ATHEROSCLEROSIS JI Atherosclerosis PD AUG PY 2000 VL 151 IS 2 BP 381 EP 388 DI 10.1016/S0021-9150(99)00395-0 PG 8 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 334CW UT WOS:000088168800002 PM 10924714 ER PT J AU Jenner, JL Jacques, PF Seman, LJ Schaefer, EJ AF Jenner, JL Jacques, PF Seman, LJ Schaefer, EJ TI Ascorbic acid supplementation does not lower plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS LA English DT Article DE vitamin C; lipoproteins; Lp(a) ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; VITAMIN-C; MEN AB Elevated plasma concentrations of lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) are associated with premature coronary heart disease (CHD). Lp(a) is a lipoprotein particle consisting of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) with apolipoprotein (apo) (a) attached to the apo B-100 component of LDL. It has been hypothesized that ascorbic acid supplementation may reduce plasma levels of Lp(a). The purpose of this study was to determine whether ascorbic acid supplementation at a dose of 1 g/day would lower plasma concentrations of Lp(a) when studied in a randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded fashion. One hundred and one healthy men and women ranging in age from 20 to 69 years were studied for 8 months. Lp(a) values at baseline for the placebo group (n = 52) and the ascorbic acid supplemented group (n = 49) were 0.026 and 0.033 g/l, respectively. The 8-month concentrations were 0.027 g/l (placebo) and 0.038 g/l (supplemented group). None of these values were significantly different from each other. In addition, no difference in plasma Lp(a) concentration was seen between the placebo and supplemented groups when only subjects with an initial Lp(a) value of greater than or equal to 0.050 g/l were analyzed. Our data indicate that plasma Lp(a) concentrations are not significantly affected by ascorbic acid supplementation in healthy human subjects. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Program Epidemiol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Jenner, JL (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [T32AG00209] NR 17 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0021-9150 J9 ATHEROSCLEROSIS JI Atherosclerosis PD AUG PY 2000 VL 151 IS 2 BP 541 EP 544 DI 10.1016/S0021-9150(99)00424-4 PG 4 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 334CW UT WOS:000088168800020 PM 10924732 ER PT J AU Meadow, R Vandenberg, JD Shelton, AM AF Meadow, R Vandenberg, JD Shelton, AM TI Exchange of inoculum of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. (Hyphomycetes) between adult flies of the cabbage maggot Delia radicum L. (Diptera : Anthomyiidae) SO BIOCONTROL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Delia radicum; cabbage maggot; root fly; Beauveria bassiana; insect-pathogenic fungus; autodissemination ID POPILLIA-JAPONICA COLEOPTERA; METARHIZIUM-ANISOPLIAE; PLUTELLA-XYLOSTELLA; DIAMONDBACK MOTH; PHEROMONE TRAP; LEPIDOPTERA; AUTODISSEMINATION; ENTOMOPHTHORALES; PATHOGENICITY; YPONOMEUTIDAE AB Adult cabbage maggots (Delia radicum L.) were exposed to dry conidia of isolates of several hyphomycetous fungi by placing them in a centrifuge tube containing conidia, then releasing them into small screened plastic cages. Mortality was assessed after 48, 120 and 160 h. A Beauveria bassiana isolate (P89 from Musca domestica) caused the highest mortality after 48 h, resulting in 100% mortality and 100% infection. Isolate L90 (B. bassiana) and one Metarhizium anisopliae isolate (ARSEF 2521) also caused fatal infection in more than 50% of the flies. To investigate exchange of inoculum, flies were placed in a small container with a dry powder formulation containing B. bassiana (Mycotrol(R)) on the bottom. The flies were removed to small screened cages containing untreated flies. This experiment confirmed the ability of flies to pass inoculum to other flies. In a similar experiment, one treated fly was placed in each cage with one untreated fly. When each fly died, one untreated fly was added to each cage after the dead fly was removed. This study showed that fly to fly transfer of fatal doses of inoculum was possible for a series of at least six flies. When female flies were exposed to the inoculum, then transferred to small cages containing males and an oviposition substrate, no eggs were laid. Further studies are being conducted to develop a system where flies attracted to a trap will be inoculated with the fungus and spread it to a field population. C1 Norwegian Crop Res Inst, Plant Protect Ctr, N-1432 As, Norway. ARS, USDA, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, New York State Agr Expt Stn, Dept Entomol, Geneva, NY 14456 USA. RP Meadow, R (reprint author), Norwegian Crop Res Inst, Plant Protect Ctr, Hogskoleveien 7, N-1432 As, Norway. NR 19 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 9 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0958-3157 J9 BIOCONTROL SCI TECHN JI Biocontrol Sci. Technol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 10 IS 4 BP 479 EP 485 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 345PL UT WOS:000088824300010 ER PT J AU Davidson, EA Keller, M Erickson, HE Verchot, LV Veldkamp, E AF Davidson, EA Keller, M Erickson, HE Verchot, LV Veldkamp, E TI Testing a conceptual model of soil emissions of nitrous and nitric oxides SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DRY TROPICAL FOREST; HUMID TROPICS; RAIN-FOREST; DECIDUOUS FOREST; COSTA-RICA; DENITRIFICATION; NITRIFICATION; N2O; NO; ECOSYSTEMS C1 Woods Hole Res Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US Forest Serv, Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. Univ Metropolitana, San Juan, PR 00928 USA. Int Ctr Res Agroforestry, Ecosyst Rehabil Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. Inst Soil Sci & Forest Nutr, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. RP Davidson, EA (reprint author), Woods Hole Res Ctr, POB 296, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM edavidson@whrc.org; michael.keller@unh.edu; um_herickson@suagm4.suagm.edu; l.verchot@cglar.org; eveldha@gwdg.de RI Veldkamp, Edzo/A-6660-2008; Keller, Michael/A-8976-2012; Davidson, Eric/K-4984-2013 OI Keller, Michael/0000-0002-0253-3359; Davidson, Eric/0000-0002-8525-8697 NR 65 TC 343 Z9 357 U1 13 U2 125 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD AUG PY 2000 VL 50 IS 8 BP 667 EP 680 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0667:TACMOS]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 343QE UT WOS:000088712400008 ER PT J AU Saha, BC AF Saha, BC TI alpha-L-arabinofuranosidases: biochemistry, molecular biology and application in biotechnology SO BIOTECHNOLOGY ADVANCES LA English DT Review DE alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase; arabinoxylan; arabinan; arabinanase; arabinosidase; arabinose ID SUGAR-BEET PULP; ARABINAN-DEGRADING ENZYMES; BETA-D-XYLOSIDASE; ASPERGILLUS-NIGER; TRICHODERMA-REESEI; ABFB GENE; CELL-WALL; BACILLUS-STEAROTHERMOPHILUS; CLOSTRIDIUM-STERCORARIUM; SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITIES AB Interest in the alpha-L-arabinofuranosidases has increased in recent years because of their application in the conversion of various hemicellulosic substrates to fermentable sugars for subsequent production of fuel alcohol. Xylanases, in conjunction with alpha-L-arabinofuranosidases and other accessory enzymes, act synergistically to degrade xylan to component sugars. The induction of alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase production, physico-chemical characteristics, substrate specificity, and molecular biology of the enzyme are described. The current state of research and development of the arabinofuranosidases and their role in biotechnology are presented. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Saha, BC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM sahabe@mail.ncaur.usda.gov NR 130 TC 166 Z9 173 U1 7 U2 37 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0734-9750 J9 BIOTECHNOL ADV JI Biotechnol. Adv. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 18 IS 5 BP 403 EP 423 DI 10.1016/S0734-9750(00)00044-6 PG 21 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 353FB UT WOS:000089263200003 PM 14538102 ER PT J AU Denmead, OT Leuning, R Griffith, DWT Jamie, IM Esler, MB Harper, LA Freney, JR AF Denmead, OT Leuning, R Griffith, DWT Jamie, IM Esler, MB Harper, LA Freney, JR TI Verifying inventory predictions of animal methane emissions with meteorological measurements SO BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Transfer Processes in the Natural Environment CY AUG 25-27, 1998 CL AUSTRALIAN ACAD SCI, CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA SP Australian Acad Sci HO AUSTRALIAN ACAD SCI DE mass balance; flux-gradient; boundary-layer budgeting; enteric fermentation ID BOUNDARY-LAYER BUDGETS; FLUX MEASUREMENTS; SCALAR FLUXES; SHEEP AB The paper examines the strengths and weaknesses of a range of meteorological flux measurement techniques that might be used to verify predictions of greenhouse gas inventories. Recent research into emissions of methane (CH4) produced by enteric fermentation in grazing cattle and sheep is used to illustrate various methodologies. Quantifying this important source presents special difficulties because the animals constitute moving, heterogeneously distributed, intermittent, point sources. There are two general approaches: one, from the bottom up, involves direct measurements of emissions from a known number of animals, and the other, from the top down, infers areal emissions of CH4 from its atmospheric signature. A mass-balance method proved successful for bottom-up verification. It permits undisturbed grazing, has a simple theoretical basis and is appropriate for flux measurements on small plots and where there are scattered point sources. The top-down methodologies include conventional flux-gradient approaches and convective and nocturnal boundary-layer (CBL and NBL) budgeting schemes. Particular attention is given to CBL budget methods in both differential and integral form. All top-down methodologies require ideal weather conditions for their application, and they suffer from the scattered nature of the source, varying wind directions and low instrument resolution. As for mass-balance, flux-gradient micrometeorological measurements were in good agreement with inventory predictions of CH4 production by livestock, but the standard errors associated with both methods were too large to permit detection of changes of a few per cent in emission rate, which might be important for inventory, regulatory or research purposes. Fluxes calculated by CBL and NBL methods were of the same order of magnitude as inventory predictions, but more improvement is needed before their use can be endorsed. Opportunities for improving the precision of both bottom-up and top-down methodologies are discussed. C1 CSIRO Land & Water, FC Pye Lab, Canberra, ACT, Australia. Univ Wollongong, Dept Chem, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia. ARS, So Piedmont Conservat Res Unit, USDA, Watkinsville, GA USA. CSIRO Plant Ind, Canberra, ACT, Australia. RP Denmead, OT (reprint author), CSIRO Land & Water, FC Pye Lab, Canberra, ACT, Australia. RI Freney, John/E-9462-2011; Leuning, Ray/A-2793-2008; Denmead, Owen/A-7087-2009; Jamie, Ian/D-6992-2017; OI Jamie, Ian/0000-0003-0326-5074; Freney, John/0000-0001-7545-6529 NR 22 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 11 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8314 J9 BOUND-LAY METEOROL JI Bound.-Layer Meteor. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 96 IS 1-2 BP 187 EP 209 DI 10.1023/A:1002604505377 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 323VQ UT WOS:000087586000009 ER PT J AU Ciolino, HP Wang, TTY Sathyamoorthy, N AF Ciolino, HP Wang, TTY Sathyamoorthy, N TI Inhibition of aromatase activity and expression in MCF-7 cells by the chemopreventive retinoid N-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-retinamide SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF CANCER LA English DT Article DE aromatase; 4-HPR; MCF-7; cAMP ID HUMAN-BREAST-CANCER; STROMAL CELLS; FENRETINIDE; PROMOTER; PROLIFERATION; CARCINOMA; TUMORS; SYSTEM; CYCLE; GENE AB The effect of the chemopreventive synthetic retinoid N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-retinamide (4-HPR) on aromatase activity and expression was examined. 4-HPR caused a dose-dependent inhibition of aromatase activity in microsomes isolated from JEG-3 human placental carcinoma cells. The kinetics of inhibition were analysed by double-reciprocal plot. The Km of the substrate increased and the Vmax of the reaction decreased in the presence of 4-HPR, indicating that enzyme inhibition involved both competition for the substrate-binding site and non-competitive mechanisms. To determine whether 4-HPR would also inhibit aromatase activity in intact cells, MCF-7 human breast cancer cells were incubated with or without cAMP in the presence of 4-HPR. 4-HPR inhibited both basal and cAMP-induced aromatase activity in intact MCF-7 cells. The induction of aromatase mRNA expression in MCF-7 cells by cAMP was inhibited in cells treated with 4-HPR. These results indicate that 4-HPR inhibits both the enzymatic activity and expression of aromatase. These activities may play an important role in the known chemopreventive effect of 4-HPR towards breast cancer. (C) 2000 Cancer Research Campaign. C1 NCI, Div Basic Sci, Basic Res Lab, Cellular Def & Carcinogenesis Sect,Frederick Canc, Frederick, MD 21701 USA. USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Phytonutrients Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NCI, Tumor Biol & Metastasis Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Ciolino, HP (reprint author), NCI, Div Basic Sci, Basic Res Lab, Cellular Def & Carcinogenesis Sect,Frederick Canc, Frederick, MD 21701 USA. NR 32 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE PI EDINBURGH PA JOURNAL PRODUCTION DEPT, ROBERT STEVENSON HOUSE, 1-3 BAXTERS PLACE, LEITH WALK, EDINBURGH EH1 3AF, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND SN 0007-0920 J9 BRIT J CANCER JI Br. J. Cancer PD AUG PY 2000 VL 83 IS 3 BP 333 EP 337 DI 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1269 PG 5 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 333JY UT WOS:000088128200011 PM 10917548 ER PT J AU Kirk, AA Lacey, LA Brown, JK Ciomperlik, MA Goolsby, JA Vacek, DC Wendel, LE Napompeth, B AF Kirk, AA Lacey, LA Brown, JK Ciomperlik, MA Goolsby, JA Vacek, DC Wendel, LE Napompeth, B TI Variation in the Bemisia tabaci s. l. species complex (Hemiptera : Aleyrodidae) and its natural enemies leading to successful biological control of Bemisia biotype B in the USA SO BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SWEET-POTATO; EXOTIC PARASITOIDS; RAPD-PCR; HOMOPTERA; POPULATIONS; GENNADIUS; HYMENOPTERA; GENN; HOM; IDENTIFICATION AB Parasitoids of the Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) species complex collected in Spain and Thailand were evaluated as biological control agents of B. tabaci biotype B in cole crops in Texas, USA. Parasitoids were identified by morphological and RAPD-PCR analyses. The most abundant parasitoid from Spain was Eretmocerus mundus Mercet with apparent field parasitism of 39-44%. In Thailand, Encarsia formosa Gahan, E. transvena Timberlake, E. adrianae Lopez-Avila, Eretmocerus sp. 1 and sp. 2 emerged, with apparent field parasitism of 1-65%. Identification and molecular classification of B. tabaci associated with parasitoid collections and in the release site in Texas were accomplished using morphological traits and nucleotide sequence comparison of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) (700-720 bp). Collections of B. tabaci from Thailand grouped separately from B types from Arizona and Florida and the target B type from Texas, USA, a cluster from India, and other New World B. tabaci. The Spanish B. tabaci host of E. mundus which was laboratory and field-tested to achieve biological control of the B type was most closely related to non-B type B. tabaci populations from Spain and Sudan, the latter which formed a second group within the larger clade that also contained the B type cluster. Laboratory tests indicated that E. mundus from Spain parasitized more B. tabaci type B than did Eretmocerus spp. native to Texas and other exotic parasitoids evaluated. Eretmocerus mundus from Spain also successfully parasitized B. tabaci type B when field-released in a 0.94 million ha test area in Texas, and has significantly enhanced control of B. tabaci type B in California, USA. In contrast, parasitoids from Thailand failed to establish in the field in Texas, collectively suggesting a positive correlation between the centres of diversity of compatible parasitoid-host complexes. C1 ARS, European Biol Control Lab, USDA, F-34980 Montferrier Sur Lez, St Gely Du Fesc, France. Univ Arizona, Dept Plant Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. APHIS, Mission Biol Control Ctr, USDA, PPQ, Mission, TX 78573 USA. Kasetsart Univ, Natl Biol Control Ctr, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. RP Kirk, AA (reprint author), ARS, European Biol Control Lab, USDA, Campus Int Baillarguet,CS 90013, F-34980 Montferrier Sur Lez, St Gely Du Fesc, France. NR 54 TC 47 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 6 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0007-4853 J9 B ENTOMOL RES JI Bull. Entomol. Res. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 90 IS 4 BP 317 EP 327 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 360BZ UT WOS:000089647700004 PM 11020790 ER PT J AU Smith, JE Molina, R Huso, MMP Larsen, MJ AF Smith, JE Molina, R Huso, MMP Larsen, MJ TI Occurrence of Piloderma fallax in young, rotation-age, and old-growth stands of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in the Cascade Range of Oregon, USA SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE Piloderma fallax; coarse woody debris; Pseudotsuga menziesii; forest management; ectomycorrhizal fungi; biodiversity ID COARSE WOODY DEBRIS; SCOTS PINE STANDS; MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; VANCOUVER-ISLAND; HYPOGEOUS FUNGI; WESTERN HEMLOCK; HUMUS LAYERS; FOREST AB Yellow mycelia and cords of Piloderma fallax (Lib.) Stalp. were more frequently observed in old-growth stands than in younger managed stands of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). Piloderma fallax frequency and percent cover data were collected from 900 plots in three replicate stands in each of three forest age classes over 2 years in both spring and fall. Piloderma fallax is strongly associated with stand age; it occurred in 57% of plots in old-growth, 6% of rotation-age, and 1% of young stands. Presence of Piloderma fallax was related to the percent cover of coarse woody debris (CWD) in decay class 5. Piloderma fallax was approximately 2.5 times more likely to occur in a plot with CWD decay class 5 present than in plots without. The probability that it would occur in a plot increased by approximately 20% for every 10% increase in percent cover of CWD decay class 5. However, the percent cover of Piloderma fallax was not strongly related to the percent cover of CWD in decay class 5. Frequency of occurrence did not differ among sampling times. Occurrence of Piloderma fallax may indicate suitable substrate for ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with CWD and may be important in forest management for the maintenance of biodiversity and old-growth components in young managed stands. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Smith, JE (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM jsmith01@fs.fed.us NR 73 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 7 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 78 IS 8 BP 995 EP 1001 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 362HN UT WOS:000089772700002 ER PT J AU Graves, AT Fajvan, MA Miller, GW AF Graves, AT Fajvan, MA Miller, GW TI The effects of thinning intensity on snag and cavity tree abundance in an Appalachian hardwood stand SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID COARSE WOODY DEBRIS; OLD-GROWTH; FOREST; ECOLOGY AB Traditional silvicultural practices focus on manipulating forest vegetation structure for commodity production. Structural features important to wildlife, such as snags, trees with decay, and cavity trees are also affected by forest management, but these effects are often not quantified. This study measured the effects of different thinning intensities (45, 60, and 75% residual relative densities and uncut controls), heartwood decay resistance (resistant, slight), and age (formed pre- or post-treatment) on the density and volume of snags and decayed wood in an Appalachian hardwood stand. Cavity trees considered useful to local woodpecker species were also measured. Results indicated that snags and decayed wood were two to four times more abundant in controls compared with heavily thinned (45% residual density) treatments. Most snags were small-diameter, decay-resistant sassafras (Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees) and black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) that died early in stand development. Large-diameter (greater than or equal to 30 cm diameter at breast height) snags and cavity trees were uncommon in both thinned treatments and controls. C1 W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Forest Expt Stn, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Fajvan, MA (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, POB 6125, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. EM mfajvan@wvu.edu NR 47 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 4 U2 5 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 65 AURIGA DR, SUITE 203, OTTAWA, ON K2E 7W6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 EI 1208-6037 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 30 IS 8 BP 1214 EP 1220 DI 10.1139/cjfr-30-8-1214 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 348ZQ UT WOS:000089017000004 ER PT J AU Martin, CW Driscoll, CT Fahey, TJ AF Martin, CW Driscoll, CT Fahey, TJ TI Changes in streamwater chemistry after 20 years from forested watersheds in New Hampshire, USA SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN SATURATION; ECOSYSTEM; CALCIUM; BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; ACIDIFICATION; DEPOSITION; RECOVERY AB Long-term patterns of streamwater chemistry provide valuable evidence of the effects of environmental change on ecosystem biogeochemistry. Observations from old-growth forests may be particularly valuable, because patterns should not be influenced by forest succession. Water samples were collected biweekly from four streams in, and near, the old-growth forest watershed of the Bowl Research Natural Area in the White Mountains of New Hampshire from May 1973 through October 1974, and from June 1994 through June 1997. Average NO3- concentrations, which ranged from 40.8 to 46.1 mu equiv..L-1 in 1973-1974, declined significantly to averages of 14.9-20.1 mu equiv..L-1 during 1994-1997. Concentrations of the base cations, Ca2+ and Mg2+, also declined in stream water between the two sampling periods. The northeastern United States, including the study area, has been subjected to elevated atmospheric deposition of sulfur and nitrogen for more than 40 years. This observation has led to the concern that mature forest ecosystems may exhibit N saturation and depletion of Ca2+ from exchangeable soil pools. While the Bowl exhibits a pattern of elevated concentrations of NO3- throughout the year, suggestive of conditions of N saturation, concentrations have declined markedly over the last 20 years. Concentrations of Ca2+ have also declined suggesting possible depletion from the exchangeable soil pool, but the acid neutralizing capacity of stream water has remained constant or increased, indicating resistance to additional acidification. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Syracuse Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Fahey, TJ (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. OI Driscoll, Charles/0000-0003-2692-2890 NR 29 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 30 IS 8 BP 1206 EP 1213 DI 10.1139/cjfr-30-8-1206 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 348ZQ UT WOS:000089017000003 ER PT J AU Dickson, RE Tomlinson, PT Isebrands, JG AF Dickson, RE Tomlinson, PT Isebrands, JG TI Allocation of current photosynthate and changes in tissue dry weight within northern red oak seedlings: individual leaf and flush carbon contribution during episodic growth SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID SHOOT GROWTH; POPULUS-DELTOIDES; ROOT; NITROGEN; FIXATION; PATTERNS; TREES; C-14; ENVIRONMENTS; HARDWOOD AB Relatively little is known about the changing carbon allocation patterns in species with episodic growth cycles such as northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.). To examine such changing allocation and growth patterns, northern red oak plants were grown from seed in controlled environment chambers through four cycles of growth. (CO2)-C-14 was supplied to leaves of the first, second, or third flushes at different Quercus morphological index growth stages within each flush, and the distribution of C-14 within the plant was analyzed. Carbon allocation from source leaves of the first and second flush was primarily upward during the subsequent cycle of shoot growth and downward during lag and bud growth stages. All leaves within a flush did not respond the same. Upper leaves allocated most C-14-photosynthate upward during leaf and shoot growth while lower leaves supplied more C-14 to lower stem and roots. During the third and fourth flushes, differential allocation from leaves within a flush resulted in essentially equal upward and downward carbon allocation. Growth and allometric relationships reflected these changes in carbon allocation. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. Coll Charleston, Dept Biol, Charleston, SC 29424 USA. RP Dickson, RE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, 5985 Highway K, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. NR 56 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 30 IS 8 BP 1296 EP 1307 DI 10.1139/cjfr-30-8-1296 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 348ZQ UT WOS:000089017000012 ER PT J AU Dickson, RE Tomlinson, PT Isebrands, JG AF Dickson, RE Tomlinson, PT Isebrands, JG TI Partitioning of current photosynthate to different chemical fractions in leaves, stems, and roots of northern red oak seedlings during episodic growth SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID DORMANCY INDUCTION; POPULUS-DELTOIDES; PRUNUS-CERASUS; SHOOT GROWTH; SINK; PLANTS; ALLOCATION; COTTONWOOD; FIXATION; MANIPULATION AB The episodic or flushing growth habit of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) has a significant influence on carbon fixation, carbon transport from source leaves, and carbon allocation within the plant; however, the impact of episodic growth on carbon partitioning among chemical fractions is unknown. Median-flush leaves of the first and second flush were photosynthetically labeled with (CO2)-C-14, and partitioning of C-14 into lipids and pigments, sugars, amino acids, organic acids, protein, starch, and structural carbohydrates of source leaves, stem, and roots was determined. In addition, four chemical fractions (sugars, starch, amino acids, and total structural carbohydrates) were quantitatively analyzed in leaves, stems, and roots. Chemical changes in source leaves reflected leaf maturation, changing sink demand during a growth cycle, and leaf senescence. Starch and sugar storage in leaves, stems, and roots during lag and bud growth stages indicate a feedback response of these tissues to decreasing sink strength and temporary storage of both starch and sugar in these plant tissues. Northern red oak, with episodic shoot growth patterns, provides an experimental system in which large changes in sink strength occur naturally and require no plant manipulation. Metabolic changes in leaf, stem, and root tissue of red oak have broad application for other oak species and for both temperate and tropical tree species with cyclic growth habits. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, No Cent Res Stn, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. Coll Charleston, Dept Biol, Charleston, SC 29424 USA. RP Dickson, RE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, No Cent Res Stn, 5985 Highway K, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. NR 42 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 14 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 30 IS 8 BP 1308 EP 1317 DI 10.1139/cjfr-30-8-1308 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 348ZQ UT WOS:000089017000013 ER PT J AU Stern, LL Mason, JB Selhub, J Choi, SW AF Stern, LL Mason, JB Selhub, J Choi, SW TI Genomic DNA hypomethylation, a characteristic of most cancers, is present in peripheral leukocytes of individuals who are homozygous for the C677T polymorphism in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene SO CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID COMMON MUTATION; PLASMA HOMOCYSTEINE; COLORECTAL-CANCER; FOLATE-DEFICIENCY; VASCULAR-DISEASE; RISK FACTOR; METHYLATION; HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA; RATS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS AB DNA methylation is an epigenetic feature of DNA that influences cellular development and function, and aberrations of DNA methylation are a candidate mechanism for the development of cancer. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) catalyzes the synthesis of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, the methyl donor for methionine synthesis and the precursor of S-adenosylmethionine. S-adenosylmethionine is the universal methyl donor for methylation reactions, including that of DNA methylation. In the present study, we investigated whether a common C677T mutation in the MTHFR gene, which results in reduced enzyme activity in vitro, affects genomic DNA methylation. We selected 9 subjects homozygous for the wild-type MTHFR and 10 subjects homozygous for the mutation (T/T), Genomic DNA methylation was determined by an established enzymatic assay that measures the capacity of DNA to accept methyl groups in vitro, which is inversely related to endogenous methylation. DNA from subjects with the T/T MTHFR genotype had a significantly higher methyl group acceptance capacity (12,615 +/- 1836 dpm/2 mu g of DNA) compared with wild-type MTHFR (7843 1043 dpm/2 mu g of DNA; P < 0.05), indicating DNA hypomethylation in the T/T genotype, Furthermore, DNA methylation was directly and significantly related to RBC folate concentrations in persons with the T/T genotype, but not in those with wild-type MTHFR, These data are consistent with prior observations, which suggest that the T/T genotype is associated with impaired MTHFR activity in vivo and that the cellular impact of this impairment is determined, in part, by folate status. The relationship of genomic DNA hypomethylation in persons with the T/T MTHFR genotype to the development of cancer remains to be defined. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vitamin Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Choi, SW (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vitamin Metab Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA59005-0S81]; NIA NIH HHS [AG00209-07] NR 36 TC 283 Z9 306 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 11806, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35202 USA SN 1055-9965 J9 CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR JI Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 9 IS 8 BP 849 EP 853 PG 5 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 343UC UT WOS:000088719500013 PM 10952104 ER PT J AU Martini, LA Cuppari, L Colugnati, FAB Sigulem, DM Szejnfeld, VL Schor, N Heilberg, IP AF Martini, LA Cuppari, L Colugnati, FAB Sigulem, DM Szejnfeld, VL Schor, N Heilberg, IP TI High sodium chloride intake is associated with low bone density in calcium stone-forming patients SO CLINICAL NEPHROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 31st Congress of the American-Society-of-Nephrology CY OCT 24-28, 1998 CL PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA SP Amer Soc Nephrol DE nutrition; bone density; renal stones; diet ID POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; MINERAL DENSITY; IDIOPATHIC HYPERCALCIURIA; DIETARY CALCIUM; VITAMIN-D; URINARY CALCIUM; PROTEIN-INTAKE; ADULT WOMEN; SALT INTAKE; MASS AB Background: Although renal stone disease has been associated with reduced bone mass, the impact of nutrient intake on bone loss is unknown. Subjects and methods: The present study was undertaken to investigate the influence of nutrient intake on bone density of 85 calcium stone-forming (CSF) patients (47 male and 38 premenopausal females) aged 41 +/- 11 years (X +/- SD). Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry at the lumbar spine (L-2 - L-4) and femoral neck sites: and low BMD was defined as a T score < -1 (WHO criteria). A 4-day dietary record and a 24-hour urine sample were obtained from each patient for the assessment of nutrient intake and urinary calcium (Uc,), sodium (U-Na), phosphate and creatinine excretion. Results: Forty-eight patients (56%) presented normal BMD and 37 (44%) low BMD. There were no statistical differences regarding age, weight, height, body mass index, protein, calcium and phosphorus intakes between both groups. The mean Uc,, phosphorus and nitrogen appearance also did not differ between groups. However, there was a higher percentage of hypercalciuria among low vs normal BMD patients (62 vs 33%, p < 0.05). Low BMD patients presented a higher mean sodium chloride (NaCl) intake and excretion (UNa) than normal BMD (14 +/- 5 vs 12 +/- 4 g/day and 246 +/- 85 vs 204 +/- 68 mEq/day, respectively p < 0.05). The percentage of patients presenting NaCl intake greater than or equal to 16 g/day was also higher among low vs normal BMD patients (35 vs 12%, p < 0.05). After adjustment for calcium and protein intakes, age, weight, body mass index, urinary calcium, citrate and uric acid excretion, and duration of stone disease, multiple-regression analysis showed that a high NaCl intake (2 16 g/day) was the single variable that was predictive of risk of low bone density in CSF patients (odds ratio = 3.8). Conclusion: These data suggest that reducing salt intake should be recommended for CSF patients presenting hypercalciuria and osteopenia. C1 Univ Fed Sao Paulo, EPM, Div Nephrol, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Nutr Post Grad Program, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Univ Fed Sao Paulo, EPM, Reumathol Div, Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP Martini, LA (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Mineral Bioavailabil Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Cuppari, Lilian/C-3394-2012; Martini, Ligia/C-7279-2012; Schor, Nestor/K-4364-2013; Heilberg, Ita/K-4349-2013; OI heilberg, ita pfeferman/0000-0002-0885-5877 NR 75 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU DUSTRI-VERLAG DR KARL FEISTLE PI MUNCHEN-DEISENHOFEN PA BAHNHOFSTRABE 9 POSTFACH 49, W-8024 MUNCHEN-DEISENHOFEN, GERMANY SN 0301-0430 J9 CLIN NEPHROL JI Clin. Nephrol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 54 IS 2 BP 85 EP 93 PG 9 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA 343DB UT WOS:000088685500001 PM 10968683 ER PT J AU Martin, FC Baggett, T Wolfe, T Mita, R AF Martin, FC Baggett, T Wolfe, T Mita, R TI Using sampling theory to build a more universal forest vegetation database SO COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Integrated Tools for Natural Resources Inventories in the 21st Century CY AUG 16-20, 1998 CL BOISE, IDAHO SP US Forest Serv, Canadian Forest Serv, Soc Amer Foresters DE sampling theory; database design; forest inventory; data modeling AB Greater demands on forest resources require that larger amounts of information be readily available to decision-makers. To provide more information faster, databases must be developed that are more comprehensive and easier to use. Data modeling is a process for building more comprehensive and flexible databases by emphasizing fundamental relationships over existing or traditional business operations. A hierarchical series of models is developed during data modeling, beginning with a conceptual model of the activity of interest. Building on the conceptual model, a logical model is constructed that captures specific details, but does so without regard for the eventual implementation software. Finally. the logical model is transformed into a physical model that is combined with application software to comprise the actual database. We show how sampling theory was used in a conceptual data model to provide an integrating framework for identifying fundamental relationships. By using sampling theory the final data structure organizes forest vegetation data gathering as a scientific process, rather than as specific business functions. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Washington Dept Nat Resources, Olympia, WA 98504 USA. USFS, Forest Management Serv Ctr, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Martin, FC (reprint author), Washington Dept Nat Resources, 1111 Washington St SE,POB 47016, Olympia, WA 98504 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0168-1699 J9 COMPUT ELECTRON AGR JI Comput. Electron. Agric. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 28 IS 2 BP 119 EP 132 DI 10.1016/S0168-1699(00)00122-8 PG 14 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Agriculture; Computer Science GA 338ZC UT WOS:000088452300004 ER PT J AU Clark, NA Wynne, RH Schmoldt, DL Winn, M AF Clark, NA Wynne, RH Schmoldt, DL Winn, M TI An assessment of the utility of a non-metric digital camera for measuring standing trees SO COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Integrated Tools for Natural Resources Inventories in the 21st Century CY AUG 16-20, 1998 CL BOISE, IDAHO SP US Forest Serv, Canadian Forest Serv, Soc Amer Foresters DE diameter measurement; digital camera; forest inventory; instrumentation ID VOLUME AB Images acquired with a commercially available digital camera were used to make measurements on 20 red oak (Quercus spp.) stems. The ranges of diameter at breast height (DBH) and height to a 10 cm upper-stem diameter were 16-66 cm and 12-20 m, respectively. Camera stations located 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 m from the stem were studied to determine the best distance to be used with the maximum wide angle setting on the camera. Geometric mean diameter estimates from the 12 and 15 m distances were within +/-4 cm at any height (95% chi(2)) Though unbiased, measurement variation was found to increase with stem height. Using camera derived heights and diameters, volumes were found to be within 8% of volumes calculated using taped measurements of individual stems two times out of three an improvement over existing DBH-height volume equations. This preliminary work demonstrates the ability of using a digital camera to acquire stem diameters and heights. Some limitations of the current technology are also noted. By combining equipment and procedural modifications with improved data flow from imagery to information, terrestrial digital imagery may revolutionize stem or even plot level data collection. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Coll Nat Resources, Dept Forestry, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Clark, NA (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, So Res Stn, 1650 Ramble Rd,VPI-0503, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 19 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0168-1699 J9 COMPUT ELECTRON AGR JI Comput. Electron. Agric. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 28 IS 2 BP 151 EP 169 DI 10.1016/S0168-1699(00)00125-3 PG 19 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Agriculture; Computer Science GA 338ZC UT WOS:000088452300006 ER PT J AU King, DI Rappole, JH AF King, DI Rappole, JH TI Winter flocking of insectivorous birds in montane pine-oak forests in middle America SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE foraging; mixed-species flocks; Neotropics; vegetation characteristics ID MIXED-SPECIES FLOCKS; WESTERN MEXICO; ADVANTAGES; BEHAVIOUR; PREDATOR; SIZE AB We studied mixed-species insectivorous bird flocks in pine-oak forests in Middle America during three winter seasons to determine whether patterns of hock structure and dynamics were similar to those reported from other tropical sires. We also analyzed patterns of association among bird species, as well as their foraging behavior and the vegetation characteristics associated with birds in flocks. We encountered 333 flocks containing 144 species, of which 26 species had adequate sample sizes for analyses. The size and rate of movement of the hocks were similar to those reported from other Neotropical sires, however, the species richness of our flocks was lower than reported in most other studies, perhaps due to simpler vegetation structure or higher latitude. Only 3 of 50 significant correlations between species pairs were negative, indicating that species generally were not restricted in their participation in mixed-species flocks by other species. In only one instance did we observe correspondence between the association of species-pairs in flocks and their foraging behavior. For most species there was no relationship between association between species-pairs in flocks and vegetation parameters with which they were associated. Thus, additional factors besides foraging facilitation and mutual association with particular vegetation characteristics must be responsible for many of the positive correlations among species pairs. We suggest that non-random association among species within flocks may result in part from enhanced vigilance for predator detection afforded by flock members using similar parts of the environment at the same time. C1 Univ Massachusetts, USDA, Forest Serv, Northeastern Res Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Smithsonian Conservat & Res Ctr, Front Royal, VA 22630 USA. RP King, DI (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, USDA, Forest Serv, Northeastern Res Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 34 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD AUG PY 2000 VL 102 IS 3 BP 664 EP 672 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0664:WFOIBI]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 343RX UT WOS:000088716300021 ER PT J AU Zwartjes, PW Hnida, JA AF Zwartjes, PW Hnida, JA TI RAPD-PCR amplification of DNA extracted from avian blood infected with Hemoproteus fails to produce false positive markers SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE blood parasites; Columba livia; DNA; Haemoproteus; random amplified polymorphic DNA; RAPD; Rock Dove ID HEMATOZOA; APICOMPLEXA; HEMOSPORIDA; POLYMERASE AB We tested whether contamination of avian blood by the parasite Haemoproteus could cause the amplification of false positive genetic markers generated by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). DNA was extracted from blood taken from five Rock Doves (Columba livia) infected with Haemoproteus, and one uninfected control individual. A drug treatment was administered to clear the infection, and a Second DNA sample extracted. The parasitized and unparasitized DNA samples were used in RAPD reactions with 20 different 10-nucleotide primers, which produced 178 well-resolved markers. In no case were any of the reaction products specific to the parasitized samples, and in almost all cases the products were found consistently across all replications of infected and non-infected samples. The high ratio of avian to parasite DNA and the greater genome complexity of the host probably prevents the amplification of markers unique to parasite species such as Haemoproteus. C1 Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Zwartjes, PW (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 2205 Columbia SE, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. EM pzwartjes@fs.fed.us NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD AUG PY 2000 VL 102 IS 3 BP 691 EP 695 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0691:RPAODE]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 343RX UT WOS:000088716300027 ER PT J AU Kelly, JF Finch, DM AF Kelly, JF Finch, DM TI Effects of sampling design on age ratios of migrants captured at stopover sites SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE age-ratio; Neotropical migrant; sampling design; stopover biology; temperate migrant ID APPLEDORE-ISLAND; FALL MIGRATION; PATTERNS; WARBLERS; MAINE AB Age classes of migrant songbirds often differ in migration timing. This difference creates the potential for age-ratios recorded at stopover sites to vary with the amount and distribution of sampling effort used. To test for these biases, we sub-sampled migrant capture data from the Middle Rio Grande Valley of New Mexico. We created data sets that reflected the age ratios of migrants that would have been captured with stratified and concentrated designs at four levels of mist-netting effort. Analysis of these data indicate that age-ratios of Neotropical migrants varied significantly with sampling design, but not with sampling effort. More after-hatch-year Neotropical migrants were captured with stratified than with concentrated sampling designs. Age-ratio of temperate migrants did not vary with either amount of sampling effort or sampling design. Sampling design is an important consideration in the interpretation of age ratios among stop-over sires, and standardization of sampling among sites could improve our understanding of differential migration of age classes. C1 USDA Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. RP Kelly, JF (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 2205 Columbia SE, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. RI Finch, Deborah/H-2876-2015 OI Finch, Deborah/0000-0001-9118-7381 NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 7 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD AUG PY 2000 VL 102 IS 3 BP 699 EP 702 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0699:EOSDOA]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 343RX UT WOS:000088716300029 ER PT J AU Montalvo, AM Ellstrand, NC AF Montalvo, AM Ellstrand, NC TI Transplantation of the subshrub Lotus scoparius: Testing the home-site advantage hypothesis SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HABITAT-CORRELATED VARIATION; GERMINATION RESPONSE; WILD RADISH; PATTERNS; POPULATIONS; ASTERACEAE; SUCCESS; PROGRAM; PLANT AB The long-term success of restored populations may be jeopardized by the collection locality of transplants if they are ill matched to their new environment. The home-site advantage hypothesis predicts that the relative success of introduced populations will decrease as their genetic and environmental distance to the local native population increases. We evaluated this hypothesis for a geographically variable shrub, Lotus scoparius, in southern Californian coastal sage scrub by planting two common-garden experiments with seedlings from 12 source populations. The common-garden sites differed in environment and were each home to different source populations of the two taxonomic varieties, L. s. var. scoparius or L. s. var. brevialatus. We used allozyme data from each source population to calculate genetic distances between populations, and a combination of climatic data and soil traits to calculate environmental distances. At the more mesic, coastal common garden, cumulative fitness of transplants (survival x flower production) was inversely related to genetic distance between source and resident populations. At the more xeric, inland common garden, cumulative fitness (survival x size) decreased significantly with both genetic and environmental distance after one taxonomic variety was excluded from analyses. Geographic distance was only weakly correlated with genetic distance and had little value in predicting cumulative fitness of transplants. Our data support the home-site advantage hypothesis and the idea that mis-matching source populations of these genetically differentiated seed sources may result in lowered success of restored or constructed populations. The genetic and environmental similarities of source populations should be considered when source materials are chosen for transplantation. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Bot & Plant Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Ctr Conservat Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Montalvo, AM (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Bot & Plant Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. NR 62 TC 102 Z9 104 U1 3 U2 21 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 14 IS 4 BP 1034 EP 1045 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99250.x PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 338UV UT WOS:000088442400014 ER PT J AU Siefert, JL Larios-Sanz, M Nakamura, LK Slepecky, RA Paul, JH Moore, ERB Fox, GE Jurtshuk, P AF Siefert, JL Larios-Sanz, M Nakamura, LK Slepecky, RA Paul, JH Moore, ERB Fox, GE Jurtshuk, P TI Phylogeny of marine Bacillus isolates from the Gulf of Mexico SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BACTERIAL DIVERSITY; 16S RDNA; SOIL AB The phylogeny of 11 pigmented, aerobic, spore-forming isolates from marine sources was studied. Forty-two biochemical characteristics were examined, and a 16S rDNA sequence was obtained for each isolate. In a phylogenetic tree based on 16S sequencing, four isolates (NRRL B-14850, NRRL B-14903, NRRL B-14907, and NRRL B-13908) clustered with B. subtilis and related organisms; NRRL B-14907 was closely related to B. amyoliquefaciens. NRRL B-14907 and NRRL B-14908 were phenotypically similar to B, amyloliquefaciens and B. pumilus, respectively. Three strains (NRRL B-14906, NRRL B-14910, and NRRL B-14911) clustered in a clade that included B. firmus, B, lentus, and B. megaterium. NRRL B-14910 was closely related phenotypically and phylogenetically to B, megaterium. NRRL B-14905 clustered with the mesophilic round spore-producing species, B. fusiformis and B. sphaericus; the isolate was more closely related to B, fusiformis. NRRL B-14905 displayed characteristics typical of the B. spaericus-like organisms. NRRL B-14909 and NRRL B-14912 clustered with the Paenibacillus species and displayed characteristics typical of the genus. Only NRRL B-14851, an unusually thin rod that forms very small spores, may represent a new Bacillus species. C1 Univ Houston, Dept Biol & Biochem, Houston, TX 77204 USA. USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Syracuse Univ, Dept Biol, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. Univ S Florida, Dept Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. GBF, Natl Res Inst Biotechnol, Div Microbiol, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany. RP Siefert, JL (reprint author), Univ Houston, Dept Biol & Biochem, Houston, TX 77204 USA. FU NLM NIH HHS [2T15LM07093] NR 19 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 41 IS 2 BP 84 EP 88 DI 10.1007/s002840010098 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 328VV UT WOS:000087872400002 PM 10856371 ER PT J AU Kapczynski, DR Meinersmann, RJ Lee, MD AF Kapczynski, DR Meinersmann, RJ Lee, MD TI Adherence of Lactobacillus to intestinal 407 cells in culture correlates with fibronectin binding SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GROUP-A STREPTOCOCCI; STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS; LIPOTEICHOIC ACID; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; HUMAN ENTEROCYTE; CACO-2 CELLS; M-PROTEIN; S-LAYER; ADHESION; ACIDOPHILUS AB Lactobacilli are members of the normal mucosal microflora of most animals. Many isolates of Lactobacillus spp. are adherent to epithelial cells. In this study, using Lactobacillus acidophilus and L. agilis, we detected adherence in a pattern that suggested that the bacteria were binding to extracellular matrix proteins. Fluorescent microscopy, by using anti-fibronectin antibody, demonstrated that the isolates localize in those areas where fibronectin was detected. In addition, fibronectin pretreatment of the bacterial cells decreased adherence to Intestinal 407 epithelial cell monolayers. Cellular binding to fibronectin was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and affinity binding to radio-labeled fibronectin. Fibronectin may be one of the eukaryotic receptors mediating attachment of Lactobacillus to mucosal surfaces. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Med Microbiol & Parasitol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Athens, GA 30613 USA. RP Lee, MD (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Med Microbiol & Parasitol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 39 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 41 IS 2 BP 136 EP 141 DI 10.1007/s002840010107 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 328VV UT WOS:000087872400011 PM 10856380 ER PT J AU Russo, GT Coupples, LA Otvos, JD Wilson, PW Cucinotta, D Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM AF Russo, GT Coupples, LA Otvos, JD Wilson, PW Cucinotta, D Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM TI The paraoxonase (PON) 192R allele may be a protective CHD risk factor in women: The Framingham Offspring Study SO DIABETOLOGIA LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Messina, Dept Internal Med, I-98100 Messina, Italy. Tufts Univ, JM USDA, HNRCA, Medford, MA 02155 USA. Boston Univ, Boston, MA 02215 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Framingham Study, Framingham, MA USA. RI cucinotta, domenico/F-4832-2014 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0012-186X J9 DIABETOLOGIA JI Diabetologia PD AUG PY 2000 VL 43 SU 1 MA 652 BP A169 EP A169 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 351BT UT WOS:000089136700649 ER PT J AU Elsasser, TH Kahl, S Rumsey, TS Blum, JW AF Elsasser, TH Kahl, S Rumsey, TS Blum, JW TI Modulation of growth performance in disease: reactive nitrogen compounds and their impact on cell proteins SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 50th Annual Meeting of the European-Society-of-Animal-Production CY AUG 20-28, 1999 CL SWISS FED INST TECHNOL, ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SP European Soc Anim Prod HO SWISS FED INST TECHNOL DE growth; disease; nitric oxide; cytokines; hormones ID NITRIC-OXIDE; NUTRITIONAL MODULATION; SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; PEROXYNITRITE; CATTLE; NITRATION; RESPONSES; ENDOTOXIN; PLASMA; ALPHA AB During life, all animals encounter situations that challenge their capability for optimal growth. In reacting to immune challenges in the form of disease, homeostatic mechanisms attempt to overcome disharmony of the body's internal environment, or simply put, stress. The overall impact of stress revolves around a dynamic relationship between the level of challenge imparted on physiological systems and the degree of host response that is mounted in the process of detecting and reacting to the stress. In growing animals, the majority of milder stress encounters are manifest in terms of energetic inefficiencies and periods of reduced anabolism. In contrast, severe stress is often characterized by frank catabolism and tissue wasting. In some instances a level of stress (that might be termed a "stress breakpoint") is reached at which time the host response itself contributes to the cascade of negative effecters that further cause illness. These "breakpoint" responses are characterized by more intense acute responses to stress or a much more protracted duration of the response than would be expected given the nature of the stress. Key to understanding how growth in the young animal responds to infectious stresses is the recognition that (a) when immune responses that normally maintain health go awry, the reporters and effecters of the immune system (cytokines and the nitric oxide cascade) can contribute to stress disease processes and (b) reactive nitrogen compounds derived from the nitric oxide, as well as super oxide anion can modify intracellular proteins and block otherwise normal biochemical processes that regulate cell function. A key example of this is the loss of regulation of IGF-I by GH. As animals react more severely to disease stress, IGF-I concentrations in plasma decline progressively. Recent data derived from (LPS) challenges performed on young calves suggest that the prolonged decline in IGF-I is associated with the development of hepatic cytotoxicity localized to regions of protein nitration as identified by immunohistochemistry. Identifying biochemical criteria for disease processes provides needed guidance for the further development of intervention strategies to limit the impact of disease on growth. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science inc. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Bern, Fac Vet Med, Div Nutr Pathol, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. RP Elsasser, TH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 17 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 19 IS 2 BP 75 EP 84 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(00)00068-0 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 365TC UT WOS:000089965700003 PM 11025187 ER PT J AU Nearing, MA AF Nearing, MA TI Evaluating soil erosion models using measured plot data: Accounting for variability in the data SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Article DE soil erosion; soil conservation; soil erosion models; hydrology; surface water; sediment; spatial variability ID RUNOFF AB One of the important methods used to evaluate the effectiveness of soil erosion models is to compare the predictions given by the model to measured data from soil loss collected on plots taken under natural rainfall conditions. While it is recognized that plot data contain natural variability, this factor is not quantitatively considered during such evaluations because our knowledge of natural variability between plots which have the same treatments is very limited. The goal of this study was to analyse sufficient replicated plot data and present methodology to allow the model evaluator to take natural, within-treatment variability of erosion plots into account when models are tested. A large amount of data from pairs of replicated erosion plots was evaluated and quantified. The basis for the evaluation method presented is that if the difference between the model prediction and a measured plot data value lies within the population of differences between pairs of measured values, then the prediction is considered 'acceptable'. A model 'effectiveness' coefficient was defined for studies undertaken on large numbers of prediction versus measured data comparisons. This method provides a quantitative criterion for taking into account natural variability and uncertainty in measured erosion plot data when those data are used to evaluate erosion models. Published in 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 ARS, Natl Soil Eros Lab, USDA, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Nearing, MA (reprint author), ARS, Natl Soil Eros Lab, USDA, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 12 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 10 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 25 IS 9 BP 1035 EP 1043 DI 10.1002/1096-9837(200008)25:9<1035::AID-ESP121>3.0.CO;2-B PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 352RL UT WOS:000089231600008 ER PT J AU Cam, E Nichols, JD Sauer, JR Hines, JE Flather, CH AF Cam, E Nichols, JD Sauer, JR Hines, JE Flather, CH TI Relative species richness and community completeness: Birds and urbanization in the Mid-Atlantic states SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE capture-recapture models; conservation; ecological communities; estimation; integrity; landscape; Mid-Atlantic states; North American Breeding Bird Survey; relative species richness; species pool; urbanization ID CAPTURE PROBABILITIES VARY; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; BIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY; BREEDING BIRDS; REGIONAL PROCESSES; NEST PREDATION; LAND-USE; DIVERSITY; LANDSCAPE; POPULATION AB The idea that local factors govern local richness has been dominant for years, but recent theoretical and empirical studies have stressed the influence of regional factors on local richness. Fewer species at a site could reflect not only the influence of local factors, but also a smaller regional pool. The possible dependency of local richness on the regional pool should be taken into account when addressing the influence of local factors on local richness. It is possible to account for this potential dependency by comparing relative species richness among sites, rather than species richness per se. We consider estimation of a metric permitting assessment of relative species richness in a typical situation in which not all species are detected during sampling sessions. In this situation, estimates of absolute or relative species richness need to account for variation in species detection probability if they are to be unbiased. We present a method to estimate relative species richness based on capture-recapture models. This approach involves definition of a species list from regional data, and estimation of the number of species in that list that are present at a site-year of interest. We use this approach to address the influence of urbanization on relative richness of avian communities in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. There is a negative relationship between relative richness and landscape variables describing the level of urban development. We believe that this metric should prove very useful for conservation and management purposes because it is based on an estimator of species richness that both accounts for potential variation in species detection probability and allows flexibility in the specification of a "reference community." This metric can be used to assess ecological integrity, the richness of the community of interest relative to that of the "original" community, or to assess change since some previous time in a community. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Forestry, Raleigh, NC 27650 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Cam, E (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RI Flather, Curtis/G-3577-2012 OI Flather, Curtis/0000-0002-0623-3126 NR 73 TC 99 Z9 109 U1 6 U2 52 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 10 IS 4 BP 1196 EP 1210 DI 10.2307/2641026 PG 15 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 339UJ UT WOS:000088496000019 ER PT J AU Ayres, MP Wilkens, RT Ruel, JJ Lombardero, MJ Vallery, E AF Ayres, MP Wilkens, RT Ruel, JJ Lombardero, MJ Vallery, E TI Nitrogen budgets of phloem-feeding bark beetles with and without symbiotic fungi SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bark beetles and dietary N; Dendroctonus frontalis; fungi, bluestain and mycangial; herbivory; Ips grandicollis; mutualism; mycangial fungi and N acquisition; nitrogen acquisition by herbivores; Ophiostoma minus; phosphorus; symbiotic fungi ID SOUTHERN PINE-BEETLE; DENDROCTONUS-FRONTALIS COLEOPTERA; IPS-SEXDENTATUS BOERN; DOUGLAS-FIR BEETLE; MYCANGIAL FUNGI; CERATOCYSTIS-MINOR; COMPETITIVE INTERACTIONS; CALLIGRAPHUS COLEOPTERA; ZIMMERMANN COLEOPTERA; TRANSPORT STRUCTURES AB The nitrogen content of plant tissue is low relative to that of herbivores; as a consequence, dietary N can limit the: growth and reproduction of herbivores and select for attributes that increase N acquisition. Bark beetles face a particularly severe challenge because the phloem that they consume is very low in nitrogen and phosphorus relative to their requirements. We quantified variation in the phloem concentrations of N and P in the host tree, Pinus taeda, and evaluated the following hypotheses regarding the role of sym-host biotic fungi in nutrient budgets of the herbivore Dendroctonus frontalis: D, frontalis experience variation in phloem nutrient concentrations across several spatial scales (H-1); mycangial fungi enhance the diet of D. frontalis larvae by contributing to the acquisition of N and P (H-2); Ophiostoma minus, an apparently antagonistic fungal symbiont, hinders D, frontalis larvae because it does not enhance nutrient concentrations of the phloem as much as mycangial fungi do (H-3); and larvae of bark beetle species that lack mycangial fungi must consume more phloem to accomplish the same growth as larvae of D. frontalis (H-4). In addition, we developed a general model for the N budgets of herbivorous insects that identifies the possible combinations of dietary and physiological parameters that can allow developmental success on low-nutrient diets. Spatial variation in phloem N was mostly at the level of trees within sites (a scale of meters) while P mostly varied among sites (a scale of kilometers). Trees with higher N content produced larger D. frontalis adults. Prior to infestation by beetles, phloem nutrient concentrations were very uniform within trees and very low relative to that of the bark beetles (N and P concentrations of D. frontalis adults were 28 and 8 times greater, respectively). During infestation, phloem nutrient concentrations increased overall and be came highly variable within trees, Nitrogen concentrations increased from 0.40 +/- 0.01% (ean +/- SE) in uninfested phloem to 0.86 +/- 0.03% in the phloem surrounding successfully developing D. frontalis larvae, which are typically associated with one or two species of mutualistic mycangial fungi. Nitrogen concentrations were intermediate in other microhabitats within infested trees, including regions with no adult colonization, with failed larval development, or colonized by the antagonistic bluestain fungus O. minus. We parameterized a general nutrient-budget model for D. frontalis and a sympatric non-mycangial bark beetle, Ips grandicollis, which indicated that (1) mycangial fungi provide their benefits by concentrating dietary N for larvae; (2) O. minus may exert its antagonistic effects on D. frontalis larvae by failing to concentrate dietary N as much as mycangial fungi do; (3) non-mycangial bark beetles meet their N budgets through high consumption of unaltered, low-N phloem; and (4) larvae should easily meet their P requirments with any combination of consumption rate and development time that allows them to meet their N requirements. Alternative strategies for N acquisition may have general consequences for the population dynamics and community interactions of bark beetles. C1 Dartmouth Coll, Dept Biol Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. Dowling Coll, Dept Biol, Oakdale, NY 11769 USA. No Arizona Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. RP Ayres, MP (reprint author), Dartmouth Coll, Dept Biol Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. RI Lombardero, Maria/H-1629-2015 OI Lombardero, Maria/0000-0002-3245-896X NR 88 TC 136 Z9 142 U1 3 U2 35 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD AUG PY 2000 VL 81 IS 8 BP 2198 EP 2210 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[2198:NBOPFB]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 346UF UT WOS:000088888900014 ER PT J AU Howell, JF Neven, LG AF Howell, JF Neven, LG TI Physiological development time and zero development temperature of the codling moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE codling moth; degree-hours; development thresholds; physiological development; development rate; low temperature threshold ID DEVELOPMENT RATES; PHENOLOGY MODELS; POMONELLA AB The physiological development time was determined for the immature stages of summer form codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), when reared at both constant and field-simulated temperatures. The phenological data thus obtained was used to examine the zero temperature threshold to model codling moth development. Two procedures were used to determine the base or zero development temperature for codling moth. They were the x-intercept, i.e., an extrapolation of the best-fit linear approximation of the reciprocal of time for development (days or hours) at each of a series of constant temperatures; and second using thermal units, i.e., physiological development time (degree-hours). The thermal unit was a constant at any logical rearing temperature when using the correct base (zero development) temperature. Physiological development time became increasingly curvilinear as the base temperature deviated from the correct value. Errors in base temperature, particularly at lower temperatures, introduce large errors into phenology models, reducing their reliability when used to time pest management procedures. Thermal units may be used to directly determine the base temperature or to validate the precision of the x-intercept. When reared at constant temperature, mean development time was 2,100, 6,100, and 5,800 degree-hours, but when reared under held-simulated (variable) temperatures the mean development time was reduced by 0, 500, and 1,100 degree-hours for eggs, larvae, and pupae, respectively. Development was retarded at 35 degrees C when reared at constant temperature, but not when reared at field-simulated temperatures that were as high as 35 degrees C for a few hours each day. There was no evidence for an upper temperature threshold using field-simulated temperatures. Modeling codling moth development in the field using field-simulated temperature data more accurately represents true development time. Fifteen percent of the larvae reared under long-daylength at 14.8 degrees C entered diapause; whereas, there was no diapause at higher temperatures. Diapause induction at low temperature under long-daylength has not been previously reported. C1 USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Washington, DC 20250 USA. USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Howell, JF (reprint author), 615 S 35th Ave, Yakima, WA 98902 USA. NR 33 TC 34 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 13 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 29 IS 4 BP 766 EP 772 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359QL UT WOS:000089623500013 ER PT J AU Callcott, AMA Oi, DH Collins, HL Williams, DF Lockley, TC AF Callcott, AMA Oi, DH Collins, HL Williams, DF Lockley, TC TI Seasonal studies of an isolated red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) population in eastern Tennessee SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Solenopsis invicta; red imported fire ant; winter survivability; interspecific competition ID SURVIVAL; GEORGIA; TEXAS AB Seasonal studies on a 1,200-ha isolated infestation of Solenopsis invicta Buren located in McMinn County, TN, were initiated in 1993 and continued through 1997. Winter survivability was evaluated and compared with a southern Mississippi site. The impact of S invicta on local myrmecofauna was compared with a Tennessee non-infested site. Data collected over four winters indicate that consecutive days at a low ambient air maximum temperature is more indicative of S. invicta winter survivability than minimum temperature. After significant S. invicta mortality the first winter (1993-1994), we did not find significant differences in ant species diversity between the S. invicta infested Tennessee site and a similar, but non-infested site, 32 km away. Species commonly collected in the S. invicta infested site included Forelius pruinosus Roger, an unnamed Forelius sp., Paratrechina terricola (Buckley) and Pheidole vinelandica Forel. C1 USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Gulfport Plant Protect Stn, Gulfport, MS 39501 USA. RP Callcott, AMA (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Gulfport Plant Protect Stn, Gulfport, MS 39501 USA. NR 17 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 29 IS 4 BP 788 EP 794 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359QL UT WOS:000089623500016 ER PT J AU Sappington, TW Spurgeon, DW AF Sappington, TW Spurgeon, DW TI Variation in boll weevil (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) captures in pheromone traps arising from wind speed moderation by brush lines SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE boll weevil; Anthonomus grandis; pheromone trap; wind; sampling ID RIO-GRANDE VALLEY; MANAGEMENT; TEXAS; WINTER AB Paired trap lines of five boil weevil pheromone traps each were placed on opposite sides of a brush line at six different sites on a plantation in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Temperature, wind speed, and wind direction were monitored with a nearby weather station. We observed a strong negative relationship between mean daily wind speed and total daily capture of bell weevils. About half of the day-to-day variation in weevil captures was explained by wind speed alone. In addition, our data indicate that much of the variation between traps within days may arise from differences in local wind speed as governed by local vegetation depending on wind direction. Brush lines in this study slowed the wind by 40-70% and mitigated its effects such that traps on the leeward side averaged 2.5-2.9 times higher captures than traps on the windward side. The magnitude of the effect of windward or leeward placement of traps on weevil captures depended on the relative strength of the wind. Under light winds (<10 km/h), there were no increases in leeward trap captures. However, on days of moderate (10-20 km/h) or strong (>20 km/h) winds, leeward trap captures averaged 3.9- or 2.4 times greater than windward captures, respectively. By accounting for the ability of vegetation to dampen the effects of wind on boll weevil trap captures, we should be able to dampen daily and positional variation in trap captures by more careful placement of traps. Furthermore, judicious placement of traps in locations protected from prevailing winds should improve detection efficiency in areas where early warning of weevil presence is critical, such as in eradication and posteradication zones. C1 USDA ARS, Integrated Farming & Nat Resources Res Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Sappington, TW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Integrated Farming & Nat Resources Res Unit, 2413 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 50 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 29 IS 4 BP 807 EP 814 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359QL UT WOS:000089623500019 ER PT J AU Greenberg, SM Legaspi, BC Jones, WA Enkegaard, A AF Greenberg, SM Legaspi, BC Jones, WA Enkegaard, A TI Temperature-dependent life history of Eretmocerus eremicus (Hymenoptera : Aphelinidae) on two whitefly hosts (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bemisia argentifolii; Eretmocerus eremicus; Trialeurodes vaporariorum; temperature-dependent; life history ID BEMISIA-ARGENTIFOLII HOMOPTERA; FORMOSA BELTSVILLE STRAIN; TABACI HOMOPTERA; INUNDATIVE RELEASES; ENCARSIA-FORMOSA; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; EGG DEVELOPMENT; SWEET-POTATO; REPRODUCTION; POINSETTIA AB The effects of temperature on insect life history were studied for two whitefly hosts (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring, and the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), as well as the parasitoid, Eretmocerus eremicus Rose & Zolnerowich (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) attacking both hosts. Mean egg numbers as a function of time were fitted to models for age-specific oviposition for each whitefly. For B. argentifolii, numbers of eggs laid increased with time at 15, 21, and 24 degrees C. At 28 and 32 degrees C, the curve declined after 6 d, although the model fit was poor. The model did not fit the oviposition data at 32 degrees C. Maximal oviposition rate occurred at 24 degrees C (12 eggs per 48-h period), and the model was almost linear. For T. vaporariorum, the model closely fit mean eggs laid, with highest rates of approximate to 12 eggs per 48 h at 21 and 24 degrees C. Numbers of whitefly eggs as a function of time and temperature were described by a three-dimensional surface model that was also used to estimate temperature thresholds for oviposition (12.5 degrees C for B. argentifolii and 10.9 degrees C for T. vaporariorum). Increasing temperatures produced decreased preoviposition periods in B. argentifolii, whereas temperature extremes resulted in longer periods for T. vaporariorum. Development times from egg to adult, percentage mortality, and estimated degree-days for development were measured at 15, 21, 24, 28, and 32 degrees C for both whiteflies, and for E. eremicus reared on both hosts. Development rate was higher for B. argentifolii than T. vaporariorum at 24 and 28 degrees C. Development of E. eremicus was faster using B, argentifolii as hosts than T. vaporariorum at 24, 28, and 32 degrees C. By extrapolation of development rates, lower developmental thresholds (degrees C) were estimated as follows: T. vaporariorum, 2.92; B. argentifolii, 10.32; E. eremicus on T. vaporariorum, 5.44; and E. eremicus on B. argentifolii, 8.7. Mean degree-day requirements for egg to adult development were calculated for T. vaporariorum, 483.4; B. argentifolii, 319.7; E. eremicus on T. vaporariorum, 417.3; and, E. eremicus on B. argentifolii, 314.4. Percentage mortality also was significantly affected by temperature in both species of whitefly. For T. vaporariorum, higher temperatures caused higher levels of mortality, with almost 98% killed at 32 degrees C. The reverse occurred in B. argentifolii, where highest levels of mortality were found at the lowest temperatures. Mortality patterns in E. eremicus reflected those of the host: increasing with temperature on T. vaporariorum, while decreasing on B. argentifolii. The life history of E. eremicus was profoundly affected by that of its host. C1 USDA ARS, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Greenberg, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Integrated Farming & Nat Resources Res Unit, 2413 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 34 TC 18 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 14 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 29 IS 4 BP 851 EP 860 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359QL UT WOS:000089623500025 ER PT J AU Harden, CP Mathews, L AF Harden, CP Mathews, L TI Rainfall response of degraded soil following reforestation in the Copper Basin, Tennessee, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE watershed restoration; rainfall infiltration; soil erosion; reforestation; Copper Basin ID SEDIMENT YIELD; EROSION; DEFORESTATION AB After a century of degradation due to mining, logging, acidification, and grazing, the 130-km(2) Copper Basin in southeastern Tennessee became the site of increasingly extensive and successful reforestation efforts. To determine the effectiveness of more than 50 years of reforestation efforts, we compared rainfall infiltration sediment detachment, and soil organic matter of reforested sites to those properties of unvegetated sites and forested reference sites outside the basin. Results of 54 rainfall simulation experiments is conducted in zones of the basin known to have been planted during different decades demonstrate that hydrologic recovery of soils in the Copper Basin lags significantly behind the establishment of tree cover and the protection offered by vegetation against soil erosion. Soils in new "forests" have significantly less organic malter and lower infiltration than forests more than 50 years old. The long-term persistence of low infiltration rates serves as a reminder that, at sites where the A and B soil horizons have been lost, restoration of the hydrologic function of a landscape requires decades, at least. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Geog, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. USDA, Aerial Photog Field Off, Salt Lake City, UT 84119 USA. RP Harden, CP (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Geog, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. NR 37 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 26 IS 2 BP 163 EP 174 DI 10.1007/s002670010079 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 329RP UT WOS:000087921900005 ER PT J AU Tor, JM Xu, CF Stucki, JM Wander, MM Sims, GK AF Tor, JM Xu, CF Stucki, JM Wander, MM Sims, GK TI Trifluralin degradation under microbiologically induced nitrate and Fe(III) reducing conditions SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEQUENTIAL REDUCTION; FERRIC IRON; SOIL; SUSPENSIONS; SEDIMENTS; CLOMAZONE; ASSAY AB Trifluralin [2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)- benzenamine] ranks among the most commonly used herbicides in the United States. The compound persists under most environmental conditions, yet it is rapidly transformed under certain anaerobic conditions. In this study, the fate of trifluralin in anoxic environments and the contribution of Fe(II) to its anaerobic degradation have been investigated. Trifluralin was rapidly degraded under anaerobic conditions in a range of soils representing typical agricultural usage in the Midwest. The presence of nitrate or oxygen suppressed trifluralin degradation. Degradation rate increased under iron-reducing conditions, and the addition of trifluralin appeared to promote reoxidation of extractable Fe2+. Transformation of trifluralin under iron-reducing conditions apparently involved the soil solid phase and was not limited by bioavailability. In a soil-free aqueous system, no reaction of trifluralin with dissolved Fe2+ was detected in the presence or absence of kaolinite clay under anoxic conditions. Reduced but not oxidized or reoxidized forms of purified ferruginous smectite (sample Swa-1) catalyzed rapid transformation (72% of applied in 30 h) of trifluralin to polar products with a concomitant reoxidation of structural Fe in the clay. Results indicate that, as for other nitroaromatics, trifluralin is subject to reaction with Fe(II) associated with the minerals in anoxic environments. C1 ARS, USDA, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Sims, GK (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RI Sims, Gerald/A-2500-2008 NR 22 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 15 BP 3148 EP 3152 DI 10.1021/es9912473 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 340XF UT WOS:000088561100029 ER PT J AU Taylor-Lovell, S Sims, GK Wax, LM Hassett, JJ AF Taylor-Lovell, S Sims, GK Wax, LM Hassett, JJ TI Hydrolysis and soil adsorption of the labile herbicide isoxaflutole SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NONEQUILIBRIUM SORPTION; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; DESORPTION; MODE AB Isoxaflutole (5-cyclopropyl isoxazol-4-yl-2-mesyl-4-trifluoromethylphenyl ketone) is a new herbicide marketed for broadleaf and grass weed control in corn, but little information has been published on the soil behavior and environmental fate of the compound. The herbicide exhibits an unusual behavior in which it is functionally reactivated by rainfall events, providing control of small weeds that have emerged. Isoxaflutole is extremely labile in aqueous solution,thus measuring equilibrium sorption is challenging. A qualitative kinetic evaluation was performed to characterize the sorption of isoxaflutole, during rapid hydrolysis to its bioactive product, a diketonitrile derivative (2-cyclopropyl-3-(2- mesyl-4 trifluoromethylphenyl)-3-oxopropanenitrile). The transformation was measured over time in a herbicide-treated aqueous solution with or without soil. At 25 degrees C, 83% of the parent compound remained in solution at 24 h in the soil free system, but only 15% remained in the solution in the presence of soil. The sorbed phase consisted mainly of isoxaflutole, although a small percentage of diketonitrile was also detected in increasing concentrations as the study progressed. Hydrolysis prevented the attainment of sorption equilibrium, thus the apparent K-d Of isoxaflutole increased over time, while that of diketonitrile remained close to zero at both 5 and 25 degrees C. Batch sorption isotherms were conducted with both isoxaflutole and diketonitrile using four Illinois soils of the Drummer, Flanagan, Catlin, and Cisne series ranging in organic carbon (OC) from 1.0 to 2.5%. Freundlich K-d values were 6-12-fold greater for isoxaflutole than diketonitrile, with the greatest difference in the lower organic carbon soils. After removing the hydrolysis effect, sorption of the isoxaflutole and diketonitrile was independent of temperature, suggesting that it was an entropy-driven process. Based on soil OC content, K-oc values of 134 and 17 mL g(-1) were calculated for isoxaflutole and diketonitrile, respectively. Results suggest that desorption coupled to hydrolysis promotes reactivation of the herbicide's function after rainfall and contributes to the efficacy of the compound by resupplying the soil solution with a bioactive product. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Taylor-Lovell, S (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RI Sims, Gerald/A-2500-2008; Lovell, Sarah/H-4478-2013 NR 30 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 15 BP 3186 EP 3190 DI 10.1021/es991382f PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 340XF UT WOS:000088561100035 ER PT J AU Mersie, W McNamee, C Seybold, CA Tierney, DP AF Mersie, W McNamee, C Seybold, CA Tierney, DP TI Diffusion and degradation of atrazine in a water/sediment system SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE atrazine; hydroxyatrazine; sediment; degradation; microcosm ID SOIL; RESIDUES; DEETHYLATRAZINE; HYDROXYATRAZINE; PERSISTENCE; METOLACHLOR; SEDIMENT; PRODUCTS; NEBRASKA; RUNOFF AB This study determined the effects of temperature and residence Lime on diffusion and degradation of [C-14]atrazine applied to the surface of sterilized and nonsterilized river water over a sediment. Water and sediment were placed in glass columns and incubated at 5 or 24 degrees C. Samples were collected at 0, 7, 14, 25, 42, 56, and 112 d before and after disturbance. The warmer temperature (24 degrees C) initially increased the rate of C-14 distribution in the aqueous phase. Disturbance caused approximately 15% of the total C-14 to be removed from the aqueous phase by sterile or unsterile sediment incubated at 5 degrees C. At 24 degrees C, the level of C-14 in disturbed sediments incubated for more than 28 d gradually increased. This increased retention of C-14 by sediment coincided with greater detection of the polar metabolite hydroxyatrazine (HA). More HA was recovered in nonsterilized than in sterilized sediments, indicating the contribution of biological processes to the production of this metabolite. In undisturbed sediments at 24 degrees C, approximately 32% and 10% of the applied C-14 permeated the top and bottom 1-cm segments, respectively. In columns incubated at 5 degrees C, less than 58 of the C-14 reached the surface of the submerged sediment. The potential impact of atrazine on biota associated with sediment would diminish with time because of dilution in the aqueous phase, transformation to HA, and bound residue formation. C1 Virginia State Univ, Petersburg, VA 23806 USA. Oregon State Univ, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97337 USA. Novartis Crop Protect, Greensboro, NC 27419 USA. RP Mersie, W (reprint author), Virginia State Univ, POB 9061, Petersburg, VA 23806 USA. NR 26 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 8 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 19 IS 8 BP 2008 EP 2014 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<2008:DADOAI>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 339UL UT WOS:000088496200008 ER PT J AU Lopez-Miranda, J Marin, C Castro, P Gomez, F Gonzalez-Amieva, A Paz, E Bravo, D Ordovas, JM Jimenez-Pereperez, J Perez-Jimenez, F AF Lopez-Miranda, J Marin, C Castro, P Gomez, F Gonzalez-Amieva, A Paz, E Bravo, D Ordovas, JM Jimenez-Pereperez, J Perez-Jimenez, F TI The effect of apolipoprotein B xbal polymorphism on plasma lipid response to dietary fat SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article DE apolipoprotein B; cholesterol; diet; DNA polymorphism; LDL-cholesterol; triglycerides ID LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; SERUM-CHOLESTEROL; DNA POLYMORPHISM; GENE INFLUENCES; CATABOLIC RATE; HEART-DISEASE; LOCUS; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERRESPONDERS; HYPORESPONDERS AB Background and aims Lipid response to dietary fat and cholesterol is, to a large extent, genetically controlled. Apolipoprotein B (apo B) plays a dominant role in cholesterol homeostasis. Several polymorphic sites within or adjacent to the gene locus for apo B have been detected. The X+ allele of the XbaI restriction fragment polymorphism of the apo B gene has been found to be associated with higher serum cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels. In order to study the influence of this mutation on the plasma lipid response in diets of varying fat content, 72 healthy male subjects were studied, 21 X- X- (X-) and 51 X+ (X+ X- or X+ X+). Methods and results These subjects followed three consecutive 28-day diet periods: one rich in saturated fats (SAT diet; 38% fat, 20% saturated); a National Cholesterol Education Program type I diet (NCEP-I diet) (28% fats, <10% saturated); and a third monounsaturated (MUFA diet)(38% fats, 22% monounsaturated). The different genotypes can be observed to have significant effects on total and LDL cholesterol concentrations (P < 0.017). X+ individuals had higher levels of total and LDL cholesterol after the consumption of a SAT diet (P < 0.012; P < 0.006, respectively), NCEP diet (P < 0.060; P < 0.054, respectively) and MUFA. diet (P < 0.022; P < 0.042, respectively) in comparison with X- individuals. A significant interaction between genotypes and dietary effects was observed for diet-induced changes in plasma triglycerides (P < 0.032). Significant decreases in the absolute values of triglyceride concentrations (-0.18 mmol L-1, P < 0.024) were noted in the X- subjects after the high intake of a MUFA diet, while no significant differences were observed in the X+ individuals (0.006 mmol L-1, P < 0.858). Conclusions Our results suggest that the total triglyceride response to diet is influenced by the apo B XbaI polymorphism. C1 Hosp Univ Reina Sofia, Unidad Lipidos & Arteriosclerosis, Cordoba, Spain. Hosp Alto Guadalquivir, Med Interna Serv, Andujar, Spain. Tufts Univ, USDA, JM Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Perez-Jimenez, F (reprint author), Hosp Univ Reina Sofia, Unidad Lipidos & Arteriosclerosis, Cordoba, Spain. OI Perez-Jimenez, Francisco/0000-0001-7499-7681; Perez Jimenez, Francisco/0000-0001-9808-1280; Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL 54776] NR 47 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0014-2972 J9 EUR J CLIN INVEST JI Eur. J. Clin. Invest. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 30 IS 8 BP 678 EP 684 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC General & Internal Medicine; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 347PA UT WOS:000088937300005 PM 10964159 ER PT J AU Williams, JM Fridley, KJ Cofer, WF Falk, RH AF Williams, JM Fridley, KJ Cofer, WF Falk, RH TI Failure modeling of sawn lumber with a fastener hole SO FINITE ELEMENTS IN ANALYSIS AND DESIGN LA English DT Article DE finite element analysis; wood; strength reduction; holes ID POLYNOMIAL STRENGTH THEORY; WOOD AB There is a consistent reduction in member strength associated with long-term use of structural wood members. It is hypothesized that this reduction in strength is due to "use and aging" effects such as cracks, splits and checks developed from drying stresses, moisture cycling, and fastener holes originating from initial construction techniques. The focus of this research effort was to develop an accurate model of the behavior and performance of the recycled timbers containing fastener holes. The flexural capacity of structural wood joists and planks containing fastener holes was modeled utilizing finite element analysis (FEA) coupled with the tensor polynomial (Tsai-Wu) strength theory. Each model presented herein represents a connection detail that is commonly used in construction. To validate the analytical approach, virgin timbers with drilled holes were conditioned to simulate in situ conditions and tested to failure. Comparing the results of the analytical model to experimental behavior, the FEA results were slightly conservative with predicted strength values falling within one standard deviation from the mean value of the experimental data and thus, producing accurate results. A critical hole location exists where the hole produces the largest reduction in strength. Based on the results, it is recommended that the edge of the hole not be located within 6 mm from the extreme fiber in both the compression and tension regions. If this does occur, then possibly some post processing needs to be performed such as planing the member down such that the hole is located on the edge, or the hole is completely eliminated from the section. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Washington State Univ, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. KPFF Consulting Engineers, Santa Monica, CA 90404 USA. USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Fridley, KJ (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 16 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-874X J9 FINITE ELEM ANAL DES JI Finite Elem. Anal. Des. PD AUG 1 PY 2000 VL 36 IS 1 BP 83 EP 98 DI 10.1016/S0168-874X(00)00010-X PG 16 WC Mathematics, Applied; Mechanics SC Mathematics; Mechanics GA 334PC UT WOS:000088194000007 ER PT J AU Camp, KL Wolters, WR Rice, CD AF Camp, KL Wolters, WR Rice, CD TI Survivability and immune responses after challenge with Edwardsiella ictaluri in susceptible and resistant families of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus SO FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE disease resistance; channel catfish; immune responsiveness; macrophage aggregations; Edwardsiella ictaluri ID MELANO-MACROPHAGE CENTERS; SALMON SALMO-SALAR; CYPRINUS-CARPIO L; GENETIC-VARIATION; HEMOLYTIC-ACTIVITY; ATLANTIC SALMON; ENTERIC SEPTICEMIA; BROWN TROUT; TRUTTA-L; DISEASE AB Diseases in catfish farming are prevalent and costly, particularly the bacterial disease Enteric Septicemia of Catfish. Considerable research has focused on different aspects of this disease, including the biology of the causative agent, Edwardsiella ictaluri. However, no satisfactory treatment or preventive has resulted from these efforts. One solution is to increase the natural disease resistance of the fish through genetic selection. Recent research has demonstrated that genetic factors influence resistance to infection in mammals as well as fish. Selective breeding for disease resistance in channel catfish is ongoing, however differences in defence mechanisms among E. ictaluri challenged strains and families are only now being investigated. Antigen-specific as well as non-specific immune responses of full-sib families of channel catfish to laboratory challenge with E. ictaluri have been investigated. Both resistant and sensitive families produce a humoral response as specific antibody, but there were no differences found in the level of specific antibody produced. The sensitive family produced a slightly higher percentage of B lymphocytes in mononuclear cell preparations from peripheral blood, while the resistant family had a higher percentage of T lymphocytes in those preparations. The most significant observation was that the resistant family produced more macrophage aggregations in the spleen and posterior kidney throughout the infection than the sensitive family. Neither family produced stress-associated amounts of cortisol. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, Stoneville, MS USA. USDA ARS, Catfish Genet Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Rice, CD (reprint author), Clemson Univ, ENTOX, POB 709, Pendelton, SC 29670 USA. NR 37 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1050-4648 J9 FISH SHELLFISH IMMUN JI Fish Shellfish Immunol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 10 IS 6 BP 475 EP 487 DI 10.1006/fsim.2000.0261 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Immunology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Immunology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 345HT UT WOS:000088811100001 PM 11016583 ER PT J AU Lundquist, JE AF Lundquist, JE TI A method of estimating direct and indirect effects of Armillaria root disease and other small-scale forest disturbances on canopy gap size SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE forest pathogens; pest interactions; Pinus ponderosa; Armillaria ostoyae; path analysis ID PATH COEFFICIENT ANALYSIS; PINE AB The ecological and economic impacts of individual forest pathogens on forest stands are often difficult to measure because of indirect impacts arising from their interactions with other agents. Root diseases especially interact with many elements of the forest. This study uses a method called path analysis to estimate direct and indirect effects of Armillaria root disease and other small-scale disturbances on a pristine Pinus ponderosa stand in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Indirect effect was defined as an outcome where one small-scale disturbance alters the effect that another has on canopy gap size. Results indicate that key factors affecting gap size include Armillaria root disease, bark beetles, weak pathogens, ice/snow damage, lightning, and wildfires, presented in order of relative importance. Interactions occur between Armillaria and lightning, beetles, wind, and fire; between bark beetles and wind, fire, and weak pathogens; and between wind and fire. Armillaria and beetles both tend to occur where damage by wind is absent. Armillaria root disease was predicted to have the largest overall effect on gap size, which is mostly due to its direct effects, and not resulting from its interactions with other disturbances. Path analysis generates a predictive model based on covariation among disturbances and offers a way of quantifying the effects of these associations. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Lundquist, JE (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 240 W Prospect Rd, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 26 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 5 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 46 IS 3 BP 356 EP 362 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 463AY UT WOS:000170455700005 ER PT J AU Ahn, S Plantinga, AJ Alig, RJ AF Ahn, S Plantinga, AJ Alig, RJ TI Predicting future forestland area: A comparison of econometric approaches SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE forest area; econometric analysis; forecasting; land rent ID LAND-USE; DECISIONS; WETLANDS; POLICIES; QUALITY; CARBON; COSTS AB Predictions of future forestland area are an important component of forest policy analyses. In this article, we test the ability of econometric I and use models to accurately forecast forest area. We construct a panel data set for Alabama consisting of county and time-series observation for the period 1964 to 1992. We estimate models using restricted data sets-namely, data from early periods-and use out-of-sample values of dependent and independent variables to construct precise tests of the model's forecasting accuracy. Three model specifications are examined: ordinary least squares, dummy variables (fixed effects), and error components (random effects). We find that the dummy variables model produces more accurate forecasts at the county and state level than the other model specifications. This result is related to the ability of the dummy variables model to more completely control for cross-sectional variation in the dependent variables. This suggests that the estimated model parameters better capture the temporal relationship between forest area and economic variables. C1 Univ Maine, Dept Resource Econ & Policy, Orono, ME 04469 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Ahn, S (reprint author), Univ Maine, Dept Resource Econ & Policy, Orono, ME 04469 USA. NR 31 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 46 IS 3 BP 363 EP 376 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 463AY UT WOS:000170455700006 ER PT J AU Prestemon, JP Wear, DN AF Prestemon, JP Wear, DN TI Linking harvest choices to timber supply SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE elasticities; aggregate; expectations; probit; pine ID FOREST OWNERS; NONINDUSTRIAL; DECISION AB Aggregate timber supply by ownership was investigated for a small region by applying stand-level harvest choice models to a representative sample of stands and then aggregating to regional totals using the area-frame of the forest survey. Timber harvest choices were estimated as probit models for three ownership categories in coastal plain southern pine stands of North Carolina using individual permanent and remeasured stand-level data from last two available USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) surveys. The timber harvest decision was modeled as a function of timber values, a cost factor, and stand volume as a proxy for nontimber values. Probit models were statistically significant at 1% for all ownerships. Area expansion factors (the portion of forest area in the region represented by the sampled stand) were then combined with harvest probabilities to model the aggregate effects of price changes on timber supply, given a fixed forest area. Implied price elasticities were estimated using this modeling of aggregate effects, and a bootstrapping procedure was applied to estimate confidence limits for supply elasticities with respect to price. Our results showed that NIPF and industry were elastically responsive in the aggregate when price increases are perceived as temporary but much less elastically and usually negatively responsive when increases are perceived as permanent. Results are consistent with theory of optimal rotations and highlight the critical influence of both existing inventory structure and expectations on aggregate timber supply. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Prestemon, JP (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 23 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 3 U2 6 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 46 IS 3 BP 377 EP 389 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 463AY UT WOS:000170455700007 ER PT J AU Vonderwell, JD Enebak, SA AF Vonderwell, JD Enebak, SA TI Differential effects of rhizobacterial strain and dose on the ectomycorrhizal colonization of loblolly pine seedlings SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Bacillus; mycorrhizae; PGPR; Pinus taeda; symbiosis ID GROWTH-PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA; PLANT-GROWTH; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; SPRUCE SEEDLINGS; MYCORRHIZAL; BACTERIA; RHIZOSPHERE; PATHOGENS; SYMBIOSIS AB Loblolly pine seed were inoculated at sowing with one of four plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains at four different rates both in the nursery and in the greenhouse. Seedlings were harvested at 4, 8, and 12 wk after sowing in the greenhouse and at 5, 10, and 15 wk after sowing in the nursery. Ectomycorrhizae colonization, estimated as the total number ectomycorrhizal roots per seedling and averaging by gram root biomass, were not evident on any treatment at either 5 wk in the nursery or 4 wk in the greenhouse. However, by 8 wk after sowing, many treatments significantly (P < 0.0001) inhibited ectomycorrhizal root formation. Generally, increasing the rate of all bacteria applied in the greenhouse decreased ectomycorrhizal root formation. Conversely, strain LS212 at 10(11) cfu resulted in an increase in ectomycorrhizal roots in the nursery. Increases in seedling root growth were also dependent on bacterial strain and rate, whereas shoot biomass was not effected. Decreases in ectomycorrhizae colonization accounted for 61% of the variation in increases in root biomass, suggesting high metabolic costs of mycorrhizal maintenance in the presence of some rhizobacteria. However, differences in shoot height and survival after outplanting could not be attributed to the mycorrhizae colonization effect. These studies demonstrate that mycorrhizae may serve as a carbon sink early in seedling development and indicate a complex interaction between soil microflora and bacterium in nursery and greenhouse settings. C1 Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Vonderwell, JD (reprint author), USDA, Sugarcane Field Stn, HCR Box 8, Canal Point, FL USA. NR 21 TC 10 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 46 IS 3 BP 437 EP 441 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 463AY UT WOS:000170455700012 ER PT J AU Hof, J Omi, PN Bevers, M Laven, RD AF Hof, J Omi, PN Bevers, M Laven, RD TI A timing-oriented approach to spatial allocation of fire management effort SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE linear programming; integer programming; fuels management; ignition delay ID PRODUCTION-RATES; MODEL; CONTAINMENT; BEHAVIOR AB This article explores spatial optimization approaches to fire (and possibly fuel) management problems, with a timing-oriented model formulation. The relevant land area is divided into cells, and the ignition time of "protection areas" (such as towns, homes, and campgrounds) is delayed as much as possible through spatial application of treatments that have the effect of slowing the fire front movement through each cell. Model variables track the entry and exit times of the fire front and account for the earliest ignition source for each cell. A stylized case example is used to demonstrate the model's application and spatial sensitivity with easily interpretable results. The results show that a spatial concentration of fire management effort may not be optimal, at least for the simple example analyzed. Extension of the model formulation to long-term fuels management is also discussed. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Food Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Hof, J (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 2150A Ctr Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 36 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 46 IS 3 BP 442 EP 451 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 463AY UT WOS:000170455700013 ER PT J AU Ronning, CM Kowalski, SP Sanford, LL Stommel, JR AF Ronning, CM Kowalski, SP Sanford, LL Stommel, JR TI Geographical variation of solanidane aglycone glycoalkaloids in the wild potato species Solanum chacoense Bitter SO GENETIC RESOURCES AND CROP EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE chaconine; Colorado potato beetle; leptine; solanine; Solanum ID LEPTINE GLYCOALKALOIDS; BACKCROSS FAMILIES; INSECT RESISTANCE; SYNTHETIC DIETS; BEETLE; PERFORMANCE; SEGREGATION AB The Colorado Potato Beetle is a serious pest of the cultivated potato. Natural resistance has been found in a few wild species, including Solanum chacoense Bitter, in which the resistance is attributed to the presence of leptine glycoalkaloids. Production and accumulation of these compounds within S. chacoense varies widely and appears to be inherited in a quantitative fashion, but high leptine-producing clones occur rarely. In the present study, 15 different accessions from various locations and altitudes of origin within central to northern Argentina and Paraguay were analyzed for foliar glycoalkaloid (leptine, leptinine, solanine, chaconine) content. The objective was to infer the frequency of leptine production in ecogeographically distinct S. chacoense accessions, and to ascertain any possible association between leptine levels/concentrations and ecogeographical location. Leptines were detected in 8 of the 15 accessions, and the amounts within each accession varied widely. Most of the leptine-containing accessions originated from western Argentina except two in province Cordoba in central Argentina. There was no relationship between elevational level and leptine, but there was a negative trend with total glycoalkaloids (TGA) and elevation, due to solanine and chaconine levels which decreased with increasing elevation. In addition, nine unidentified, putative glycoalkaloids were detected, in very high proportions in some individuals and accessions. This study raises interesting questions about glycoalkaloid distribution, helps provide direction for new avenues of leptine and glycoalkaloid research, and proposes a systematic, ecogeographically based method for bioprospecting genes controlling rare plant secondary compounds. C1 ARS, USDA, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Stommel, JR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Vegetable Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 43 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-9864 J9 GENET RESOUR CROP EV JI Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 47 IS 4 BP 359 EP 369 DI 10.1023/A:1008751329260 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 331QE UT WOS:000088029100002 ER PT J AU Crasta, OR Francki, MG Bucholtz, DB Sharma, HC Zhang, J Wang, RC Ohm, HW Anderson, JM AF Crasta, OR Francki, MG Bucholtz, DB Sharma, HC Zhang, J Wang, RC Ohm, HW Anderson, JM TI Identification and characterization of wheat-wheatgrass translocation lines and localization of barley yellow dwarf virus resistance SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE gene introgression; wide crosses; chromosome; repetitive elements; RFLP; Thinopyrum intermedium ID GERMPLASM SPECIFYING RESISTANCE; MOLECULAR CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS; STREAK MOSAIC-VIRUS; THINOPYRUM-INTERMEDIUM; CHROMOSOME SEGMENTS; DNA-SEQUENCES; AGROPYRON; HYBRIDIZATION; RADIATION; CHROMATIN AB Stable introgression of agronomically important traits into crop plants through wide crossing often requires the generation and identification of translocation lines. However, the low efficiency of identifying lines containing translocations is a significant limitation in utilizing valuable alien chromatin-derived traits. Selection of putative wheatgrass-wheat translocation lines based on segregation ratios of progeny from gamma-irradiated seed using a standard phenotypic analysis resulted in a low 4% success rate of identifying barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) resistant and susceptible translocation lines. However, 58% of the susceptible progeny of this irradiated seed contained a Thinopyrum intermedium chromosome-specific repetitive sequence, which indicated that gamma-irradiation-induced translocations occurred at high rate. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of susceptible lines containing alien chromatin, their resistant sister lines and other resistant lines showed that more than one third of the progeny of gamma-irradiated double monosomic seeds contained wheatgrass-wheat translocations. Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) analysis of selected lines confirmed that these were wheatgrass-wheat translocation lines. This approach of initially identifying BYDV susceptible deletion lines using an alien chromosome-specific repetitive sequence followed by RFLP analysis of their resistant sister lines efficiently identified resistant translocation lines and localized the BYDV resistance to the distal end of the introgressed Th. intermedium chromosome. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. CuraGen Corp, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. Univ Western Australia, Dept Bot, Nedlands, WA 6907, Australia. Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, FRRL, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Anderson, JM (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, 1150 Lilly Hall, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 28 TC 29 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD AUG PY 2000 VL 43 IS 4 BP 698 EP 706 DI 10.1139/gen-43-4-698 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 335YD UT WOS:000088273600015 PM 10984183 ER PT J AU Wang, RRC Li, XM Chatterton, NJ AF Wang, RRC Li, XM Chatterton, NJ TI Somatic segregation in rice - Response SO GENOME LA English DT Editorial Material C1 ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, USDA, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Wang, RRC (reprint author), ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, USDA, 695 North 1100 East, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD AUG PY 2000 VL 43 IS 4 BP 723 EP 723 PG 1 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 335YD UT WOS:000088273600019 ER PT J AU Gradziel, TH Norton, RA Knight, RJ Reid, W Finn, CE Clark, JR Louzada, ES Hummer, KE Clark, JR Frecon, JL Grauke, LJ Thompson, TE Ramming, DW Daubeny, H Finn, CE AF Gradziel, TH Norton, RA Knight, RJ Reid, W Finn, CE Clark, JR Louzada, ES Hummer, KE Clark, JR Frecon, JL Grauke, LJ Thompson, TE Ramming, DW Daubeny, H Finn, CE TI Register of new fruit and nut varieties - List 40 SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. RP Gradziel, TH (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, 21 Dunbar Rd, Byron, GA 31008 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 2000 VL 35 IS 5 BP 812 EP 826 PG 15 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 352HT UT WOS:000089210000003 ER PT J AU Mitchell, ER Ho, GG Johanowicz, D AF Mitchell, ER Ho, GG Johanowicz, D TI Management of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera : plutellidae) in cabbage using collard as a trap crop SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cultural control; Diadegma insulare; integrated pest management; IPM; natural enemy conservation; cabbage looper; Brassica oleracea; Plutella xylostella; Trichoplusia ni ID BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; INDIAN MUSTARD; PARASITISM; PESTS; HYMENOPTERA AB Collard greens (Brassica oleracea var. acephala L.) were planted in the peripheries of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) fields in the spring growing seasons of 1997 and 1998 to evaluate their effectiveness as a trap crop to manage the diamondback moth (DBM) [Plutella xylostella (L.)]. The numbers of DBM never exceeded the action threshold for application of insecticides in any of the fields that were completely surrounded by collards, but did exceed the action threshold in three of the fields without collards on four sampling dates in 1998. In both years, the numbers of DBM larvae in the collards exceeded the action threshold of 0.3 total larvae/plant in eight of nine fields. Larval counts in cabbage surrounded with collards were not significantly higher than in the conventionally planted cabbage, even though the number of pesticide applications was reduced in the former, The few pesticide applications in fields surrounded by collards probably targeted the cabbage looper [Trichoplusia ni (Hubner)], which was not impeded by the collards from infesting the interior cabbage. There was no significant reduction in marketability, and damage to cabbage was similar to that in fields where collards were planted and in fields where only conventional pesticides were used. The reduced number of pesticide sprays, as well as the high concentration of host larvae in the collards, may help maintain populations of natural enemies of DBM in the agroecosystem. Planting collards in field peripheries is a potentially effective tactic to manage DBM in cabbage. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Mitchell, ER (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 28 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 2000 VL 35 IS 5 BP 875 EP 879 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 352HT UT WOS:000089210000015 ER PT J AU Fan, XT Mattheis, JP AF Fan, XT Mattheis, JP TI Yellowing of broccoli in storage is reduced by 1-methylcyclopropene SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Brassica oleracea; ethylene; MCP; respiration ID ETHYLENE; ATMOSPHERE; FLORETS; QUALITY; LIFE; RESPONSES; PROPYLENE; HARVEST; PLANTS; FRUIT AB Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plen) was held for 12 days at 10 degrees C in air or in ethylene (1 mu L.L-1), with or without prior exposure to MCP (1 mu L.L-1) for 12 hours. In a second experiment, the effects of concentration of MCP, prior to exposure to ethylene, were evaluated. Treatment with MCP reduced whereas exposure to ethylene stimulated respiration and yellowing. Treatment with MCP before continuous exposure to ethylene negated the effects of ethylene. The inhibitory effect of MCP on respiration of broccoli exposed to I mu L.L-1 ethylene was concentration-dependent, while the effect on yellowing was not. The results indicate that the yellowing of broccoli is mediated by ethylene action, and that MCP treatment inhibits yellowing and reduces respiration, even when broccoli is exposed to ethylene. Chemical name used: 1-methylcyclopropene (MCP). C1 USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Fan, XT (reprint author), USDA ARS, ERRC, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 20 TC 47 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 EI 2327-9834 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 2000 VL 35 IS 5 BP 885 EP 887 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 352HT UT WOS:000089210000018 ER PT J AU McGuire, RG AF McGuire, RG TI Condition of curry leaves exposed to quarantine treatments of cold, gamma irradiation, or methyl bromide fumigation SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Murraya koenigii; Diaphorina citri; Asian citrus psyllid ID EXOTIC PESTS; FRUIT; ERADICATION AB In separate treatments, leaves of the curry leaf tree [Murraya koenigii (L,) Sprengel] were subjected to 15 days at 1 degrees C, to gamma irradiation from a Co-60 source at dosages from 100 to 1000 Gy, or to fumigation with methyl bromide from 16 to 64 g.m(-3). Cold-treated leaves retained their fresh appearance with minimal weight loss when stored in sealed plastic bags; although color intensity of the underside of leaves was measurably reduced, the change was not visually perceptible, Similarly, irradiation was associated with a darkening of leaves and a loss of color intensity, but these changes were not visibly apparent even at the highest dosage. Methyl bromide fumigation, however, greatly increased susceptibility of leaves to postharvest decay. Cold or gamma irradiation treatments should be tolerated by this commodity when treated for pests such as the Asian citrus psgllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama) prior to export. C1 USDA ARS, Miami, FL 33158 USA. RP McGuire, RG (reprint author), USDA ARS, 13601 Old Cutler Rd, Miami, FL 33158 USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 2000 VL 35 IS 5 BP 888 EP 890 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 352HT UT WOS:000089210000019 ER PT J AU Wang, M Farnham, MW Thomas, CE AF Wang, M Farnham, MW Thomas, CE TI Phenotypic variation for downy mildew resistance among inbred broccoli SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Brassica oleracea; Peronospora parasitica; doubled-haploids; reaction phenotype (RP) ID PERONOSPORA-PARASITICA; BRASSICA-OLERACEA; ANTHER CULTURE; SEEDLINGS AB Downy mildew, caused by Peronospora parasitica (Pers. Fr.) Fr., is one of the most economically important diseases of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Italica group). Previous studies have shown that resistance to downy mildew in broccoli is dependent on plant age with seedling resistance being independent of mature-plant resistance. The objectives of this study were to: 1) determine if valid evaluations for downy mildew resistance can be conducted at both the cotyledon and the three to four true-leaf stages on the same plants of a given broccoli entry; 2) determine if doubled-haploid (DH) lines derived from the resistant hybrid 'Everest' also exhibit resistance to downy mildew and if so, characterize the resistance phenotype(s) in these lines; and 3) determine if identified resistant DH lines exhibit resistance to isolates of P. parasitica acquired from different geographic regions of the United States. Twenty-three DH broccoli inbreds and two commercial hybrids were evaluated for reaction at different developmental stages to infection by P, parasitica in a controlled environment. Results showed that broccoli plants can be evaluated for downy mildew resistance in a two-stage process. Inoculation at the cotyledon stage did not offer any cross-protection or otherwise influence the expression of reaction phenotype (RP) when the same plants were subsequently inoculated at the three to four true-leaf stage. Three different RPs to infection by P, parasitica were identified in DH inbreds. These were: 1) susceptibility at both the cotyledon stage and the true-leaf stage; 2) resistance at both the cotyledon and true-leaf stage; and 3) susceptibility at the cotyledon stage but resistance at the true-leaf stage. There was no effect of two pathogenic isolates from different geographic regions on RP of DH broccoli inbreds. Selection of plant resistance to downy mildew at the cotyledon stage will effectively identify plants with high levels of resistance at subsequent developmental stages. C1 USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. RP Wang, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, 2875 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 29 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 2000 VL 35 IS 5 BP 925 EP 929 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 352HT UT WOS:000089210000029 ER PT J AU Gradziel, T Mahoney, N Abdallah, A AF Gradziel, T Mahoney, N Abdallah, A TI Aflatoxin production among almond genotypes is not related to either kernel oil composition or Aspergillus flavus growth rate SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Prunus amygdalus; Prunus persica; lipid; fatty acid; interspecific recombination; rancidity; disease ID FATTY-ACID COMPOSITION; PARASITICUS AB Genetic differences were observed in levels of aflatoxin production following controlled inoculations of California almonds [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb, syn. P. amygdalus, Batsch.; P. communis (L.) Arcangeli, non Huds.]. Genetic variation was also observed in kernel oil composition, and in susceptibility to Aspergillus flavus Speare as indicated by rate of mold expansion on the surface of cut kernels. Several almond lines resulting from the introgression of peach [P. persica (L.) Batsch] germplasm had very low aflatoxin levels relative to commercial cultivars tested. Peach-derived almond breeding lines and cultivars also produced some of the highest oil quality as determined by the proportion of oleic acid, and by the oleic to linoleic acid balance, The proportion of linoleic acid to total oil ranged from 16% to almost 30%. No correlations were detected between aflatoxin production in inoculated almond kernels and either kernel oil composition or mold growth rate on injured kernel tissue. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Pomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Assiut, Fac Agr, Dept Hort, Assiut, Egypt. RP Gradziel, T (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Pomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 24 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 2000 VL 35 IS 5 BP 937 EP 939 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 352HT UT WOS:000089210000032 ER PT J AU Cao, X Hammerschlag, FA AF Cao, X Hammerschlag, FA TI Improved shoot organogenesis from leaf explants of highbush blueberry SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Ericaceae; photosynthetic photon flux; shoot regeneration; thidiazuron; tissue culture; Vaccinium corymbosum; zeatin riboside ID IN-VITRO; VACCINIUM-CORYMBOSUM; PLANT-REGENERATION; THIDIAZURON; INVITRO; APPLE; LEAVES; PROLIFERATION; GROWTH; MORPHOGENESIS AB As part of a program to develop transgenic highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cultivars, studies were conducted to determine optimum conditions for high efficiency shoot regeneration from leaf explants of shoots propagated in vitro. The effects on shoot organogenesis of age of explant source, length of dark treatment, the addition of either thidiazuron (TDZ) at 1 or 5 mu M, or zeatin riboside at 20 mu M to the regeneration medium, and a photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of either 18 +/- 5 or 55 +/- 5 mu mol.m(-2).s(-1) were investigated, A maximum of 13.0, 13.0, 12.6, and 4.6 shoots regenerating per explant for cultivars Duke, Georgiagem, Sierra, and Jersey, respectively; occurred on regeneration medium with zeatin riboside and under a PPF of 55 +/- 5 mu mol.m(-2).s(-1). 'Duke' regenerated equally well on medium with either zeatin riboside or 1 mu M TDZ, whereas the number of shoots per explant for 'Georgiagem' and 'Sierral was significantly higher on zeatin riboside, Regent ration of 'Duke', 'Jersey', and 'Sierra' on zeatin riboside was significantly better under a PPF of 55 +/- 5 mu mol.m(-2).s(-1) than under 18 +/- 5 mu mol.m(-2).s(-1), but the higher PPF inhibited regeneration of 'Duke' on 5 mu M TDZ. There were no significant differences in percentage of regeneration or the number of shoots per explant from leaf explants derived from either 1-, 2-, or 3-week-old shoot cultures, or when either 1 week or 2 weeks of darkness preceded light treatments. Chemical names used: 1-phenyl-3-(1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl)urea (thidiazuron, TDZ); 9-(-beta-ribofuranosyl)6-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enylamino)purine (zeatin riboside). C1 USDA ARS, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hammerschlag, FA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Fruit Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 25 TC 32 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 2000 VL 35 IS 5 BP 945 EP 947 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 352HT UT WOS:000089210000034 ER PT J AU Fery, RL AF Fery, RL TI 'Green Pixie', a small-seeded, green cotyledon, cream-type southernpea SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Vigna unguiculata; cowpea; vegetable breeding C1 USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. RP Fery, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, 2875 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 2 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 2000 VL 35 IS 5 BP 954 EP 955 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 352HT UT WOS:000089210000037 ER PT J AU Beckman, TG Krewer, GW Sherman, WB AF Beckman, TG Krewer, GW Sherman, WB TI 'White Robin' peach SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Prunus persica; moderate-chilling; fruit breeding C1 USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Hort, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Hort Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Beckman, TG (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, 21 Dunbar Rd, Byron, GA 31008 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 2000 VL 35 IS 5 BP 958 EP 959 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 352HT UT WOS:000089210000039 ER PT J AU Steward, KK AF Steward, KK TI Influence of photoperiod on vegetative propagule production in three turion-producing races of Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE hydrilla; tubers; turions; photoperiod; latitude ID DIOECIOUS HYDRILLA; AXILLARY TURIONS AB Three races of hydrilla observed to only produce turions were evaluated for photoperiod effects on propagule production. Greatest production was under shortdays (I 0-h). These races from Japan and Poland produced both turions and turion-like tubers under longday photoperiods (I 6-h) but production was most efficient under shortdays. Increased propagule production under shortdays may be compensation for decreasing photosynthetic activity at higher latitudes. Production appears only to be limited by temperature. C1 ARS, USDA, Aquat Plant Management Lab, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. RP Steward, KK (reprint author), 490 SW 62nd Ave, Plantation, FL 33317 USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD AUG PY 2000 VL 432 IS 1-3 BP 1 EP 8 DI 10.1023/A:1003875202266 PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 354UM UT WOS:000089348100001 ER PT J AU Bhardwaj, HL Hamama, AA Rangappa, M Dierig, DA AF Bhardwaj, HL Hamama, AA Rangappa, M Dierig, DA TI Vernonia oilseed production in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE Vernonia anthelmintica; Vernonia galamensis; vernolic acid; oil content AB Epoxidized oils, manufactured by chemical epoxidation of fats and vegetable oils such as soybean [Glycine mat (L.) Merr.], are useful in reformulation of oil based (alkyd-resin) paints to reduce emissions of volatile organic compounds that contribute to production of smog. Other potential markets for epoxy fatty acids include plasticizers, additives to polyvinyl chloride, polymer blends and coatings, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications. Currently, no oilseed crop has been commercialized as a source of natural epoxidized oils. However, Vernonia galamensis (Cass.) Less. has been identified to have potential for domestication as a new industrial oilseed source of natural epoxy fatty acids. The main objective of this research was to evaluate feasibility of vernonia production in mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Specifically, we wanted to evaluate available vernonia germplasm for seed yield, oil content, and oil quality, and to determine suitable production practices. The seed yield (kg/ha) in field experiments conducted from 1994, 1995, and 1996 at Randolph Farm of Virginia State University (37 degrees 15'N and 77 degrees 30.8'W), with a selected group of vernonia lines, ranged from 490 to 1288, 494 to 1394, and 1070 to 1934, respectively. Oil content ranged from 30.2 to 36.7% and 32.1 to 39.2%, respectively for 1995 and 1996 and the vernolic acid content ranged from 68.9 to 74.7% and 69.1 to 75.6%. A significant positive correlation (r = 0.34) between oil content and vernolic acid content indicated that both these characteristics could be improved simultaneously. The highest seed yield was obtained with 100 kg N/ha. A pre-plant-incorporated application of Trifluralin herbicide at 0.5 kg/ha a.i, did not reduce vernonia stand establishment. Seedhead shattering was observed to be a limitation in the evaluated vernonia germplasm. These results indicate that commercial vernonia production in Virginia and other areas in the mid-Atlantic region of United States may be feasible. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. AU rights reserved. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Agr Res Stn, Petersburg, VA 23806 USA. USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Bhardwaj, HL (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Agr Res Stn, POB 9061, Petersburg, VA 23806 USA. NR 7 TC 5 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 12 IS 2 BP 119 EP 124 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(00)00046-7 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 343DX UT WOS:000088687400006 ER PT J AU Nobes, GAR Orts, WJ Glenn, GM AF Nobes, GAR Orts, WJ Glenn, GM TI Synthesis and properties of water-resistant poly(glucaramides) SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE fiber-reinforced panels; mechanical properties; poly(glucaramides); water resistance ID STARCH; FOAMS AB Replacing nonrenewable polymers with renewable ones is desirable for packaging applications. For this purpose, a number of poly(glucaramides) were synthesized and tested for applications requiring water resistance. The polymers were prepared from the polycondensation of esterified glucaric acid and a diamine, the former being obtained from the oxidation of glucose, thus providing a renewable source for the monomer. Poly(glucaramides) were prepared with up to a 74% yield. The polymers were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC),H-1 and C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The poly(glucaramides) were tested for their usefulness by incorporating them into pressed fiber-reinforced composite panels. Two poly(glucaramides) were chosen for further testing. These imparted a detectable degree of water resistance to the panels. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Nobes, GAR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 12 IS 2 BP 125 EP 135 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(00)00047-9 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 343DX UT WOS:000088687400007 ER PT J AU Garside, CS Nachman, RJ Tobe, SS AF Garside, CS Nachman, RJ Tobe, SS TI Injection of Dip-allatostatin or Dip-allatostatin pseudopeptides into mated female Diploptera punctata inhibits endogenous rates of JH biosynthesis and basal oocyte growth SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on the Juvenile Hormones CY AUG 28-SEP 03, 1999 CL HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM, JERUSALEM, ISRAEL SP Hebrew Univ, Res & Dev, Minist Sci Israel, Peter Karlson Fdn, Royal Soc London, Amer Cyanamid Co, Elsevier Sci Ltd HO HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM DE allatostatin; Juvenile hormone biosynthesis; Diploptera punctata; pseudopeptide mimetic analogues ID JUVENILE-HORMONE BIOSYNTHESIS; COCKROACH BLATTELLA-GERMANICA; ANTENNAL PULSATILE ORGAN; GRYLLUS-BIMACULATUS; CORPORA-ALLATA; VITELLOGENIN PRODUCTION; INSECT ALLATOSTATINS; IN-VIVO; IDENTIFICATION; HEMOLYMPH AB Studies on the catabolism of allatostatins (ASTs) provided the rationale for the design of a series of Dip-allatostatin-derived pseudopeptide mimetic analogues. In vitro, the Dip-ASTs and pseudopeptides show varying degrees of resistance to catabolism and all show significant inhibition of juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis. This study was undertaken to determine whether potent Dip-ASTs and/or their pseudopeptide mimetic counterparts caused 'allatostatic' effects in vivo following injection into mated female Diploptera punctata. Animals injected with aqueous solvent or Dip-AST 7(1-7) N-terminal fragment, which excludes the active core region of the ASTs, were used as controls. An in vitro radiochemical assay revealed that injection of Dip-AST 5, 7 or pseudopeptide analogues 397-2 or AST(b)phi 2 significantly inhibited the biosynthesis of JH (P<0.05). The results also indicate that basal oocyte growth was significantly inhibited by injection of these same compounds, with the exception of Dip-AST 7 (P<0.05). Analogues 396-1 and 419 did not significantly inhibit rates of JH biosynthesis but did significantly inhibit the growth of basal oocytes. Analyses of feeding, excretion and food absorption/utilization patterns of these same animals suggested that these compounds are not toxic to the insect; rather they directly inhibit the biosynthesis of JH by the corpora allata, and reduce the rate of growth of basal oocytes. Disruption of critical reproductive and/or developmental processes by pseudopeptide analogues of the ASTs could provide novel and selective strategies for future insect pest management. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Zool, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada. ARS, Vet Entomol Res Unit, So Plains Area Res Ctr, USDA, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Tobe, SS (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Dept Zool, 25 Harbord St, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada. NR 33 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD AUG-SEP PY 2000 VL 30 IS 8-9 BP 703 EP 710 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(00)00041-2 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 345KQ UT WOS:000088815500009 PM 10876113 ER PT J AU Rachinsky, A Tobe, SS Feldlaufer, MF AF Rachinsky, A Tobe, SS Feldlaufer, MF TI Terminal steps in JH biosynthesis in the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.): developmental changes in sensitivity to JH precursor and allatotropin SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on the Juvenile Hormones CY AUG 28-SEP 03, 1999 CL HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM, JERUSALEM, ISRAEL SP Hebrew Univ, Res & Dev, Minist Sci Israel, Peter Karlson Fdn, Royal Soc London, Amer Cyanamid Co, Elsevier Sci Ltd HO HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM DE JH biosynthesis; allatotropin; farnesoic acid; O-methyltransferase; methyl farnesoate epoxidase; caste development; Apis mellifera ID JUVENILE-HORMONE BIOSYNTHESIS; INSECT CORPORA ALLATA; ADULT MANDUCA-SEXTA; GRYLLUS-BIMACULATUS; DIPLOPTERA-PUNCTATA; METHYL FARNESOATE; III BIOSYNTHESIS; IN-VITRO; CASTE; INVITRO AB Juvenile hormone (JH) is considered the prime endogenous signal for the induction of queen development in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). At the beginning of the last (5th) larval stadium, worker corpora allata synthesize less JH than queen corpora allata as a consequence of a limited production of JH precursors and a caste- and stage-specific block of the terminal step in JH biosynthesis, As previously shown, the Manduca sexta allatotropin stimulates JH biosynthesis in honey bee corpora allata in a dose-dependent and reversible manner, but can not overcome the stage-specific block in the terminal step of JH biosynthesis that is typical for worker early 5th instars. In experiments with M. sexta allatotropin and with the JH precursor farnesoic acid, we found characteristic stage-specific differences in their effects on JH biosynthesis. From the end of the spinning stage on, corpora allata could be stimulated by farnesoic acid to a much higher extent than in earlier developmental stages, suggesting a sudden increase in epoxidase activity. Manduca sexta allatotropin, however, stimulated corpora allata activity until the end of the spinning stage, at which time the corpora allata become suddenly insensitive. These data suggest that in worker larvae, important changes in the regulation of the terminal enzymatic steps in JH biosynthesis occur at the transition from the spinning stage to the prepupal stage. However, the analysis of in vitro activities of the involved enzymes, O-methyltransferase and methyl farnesoate epoxidase, remained inconclusive. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, Bee Res Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Zool, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada. RP Rachinsky, A (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Entomol, 123 W Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 40 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD AUG-SEP PY 2000 VL 30 IS 8-9 BP 729 EP 737 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(00)00044-8 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 345KQ UT WOS:000088815500012 PM 10876116 ER PT J AU Weaver, PL AF Weaver, PL TI Environmental gradients affect forest structure in Puerto Rico's Luquillo Mountains SO INTERCIENCIA LA English DT Article DE Puerto Rico; environmental gradients; covariance analysis; species diversity; stem density; tree size; total aboveground biomass; organic matter content ID ORGANIC-MATTER AB Forest structure and species richness vary along environmental gradients in the colorado forest of Puerto Rico's Luquillo Mountains. Rainfall and temperature vary with aspect and elevation resulting in wetter conditions to the windward than to the leeward. A covariance model shelved that: stem density increases significantly with elevation to the windward but not to the leeward; tree height decreases significantly with elevation on both windward and leeward exposures; total aboveground woody biomass decreases significantly with elevation on ridges to the windward; and organic matter increases significantly with elevation to the leeward. ANOVAs disclosed interactions between aspect and topography for species diversity and biomass. Species-area curves shots the greatest number of species on ridges and the fewest in ravines. C1 US Forest Serv, Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. RP Weaver, PL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Inst Trop Forestry, POB 25000, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. NR 28 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 7 PU INTERCIENCIA PI CARACAS PA APARTADO 51842, CARACAS 1050A, VENEZUELA SN 0378-1844 J9 INTERCIENCIA JI Interciencia PD AUG PY 2000 VL 25 IS 5 BP 254 EP 259 PG 6 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 345BA UT WOS:000088794500006 ER PT J AU Binkley, JK Eales, J Jekanowski, M AF Binkley, JK Eales, J Jekanowski, M TI The relation between dietary change and rising US obesity SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY LA English DT Article DE obesity; food away from home; fast food; diet; exercise ID BODY-MASS INDEX; UNITED-STATES; SOCIOECONOMIC-STATUS; WORKING WIVES; FOOD; HOME; WEIGHT; HEALTH; WOMEN; TIME AB OBJECTIVE: To determine if the source from which food is obtained has contributed to the increased obesity of the US population, while controlling for demographic, lifestyle and regional factors. METHODS: Multiple regression was used to estimate the effect of food source on body mass index (BMI) while accounting for other factors which have been shown to affect obesity in a nationally representative sample of the US population. SAMPLE: This study used secondary data from the 1994 - 1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII). The CSFII is a nationally representative sample of 16,103 individuals, obtaining for each respondent 24 h recalls of all food intake on two nonconsecutive days as well as demographics and information on lifestyle choices. RESULTS: For a large number of demographic and lifestyle factors, our results support those which have previously been found to contribute to increased overweight. Our contribution is to examine whether the source from which food is obtained also contributes to increased overweight. Our evidence suggests that this is the case. The average height for males in our sample was 1.77 m. For two such males, one who ate food away from home (FAFH) during the previous 24 h period and the other who did not, results suggest that the first will be about 1 kg heavier, all other factors being equal. For two females of average height (1.63 m) the same is true for those who ate fast food, but not at restaurants. In all cases, except females who ate at restaurants, the effects are significant in the regression (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The trends in both increased US obesity and in increased consumption of FAFH are unlikely to be coincidental. FAFH, and particularly fast food consumption, are likely to be contributing factors to increased obesity. C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Agr Econ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. US Econ Res Serv, Food Markets Branch, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Eales, J (reprint author), 1145 Krannert Bldg 636, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 38 TC 145 Z9 148 U1 2 U2 11 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0307-0565 J9 INT J OBESITY JI Int. J. Obes. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 24 IS 8 BP 1032 EP 1039 DI 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801356 PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 341NT UT WOS:000088597000014 PM 10951543 ER PT J AU Eggleston, G AF Eggleston, G TI Hot and cold lime clarification in raw sugar manufacture I: Juice quality differences SO INTERNATIONAL SUGAR JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB In the United States, particularly Louisiana and Florida, "cold" lime clarification is still the clarification process of choice. This factory-scale study was undertaken to assess the efficiency of "hot" and "cold" lime clarification. Hourly samples were simultaneously taken over a seven hour sampling period across the hot and cold clarification processes of two cooperating factories, respectively. This sampling period was repeated four times across the 1998 grinding season. There were major juice quality differences between the two processes. Heating the mixed juice (MJ) before lime addition in hot liming (versus adding lime to MJ prior to heating in cold liming) had many marked effects across the season: colour,invert, dextran and oligosaccharides were removed; and turbidity at 420 nm increased 8.4% because of the coagulation of colloids. This increased impurity removal may have contributed to increased juice heater scaling, which warrants further investigation. Retention time for the lime-heat sequence in cold liming was higher, and colour increased similar to 10% in the cold limed tanks because of the alkaline degradation of invert. Control of pH was also erratic and dextran increased by similar to 4%. In strong comparison, in hot liming, colour was not measurably formed and mostly removed. Consequently, except at the beginning of the season, the final CJ colour in hot liming (av = 6731 ICU) was significantly lower than in cold liming (av = 7455 ICU). In the hot liming factory, CJ pH (av = 6.62 pH units) was higher than in cold liming (av = 6.31 pH units), causing less inversion in the evaporators. Part II of this study describes: marked differences in lime addition, turbidity removal and settling behavior. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Eggleston, G (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 23 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT SUGAR JOURNAL LTD PI WEST GLAMORGAN PA PO BOX 26N ST PORT TALBOT, WEST GLAMORGAN SA13 1NX, WALES SN 0020-8841 J9 INT SUGAR J JI Int. Sugar J. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 102 IS 1220 BP 406 EP + PG 10 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 346ZX UT WOS:000088902700004 ER PT J AU Qureshi, AA Mo, HB Packer, L Peterson, DM AF Qureshi, AA Mo, HB Packer, L Peterson, DM TI Isolation and identification of novel tocotrienols from rice bran with hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant, and antitumor properties SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE stabilized and heated rice bran; novel tocotrienols; hypocholesterolemic; antioxidant and antitumor activities ID DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; COENZYME-A REDUCTASE; GAMMA-ORYZANOL; OIL; BIOSYNTHESIS; CHICKENS; QUALITY AB Two novel tocotrienols were isolated from stabilized and heated rice bran, apart from the known alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherols and tocotrienols. These new tocotrienols were separated by HPLC, using a normal phase silica column. Their structures were determined by ultraviolet, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, circular dichroism, and high-resolution mass spectroscopies and established as desmethyl tocotrienol [3,4-dihydro-2-methyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3'(E),7'(E),11'-trienyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol] and didesmethy tocotrienol [3,4-dihydro-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3'(E),7'(E),11'-trienyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol]. These tocotrienols significantly lowered serum total and LDL cholesterol levels and inhibited HMG-CoA reductase activity in chickens. They had much greater in vitro antioxidant activities and greater suppression of B16 melanoma cell proliferation than alpha-tocopherol and known tocotrienols. Results indicated that the number and position of methyl substituents in tocotrienols affect their hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant, and antitumor properties. C1 Adv Med Res, Madison, WI 53719 USA. Texas Womans Univ, Dept Nutr & Food Sci, Denton, TX 76204 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. USDA, ARS, Cereal Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Qureshi, AA (reprint author), Adv Med Res, 8251 Raymond Rd, Madison, WI 53719 USA. NR 31 TC 136 Z9 141 U1 3 U2 22 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 48 IS 8 BP 3130 EP 3140 DI 10.1021/jf000099t PG 11 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 347VU UT WOS:000088950500013 PM 10956081 ER PT J AU Bunzel, M Ralph, J Marita, J Steinhart, H AF Bunzel, M Ralph, J Marita, J Steinhart, H TI Identification of 4-O-5 '-coupled diferulic acid from insoluble cereal fiber SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ferulic acid; diferulic acid; diferulate; insoluble fiber; cereals; cell wall cross-linking; GC-MS ID CHINESE WATER CHESTNUT; SUGAR-BEET PULP; CELL-WALLS; DEHYDRODIFERULIC ACIDS; PHENOLIC COMPONENTS; CROSS-LINKS; DEHYDRODIMERS; TEXTURE AB The extracts of saponified cereal fibers of whole grains of corn (Zea mays cv. microsperma KOERN.), wheat (Triticum aestivum- L.), spelt (Triticum spelta L.), and rice (Oryza sativa L.) were investigated for dehydrodimers of ferulic acid using gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) with mass spectrometric detection (CLC-MS) and flame ionization detection (GLC-FID). In addition to the 8,5'-, 8,8'-,,5'-, and 8-O-4'-coupled diferulic acids previously identified from other plant materials the 4-O-5'-coupled diferulic acid (E)-3-[4-[(E)-2-carboxyvinyl]-2-methoxyphenoxy]-4-hydroxy-5-methoxycinnamic acid (4-O-5'-DFA) was identified in all fibers investigated. This new diferulate was authenticated by comparison of its mass spectrum and its relative GLC retention time with those of the synthesized compound. Semiquantitative determination of 4-O-5'-DFA showed that it is present at 8-30 mu g/g, approximately 70-100 times lower concentrations than the sum of 8,5'-coupled diferulic acids, the major diferulic acids in the investigated fibers. C1 Univ Hamburg, Dept Food Chem, Inst Biochem & Food Chem, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forestry, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Univ Hamburg, Dept Food Chem, Inst Biochem & Food Chem, Grindelallee 117, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. EM Steinhart@lc.chemie.uni-hamburg.de NR 21 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 EI 1520-5118 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 48 IS 8 BP 3166 EP 3169 DI 10.1021/jf000125n PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 347VU UT WOS:000088950500018 PM 10956086 ER PT J AU Mora-Gutierrez, A Farrell, HM AF Mora-Gutierrez, A Farrell, HM TI Sugar-casein interaction in deuterated solutions of bovine and caprine casein as determined by oxygen-17 and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance: A case of preferential interactions SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE NMR; O-17; C-13; water binding; sucrose; lactose; bovine casein; caprine casein ID HYDRATION BEHAVIOR; PROTEIN HYDRATION; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; RELAXATION; MICELLES; SUCROSE; MILK; ALPHA-S1-CASEIN; STABILIZATION; DEPENDENCE AB O-17 NMR spectroscopy and C-13 NMR spectroscopy have been used to study the mechanism of interaction of sugars with bovine and caprine caseins in D2O, The O-17 NMR relaxation results showed in all cases an increase in water of hydration, as a result of added sugar; this was predominantly associated with "trapped" water in the caseins. Analysis of the virial coefficients, obtained from the O-17 relaxation data, suggested that preferential interactions occur in the sugar-protein solutions. This could be the result of either sugar binding or a solute-solute thermodynamic effect, preferential hydration. The addition of sugars to deuterated solutions of bovine casein and caprine casein high in alpha(s1)-casein had little or no effect on either line width or chemical shilfts of the C-13 NMR spectra of these milk proteins. C-13 NMR studies of sucrose, at various concentrations (100-300 mM) in the presence of caprine casein high in alpha(s1)-casein, showed no changes in either chemical shifts or T-1 values. This indicates that the sugar molecules tumble isotropically and therefore neither bind to the protein nor affect viscosity in the protein-sugar studies. All of these data suggest that the preferential exclusion of the sugar from the domain of the caseins results in preferential hydration of the caseins. C1 Prairie View A&M Univ, Cooperat Agr Res Ctr, Prairie View, TX 77446 USA. USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Mora-Gutierrez, A (reprint author), Prairie View A&M Univ, Cooperat Agr Res Ctr, Prairie View, TX 77446 USA. NR 43 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 48 IS 8 BP 3245 EP 3255 DI 10.1021/jf990580n PG 11 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 347VU UT WOS:000088950500030 PM 10956098 ER PT J AU Bland, JM Lax, AR AF Bland, JM Lax, AR TI Isolation and characterization of a peanut maturity-associated protein SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE peanut; Arachis hypogaia L.; maturity; reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography; isolation; electrospray mass spectrometry ID FLAVOR AB Using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), the peanut protein profile was shown to be related to the maturity, drying time, and drying procedure of the peanut. Differences were seen between (a) immature and mature seeds for untreated and windrow-dried peanuts, (b) untreated and windrow-dried peanuts for immature and mature seeds, and (c) windrow-and stackpole-dried peanuts. The most pronounced HPLC peak that increased in size as the peanut matured and decreased in size with longer drying times was isolated and identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to have a molecular weight of 62 500. Since maturity is related to the sensory quality of peanuts, this protein may be a marker for peanuts that will produce a higher quality flavor when roasted. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Bland, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 18 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 48 IS 8 BP 3275 EP 3279 DI 10.1021/jf000307h PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 347VU UT WOS:000088950500033 PM 10956101 ER PT J AU Takeoka, G Dao, L Teranishi, R Wong, R Flessa, S Harden, L Edwards, R AF Takeoka, G Dao, L Teranishi, R Wong, R Flessa, S Harden, L Edwards, R TI Identification of three triterpenoids in almond hulls SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE betulinic acid; oleanolic acid; ursolic acid ID STRUCTURALLY RELATED TRITERPENOIDS; ANTI-HIV ACTIVITY; BETULINIC ACID; AIDS AGENTS AB Three triterpenoids, betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, and ursolic acid, were isolated as their methyl esters (treatment with diazomethane) from diethyl ether extracts of almond hulls (Nonpareil variety) using flash chromatography and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. The triterpenoids, which comprised similar to 1% of the hulls, were characterized using chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. These studies demonstrate that almond hulls are a rich source of these triterpenoids, which have reported anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV, and anti-cancer activities. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Takeoka, G (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 12 TC 57 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 48 IS 8 BP 3437 EP 3439 DI 10.1021/jf9908289 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 347VU UT WOS:000088950500062 PM 10956130 ER PT J AU Welch, RM House, WA Beebe, S Cheng, Z AF Welch, RM House, WA Beebe, S Cheng, Z TI Genetic selection for enhanced bioavailable levels of iron in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on Genetics and Molecular Biology of Plant Nutrition CY AUG 17-21, 1998 CL HELSINGOR, DENMARK DE iron bioavailability; nutritional quality; rats; plant breeding ID NONHEME-IRON; CORN KERNELS; RATS; ZINC AB The bioavailability of Fe from 24 select genotypes of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds containing a range of concentrations of Fe, myo-inositol pentaphosphate plus phytic acid (IP5+IP6), and tannins was studied using a rat model. Bean accessions, selected from field trials for their variations in Fe, phytate, and tannin seed concentrations, were grown in a greenhouse in nutrient solutions radiolabeled with (59)Fe. Mature seeds were autoclaved and lyophilized. Test meals (containing 1 g of dried bean, 0.5 g of sucrose, and 1 g of basal Fe-deficient diet) were fed to marginally Fe-depleted weanling rats over a 3-h period; rats were radioassayed in a gamma-spectrometer immediately after feeding and daily thereafter for the next 10 d. Radioiron retention data were used to calculate percent Fe absorption (i.e., Fe bioavailability) from the meals. Seed Fe concentrations ranged from 52 to 157 mu g g(-1) dry weight. There was a tendency to also select for higher Zn concentrations in the beans when selecting for high Fe concentrations. The Fe bioavailability to rats from test meals depended on the genotype and varied from 53% to 76% of the total Fe. Bean genotypes with higher seed Fe concentrations resulted in increased amounts of bioavailable Fe to rats. There was no significant correlation between the Fe concentration in different bean genotypes and Fe bioavailability to rats attributable to variations in IP5+IP6 or tannins, even though these antinutrients varied widely (i.e., from 19.6 to 29.2 mu mol of IP5+IP6 g(-1) and from 0.35 to 2.65 mg of tannins g(-1)) in the test meals. Other unknown seed factors (i.e., antinutrients or promoter substances) may be contributing factors affecting Fe bioavailability from bean seeds. C1 Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Ctr Int Agr Trop, Cali, Colombia. RP Welch, RM (reprint author), Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM rmw1@cornell.edu NR 36 TC 68 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 48 IS 8 BP 3576 EP 3580 DI 10.1021/jf0000981 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 347VU UT WOS:000088950500085 PM 10956153 ER PT J AU Mellon, JE Cotty, PJ Dowd, MK AF Mellon, JE Cotty, PJ Dowd, MK TI Influence of lipids with and without other cottonseed reserve materials on aflatoxin B-1 production by Aspergillus flavus SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE aflatoxin; Aspergillus flavus; cottonseed lipids; cottonseed storage protein; gluconeogenesis; Gossypium hirsutum; raffinose ID BIOSYNTHESIS; PROTEINS; PH AB Cottonseed storage lipids (primarily triglycerides), in either crude or refined form, were found to support growth and aflatoxin B-1 production by Aspergillus flavus. When lipids were removed from ground whole cottonseed by petroleum ether extraction, aflatoxin production dropped by more than 800-fold. Reconstitution of the lipid-extracted ground whole seed with a crude preparation of cottonseed lipids restored aflatoxin production to the previous levels. Fungal utilization of the three major cottonseed reserve materials, raffinose, triglycerides (refined cottonseed oil), and cottonseed storage protein, was monitored in vitro over a 7 day fermentation period. The fermentation medium contained the reserve compounds in proportions approximating those found in mature cottonseed. A. flavus rapidly converted raffinose to fructose and melibiose, presumably by action of invertase, and then hydrolyzed the melibiose. These simple sugars apparently supported initial growth and aflatoxin B-1 production. Raffinose and the resulting melibiose were nearly exhausted by day 2. Fungal hydrolysis of triglycerides began as exhaustion of carbohydrate approached. After day 2, rapid catabolism of the released fatty acids began and coincided with glucose regeneration through gluconeogenesis, which peaked on day 6. The fungus did not preferentially utilize specific fatty acids. A. flavus also produced a number of storage-metabolites, including arabitol, erythritol, mannitol, and trehalose. Mannitol was produced in much higher concentrations than the other storage metabolites. Selective use of simple carbohydrates by A. flavus to drive aflatoxin production may suggest strategies for reducing vulnerability of cottonseed to aflatoxin contamination. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Mellon, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 20 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 48 IS 8 BP 3611 EP 3615 DI 10.1021/jf0000878 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 347VU UT WOS:000088950500090 PM 10956158 ER PT J AU Rodriguez-Saona, C Maynard, DF Phillips, S Trumble, JT AF Rodriguez-Saona, C Maynard, DF Phillips, S Trumble, JT TI Avocadofurans and their tetrahydrofuran analogues: Comparison of growth inhibitory and insecticidal activity SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE avocadofurans; furan; tetrahydrofuran; toxicity; insect ID LYSYL OXIDASE INHIBITOR; SPODOPTERA-EXIGUA; SEED OIL; FURANOCOUMARINS; MICE AB The importance of the double bonds in the furan ring of avocadofurans with relation to their insecticidal activity was examined. The insecticidal activity of two naturally occurring avocadofurans, 2-(pentadecyl)furan and 2-(heptadecyl)furan, was compared to the toxicity of five tetrahydrofurans with alkyl chains at position 2 and varying side chains from 14 to 18 carbons. We found that eliminating the sites of unsaturation in the furan ring of avocadofurans significantly reduced the detrimental effects on the mortality and growth of the generalist insect herbivore Spodoptera! exigua. In 7-day bioassays, S. exigua larvae were significantly more affected when fed a diet containing avocadofurans as compared to a larvae fed diet treated with the analogous tetrahydrofurans. Although larvae fed with the tetrahydrofurans showed reduced growth as compared to controls, larval mortality was not significantly increased. We conclude that the double bonds in the furan ring of avocadofurans play an important role in their insecticidal effects. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Entomol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Calif State Univ San Bernardino, Dept Chem, San Bernardino, CA 92407 USA. RP Rodriguez-Saona, C (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RI Phillips, Scott/K-6223-2014 NR 30 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 48 IS 8 BP 3642 EP 3645 DI 10.1021/jf9910638 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 347VU UT WOS:000088950500095 PM 10956163 ER PT J AU Hedin, PA McKibben, GH Dollar, DA AF Hedin, PA McKibben, GH Dollar, DA TI Role of ground trash volatiles in the selection of hibernation sites by boll weevils SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE boll weevil; hibernation; ground trash; essential oils; terpenoids AB Volatiles play a large role in governing the behavior of boil weevils (Anthonomus grandis Boheman). They are attracted to cotton plants, and the female is sexually attracted to the male. The attracting. compounds in both instances are terpenoids. Primarily in the fall of the year, boil weevils seek hibernation sites in leaf trash, where they remain until the following spring or summer. In the present study, essential oils were prepared by steam distillation from several leaf samples known to be prevalent at hibernation sites, and the oils were analyzed by GLC-MS. On the basis of the resulting presumptive identifications by comparison with those of standards, a number of mixtures were formulated and were field tested, as were the essential oils. The field tests failed to support unambiguously the premise that bell weevils select hibernation sites on the basis of leaf odor alone. However, in the presence of the sex pheromone, P-caryophyllene (P > T = 0.08), or a mixture of three sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (P > T = 0.10), or a mixture of alkyl alcohols (P > T = 0.15) increased captures. The response to formulations of the sex pheromone with beta-caryophyllene may be primarily sexual, based on its presence in female boil weevils. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. McKibben Agr Serv, Starkville, MS 39759 USA. RP Hedin, PA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 48 IS 8 BP 3673 EP 3676 DI 10.1021/jf991001h PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 347VU UT WOS:000088950500100 PM 10956168 ER PT J AU Dayan, FE Vincent, AC Romagni, JG Allen, SN Duke, SO Duke, MV Bowling, JJ Zjawiony, JK AF Dayan, FE Vincent, AC Romagni, JG Allen, SN Duke, SO Duke, MV Bowling, JJ Zjawiony, JK TI Amino- and urea-substituted thiazoles inhibit photosynthetic electron transfer SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE thiazole; substituted ureas; photosynthetic inhibitors; binding; computer modeling ID PHOTOSYSTEM-II; HERBICIDE BINDING; PROTEIN AB Amino- and urea-substituted thiazoles exhibited in vivo herbicidal activity on duckweed (Lemna paucicostata Hegelm. strain 6746) cultures and appeared to act via inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport system. A small number of the thiazole derivatives tested were active but only at relatively high concentrations. The most active structures were the amino-substituted thiazoles with isopropyl and n-butyl side chains and the urea-substituted thiazole with p-chlorophenyl side chain. Decreasing the length of the side chain had a negative effect on the PSII inhibitory activity. The urea-substituted series was as a group less active than the amino series, and the free acid series had no biological activity. The most active compounds competed for the same binding site as atrazine on PSII. Computer modeling highlighted the structural similarities between some of the thiazoles and the commercial herbicides diuron and atrazine. C1 USDA ARS, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, University, MS 38677 USA. USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Univ Mississippi, Sch Pharm, RIPS, NCNPR,Dept Pharmacognosy, University, MS 38677 USA. RP Dayan, FE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, POB 8048, University, MS 38677 USA. RI Dayan, Franck/A-7592-2009 OI Dayan, Franck/0000-0001-6964-2499 NR 23 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 48 IS 8 BP 3689 EP 3693 DI 10.1021/jf9911545 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 347VU UT WOS:000088950500103 PM 10956171 ER PT J AU Berglof, T Koskinen, WC Brucher, J Kylin, H AF Berglof, T Koskinen, WC Brucher, J Kylin, H TI Linuron sorption-desorption in field-moist soils SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sorption; desorption; soil; linuron; SFE ID SUPERCRITICAL-FLUID EXTRACTION; ATRAZINE SORPTION; CARBON-DIOXIDE; PESTICIDES AB Pesticide sorption or binding to soil is traditionally characterized using batch slurry techniques. The objective of this study was to determine Linuron sorption in field-moist or unsaturated soils. Experiments were performed using low-density (i.e., 0.25 g mL(-1)) supercritical carbon dioxide to remove linuron from the soil water phase, thus allowing calculation of sorption coefficients (K-d) at low water contents. Both soil water content and temperature influenced sorption. K-d values increased with increased water content, if less than saturated. K-d values decreased with increased temperature. K-d values for linuron sorption on silty clay and sandy loam soils at 12% water content and 40 degrees C were 3.9 and 7.0 mL g(-1), respectively. Isosteric heats of sorption (Delta H-i) were -41 and -35 kJ mol(-1) for the silty clay and sandy loam soils, respectively. The sorption coefficient obtained using the batch method was comparable (K-f for sandy loam soil = 7.9 mu g(1-1/n) mL(1/n) g(-1)) to that obtained using the SFE technique. On the basis of these results, pesticide sorption as a function of water content must be known to more accurately predict pesticide transport through soils. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Dept Soil Water & Climate, Soil & Water Management Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Environm Assessment, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Soil Sci, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. RP Koskinen, WC (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Dept Soil Water & Climate, Soil & Water Management Res Unit, Room 439,1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RI Kylin, Henrik/F-9819-2011 OI Kylin, Henrik/0000-0002-5972-1852 NR 13 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 48 IS 8 BP 3718 EP 3721 DI 10.1021/jf990984f PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 347VU UT WOS:000088950500108 PM 10956176 ER PT J AU Defoor, PJ Galyean, ML Cole, NA Jones, OR AF Defoor, PJ Galyean, ML Cole, NA Jones, OR TI Effects of planting density and processing method on laboratory characteristics of grain sorghum for ruminants SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE density; grains; planting; ruminants; sorghum ID STARCH AVAILABILITY; DIGESTION; EXTENT; STEERS; SITE; RATIONS; CORN AB Grain sorghum grown in 38-cm (high-density) or 76-cm rows (normal-density) was steam-flaked, harvested as high-moisture grain followed by rolling and ensiling, or dry-rolled. Chemical composition, enzymatic starch availability, CP insolubility, and IVDMD in a reduced-strength buffer were evaluated. High-density planting increased (P < .10) OM and starch concentration and decreased (P < .0001) CP concentration but did not affect (P > .10) P concentration, enzymatic starch availability, or CP insolubility. High-density planting resulted in lower (P < .10) in vitro ruminal culture pH at 6, 12, and 18 h of incubation when grain sorghum was processed by steam flaking, and lower (P < .10) IVDMD at 6, 12, and 18 h of digestion when grain sorghum was processed by dry rolling. Steam flaking decreased (P < .10) CP concentration and solubility and increased (P < .10) OM concentration. High-moisture ensiling decreased (P < .10) the insolubility of CP but did not otherwise seem to alter the chemical composition of grain sorghum relative to dry rolling. Starch was more available (P < .10), and DM was digested more rapidly and extensively (P < .10) in vitro, in steam-flaked sorghum followed by high-moisture sorghum. Based on these data, it seems that planting density primarily affected chemical composition of grain sorghum, whereas processing primarily affected CP insolubility and rate and extent of starch fermentation. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Anim Sci & Food Technol, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. W Texas A&M Univ, Div Agr, Canyon, TX 79016 USA. ARS, USDA, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RP Defoor, PJ (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Dept Anim Sci & Food Technol, Box 42141, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 78 IS 8 BP 2032 EP 2038 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 343MB UT WOS:000088705200003 PM 10947085 ER PT J AU Lee, JW Waldron, DF Van Vleck, LD AF Lee, JW Waldron, DF Van Vleck, LD TI Parameter estimates for number of lambs born at different ages and for 18-month body weight of Rambouillet sheep SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE genetic correlation; genotype; heritability; environment interaction ID ESTIMATING VARIANCE-COMPONENTS; RESTRICTED MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; GENETIC-PARAMETERS; BREEDS; PRODUCTIVITY; MODELS; EWES AB Genetic parameters were estimated using REML with animal models for number of lambs born and 18-mo body weight in Rambouillet sheep. Number of lambs born was modeled either as repeated measurements on the same trait or as different traits at different ages. The original data for number of lambs born were separated according to age of the ewe into two classes: 2 and 3 yr, and older than 3 yr. Numbers of ewes with lambing records for the age classes were 653 and 466 with 1,106 and 1,118 records, respectively. For the data set that included all ages, the number of ewes was 684 with 2,224 records, and for 18-mo body weight the number of ewes measured was 557. For number of lambs born, the animal model included random genetic, permanent environmental, and residual environmental effects and fixed effects for age of ewe, year of lambing, and month of year of lambing. Lambing day within season was used as a covariate. For 18-mo body weight, year of birth of ewe was used as a fixed effect. Actual age in days when the ewe was weighed was used as a covariate. Estimates of heritability for number of lambs born by age group were .04, for 2- and 3-yr old ewes, and .06, for ewes greater than 3 yr old, from the two-trait (two age of ewe classes) analyses and .06 when all ages were included. Estimates of heritability for number of lambs born from the single-trait analyses were somewhat less than estimates from two-trait analyses. Estimate of genetic correlation between number of lambs born for the 2 and 3 yr and the >3 yr classes was near unity (1.00), which suggests that a repeated measures model for number of lambs born is adequate for making selection decisions. Estimate of genetic correlation between number of lambs born and 18-mo body weight was .35 with a heritability estimate of .48 for 18-mo body weight. The estimate of genetic correlation suggests that selection for increased number of lambs born would result in increased 18-mo body weight. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, San Angelo, TX 76901 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Waldron, DF (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, 7887 US Highway 87 N, San Angelo, TX 76901 USA. NR 21 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 78 IS 8 BP 2086 EP 2090 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 343MB UT WOS:000088705200010 PM 10947092 ER PT J AU Lee, JW Waldron, DF Van Vleck, LD AF Lee, JW Waldron, DF Van Vleck, LD TI Parameter estimates for greasy fleece weight of Rambouillet sheep at different ages SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE genetic correlations; genotype environment interaction; heritability ID SELECTION AB Variance components for greasy fleece weight in Rambouillet sheep were estimated. Greasy fleece weight was modeled either as repeated measurements on the same trait or as different traits at different ages. The original data were separated according to the age of the ewe at shearing into three classes; 1 yr, 2 and 3 yr, and older than 3 yr. An animal model was used to obtain estimates of genetic parameters with a REML algorithm. Total numbers of animals in pedigrees for the different age classes were 696, 729, and 573, respectively, and 822 for the repeated measures model across ages. The animal model included direct genetic, permanent environmental, and residual environmental random effects and fixed effects for age of ewe, shearing date as contemporary group, and number of lambs born. Days between shearings was used as a covariate. Single-trait analyses were initially done to obtain starting values for multiple-trait analyses. A repeated measures model across ages was also used. Estimates of heritability by age group were .42, .50, and .58 from three-trait (age class) analyses and for the repeated measures model the estimate was .57. Estimates of genetic correlations between fleece yields for 1 yr and 2 and 3 yr, 1 yr and >3 yr, and 2 and 3 yr and >3 yr classes were .88, .89, and .97, respectively. These estimates of genetic correlations suggest that a repeated measures model for greasy fleece weight is adequate for making selection decisions. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, San Angelo, TX 76901 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Waldron, DF (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, 7887 US Highway 87 N, San Angelo, TX 76901 USA. NR 14 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 78 IS 8 BP 2108 EP 2112 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 343MB UT WOS:000088705200014 PM 10947096 ER PT J AU Ding, ST Schinckel, AP Weber, TE Mersmann, HJ AF Ding, ST Schinckel, AP Weber, TE Mersmann, HJ TI Expression of porcine transcription factors and genes related to fatty acid metabolism in different tissues and genetic populations SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Acyl-CoA oxidase; adipocytes; fatty acid synthase; peroxisome proliferator activated receptor; pigs ID PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS; ACYL-COA OXIDASE; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; MESSENGER-RNA; PPAR-ALPHA; IN-VITRO; RAT; SYNTHASE; CHOLESTEROL; GLUCOSE AB Several transcription factors are involved in regulating lipid metabolism in various tissues of animals. Adipocyte determination and differentiation-dependent factor 1 (ADD1), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha), and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) regulate both lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation. We determined the tissue distribution and genetic difference in mRNA concentrations of these transcription factors in two genetic populations of pigs (Newsham XL-sired Newsham Landrace x Large White Duroc and Duroc-sired US Yorkshire x Duroc-Landrace). We also determined the tissue distribution and genetic difference in the mRNA concentration of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO). Our data showed that ADD1 was highly expressed in adipose tissue and liver and that mRNA concentrations of ADD1 were similar between the two genotypes. The PPAR alpha mRNA concentration was high in adipose tissue and was similar between the two genotypes. In both populations, PPAR gamma mRNA was detected only in adipose tissue. There was no difference between the two genotypes in PPAR gamma mRNA concentration. The ACO mRNA was expressed in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver with no difference between genotypes. The FAS mRNA concentration in adipose tissue was seven times higher than that in the liver. There was no detectable FAS mRNA in skeletal muscle. These data support the concept that pig adipose tissue has considerable capability for fatty acid oxidation and synthesis. The uniqueness of expression patterns for FAS and ADD1 mRNA further indicates that adipose tissue is significantly involved in fatty acid and triacylglycerol synthesis in pigs. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Anim Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47906 USA. RP Ding, ST (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. OI Ding, Shih-Torng/0000-0002-9866-1776 NR 36 TC 61 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 78 IS 8 BP 2127 EP 2134 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 343MB UT WOS:000088705200017 PM 10947099 ER PT J AU Rexroad, CE Bennett, GL Kappes, SM Smith, TPL AF Rexroad, CE Bennett, GL Kappes, SM Smith, TPL TI Mapping of nine bovine microsatellite markers obtained from large insert genomic libraries SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE microsatellites; mapping C1 ARS, USDA, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Smith, TPL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, State Spur 18D,POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 78 IS 8 BP 2231 EP 2232 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 343MB UT WOS:000088705200032 PM 10947114 ER PT J AU de Soyza, AG Van Zee, JW Whitford, WG Neale, A Tallent-Hallsel, N Herrick, JE Havstad, KM AF de Soyza, AG Van Zee, JW Whitford, WG Neale, A Tallent-Hallsel, N Herrick, JE Havstad, KM TI Indicators of Great Basin rangeland health SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE bare patch size; vegetation cover; forb; grass; shrub; resilience; resistance; relative preference index; sagebrush ID DESERTIFICATION AB Early-warning indicators of rangeland health can be used to estimate the functional integrity of a site and may allow sustainable management of desert rangelands. The utility of several vegetation canopy-based indicators of range land health at 32 Great Basin rangeland locations was investigated. The indicators were originally developed in rangelands of the Chihuahuan Desert. Soil resources are lost through wind and water-driven erosion mainly from areas unprotected by plant canopies (i.e. bare soil). Study sites in Idaho had the smallest bare patches, followed by sites in Oregon. The more arid Great Basin Sagebrush Zone sites in Utah had the largest bare patches. Several vegetational indicators including percent cover by vegetation, percent cover by life-form, percent cover by sagebrush, and percent cover by resilient species were negatively related to mean bare patch size and are potential indicators of Great Basin rangeland condition. Plant community composition and the range of bare patch sizes were different at sites in the three locations in Idaho, Oregon and Utah. Therefore, expected indicator values are location specific and should not be extrapolated to other locations. The condition of study sites were often ranked differently by different indicators. Therefore, the condition of rangeland sites should be evaluated using several indicators. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, MSC 3JER, NMSU, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP de Soyza, AG (reprint author), Environm Res & Wildlife Dev Agcy, Terr Environm Res Ctr, POB 45553, Abu Dhabi, U Arab Emirates. EM adesoyza@erwda.gov.ae NR 15 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 45 IS 4 BP 289 EP 304 DI 10.1006/jare.2000.0645 PG 16 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 359DB UT WOS:000089595300001 ER PT J AU Robacker, DC Garcia, JA Bartelt, RJ AF Robacker, DC Garcia, JA Bartelt, RJ TI Volatiles from duck feces attractive to Mexican fruit fly SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE attractants; Mexican fruit fly; diptera; tephritidae; Anastrepha ludens; amines; solid-phase microextraction ID SOLID-PHASE MICROEXTRACTION; ANASTREPHA-LUDENS DIPTERA; FLIES DIPTERA; LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS; NATURAL FOOD; TEPHRITIDAE; CULTURES; AMMONIA; IDENTIFICATION; FERMENTATION AB Aqueous extracts of three types of bird feces were attractive to laboratory-colony Mexican fruit flies in laboratory bioassays. Extracts of black-bellied whistling duck feces were chosen for further analysis. Duck feces extract was attractive to both sugar-fed and sugar-starved flies but was more attractive to sugar-fed flies. Protein deprivation of flies had no effect on their response. Duck feces incubated in water for 24 hr were more attractive than those incubated for longer periods. Duck feces extract was attractive at pH 5-9, but was most attractive at pH 9, indicating that more than one class of chemicals contributed to attractiveness of the feces. Major components of headspace of duck feces extracts collected by solid-phase microextraction and identified by GC-MS, GC-FID, and GC-FTD included ethanol, propanol, phenol, ammonia, low-molecular weight amines, and pyrazines. In general, chemicals containing nitrogen proved most attractive to sugar-fed flies. However, dimethylamine and 1-pyrroline were nearly equally attractive to sugar-fed and sugar-deprived flies. Two chemicals without nitrogen were attractive to sugar-deprived flies; none were attractive to sugar-fed dies. A synthetic mixture was prepared containing ammonia, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, 1-pyrroline, phenol, and 2-ethylhexanol in amounts found in odor of duck feces extract. The synthetic mixture was 96% as attractive as duck feces extract to sugar-fed flies and 80% as attractive to sugar-deprived flies. C1 USDA ARS, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Robacker, DC (reprint author), USDA ARS, 2301 S Int Blvd, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 37 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 26 IS 8 BP 1849 EP 1867 DI 10.1023/A:1005544723521 PG 19 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 348MC UT WOS:000088987700006 ER PT J AU Ewalt, DR Bricker, BJ AF Ewalt, DR Bricker, BJ TI Validation of the abbreviated Brucella AMOS PCR as a rapid screening method for differentiation of Brucella abortus field strain isolates and the vaccine strains, 19 and RB51 SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The Brucella AMOS PCR assay was previously developed to identify and differentiate specific Brucella species. In this study, an abbreviated Brucella AMOS PCR test was evaluated to determine its accuracy in differentiating Brucella abortus into three categories: field strains, vaccine strain 19 (S19), and vaccine strain RB51/parent strain 2308 (S2308). Two hundred thirty-one isolates were identified and tested by the conventional biochemical tests and Brucella AMOS PCR. This included 120 isolates identified as B. abortus S19, 9 identified as B. abortus strain RB51, 57 identified as B. abortus biovar 1, 15 identified as B. abortus by. 2, 1 identified as B. abortus by. 2 (M antigen dominant), 7 identified as B. abortus by. 4, and 22 identified as B. abortus S2308 and isolated from experimentally infected cattle. The Brucella AMOS PCR correctly identified each isolate as RB51/S2308, S19, or a field strain of Brucella. C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Natl Vet Serv Labs, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA USA. RP Ewalt, DR (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Natl Vet Serv Labs, USDA, 1800 Dayton Rd,POB 844, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 5 TC 38 Z9 49 U1 5 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 38 IS 8 BP 3085 EP 3086 PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 340XL UT WOS:000088561700053 PM 10921983 ER PT J AU Capuco, AV Wood, DL Quast, JW AF Capuco, AV Wood, DL Quast, JW TI Effects of teatcup liner tension on teat canal keratin and teat condition in cows SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID BOVINE MAMMARY-GLAND; PULSATIONLESS MILKING AB The effect of tension of teatcup liners on teat end condition and quantity of keratin in the teat canal was investigated. Liner tension was increased by using longer teatcup shells. The first experiment used six Holstein cows in early lactation Left quarters were milked with liners under medium or normal tension by using Conewango liners in 142 mm shells. Right quarters were milked with liners under high tension by mounting the liners in teatcup shells 149 mm in length. By day 16 test end condition and sensitivity to manipulation were worsened by thrice daily milking when liners were under a higher tension. Two subsequent experiments each used 12 different Holstein cows. These cows were in mid lactation and were milked tn ice daily for 10 or 30 d. Left quarters were milked with liners under high tension Right quarters were milked with liners under low tension by using teatcup shells 126 mm in length. The quantity of keratin removed during milking was not influenced by liner tension. however, the quantity of keratin at the end of the experiments was increased 10-20% in teats that were milked using liners under a higher tension. Histological analysis and keratin contest were consistent with epithelial hyperplasia. induced by milking with liners under increased tension. C1 USDA ARS, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Capuco, AV (reprint author), USDA ARS, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 6 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0022-0299 J9 J DAIRY RES JI J. Dairy Res. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 67 IS 3 BP 319 EP 327 DI 10.1017/S0022029900004295 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 354AK UT WOS:000089307500002 PM 11037229 ER PT J AU During, A Mazette, S Combe, N Entressangles, B AF During, A Mazette, S Combe, N Entressangles, B TI Lipolysis and oxidative stability of soft ripened cheeses containing vegetable oils SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID FATTY-ACIDS; MILK; BUTTER AB In response to nutrition guidelines recommending a reduction in saturated fats in human diets, the dairy industry has developed new products containing unsaturated fats to satisfy the demand of the more health conscious consumer. The fatty acid composition of milk, naturally rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA), can be modified either through genetic selection of dairy cows or by changing feed composition (Palmquist ct al. 1993), For example, a number of dairy products including butter (Wood ct nl. 1975; Badings et al. 1976), Gouda (Badings et al. 1976) and Cheddar (Wong et nl. 1973; Lightfield ct al. 1993) containing increased amounts of linoleic acid (18:2n-6) hare been made from the milk of cows given diets supplemented with unsaturated lipids. However, dairy farmers would prefer to produce milk as cheaply as possible, leaving it to food technologists to modify milk components at the postproduction stage (Banks, 1987). Therefore, dairy products made from skin? milk combined with a fat mixture could be attractive, but little information is available on this type of modified product. One major problem related to the introduction of unsaturated fats into dairy products is the possible alteration of their properties. Indeed, Badings (1970) reported that butter enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) has reduced flavour quality and shelf life. It is well known that PUFA are easily oxidized and can form undesirable compounds such as peroxides and aldehydes. Moreover, PUFA are more likely to be oxidized as free fatty acids (FFA) than to be integrated into a triacylglycerol structure. Therefore, when a dairy product is made by recombining skim milk with unsaturated fats, such as the soft ripened cheese in this study, it is important to consider both lipolysis and oxidative stability of the lipid fraction. This mas our objective in this study. C1 Univ Bordeaux, Dept Biol, Lab Lipochim Alimentaire, F-33405 Talence, France. RP During, A (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Diet & Human Performance Lab, Bldg 308,Room 124, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI During, Alexandrine/I-5405-2015; OI During, Alexandrine/0000-0002-6878-0870 NR 15 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 6 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0022-0299 J9 J DAIRY RES JI J. Dairy Res. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 67 IS 3 BP 461 EP 466 DI 10.1017/S0022029900004349 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 354AK UT WOS:000089307500016 PM 11037243 ER PT J AU Peters, RR Komaragiri, S Paape, MJ Douglass, LW AF Peters, RR Komaragiri, S Paape, MJ Douglass, LW TI Evaluation of 1.6% phenol as a premilking and postmilking teat dip in preventing new bovine intramammary infections SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE phenol; teat dip; mastitis ID EFFICACY AB We evaluated the effectiveness of a 1.6% phenol-based teat dip using both a teat skin assay and natural exposure field trial. A teat skin assay was conducted to ascertain the concentration of phenol + phenate to be used in the field study. One percent and 0.5% iodine, and 0.5, 1.1, and 1.6% phenol + phenate were compared using Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Logarithmic reductions for S. aureus were 2.2 and 2.8 for 0.5 and 1% iodine, and 1.3, 2.1, and 2.8 for 0.5, 1.1, and 1.6% phenol + phenate, respectively. Logarithmic reductions for E. coli were 3.3 and 3.8 for 0.5 and 1% iodine, and 1.2, 1.9, and 2.6 for 0.5, 1.1, and 1.6% phenol + phenate, respectively. A concentration of 1.6% phenol + phenate was chosen as experimental teat dip, and 0.5% iodine served as control. The field study was conducted at Beltsville (n = 185) and Clarksville (n = 100) dairy herds using a split herd design. Teat dips were used premilking and postmilking for 12 mo. The number of new intramammary infections (IMI) for the Beltsville herd in iodine and phenol + phenate teat dipped cows were: 29 and 35 for major pathogens, and 81 and 72, for minor pathogens. For the Clarksville herd, number of new intramammary infections in iodine and phenol + phenate teat dipped cows was 9 and 10 for major pathogens, and 50 and 60 for minor pathogens. Rates of IMI per quarter day per lactation were not different for either herd or when herd data were combined. The number of clinical mastitis cases per 100 cows per month were similar in both treatments. The incidences of new IMI and clinical mastitis were similar using both dips. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Peters, RR (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 24 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 83 IS 8 BP 1750 EP 1757 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 344AV UT WOS:000088736200011 PM 10984151 ER PT J AU O'Brien, CN Guidry, AJ Fattom, A Shepherd, S Douglass, LW Westhoff, DC AF O'Brien, CN Guidry, AJ Fattom, A Shepherd, S Douglass, LW Westhoff, DC TI Production of antibodies to Staphylococcus aureus serotypes 5, 8, and 336 using poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE microsphere; Staphylococcus aureus; capsule; phagocytosis ID MAMMARY EPITHELIAL-CELLS; CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE; BOVINE-MILK; VIRULENCE; VACCINES; IMMUNIZATION; PHAGOCYTOSIS; LEUKOCYTES; ADHERENCE; MASTITIS AB Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for a major portion of the economic losses due to mastitis. Attempts to produce a vaccine to prevent S. aureus mastitis have been hampered by the low immunogenicity of the polysaccharide, which forms on the surface of the organism when it enters the mammary gland. The polysaccharide inhibits phagocytosis and destruction of the organism by neutrophils. This study was conducted to determine if S. aureus polysaccharide serotypes 5, 8, and 336 conjugated to a protein and incorporated in poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres would enhance the production of opsonizing antibodies to the polysaccharide. Cows were immunized with either polysaccharide conjugates emulsified in Freund's incomplete adjuvant or polysaccharide conjugates encapsulated in poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres emulsified in Freund's incomplete adjuvant. All cows produced sustained antibody titers to the three polysaccharide serotypes. Cows immunized with microspheres had higher antibody titers. Cows in both groups produced increased concentrations of IgG(1) and IgG(2) antibodies; neither group produced an increase in IgM. Immune sera from cows immunized with conjugates alone increased phagocytosis, which decreased at the end of the study. Sera from cows immunized with conjugates in microspheres increased phagocytosis, which was sustained at the end of the study. Immune sera from both groups decreased bacterial adherence to bovine mammary epithelial cells. These data showed that a single injection of antigen in microspheres produced higher titers and more sustained enhancement of phagocytosis, which could aid in the defense of the cow against S. aureus infections. C1 USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NABI, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. RP Guidry, AJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 31 TC 22 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 83 IS 8 BP 1758 EP 1766 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 344AV UT WOS:000088736200012 PM 10984152 ER PT J AU Reeves, JB Van Kessel, JS AF Reeves, JB Van Kessel, JS TI Near-infrared spectroscopic determination of carbon, total nitrogen, and ammonium-N in dairy manures SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE near-infrared; manure; carbon; nitrogen AB The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to determine nutrient concentrations in dairy manures. We assayed diverse dairy manures (n = 107), collected from dairy farms in the northeastern United States (CT, MD, NY, PA, and VA) by conventional means and NIRS for total C, total N, NH3-N, moisture, P, K, and pH. Samples were scanned from 400 to 2498 nm in polyethylene bags on a FOSS-NIR-Systems Model 6500 scanning monochromator equipped with a sample transport device. We developed calibrations using a one-out cross validation procedure under partial least-squares regression. Preliminary results showed that eight samples were outliers either because of inaccurate conventional analysis or because they were uncharacteristic (i.e., two samples had moisture content below 72%, while all others were above 78%). These outliers were removed from further consideration. Final calibration results with the remaining 99 samples demonstrated that NIPS can accurately determine the moisture (r(2) = 0.945, root mean squared deviation or RMSD = 1.0%), total C (r(2) = 0.950, RMSD = 0.40%), total N (r(2) = 0.956, RMSD = 0.030%), and NH3-N (r(2) = 0.967, RMSD = 0.013%) concentrations, but not P or K concentrations in dairy manures. In conclusion, NIPS was shown to be a viable alternative to conventional analysis procedures for determining moisture, total C, total N, and NH3-N in a very diverse set of dairy manures. C1 USDA ARS, Nutrient Conservat & Metab Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Reeves, JB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Nutrient Conservat & Metab Lab, Bldg 200,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 25 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 83 IS 8 BP 1829 EP 1836 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 344AV UT WOS:000088736200019 PM 10984159 ER PT J AU Van Kessel, JS Reeves, JB AF Van Kessel, JS Reeves, JB TI On-farm quick tests for estimating nitrogen in dairy manure SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE manure; nitrogen; dairy ID RAPID METHODS; NUTRIENTS AB Manure nutrient analyses performed rapidly on the farm could be useful for nutrient management programs, The objective of this experiment was to evaluate six quick tests for their accuracy in estimating total manure N or NH(4)(+)-N. The quick tests included the hydrometer, electrical conductivity meter and pen, reflectometer, Agros N Meter, and Quantofix-N-Volumeter. The hydrometer was used to estimate total N, while the remaining tests were used to estimate NH(4)(+)-N. Samples (107) were collected from dairy farms in five northeastern states. Samples were analyzed for total N and NH(4)(+)N by traditional laboratory methods and using each of the quick tests. Manure compositions ranged from 1.4 to 38.6% dry matter (DM), 0.9 to 9.5 kg/m(3) total N, and 0.3 to 4.7 kg/m3 NH(4)(+)-N. The estimated concentration of total N or NH(4)(+)-N determined by each quick test was regressed against laboratory-determined values. The hydrometer did not estimate total N accurately. The strongest relationship for estimation of NH(4)(+)-N was with the Quantofix-N-Volumeter followed by the Agros N Meter, the reflectometer, and the electrical conductivity meter and pen. When the samples were split into high (>12%) and low (less than or equal to 12%) DM groups, in all cases the r(2) for the regression equation was higher for the low DM group than for the high DM group. The Agros N Meter, the reflectometer, and the conductivity meter and pen did not perform well for the high DM group. These data indicate that several quick tests are viable options for measuring NH(4)(+)-N concentrations in dairy slurries and solids. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Nutrient Conservat & Metab Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Van Kessel, JS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Nutrient Conservat & Metab Lab, Bldg 200, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM jkessel@lpsi.barc.usda.gov NR 27 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 83 IS 8 BP 1837 EP 1844 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 344AV UT WOS:000088736200020 PM 10984160 ER PT J AU Van Tassell, CP Ashwell, MS Sonstegard, TS AF Van Tassell, CP Ashwell, MS Sonstegard, TS TI Detection of putative loci affecting milk, health, and conformation traits in a US Holstein population using 105 microsatellite markers SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE quantitative trait loci; microsatellite markers; conformation traits; milk production traits ID GENETIC-LINKAGE MAP; DAIRY-CATTLE; BOVINE GENOME; LINEAR TYPE AB Quantitative trait loci affecting milk yield, health, and conformation traits were studied for eight large US Holstein grandsire families by using the granddaughter design. A total of 105 microsatellite markers, located throughout the bovine genome, were selected for the scan. The data analyzed include genotypes for 35 markers in eight families not previously reported and genotypes for 70 markers reported previously in seven of those families. Analyses of markers previously reported were updated. Effects of marker alleles were analyzed for 38 traits, including traits for milk production, somatic cell score, productive life, conformation, calving ease, and 16 canonical traits derived from conformation and production traits. Permutation tests were used to calculate empirical trait-wise error rates. A trait-wise critical value of P = 0.1 was used to determine significance. Eight putative quantitative trait loci associated with 7 of the 35 new markers were identified within specific families. Two of these markers were associated with differences in strength and rump angle on chromosomes 4 and 9, respectively. Different markers were associated with protein percentage, milk yield, and somatic cell score on chromosomes 6, 7, and 10 in different families. Differences in the canonically transformed traits were associated with markers on chromosomes 5, 6, and 9. Additional marker-trait combinations were identified in the across-family tests, including effects on chromosomes 3, 4, and 9 for protein percentage, body depth, and canonical conformation traits, respectively. Additional markers are being added to allow interval analysis for putative quantitative trait loci that have been identified and to increase marker density. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Van Tassell, CP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Van Tassell, Curtis/0000-0002-8416-2087 NR 27 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 83 IS 8 BP 1865 EP 1872 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 344AV UT WOS:000088736200024 PM 10984164 ER PT J AU Van Tassell, CP Misztal, I Varona, L AF Van Tassell, CP Misztal, I Varona, L TI Method R estimates of additive genetic, dominance genetic, and permanent environmental fraction of variance for yield and health traits of Holsteins SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE heritability; dominance variance; milk yield; somatic cell score; productive life ID STATES DAIRY-CATTLE; SOMATIC-CELL SCORES; CANADIAN HOLSTEINS; PRODUCTIVE LIFE; UNITED-STATES; INBREEDING DEPRESSION; TRANSMITTING ABILITIES; PARAMETERS; COMPONENTS; MILK AB Fractions of variance accounted for by additive genetic, dominance genetic, and permanent environmental effects for milk, fat, and protein yields; somatic cell score; and productive life were estimated from Holstein data used for national. genetic evaluations. Contemporary group assignments were determined using the national procedure. Data included 1,973,317 milk and fat records for 812,659 cows, 1,019,421 protein records for 462,067 cows, 468,374 lactation average somatic cell score (SCS) records for 232,909 cows, and 735,256 cows with productive-life records. Variance components were estimated with the JAADOM program, which uses iteration on data and second-order Jacobi iteration for obtaining solutions to the mixed-model equations and Method R for estimation of variance components. Ten different random data subsets were used to estimate parameters for each trait. Estimated additive genetic, dominance genetic, and permanent environmental fractions of variance were 0.34, 0.05, and 0.10 for milk yield; 0.34, 0.05, and 0.11 for fat yield; 0.31, 0.05, and 0.10 for protein yield; and 0.17, 0.01, and 0.16 for lactation average SCS. Estimated additive genetic and dominance genetic fractions of variance were 0.12 and 0.06 for productive life. Mean empirical standard errors of additive genetic, dominance genetic, and permanent environmental variance fractions were 0.003, 0.006, and 0.006. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Van Tassell, CP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Varona, Luis/C-2744-2012; OI Varona, Luis/0000-0001-6256-5478; Van Tassell, Curtis/0000-0002-8416-2087 NR 33 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 83 IS 8 BP 1873 EP 1877 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 344AV UT WOS:000088736200025 PM 10984165 ER PT J AU Tunick, MH AF Tunick, MH TI Rheology of dairy foods that gel, stretch, and fracture SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cheese; yogurt; casein gels; rheology ID AMPLITUDE OSCILLATORY SHEAR; DELBRUECKII SSP BULGARICUS; TEXTURE PROFILE ANALYSIS; LACTIC-ACID BACTERIA; MOZZARELLA CHEESE; FETA CHEESE; UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION; CASEIN GELS; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; ULTRAFILTERED MILK AB Casein gels are found in hard and soft dairy foods such as cheese and yogurt, and their rheological properties can be analyzed with various instrumental techniques. Empirical tests of cheese have been used since cheese making began, and imitative tests have been conducted in laboratories since the 1930s. Texture profile analysis is now the most frequently used imitative test. Fundamental tests provide a better representation of cheese and yogurt rheology because of the systematic mathematical treatment involved. Uniaxial compression and stress and strain relaxation tests are among the fundamental tests performed on cheese, and viscosity data are often used to investigate the physical characteristics of yogurt. Small amplitude oscillatory shear measurements are applicable to both products. Food scientists can acquire a clearer picture of the structure of dairy foods by performing appropriate rheological studies of the casein matrix. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Tunick, MH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RI Tunick, Michael/C-9761-2010 NR 50 TC 76 Z9 82 U1 9 U2 41 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 83 IS 8 BP 1892 EP 1898 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 344AV UT WOS:000088736200028 PM 10984168 ER PT J AU Venette, RC Hutchison, WD Andow, DA AF Venette, RC Hutchison, WD Andow, DA TI An in-field screen for early detection and monitoring of insect resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in transgenic crops SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ostrinia nubilalis; Helicoverpa zea; resistance management; resistance monitoring ID EUROPEAN CORN-BORER; CHRYSOPERLA-CARNEA NEUROPTERA; HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS; CRYLAC GENE; F-2 SCREEN; LEPIDOPTERA; TOXIN; PROTEIN; POPULATIONS; MANAGEMENT AB We present a field-based approach to detect and monitor insects with resistance to insecticidal toxins produced ty transgenic plants. Out objective is to estimate the phenotypic frequency of resistance in a population by relating the densities of insects on genetically transformed plants to densities on nontransformed plants. We focus on European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), in sweet corn, Zea mays L., expressing Cry1Ab from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki Berliner to illustrate principles underlying the method. Thr probability of detecting one or more rare, resistant larvae depends on sample size, the density of larvae on nontransformed plants. and an assumed frequency of resistant phenotypes in a given population. Probability of detection increases with increases in sample size, background density, or the frequency of resistant individuals. Following binomial probability theory, if a frequency of 10(-4) is expected. 10(3)-10(4) samples must Le collected from a B. thuringiensis (Bt) crop to have at least a 95% probability of locating one or more resistant larvae. In-field screens using transgenic crops have several advantages over traditional laboratory-based methods, including exposure to a large number of feral insects, discrimination of resistant individuals based on Bt dosages expressed in the field, incorporation of natural and Bt-induced mortality factors, simultaneous monitoring for more than one insect species, and ease of use. The approach is amenable to field survey crews working in research, extension, and within the seed corn industry. Estimates of the phenotypic frequency of resistance front the in-field screen can Le useful for estimating Initial frequency of resistant alleles. Bayesian statistical methods are outlined to estimate phenotype frequencies, allele frequencies, and associated confidence intervals from field data. Results of the approach are discussed relative to existing complementary methods currently available for O. nubilalis and corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, APHIS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Entomol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Ctr Community Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Venette, RC (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, APHIS, 219 Hodson Hall,1980 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 54 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 93 IS 4 BP 1055 EP 1064 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 347UF UT WOS:000088947000001 PM 10985012 ER PT J AU Robacker, DC Garcia, JA Martinez, AJ AF Robacker, DC Garcia, JA Martinez, AJ TI Lack of toxicity to adults of the Mexican fruit fly (diptera : tephritidae) of beta-exotoxin in Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin preparations SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anastrepha ludens; Bacillus thuringiensis; beta-exotoxin; thuringiensin; endotoxin; biological insecticides AB beta-Exotoxin (thuringiensin) was found in high titers in centrifugation supernatants and acetone / lactose powders produced from centrifugation pellets of strains Guat 1 and HD 2 of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner). Diets containing powders of either strain were toxic, diets containing Guat 1 supernatant were not toxic, diets containing I-ID 2 supernatant were slightly toxic, and diets containing powders or supernatants from uninoculated culturing medium spiked with beta-exotoxin were not toxic. Most mortality occurred within 3 d when flies fed on powders but not until 6-7 d when flies fed on HD 2 supernatant. These results indicated that the primary toxic principals of the powders were endotoxins/spores and that beta-exotoxin alone was not toxic to adult flies at the concentrations found in the supernatants or powders. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Qual & Fruit Insects Res, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Robacker, DC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Qual & Fruit Insects Res, 2301 S Int Blvd, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 93 IS 4 BP 1076 EP 1079 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 347UF UT WOS:000088947000003 PM 10985014 ER PT J AU Shapiro, DI McCoy, CW AF Shapiro, DI McCoy, CW TI Virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes to Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) in the laboratory SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Diaprepes abbreviatus; Steinernema; Heterorhabditis; entomopathogenic; biological control; virulence ID ROOT WEEVILS COLEOPTERA; ENTOMOGENOUS NEMATODES; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; RHABDITIDA; EFFICACY; CITRUS; PERSISTENCE; HETERORHABDITIDAE; STEINERNEMATIDAE; BIOASSAYS AB The Diaprepes root weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) is the most severe weevil pest in Florida citrus. Entomopathogenic nematodes have effectively suppressed larval populations of D. abbreviatus. Our objective was to conduct a broad laboratory comparison of entomopathogenic nematodes for virulence toward larvae of D. abbreviatus. The study was conducted at three temperatures (20, 24, and 29 degrees C) and included nine entomopathogenic species and 17 strains: Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Baine, NJ1, Hb, Hb1, HP88, and Lewiston strains), II indica Poinar, Karunakar & David (original and Hom1 strains), inarelatus Liu & Berry (IN and Point Reyes strains), Il. megidis Poinar, Jackson & Klein (UK211 strain), Ii. zealandica Poinar (NZH3 strain), Steinernema riobrave Cabanillas, Poinar & Raulston (355 strain), S. carpocapsae (Weiser) (All strain), S. feltiae (Filipjev) (SN and UK76 strains), and S. glaseri (Steiner) (NJ43 strain). At 20 degrees C, the greatest mortality was caused Lp S, riobrave although it was not significantly greater than II. bacteriophora (Baine), ii. bacteriophora (I-IL), Ii. bacteriophora (Hb1), and ii indica (original). At 24 and 29 degrees C, S. riobrave caused greater larval mortality than other nematodes tested. Two strains of H. indica, H. bacteriophora (Baine), and S, glaseri were next in terms of virulence at 29 degrees C. Our results suggest that S. riobrave has the greatest potential for control of D, abbreviatus. C1 Univ Florida, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. RP Shapiro, DI (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, 21 Dunbar Rd, Byron, GA 31008 USA. NR 38 TC 55 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 93 IS 4 BP 1090 EP 1095 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 347UF UT WOS:000088947000006 PM 10985017 ER PT J AU Suh, CPC Orr, DB Van Duyn, JW Borchert, DM AF Suh, CPC Orr, DB Van Duyn, JW Borchert, DM TI Trichogramma exiguum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) releases in North Carolina cotton: Evaluation of heliothine pest suppression SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Trichogramma exiguum; augmentation biological control; cotton bollworm ID PRETIOSUM; PARASITISM; EGGS; SUITABILITY; HOST AB Field studies were conducted in 1996 and 1997 to reevaluate the use of augmentative releases of Trichogramma wasps for heliothine management in cotton. In 1996, nine releases of Trichogramma exiguum Pinto & Platner, spaced 3-4 d apart, were made into three 0.4-ha cotton plots. Six weekly releases were made in 1997, each containing two T. exiguum cohorts developmentally staggered by 45 degrees C degree-days. Field release rates, estimated from laboratory, and field quality control data, averaged 108,357 T, Exiguum female female per hectare per cohort per release in 1996 and 193,366 female female per hectare per cohort per release in 1997. In 1996, mean +/- SD adult emergence under laboratory conditions for released cohorts was 92 +/- 7%; 62 +/- 5% of emerged adults were females, 3 +/- 2% of females displayed brachyptery (nonfunctional wings), mean female longevity under laboratory conditions was 15 +/- 4 d, and mean +/- SD field emergence was 97 +/- 2%. Quality control measurements were similar in 1997. In 1996, mean +/- SD percent parasitism of heliothine eggs in field plots on the sampled dates ranged from 67 +/- 4 to 83 +/- 5% in T. exiguum release plots and 25 +/- 9 to 55 +/- 8% in control plots. In 1997, parasitism levels ranged from 74 +/- I to 89 +/- 5% in T. exiguum release plots and 18 +/- 18 to 69 +/- 11% in control plots. Despite increased parasitism levels in T. exiguum release plots, there were no significant differences in density of fifth instars, boil damage, or yield between T. exiguum release and control plots. Therefore, it is concluded that Trichogramma augmentation is not an effective heliothine management tool in North Carolina cotton. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Entomol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Suh, CPC (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, Route 5, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 42 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 93 IS 4 BP 1127 EP 1136 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 347UF UT WOS:000088947000011 PM 10985022 ER PT J AU Suh, CPC Orr, DB Van Duyn, JW AF Suh, CPC Orr, DB Van Duyn, JW TI Trichogramma releases in North Carolina cotton: Why releases fail to suppress heliothine pests SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Trichogramma exiguum; heliothines; egg fate; compensatory mortality ID SPATIAL DENSITY DEPENDENCE; NOCTUIDAE EGGS; LEPIDOPTERA; PARASITISM; HYMENOPTERA; PRETIOSUM; LARVAE; FIELD AB Field studies were conducted in 1996 and 1997 to determine the fate of naturally oviposited F3 heliothine eggs in cotton plots treated with augmentative releases of Trichogramma exiguum Pinto & Plainer and nontreated plots. Four cohorts of newly oviposited eggs (<24 h old) were followed in 1996 and two cohorts in 1997. In 1996, mean +/- SD percent parasitism, estimated by in-field studies following the fate of naturally oviposited eggs, ranged from 7 +/- 7 to 61 +/- 8% in T. exiguum release plots and 0 +/- 0 to 35 +/- 13% in control plots. The mean I SD percent of eggs hatched in T. exiguum release plots ranged from 1 +/- 2 to 11 +/- 4% and 7 +/- 4 to 28 +/- 10% in control plots. In 1997, mean +/- SD percent egg parasitism ranged From 27 +/- 4 to 40 +/- 3% in T. exiguum release plots and 15 +/- 18 to 25 +/- 8% in control plots. The mean +/- SD percent of eggs hatched in T. exiguum release plots ranged from 7 +/- 3 to 12 +/- 2% and 18 +/- 6 to 28 +/- 8% in control plots. Despite increased parasitism and reduced egg hatch in T, exiguum release plots, overall, there was no significant difference in larval density (all instars combined) between T. exiguum release and control plots. Combined analysis of the heliothine larval populations and egg fate data revealed that the additional egg mortality produced by released T. exiguum was offset by lower larval mortality in release plots. Because of the occurrence of compensatory mortality, the egg stage of heliothines is not an appropriate target for biological control using Trichogramma wasp releases. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Entomol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Suh, CPC (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, Route 5, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 38 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 93 IS 4 BP 1137 EP 1145 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 347UF UT WOS:000088947000012 PM 10985023 ER PT J AU Scheffer, SJ AF Scheffer, SJ TI Molecular evidence of cryptic species within the Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera : Agromyzidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Liriomyza huidobrensis; Liriomyza bryoniae; pea leafminer; invasion genetics; phylogeography; cytochrome oxidase ID SYSTEMATICS; AGRICULTURE; EVOLUTION; BEETLES AB Phylogenetic relationships among populations of the polyphagous pea leafminer, Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard), were investigated using DNA sequence data. Maximum par simony analysis of 941 bp of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and II genes showed that L. huidobrensis contains two well-defined monophyletic groups, one composed of specimens from California and Hawaii and one composed of specimens from South and Central America together with populations that have been recently introduced into other parts of the world. The differentiation between the two clades within L. huidobrensis is equivalent to that seen between other agromyzid species, suggesting that L. huidobrensis as currently defined contains two cryptic species. This Ending is consistent with field observations of differences in pest status and insecticide resistance between L. huidobrensis populations. Until additional studies are complete, no changes in L, huidobrensis taxonomy are proposed. However, researchers and quarantine officials may wish to consider the findings of the current study in designing research, pest management, and quarantine programs for L. huidobrensis. C1 USDA ARS, System Entomol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Scheffer, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, System Entomol Lab, Bldg 005,Room 137,BARC-W,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 28 TC 45 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 8 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-0493 EI 1938-291X J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 93 IS 4 BP 1146 EP 1151 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 347UF UT WOS:000088947000013 PM 10985024 ER PT J AU Mankin, RW Brandhorst-Hubbard, J Flanders, KL Zhang, M Crocker, RL Lapointe, SL McCoy, CW Fisher, JR Weaver, DK AF Mankin, RW Brandhorst-Hubbard, J Flanders, KL Zhang, M Crocker, RL Lapointe, SL McCoy, CW Fisher, JR Weaver, DK TI Eavesdropping on insects hidden in soil and interior structures of plants SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cephus cinctus; Cyclocephala lurida; Diaprepes abbreviatus; Phyllophaga crinita; Otiorhynchus sulcatus; subterranean ID DIAPREPES-ABBREVIATUS COLEOPTERA; ACOUSTICAL DETECTION; SITOPHILUS-ORYZAE; STORED WHEAT; CURCULIONIDAE; SOUND; GRAIN; SCARABAEIDAE; TRANSMISSION; TERMITES AB Accelerometer, electret microphone, and piezoelectric disk acoustic systems were evaluated for their potential to detect hidden insect infestations in soil and interior structures of plants. Coleopteran grubs (the scarabaeids Phyllophaga spp and Cyclocephala spp.) and the curculionids Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) and Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) weighing 50-300 mg were detected easily in the laboratory and in the field except under extremely windy or noisy conditions. Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) larvae weighing 1-12 mg could be detected in small pots of wheat wheat in the laboratory by taking moderate precautions to eliminate background noise. insect sounds could LC distinguished from background noises by differences in frequency and temporal patterns, but insects of similarly sized species could not Lr distinguished easily from each other. insect activity was highly variable among individuals and species, although D. abbreviatus grubs tended to be more active than those of O. sulcatus. Tests were done to compare acoustically predicted infestations with the contents of soil samples taken at recording sites. Under laboratory or ideal field conditions, active insects within approximate to 30 cm were identified with nearly 100% reliability. In field tests under adverse conditions, the reliability decreased to approximate to 75%. These results indicate that acoustic systems with vibration sensors have considerable potential as activity monitors in the laboratory and as field tools for rapid, nondestructive scouting and mapping of soil insect populations. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Entomol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Univ Texas, Agr & Mech Res & Extens Ctr, Dallas, TX USA. USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. Univ Florida, Ctr Agr Res & Educ, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Entomol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Mankin, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 44 TC 59 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 14 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 93 IS 4 BP 1173 EP 1182 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 347UF UT WOS:000088947000017 PM 10985028 ER PT J AU Jackson, DM Farnham, MW Simmons, AM Van Giessen, WA Elsey, KD AF Jackson, DM Farnham, MW Simmons, AM Van Giessen, WA Elsey, KD TI Effects of planting pattern of collards on resistance to whiteflies (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) and on parasitoid abundance SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bemisia argentifolii; Bemisia tabaci; Brassica oleracea; Eretmocerus; host plant resistance; collard ID BEMISIA-ARGENTIFOLII HOMOPTERA; BRASSICA-OLERACEA L; TABACI AB Fourteen collard entries, Brassica oleraceae L., Acephala group, were evaluated for resistance to natural populations of Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring in replicated field plots in Charleston, SC. Glossy-leaf phenotypes ('SC Glaze', 'SC Landrace', 'Green Glaze') were the most resistant collard entries and had fewer whiteflies than the nonglossy, open-pollinated cultivars. Also, two F-1 hybrid cultivars with normal, nonglossy leaves ('Blue Max' and 'Top Bunch') were resistant. In laboratory experiments, there were no differences in the intrinsic rate of growth (r(s)) of B argentifolii populations on either glossy or nonglossy collard phenotypes. Over a 2-yr period, there were no differences in the abundance of whiteflies on the glossy phenotype of Green Glaze when it was planted in solid 20-plant plots or when it was alternated (every other plant) with the nonglossy phenotype of Green Glaze, In a similarly designed experiment, there was no difference in the resistance of Blue Max in either solid or mir;ed planting scheme compared with the susceptible 'Morris Heading'. Higher numbers of whiteflies and parasitoids (primarily Eretmocerus spp.) were collected on yellow sticky cards in the solid plantings of the nonglossy phenotype of Green Glaze than were collected in the solid plantings of the glossy Green Glaze phenotype. Counts on sticky cards in the mixed plots were intermediate. These data show that planting pattern of collard entries is relatively unimportant in the deployment of these sources of host plant resistance. The data also suggest that nonpreference is the primary mode of resistance to whiteflies for certain collard entries. C1 USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. RP Jackson, DM (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, 2875 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 32 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 93 IS 4 BP 1227 EP 1236 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 347UF UT WOS:000088947000024 PM 10985035 ER PT J AU Follett, PA Gabbard, Z AF Follett, PA Gabbard, Z TI Effect of mango weevil (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) damage on mango seed viability in Hawaii SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cryptorhynchus mangiferae; Sternochetus mangiferae; mango; quarantine pest; crop loss AB The mango weevil, Cryptorhynchus (=Sternochetus) mangiferae (F.), is a federally quarantined pest that prevents shipment of mangos from Hawaii into the continental United States. Although this monophagous weevil allegedly causes reduced seed germination, damage to the fruit pulp, and premature fruit drop in mangos, there are few studies examining these potential sources of crop loss. We conducted studies to assess the effect of mango weevil infestation on seed viability while making observations on the frequency of pulp feeding. Naturally infested seeds from mature fruit were planted in pots and scored for successful germination. Germination rates for infested seeds were equal to those of uninfested control seeds in a polyembryonic cultivar ('Common'), whereas germination was significantly reduced for infested seeds of a monoembryonic cultivar ('Haden') compared with uninfested control seeds but germination of infested seeds was still >70%. To assess seed tolerance of damage, seeds were artificially damaged by cutting away 25, 50, or 75% of the cotyledon It fore planting and scored for germination. None of the damage treatments was significantly different from the undamaged controls, indicating that mango seeds can withstand substantial damage and still germinate successfully. Over the 2-yr period we conducted experiments, only four of 3,602 mango fruits (0.11%) showed evidence of direct feeding damage to the pulp. Results suggest that C. mangiferae is less serious pest of mangos than previously thought. C1 USDA ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RP Follett, PA (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, POB 4459, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. NR 11 TC 11 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 93 IS 4 BP 1237 EP 1240 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 347UF UT WOS:000088947000025 PM 10985036 ER PT J AU Oi, DH Vail, KM Williams, DF AF Oi, DH Vail, KM Williams, DF TI Bait distribution among multiple colonies of Pharaoh ants (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Monomorium pharaonis; foraging; hydramethylnon; pyriproxyfen; insect growth regulator; ant control ID PERIMETER TREATMENTS; PYRIPROXYFEN; FENOXYCARB AB Pharaoh ant, Monomorium pharaonis (L.), infestations often consist of several colonies located at different nest sites. To achieve control, it is desirable to suppress or eliminate the populations of a majority of these colonies. We compared the trophallactic distribution and efficacy of two ant baits, with different modes of action, among groups of four colonies of Pharaoh ants. Baits contained either the metabolic-inhibiting active ingredient hydramethylnon or the insect growth regulator (IGR) pyriproxyfen. Within 3 wk, the hydramethylnon bait reduced worker and brood populations br at least 80%, and queen reductions ranged between 73 and 100%, when nests were in proximity (within 132 cm) to the bait source. However, these nest sites were reoccupied by ants from other colonies located further from the bait source. The pyriproxyfen bait was distributed more thoroughly to all nest locations with worker populations gradually declining bq 73% at all nest sites after 8 wk. Average queen reductions ranged from 31 to 49% for all nest sites throughout the study. Even though some queens survived, brood reductions were rapid in the pyriprosyfen treatment, with reductions of 95% at all locations by week 3. Unlike the metabolic inhibitor; the IGR did not kill adult worker ants quickly, thus, more surviving worker ants were available to distribute the bait to all colonies located at different nest sites. Thus, from a single bait source, the slow-acting bait toxicant provided gradual, Lilt long-term control, whereas the fast-acting bait toxicant provided rapid, localized control for a shorter duration. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Oi, DH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1600 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 22 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 93 IS 4 BP 1247 EP 1255 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 347UF UT WOS:000088947000027 PM 10985038 ER PT J AU Valles, SM Oi, FM Wagner, T Brenner, RJ AF Valles, SM Oi, FM Wagner, T Brenner, RJ TI Toxicity and in vitro metabolism of t-permethrin in eastern subterranean termite (Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE insecticide detoxification; t-permethrin; subterranean termite ID CYTOCHROME-P450 MONOOXYGENASE AB Toxicity and metabolism of t-permethrin were evaluated in two colonies (UF and ARS) of tie eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flaavipes (Kollar), collected in Gainesville, FL. The UF colony (LC50 = 1.86 mu g per vial) was approximately twofold more tolerant of t-permethrin than the ARS colony (LC50 = 0.89 mu g per vial) at the LC50. The synergists piperonyl butoxide and S,S,S-tributylphosphorotithioate increased t-permethrin toxicity four- and threefold (at the LC50) in the UF and ARS colonies, respectively. Despite these differences in t-permethrin susceptibility, microsomal oxidase activities toward surrogate substrates (aldrin epoxidase, and metlloxyresorufin O-demethylase), cytochrome P450 content, and microsomal esterase activity toward alpha-naphthyl acetate did not differ significantly between the colonies. Moreover, no significant differences in qualitative and quantitative metabolism of [C-14] t-permethrin were observed between the UF and ARS colonies for three enzyme sources (microsomal oxidase, microsomal esterase, and cytosolic esterase). Based on in vitro metabolism assays, the major detoxification route of t-permethrin in the UF and ARS termite colonies appears to be hydrolysis catalyzed by microsomal esterases. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32606 USA. RP Valles, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1600 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32606 USA. NR 14 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 93 IS 4 BP 1259 EP 1264 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 347UF UT WOS:000088947000029 PM 10985040 ER PT J AU Walker, KA Hellmich, RL Lewis, LC AF Walker, KA Hellmich, RL Lewis, LC TI Late-instar European corn borer (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) tunneling and survival in transgenic corn hybrids SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ostrinia nubilalis; Bacillus thuringiensis; resistance management; high-dose strategy ID MANAGING PESTICIDE RESISTANCE; BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; SUSCEPTIBILITY AB Field studies were conducted in 1996 and 1997 to determine injury by and survival of late-instar European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), on genetically altered Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner corn, Zea,mays L. Cry1Ab events 176, Bt11, MON810, and MON802; Cry1Ac event DBT418; and Cry9C event CBH351 were evaluated. Plants of each corn hybrid were manually infested with two third-, fourth-, or fifth-instar O. nubilalis. Larvae were held in proximity to the internode of the plant above the ear with a mesh sleeve. Lan ae were put on tie plants during corn developmental stages V8, V16, R1, R3, R4, R5, and R6. This study shows that not all B. thuringiensis hybrids provide the same protection against O. nubilalis injury. Hybrids with B. thuringiensis events Bt11, MON810, MON802, and CHB351 effectively protected the corn against tunneling by late-instar O, nubilalis. Event 176 was effective in controlling late-instar O. nubilalis during V12 and V16 corn developmental stages; however, significant tunneling occurred by fourth instars during R3 and R5. Event DBT418 was not effective in controlling late-instar O. nubilalis during corn vegetative or reproductive stages of development. Whether the B, thuringiensis hybrids satisfied high- and ultrahigh-dose requirements is discussed. C1 Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Genet Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Entomol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Lewis, LC (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Genet Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 21 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 93 IS 4 BP 1276 EP 1285 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 347UF UT WOS:000088947000032 PM 10985043 ER PT J AU Porter, DR Burd, JD Shufran, KA Webster, JA AF Porter, DR Burd, JD Shufran, KA Webster, JA TI Efficacy of pyramiding greenbug (Homoptera : Aphididae) resistance genes in wheat SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Schizaphis graminum; biotypes; host plant resistance; genes; pyramiding ID DURABILITY; CULTIVARS; BIOTYPES; RICE AB Durable resistance to greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), in wheat is a goal of wheat improvement teams, and one that has been complicated by the regular occurrence of damaging biotypes. Simulation modeling studies suggest that pyramiding resistance genes, i.e., combining more than one resistance gene in a single cultivar or hybrid, may provide more durable resistance than sequential releases of single genes. We examined this theory by pyramiding resistance genes in wheat and testing a series of greenbug biotypes. Resistance genes Gb2, Gb3, and Gb6, and pyramided genes Gb2/Gb3, Gb2/Gb6, and Gb3/Gb6 were tested for effectiveness against biotypes E, F, G, H, and I. By comparing reactions of plants with pyramided genes to those with single resistance genes, we found that pyramiding provided no additional protection over that conferred Ly the single resistance genes. Based on the results of this test, we concluded that the sequential release of single resistance genes, combined with careful monitoring of greenbug population biotypes, is the most effective gene deployment strategy for greenbug resistance in wheat. C1 USDA, ARS, Plant Sci & Water Conservat Res Lab, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. RP Porter, DR (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Plant Sci & Water Conservat Res Lab, 1301 N Western Rd, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. NR 13 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 93 IS 4 BP 1315 EP 1318 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 347UF UT WOS:000088947000037 PM 10985048 ER PT J AU Ratcliffe, RH Cambron, SE Flanders, KL Bosque-Perez, NA Clement, SL Ohm, HW AF Ratcliffe, RH Cambron, SE Flanders, KL Bosque-Perez, NA Clement, SL Ohm, HW TI Biotype composition of Hessian fly (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae) populations from the southeastern, midwestern, and northwestern United States and virulence to resistance genes in wheat SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Mayetiola destructor; biotypes; wheat breeding; plant resistance ID WINTER-WHEAT; REGISTRATION; GERMPLASM AB Twenty-three Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), populations collected in the southeastern (Alabama and Mississippi), midwestern (Indiana), and northwestern (Idaho and Washington) United States from 1995 to 1999 were evaluated for biotype composition based on response to Hessian fly resistance genes H3,H5, H6, and H7H8 in wheat, Triticum aestivum L. Biotypes L and O, combined, mode up at least 60% of all Alabama populations. Biotype L was predominant in the northern third of Alabama and biotype O in the southern two-thirds of the state. Based on biotype data, wheat cultivars with H7H8 resistance should he highly effective in central and southern Alabama. Fifty-four percent of the Mississippi population consisted of biotype L, and the remaining virulent biotypes (B, D, E, G, J, and O) ranged in frequency from 1 to 17%. The Mississippi population also contained 4% of the avirulent biotype GP. Only biotypes D and L were found in Indiana populations, but biotype L was predominant. Hessian fly populations from Idaho and Washington contained one or more of the virulent biotypes D-H, J, and L-O; however, only biotypes E, F, and G occurred at frequencies >12%. The avirulent biotype GP made up 25-57% of Idaho and Washington populations, a much higher percentage than found in populations from the eastern United States. Although the highest level of virulence in Idaho and Washington populations was found to resistance genes H3 and H6, the frequency of biotype GP would indicate that the currently deployed gene H3 would provide a moderate to high level of resistance, depending on location. Nine of the populations, plus populations collected from the mid-Atlantic state area in 1989 and 1996, also were tested against the wheat cultivar 'INW9811' that carries H13 resistance to Hessian ny biotype L and two Purdue wheat lines with unidentified genes for resistance. The H13 resistance in INW9811 was highly effective against all populations tested from the eastern and northwestern U.S. wheat production areas, except Maryland and Virginia. population studies also indicated that wheat line CI 17960-1-1-2-4-2-10 likely carries the H13 resistance gene, based on the similarity of its response and that of INW9811 to eight flp populations. Continued monitoring of biotype frequency in Hessian ny populations is required for optimal deployment and management of resistance genes in all wheat production areas. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Prod & Pest Control Res Unit, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Ratcliffe, RH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Prod & Pest Control Res Unit, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 27 TC 69 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 93 IS 4 BP 1319 EP 1328 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 347UF UT WOS:000088947000038 PM 10985049 ER PT J AU Chu, CC Pinter, PJ Henneberry, TJ Umeda, K Natwick, ET Wei, YA Reddy, VR Shrepatis, M AF Chu, CC Pinter, PJ Henneberry, TJ Umeda, K Natwick, ET Wei, YA Reddy, VR Shrepatis, M TI Use of CC traps with different trap base colors for silverleaf whiteflies (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae), thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae), and leafhoppers (Homoptera : Cicadellidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bremisia argentifolii; Empoasca spp.; Frankliniella occidentalis; CC traps; trap base reflectance ID BEMISIA-ARGENTIFOLII HOMOPTERA; HYMENOPTERA; GREENHOUSE; PREFERENCE; APHIDIDAE; ADULTS; COTTON AB During 1996, 1997, and 1999, studies were conducted in cotton, sugar beets, alfalfa, yardlong Lean, and peanut fields to compare insect catches in CC traps equipped with different trap base colors. The studies were conducted in southwestern United States, China, and India. The nine colors, white, rum, red, yellow, lime green, spring green, woodland green (dark green), true blue, and black, varied in spectral reflectance in the visible (400-700 nm) and near-infrared (700-1050 nm) portions of spectrum. Lime green, yellow, and spring green were the three most attractive trap base colors for silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring, and leafhopper, Empoasca spp. adults. The three trap base colors were moderately high in the green, yellow, and orange spectral regions (490-600 nm), resembling the spectral reflectance curve of the abaxial (underleaf) surfaces of green cotton leaves. True blue and white were the most attractive trap base colors for western newer thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), adults. The true blue and white trap bases were moderately high in the blue spectral region (400-480 nm). C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Chu, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 27 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 10 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 93 IS 4 BP 1329 EP 1337 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 347UF UT WOS:000088947000039 PM 10985050 ER PT J AU Arthur, FH AF Arthur, FH TI Impact of food source on survival of red flour beetles and confused flour beetles (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae) exposed to diatomaceous earth SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE red flour beetle; confused flour beetle; diatomaceous earth; exposure; survival ID FERRUGINEUS STEPHENS COLEOPTERA; CYFLUTHRIN WETTABLE POWDER; REFUGE-SEEKING BEHAVIOR; SHORT-TIME INTERVALS; CRYPTOLESTES-FERRUGINEUS; RESIDUAL TOXICITY; SILICA AEROGEL; CONCRETE; CUCUJIDAE; INSECTICIDES AB A series of experiments was conducted to determine the effect of a flour food source on survival of red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum (DuVal), exposed to the labeled rate (0.5 mg/cm(2)) of Protect-It, a marine formulation of diatomaceous earth. Beetles were exposed at 27 degrees C, and 40, 57, and 75% RH in 62-cm(2) petri dishes. When beetles were esposed for 1 or 2 d in dishes with the labeled rate (0.5 mg/cm(2), or 31 mg per dish) of diatomaceous earth or in dishes containing flour at varying levels from 0 to 200 mg mixed with the labeled late of diatomaceous earth, survival of both species increased as the amount of flour increased, and quickly plateaued at levels approaching 100%, In a second set of experiments, experiments, beetles were transferred to dishes containing flour at varying levels from 0 to 200 mg after they were esposed for 1 or 2 d in dishes with the labeled rate of diatomaceous earth alone. There were no significant differences in beetle survival among the levels of flour, however, survival in dishes with flour was usually greater than survival in dishes with diatomaceous earth alone. In a third test, beetles were exposed for 1, 2, and 3 d in dishes with tither the labeled rate of diatomaceous earth alone (clean dishes),dishes with diatomaceous earth and empty straws, or dishes with diatomaceous earth and approximate to 300 mg of flour packed in the straws. Survival was not significantly. different between clean dishes or dishes with straws, but survival in dishes containing the str aws with flour was usually 100%, regardless of exposure interval. In all experiments, confused flour beetles were less susceptible to diatomaceous earth than red flour beetles. In addition, survival was negatively related to exposure interval and positively related to relative humidity. C1 USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Arthur, FH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 29 TC 44 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 20 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 93 IS 4 BP 1347 EP 1356 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 347UF UT WOS:000088947000041 PM 10985052 ER PT J AU Arthur, FH Flinn, PW AF Arthur, FH Flinn, PW TI Aeration management for stored hard red winter wheat: Simulated impact on rusty grain beetle (Coleoptera : Cucujidae) populations SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cryptolestes ferrugineus; rusty grain beetle; wheat; storage; aeration; modeling ID INSECT POPULATIONS; PRODUCT INSECTS; TEMPERATURE AB Simulation studies were conducted to determine temperature accumulations below defined thresholds and to show the impact of controlled aeration on populations of the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrigineus (Stephens), a major secondary pest of stored wheat, Triticum aestivum (L.). Recorded data from weather stations in Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, eastern New Mexico, and eastern Colorado (356 total) were used to determine hours of temperature accumulation below 23.9 degrees C in June and July, 15.6 degrees C in September and October, and 7.2 degrees C in December. At an airflow rate of 0.0013 m(3)/s/m(3) (0.1cubic ft(3)/min/bu), which requires 120 h of temperatures below the specified threshold to complete an aeration cycle, summer cooling at 23.9 degrees C in bulk-stored wheat could be completed throughout the hard red winter wheat zone except for extreme southern Texas. An early-autumn cooling cycle at 15.6 degrees C could not be completed throughout most of Texas and Oklahoma before the end of September. The late-autumn cooling cycle could be completed in all states except Texas by the end of November. Five geographic regions were delineated and the times required for completion of the summer, early-autumn, and late-autumn cooling cycles within each region were estimated. Population growth of the rusty grain beetle was modeled for San Antonio, TX; Abilene, TX; Tulsa, OK; Topeka KS; and Goodland, KS, by predicting the numbers of adults in the top, outer middle, outer periphery, and the center of the bin during a 1-yr storage season. Populations of C. ferrigineus in San Antonio and Austin were predicted to exceed the Federal Grain Inspection Service (FGIS) threshold of two beetles per kilogram of wheat in all four levels of the bin during late autumn, decline during the Minter, and increase the following spring. in Midland, TX, and Oklahoma City, OK, populations were predicted to exceed the threshold only in the top and outer middle of the bin, whereas populations in the Kansas locations were not predicted to exceed the threshold at any time. C1 USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Arthur, FH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RI Flinn, Paul/B-9104-2013 NR 27 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 93 IS 4 BP 1364 EP 1372 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 347UF UT WOS:000088947000043 PM 10985054 ER PT J AU Thomas, DB Shellie, KC AF Thomas, DB Shellie, KC TI Heating rate and induced thermotolerance in Mexican fruit fly (Diptera : Tephritidae) larvae, a quarantine pest of citrus and mangoes SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anastrepha ludens; Tephritidae; heat shock proteins; thermotolerance; disinfestation; quarantine ID CODLING MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; FORCED-AIR TREATMENTS; SHOCK PROTEINS; CERATITIS-CAPITATA; THERMAL DEATH; GRAPEFRUIT; MORTALITY; WATER; TEMPERATURE; TORTRICIDAE AB A bioassay and graduated temperature water baths were used to document the induction of thermotolerance in third-instar Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew). The 99% lethal time dose for larvae exposed to 44 degrees C core temperatures in artificial fruit is 61.5 min when a slow heating rate (120 min ramp) is applied, hut only 41.9 min when a fast heating rate (15 min ramp) is applied. In electrophoretic profiles a heat inducible protein of molecular weight 32 kDa was detected in 70% of the larvae exposed to the slow ramp treatment, but only 42% of the larvae in the fast ramp treatment. Results from this research demonstrate that thermotolerance can be induced under conditions used to commercially disinfest fresh produce and highlight the necessity for specifying heating rates in quarantine treatment schedules. C1 USDA ARS, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Lab, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Thomas, DB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Lab, 2301 S Int Blvd, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 39 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 93 IS 4 BP 1373 EP 1379 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 347UF UT WOS:000088947000044 PM 10985055 ER PT J AU Johnson, JA Valero, KA Hannel, MM Gill, RF AF Johnson, JA Valero, KA Hannel, MM Gill, RF TI Seasonal occurrence of postharvest dried fruit insects and their parasitoids in a culled fig warehouse SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Pyralidae; stored products biological control; parasitoids ID ZETETICONTUS-UTILIS HYMENOPTERA; TRAP COLOR; LEPIDOPTERA; FLIGHT; GRACILLARIIDAE; CARPOPHILUS; NITIDULIDAE; BRACONIDAE; ENCYRTIDAE; COLEOPTERA AB Parasitoids of dried-fruit insects were surveyed at a culled fig warehouse in Fresno, CA. Three parasitoids of pyralid larvae were found: Habrobracon hebetor (Say), Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst), and at least one species in the genus Goniozus Forster. Two parasitoids of pyralid pupae also were noted: Mesostenus gracilis (Cresson) and a new species of Psilochalcis Keifer. The latter is a new host association. Several beetle parasitoids were present, including Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard), three species of Cephalonomia Westwood, Laelius centratus (Say), and Cerchysiella utilis Noyes. C. utilis, a parasitoid of driedfruit beetle, Carpophilus hemipterus (L.), is a new record for California. Most activity by parasitoids (detected by yellow night traps) occurred directly above the fig mass. Pyralid parasitoids exhibited two peaks of seasonal activity one in late summer through early fall, shortly after new figs were brought into the warehouse, and one in the spring. II hebetor generally attacked older host larvae, whereas V. canescens equally attacked older and younger larvae, indicating that these two parasitoids may coexist Ly exploiting different portions of the host population. H. hebetor was active throughout the winter, suggesting that winter release of H. hebetor could be used to control diapausing pyralid populations in dried fruit and nut storage areas. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RP Johnson, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 32 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 8 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-0493 EI 1938-291X J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 93 IS 4 BP 1380 EP 1390 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 347UF UT WOS:000088947000045 PM 10985056 ER PT J AU Vadez, V Sinclair, TR AF Vadez, V Sinclair, TR TI Ureide degradation pathways in intact soybean leaves SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE ureide degradation; allantoate amidohydrolase; boric acid; water deficit ID NITROGENASE ACTIVITY; DROUGHT; FIXATION; ACCUMULATION; METABOLISM; ALLANTOATE; PLANTS AB Ureides dramatically accumulate in shoots of N-2-fixing soybean (Glycine max L. Merr,) under water deficit and this accumulation is higher in cultivars that have N-2 fixation that is sensitive to water deficit. One possible explanation is that ureide accumulation is associated with a feedback inhibition of nitrogenase activity. A critical factor involved in ureide accumulation is likely to be the rate of ureide degradation in the leaves. There exists, however, a controversy concerning the pathway of allantoic acid degradation in soybean. Allantoate amidinohydrolase was reported to be the pathway of degradation in studies using the cultivar Maple Arrow and allantoate amidohydrolase was the pathway that existed in the cultivar Williams. This investigation was undertaken to resolve the existence of these two pathways. An in situ technique was developed to examine the response of ureide degradation in leaf tissue to various treatments. In addition, the response of ureide accumulation and N-2 fixation activity was measured for intact plants in response to treatments that differentially influenced the two degradation pathways. The results from these studies confirmed that Maple Arrow and Williams degraded allantoic acid by different pathways as originally reported. The existence of two degradation pathways within the soybean germplasm opens the possibility of modifying ureide degradation to minimize the influence of soil water deficits on N-2 fixation activity. C1 Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Agron Physiol Lab, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Sinclair, TR (reprint author), Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Agron Physiol Lab, IFAS Bldg 350,POB 110965, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RI Vadez, Vincent/C-5310-2014 OI Vadez, Vincent/0000-0003-2014-0281 NR 18 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 8 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-0957 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 51 IS 349 BP 1459 EP 1465 DI 10.1093/jexbot/51.349.1459 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 381TQ UT WOS:000165779900016 PM 10944160 ER PT J AU Fratamico, PM Bagi, LK Pepe, T AF Fratamico, PM Bagi, LK Pepe, T TI A multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for rapid detection and identification of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in foods and bovine feces SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS; GROUND-BEEF; PCR; PATHOGENS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI-0157-H7; INFECTIONS; SEROTYPES; SAMPLES AB A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was designed to simplify detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and to identify the H serogroup and the type of Shiga toxin produced by this bacterium. Primers for a plasmid-encoded hemolysin gene (hly(933)), and chromosomal flagella (fliC(h7); flagellar structural gene of H7 serogroup), Shiga toxins (stx(1), stx(2)), and attaching and effacing (eaeA) genes were used in a multiplex PCR for coamplification of the corresponding DNA sequences from enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) O157:H7. Enrichment cultures of ground beef, blue cheese, mussels, alfalfa sprouts, and bovine feces, artificially inoculated with various levels of E, coli O157:H7 strain 933, were subjected to a simple DNA extraction step prior to the PCR, and the resulting amplification products were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Sensitivity of the assay was less than or equal to 1 CFU/g of food or bovine feces (initial inoculum level), and results could be obtained within 24 h. Similar detection levels were obtained with ground beef samples that underwent enrichment culturing immediately after inoculation and samples that were frozen or refrigerated prior to enrichment. The multiplex PCR facilitates detection of E. coli O157:H7 and can reduce the time required for confirmation of isolates by up to 3 to 4 days. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19118 USA. Univ Naples Federico II, Dept Pathol Prophylaxis & Food Inspect, I-80137 Naples, Italy. RP Fratamico, PM (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19118 USA. EM pfratamico@arserrc.gov NR 25 TC 104 Z9 107 U1 0 U2 8 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 63 IS 8 BP 1032 EP 1037 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 342KB UT WOS:000088642800004 PM 10945576 ER PT J AU Anderson, RC Buckley, SA Kubena, LF Stanker, LH Harvey, RB Nisbet, DJ AF Anderson, RC Buckley, SA Kubena, LF Stanker, LH Harvey, RB Nisbet, DJ TI Bactericidal effect of sodium chlorate on Escherichia coli O157 : H7 and Salmonella typhimurium DT104 in rumen contents in vitro SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article AB Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 are important foodborne pathogens affecting the beef and dairy industries and strategies are sought to rid these organisms from cattle at slaughter Both pathogens possess respiratory nitrate reductase that also reduces chlorate to the lethal chlorite ion. Because most anaerobes lack respiratory nitrate reductase, we hypothesized that chlorate may selectively kill E. coli O157:1-17 and Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 but not potentially beneficial anaerobes. In support of this hypothesis, we found that concentrations of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 were reduced from approximately 1,000,000 colony forming units (CFU) to below our level of detection (less than or equal to 10 CFU) following in vitro incubation (24 h) in buffered ruminal contents (pH 6.8) containing 5 mM added chlorate. In contrast, chlorate had little effect on the most probable number (mean +/- SD) of total culturable anaerobes (ranging from 9.9 +/- 0.72 to 10.7 +/- 0.01 log(10) cells/ml). Thus, chlorate was bactericidal to E, coli O157:1-17 and Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 but not to potentially beneficial bacteria. The bactericidal effect of chlorate was concentration dependent (less at 1.25 mM) and markedly affected by pH (more bactericidal at pH 6.8 than pH 5.6). C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, Food & Feed Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Anderson, RC (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, Food & Feed Res Unit, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. EM anderson@ffsru.tamu.edu NR 28 TC 66 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 6 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X EI 1944-9097 J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 63 IS 8 BP 1038 EP 1042 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 342KB UT WOS:000088642800005 PM 10945577 ER PT J AU Kelley, LC Hafner, S McCaskey, PC Sutton, MT Langheinrich, KA AF Kelley, LC Hafner, S McCaskey, PC Sutton, MT Langheinrich, KA TI An evaluation of methods for the detection of spinal cord in product derived from advanced meat recovery systems SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID BIOTIN AB This study investigated the usefulness of immunohistochemistry, histochemistry, and polarization microscopy in documenting the presence of spinal cord in ground product produced by advanced meat recovery systems (AMRS). A battery of diagnostic stains proved most helpful for definitive documentation of spinal cord in the AMRS product. Antibodies to neurofilament and glial fibrillary acidic proteins were useful for highlighting the presence of neural tissue in comminuted product but when used alone did not definitively differentiate central nervous system tissue from peripheral nerve. Polariscopy, trichrome staining, and immunostaining for synaptophysin were very useful for differentiating spinal cord from peripheral nerve, Spinal cord was found in 2 of 196 AMRS samples when only hematoxylin and eosin staining was used. In a later immunohistochemical subset of the survey study, spinal cord was found in 7 of 17 AMRS samples. More recently, spinal cord tissue has been found in 3 of 26 regulatory samples using hematoxylin and eosin stains combined with immunohistochemical techniques. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30613 USA. USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Pathol Sect,Eastern Lab, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Kelley, LC (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, Russell Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30613 USA. NR 12 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 63 IS 8 BP 1107 EP 1112 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 342KB UT WOS:000088642800016 PM 10945588 ER PT J AU Bergman, CJ Gualberto, DG Campbell, KG Sorrells, ME Finney, PL AF Bergman, CJ Gualberto, DG Campbell, KG Sorrells, ME Finney, PL TI Kernel morphology variation in a population derived from a soft by hard wheat cross and associations with end-use quality traits SO JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY LA English DT Article ID RED WINTER-WHEAT; INSTRUMENTAL MEASUREMENT; COOKIE HARDNESS; BAKING QUALITY; TEST WEIGHT; SELECTION; GENOTYPE; YIELD; SIZE AB Physical attributes, including kernel morphology, are used to grade wheat, and indicate wheat milling and baking quality (MBQ). Using a recombinant inbred population derived from a soft by hard wheat cross, this study quantified kernel traits' sources of variation, studied their heritability, and relationships between morphological and MBQ traits. Transgressive segregation occurred for all traits. Thousand-kernel weight (TKW) and kernel texture (NIR-T) were primarily. C1 USDA ARS, Rice Res Unit, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. RP Bergman, CJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Rice Res Unit, 1509 Aggie Dr, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. NR 35 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 2 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0146-9428 J9 J FOOD QUALITY JI J. Food Qual. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 23 IS 4 BP 391 EP 407 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4557.2000.tb00566.x PG 17 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 351PF UT WOS:000089166800003 ER PT J AU Stanturf, JA Gardiner, ES Hamel, PB Devall, MS Leininger, TD Warren, ME AF Stanturf, JA Gardiner, ES Hamel, PB Devall, MS Leininger, TD Warren, ME TI Restoring bottomland hardwood ecosystems in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article ID REFORESTATION; FOREST AB Programs to restore southern bottomland hardwood forests to the floodplains of the Mississippi have been tested on federal land and are now being applied to private holdings. The initial goals were to provide wildlife habitat and improve water quality, but other benefits-possible income from biomass and carbon credits--may make restoration cost-effective, even for small landowners. One challenge is finding the right mix of tree species that are adapted to soil saturation and root anoxia, can be planted and managed economically, and will produce a closed canopy and complex structure quickly. Bringing back the understory is another challenge. C1 US Forest Serv, Ctr Bottomland Hardwoods Res, So Res Stn, USDA, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Stanturf, JA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Ctr Bottomland Hardwoods Res, So Res Stn, USDA, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RI Stanturf, John/B-2889-2010 OI Stanturf, John/0000-0002-6828-9459 NR 24 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 8 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 98 IS 8 BP 10 EP 16 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 418NY UT WOS:000167899300005 ER PT J AU Lynch, DL Romme, WH Floyd, ML AF Lynch, DL Romme, WH Floyd, ML TI Forest restoration in Southwestern Ponderosa Pine SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article AB A field study on the San Juan National Forest focused first on restoring degraded ponderosa pine forests to ecological integrity and potential productivity, and second on maximizing returns from harvesting. Results show that if landscape-scale forest restoration has a future, sale design is critical. Managers who combine financially strong and weak units, design sales to reduce logging and prescribed burning costs,and take advantage of the fluctuating market for small material can achieve both ecological and financial objectives. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Ft Lewis Coll, Dept Biol, Durango, CO 81301 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Prescott Coll, Dept Environm Studies, Prescott, AZ USA. RP Lynch, DL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Romme, William/C-7317-2016 NR 21 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 98 IS 8 BP 17 EP 24 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 418NY UT WOS:000167899300006 ER PT J AU Hull, RB Gobster, PH AF Hull, RB Gobster, PH TI Restoring forest ecosystems: The human dimension SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article ID LANDSCAPE AB Why should society restore forest ecosystems! What kinds of restorations are likely to succeed socially as well as ecologically! How do we maintain the volunteer force needed to implement and maintain restoration projects! Scholars are beginning to address these questions and finding that human dimensions are key to the successful implementation and maintenance of restoration projects. We recommend making clear the range of benefits resulting from restoration, negotiating ecologically sound and socially acceptable alternatives, and creating volunteer communities that sustain projects over the long run. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Coll Nat Resources, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, USDA, Chicago, IL USA. RP Hull, RB (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Coll Nat Resources, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM hullrb@vt.edu RI Gobster, Paul/A-2826-2013 OI Gobster, Paul/0000-0002-8576-0310 NR 24 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 7 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 98 IS 8 BP 32 EP 36 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 418NY UT WOS:000167899300012 ER PT J AU Kushalappa, KM Mattoo, AK Vijayraghavan, U AF Kushalappa, KM Mattoo, AK Vijayraghavan, U TI A spectrum of genes expressed during early stages of rice panicle and flower development SO JOURNAL OF GENETICS LA English DT Article DE cDNA clones; rice panicles; floral development; rice ID NO APICAL MERISTEM; RECEPTOR KINASE; CDNA CLONES; ARABIDOPSIS; SEQUENCE; PROTEIN; GENERATION; APETALA2; ENCODES AB To unravel gene expression patterns during rice inflorescence development, particularly at early stages of panicle and floral organ specification, we have characterized random cloned cDNAs from developmental-stage-specific libraries. cDNA libraries were constructed from rice panicles at the stage of branching and flower primordia specification or from panicles undergoing floral organogenesis. Partial sequence analysis and expression patterns of some of these random cDNA clones from these two rice panicle libraries are presented. Sequence comparisons with known DNA sequences in databases reveal that approximately sixtyeight per cent of these expressed rice genes show varying degrees of similarity to genes in other species with assigned functions. In contrast, thirtytwo per cent represent uncharacterized genes. cDNAs reported here code for potential rice homologues of housekeeping molecules, regulators of gene expression, and signal transduction molecules. They comprise both single-copy and multicopy genes, and genes expressed differentially, both spatially and temporally, during rice plant development. New rice cDNAs requiring specific mention are those with similarity to COP1, a regulator of photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis; sequence-specific DNA binding plant proteins like AP2-domain-containing factors; genes that specify positional information in shoot meristems like leucine-rich-repeat-containing receptor kinases; regulators of chromatin structure like Polycomb domain protein; and also proteins induced by abiotic stresses. C1 Indian Inst Sci, Dept Microbiol & Cell Biol, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India. Univ British Columbia, Dept Bot, Vancouver, BC V6T 124, Canada. USDA ARS, Vegetable Lab, PSI, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Vijayraghavan, U (reprint author), Indian Inst Sci, Dept Microbiol & Cell Biol, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India. RI Mattoo, Autar/G-9863-2011 NR 25 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU INDIAN ACADEMY SCIENCES PI BANGALORE PA P B 8005 C V RAMAN AVENUE, BANGALORE 560 080, INDIA SN 0022-1333 J9 J GENET JI J. Genet. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 79 IS 2 BP 25 EP 32 DI 10.1007/BF02728942 PG 8 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 388AZ UT WOS:000166156400001 ER PT J AU Alber, T Cassidy, MB Zablotowicz, RM Trevors, JT Lee, H AF Alber, T Cassidy, MB Zablotowicz, RM Trevors, JT Lee, H TI Degradation of p-nitrophenol and pentachlorophenol mixtures by Sphingomonas sp UG30 in soil perfusion bioreactors SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bioreactor; degradation; encapsulation; p-nitrophenol; pentachlorophenol; perfusion; remediation; soil; Sphingomonas ID PSEUDOMONAS SP UG30; MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATION; CONTAMINATED SOIL; KAPPA-CARRAGEENAN; FLAVOBACTERIUM SP; MINERALIZATION; BIODEGRADATION; CELLS; REACTOR; SCALE AB The degradation of mixtures of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and p-nitrophenol (PNP) were evaluated in pure cultures of Sphingomonas sp, UG30, statically incubated soils (60% water-holding capacity) and soil perfusion bioreactors where encapsulated cells of UG30 were used as a soil inoculant. In pure-culture studies, conditions were optimized for mineralization of PCP and PNP mixtures at concentrations of 30 mg l(-1) each. Optimum in vitro mineralization of PCP and PNP mixtures by UG30 was facilitated using ammonium phosphate as a nitrogen source, while inhibition was observed with ammonium nitrate. The bioreactor system used columns containing soil treated with mixtures of 100, 225 or 500 mg kg(-1) of PCP and PNP. Rapid dissipation of both substrates was observed at the 100 mg kg(-1) level. Inoculation with UG30 enhanced PCP degradation at the 100 mg kg(-1) level in bioreactors but not in static soil microcosms. At higher PCP and PNP concentrations (225 mg kg(-1)), occasional complete degradation of PNP was observed, and PCP degradation was about 80% compared to about 25% in statically incubated soils after 20 days at 22 degrees C, There was no additional degradation of the PCP and PNP mixtures attributable to inoculation with encapsulated cells of UG30 in either soil system at concentrations of 225 or 500 mg kg(-1). C1 Univ Guelph, Dept Environm Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Fachhsch Weihenstephan, Fachbereich Biotechnol, Freising, Germany. USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Trevors, JT (reprint author), Univ Guelph, Dept Environm Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. OI Zablotowicz, Robert/0000-0001-8070-1998 NR 30 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 11 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1367-5435 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 25 IS 2 BP 93 EP 99 DI 10.1038/sj.jim.7000040 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 361NE UT WOS:000089728500006 ER PT J AU Kim, H Gardner, HW Hou, CT AF Kim, H Gardner, HW Hou, CT TI Production of isomeric 9,10,13 (9,12,13)-trihydroxy-11E (10E)-octadecenoic acid from linoleic acid by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PR3 SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bioconversion; trihydroxy octadecenoic acid; linoleic acid; Pseudomonas aeruginosa PR3 ID RICE BLAST DISEASE; UNSATURATED FATTY-ACIDS; FLAVOBACTERIUM SP DS5; OLEIC-ACID; 7,10-DIHYDROXY-8(E)-OCTADECENOIC ACID; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; NRRL B-14859; COMPOUND; BIOCONVERSION; METABOLISM AB Trihydroxy unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbons have been reported as plant self-defense substances. Their production in nature is rare and is found mainly in plant systems. Previously, we reported that a new bacterial isolate, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PR3, converted oleic acid and ricinoleic acid to 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid and 7,10,12-trihydroxy-8(E) -octadecenoic acid, respectively. Here we report that strain PR3 converted linoleic acid to two compounds: 9,10,13-trihydroxy-11 (E)-octadecenoic acid (9,10,13-THOD) and 9,12,13-trihydroxy-10(E)-octadecenoic acid (9,12,13-THOD). Stereochemical analyses showed the presence of 16 different diastereomers the maximum number possible. The optimum reaction temperature and pH for THOD production were 30 degrees C and 7.0, respectively. The optimum linoleic acid concentration was 10 mg/ml. The most effective single carbon and nitrogen sources were glucose and sodium glutamate, respectively. However, when a mixture of yeast extract (0.05%), (NH4)(2)HPO4 (0.2%), and NH4NO3 (0.1%) was used as the nitrogen source, THOD production was higher by 8.3% than when sodium glutamate was the nitrogen source. Maximum production of total THOD with 44% conversion of substrate was achieved at 72 h of incubation, after which THOD production plateaued up to 240 h, THOD production and cell growth increased in parallel with glucose concentration up to 0.3%, after which cell growth reached its maximum and THOD production did not increase. These results suggested that THODs were not metabolized by strain PR3, This is the first report of microbial production of 9,10,13- and 9,12,13-THOD from linoleic acid. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Oil Chem Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Hou, CT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Oil Chem Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 38 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 5 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1367-5435 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 25 IS 2 BP 109 EP 115 DI 10.1038/sj.jim.7000041 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 361NE UT WOS:000089728500009 ER PT J AU Behle, RW McGuire, MR Tamez-Guerra, P AF Behle, RW McGuire, MR Tamez-Guerra, P TI Effect of light energy on alkali-released virions from Anagrapha falcifera nucleopolyhedrovirus SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; SIMULATED SUNLIGHT-UV; AUTOGRAPHA-CALIFORNICA; FORMULATIONS; BACULOVIRUS AB We compared the insecticidal activities of occluded and nonoccluded AfMNPV baculovirus obtained by dissolving the occlusion bodies (OB) with sodium carbonate. Droplet feeding and cotton leaf feeding bioassay techniques were used to determine the dose response against neonate Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) and loss of insecticidal activity when the virus was exposed to simulated sunlight from a xenon light source. Using droplet bioassays to determine a dose response, nonoccluded virus (NOV) was 20 times more active (LC50 = 4.8 x 10(3) OB/ml, dissolved) than occluded virus (LC50 = 9.6 x 10(4) OB/ml) when the samples remained wet. However, NOV lost activity when air dried before being tested by droplet (LC50 > 1.0 x 10(6) OB/ml) or leaf feeding (LC50 > 3.0 x 10(6) OB/ml) bioassays. Adding sucrose to NOV prevented the loss of insecticidal activity when samples were dried. The activity of NOV with 2% sucrose was similar to that of occluded virus samples, with or without sucrose, in both droplet feeding and leaf feeding assays. These results indicate that the OB protected the insecticidal activity of virions from the detrimental effects of drying. The OB also provided some protection from the detrimental effects of simulated sunlight (xenon) exposure. NOV samples exposed to xenon light had significantly greater loss of insecticidal activity than did similar samples of occluded virus. Without advancement in technologies, such as formulations, possible benefits of increased insecticidal activity from the use of nonoccluded virus is probably not sufficient to offset the rapid loss of activity due to drying or light exposure. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. UANL, Dept Microbiol & Inmunol, Fac Ciencias Biol, San Nicolas Garza 66450, NL, Mexico. RP Behle, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 16 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 76 IS 2 BP 120 EP 126 DI 10.1006/jipa.2000.4958 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 353XR UT WOS:000089301200005 PM 11023735 ER PT J AU Spanier, AM Berry, BW Solomon, MB AF Spanier, AM Berry, BW Solomon, MB TI Variation in the tenderness of beef strip loins and improvement in tenderness by use of hydrodynamic pressure processing (HDP) SO JOURNAL OF MUSCLE FOODS LA English DT Article ID MEAT; LONGISSIMUS; MUSCLE; TOUGHNESS; COOKING; QUALITY; STEAKS; HEAT; LAMB AB Shear force (SF) in 71C broiled steaks was compared along the length of beef strip loins (LM) and between medial and lateral (M&L) portions of individual steaks. A high degree of variation in SF (mean range of 3 kg) existed within individual steaks along the length of the LM. No difference in SF was observed between M&L sections of individual 2.54 cm steaks along the LM. Hydrodynamic pressure (HDP) treatment was employed on the LM to determine if variation in SF could be reduced. HDP treatment led to both a decrease in variation and an improvement in tenderness for both the M&L portions of the steak (within steak) and along the entire LM (within LM). These data show inconsistency in tenderness both along the LM and within each LM steak of control steaks. Furthermore, these data suggest that HDP can increase tenderness and reduce tenderness variation. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, LPSI, Meat Sci Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Spanier, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, LPSI, Meat Sci Res Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave,Bldg 201,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 36 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 1 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 1046-0756 J9 J MUSCLE FOODS JI J. Muscle Foods PD AUG PY 2000 VL 11 IS 3 BP 183 EP 196 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4573.2000.tb00424.x PG 14 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 347QL UT WOS:000088940600003 ER PT J AU Berry, BW Bigner-George, ME AF Berry, BW Bigner-George, ME TI Factors affecting color properties of beef patties cooked on an outdoor gas grill SO JOURNAL OF MUSCLE FOODS LA English DT Article ID IN-GROUND BEEF; END-POINT TEMPERATURE; COOKING; STATE; PH AB Visual and instrumental color properties were obtained on beef patties cooked on an outdoor gas grill. Factors evaluated as to their influence on color were fat content, (20-28% vs 6-10%) patty handling prior to cooking (fresh, thawed either as patties or bulk ground beef), endpoint in cooking (57, 66, 71 C, slit in outer edge of patty during cooking showing brown color), lighting conditions and evaluation time post-cooking. Factors resulting in less pink/red color and more brown color in cooked patties were (1) higher fat content, (2) cooking bulk frozen, thawed, then pattied product, (3) higher endpoint temperature and longer time postcooking before evaluation. Termination of cooking by observing brown color in slits in patties cooked on a gas grill was not synonymous with a safe internal temperature. C1 USDA ARS, Meat Sci Res Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Berry, BW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Meat Sci Res Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Bldg 201,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 1046-0756 J9 J MUSCLE FOODS JI J. Muscle Foods PD AUG PY 2000 VL 11 IS 3 BP 213 EP 226 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4573.2000.tb00426.x PG 14 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 347QL UT WOS:000088940600005 ER PT J AU Wedge, DE Nagle, DG AF Wedge, DE Nagle, DG TI A new 2D-TLC bioautography method for the discovery of novel antifungal agents to control plant pathogens SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LA English DT Article ID ANTHRACNOSE AB A new bioassay has been developed combining the simplicity of direct bioautography with the improved chromatographic resolution of BD-TLC. Mixtures of structurally diverse antifungal agents were tested to establish the validity and utility of this method in the discovery of new natural products with activity against agriculturally important fungal pathogens. C1 Univ Mississippi, USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Nat Prod Res, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, University, MS 38677 USA. Univ Mississippi, Dept Pharmacognosy, University, MS 38677 USA. Univ Mississippi, Sch Pharm, Pharmaceut Sci Res Inst, Natl Ctr Nat Prod Res, University, MS 38677 USA. RP Wedge, DE (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Nat Prod Res, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, University, MS 38677 USA. NR 18 TC 68 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0163-3864 J9 J NAT PROD JI J. Nat. Prod. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 63 IS 8 BP 1050 EP 1054 DI 10.1021/np990628r PG 5 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 349QF UT WOS:000089056600002 PM 10978195 ER PT J AU Gardner, DR Manners, GD Panter, KE Lee, ST Pfister, JA AF Gardner, DR Manners, GD Panter, KE Lee, ST Pfister, JA TI Three new toxic norditerpenoid alkaloids from the low larkspur Delphinium nuttallianum SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LA English DT Article ID PRITZ AB Three new N-(methylsuccinimido)anthranoyllycoctonine norditerpenoids, given the names bearline (1), 14-acetylbearline (2), and 16-deacetylgeyerline (3), were isolated from the extract of the low larkspur Delphinium nuttallianum. The structures of the individual alkaloids were determined by H-1 and C-13 NMR spectroscopy and HRMS. These alkaloids are structurally related to the neurotoxic alkaloid methyllycaconitine (4) and may be important in establishing the toxicity of low larkspurs to cattle. A mouse bioassay was used to measure the LD50 values for two of the new alkaloids (1 and 2), as sufficient quantities of 3 were not available for toxicity testing. A structurally related alkaloid, geyerline (7), was isolated from D. geyeri in sufficient quantities for toxicity testing. The toxicities of 1, 2, and 7 were found to be comparable to that of 4, with calculated LD50 values in mice of 5.7, 3.3, and 6.2 mg/kg, respectively. C1 USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Gardner, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, 1150 E 1400 N, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 14 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0163-3864 J9 J NAT PROD JI J. Nat. Prod. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 63 IS 8 BP 1127 EP 1130 DI 10.1021/np0000116 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 349QF UT WOS:000089056600017 PM 10978210 ER PT J AU Jiang, RH Chang, XY Stoll, B Ellis, KJ Shypailo, RJ Weaver, E Campbell, J Burrin, DG AF Jiang, RH Chang, XY Stoll, B Ellis, KJ Shypailo, RJ Weaver, E Campbell, J Burrin, DG TI Dietary plasma protein is used more efficiently than extruded soy protein for lean tissue growth in early-weaned pigs SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE plasma protein; lean tissue growth; amino acid catabolism; urea metabolism; weanling pigs ID DRIED PORCINE PLASMA; CATABOLISM AB We compared the effects of supplementing either animal plasma or extruded soy protein in the diet based on the efficiency of dietary protein utilization for lean tissue growth in early-weaned pigs. Twenty-four 14-d-old pigs (4 kg body weight) were pair-fed (per kg body weight) either a control diet containing extruded soy protein (C; n = 12) or a diet with 10% animal plasma (P; n = 12) for 24 d, During the 24 days, protein intake was not different, yet mean daily body weight gains (+23%) and food conversion efficiencies (expressed as the ratio of body weight gain to protein intake) (+19%) were greater (P < 0.05) in the P group than in the C group. Lean body mass measured after 24 d, using both dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and total body potassium analysis, was significantly (P < 0.05) greater (similar to 16%) in P than in C pigs. The circulating urea concentrations were 40% lower (P < 0.05) in P than in C pigs. Our results demonstrate that supplementing early-weaned pig diets with animal plasma rather than extruded soy protein increased the efficiency of dietary protein use for lean tissue growth and that this response is mediated in part by decreased amino acid catabolism. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. LG Labs Inc, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Amer Prot Corp, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Burrin, DG (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 12 TC 33 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 130 IS 8 BP 2016 EP 2019 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 339TA UT WOS:000088492900024 PM 10917918 ER PT J AU Miller, KB Caton, JS Schafer, DM Smith, DJ Finley, JW AF Miller, KB Caton, JS Schafer, DM Smith, DJ Finley, JW TI High dietary manganese lowers heart magnesium in pigs fed a low-magnesium diet SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE manganese; magnesium; toxicity; heart; swine ID ACUTE MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; INTRAVENOUS MAGNESIUM; RATS; ARRHYTHMIAS; DEFICIENCY; DISEASE AB Young pigs were fed a diet moderately high or low in manganese (Mn) (0.95 +/- 0.10 mmol Mn/kg, n = 8 or 0.040 +/- 0.003 mmol Mn/kg, n = 6) and deficient in magnesium (Mg) (4.1 mmol Mg/kg) for 5 wk. All eight pigs consuming the high Mn diet died following convulsive seizures, whereas only two of six died in the group fed low Mn. In an attempt to determine the cause of death, a subsequent study examined the interactive effect of deficient dietary Mg and Mn on the tissue distribution of Mg and Mn. Pigs were individually fed, for 5 wk, diets that contained: 4.1 mmol Mg/kg and 36.0 mu mol Mn/kg, 4.1 mmol Mg/kg and 0.91 mmol Mn/kg, 4.1 mmol Mg/kg and 0.91 mmol Mn/kg with added ultratrace minerals, or 41.1 mmol Mg/kg and 0.91 mmol Mn/kg, and ultratrace minerals. Liver and skeletal muscle Mn concentrations were significantly elevated by increased dietary Mn. Increased dietary Mn did not affect heart Mn, but heart Mg concentrations were significantly depressed by high, as compared to low, dietary Mn (38.7 +/- 3.3 vs. 32.7 +/- 2.6 mmol Mg/kg), These data suggest high dietary Mn may exacerbate Mg deficiency in heart muscle and thus may be a complicating factor in the deaths observed in Mg-deficient pigs. C1 ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Anim & Range Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. ARS, USDA, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Finley, JW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 37 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 130 IS 8 BP 2032 EP 2035 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 339TA UT WOS:000088492900027 PM 10917921 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Speer, CA Lindsay, DS AF Dubey, JP Speer, CA Lindsay, DS TI In vitro cultivation of schizonts of Sarcocystis speeri Dubey and Lindsay, 1999 SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS; OPOSSUM DIDELPHIS-VIRGINIANA; N-SP PROTOZOA; FALCATULA; NEURONA; SPOROCYSTS; BIRDS AB Schizonts of Sarcocystis speeri Dubey and Lindsay, 1999 were cultured in vitro in bovine monocyte and equine kidney cell cultures inoculated with infected tissues of nude and gamma-interferon knockout mice fed sporocysts from opossums, Didelphis albiventris. At least 1 asexual cycle was completed in 3 days. In vitro-grown merozoites were structurally and antigenically distinct from those of Sarcocystis neurona and Sarcocystis falcatula. Culture-derived merozoites of S. speeri were not infective to budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016 OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321 NR 19 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 86 IS 4 BP 671 EP 678 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[0671:IVCOSO]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 344AW UT WOS:000088736300003 PM 10958438 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP AF Dubey, JP TI Prevalence of Sarcocystis species sporocysts in wild-caught opossums (Didelphis virginiana) SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BUDGERIGARS MELOPSITTACUS-UNDULATUS; EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS; N-SP PROTOZOA; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; NEOSPORA-CANINUM; NEURONA; FALCATULA; HORSES; ANTIBODIES; SEROPREVALENCE AB Sarcocystis sporocysts were found in intestinal scrapings from 24 (54.5%) of 44 opossums (Didelphis virginiana). The number of sporocysts varied from a few (<10,000) to 245 million. Sporocysts from 23 of 24 opossums were fed to captive budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatas), and the inocula from 21 opossums were infective, indicating the presence of Sarcorystis falcatula. Sporocysts from 24 opossums were fed to gamma-interferon-knockout (KO) or nude mice; inocula from 14 opossums were infective to mice. Sarcocystis neurona was detected in tissues of KO mice by specific staining with anti-S. neurona antibodies, and the parasite was cultured in vitro from the brains of KO mice fed sporocysts from 8 opossums. Sarcocystis speeri was identified by specific staining with anti-S. speeri antibodies in tissues of KO mice fed inocula from 8 opossums; 3 opossums had mixed S. neurona and S. speeri infections. Thus, the prevalences of sporocysts of different species of Sarcocystis in opossums were: S. falcatula 21 of 44 (47.7%), S. neurona 8 of 44 (18.1%), and S. speeri 8 of 44 (18.1%) opossums. Sarcocystis neurona alone was found in 1 opossum, and S. speeri alone was found in 1 opossum. Mixed Sarcocystis infections were present in 21 opossums. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 25 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 86 IS 4 BP 705 EP 710 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[0705:POSSSI]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 344AW UT WOS:000088736300009 PM 10958444 ER PT J AU Fetterer, RH Allen, PC AF Fetterer, RH Allen, PC TI Eimeria acervulina infection elevates plasma and muscle 3-methylhistidine levels in chickens SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID N-TAU-METHYLHISTIDINE; PROTEIN-TURNOVER; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; EXCRETION; DEGRADATION; COCCIDIOSIS; BROILER; TISSUE; RATES AB TO assess muscle breakdown during avian coccidiosis, the level of the nonmetabolizable amino acid 5-methylhistidine (3MH) was determined in muscle, plasma and excreta from chickens infected with Eimeria acervulina. The changes in 3MH levels during infection were assessed at 1-29 days postinoculation (DPI) in animals given 5 X 10(5) oocysts per bird. The effect of levels of parasitism were evaluated at 8 DPI in birds receiving 5 x 10(3), 5 x 10(4), 5 x 10(5) or 1 x 10(6) oocysts each. The 3MH levels of plasma, muscle, and excreta samples were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography after derivatization with fluorescamine. Weight gains, breast muscle weight, eviscerated weight, plasma carotenoid levels, dry weight of muscle, and gross lesion scores were also determined. Infected birds had significantly elevated plasma and muscle 3MH at 4 and 8 DPI following a single dose of E. acervulina. The increase in 3MH levels had an inverse relationship with the time course of weight gain and plasma carotenoid levels. Plasma and muscle 3MH levels returned to control values by 15 DPI and remained unchanged from control values through the remainder of the experiment (29 DPI). Breast weight was decreased in infected birds, but the ratio of breast weight to eviscerated body weight was unchanged. Excretion of 3MH decreased relative to controls at 4 and 8 DPI and returned to control levels on 15 DPI. The plasma and muscle levels of 3MH were related to severity of infection; however, levels of excreted 3MH were not. The results suggested that muscle breakdown, as assessed by plasma and muscle levels of 3MH, increased during the acute stage of E. acervulina infection. The underlying causes for this muscle breakdown was unclear but could involve a physiological response to anorexia and decreased food intake during the acute phase of infection. Levels of excreted 3MH did not increase during infection and this may be the result of decreased excreta output during infection. Plasma and muscle levels of 3MH were correlated with severity of E. acervulina infections but may not be as sensitive an indicator of infection as plasma carotenoid levels or other physiological parameters. C1 USDA, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Fetterer, RH (reprint author), USDA, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD USA. NR 33 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 86 IS 4 BP 783 EP 791 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[0783:EAIEPA]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 344AW UT WOS:000088736300022 PM 10958457 ER PT J AU Kutz, SJ Elkin, B Gunn, A Dubey, JP AF Kutz, SJ Elkin, B Gunn, A Dubey, JP TI Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in muskox (Ovibos moschatus) sera from northern Canada SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EXOTIC MAMMALS; SPECIFICITY; SOWS AB Prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii was determined in 203 muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) from 3 geographically distinct areas of northern Canada (near the hamlets of Kugluktuk and Cambridge Bay, Nunavut and Holman, Northwest Territories) by the modified agglutination test (MAT). Antibodies were found in 13 (6.4%) of 203 animals with MAT titers of 1:25 in 2, 1:50 in 7, 1:200 in 2, 1:400 in 1, and 1:800 in 1. The 4 muskoxen with MAT titers greater than or equal to 1:200 were adult females and were among 10 animals examined from a mainland population near Kugluktuk. The seroprevalence was lower in Victoria Island muskoxen collected near Cambridge Bay (4.6% of 151) and Holman (4.8% of 42). This is the first serologic survey for T. gondii infection in muskoxen. C1 ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Saskatchewan, Western Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Microbiol, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada. Govt NW Terr, Dept Resources Wildlife & Econ Dev, Wildlife & Fisheries Div, Yellowknife, NT X1A 3S8, Canada. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 23 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 EI 1937-2345 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 86 IS 4 BP 879 EP 882 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[0879:POTGAI]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 344AW UT WOS:000088736300045 PM 10958480 ER PT J AU Gesch, RW Vu, JCV Boote, KJ Allen, LH Bowes, G AF Gesch, RW Vu, JCV Boote, KJ Allen, LH Bowes, G TI Subambient growth CO2 leads to increased Rubisco small subunit gene expression in developing rice leaves SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE acclimation; photosynthesis; rbcS expression; rice; subambient CO2 ID ELEVATED CO2; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; TEMPERATURE; PLANTS AB To test the hypothesis whether low atmospheric [CO2] can cause an increase of Rubisco small subunit gene expression, rice (Oryza sativa L.) growing under ambient [CO2] at 350 mu mol mol(-1) was switched to subambient [CO2] at 175 mu molmol(-1) during late vegetative stage. After the switch, photosynthesis rate of developing leaves initially declined but partially recovered after 8 days. Transcript levels of the Rubisco small subunit gene (rbcS) in developing leaves increased within three days to almost twice that of ambient-CO2 controls, followed later by an up-regulation of Rubisco total activity and protein content. C1 USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. USDA ARS, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Agron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Bot, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Gesch, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. NR 14 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA BRANCH OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, D-07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 157 IS 2 BP 235 EP 238 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 348QU UT WOS:000088998100014 ER PT J AU Tu, SI Uknalis, J Irwin, P Yu, LSL AF Tu, SI Uknalis, J Irwin, P Yu, LSL TI The use of streptavidin coated magnetic beads for detecting pathogenic bacteria by light addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) SO JOURNAL OF RAPID METHODS AND AUTOMATION IN MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; ASSAY; SALMONELLA AB A modified procedure for magnetic capture of antibody-conjugated bacteria for light addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) detection using the Threshold System was developed. Streptavidin coated magnetic beads, partially labeled with biotinylated anti Escherichia coli O157 antibodies, were used to capture Escherichia coli O157:H7. Captured bacteria were further labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti -E. coli O157:H7 antibodies and urease-labeled. antifluorescein antibody, Magnetically concentrated bacteria-containing complexes were then immobilized through streptavidin-biotin interactions on 0.45 mu biotinylated nitro-cellulose membranes assembled as sample sticks for the threshold instrument. The rate of pH change associated with the production of NH3 by the urease in urea-containing solution was measured by a LAPS incorporated in the Threshold instrument This approach allowed us to detect 10(3) to 10(4) CFU of cultured E. coli O157:H7 in PBS solutions. Furthermore, detectable LAPS signals of the sample sticks remained relatively constant for at least 24 h at 4C. The developed approach was applied to detect the E. coli in beef hamburger spiked with the bacteria. After a 5 to 6-h enrichment at 37C, as low as 1 CFU/g of E. coli O157:H7 in beef hamburger could be detected. C1 USDA ARS, N Atlantic Area, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Tu, SI (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Atlantic Area, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 Eastern Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 11 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 5 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 1060-3999 J9 J RAPID METH AUT MIC JI J. Rapid Methods Autom. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 8 IS 2 BP 95 EP 109 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4581.2000.tb00353.x PG 15 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 347BL UT WOS:000088906800003 ER PT J AU English, DBK AF English, DBK TI Calculating confidence intervals for regional economic impacts of recreation by bootstrapping visitor expenditures SO JOURNAL OF REGIONAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CHOICE CONTINGENT VALUATION; WELFARE MEASURES AB In this paper I use bootstrap procedures to develop confidence intervals for estimates of total industrial output generated per thousand tourist visits. Mean expenditures fi om replicated visitor expenditure data included weights to correct for response bias. Impacts were estimated with IMPLAN. Ninety percent interval endpoints were 6 to 16 percent above or below the original sample's point estimate depending on the calculation method. Due to the linearity of input-output a shortcut method that estimates confidence interval endpoints from the distribution of mean expenditure profiles yields nearly identical results. C1 US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP English, DBK (reprint author), US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, 320 Green St, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 26 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0022-4146 J9 J REGIONAL SCI JI J. Reg. Sci. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 40 IS 3 BP 523 EP 539 DI 10.1111/0022-4146.00186 PG 17 WC Economics; Environmental Studies; Planning & Development SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration GA 351UG UT WOS:000089176100005 ER PT J AU Gibbs, R AF Gibbs, R TI The economics of the great depression SO JOURNAL OF REGIONAL SCIENCE LA English DT Book Review C1 USDA, Serv Econ Res, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Gibbs, R (reprint author), USDA, Serv Econ Res, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0022-4146 J9 J REGIONAL SCI JI J. Reg. Sci. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 40 IS 3 BP 633 EP 636 PG 4 WC Economics; Environmental Studies; Planning & Development SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration GA 351UG UT WOS:000089176100020 ER PT J AU Couris, RR Tataronis, GR Dallal, GE Blumberg, JB Dwyer, JT AF Couris, RR Tataronis, GR Dallal, GE Blumberg, JB Dwyer, JT TI Assessment of healthcare professionals' knowledge about warfarin-vitamin K drug-nutrient interactions SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE warfarin; vitamin K; drug-nutrient interactions; medical education ID MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; INITIAL RESPONSE; TOTAL DIET; ANTICOAGULATION; DOSAGE; PHYLLOQUINONE; THERAPY AB Objective: Dietary vitamin K can interact with oral anticoagulant drugs and interfere with their therapeutic safety and efficacy. Therefore, knowledge about drug-nutrient interactions involving vitamin K possessed by physicians, pharmacists, dietitians and nurses practicing anticoagulant therapy was assessed. Methods: Healthcare practitioners were surveyed using a 30-question, 98-item questionnaire on the most common and/or important food interactions with warfarin, drug interactions with warfarin and general drug-nutrient interactions involving vitamin K. The study sample included 160 randomly selected healthcare providers (40 physicians, pharmacists, dietitians and nurses) from 10 hospitals with 200 to 1000 beds from six Massachusetts regions. Random selection was conducted from a pool of selected healthcare providers practicing anticoagulant therapy who counsel patients receiving warfarin. Results: All surveys were completed within three months of the start of the study, and all participants provided usable data for statistical analysis. The mean scores (+/-SD) on the overall test were 72.5+/-9.0 for pharmacists, 62.5+/-0.6 for physicians, 56.9+/-8.8 for dietitians and 50.2+/-9.3 for nurses, with 100 being a perfect score. Pharmacists scored significantly higher in the area of drug interactions (75.9+/-11.3, p<0.05). Dietitians scored higher in the area of food interactions (73.0+/-10.3). No significant differences between physicians and pharmacists were evident on general drug-nutrient interactions. While over 87% of the healthcare professionals correctly identified some common foods containing large amounts of vitamin K, such as broccoli and spinach, fewer than 25% were able to identify others such as pea soup, coleslaw and dill pickles. Conclusions: Although the healthcare professionals surveyed in this study appear to have demonstrated some proficiency in their respective areas of expertise. they exhibited less knowledge in others. Therefore, additional training and integration of knowledge and expertise about drug-nutrient interactions among healthcare professionals are essential to provide appropriate patient counseling and optimal therapeutic outcomes. C1 Massachusetts Coll Pharm & Hlth Sci, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA USA. RP Couris, RR (reprint author), Massachusetts Coll Pharm & Hlth Sci, 179 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. OI Dwyer, Johanna/0000-0002-0783-1769 NR 30 TC 17 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 USA SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 19 IS 4 BP 439 EP 445 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 344DF UT WOS:000088741800004 PM 10963462 ER PT J AU During, A Combe, N Mazette, S Entressangles, B AF During, A Combe, N Mazette, S Entressangles, B TI Effects oil cholesterol balance and LDL cholesterol in the rat of a soft-ripened cheese containing vegetable oils SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE soft-ripened cheese; PUFA; phytosterols; cholesterol; rats ID PLASMA-LIPIDS; LIPOPROTEIN; SITOSTANOL; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; SITOSTEROL; REDUCTION; ACIDS; FAT AB Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine effects of a modified soft-ripened cheese containing vegetable oils on cholesterol status, using the rat as the experimental model and the traditional soft-ripened cheese as the control. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats (approximate to 370 g) were divided into two dietary groups (20 rats/group) and fed either the standard diet (STD, containing traditional cheeses made from whole milk) or the experimental diet (EXP, containing modified cheeses made from the combination of skim milk with the following fat mixture: mill: fat/oleic acid-enriched sunflower oil/soybean oil mixture). Lipids of the diets came solely from cheeses (14 g/100 g diet); the EXP diet contained (3-fold) less saturated fat, (2-fold) less cholesterol, and (15-fold) more phytosterols than the STD diet. Results: Although serum triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations were not affected by the type of diet the EXP diet resulted in a significant reduction of LDL-cholesterol (31%, p<0.001) and a significant increase of HDL-cholesterol (11%, p<0.05), compared to the STD diet. Thus, a marked reduction (39%) of serum LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio was observed in the EXP group (p<0.001). In addition, the two quantitative balances (excreted/ingested) of cholesterol and total neutral sterols (for which phytosterols were excluded) were significantly higher by 183% and 174%, respectively for the EXP group, compared to the STD group (p<0.05). On another hand, rats fed the EXP diet excreted more cholesterol than they ingested dietary cholesterol (cholesterol balance > 1), indicating that those animals eliminated some endogenous cholesterol in their feces, while the opposite was true for rats fed the STD diet (cholesterol balance < 1). Finally, fecal bile salt concentration was not significantly different between the two dietary groups. Conclusions: The partial substitution of milk fat by vegetable oils in soft-ripened cheese resulted in a decreased blood LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio and an increased fecal excretion of endogenous cholesterol and neutral sterols and, thus, markedly improved its nutritional qualities. Therefore, the consumption of the described modified cheese may meet the demand of subjects who wish to lower their risk for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. C1 Univ Bordeaux 1, Dept Biol, Lab Lipochim Alimentaire, Talence, France. RP During, A (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, DHPL, Bldg 308, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI During, Alexandrine/I-5405-2015 NR 38 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 USA SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 19 IS 4 BP 458 EP 466 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 344DF UT WOS:000088741800007 PM 10963465 ER PT J AU Chambers, E Godwin, SL Vecchio, FA AF Chambers, E Godwin, SL Vecchio, FA TI Cognitive strategies for reporting portion sizes using dietary recall procedures SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID VALIDATION; CHILDREN; ACCURACY; MEMORY AB Objectives To examine recall strategies used by interview respondents when making judgments about portion size and to better understand how respondents use various portion-size aids. Design Study participants were separated into groups, each using a different set of portion-size estimation aids: (a) 2-dimensional paper aids presented in stacks, (b) 2-dimensional aids, cut out and presented on rings, (c) household-type aids, and (d) a combination of 2- and 3-dimensional aids, many of which are used in national government surveys. Respondents gave a "quick list" of foods consumed the previous day and practiced cognitive thinking skills. Then the interviewer selected at least 2 solid, 2 liquid, and 2 amorphous foods for probing. Respondents were asked to think aloud as they reported how much they ate of each food. Types and frequencies of cognitive strategies used for portion-size estimation were determined. Subjects Interviews of 1 to 1 1/2 hours were conducted with 76 adults aged 18 to 65 years. Participants were recruited to obtain a mix of races, ages, educational levels, and genders. Results The most frequently used strategy was visualization and comparison to aids, Others strategies were known amounts, estimations based on known amounts, visualization of volume or a container, and actions such as pouring or moving hands to the mouth. Respondents preferred aids that were similar in size and shape to actual portions consumed for liquid or amorphous food and preferred the ruler for solid foods. Applications To obtain the best data from dietary recalls, expect answers that are possible for respondents to give, supply respondents with aids that help them recall amounts consumed, and guide respondents to appropriate aids that help them formulate focused responses. C1 Kansas State Univ, Sensory Anal Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Tennessee State Univ, Dept Family & Consumer Sci, Cooperat Agr Res Program, Nashville, TN 37203 USA. USDA, Food Surveys Res Grp, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Chambers, E (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Sensory Anal Ctr, Justin Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 23 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 USA SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 100 IS 8 BP 891 EP 897 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(00)00259-5 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 460MK UT WOS:000170311200015 PM 10955046 ER PT J AU Hausdorff, J Nelson, M Kaliton, D Layne, JE Singh, MF AF Hausdorff, J Nelson, M Kaliton, D Layne, JE Singh, MF TI Influence of neuropsychological status on gait instability in older adults SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0002-8614 J9 J AM GERIATR SOC JI J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 48 IS 8 MA P6 BP S13 EP S13 PG 1 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 346TK UT WOS:000088887000075 ER PT J AU Bailey, DG AF Bailey, DG TI Presentation of the John Arthur Wilson Memorial Lecture plaque SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Bailey, DG (reprint author), USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI CINCINNATI PA ROOM 5 CAMPUS STATION-14 TANNER RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 95 IS 6 BP 222 EP 222 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 349GT UT WOS:000089037900006 ER PT J AU Knothe, G Dunn, RO Shockley, MW Bagby, MO AF Knothe, G Dunn, RO Shockley, MW Bagby, MO TI Synthesis and characterization of some long-chain diesters with branched or bulky moieties SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE additives; biodiesel; diacid diesters; diet diesters; low-temperature flow properties; mass spectrometry; nuclear magnetic resonance ID LOW-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES; ALTERNATIVE DIESEL FUELS; CRYSTALLIZATION TEMPERATURE; ESTERS; BIODIESEL; TALLOW; GREASE AB Several novel fatty diesters with bulky moieties were synthesized by esterification of mono- or bifunctional fatty acids or with mono- or bifunctional alcohols using p-toluene-sulfonic acid as catalyst. They were characterized by H-1 and C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance as well as positive chemical ionization (PCI) mass spectrometry. The PCI mass spectra of the resulting diet diesters and diacid diesters are discussed and compared. The compounds were investigated as potential additives for improving the cold flow properties of vegetable oil esters used as biodiesel. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Knothe, G (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 43 TC 20 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 77 IS 8 BP 865 EP 871 DI 10.1007/s11746-000-0138-x PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 345JN UT WOS:000088813000011 ER PT J AU Shih, FF Daigle, KW AF Shih, FF Daigle, KW TI Preparation and characterization of rice protein isolates SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE electrophoresis; emulsification activity index (EAI); isolate; molecular weights; protein subunits; proteolysis; rice proteins ID MANGANESE TOXICITY AB Various enzymes were used to treat a protein-enriched rice flour for the production of rice protein isolates. The rice flour containing 49% protein was a by-product from the processing of brown rice for syrup production. The treatment sequence of alpha-amylase followed by glucoamylase was most effective, resulting in a product with 85% protein content. The product was then treated with a mixture of cellulase and xylanase, which raised the protein content in the insoluble fraction to 91%. Inorganic impurities, such as the metal manganese in the starting rice flour, were effectively removed. The recovered rice proteins, practically intact according to electrophoretic analysis, had relatively poor solubility and emulsification properties; however, these functional properties were improved substantially by adding xanthan gum as a functionality-enhancing agent. C1 USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Shih, FF (reprint author), USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 11 TC 32 Z9 45 U1 3 U2 20 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 77 IS 8 BP 885 EP 889 DI 10.1007/s11746-000-0141-2 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 345JN UT WOS:000088813000014 ER PT J AU Schoenbaum, MA Hall, SM Glock, RD Grant, K Jenny, AL Schiefer, TJ Sciglibaglio, P Whitlock, RH AF Schoenbaum, MA Hall, SM Glock, RD Grant, K Jenny, AL Schiefer, TJ Sciglibaglio, P Whitlock, RH TI An outbreak of type C botulism in 12 horses and a mule SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Because horses are extremely sensitive to Clostridium botulinum toxin, exposure to even small amounts of toxin may cause clinical signs of botulism, Birds should be considered as possible mechanical vectors of botulism toxin during outbreaks of botulism type C in horses. C1 US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Vet Serv, Ctr Epidemiol & Anim Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Natl Vet Serv Lab, Pathobiol Lab, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Univ Arizona, Coll Agr, Arizona Vet Diagnost Lab, Tucson, AZ 85705 USA. Arizona Dept Agr, Phoenix, AZ 85007 USA. Univ Penn, Sch Vet Med, Bolulism Lab, Kennett Square, PA 19348 USA. RP Schoenbaum, MA (reprint author), US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Vet Serv, Ctr Epidemiol & Anim Hlth, 555 S Howes St,Ste 300, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 18 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD AUG 1 PY 2000 VL 217 IS 3 BP 365 EP 368 DI 10.2460/javma.2000.217.365 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 338VP UT WOS:000088444200021 PM 10935041 ER PT J AU King, KW AF King, KW TI Response of Green-Ampt Mein-Larsen simulated runoff volumes to temporally aggregated precipitation SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE precipitation; runoff; Green-Ampt; data collection; hydrologic instrumentation ID INFILTRATION; CATCHMENTS AB Data collection frequency in automated systems is user determined and can range from seconds to hours or days. Currently, there is no standard or recommended frequency interval for collecting precipitation data from automated systems for input to event-based models such as Green-Ampt Mein-Larsen (GAML). Data from 47 storm events at seven locations were used to simulate the response of GAML excess rainfall to temporally aggregated precipitation data. No difference in model efficiency was recognized when comparing one-minute interval data (R-2 = 1.00) to five-minute data (R-2 = 1.00). Very little model efficiency was lost at a 10-minute (R-2 = 0.96) interval. After 10-minutes, decline in efficiency became more rapid with R-2 = 0.16 at one hour. The combined effect of time interval with respect to drainage area, hydraulic conductivity, maximum 30-minute intensity, and total precipitation also revealed similar results. C1 USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RP King, KW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, 808 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX 76502 USA. NR 20 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 36 IS 4 BP 791 EP 797 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04306.x PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 344BM UT WOS:000088737800009 ER PT J AU Bonta, JV AF Bonta, JV TI Impact of coal surface mining and reclamation on suspended sediment in three Ohio watersheds SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE curve number; USLE; MUSLE; sediment load; strip mining; sediment chemistry; reclamation; water quality ID HYDROLOGY AB Prior to PL95-87 little research had been conducted to determine the impacts of mining and reclamation practices on sediment concentrations and yields on a watershed scale. Furthermore, it was unknown whether sediment yield and other variables would return to undisturbed levels after reclamation. Therefore, three small watersheds, with differing lithologies and soils, were monitored for runoff and suspended sediment concentrations during three phases of watershed disturbances: undisturbed watershed condition, mining and reclamation disturbances, and post-reclaimed condition. Profound increases in suspended-sediment concentrations, load rates, and yields due to mining and reclamation activities, and subsequent drastic decreases after reclamation were documented. Even with increases in runoff potential, reductions in suspended-sediment concentrations and load rates to below or near undisturbed-watershed levels is possible by using the mulch-crimping technique and by removing diversions. Maximum concentrations and load rates occurred during times of active disturbances that exposed loose soil and spoil to high-intensity rains. Sediment concentrations remained elevated compared with the undisturbed watershed when diversions were not well maintained and overtopped, and when they were not removed for final reclamation. Diversions are useful for vegetation establishment, but should be maintained until they are removed for final reclamation after good vegetative cover is established. C1 USDA ARS, N Appalachian Expt Watershed, Coshocton, OH 43812 USA. RP Bonta, JV (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Appalachian Expt Watershed, POB 488, Coshocton, OH 43812 USA. NR 24 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 36 IS 4 BP 869 EP 887 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04313.x PG 19 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 344BM UT WOS:000088737800016 ER PT J AU Senter, SD Arnold, JW Chew, V AF Senter, SD Arnold, JW Chew, V TI APC values and volatile compounds formed in commercially processed, raw chicken parts during storage at 4 and 13 degrees C and under simulated temperature abuse conditions SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE chicken; processed; stored; headspace; volatiles; APC ID REFRIGERATED FRESH BROILERS; MICROBIAL SPOILAGE; CARCASSES; POULTRY AB Skinless chicken breast fillets, thighs, wings and boneless breast with skin were selected from the production line of a commercial processor. Samples were evaluated over time in storage at 4 and 13 degrees C and under temperature abuse conditions for microbial proliferation and production of volatile compounds (VCs). Aerobic plate counts (APCs) were enumerated and VCs quantitated at 24 h storage intervals; however, APC increases were not reflected by significant correlations with headspace VCs. Compounds isolated from sample headspaces by solid phase microextraction (SPME) and direct headspace sampling and then analysed by gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatography/chemiluminescence detection (GC/SCD) were hydrogen sulphide, methanethiol, ethanol, acetone, C5, C6 and C7 hydrocarbons, dimethyl sulphide, methyl ethyl ketone, carbon disulphide, 1-propanol, ethyl acetate, 1-butanol, S-methyl thioacetate, 3-methyl-1-butanol, dimethyl disulphide and dimethyl trisulphide. Compounds appearing in the samples with any degree of consistency and therefore considered pertinent for these analyses were ethanol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate, hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl sulphide and carbon disulphide. Elevated APCs and VC diversity occurred more prevalently in those samples from higher-temperature storage. Published in 2000 for SCI by John Whey & Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Florida, USDA ARS SAA, Biometr Serv, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Arnold, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 14 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 80 IS 10 BP 1559 EP 1564 DI 10.1002/1097-0010(200008)80:10<1559::AID-JSFA686>3.3.CO;2-# PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 338KZ UT WOS:000088419900017 ER PT J AU Li, W Riley, RT Voss, KA Norred, WP AF Li, W Riley, RT Voss, KA Norred, WP TI Role of proliferation in the toxicity of fumonisin B-1: Enhanced hepatotoxic response in the partially hepatectomized rat SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article ID FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; ESOPHAGEAL CANCER; SPHINGOID BASES; MYCOTOXINS; LIVER; HEPATOCYTES; CELLS; CYTOTOXICITY; ACCUMULATION; INHIBITION AB Fumonisin mycotoxins are common contaminants of maize and cause several fatal animal diseases. Liver is a target organ of fumonisins in intact animals, but liver slices and primary hepatocytes, which do not proliferate in culture, are resistant to fumonisin exposure. Hepatoma cell lines, on the other hand, undergo cell division in culture and are sensitive to the toxic effects of fumonisins. It was therefore hypothesized that fumonisin cytotoxicity is dependent on cell proliferation. To test this hypothesis, the partially hepatectomized rat was used as a model to determine whether fumonisin produced greater toxicity in rapidly proliferating liver in vivo. Rats were dosed intraperitoneally with fumonisin B-1 (FB1) 24 h after sham operation or partial hepatectomy (PH) and were killed 24 h later. The dose-related increase in free sphingoid bases (a biomarker of fumonisin exposure) was enhanced in the PH-treated rats. Serum cholesterol and enzymes were higher in PH-treated rats dosed with FB1 than in those given PH without FB1 or in sham-operated, FB1-dosed rats. Multiple daily doses of FB1 after surgery elevated the number of apoptotic hepatocytes in both sham-operated and PH-treated rats to about the same degree, suggesting that apoptosis is not associated with the enhanced cytotoxicity of FB1 in regenerating liver. Proliferating cells appear to be more sensitive to the toxic effects of fumonisins. This enhanced cytotoxicity may be related to the increased ability of fumonisins to disrupt sphingolipid metabolism in hepatectomized rats, but this is yet to be determined. C1 ARS, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Georgia, Interdisciplinary Grad Program Toxicol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Norred, WP (reprint author), ARS, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, USDA, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 31 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD AUG PY 2000 VL 60 IS 7 BP 441 EP 457 DI 10.1080/00984100050079511 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 341DM UT WOS:000088575800001 PM 12607906 ER PT J AU Peters, DPC AF Peters, DPC TI Climatic variation and simulated patterns in seedling establishment of two dominant grasses at a semi-arid-arid grassland ecotone SO JOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Chihuahuan desert grasslands; ecotone; ENSO; global climate change; recruitment; shortgrass steppe ID SHORTGRASS STEPPE; BOUTELOUA-GRACILIS; SOIL-MOISTURE; SOUTHWEST; BIOGEOGRAPHY; RECRUITMENT; DISTURBANCE; RESPONSES; DYNAMICS; FORESTS AB The objective of this study was to predict the effects of climatic variation at multiple temporal frequencies on seedling establishment by two congeneric C-4 perennial grasses (Bouteloua gracilis and B. eriopoda) at the ecotone between shortgrass steppe grassland and Chihuahuan desert grassland in central New Mexico, USA. The approach was to use a daily time-step simulation model to determine the occurrence of a recruitment event in each year based upon the amount and timing of soil water required for establishment. Historical weather data were used to predict effects of seasonal and interdecadal variation in climate on establishment. A sensitivity analysis was used to predict effects of directional climate change on establishment. Bouteloua gracilis had a broad pattern of simulated establishment from May through September that included periods with high year-to-year variation in precipitation. B. eriopoda establishment events occurred primarily in July when precipitation amounts were most reliable. Climatic conditions from 1949 through 1968 were more favorable for B. eriopoda establishment compared to the cooler, wetter conditions from 1969 through 1988 that favored B. gracilis. Establishment of B. eriopoda was lowest in El Nino years whereas B. gracilis establishment was highest in La Nina years. Establishment of B. gracilis was most sensitive to temperature when precipitation was higher than current amounts. The greatest response to temperature by B. eriopoda for all precipitation amounts occurred at cooler temperatures than found currently. These results indicate that climatic variation at multiple frequencies has differential effects on seedling establishment for these two perennial grasses, and may account at least in part for patterns in dominance at this biome transition zone. C1 Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Dept Rangeland Ecosyst Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Grad Degree Program Ecol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Peters, DPC (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 41 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 3 U2 15 PU OPULUS PRESS UPPSALA AB PI UPPSALA PA BOX 25137, S 752 25 UPPSALA, SWEDEN SN 1100-9233 J9 J VEG SCI JI J. Veg. Sci. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 11 IS 4 BP 493 EP 504 DI 10.2307/3246579 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 365GA UT WOS:000089941400004 ER PT J AU Albiach-Marti, MR Mawassi, M Gowda, S Satyanarayana, T Hilf, ME Shanker, S Almira, EC Vives, MC Lopez, C Guerri, J Flores, R Moreno, P Garnsey, SM Dawson, WO AF Albiach-Marti, MR Mawassi, M Gowda, S Satyanarayana, T Hilf, ME Shanker, S Almira, EC Vives, MC Lopez, C Guerri, J Flores, R Moreno, P Garnsey, SM Dawson, WO TI Sequences of Citrus tristeza virus separated in time and space are essentially identical SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID VESICULAR STOMATITIS-VIRUS; DOUBLE-STRANDED-RNA; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; NICOTIANA-GLAUCA; MOSAIC-VIRUS; EVOLUTION; HETEROGENEITY; POPULATIONS; DIVERGENCE; MUTATIONS AB The first Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) genomes completely sequenced (19.3-kb positive-sense RNA), from four biologically distinct isolates, are unexpectedly divergent in nucleotide sequence (up to 60% divergence). Understanding of whether these large sequence differences resulted from recent evolution is important for the design of disease management strategies, particularly the use of genetically engineered mild (essentially symptomless)-strain cross protection and RNA-mediated transgenic resistance; The complete sequence of a mild isolate (T30) which has been endemic in Florida for about a century was found to be nearly identical to the genomic sequence of a mild isolate (T385) from Spain. Moreover, samples of sequences of other isolates from distinct geographic locations, maintained in different citrus hosts and also separated in time (B252 from Taiwan, B272 from Colombia, and B354 from California), were nearly identical to the T30 sequence. The sequence differences between these isolates were within or near the range of variability of the T30 population. A possible explanation for these results is that the parents of isolates T30, T385, B252, B272, and B354 have a common origin, probably Asia, and have changed little since they were dispersed throughout the world by the movement of citrus. Considering that the nucleotide divergence among the other known CTV genomes is much greater than those expected for strains of the same virus, the remarkable similarity of these five isolates indicates a high degree of evolutionary stasis in some CTV populations. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. USDA ARS, Hort Res Lab, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. Univ Florida, Interdisciplinary Ctr Biotechnol Res, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Inst Valenciano Invest, Moncada 46113, Spain. Univ Politecn Valencia, CSIC, Inst Biol Mol & Celular Plantas, E-46071 Valencia, Spain. RP Dawson, WO (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, 700 Expt Stn Rd, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. RI Flores, Ricardo/K-2788-2014; LOPEZ, Carmelo/L-6102-2014 OI Flores, Ricardo/0000-0002-3033-5077; LOPEZ, Carmelo/0000-0001-7459-1315 NR 47 TC 91 Z9 103 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 74 IS 15 BP 6856 EP 6865 DI 10.1128/JVI.74.15.6856-6865.2000 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA 333AE UT WOS:000088105900019 PM 10888625 ER PT J AU Neff, S Mason, PW Baxt, B AF Neff, S Mason, PW Baxt, B TI High-efficiency utilization of the bovine integrin alpha(v)beta(3) as a receptor for foot-and-mouth disease virus is dependent on the bovine beta(3) subunit SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID PHOTOAFFINITY CROSS-LINKING; AMINO-ACID SEQUENCE; VITRONECTIN RECEPTOR; LIGAND-BINDING; CELL ATTACHMENT; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; MOLECULAR-CLONING; FC RECEPTOR; PROTEIN AB We have previously reported that Foot-and-morcth disease virus (FMDV), which is virulent For cattle and swine, can utilize the integrin alpha(nu)beta(3) as a receptor on cultured cells. Since those studies were performed with the human integrin, we have molecularly cloned the bovine homolog of the integrin alpha(nu)beta(3) and have compared the two receptors for utilization by FMDV, Both the alpha(nu) and beta(3) subunits of the bovine integrin have high degrees of amino acid sequence similarity to their corresponding human subunits in the ectodomains (96%) and essentially identical transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. Within the putative ligand-binding domains, the bovine and human alpha(nu) subunits have a 98.8% amino acid sequence similarity while there is only a 93% similarity between the beta(3) subunits of these two species, COS cell cultures, which are not susceptible to FMDV infection, become susceptible if cotransfected with alpha(nu) and beta(3) subunit cDNAs from a bovine or human source. Cultures cotransfected with the bovine alpha(nu)beta(3) subunit cDNAs and infected with FMDV synthesize greater amounts of viral proteins than do infected cultures cotransfected with the human integrin subunits. Cells cotransfected with a bovine alpha(nu) subunit and a human beta(3) subunit synthesize viral proteins at levels equivalent to those in cells expressing both human subunits, However, cells cotransfected with the human alpha(nu) and the bovine beta(3) subunits synthesize amounts of viral proteins equivalent to those in cells expressing both bovine subunits, indicating that the bovine beta(3) subunit is responsible for the increased effectiveness of this receptor. By engineering chimeric bovine-human beta(3) subunits, we have shown that this increase in receptor efficiency is due to sequences encoding the C-terminal one-third of the subunit ectodomain, which contains a highly structured cysteine-rich repeat region. We postulate that amino acid sequence differences within this region may be responsible for structural differences between the human and bovine beta(3) subunit, leading to more efficient utilization of the bovine receptor by this bovine pathogen. C1 USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Food & Mouth Dis Res Unit, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Baxt, B (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Food & Mouth Dis Res Unit, POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. NR 65 TC 46 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 74 IS 16 BP 7298 EP 7306 DI 10.1128/JVI.74.16.7298-7306.2000 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA 337DP UT WOS:000088342400012 PM 10906183 ER PT J AU Zollner, PA AF Zollner, PA TI Comparing the landscape level perceptual abilities of forest sciurids in fragmented agricultural landscapes SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chipmunks (Tamias striatus); connectivity; dispersal; fox squirrel (Sciurus niger); gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis); habitat isolation; inter-patch movements; perceptual range ID WHITE-FOOTED MICE; SMALL MAMMALS; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; RED SQUIRREL; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY; TAMIAS-STRIATUS; GREY SQUIRREL; CORRIDOR USE; VULGARIS L AB Perceptual range is the maximum distance from which an animal can perceive the presence of remote landscape elements such as patches of habitat. Such perceptual abilities are of interest because they influence the probability that an animal will successfully disperse to a new patch in a landscape. Furthermore, understanding how perceptual range differs between species may help to explain differential species sensitivity to patch isolation. The objective of this research was to assess the perceptual range of eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus), gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), and fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) in fragmented agricultural landscapes. Animals were captured in remote woodlots and translocated to unfamiliar agricultural fields. There they were released at different distances from a woodlot and their movements towards or away from the woodlot were used to assess their ability to perceive forested habitat. Observed perceptual ranges of approximately 120 m for chipmunks, 300 m for gray squirrels, and 400 m for fox squirrels, suggest that differences in landscape-level perceptual abilities may influence the occurrence of these species in isolated habitat patches. C1 Indiana State Univ, Dept Life Sci, Terre Haute, IN 47809 USA. RP Zollner, PA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, 5985 Highway K, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. RI Zollner, Patrick/A-8727-2010 OI Zollner, Patrick/0000-0001-8263-7029 NR 75 TC 100 Z9 100 U1 3 U2 27 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2973 J9 LANDSCAPE ECOL JI Landsc. Ecol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 15 IS 6 BP 523 EP 533 DI 10.1023/A:1008154532512 PG 11 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 331UN UT WOS:000088037200003 ER PT J AU Scott, DL Clark, CW Tooley, PW Carras, MM Maas, JL AF Scott, DL Clark, CW Tooley, PW Carras, MM Maas, JL TI The use of biomagnetic separation to recover DNA suitable for PCR from Claviceps species SO LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PHYTOPHTHORA-INFESTANS; AMPLIFICATION; EXTRACTION; SORGHUM; ERGOT AB DNA analysis of agriculturally important fungi using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods is becoming routine in research and for diagnostic purposes. Rapid, small-scale DNA isolation methods that take advantage of the sensitivity, speed and automation potential of PCR technology are needed for timely analysis of important plant pathogens. DNA isolated from Claviceps africana (causal agent of ergot of sorghum) using several standard DNA extraction protocols was found to be unamplifiable using PCR. The standard methods apparently failed to separate DNA from substances inhibitory to the Taq polymerase enzyme. We obtained DNA amenable to PCR analysis using a novel method involving magnetic beads and high salt extraction buffer. The biomagnetic purification method allowed us to obtain reliable PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of rDNA of Claviceps africana, making genetic comparisons possible. C1 USDA ARS, Foreign Dis Weed Sci Res Unit, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. Morehouse Coll, Dept Biol, Atlanta, GA USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Tooley, PW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Foreign Dis Weed Sci Res Unit, 1301 Ditto Ave, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. NR 21 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-8254 J9 LETT APPL MICROBIOL JI Lett. Appl. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 31 IS 2 BP 95 EP 99 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.00786.x PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 351DA UT WOS:000089139700001 PM 10972707 ER PT J AU Siragusa, GR Kang, DH Cutter, CN AF Siragusa, GR Kang, DH Cutter, CN TI Monitoring the microbial contamination of beef carcass tissue with a rapid chromogenic Limulus amoebocyte lysate endpoint assay SO LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATP BIOLUMINESCENCE ASSAY; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; POULTRY CARCASSES; PORK CARCASSES; GROUND-BEEF; QUALITY; INDICATOR; MILK AB A chromogenic Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) endpoint assay was found to be an accurate and rapid means of gauging levels of beef carcass microbial contamination within 10 min. The assay demonstrated a high correlation with the total mesophilic bacterial and coliform surface populations from inoculated beef carcass surface tissues. This assay was tested on a set of actual beef carcass surface samples (n = 121) demonstrating the utility of the chromogenic LAL test as a means of monitoring carcass microbial contamination in a near real-time fashion. Classifying the chromogenic LAL results into four contamination groups was found to be a sound means of utilizing the resultant chromogenic LAL data for detecting carcasses with high levels of microbial contamination. For beef carcass testing, this assay can be used with no instrumentation other than the required 37 degrees C incubator and, as an option, a microplate reader. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Siragusa, GR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, 950 Coll Stn Rd,POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 14 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-8254 J9 LETT APPL MICROBIOL JI Lett. Appl. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 31 IS 2 BP 178 EP 183 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.00795.x PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 351DA UT WOS:000089139700018 PM 10972724 ER PT J AU Warren, W Smith, TPL Rexroad, CE Fahrenkrug, SC Allison, T Shu, CL Catanese, J de Jong, PJ AF Warren, W Smith, TPL Rexroad, CE Fahrenkrug, SC Allison, T Shu, CL Catanese, J de Jong, PJ TI Construction and characterization of a new bovine bacterial artificial chromosome library with 10 genome-equivalent coverage SO MAMMALIAN GENOME LA English DT Article ID LINKAGE MAP C1 Monsanto Co, Ag Sector, St Louis, MO 63198 USA. USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Childrens Hosp, Oakland Res Inst, Oakland, CA 94609 USA. Parke Davis Lab Mol Genet, Alameda, CA 94502 USA. RP Warren, W (reprint author), Monsanto Co, Ag Sector, 700 Chesterfield Pkwy, St Louis, MO 63198 USA. NR 11 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0938-8990 J9 MAMM GENOME JI Mamm. Genome PD AUG PY 2000 VL 11 IS 8 BP 662 EP 663 DI 10.1007/s003350010126 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 338ZN UT WOS:000088453300010 PM 10920236 ER PT J AU Sonstegard, TS Garrett, WM Ashwell, MS Bennett, GL Kappes, SM Van Tassell, CP AF Sonstegard, TS Garrett, WM Ashwell, MS Bennett, GL Kappes, SM Van Tassell, CP TI Comparative map alignment of BTA27 and HSA4 and 8 to identify conserved segments of genome containing fat deposition QTL SO MAMMALIAN GENOME LA English DT Article ID LINKAGE MAP; BOVINE CHROMOSOMES; UNITED-STATES; MH LOCUS; CATTLE; GENE; MARKERS; TRAITS; ASSIGNMENT; REVEALS AB Quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with fat deposition have been identified on bovine Chromosome 27 (BTA77) in two different cattle populations. To generate more informative markers for verification and refinement of these QTL-containing intervals, we initiated construction of a BTA27 comparative map. Fourteen genes were selected for mapping based on previously identified regions of conservation between the cattle and human genomes. Markers were developed from the bovine orthologs of genes found on human Chromosomes 1 (HSA1), 4, 8, and 14. Twelve genes were mapped on the bovine linkage map by using markers associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms or microsatellites. Seven of these genes were also anchored to the physical map by assignment of fluorescence in situ hybridization probes. The remaining two genes not associated with an identifiable polymorphism were assigned only to the physical map. In all, seven genes were mapped to BTA27. Map information generated from the other seven genes not syntenic with BTA27 refined the breakpoint locations of conserved segments between species and revealed three areas of disagreement with the previous comparative map. Consequently, portions of HSA1 and 14 are not conserved on BTA27, and a previously undefined conserved segment corresponding to HSA8p22 was identified near the pericentromeric region of BTA8. These results show that BTA27 contains two conserved segments corresponding to HSA8p, which are separated by a segment corresponding to HSA4q. Comparative map alignment strongly suggests the conserved segment orthologous to HSA8p21-q11 contains QTL for fat deposition in cattle. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Gene Evaluating & Mapping Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Sonstegard, TS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Gene Evaluating & Mapping Lab, Bldg 200 Rm 2A,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Van Tassell, Curtis/0000-0002-8416-2087 NR 35 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0938-8990 J9 MAMM GENOME JI Mamm. Genome PD AUG PY 2000 VL 11 IS 8 BP 682 EP 688 DI 10.1007/s003350010130 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 338ZN UT WOS:000088453300014 PM 10920240 ER PT J AU De Lucca, AJ Bland, JM Vigo, CB Jacks, TJ Peter, J Walsh, TJ AF De Lucca, AJ Bland, JM Vigo, CB Jacks, TJ Peter, J Walsh, TJ TI D-Cecropin B: proteolytic resistance, lethality for pathogenic fungi and binding properties SO MEDICAL MYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cecropin B; D-enantiomer; fungicidal ID ANTIFUNGAL PROTEIN; ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES; BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY; INSECT IMMUNITY; CDNA CLONING; PURIFICATION; HEMOLYMPH; LARVAE AB L-Cecropin B (LCB) is a potent fungicidal peptide that is subject to proteolytic degradation by extracellular enzymes produced by Aspergillus flavus. We hypothesized that D-cecropin B (DCB), containing all D-amino acids, should resist proteolysis while retaining its fungicidal and target specificities. DCB was synthesized by solid phase methods using Fmoc chemistry. In vitro, at pH 6.0, DCB was lethal against the germinating conidia of A. flavus (LD90, 25 mu M) and A. fumigatus (LD98, 2.5 mu M) and for nongerminating and germinating conidia of Fusarium moniliforme (LD98, 1.25 mu M) and F. oxysporum (LD95, 2.5 mu M) at concentrations similar to those previously reported for LCB. It was lethal fdr Candida albicans with an LD98 at 12.5 mu M. DCB was not active for the nongerminating conidia of A. fumigatus or A. flavus. Papain, trypsin, pepsin A and Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease degraded LCB but not DCB, Binding assays and circular dichroism showed DCB and LCB bound to cholesterol, ergosterol, beta-1,3-glucan, mannan and chitin, Data show that DCB retains the potent fungicidal properties of the L-form while being resistant to proteolytic enzymes that degrade the latter peptide. This study demonstrates that D-enantiomerization of cecropin B yields a novel fungicidal peptide, which resists proteolytic degradation and is lethal for pathogenic fungi. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NCI, Pediat Oncol Branch, Immunocompromised Hosp Sect, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP De Lucca, AJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 39 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 3 PU B I O S SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS LTD PI OXFORD PA 9 NEWTEC PLACE, MAGDALEN RD, OXFORD OX4 1RE, ENGLAND SN 1369-3786 J9 MED MYCOL JI Med. Mycol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 38 IS 4 BP 301 EP 308 DI 10.1080/714030954 PG 8 WC Infectious Diseases; Mycology; Veterinary Sciences SC Infectious Diseases; Mycology; Veterinary Sciences GA 352ZB UT WOS:000089248300003 PM 10975698 ER PT J AU Desjardins, AE Bai, GH Plattner, RD Proctor, RH AF Desjardins, AE Bai, GH Plattner, RD Proctor, RH TI Analysis of aberrant virulence of Gibberella zeae following transformation-mediated complementation of a trichothecene-deficient (Tri5) mutant SO MICROBIOLOGY-UK LA English DT Article DE Gibberella zeae; Fusarium graminearum; trichothecene toxins; wheat ear blight ID FUSARIUM-GRAMINEARUM; VEGETATIVE COMPATIBILITY; REDUCED VIRULENCE; MYCOTOXINS; CEREALS; WHEAT; SCAB; DISRUPTION; TESTS; GENE AB Gibberella zeae causes wheat ear blight and produces trichothecene toxins in infected grain. In previous studies, trichothecene production in this fungus was disabled by specific disruption of the trichodiene synthase gene (Tri5) and was restored by two methods: gene reversion and transformation-mediated mutant complementation. In previous field tests of wheat ear blight, trichothecene-nonproducing mutants were less virulent than the wild-type progenitor strain from which they were derived. Trichothecene-producing revertants also were restored to wild-type levels of virulence. In contrast, in the field test of wheat ear blight reported here, trichothecene-producing strains obtained by Tri5 mutant complementation were not restored to wildtype levels of virulence. The complemented mutants showed a slightly reduced radial growth compared to the wild-type strain, but otherwise appeared normal in morphology, pigmentation and sexual fertility. Genetic analysis indicated that the aberrant virulence of a complemented mutant was likely due to non-target effects that occurred during the process of transforming the trichothecene-nonproducing mutant with Tri5. These results confirm previous findings that trichothecenes contribute to the virulence of G. zeae, but also demonstrate that manipulating this fungus in the laboratory may cause it to undergo subtle changes that reduce its virulence. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Desjardins, AE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 22 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AE, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1350-0872 J9 MICROBIOL-UK JI Microbiology-(UK) PD AUG PY 2000 VL 146 BP 2059 EP 2068 PN 8 PG 10 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 344NC UT WOS:000088764900030 PM 10931910 ER PT J AU Wang, YH Thomas, CE Dean, RA AF Wang, YH Thomas, CE Dean, RA TI Genetic mapping of a fusarium wilt resistance gene (Fom-2) in melon (Cucumis melo L.) SO MOLECULAR BREEDING LA English DT Article DE AFLP; co-dominant markers; Cucumis melo; fusarium wilt; marker-assisted selection ID POLYMORPHISM AFLP MARKERS; DISEASE-RESISTANCE; DNA MARKER; LINE MR-1; MUSKMELON; IDENTIFICATION; POPULATIONS; INHERITANCE; RACE-1; MAP AB Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis is one of the most devastating diseases in melon production worldwide. The most effective control measure available is the use of resistant varieties. Identifying molecular markers linked to resistance genes can serve as a valuable tool for the selection of resistant genotypes. Bulked segregant analysis was used to identify markers linked to the Fom-2 genes, which confers resistance to races 0 and 1 of the fungal pathogen. Pooled DNA from homozygous resistant or homozygous susceptible progeny of F-2 cross between MR-1 and AY was screened using 240 PstI/MseI and 200 EcoRI/MseI primer combinations to identify AFLP markers linked to Fom-2. Fifteen markers potentially linked to Fom-2 were identified, all with EcoRI/MseI primer pairs. These were mapped relative to Fom-2 in a backcross (BC) population of 60 progeny derived from MR-1 x AY with AY as recurrent parent. Two AFLP markers (ACT/CAT1 and AAC/CAT1) flanked the gene at 1.7 and 3.3 cM, respectively. Moreover, AFLP marker AGG/CCC and the previously identified RAPD marker 596-1 cosegregated with Fom-2. These two dominant markers were converted to co-dominant markers by designing specific PCR primers that produced product length polymorphisms between the parents. A survey of 45 melon genotypes from diverse geographic origins with the co-dominant markers demonstrated a high correlation between fragment size and the resistance phenotype. These markers may therefore be useful in marker-assisted breeding programs. C1 Clemson Univ, Genom Inst CUGI, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. ARS, USDA, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Physiol, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Dean, RA (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Campus Box 7251, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 31 TC 30 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1380-3743 J9 MOL BREEDING JI Mol. Breed. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 6 IS 4 BP 379 EP 389 DI 10.1023/A:1009671925793 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 356AX UT WOS:000089421900004 ER PT J AU Kretzer, AM Molina, R Spatafora, JW AF Kretzer, AM Molina, R Spatafora, JW TI Microsatellite markers for the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Rhizopogon vinicolor SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ectomycorrhizae; microsatellite loci; Rhizopogon ID PATTERNS; FUNGI C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Kretzer, AM (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 6 TC 30 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 9 IS 8 BP 1190 EP 1191 DI 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00954-12.x PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 345GF UT WOS:000088807700028 PM 10964248 ER PT J AU Navarro, P Christensen, RK Weber, P Rothschild, M Ekhardt, G Butler, JE AF Navarro, P Christensen, RK Weber, P Rothschild, M Ekhardt, G Butler, JE TI Porcine IgA allotypes are not equally transcribed or expressed in heterozygous swine SO MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE porcine IgA allotypes; transcribed; expressed; heterozygous swine ID SWITCH REGION; CELLS; SUPERANTIGEN; IMMUNITY; PIGLET; CHAIN AB The prediction of 1:1 expression of constant region allotypes in heterozygous animals assumes that productive VDJ rearrangements occur at random between chromosomes, switch recombination is random, there is no allele-related defect in switching and there is no selection for a B-cell receptor bearing a certain constant region allotype. In data reported here, this prediction was often not fulfilled for the transcripts encoding the IgA(a) and IgA(b) alleles of porcine IgA including those from late term fetal piglets that are not in contact with environmental antigens or maternal regulatory factors. In the spleen, thymus, mesenteric lymph node (MLN), ileal Peyer patches, parotid gland and PBLs of 5-week-old conventionally-reared Duroc pigs, ratios of IgA(a) to IgA(b) transcripts as high as 4:1 were observed. Since White Cross animals had significantly higher levels of IgA(b) than IgA(a) (some > 3-fold), a allele-linked switch defect cannot explain the deviation from the expected 1:1 ratio. When the IgA(a):IgA(b) ratios in older Durocs and those reared at a different site were studied, no evidence for breed dependence of differential transcription was found. Total serum IgA levels paralleled total transcript levels in PBLs while particularly in White Cross animals, the IgA(a):IgA(b) ratio in serum was higher in many animals than the IgA(a):IgA(b) transcript ratio in their PBLs. We conclude that deviations from the expected 1:1 ratio of allotype transcripts and secreted IgA in young pigs is normal and deviations from this ratio also occur during fetal life in the absence of environmental antigens and maternal regulatory factors. We speculate that postnatal deviations result from: (a) exposure to environmental antigens that selectively expand B-cells expressing V-H gene alleles linked to either IgA(a) or IgA(b) or (b) some form of colostrum-dependent regulation. Pre-natal regulation may depend on the selection of B-cells bearing certain V-H or C-H encoded BCRs by stromal ligands such as fetal B-cell superantigens. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Microbiol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. USDA, ARC, US Meat Anim Res Lab, MARC, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Anim Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. PIC, Franklin, KY USA. RP Navarro, P (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Dept Microbiol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. NR 41 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0161-5890 J9 MOL IMMUNOL JI Mol. Immunol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 37 IS 11 BP 653 EP 664 DI 10.1016/S0161-5890(00)00086-9 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Immunology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Immunology GA 399HD UT WOS:000166804800004 PM 11164893 ER PT J AU Tanabe, Y O'Donnell, K Saikawa, M Sugiyama, J AF Tanabe, Y O'Donnell, K Saikawa, M Sugiyama, J TI Molecular phylogeny of parasitic Zygomycota (Dimargaritales, Zoopagales) based on nuclear small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences SO MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE dimargaritales; 18S rDNA; phylogeny; Zoopagales; Zygomycota ID FUNGI; TREES; EVOLUTION; ORIGIN; RNA; HARPELLALES; ORDER; 18S AB We analyzed sequence data of the 18S rDNA gene from representatives of nine mycoparasitic or zooparasitic genera to infer the phylogenetic relationships of these fungi within the Zygomycota, Phylogenetic analyses identified a novel monophyletic clade consisting of the Zoopagales, Kickgellales, Spiromyces, and Harpellales, Analyses also identified a monophyletic mycoparasitic-zooparasitic Zoopagales clade in which Syncephalis, Thamnocephalis, and Rhopalomyces form a sister group to a Piptocephalis-Kuzuhaea clade, Although monophyly of the mycoparasitic Dimargaritales received strong bootstrap and decay index support, phylogenetic relationships of this order could not be resolved because of the unusually high rate of base substitutions within the 185 rDNA gene. Overall, the 185 gene tree topology is weak, as reflected by low bootstrap and decay index support for virtually all internal nodes uniting ordinal and superordinal taxa, Nevertheless, the 185 rDNA phylogeny is mostly consistent with traditional phenotypic-based classification schemes of the Fungi. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Univ Tokyo, Inst Mol & Cellular Biosci, Tokyo 113, Japan. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Tokyo Gakugei Univ, Dept Biol, Tokyo, Japan. RP Tanabe, Y (reprint author), Univ Tokyo, Inst Mol & Cellular Biosci, Tokyo 113, Japan. NR 48 TC 34 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1055-7903 J9 MOL PHYLOGENET EVOL JI Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 16 IS 2 BP 253 EP 262 DI 10.1006/mpev.2000.0775 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 348GQ UT WOS:000088977500008 PM 10942611 ER PT J AU Saumell, CA Padilha, T Santos, CD AF Saumell, CA Padilha, T Santos, CD TI Nematophagous fungi in sheep faeces in Minas Gerais, Brazil SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Few studies have examined faeces as a substratum for nematophagous fungi, and no information is available about colonisation of faeces in tropical regions. Sheep faeces were deposited on a Brachiaria decumbens pasture in the Mata Region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Up to 2 wk after deposition, samples were collected and cultivated on water agar (2 %) with free-living nematodes as bait. From 150 samples, 130 isolates were recovered after 3 wk. More than 70% were predators and Arthrobotrys and Monacrosporium spp. predominated. Endoparasitic species of Drechmeria, Harposporium, Myzocytium, Nematoctonus and Verticillium were also isolated. C1 EMBRAPA, Ctr Nacl Pesquisa Gado Leite, BR-36038330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. RP Padilha, T (reprint author), USDA ARS, Embrapa Labex Program, LPSI, IDRL,Barc E, Bldg 1040,Room 105, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 33 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 104 BP 1005 EP 1008 DI 10.1017/S095375629900218X PN 8 PG 4 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 353HH UT WOS:000089268400018 ER PT J AU Massicotte, HB Melville, LH Peterson, RL Molina, R AF Massicotte, HB Melville, LH Peterson, RL Molina, R TI Comparative anatomy of ectomycorrhizas synthesized on Douglas fir by Rhizopogon spp. and the hypogeous relative Truncocolumella citrina SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Rhizopogon; Truncocolumella; Pseudotsuga menziesii; anatomy; scanning electron microscopy ID PSEUDOTSUGA-MENZIESII; NEW-ZEALAND; TUBERCULATE ECTOMYCORRHIZAE; INCOMPATIBLE INTERACTIONS; EXOGENOUS CARBOHYDRATE; HOSTS INVITRO; FUNGI; SOIL; ULTRASTRUCTURE; SPECIFICITY AB The morphology and anatomy of ectomycorrhizas of Rhizopogon parksii, Rhizopogon vinicolor and Rhizopogon subcaerulescens, and a hypogeous relative, Truncocolumella citrina, synthesized on Douglas fir in glasshouse conditions using spore slurries as inoculum, are described and compared, Mycorrhizas formed with R. parksii and R. vinicolor did not exhibit their characteristic subtuberculate morphology in these tests, but rather had a pinnate form. All species had diagnostic features of ectomycorrhizas: a well-developed Hartig net and a fungal mantle. In addition, several species exhibited crystal inclusions in the outer mantle, usually at the interface between the mantle and soil. Truncocolumella citrina had crystal-like inclusions within the mantle but external to fungal hyphae, a feature rarely described in ectomycorrhizas. C1 Univ No British Columbia, Coll Sci & Management, Fac Nat Resources & Environm Studies, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada. Univ Guelph, Dept Bot, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. USDA, US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Massicotte, HB (reprint author), Univ No British Columbia, Coll Sci & Management, Fac Nat Resources & Environm Studies, 3333 Univ Way, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada. NR 33 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 147 IS 2 BP 389 EP 400 DI 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00700.x PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 349ME UT WOS:000089048200015 ER PT J AU Jacob, RA AF Jacob, RA TI Passive smoking induces oxidant damage preventable by vitamin C SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO-SMOKE; ASCORBIC-ACID; OXIDATIVE STRESS; CIGARETTE SMOKERS; FREE-RADICALS; ANTIOXIDANTS; EXPOSURE; DISEASE; PLASMA AB The deleterious effects of cigarette smoking on antioxidant protection and chronic disease risk are well known. Recent studies show that exposure of nonsmokers to environmental tobacco smoke results in increased oxidant damage linked to heart and respiratory diseases. The new findings provide support for efforts to minimize exposure of nonsmokers to environmental tobacco smoke and oxidizing air pollutants and demonstrate the importance of vitamin C for antioxidant protection. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Pomol, Agr Res Serv, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr,USDA, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Jacob, RA (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Pomol, Agr Res Serv, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr,USDA, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 27 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 58 IS 8 BP 239 EP 241 PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 342KX UT WOS:000088644700004 PM 10946562 ER PT J AU Morrison, LW AF Morrison, LW TI Mechanisms of interspecific competition among an invasive and two native fire ants SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID ARGENTINE ANT; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; TROPICAL AGROECOSYSTEM; SOLENOPSIS-GEMINATA; HYMENOPTERA; FORMICIDAE; POLYGYNE; FAUNA; EXPLOITATION; COMMUNITIES AB The mechanisms of interspecific competition among an invasive and two native Solenopsis fire ant forms were investigated in a series of laboratory experiments. In separate trials each with a different food resource, the native S. geminata x xyloni retrieved the greatest amount of a protein- and lipid-rich artificial food resource and a high protein natural food resource, and the native S. geminata retrieved the greatest amount cf a high carbohydrate food resource. In trials investigating aspects of interference competition at the colony level, the invasive SI invicta proved to be initially more aggressive than S, geminata, but less aggressive than S. geminata x xyloni Solenopsis invicta eventually controlled more of the foraging arenas against both native forms when colonies were equivalent by worker biomass, but not when colonies were equivalent by worker number. When paired with S. invicta, S. geminata suffered a significantly greater proportional reduction in both workers and entire colonies when colonies were initially standardized by worker biomass, but not when colonies were standardized by worker number. When paired with S. invicta, a significantly greater proportional reduction of workers occurred in S. geminata x xyloni, regardless of how colonies were standardized. Ln pains ise trials at the individual level. majors always exhibited significantly less mortality than miners, regardless of the Solenopsis form. The majors of both native Forms suffered significantly less mortality than those of S. invicta. Superiority in colony-level interference ability appears to be an important mechanism allowing S. invicta to displace native Solenopsis forms. The ability of S. invicta to reach high population densities, because of intrinsic biological characteristics or an escape from natural enemies, plays an important contributory role. Similar mechanisms may underlie the success of other invasive ant species. C1 Univ Texas, Sch Biol Sci, Sect Integrat Biol, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Texas, Sch Biol Sci, Brackenridge Field Lab, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Morrison, LW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. EM lmorrison@gainesville.usda.ufl.edu RI Morrison, Lloyd/A-8949-2013 OI Morrison, Lloyd/0000-0002-9375-843X NR 95 TC 82 Z9 93 U1 1 U2 19 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0030-1299 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD AUG PY 2000 VL 90 IS 2 BP 238 EP 252 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.900204.x PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 349EX UT WOS:000089031600004 ER PT J AU Dayan, FE Allen, SN AF Dayan, FE Allen, SN TI Predicting the activity of the natural phytotoxic diphenyl ether cyperine using comparative molecular field analysis SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Are Natural Products still a Source of Innovation in Crop Protection? CY DEC 14-15, 1999 CL LONDON, ENGLAND SP Crop Protect Grp, SCI DE natural products; diphenyl ether; QSAR; CoMFA; protoporphyrinogen oxidase; Protox; herbicide ID PROTOPORPHYRINOGEN OXIDASE-INHIBITORS; HERBICIDAL ACTIVITY; ANALYSIS COMFA AB Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (Protox) is the target site of a large number of commercial herbicides. Previous QSARs performed at a two-dimensional level reproduced the activity of individual data sets relatively well, but these models could not be used to predict the activity of structurally related derivatives. We have developed a more reliable model by applying three-dimensional molecular techniques to a set of 31 phenyl ether analogues. Inhibitory activity at the molecular site of action was chosen because it circumvents the effects of uptake, translocation and metabolism of the compounds occurring in whole-plant studies. Increased predictability was achieved by aligning the diphenyl ether analogues along the trifluoromethyl phenyl (q(2) = 0.70) ring rather than along the nitrophenyl (q(2) = 0.65) ring or along the centroids (q(2) = 0.69). This new analysis differentiated between R and S enantiomers and allowed the prediction of the inhibitory activity of the natural diphenyl ether cyperine. The prediction model suggests that the binding of cyperine on the active site of Protox is stereospecific. Published in 2000 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Prod Utilizat Res Unit, University, MS 38677 USA. RP Dayan, FE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Prod Utilizat Res Unit, POB 8048, University, MS 38677 USA. RI Dayan, Franck/A-7592-2009 OI Dayan, Franck/0000-0001-6964-2499 NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 56 IS 8 BP 717 EP 722 DI 10.1002/1526-4998(200008)56:8<717::AID-PS183>3.0.CO;2-O PG 8 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 339CL UT WOS:000088460000010 ER PT J AU De Villiers, SM Kamo, K Thomson, JA Bornman, CH Berger, DK AF De Villiers, SM Kamo, K Thomson, JA Bornman, CH Berger, DK TI Biolistic transformation of chincherinchee (Ornithogalum) and regeneration of transgenic plants SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article ID BOMBARDMENT MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION; EXPRESSION; RESISTANCE; CELLS AB Ornithogalum (chincherinchee) is a genus in the Hyacinthaceae. It is popular as a cut flower or pot plant. However, susceptibility to disease, especially ornithogalum mosaic virus, prevents commercial exploitation of micropropagated hybrids. Provided that it is possible to transform Ornithogalum, this problem might be alleviated by the transfer of genes that code for resistance to the virus, The purpose of this study was to develop a transformation protocol using the pat gene as a selectable marker, Callus, induced on leaf segments of an Ornithogalum thyrsosides x O. dubium hybrid cultured in vitro, was bombarded with a particle gun 4-6 weeks after initiation. We first used beta-glucuronidase transient expression to optimise the bombardment parameters and then for stable transformation used both a conventional microprojectile-mediated method as well as a modification that entailed complexing single-stranded p35SAC DNA, containing the pat gene, with histone Ht prior to bombardment. Transgenic plants were regenerated from the bombarded tissues and cultured on a medium containing 15 mu M phosphinothricin as selective agent. Rooted plants were tested for the presence of the pat gene by polymerase chain reaction. integration of the gene into the genomic DNA was verified by Southern blotting. Northern blots, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and leaf paint assays with the herbicide Ignite(R) (glufosinate ammonium) confirmed expression of phosphinothricin acetyl transferase, the enzyme that detoxifies the herbicide. C1 Univ Lund, Dept Plant Physiol, S-22100 Lund, Sweden. ARC Roodeplaat Vegetable & Ornamental Plant Inst, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa. USDA ARS, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bornman, CH (reprint author), Univ Lund, Dept Plant Physiol, Box 117, S-22100 Lund, Sweden. RI Berger, Dave/B-5106-2008; OI Berger, Dave/0000-0003-0634-1407; Kamo, Kathryn/0000-0001-6862-2410 NR 26 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 109 IS 4 BP 450 EP 455 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2000.100412.x PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 343RD UT WOS:000088714600012 ER PT J AU Bailey, BA Apel-Birkhold, PC Akingbe, OO Ryan, JL O'Neill, NR Anderson, JD AF Bailey, BA Apel-Birkhold, PC Akingbe, OO Ryan, JL O'Neill, NR Anderson, JD TI Nep1 protein from Fusarium oxysporum enhances biological control of opium poppy by Pleospora papaveracea SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE active oxygen; Silwet-L77; surfactant ID ACTIVE OXYGEN PRODUCTION; SUSPENSION CELLS; RESISTANCE AB The fungus Pleospora papaveracea and Nep1, a phytotoxic protein from Fusarium oxysporum, were evaluated for their biocontrol potential on opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). Four treatments consisting of a control, P. papaveracea conidia, Nep1 (5 mu g/ml), and P. papaveracea conidia plus Nep1 (5 mu g/ml) were used in detached-leaf and whole-plant studies. Conidia of P. papaveracea remained viable for 38 days when stored at 20 or 4 degrees C. Nep1 was stable in the presence of conidia for 38 days when stored at 4 degrees C or for 28 days at 20 degrees C. The presence of Nep1 did not affect conidia germination or appressoria formation. Nep1 was recovered from drops applied to opium poppy leaves in greenhouse and field studies 24 h after treatment. Opium poppy treated with the combination of Nep1 and P. papaveracea had higher necrosis ratings than the other treatments. There were changes in the intercellular protein profiles, determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and silver staining, due to application of treatments; the most intense occurred in response to the combination of Nep1 and P. papaveracea. The combination of Nep1 and P. papaveracea enhanced the damage caused to opium poppy more than either component alone. C1 ARS, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Weed Sci Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bailey, BA (reprint author), ARS, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM baileyb@ba.ars.usda.gov NR 30 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD AUG PY 2000 VL 90 IS 8 BP 812 EP 818 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2000.90.8.812 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 339VV UT WOS:000088499300003 PM 18944501 ER PT J AU Zambino, PJ Kubelik, AR Szabo, LJ AF Zambino, PJ Kubelik, AR Szabo, LJ TI Gene action and linkage of avirulence genes to DNA markers in the rust fungus Puccinia graminis SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE AFLP; avirulence gene nomenclature; molecular map; RAPD; Triticum aestivum; T. durum ID WHEAT-STEM RUST; F-SP TRITICI; MAGNAPORTHE-GRISEA; MELAMPSORA-LINI; UNITED-STATES; VIRULENCE; PATHOGENICITY; INHERITANCE; PHENOTYPES; PRIMERS AB Two strains of the wheat stem rust fungus, Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, were crossed on barberry, and a single F-1 progeny strain was selfed. The parents, F-1, and 81 F-2 progeny were examined for virulence phenotypes on wheat differential cultivars carrying stem rust resistance (Sr) genes. For eight Sr differentials, phenotypic ratios are suggestive of single dominant avirulence genes AvrT6, AvrT8a, AvrT9a, AvrT10, AvrT21, AvrT28, AvrT30, and AvrTU. Avirulence on the Sr; (Sr 'fleck') differential showed phenotypic ratios of approximately 15:1, indicating epistatic interaction of two genes dominant for avirulence. Avirulence on Sr9d favored a 3:13 over a 1:3 ratio, possibly indicating two segregating genes-one dominant for avirulence and one dominant for avirulence inhibition. Linkage analysis of eight single dominant avirulence genes and 970 DNA markers identified DNA markers linked to each of these avirulence genes. The closest linkages between AvrT genes and DNA markers were between AvrT6 and the random amplified polymorphic DNA marker cr134-155 (6 centimorgans [cM]) AvrT8a and the amplified fragment length polymorphism marker eAC/mCT-197 (6 cM) and between AvrT9a and the amplified fragment length polymorphism marker eAC/mCT-184 (6 cM). AvrT10 and AvrTU are linked at distance of 9 cM. C1 ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, USDA, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Szabo, LJ (reprint author), ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, USDA, 1551 Lindig Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 55 TC 30 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD AUG PY 2000 VL 90 IS 8 BP 819 EP 826 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2000.90.8.819 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 339VV UT WOS:000088499300004 PM 18944502 ER PT J AU Baayen, RP O'Donnell, K Bonants, PJM Cigelnik, E Kroon, LPNM Roebroeck, EJA Waalwijk, C AF Baayen, RP O'Donnell, K Bonants, PJM Cigelnik, E Kroon, LPNM Roebroeck, EJA Waalwijk, C TI Gene genealogies and AFLP analyses in the Fusarium oxysporum complex identify monophyletic and nonmonophyletic formae speciales causing wilt and rot disease SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VEGETATIVE COMPATIBILITY GROUPS; FUJIKUROI SPECIES COMPLEX; F-SP ASPARAGI; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; SWEET BASIL; SP GLADIOLI; SP DIANTHI; DIVERSITY; PATHOGENICITY; CARNATION AB The monophyletic origin of host-specific taxa in the plant-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum complex was tested by constructing nuclear and mitochondrial gene genealogies and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)-based phylogenies for 89 strains representing the known genetic and pathogenic diversity in 8 formae speciales associated with wilt diseases and root and bulb rot. We included strains from clonal lineages of F. oxysporun f. spp. asparagi, dianthi, gladioli, lilii, lini, opuntiarum, spinaciae, and tulipae. Putatively nonpathogenic strains from carnation and lily were included and a reference strain from each of the three main clades identified previously in the F. oxysporum complex; sequences from related species were used as outgroups. DNA sequences from the nuclear translation elongation factor 1 alpha, and the mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) ribosomal RNA genes were combined for phylogenetic analysis. Strains in vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) shared identical sequences and AFLP profiles, supporting the monophyly of the two single-VCG formae speciales, lilii and tulipae. identical genotypes were also found for the three VCGs in F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae. In contrast, multiple evolutionary origins were apparent for F. oxysporum, f. spp. asparagi, dianthi, gladioli, lini, and opuntiarum, although different VCGs within each of these formae speciales often clustered close together or shared identical EF-1 alpha and mtSSU rDNA haplotypes. Kishino-Hasegawa analyses of constraints forcing the monophyly of these formae speciales supported the exclusive origin of F. oxysporum f. sp. opuntiarum but not the monophyly of F. oxysporum f. spp. asgaragi, dianthi, gladioli, and lini. Most of the putatively nonpathogenic strains from carnation and lily, representing unique VCGs, were unrelated to F. oxysporum f. spp. dianthi and lilii, respectively. Putatively nonpathogenic or rot-inducing strains did not form exclusive groups within the molecular phylogeny. Parsimony analyses of AFLP fingerprint data supported the gene genealogy-based phylogram; however, AFLP-based phylogenies were considerably more homoplasious than the gene genealogies. The predictive value of the forma specialis naming system within the F. oxysporum complex is questioned. C1 ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL USA. Bulb Res Ctr, NL-2160 AB Lisse, Netherlands. Res Inst Plant Protect, NL-6700 GW Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Baayen, RP (reprint author), Plant Protect Serv, Mycol Sect, NL-6700 HC Wageningen, Netherlands. NR 53 TC 190 Z9 205 U1 5 U2 35 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD AUG PY 2000 VL 90 IS 8 BP 891 EP 900 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2000.90.8.891 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 339VV UT WOS:000088499300013 PM 18944511 ER PT J AU Liu-Gitz, L Britz, SJ Wergin, WP AF Liu-Gitz, L Britz, SJ Wergin, WP TI Blue light inhibits stomatal development in soybean isolines containing kaempferol-3-O-2(G)-glycosyl-gentiobioside (K9), a unique flavonoid glycoside SO PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Glycine max; blue light; flavonoid glycoside; guard cell; leaf development; phytochrome; soybean; stomatal density; stomatal differentiation ID EPIDERMAL-CELLS; GUARD-CELL; LEAF; ARABIDOPSIS; LEAVES; TRADESCANTIA; PHYTOCHROME; SEEDLINGS; GENES AB Stomata have a fundamental role in controlling plant photosynthesis and transpiration, but very little is known about factors controlling stomatal differentiation and development, Lines of soybean that contain a specific flavonol glycoside, kaempferol-3-O-2-glycosyl-gentiobioside (K9), as well as greatly reduced stomatal density, especially on the adaxial epidermis, have been identified. The specific: effects of blue light photoreceptors on stomatal development in K9 lines and their isoline pairs containing no K9 were studied. Low irradiances of blue light (7% of total photosynthetically active radiation) added to high irradiances from low-pressure sodium lamps strongly inhibited stomatal development on the adaxial epidermis of K9 lines, but not in isoline pairs differing putatively in only one gene and lacking K9. Overall, blue light slightly increased stomatal density on the abaxial epidermis in all isolines, demonstrating differential regulation of stomatal development in the upper and lower epidermis. Blue light also caused an increase in leaf area in all isolines, indicating that changes in stomatal density were not the non-specific result of alterations in leaf area. Morphological studies revealed that the blue light-induced reduction in stomatal density in K9 lines was due to reduced stomatal initiation as well as aborted or abnormal stomatal development. As the phytochrome photostationary state was kept constant, the results indicate that one or more blue light receptors are involved in the control of stomatal development. This system should be useful for the study of mechanisms controlling stomatal development, even if the photo-inhibitory response is unique to K9 lines. C1 ARS, Climate Stress Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Nematol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Britz, SJ (reprint author), ARS, Climate Stress Lab, USDA, Bldg 046-A,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 51 TC 10 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7791 J9 PLANT CELL ENVIRON JI Plant Cell Environ. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 23 IS 8 BP 883 EP 891 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3040.2000.00608.x PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 344EU UT WOS:000088746900010 ER PT J AU Bruton, BD Garcia-Jimenez, J Armengol, J Popham, TW AF Bruton, BD Garcia-Jimenez, J Armengol, J Popham, TW TI Assessment of virulence of Acremonium cucurbitacearum and Monosporascus cannonballus on Cucumis melo SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE cantaloupe; inoculum density; leaf area index; root damage; vine decline ID CAUSAL AGENT; VINE DECLINE; HOST-RANGE; ROOT-ROT; MUSKMELON; COLLAPSE; WATERMELON; ASCOSPORES; DISEASE; ISRAEL AB Assessment of plant response to inoculation with soilborne pathogens is essential for evaluation of fungal virulence. Combined plant responses (damage to hypocotyl, root-stem junction, primary root, secondary roots, and reduction in leaf area) used to derive a disease severity index (DSI) provided a functional assessment of both plant damage and pathogen virulence. Spanish isolates of Acremonium cucurbitacearum ranged from virulent to highly virulent on muskmelon cv. Magnum 45, whereas isolates from the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) of Texas ranged from weakly virulent to moderately virulent. Spanish isolates of Monosporascus cannonballus ranged from nonpathogenic to weakly virulent, whereas LRGV isolates ranged from weakly virulent to moderately virulent. Regression analysis of multiple inoculum densities established that CFU per gram of soil of 5, 10, 20, and 40 for M. cannonballus and 0.1 x 10(4), 1 x 10(4), 2 x 10(4), and 3 x 10(4) for A. cucurbitacearum, respectively, were adequate for virulence assessment of isolates of either fungus in greenhouse tests on seedlings. Seed planting depth had a significant effect on DSI. The 4-cm depth generally had smaller standard errors of the mean disease rating, indicating greater precision in determining isolate virulence. C1 USDA ARS, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. Univ Politecn, Dept Prod Vegetal, Unidad Patol Vegetal, Valencia 46020, Spain. USDA ARS, Stillwater, OK 74074 USA. RP Bruton, BD (reprint author), USDA ARS, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. OI Armengol, Josep/0000-0003-3815-8578 NR 42 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 84 IS 8 BP 907 EP 913 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.8.907 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 337AL UT WOS:000088335100017 ER PT J AU Tracy, BF Sanderson, MA AF Tracy, BF Sanderson, MA TI Patterns of plant species richness in pasture lands of the northeast United States SO PLANT ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE comparisons with other grasslands; environmental variables; management intensive grazing; land management; plant diversity; transient species ID ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES; DIVERSITY; GRASSLANDS; BIODIVERSITY; VEGETATION; STABILITY; PRAIRIE; PRODUCTIVITY; COMMUNITIES; HISTORY AB Pasture lands are an important facet of land use in the northeast United States, yet little is known about their recent diversity. To answer some fundamental questions about the diversity of these pasture lands, we designed a broad survey to document plant species richness using an intensive, multi scale sampling method. We also wanted to learn whether environmental (soils or climate) or land management variables could help explain patterns of species richness. A total of 17 farms, encompassing 37 pastures, were sampled in New York, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Maryland, Massachusetts and Connecticut during July and August 1998. We positively identified a total of 161 different plant species across the study region. Species richness averaged 31.7 +/-1.1 on pastures. Infrequent, transient species that were mostly perennial and annual forbs accounted for similar to 90% of the species richness. Except for a subjective rating of grazing intensity, land management methods were not good predictors of species richness. Over time, it appears that grazing neither reduces nor increases species richness in pastures. Of the environmental variables measured, only soil P explained a significant amount of the variation in species richness. Soil P was inversely related to species richness at the 1m(2) scale. Percent SOM was positively associated with species richness at this scale, although weakly. At larger spatial scales, we suggest that patterns of species richness are best explained by the species diversity of soil seed banks, or seed rain, and stochastic recruitment of these species into existing vegetation. C1 ARS, USDA, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Tracy, BF (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, Bldg 3702,Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 36 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 18 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-0237 J9 PLANT ECOL JI Plant Ecol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 149 IS 2 BP 169 EP 180 DI 10.1023/A:1026536223478 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 381XY UT WOS:000165790400005 ER PT J AU Huq, E Kang, Y Halliday, KJ Qin, M Quail, PH AF Huq, E Kang, Y Halliday, KJ Qin, M Quail, PH TI SRL1: a new locus specific to the phyB-signaling pathway in Arabidopsis SO PLANT JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Arabidopsis; hypersensitive; phytochrome; red/far-red; signal transduction ID PHYTOCHROME-A; GENE-EXPRESSION; NEGATIVE REGULATOR; LIGHT CONTROL; BZIP PROTEIN; THALIANA; TRANSDUCTION; MUTANTS; ENCODES; RED AB As part of an effort to isolate new Arabidopsis mutants specifically defective in responsiveness to red light, we identified srl1 (short hypocotyl in red light) by screening an EMS-mutagenized M-2 population derived from a phytochrome B (phyB)-overexpressor line (ABO). The srl1 mutant shows enhanced responsiveness to continuous red but not far-red light, in both wild-type and ABO backgrounds, consistent with involvement in the phyB-signaling pathway but not that of phyA. The hypersensitive phenotype of srl1 is not due to overexpression of endogenous phyA or phyB, and the locus maps to the center of chromosome 2, distinct from any other known photomorphogenic mutants. srl1 seedlings display enhancement of several phyB-mediated responses, including shorter hypocotyls, more expanded cotyledons, shorter petioles and modestly higher levels of CAB gene expression under red light than the wild type. Double mutant analyses show that the hypersensitive phenotype of srl1 is completely phyB-dependent. The data suggest, therefore, that SRL1 may encode a negatively acting component specific to the phyB-signaling pathway. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. ARS, USDA, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Quail, PH (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 55 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-7412 J9 PLANT J JI Plant J. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 23 IS 4 BP 461 EP 470 DI 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2000.00810.x PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 348PH UT WOS:000088993500004 PM 10972872 ER PT J AU Choi, IR Stenger, DC Morris, TJ French, R AF Choi, IR Stenger, DC Morris, TJ French, R TI A plant virus vector for systemic expression of foreign genes in cereals SO PLANT JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE virus gene expression vector; cereals; monocotyledonous plants ID TOBACCO MOSAIC-VIRUS; MAIZE STREAK VIRUS; BUSHY STUNT VIRUS; GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; BETA-GLUCURONIDASE GENE; HIGH COPY NUMBERS; BACTERIAL GENE; CAPSID PROTEIN; VIRAL VECTOR; COAT PROTEIN AB Inserts bearing the coding sequences of NPTII and beta-glucuronidase (GUS) were placed between the nuclear inclusion b (Nlb) and coat protein (CP) domains of the wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) polyprotein ORF. The WSMV Nlb-CP junction containing the nuclear inclusion a (Nla) protease cleavage site was duplicated, permitting excision of foreign protein domains from the viral polyprotein. Wheat, barley, oat and maize seedlings supported systemic infection of WSMV bearing NPTII. The NPTII insert was stable for at least 18-30 days post-inoculation and had little effect on WSMV CP accumulation. Histochemical assays indicated the presence of functional GUS protein in systemically infected wheat and barley plants inoculated with WSMV bearing GUS. The GUS constructs had greatly reduced virulence on both oat and maize. RT-PCR indicated that the GUS insert was subject to deletion, particularly when expressed as a GUS-Nlb protein fusion. Both reporter genes were expressed in wheat roots at levels comparable to those observed in leaves. These results clearly demonstrate the utility of WSMV as a transient gene expression vector for grass species, including two important grain crops, wheat and maize. The results further indicate that both host species and the nature of inserted sequences affect the stability and expression of foreign genes delivered by engineered virus genomes. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP French, R (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, 344 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 57 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-7412 J9 PLANT J JI Plant J. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 23 IS 4 BP 547 EP 555 DI 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2000.00820.x PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 348PH UT WOS:000088993500013 PM 10972881 ER PT J AU Carter, JP Rezanoor, HN Desjardins, AE Nicholson, P AF Carter, JP Rezanoor, HN Desjardins, AE Nicholson, P TI Variation in Fusarium graminearum isolates from Nepal associated with their host of origin SO PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gibberella zeae; head blight; maize; rice; wheat ID INTERGENIC SPACER REGION; HEAD BLIGHT; GIBBERELLA-FUJIKUROI; ROSEUM GRAMINEARUM; EASTERN AUSTRALIA; FIELD POPULATIONS; WINTER-WHEAT; EAR BLIGHT; PCR; AMPLIFICATION AB A collection of group II Fusarium graminearum isolates obtained from maize, wheat and rice from different locations in Nepal were identified using a combination of morphological and molecular criteria. The variation within this collection was analysed using RAPD markers, intergenic spacer (IGS) RFLP and PCR polymorphisms. The isolates were divided into two groups, A and B, by RAPD analysis. Isolates in group A yielded four different PCR polymorphic markers, but all the isolates in group B yielded a single polymorphic marker. The IGS RFLP analysis was consistent with division of the isolates into two groups. Isolates from wheat and rice were more frequently placed in group A, with isolates from maize more evenly distributed between the groups. Results indicate that host preference might be a factor in the division of isolates, although the year of isolation may also have had an influence. No geographical factors or agricultural practices could be identified to account for the observed variation. C1 John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England. ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Carter, JP (reprint author), John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Norwich Res Pk,Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England. RI Nicholson, Paul/I-4314-2012 NR 47 TC 52 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-0862 J9 PLANT PATHOL JI Plant Pathol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 49 IS 4 BP 452 EP 460 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3059.2000.00482.x PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 349PR UT WOS:000089055300007 ER PT J AU Chrispeels, MJ Herman, EM AF Chrispeels, MJ Herman, EM TI Endoplasmic reticulum-derived compartments function in storage and as mediators of vacuolar remodeling via a new type of organelle, precursor protease vesicles SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BODY MEMBRANE-PROTEIN; CASTOR BEAN ENDOSPERM; CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASE; PLANT-CELLS; OIL BODIES; RETROGRADE TRANSPORT; TRANSGENIC TOBACCO; THIOL-PROTEASE; TERMINAL KDEL; ACCUMULATION C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Herman, EM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 55 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 123 IS 4 BP 1227 EP 1233 DI 10.1104/pp.123.4.1227 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 345AA UT WOS:000088792200010 PM 10938342 ER PT J AU Bacon, LD Hunt, HD Cheng, HH AF Bacon, LD Hunt, HD Cheng, HH TI A review of the development of chicken lines to resolve genes determining resistance to diseases SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE B congenic; endogenous virus; disease resistance; inbred; recombinant congenic ID AVIAN-LEUKOSIS VIRUS; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; F-2 INTERCROSS CHICKENS; ENDOGENOUS VIRAL GENES; SLOW-FEATHERING DAMS; MAREKS-DISEASE; RFP-Y; INDUCED TUMORS; B-HAPLOTYPE; CONGENITAL TRANSMISSION AB The resolution of genes that determine resistance to disease is described using chicken lines maintained at the Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory (ADOL). This description includes a summary 1) of existing selected and inbred Lines differing for resistance to viral-induced tumors, i.e., Merek's disease (MD) and lymphoid leukosis (LL), and of the use of inbred and line crosses to define relevant disease-resistant genes, e.g., TV, ALVE, B, R, LY4, TH1, BU1, and IGG1; 2) of the development of TVB*/ALVE congenic lines to establish the affects of endogenous virus (EV) expression on resistance to avian leukosis virus (ALV), and methods to detect ALVE expression; 3) of the development of B congenic lines to define the influence of the MHC on MD resistance and vaccinal immunity, for producing B antisera, and for evaluating DNA sequences of Class I and II genes; and 4) of the current development of 6C.7 recombinant congenic strains (RCS) to define the role of non-MHC genes influencing susceptibility to MD and LL tumors, immune competence, and epistatic effects of genes. The procedures of pedigree mating, to avoid or maintain inbreeding, and of blood-typing, to ensure genetic purity of the lines, are also described. C1 USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Bacon, LD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 86 TC 120 Z9 124 U1 1 U2 3 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 79 IS 8 BP 1082 EP 1093 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 342EV UT WOS:000088633000002 PM 10947175 ER PT J AU Balog, JM Huff, GR Rath, NC Huff, WE AF Balog, JM Huff, GR Rath, NC Huff, WE TI Effect of dietary aspirin on ascites in broilers raised in a hypobaric chamber SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ascites; aspirin; hypobaric; broilers ID PULMONARY-HYPERTENSION; HIGH-ALTITUDE; CHICKENS; HEMATOLOGY; FAILURE; DRUGS; ACID AB During the course of ascites development in broilers, many factors can interact to cause hypoxia. To counteract hypoxia, birds with ascites develop greatly increased hematocrit and red cell counts. Increasing hematocrits result in more viscous blood. Prostaglandins are involved in the regulation of constriction and dilation of pulmonary blood vessels and in the formation of blood dots. Dietary aspirin, a prostaglandin inhibitor, was used in an attempt to promote vasodilation and inhibit blood clotting in broilers, with the objective of determining the effect of aspirin on ascites progression. The experimental design consisted of two trials with a total of 1,360, 1-d-old male broiler chicks, which were placed at either local altitude (390 m above sea level) or in a hypobaric chamber that simulated an altitude of 2,900 m above sea level. At each elevation, five dietary treatments were employed: [control, 0.025% crystalline acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), 0.05% aspirin, 0.10% aspirin, and 0.20% aspirin]. Bird and feed weights were recorded weekly. At the end of 5 wk, blood samples and organ weights were collected, and all birds were examined for signs of ascites. In both trials, birds raised at high altitudes were significantly lighter, had a higher incidence of ascites, and had differences in hematology, compared with birds raised at local elevation. Only in Trial 2, however, did dietary aspirin appear to have any effect on ascites incidence. At the 0.20% aspirin level, a reduction in ascites incidence approached significance compared with controls (34% vs. 56%, P less than or equal to 0.06). Unfortunately, birds fed 0.20% aspirin also were significantly (P less than or equal to 0.01) lighter than controls. Because slowing growth rate is known to reduce ascites, this decrease in BW may have been partially responsible for any beneficial effect on ascites development and progression obtained through feeding aspirin. C1 Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Poultry Prod & Prod Safety Res, Ctr Excellence Poultry Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Balog, JM (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Poultry Prod & Prod Safety Res, Ctr Excellence Poultry Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 35 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 79 IS 8 BP 1101 EP 1105 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 342EV UT WOS:000088633000004 PM 10947177 ER PT J AU Dickens, JA Berrang, ME Cox, NA AF Dickens, JA Berrang, ME Cox, NA TI Efficacy of an herbal extract on the microbiological quality of broiler carcasses during a simulated chill SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE herbal bactericide; microbiology; chilling; Campylobacter; Escherichia coli ID ACETIC-ACID; PROCESSED POULTRY; ESSENTIAL OILS; LACTIC-ACID; SALMONELLA; APPEARANCE; MEAT; DIP AB Protecta II, an herbal extract on an NaCl carrier, was evaluated in a 30-min, 1 C simulated chill for its effectiveness of lowering microbial counts on broiler carcasses. Eighteen broiler carcasses were obtained from a local processing plant after final wash but before chill, placed into an insulated container, and transported to the research facility for treatment. Six plant run controls (PRC) were immediately bagged on return to the pilot plant, and a whole-carcass rinse was performed. The remaining carcasses were subjected to a 30-min chill (1 C) in tap water or a 2% solution of Protecta II, (n = 6 per treatment). After treatment, carcasses were rinsed with tap water and subjected to the whole-carcass rinse procedure. All rinse diluents were microbiologically analyzed for total aerobes, coliforms, generic Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter. Six replications were analyzed on 6 different d for a total 36 carcasses per treatment and 36 PRC. The PRC carcasses had 3.7, 2.5, 2.1, and 2.0 log(10) cfu/mL for total aerobes, coliforms, generic E. coli, and Campylobacter. Water treatment significantly reduced counts (2.6, 1.4, 0.7, and 0.9 log(10) cfu/mL, respectively) when compared with the PRC. Protecta II treatment significantly reduced counts (P < 0.01) even further to counts of 0.06, 0.04, 0.01, and 0.00 log(10) cfu/mL for total aerobes, coliforms, Campylobacter, and E, coli, respectively. Detectable levels of the monitored organisms were 1 cell/mL (log(10) 0) for the E coli, coliforms, and total counts and 10 cells/mL (log(10) 1) for the Campylobacter. Microbial counts for carcasses treated with Protecta II would be considered too low to be detected (<1 cell/mL). C1 USDA ARS, S Atlantic Area, Russell Res Ctr, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. USDA ARS, S Atlantic Area, Russell Res Ctr, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Dickens, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, S Atlantic Area, Russell Res Ctr, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. EM adickens@saa.ars.usda.gov NR 21 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0032-5791 EI 1525-3171 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 79 IS 8 BP 1200 EP 1203 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 342EV UT WOS:000088633000019 PM 10947192 ER PT J AU Arnold, JW Silvers, S AF Arnold, JW Silvers, S TI Comparison of poultry processing equipment surfaces for susceptibility to bacterial attachment and biofilm formation SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE biofilm; bacteria; pathogen; poultry processing; stainless steel ID LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; MYXOCOCCUS-XANTHUS; MICROBIAL ATTACHMENT; CONTACT SURFACES; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; STAINLESS-STEEL; TURKEY SKIN; GROWTH; MILK AB During processing of poultry meat products, broiler carcasses come in contact with many solid surfaces. Bacteria from the carcasses can attach to wet equipment surfaces, form biofilms, and provide a source of cross-contamination for subsequent carcasses. In this study an array of common equipment surface materials was compared for susceptibility to bacterial attachment and biofilms. To model mixed microbial populations relevant to poultry processing, samples were taken directly from the processing line and exposed to the surface materials. Whole carcasses were rinsed with phosphate-buffered saline (100 mL), and the rinse was diluted in nutrient broth. Absorbance values (412 nm) of the suspensions at varying dilutions containing test surfaces were compared hourly with controls without test surfaces. The kinetics of bacterial attachment and biofilm formation on test surfaces were determined under the influence of pH, time, and bacterial cell density, and the elemental composition of the surface materials was determined by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Our results showed that surfaces vary in affinity for bacterial attachment and biofilm formation. Analysis by spectrophotometry and scanning electron microscopy confirmed that attachment to stainless steel, polyethylene, and belting was not significantly different from controls. Attachment to picker-finger rubber was significantly less than attachment to stainless steel and the other surfaces. In fact, picker-finger rubber inhibits bacterial contamination. An increased understanding of bacterial attachment and biofilm formation will assist in the development of interventions to counteract these processes and, thereby, enhance plant sanitation and pathogen control. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Arnold, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 39 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 4 U2 10 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 79 IS 8 BP 1215 EP 1221 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 342EV UT WOS:000088633000022 PM 10947195 ER PT J AU Collmer, A Badel, JL Charkowski, AO Deng, WL Fouts, DE Ramos, AR Rehm, AH Anderson, DM Schneewind, O van Dijk, K Alfano, JR AF Collmer, A Badel, JL Charkowski, AO Deng, WL Fouts, DE Ramos, AR Rehm, AH Anderson, DM Schneewind, O van Dijk, K Alfano, JR TI Pseudomonas syringae Hrp type III secretion system and effector proteins SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT National Academy of Sciences Colloquium on Virulence and Defense in Host-Pathogen Interactions: Common Features Between Plants and Animals CY DEC 09-11, 1999 CL ARNOLD & MABEL BECKMAND CTR, IRVINE, CALIFORNIA HO ARNOLD & MABEL BECKMAND CTR ID PLANT-DISEASE RESISTANCE; HYPERSENSITIVE CELL-DEATH; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; YERSINIA YSC HOMOLOGS; MESSENGER-RNA SIGNAL; PV SYRINGAE; AVIRULENCE GENE; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; RALSTONIA-SOLANACEARUM; PATHOGENICITY ISLANDS AB Pseudomonas syringae is a member of an important group of Cram-negative bacterial pathogens of plants and animals that depend on a type III secretion system to inject virulence effector proteins into host cells, In P. syringae, hrp/hrc genes encode the Hrp (type III secretion) system, and avirulence (avr) and Hrp-dependent outer protein (hop) genes encode effector proteins, The hrp/hrc genes of P. syringae pv syringae 61, P, syringae pv syringae B728a, and P, syringae pv tomato DC3000 are flanked by an exchangeable effector locus and a conserved effector locus in a tripartite mosaic Hrp pathogenicity island (Pai) that is linked to a tRNA(Leu) gene found also in Pseudomonas aeruginosa but without linkage to Hrp system genes. Cosmid pHIR11 carries a portion of the strain 61 Hrp pathogenicity island that is sufficient to direct Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens to inject HopPsyA into tobacco cells, thereby eliciting a hypersensitive response normally triggered only by plant pathogens. Large deletions in strain DC3000 revealed that the conserved effector locus is essential for pathogenicity but the exchangeable effector locus has only a minor role in growth in tomato. P. syringae secretes HopPsyA and AvrPto in culture in a Hrp-dependent manner at pH and temperature conditions associated with pathogenesis. AvrPto is also secreted by Yersinia enterocolitica. The secretion of AvrPto depends on the first 15 codons, which are also sufficient to direct the secretion of an Npt reporter from Y, enterocolitica, indicating that a universal targeting signal is recognized by the type III secretion systems of both plant and animal pathogens. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. ARS, USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Biol Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. RP Collmer, A (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI van Dijk, Karin/D-9668-2011; Alfano, James/A-7430-2010 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI 42797, R01 AI042797] NR 85 TC 129 Z9 136 U1 2 U2 22 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD AUG 1 PY 2000 VL 97 IS 16 BP 8770 EP 8777 DI 10.1073/pnas.97.16.8770 PG 8 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 341UL UT WOS:000088608000006 PM 10922033 ER PT J AU Ku, HM Vision, T Liu, JP Tanksley, SD AF Ku, HM Vision, T Liu, JP Tanksley, SD TI Comparing sequenced segments of the tomato and Arabidopsis genomes: Large-scale duplication followed by selective gene loss creates a network of synteny SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE genome evolution; polyploidy ID NUCLEOTIDE SUBSTITUTION; DNA-SEQUENCES; HIGHER-PLANTS; THALIANA; EVOLUTION; BRASSICA; RATES; RICE; CHROMOSOME-4; PREDICTION AB A 105-kilobase bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone from the ovate-containing region of tomato chromosome 2 was sequenced and annotated. The tomato BAC sequence was then compared, gene by gene, with the sequenced portions of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome. Rather than matching a single portion of the Arabidopsis genome, the tomato clone shows conservation of gene content and order with four different segments of Arabidopsis chromosomes 2-5, The gene order and content of these individual Arabidopsis segments indicate that they derived from a common ancestral segment through two or more rounds of large-scale genome duplication events-possibly polyploidy, One of these duplication events is ancient and may predate the divergence of the Arabidopsis and tomato lineages. The other is more recent and is estimated to have occurred after the divergence of tomato and Arabidopsis approximate to 112 million years ago. Together, these data suggest that, on the scale of BAG-sized segments of DNA, chromosomal rearrangements (e.g,. inversions and translocations) have been only a minor factor in the divergence of genome organization among plants. Rather, the dominating factors have been repeated rounds of large-scale genome duplication followed by selective gene loss. We hypothesize that these processes have led to the network of synteny revealed between tomato and Arabidopsis and predict that such networks of synteny will be common when making comparisons among higher plant taxa (e.g., families). C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Breeding, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, Ctr Bioinformat & Comparat Genom, Ithaca, NY 14863 USA. RP Tanksley, SD (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Breeding, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Vision, Todd/B-4867-2010 OI Vision, Todd/0000-0002-6133-2581 NR 43 TC 282 Z9 299 U1 3 U2 11 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD AUG 1 PY 2000 VL 97 IS 16 BP 9121 EP 9126 DI 10.1073/pnas.160271297 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 341UL UT WOS:000088608000066 PM 10908680 ER PT J AU Andersen, AA Vanrompay, D AF Andersen, AA Vanrompay, D TI Avian chlamydiosis SO REVUE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE DE L OFFICE INTERNATIONAL DES EPIZOOTIES LA English DT Article DE avian diseases; chickens; Chlamydia; Chlamydophila; ducks; fowl; poultry; turkeys ID OUTER-MEMBRANE PROTEIN; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; LATEX AGGLUTINATION; PSITTACI-INFECTIONS; TURKEYS; BIRDS; CHICKENS; SAMPLES; STRAINS; DNA AB Avian chlamydiosis (AC) can be economically devastating to producers and a serious public health problem. Most infections in humans are due to exposure to psittacine birds and pigeons; however, outbreaks resulting in severe disease and even death do occur in abattoir workers following processing of infected flocks. The disease occurs primarily in turkeys and ducks, but can affect all types of poultry. in poultry, the disease varies from one producing high morbidity and mortality to one that is asymptomatic. Farm workers and abattoir workers are at risk following exposure to either extreme. Although outbreaks of AC have declined since the 1970s, some parts of the world are now experiencing a rise in incidence. Whether the initial decrease was due to changes in production methods or to the increased use of antibiotics is not known. The mechanism for introduction of the disease into a flock or area is poorly understood. Wild birds are often infected by the same strains as domestic flocks and are therefore thought to play a major role in introduction. Data also indicate that vertical transmission may occur. Persistently infected carrier birds are known to be a source of chlamydiosis in the pet bird industry, hut have not been confirmed as a source of infection in poultry flocks. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Resp Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. State Univ Ghent, Fac Agr & Appl Biotechnol Sci, Dept Mol Biotechnol, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. RP Andersen, AA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Resp Dis Livestock Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 46 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 5 PU OFFICE INT EPIZOOTIES PI PARIS PA 12 RUE DE PRONY, 75017 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0253-1933 J9 REV SCI TECH OIE JI Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epizoot. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 19 IS 2 BP 396 EP 404 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 334PM UT WOS:000088194900005 PM 10935270 ER PT J AU Swayne, DE Suarez, DL AF Swayne, DE Suarez, DL TI Highly pathogenic avian influenza SO REVUE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE DE L OFFICE INTERNATIONAL DES EPIZOOTIES LA English DT Review DE avian diseases; fowl pest; fowl plague; highly pathogenic avian influenza orthomyxoviruses ID LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; OIL-EMULSION VACCINES; A VIRUSES; WILD DUCKS; HONG-KONG; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; UNITED-STATES; H5N1 VIRUSES; CHICKENS; TURKEYS AB Highly pathogenic (HP) avian influenza (Al) (HPAI) is an extremely contagious, multi-organ systemic disease of poultry leading to high mortality, and caused by some H5 and H7 subtypes of type A influenza virus, family Orthomyxoviridae. However, most Al virus strains are mildly pathogenic (MP) and produce either subclinical infections or respiratory and/or reproductive diseases in a variety of domestic and wild bird species. Highly pathogenic avian influenza is a List A disease of the Office International des Epizooties, while MPAI is neither a List A nor List B disease. Eighteen outbreaks of HPAI have been documented since the identification of Al virus as the cause of fowl plague in 1955. Mildly pathogenic avian influenza viruses are maintained in wild aquatic bird reservoirs, occasionally crossing over to domestic poultry and causing outbreaks of mild disease. Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses do not have a recognised wild bird reservoir, but can occasionally be isolated from wild birds during outbreaks in domestic poultry, Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses have been documented to arise from MPAI viruses through mutations in the haemagglutinin surface protein. Prevention of exposure to the virus and eradication are the accepted methods for dealing with HPAI. Control programmes, which imply allowing a low incidence of infection, are not an acceptable method for managing HPAI, but have been used during some outbreaks of MPAI. The components of a strategy to deal with MPAI or HPAI include surveillance and diagnosis, biosecurity, education, quarantine and depopulation, Vaccination has been used in some control and eradication programmes for Al. C1 ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, USDA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Swayne, DE (reprint author), ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, USDA, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 131 TC 215 Z9 238 U1 3 U2 28 PU OFFICE INT EPIZOOTIES PI PARIS PA 12 RUE DE PRONY, 75017 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0253-1933 J9 REV SCI TECH OIE JI Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epizoot. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 19 IS 2 BP 463 EP 482 PG 20 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 334PM UT WOS:000088194900009 PM 10935274 ER PT J AU Banskalieva, V Sahlu, T Goetsch, AL AF Banskalieva, V Sahlu, T Goetsch, AL TI Fatty acid composition of goat muscles and fat depots: a review SO SMALL RUMINANT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE goat; fatty; acids; lipids; meat ID ADIPOSE-TISSUE; PALMITIC ACID; CHOLESTEROL CONTENT; LIPOPROTEIN LEVELS; PLASMA-LIPIDS; MYRISTIC ACID; STEARIC-ACID; MEAT; BEEF; PHOSPHOLIPIDS AB In addition to the fat content of muscle and adipose depots, the fatty acid composition of lipids affects meat quality. Furthermore, relevant reports are difficult to use for comparisons, in that samples were collected from muscles and fat depots at various anatomical locations and experiments entailed different objectives, designs, procedures and methodologies, Nonetheless, based on currently available publications, according to a recent classification of meats by concentrations of potentially cholesterol-raising, and neutral, and cholesterol-lowering effects, average values for goat muscles appear better than for beef and lamb. Feeding dry diets seems to increase levels of unsaturated fatty acids and stearic acid in fat depots compared with milk or milk replacer. Increasing concentrate consumption can increase levels of odd-numbered and branched chain fatty acids in subcutaneous fat depots. With increasing age of unweaned kids, the level of stearic acid in fat depots decreases, and with increasing live weight of weaned kids levels of saturated fatty acids increase, and contents of monounsaturated fatty acids decrease in most fat depots. This review of a currently limited database indicates need for further experimentation to characterize interactions among factors such as breed, age and nutritional conditions in the fatty acid composition of carcass lipids of goats so as to gain a fuller understanding of goat meat quality. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Langston Univ, E Kika de la Garza Inst Goat Res, Langston, OK 73050 USA. Inst Anim Sci, Dept Biochem, Kostinbrod 2232, Bulgaria. USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. RP Sahlu, T (reprint author), Langston Univ, E Kika de la Garza Inst Goat Res, Langston, OK 73050 USA. NR 75 TC 180 Z9 196 U1 3 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4488 J9 SMALL RUMINANT RES JI Small Ruminant Res. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 37 IS 3 BP 255 EP 268 DI 10.1016/S0921-4488(00)00128-0 PG 14 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 345DU UT WOS:000088800800010 ER PT J AU Ventrella, D Mohanty, BP Simunek, J Losavio, N van Genuchten, MT AF Ventrella, D Mohanty, BP Simunek, J Losavio, N van Genuchten, MT TI Water and chloride transport in a fine-textured soil: Field experiments and modeling SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE water flow; chloride transport; numerical modeling; shallow groundwater table ID FLOOD-IRRIGATED FIELD; BALANCE AB Numerical models are being used increasingly to simulate water and solute movement in the subsurface for a variety of applications in research and soil/water management. Although a large number of models of varying degrees of complexity have been developed over the years, relatively few have been tested under field conditions. We tested the performance of the HYDRUS-1D computer model to simulate variably saturated water flow and chloride transport: in a fine-textured Italian soil subject to a fluctuating saline groundwater table. The model was also used for estimating solute transport parameters using an inverse optimization scheme, Our results indicate that including the effects of immobile water produced better predictions of chloride transport compared with the traditional convection-dispersion transport approach. Including anion exclusion as well did not improve the model predictions appreciably. Occasional deviations between model prediction and field observation were attributed to unrepresented lateral groundwater flow processes and to preferential flow through macropores or other structural voids, The HYDRUS-1D model was found to be very useful for analyzing the relatively complex now and solute transport processes at our field site and for estimating model parameters using inverse procedures. C1 MIPAF, Ist Sperimentale Agron, I-70125 Bari, Italy. USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Ventrella, D (reprint author), MIPAF, Ist Sperimentale Agron, Via Celso Ulpiani 5, I-70125 Bari, Italy. RI Simunek, Jiri/F-3196-2011; van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013; OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858; Ventrella, Domenico/0000-0001-8761-028X NR 19 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 11 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 165 IS 8 BP 624 EP 631 DI 10.1097/00010694-200008000-00004 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 351RK UT WOS:000089171800004 ER PT J AU Linden, DR Clapp, CE Dowdy, RH AF Linden, DR Clapp, CE Dowdy, RH TI Long-term corn grain and stover yields as a function of tillage and residue removal in east central Minnesota SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE no-tillage; moldboard-tillage; chisel-tillage; nitrogen; harvest index; water deficit; Zea mays L.; Minnesota; Haplic Chernozem ID SURFACE RESIDUE; SOIL; GROWTH; MANAGEMENT; SYSTEMS AB Because the adoption of conservation tillage requires long-term evaluation, the effect of tillage and residue management on corn (Zea mays L.) grain and stover yields was studied for 13 seasons in east central Minnesota. Three primary tillage methods (ncs-till (NT), fall chisel plow (CH), fall moldboard plow (MB)) and two residue management schemes (residue removal versus residue returned) were combined in a factorial design experiment on a Haplic Chernozem silt loam soil in Minnesota. No significant effects on grain yield were seen due to tillage treatments in 9 out of 13 years. The NT treatment resulted in lower yields than CPI and MB treatments in years 6 and 7, and lower than the MB in year 8, indicating a gradual decrease in yield over time with continuous use of NT. There were differences due to residue management in 8 out of 13 years. The residue-returned treatments contributed about 1 Mg ha(-1) greater yields in intermediate level dry years such as years 3 and 6, which had cumulative growing season precipitation 20 and 30% below the 9-year average, respectively. Ln excessively dry or longterm-average years, residues resulted in little yield difference between treatments. The most pronounced effects of residues were with the CH treatment for which yields were greater in 8 out of 13 years. The ratio of grain to total dry matter yield averaged 0.56 and did not vary with time or between treatments. These results apply primarily to soils wherein the total water storage capacity and accumulated rainfall are insufficient to supply optimum available water to the crop throughout the growing season. Under conditions with deeper soils or in either wetter or drier climates, the results may differ considerably. sro Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Linden, DR (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, 439 Borlaug Hall,1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 17 TC 84 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 56 IS 3-4 BP 167 EP 174 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(00)00139-2 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 353LB UT WOS:000089274700005 ER PT J AU Aragon, A Garcia, MG Filgueira, RR Pachepsky, YA AF Aragon, A Garcia, MG Filgueira, RR Pachepsky, YA TI Maximum compactibility of Argentine soils from the Proctor test; The relationship with organic carbon and water content SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE soil; compaction; Proctor test; organic carbon content; water content ID AGRICULTURAL SOILS; MATTER AB Soil compaction is recognized as an increasingly challenging problem for the agricultural, horticultural and forest production in many climatic regions. The Proctor test provides a standardized method to study compactibility of disturbed soils over a range of soil water contents. The objectives of our study were: (a) to determine values of the critical water content for compaction and maximum bulk density from Proctor compaction curves for soils different in their properties; (b) to study the correlation between the maximum bulk density and readily available soil properties. Thirty soil samples were taken from six different locations in Argentina between 58 and 64 degrees W and 34 and 38 degrees S. The degree of saturation at maximum bulk density varied from 73.3 to 96.8%. Comparison of our data with data of two studies in USA showed that relationships between the maximum bulk density and the critical water content were similar to these studies. However, the slope of the relationship between the maximum bulk density and the organic carbon content was 50% less in our study as compared with the two others. The maximum bulk density was highly correlated with the organic carbon content and the silt content, the determination coefficient of the multiple linear regression, r(2), was 0.88. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Univ La Plata, Fac Ciencias Agr & Forestales, Areas Manejo & Conservac Suelos & Fis Aplicada, RA-1900 La Plata, Argentina. USDA ARS, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Filgueira, RR (reprint author), Natl Univ La Plata, Fac Ciencias Agr & Forestales, Areas Manejo & Conservac Suelos & Fis Aplicada, RA-1900 La Plata, Argentina. OI Pachepsky, Yakov/0000-0003-0232-6090 NR 30 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 56 IS 3-4 BP 197 EP 204 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(00)00144-6 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 353LB UT WOS:000089274700008 ER PT J AU Morgado, J Cavaco-Paulo, A Rousselle, MA AF Morgado, J Cavaco-Paulo, A Rousselle, MA TI Enzymatic treatment of lyocell - Clarification of depilling mechanisms SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID COTTON CELLULOSE; HYDROLYSIS; FABRICS AB We have characterized cellulose from the original structure of a lyocell fabric, from pills mechanically removed from the surface with a razor blade and from cellulose microfibrils removed from the surface and dispersed in the liquor during a cellulase depilling process. We find that cellulases first attack the cellulose from the microfibrils on the surface of the fabric because they are more externally exposed than the cellulose of the original fabric structure and have the same characteristics in terms of molecular weight, polydispersity, and crystallinity index as the base fabric. Cellulose from the microfibrils removed from the base fabric by the cellulase and recovered from the liquor shows significantly increased polydispersity, therefore indicating that the microfibrils have been widely attacked by the enzymes. Cellulases prove to be thorough surface finishing agents, since they change only the fiber surface, not the crystallinity. C1 Univ Minho, Dept Text Engn, P-4800 Guimaraes, Portugal. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Cavaco-Paulo, A (reprint author), Univ Minho, Dept Text Engn, P-4800 Guimaraes, Portugal. RI Cavaco-Paulo, Artur/B-5906-2009; Cavaco-Paulo, Artur/N-7898-2013 OI Cavaco-Paulo, Artur/0000-0002-4982-1833; Cavaco-Paulo, Artur/0000-0001-7204-2064 NR 8 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 4 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 USA SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 70 IS 8 BP 696 EP 699 DI 10.1177/004051750007000807 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA 337UY UT WOS:000088381100007 ER PT J AU Buisson, YL Rajasekaran, K French, AD Conrad, DC Roy, PS AF Buisson, YL Rajasekaran, K French, AD Conrad, DC Roy, PS TI Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of cotton fabric damage by tumble drying SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Abrasion and heat damage to desized and scoured cotton fabric during drying in a household tumble dryer are evaluated by SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and weight and tensile/strain tests for breaking strength and elongation. Wet fabric dried with heat shows severe fiber damage, and wet fabric tumbled at room temperature shows less damage than with heat. Dry fabric tumbled at a high temperature, equivalent to over-drying in a dryer, shows different but still severe damage compared to wet fabric. Moisture loss patterns during drying as a function of time or temperature indicate possible ways to minimize dryer damage by reducing unnecessary tumble-drying time and energy input. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Buisson, YL (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 6 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 6 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 USA SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 70 IS 8 BP 739 EP 743 DI 10.1177/004051750007000813 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA 337UY UT WOS:000088381100013 ER PT J AU Li, Z Rutger, JN AF Li, Z Rutger, JN TI Geographic distribution and multilocus organization of isozyme variation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE rice; isozyme variation; multilocus organization; evolution ID AVENA-BARBATA; GENETIC-STRUCTURE; EVOLUTION; DIFFERENTIATION; POPULATION; ORIGIN; LOCI AB Genetic organization of isozyme variation in rice (Oryza sativa L.) was investigated based on 17 polymorphic isozyme loci using a sample of 511 accessions of worldwide origin, The genetic diversity within the species was very high (H=0.36 with 4.82 alleles per locus), as compared with most selfing plant species. Three diversity centers were detected for isozyme variation including South Asia, China and Southeast Asia, The accessions were classified into three well-differentiated cultivar groups corresponding to the indica and japonica subspecies, and a new unnamed group, Variation within the cultivar groups accounted for 80% of the total isozyme variation. Within-country variation accounted for 58% of the total variation while among-region and among-country variation within the cultivar groups accounted for only 14% and 8% of the total variation. Analyses using log-linear models revealed that pronounced non-random associations between and among alleles at many unlinked isozyme loci were organized in a non-hierarchical pattern, and subspecific and macrogeographic differentiation was much more pronounced in multilocus phenotype frequencies than in allelic frequencies at individual loci. These results suggest that selection on multilocus gene complexes was largely responsible for the maintenance of the extensive isozyme variation within the species and the indica-japonica differentiation. Our results further suggest the independent domestication of indica and japonica, the dual origins of the indica rice from China and South Asia (India), and the differentiation of the ecotypes 'javanica' and the 'temperate japonica' within the japonica subspecies. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agron & Range Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA ARS, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Rice Germplasm Evaluat & Enhancement Ctr, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. RP Li, Z (reprint author), Int Rice Res Inst, POB 3127, Makati City 1271, Philippines. NR 36 TC 27 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 9 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 101 IS 3 BP 379 EP 387 DI 10.1007/s001220051494 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 346EU UT WOS:000088858500009 ER PT J AU Guthrie, HD Garrett, WM AF Guthrie, HD Garrett, WM TI Changes in porcine oocyte germinal vesicle development as follicles approach preovulatory maturity SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mature female swine; follicular steroid hormones; laser scanning confocal microscopy ID IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION; PIG OOCYTES; MATURATION; COMPETENCE; GROWTH; COMPLEXES; EXPOSURE; IMPROVES; GILTS AB This study was conducted to determine the distribution of oocytes in meiotic arrest as a function of follicle maturation, atresia status, and follicular fluid steroid concentrations. Oocytes (n = 138) from greater than or equal to 3 mm follicles were recovered from gilts (n = 3/d) on Days 1, 3, 5, and 7 of the follicular phase initiated by withdrawal of altrenogest treatment. They were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, stained with Hoechst 33342, and examined by laser scanning confocal microscopy using combined bright field Nomarski optics and ultraviolet laser illumination. The number of oocytes in complete meiotic arrest increased (P < 0.05) as a function of the stage of maturation from 29% on Day 1 to 79 and 67% on Days 3 and 5, respectively. Oocytes showing complete germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) were found only on Day 7 (24 to 36 h after the preovulatory LH surge). The distribution of GV stages on Days 1 to 5 did not differ between atretic (n = 27) and nonatretic follicles (n = 81). In nonatretic follicles, GV stage was inversely related to the concentration of estradiol on Day 7 and to the concentrations of progesterone and androstenedione (P < 0.05) on Days 5 and 7 indicating that meiotically arrested oocytes were likely to be found in follicles with highest levels of steroidogenesis. In conclusion, a large proportion of oocytes present in 3 to 5 mm follicles had begun GVBD. The follicles in the ovulatory cohort may be recruited or selected from preexisting 3 to 5 mm follicles, or younger population with oocytes that are in complete meiotic arrest. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 ARS, USDA, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Guthrie, HD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Bldg 200,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 25 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD AUG PY 2000 VL 54 IS 3 BP 389 EP 399 PG 11 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 361ED UT WOS:000089709100004 PM 11051322 ER PT J AU Locke, DP Sellers, HS Crawford, JM Schultz-Cherry, S King, DJ Meinersmann, RJ Seal, BS AF Locke, DP Sellers, HS Crawford, JM Schultz-Cherry, S King, DJ Meinersmann, RJ Seal, BS TI Newcastle disease virus phosphoprotein gene analysis and transcriptional editing in avian cells SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE paramyxovirus; negative-strand RNA virus; polycistronic gene expression; avian disease; veterinary virology ID HEXAMER GENOME LENGTH; STRAIN BEAUDETTE-C; P-PROTEIN; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; MESSENGER-RNA; NUCLEOCAPSID PROTEIN; HEMAGGLUTININ-NEURAMINIDASE; MOLECULAR-CLONING; COMPLEMENTARY-DNA; RIBONUCLEIC-ACID AB Nucleotide sequence was determined for the phosphoprotein (P) gene from 23 Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates representing all defined pathotypes with different chronological and geographic origins. Sequence variation, with synonymous substitutions dominating, occurred throughout the P gene. An exception was a conserved central region containing the transcriptional editing site. Four G nucleotide additions were detected in NDV P gene mRNA potentially creating alternative open reading frames. However, only one in-frame stop codon exists with a single G addition among all isolates that would allow for a potential V protein. A second potential stop codon does not exist in the P gene consensus sequence among all isolates with more than one G nucleotide addition at the editing site. This precludes a possible W protein in these isolates. A second potential alternative in-frame start site exists among all isolates that could encode a predicted X protein for NDV. Comparison of the P gene editing sites among the Paramyxovirinae and predicted P gene usage demonstrates that NDV more closely resembles the respiroviruses and morbilliviruses. Phylogenetic analysis of P gene sequences among NDV isolates demonstrates there are two clades of these viruses. One group includes viruses isolated in the US prior to 1970, while a second cluster includes virulent viruses circulating worldwide. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. USDA ARS, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Seal, BS (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 77 TC 31 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 69 IS 1 BP 55 EP 68 DI 10.1016/S0168-1702(00)00175-1 PG 14 WC Virology SC Virology GA 355RN UT WOS:000089398900006 PM 10989186 ER PT J AU Brooks, RT Lust, N AF Brooks, RT Lust, N TI The science of managing forests to sustain water resources - Partial proceedings of an International Conference - Sturbridge, Massachusetts, USA November 8-11, 1998 - Preface - Special section SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, USDA, Amherst, MA USA. Univ Ghent, Lab Forestry, Melle, Belgium. RP Brooks, RT (reprint author), US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, USDA, Amherst, MA USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 122 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 1 DI 10.1023/A:1005272320500 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 342FP UT WOS:000088634800001 ER PT J AU Campbell, JL Eagar, C McDowell, WH Hornbeck, JW AF Campbell, JL Eagar, C McDowell, WH Hornbeck, JW TI Analysis of nitrogen dynamics in the Lye Brook Wilderness area, Vermont, USA SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on the Science of Managing Forests to Sustain Water Resources CY NOV 08-11, 1998 CL STURBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS SP Soc Amer Foresters, Water Resources Working Grp, Massachusetts Metropolita District Commiss, Div Watershed Management, US Forest Serv, NE Area State & Private Forestry, Univ Massachusetts Extens DE nitrification; nitrogen; nitrogen mineralization; soil water; stream chemistry; wilderness area ID FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; NEW-HAMPSHIRE; NEW-ENGLAND; NITRIFICATION; SATURATION; RESPONSES; CHEMISTRY; MINERALIZATION; HYPOTHESIS; SUCCESSION AB Nitrogen (N) deposition and its impact on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems is a concern facing federal land managers at the Lye Brook Wilderness in Vermont and other protected areas throughout the northeastern United States. In this study, we compared N production in soils with N concentrations and outputs in leachates to determine how forest cover types differ in regulating N losses. Also, precipitation inputs and modeled estimates of streamwater outputs were used to calculate a watershed N budget. Most ammonium and nitrate were produced in organic soils with deciduous cover. Softwood stands had low net nitrification rates and minimal N leaching. A comparison of watershed inputs and outputs showed a net gain in total dissolved N (5.5 kg ha(-1) yr(-1)) due to an accumulation of dissolved inorganic N. The Lye Brook Wilderness ecosystem has N budgets similar to other forested ecosystems in the region, and appears to be assimilating the accumulating N. However seasonal losses of nitrate observed in mineral soils and streamwater may be early warnings of the initial stages of N saturation. C1 US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, USDA, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Nat Resources, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Campbell, JL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, USDA, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RI McDowell, William/E-9767-2010; OI McDowell, William/0000-0002-8739-9047; Campbell, John/0000-0003-4956-1696 NR 29 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 122 IS 1-2 BP 63 EP 75 DI 10.1023/A:1005258814565 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 342FP UT WOS:000088634800006 ER PT J AU Yates, SR Papiernik, SK Gao, F Gan, J AF Yates, SR Papiernik, SK Gao, F Gan, J TI Analytical solutions for the transport of volatile organic chemicals in unsaturated layered systems SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID METHYL-BROMIDE VOLATILIZATION; GAS-DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT; ONE-DIMENSIONAL TRANSPORT; COMPUTED CONCENTRATIONS; FUMIGATED FIELDS; SOIL PROPERTIES; COVERED FIELD; POROUS-MEDIA; DEGRADATION; ATMOSPHERE AB Several analytical solutions were developed that describe the transport of volatile organic chemicals or other gases in layered porous media. Solutions are presented for a one-dimensional system consisting of either two finite soil layers or a finite layer adjacent to an infinite soil layer. The proposed solutions may be useful for studying the movement of volatile chemicals or other gases in layered soils, as well as for gas movement from soils into passive flux chambers, which are commonly used for measuring the surface volatilization rate. The behavior of the solutions is illustrated by several examples showing the soil gas concentration and the flux density as a function of time. At early times it was found that the flux density into a chamber is relatively constant when the mass transfer coefficient h is small. However, the concentration at the soil-chamber interface changes rapidly. For large h the flux density at the interface changes rapidly, and the concentration is relatively constant. C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Yates, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 31 TC 10 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 36 IS 8 BP 1993 EP 2000 DI 10.1029/2000WR900077 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 340UZ UT WOS:000088554500001 ER PT J AU Schellekens, J Bruijnzeel, LA Scatena, FN Bink, NJ Holwerda, F AF Schellekens, J Bruijnzeel, LA Scatena, FN Bink, NJ Holwerda, F TI Evaporation from a tropical rain forest, Luquillo Experimental Forest, eastern Puerto Rico SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID BISLEY EXPERIMENTAL WATERSHEDS; ANALYTICAL MODEL; INTERCEPTION LOSS; HURRICANE-HUGO; WEST JAVA; BALANCE; HEAT; PRECIPITATION; INDONESIA; BIOMASS AB Evaporation losses from a watertight 6.34 ha rain forest catchment under wet maritime tropical conditions in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico, were determined using complementary hydrological and micrometeorological techniques during 1996 and 1997. At 6.6 mm d(-1) for 1996 and 6.0 mm d(-1) for 1997, the average evapotranspiration (ET) of the forest is exceptionally high. Rainfall interception (Ei), as evaluated from weekly throughfall measurements and an average stemflow fraction of 2.3%, accounted for much (62-74%) of the ET at 4.9 mm d(-1) in 1996 and 3.7 mm d(-1) in 1997. Average transpiration rates (E(t)) according to a combination of the temperature fluctuation method and the Penman-Monteith equation were modest at 2.2 mm d(-1) and 2.4 mm dr in 1996 and 1997, respectively. Both estimates compared reasonably well with the water-budget-based estimates (ET - E(i)) of 1.7 mm d(-1) and 2.2 mm d(-1). Inferred rates of wet canopy evaporation were roughly 4 to 5 times those predicted by the Penman-Monteith equation, with nighttime rates very similar to daytime rates, suggesting radiant energy is not the dominant controlling factor. A combination of advected energy from the nearby Atlantic Ocean, low aerodynamic resistance, plus frequent low-intensity rain is thought to be the most likely explanation of the observed discrepancy between measured and estimated E(i). C1 Free Univ Amsterdam, Fac Earth Sci, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. RP Schellekens, J (reprint author), Free Univ Amsterdam, Fac Earth Sci, De Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. EM schj@geo.vu.nl; brul@geo.vu.nl; f_scatena@uprl.upr.clu.edu; binn@geo.vu.nl; holf@geo.vu.nl NR 83 TC 55 Z9 59 U1 3 U2 24 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 36 IS 8 BP 2183 EP 2196 DI 10.1029/2000WR900074 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 340UZ UT WOS:000088554500016 ER PT J AU Scott, RL Shuttleworth, WJ Keefer, TO Warrick, AW AF Scott, RL Shuttleworth, WJ Keefer, TO Warrick, AW TI Modeling multiyear observations of soil moisture recharge in the semiarid American Southwest SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID STEP OUTFLOW EXPERIMENTS; DISC INFILTROMETER DATA; RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELS; HYDRAULIC-PROPERTIES; PARAMETER-ESTIMATION; INVERSE METHOD; DESERT PLANTS; ARID SAVANNA; WATER; CONDUCTIVITY AB The multiyear, root zone soil moisture redistribution characteristics in a semiarid rangeland in southeastern Arizona were evaluated to determine the magnitude and variability of deep-profile, wintertime soil moisture recharge. Intermittent observations from 1990 to 1998 of average volumetric soil moisture under shrub and grass cover showed that significant recharge beyond 0.30 m principally occurs only in the wintertime when the vegetation is senescent and does not use the infiltrating water. Using the physically based, variably saturated flow model HYDRUS, wintertime observations were modeled to determine the recharge of soil moisture at different depth intervals in the vadose zone. Two approaches were carried out to estimate the soil model parameters. The first was to use basic soils data from detailed profile descriptions in conjunction with pedotransfer functions. The second parameter estimation strategy was to use an automatic parameter search algorithm to find the optimal soil parameters that minimize the error between the model-computed volumetric water content and observations. Automatic calibration of the model was performed using the shuffled complex evolution algorithm (SCE-UA), and it proved possible to satisfactorily describe the vadose zone observations using a simplified description of the soil profile with optimal model parameters. Simulations with the optimized model indicate that significant recharge of vadose zone does occur well beyond 0.30 m in winter but that such recharge is highly variable from year to year and appears correlated with El Nino episodes. This water could serve as a source of plant water for deeper-rooted plants that are active during the subsequent spring season, thereby exploiting a niche that the more abundant, shallower-rooted plants that are active during the summer rainy season do not. However, the year-to-year variability of the winter precipitation and consequent deep soil moisture recharge indicates that the deeper-rooted vegetation in this region must retain the ability to obtain moisture from the near surface in order to meet its water demands if necessary. C1 USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Soil Water & Environm Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Scott, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 72 TC 72 Z9 78 U1 2 U2 34 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 36 IS 8 BP 2233 EP 2247 DI 10.1029/2000WR900116 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 340UZ UT WOS:000088554500020 ER PT J AU Norman, JM Kustas, WP Prueger, JH Diak, GR AF Norman, JM Kustas, WP Prueger, JH Diak, GR TI Surface flux estimation using radiometric temperature: A dual temperature-difference method to minimize measurement errors SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID REMOTELY-SENSED DATA; SENSIBLE HEAT-FLUX; SOIL-WATER CONTENT; ENERGY-BALANCE; VAPOR TRANSFER; LAND SURFACES; CANOPY COVER; MODEL; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; ROUGHNESS AB Surface temperature serves as a key boundary condition that defines the partitioning of surface radiation into sensible and latent heat fluxes. Surface brightness temperature measurements from satellites offer the unique possibility of mapping surface heat fluxes at regional scales. Because uncertainties in satellite measurements of surface radiometric temperature arise from atmospheric corrections, surface emissivity, and instrument calibrations, a number of studies have found significant discrepancies between modeled and measured heat fluxes when using radiometric temperature. Recent research efforts have overcome these uncertainties and in addition have accounted for the difference between radiometric and aerodynamic temperature by considering soil and vegetative-canopy aerodynamic resistances. The major remaining obstacle to using satellite data for regional heat flux estimation is inadequate density of near-surface air temperature observations. In this paper we describe a simple, operational, double-difference approach for relating surface sensible heat flux to remote observations of surface brightness temperature, vegetative cover and type, and measurements of near-surface wind speed and air temperature from the synoptic weather network. A double difference of the time rate of change in radiometric and air temperature observations is related to heat flux. This double-difference approach reduces both the errors associated with deriving a radiometric temperature and with defining meteorological quantities at large scales. The scheme is simpler than other recent approaches because it requires minimal ground-based data and does not require modeling boundary layer development. The utility of this scheme is tested with ground-based radiometric temperature observations from several arid and subhumid climates with a wide range of vegetative cover and meteorological conditions. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA ARS, Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Norman, JM (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, 263 Soils Bldg,1525 Observ Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 48 TC 94 Z9 99 U1 3 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 36 IS 8 BP 2263 EP 2274 DI 10.1029/2000WR900033 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 340UZ UT WOS:000088554500022 ER PT J AU Solano-Aguilar, GI Vengroski, KG Beshah, E Lunney, JK AF Solano-Aguilar, GI Vengroski, KG Beshah, E Lunney, JK TI Isolation and purification of lymphocyte subsets from gut-associated lymphoid tissue in neonatal swine SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE mucosal; neonatal pig; lymphocyte isolation; developmental immunology ID LAMINA PROPRIA; CD WORKSHOP; T-CELLS; INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM; POSTNATAL-DEVELOPMENT; PIGS; MURINE; ANTIBODIES; RESPONSES; ANTIGENS AB The characterization of lymphoid subsets isolated from different anatomical sites is of great importance for understanding the mechanisms and interactions of normal and pathological immune reactions in the pig. The objective of this study was to standardize a protocol for the isolation of lymphocytes from mucosal tissues of neonatal pigs. Specific protocols for the isolation of lymphocytes from Peyer's patches of jejunum (jejPP) and ileum (ilPP), the Intraepithelial (IE) and lamina propria (LP) compartments of the jejunum and ileum the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), and the peripheral blood (PBMC) are described in detail. The analysis of the cells isolated indicated a high viability (>90%). The histological sections from fragments collected from the intestine demonstrated that in nursing young pigs, the recovery of IE and LP lymphocytes may be limited because of the low numbers of lymphocytes present in early age. In addition, the presence of large intracytoplasmic vacuoles and hyaline droplets between the columnar epithelial cells during the first week of age interferes with the isolation of pure lymphocytes from the IE and LP compartments. Optimal lymphocyte yields for all the samples analyzed was confirmed by immunostaining with the pan-lymphocyte marker, CD45. The successful isolation and comparison of large numbers of pure populations from compartmentalized areas of the intestine and associated lymphoid tissues opens up a broad area for the investigation of mucosal immune responses of pigs. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Solano-Aguilar, GI (reprint author), USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, BARC E, 10300 Baltimore Ave,Bldg 1040,Room 105, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 24 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1759 J9 J IMMUNOL METHODS JI J. Immunol. Methods PD JUL 31 PY 2000 VL 241 IS 1-2 BP 185 EP 199 DI 10.1016/S0022-1759(00)00209-X PG 15 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Immunology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Immunology GA 342JJ UT WOS:000088641200017 PM 10915860 ER PT J AU Joseph, JA Denisova, NA Bielinski, D Fisher, DR Shukitt-Hale, B AF Joseph, JA Denisova, NA Bielinski, D Fisher, DR Shukitt-Hale, B TI Oxidative stress protection and vulnerability in aging: putative nutritional implications for intervention SO MECHANISMS OF AGEING AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International NILS Workshop on Longevity Sciences CY DEC 02-03, 1999 CL AICHI, JAPAN SP Japan Fdn Aging & Hlth DE membranes; receptors; dietary supplementation; polyphenolics ID AGE-RELATED-CHANGES; NEURONAL SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; SYNAPTIC PLASMA-MEMBRANES; GINKGO-BILOBA EXTRACT; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY; PROTEIN INTERACTIONS; BEHAVIORAL DEFICITS; MEMORY PERFORMANCE; LIPID-COMPOSITION AB Research indicates that vulnerability to oxidative stress (OSV) may increase in aging, suggesting that age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) or vascular dementia (VAD) may be superimposed upon a vulnerable neuronal environment. Determinations in cell models have suggested that the enhanced. OSV may be the result of, (a) increases in membrane lipids, especially sphingomyelin and the sphingomyelin metabolite, sphingosine-1-phosphate, (b) decreases in glutathione, and (c) CNS distribution of OS-sensitive neuronal muscarinic receptor subtypes (e.g. M1, M2 and M4). These changes appear to enhance, (a) decrements in cellular calcium buffering following KCl-induced depolarization, and (b) cell death under OS conditions. Among the most effective agents that antagonized cellular OSV were the combination of polyphenolics found in fruits (e.g. blueberry extract) with high antioxidant activity. Subsequent experiments using dietary supplementation with fruit (strawberry) or vegetable (spinach) extracts have shown that such extracts are also effective in forestalling and reversing the deleterious effects of behavioral aging in F344 rats. Thus, it appears that the beneficial effects of the polyphenolics found in fruits and vegetables in neuronal aging and behavior may be similar to those seen with respect to carcinogenesis and cardiovascular disease. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Joseph, JA (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 97 TC 82 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0047-6374 J9 MECH AGEING DEV JI Mech. Ageing. Dev. PD JUL 31 PY 2000 VL 116 IS 2-3 BP 141 EP 153 DI 10.1016/S0047-6374(00)00128-7 PG 13 WC Cell Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Cell Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 357FP UT WOS:000089488100009 PM 10996014 ER PT J AU Roberts, SB AF Roberts, SB TI A review of age-related changes in energy regulation and suggested mechanisms SO MECHANISMS OF AGEING AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International NILS Workshop on Longevity Sciences CY DEC 02-03, 1999 CL AICHI, JAPAN SP Japan Fdn Aging & Hlth DE energy intake; energy metabolism; aging; anorexia; body composition ID NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE; DOUBLY LABELED WATER; FOOD-INTAKE; NATIONAL COHORT; NEUROPEPTIDE-Y; BLOOD-GLUCOSE; BODY FATNESS; WEIGHT-LOSS; OLDER MEN; EXPENDITURE AB This review discusses recent studies on possible causes of weight loss in older individuals. Studies of the regulation of food intake suggest that aging is associated with an impairment in the regulation of food intake that inhibits appropriate short-term and long-term compensation for imposed alterations in energy intake. The combination of a reduced ability to regulate energy intake, decreased sensory specific satiety, and adverse social factors such as functional limitations, social isolation and depression, increases the risk of negative energy balance leading to weight loss in older individuals. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM sroberts@hnrc.tufts.edu FU NIA NIH HHS [AG12829]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK 46124] NR 53 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 0047-6374 J9 MECH AGEING DEV JI Mech. Ageing Dev. PD JUL 31 PY 2000 VL 116 IS 2-3 BP 157 EP 167 DI 10.1016/S0047-6374(00)00126-3 PG 11 WC Cell Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Cell Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 357FP UT WOS:000089488100011 PM 10996016 ER PT J AU Ma, DL Gordh, G Zalucki, MP AF Ma, DL Gordh, G Zalucki, MP TI Survival and development of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) on neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) leaves SO AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE development; Helicoverpa armigera; neem; survival ID PLANTS; LARVAE AB The survival, development and feeding responses of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) leaflets were evaluated under choice and no-choice conditions. Neem leaflets provided to starving fourth-instar larvae were chewed, but larvae expectorated most of the material. The weight of surviving larvae decreased and no fourth instars completed development on neem leaflets alone. Larvae resumed feeding when transferred to cotton leaves after 5 days of feeding on neem leaflets. Fourth instars strongly discriminated between neem leaflets and cotton leaves when offered a choice. Early sixth instars decreased in weight and had delayed development when feet only on neem leaflets. Mure than one-half lived for more than 2 weeks and some completed development to adults. Neem is an unacceptable non-host plant species for H. armigera. C1 Univ Queensland, Dept Zool & Entomol, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia. USDA ARS, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Ma, DL (reprint author), Univ Queensland, Dept Zool & Entomol, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia. RI Zalucki, Myron/G-7983-2012 OI Zalucki, Myron/0000-0001-9603-7577 NR 13 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE ASIA PI CARLTON PA 54 UNIVERSITY ST, P O BOX 378, CARLTON, VICTORIA 3053, AUSTRALIA SN 1326-6756 J9 AUST J ENTOMOL JI Aust. J. Entomol. PD JUL 28 PY 2000 VL 39 BP 208 EP 211 DI 10.1046/j.1440-6055.2000.00166.x PN 3 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 351KJ UT WOS:000089156100016 ER PT J AU Siviter, RJ Coast, GM Winther, AME Nachman, RJ Taylor, CAM Shirras, AD Coates, D Isaac, RE Nassel, DR AF Siviter, RJ Coast, GM Winther, AME Nachman, RJ Taylor, CAM Shirras, AD Coates, D Isaac, RE Nassel, DR TI Expression and functional characterization of a Drosophila neuropeptide precursor with homology to mammalian preprotachykinin A SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID TACHYKININ-RELATED PEPTIDES; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; LEUCOPHAEA-MADERAE; URECHIS-UNICINCTUS; ECHIUROID WORM; CDNA SEQUENCE; SUBSTANCE-P; STABLE FLY; GENE; RECEPTOR AB Peptides structurally related to mammalian tachykinins have recently been isolated from the brain and intestine of several insect species, where they are believed to function as both neuromodulators and hormones. Further evidence for the signaling role of insect tachykinin-related peptides was provided by the cloning and characterization of cDNAs for two tachykinin receptors from Drosophila melanogaster. However, no endogenous ligand has been isolated for the Drosophila tachykinin receptors to date. Analysis of the Drosophila genome allowed us to identify a putative tachykinin-related peptide prohormone (prepro-DTK) gene. A 1.5-kilobase pair cDNA amplified from a Drosophila head cDNA library contained an 870-base pair open reading frame, which encodes five novel Drosophila tachykinin-related peptides (called DTK peptides) with conserved C-terminal FXGXR-amide motifs common to other insect tachykinin-related peptides. The tachykinin-related peptide prohormone gene (Dtk) is both expressed and post-translationally processed in larval and adult midgut endocrine cells and in the central nervous system, with midgut expression starting at stage 17 of embryogenesis. The predicted Drosophila tachykinin peptides have potent stimulatory effects on the contractions of insect gut. These data provide additional evidence for the conservation of both the structure and function of the tachykinin peptides in the brain and gut during the course of evolution. C1 Univ Leeds, Sch Biol, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. Univ Lancaster, Dept Biol Sci, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England. Univ Stockholm, Dept Zool, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. USDA, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Univ London Birkbeck Coll, Dept Biol, London WC1E 7HX, England. RP Isaac, RE (reprint author), Univ Leeds, Sch Biol, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. RI Winther, Asa/E-8842-2010 NR 47 TC 103 Z9 106 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD JUL 28 PY 2000 VL 275 IS 30 BP 23273 EP 23280 DI 10.1074/jbc.M002875200 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 338KV UT WOS:000088419400093 PM 10801863 ER PT J AU Keller, M Weitz, AM Bryan, B Rivera, MM Silver, WL AF Keller, M Weitz, AM Bryan, B Rivera, MM Silver, WL TI Soil-atmosphere nitrogen oxide fluxes: Effects of root disturbance SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID NITRIC-OXIDE; WET FOREST; DENITRIFICATION; METHANE; DYNAMICS; NO AB Chambers are the most common method used to sample soil-atmosphere fluxes of trace gases. Working in tree plantations in Costa Rica and in subtropical forest in Puerto Rico, we performed controlled experiments in order to evaluate whether installation of the chamber bases into the soil affects the soil-atmosphere flux of nitrogen oxides. Installation of chambers severed roots. We found a short-term disturbance effect related to chamber installation. Fluxes of nitrogen oxides increased by as much as a factor of 4 during a period of about I month following chamber installation in the soil. Within 6 weeks of chamber base installation, fluxes fell to control levels. Given the timescale of disturbance and recovery, root mortality and decomposition is the most likely cause of the observed effect. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Keller, M (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM michael.keller@unh.edu RI Keller, Michael/A-8976-2012; Silver, Whendee/H-1118-2012 OI Keller, Michael/0000-0002-0253-3359; NR 30 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL 27 PY 2000 VL 105 IS D14 BP 17693 EP 17698 DI 10.1029/2000JD900068 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 337NT UT WOS:000088368700001 ER PT J AU Kim, H Ralph, J Yahiaoui, N Pean, M Boudet, AM AF Kim, H Ralph, J Yahiaoui, N Pean, M Boudet, AM TI Cross-coupling of hydroxycinnamyl aldehydes into lignins SO ORGANIC LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CINNAMYL-ALCOHOL-DEHYDROGENASE; DOWN-REGULATION; CONIFERYL ALDEHYDE; TOBACCO PLANTS; MAIZE; BIOSYNTHESIS; LIGNIFICATION; MUTANT; UNITS; GENE AB [GRAPHICS] Pathways for hydroxycinnamyl aldehyde incorporation into lignins are revealed by examining transgenic plants deficient in cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, the enzyme that converts hydroxycinnamyl aldehydes to the hydroxycinnamyl alcohol lignin monomers. In such plants the aldehydes incorporate into lignins via radical coupling reactions. As diagnostically revealed by long-range C-13-H-1 correlative NMR, sinapyl aldehyde (3,5-dimethoxy 4-hydroxy-cinnamaldehyde) 8-O-4-cross-couples with both gualacyl (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl-propanoid) and syringyl (3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl-propanoid) units, whereas coniferyl aldehyde cross-couples only with syringyl units. C1 USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forestry, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Unite Mixte Rech, Pole Biotechnol Vegetale, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France. CEA, DSV, DEVM, Grp Rech Appl & Phytotechnol, St Paul Durance, France. RP Ralph, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 34 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1523-7060 J9 ORG LETT JI Org. Lett. PD JUL 27 PY 2000 VL 2 IS 15 BP 2197 EP 2200 DI 10.1021/ol005906o PG 4 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 337FH UT WOS:000088346400005 PM 10930242 ER PT J AU Baker, JM AF Baker, JM TI Conditional sampling revisited SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting of the American-Society-of-Agronomy CY 1996 CL INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA SP Amer Soc Agronomy DE conditional sampling; surface-atmosphere exchange; flux measurement ID RELAXED EDDY-ACCUMULATION; FLUX MEASUREMENT; DENSITY; HEAT AB There is a continued need for simple, robust, yet accurate methods for measuring the surface/atmosphere exchange of a wide variety of trace gases and particulates. Conditional sampling is a relatively new method that has received increasing attention in recent years because it is related to theoretically attractive eddy covariance, but does not require a rapid response sensor for the covariate, It does require rapid measurement of the vertical wind speed, w, and sorting of sampled air into two separate lines based on the direction of w. As originally proposed, the flux was then calculated as F = beta Delta C sigma(w), where Delta C is the mean difference in concentration between the upward and downward moving eddies, sigma(w) the standard deviation of the vertical wind speed, and beta an empirical coefficient. Subsequent exposition showed that beta was derivable from the statistics of joint Gaussian distribution, although field experiments have consistently found values in the range of 0.56 to 0.58, somewhat lower than the theoretical expectation of approximate to 0.62-0.63. Here, we reexamine the method, and show that if the flux is instead expressed as F = b(l)sigma(w)(2), where b(l) is the regression-estimated slope of the concentration vs, wind speed relation, then it is exactly equivalent to eddy covariance. The aim of conditional sampling then becomes an estimation of bl as Delta C/Delta W. We show that this quantity has a consistent positive bias when samples are sorted simply into positive and negative excursions from mean w. Inclusion of a sampling deadband, symmetric about the mean w, improves the accuracy of the slope estimate and decreases its variance as well. A potential problem with conditional sampling, regardless of which formulation may be used, is the effect of random measurement error (noise) in the wind speed measurement. We show that this introduces systematic errors into conditional sampling, while eddy covariance measurements are unaffected. Direct and indirect assessments indicate that these errors are too small to be significant for the sonic anemometer that we used, but it is probably wise for practitioners of the method to make certain that such is the case for the instruments used in their particular systems. We conclude that conditional sampling is a maturing method, with an increasing body of evidence indicating that the underlying relationships between scalar concentration and wind speed are sufficiently robust to support widespread use. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Baker, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Dept Soil Water & Climate, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 16 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD JUL 24 PY 2000 VL 104 IS 1 BP 59 EP 65 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00147-7 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 334HC UT WOS:000088180200006 ER PT J AU Denmead, OT Harper, LA Sharpe, RR AF Denmead, OT Harper, LA Sharpe, RR TI Identifying sources and sinks of scalars in a corn canopy with inverse Lagrangian dispersion analysis I. Heat SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting of the American-Society-of-Agronomy CY 1996 CL INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA SP Amer Soc Agronomy DE turbulence; diffusion; canopy transport; canopy modelling; energy exchange; heat flux ID PLANT CANOPIES; FLUXES; LATENT; FOREST; FLOW; CO2 AB Sources and sinks of heat in the canopy of a dense corn crop (LAI similar to 5) were inferred through an inverse Lagrangian dispersion analysis. Input data were the profiles of air temperature and turbulence above and within the canopy. The analysis was verified in part by comparing its predictions of the net exchanges of sensible heat between canopy and air with direct measurements of the sensible heat flux above the crop made by eddy correlation. Almost all the heat exchange occurred in the top half of the canopy, which was a strong heat source. The bottom half was a weak sink, virtually neutral in the overall heat exchange. The net exchanges of heat predicted by the analysis were, on average, 21% higher than the eddy correlation heat fluxes, but exhibited identical time trends. It is concluded that the inverse Lagrangian technique leads to robust and qualitatively correct predictions of the heat flux and that the analysis scheme employed offers a relatively simple means for calculating scalar fluxes in plant canopies. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 CSIRO, FC Pye Lab, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. USDA ARS, So Piedmont Conservat Res Ctr, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. RP Denmead, OT (reprint author), CSIRO, FC Pye Lab, GPO Box 1666, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. RI Denmead, Owen/A-7087-2009 NR 25 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD JUL 24 PY 2000 VL 104 IS 1 BP 67 EP 73 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00148-9 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 334HC UT WOS:000088180200007 ER PT J AU Harper, LA Denmead, OT Sharpe, RR AF Harper, LA Denmead, OT Sharpe, RR TI Identifying sources and sinks of scalars in a corn canopy with inverse Lagrangian dispersion analysis II. Ammonia SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting of the American-Society-of-Agronomy CY 1996 CL INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA SP Amer Soc Agronomy DE volatilization; ammonia compensation point; stomata; effluent disposal ID ATMOSPHERIC AMMONIA; PLANT CANOPIES; TRANSPORT; SOIL; NITROGEN; LEAVES; CROP AB An inverse Lagrangian dispersion analysis was used to infer sources and sinks of ammonia (NH3) in the canopy of a dense corn crop (LAI similar to 5) subject to frequent sprinkler irrigation with dairy effluent. Source strengths were calculated for four canopy layers using statistics of the canopy turbulence and measurements of atmospheric NH3 concentrations at six heights within the canopy and two above it. The analysis was performed for 4 days of measurement, two immediately following and two several days after effluent application. The analysis provided estimates of the net loss of NH3 from the canopy, which agreed well (within 20%) with conventional aerodynamic estimates of the flux of NH3 in the crop boundary layer. In addition, it permitted an examination of processes of loss within the canopy. Small, but not insignificant NH3 losses were inferred for the soil. These ranged from 4% of the total loss several days after effluent application to 30% on the day of application. Unexpectedly large losses occurred from the foliage in the top half of the canopy. Calculations of apparent ammonia compensation points for the corn leaves indicated that even days after the surface water had evaporated, compensation points were too high for the loss to be explained by diffusion through stomata. It was surmised that the loss was from residues remaining on foliage surfaces. Volatilization losses from the developed crop were estimated to be about 30% of the N applied, 18% coming from soil and foliage and 12% from spray losses during effluent application. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, So Piedmont Conservat Res Ctr, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. CSIRO, FC Pye Lab, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. RP Harper, LA (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Piedmont Conservat Res Ctr, 1420 Expt Stn Rd, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. RI Denmead, Owen/A-7087-2009 NR 18 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD JUL 24 PY 2000 VL 104 IS 1 BP 75 EP 83 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00149-0 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 334HC UT WOS:000088180200008 ER PT J AU Brazel, A Selover, N Vose, R Heisler, G AF Brazel, A Selover, N Vose, R Heisler, G TI The tale of two climates - Baltimore and Phoenix urban LTER sites SO CLIMATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Long-Term Ecological Research; urban climate; GHCN temperature time series; Baltimore; Phoenix; land use; land cover ID HEAT-ISLAND; CLIMATOLOGY AB Two Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites now include urban areas (Baltimore, Maryland and Phoenix, Arizona). A goal of LTER in these cities is to blend physical and social science investigations to better understand urban ecological change. Research monitoring programs are underway to investigate the effects of urbanization on ecosystems. Climate changes in these urban areas reflect the expanding population and associated land surface modifications. Long-term urban climate effects are detectable from an analysis of the GHCN (Global Historical Climate Network) database and a comparison of urban versus rural temperature changes with decadal population data. The relation of the urban versus rural minimum temperatures (Delta Tmin(u-r)) to population changes is pronounced and non-linear over time for both cities. The Delta Tmax(u-r) data show no well-defined temporal trends. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Geog, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Arizona State Univ, Off Climatol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, USDA, US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn,Moon Lib 5, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. RP Brazel, A (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Geog, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NR 25 TC 161 Z9 172 U1 4 U2 42 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0936-577X J9 CLIMATE RES JI Clim. Res. PD JUL 20 PY 2000 VL 15 IS 2 BP 123 EP 135 DI 10.3354/cr015123 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 356AU UT WOS:000089421400004 ER PT J AU Helmer, EH Brown, S Cohen, WB AF Helmer, EH Brown, S Cohen, WB TI Mapping montane tropical forest successional stage and land use with multi-date Landsat imagery SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID REMOTELY-SENSED DATA; SATELLITE DATA; THEMATIC MAPPER; RAIN-FOREST; TM DATA; SECONDARY FORESTS; CARBON-CYCLE; COSTA-RICA; AMAZON; COVER AB When mapping land cover with satellite imagery in montane tropical regions, varying illumination angles and ecological zones can obscure the differences between spectral responses of old-growth forest, secondary forest and agricultural lands. We used multi-date, Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery to map secondary forests, agricultural lands and old-growth forests in the Talamanca Mountain Range in southern Costa Rica. With stratification by illumination and ecological zone, the overall accuracy fbr this classification was 87% with a Kappa coefficient of 0.83. We also examined spectral responses to forest successional stage, ecological zone and aspect illumination for the TM Tasselled Cap indices, TM (2 x 6)/7, TM 4/5 and TM difference bands, and whether using digital data from multiple decades improved classification accuracy. Digital maps of ecological zones should be useful for large-scale mapping of land use and forest successional stage in complex montane regions such as those in Central America. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Winrock Int, Arlington, VA 22209 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Helmer, EH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Inst Trop Forestry, POB 25000, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. NR 47 TC 75 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 12 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD JUL 20 PY 2000 VL 21 IS 11 BP 2163 EP 2183 DI 10.1080/01431160050029495 PG 21 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 332JH UT WOS:000088070200004 ER PT J AU Morris, MS Jacques, PF Selhub, J Rosenberg, IH AF Morris, MS Jacques, PF Selhub, J Rosenberg, IH TI Total homocysteine and estrogen status indicators in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cardiovascular diseases; estrogen replacement therapy; homocysteine; menopause; premenopause ID HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY; CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; PLASMA HOMOCYSTEINE; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; VASCULAR-DISEASE; RISK FACTOR; PREMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; SERUM HOMOCYSTEINE; VITAMIN STATUS; POPULATION AB The possibility that estrogen status modulates total homocysteine concentration, a risk factor for vascular occlusion, was examined in a representative sample of the US population, the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (phase 2), 1991-1994. The geometric mean serum total homocysteine concentration was compared among population subgroups differing on inferred estrogen status, after adjusting for potential confounding by age, race-ethnicity, smoking, and the serum concentration of creatinine, folate, and vitamin B-12. Premenopausal women aged 17-54 years had a lower mean serum total homocysteine concentration (8.1 mu mol/liter, 95% confidence interval (CI): 7.9, 8.2) than men in the same age range (8.9 mu mol/liter, 95% CI: 8.6, 9.3). In the age range 17-44 years, pregnant women (6.0 mu mol/liter, 95% CI: 5.4, 6.8), but not oral contraceptive users (7.9 mu mol/liter, 95% CI: 7.6, 8.2), had a lower mean serum total homocysteine concentration than nonpregnant, non-oral-contraceptive-using women (8.1 mu mol/liter, 95% CI: 7.9, 8.2). The mean serum total homocysteine concentration of estrogen-using women aged greater than or equal to 55 years (9.5 mu mol/liter, 95% CI: 8.9, 10.1) was significantly decreased relative to nonestrogen users (10.7 mu mol/liter, 95% CI: 10.3, 11.1) and men (10.4 mu mol/liter, 95% CI: 9.8, 11.0) in the same age range. These findings suggest that higher estrogen status is associated with a decreased mean serum total homocysteine concentration, independent of nutritional status and muscle mass, and that estrogen may explain the previously reported male-female difference in total homocysteine concentration. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Morris, MS (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL52630] NR 30 TC 96 Z9 101 U1 0 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUL 15 PY 2000 VL 152 IS 2 BP 140 EP 148 DI 10.1093/aje/152.2.140 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 334XM UT WOS:000088211500007 PM 10909951 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP AF Dubey, JP TI Sources of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnancy - Until rates of congenital toxoplasmosis fall, control measures are essential SO BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material ID PREVALENCE; ANTIBODIES; CATS; PIGS C1 ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, USDA, Bldg 1001,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 12 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 1 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0959-8138 J9 BRIT MED J JI Br. Med. J. PD JUL 15 PY 2000 VL 321 IS 7254 BP 127 EP 128 DI 10.1136/bmj.321.7254.127 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 336MG UT WOS:000088305700003 PM 10894674 ER PT J AU Goodman, MT McDuffie, K Hernandez, B Wilkens, LR Selhub, J AF Goodman, MT McDuffie, K Hernandez, B Wilkens, LR Selhub, J TI Case-control study of plasma folate, homocysteine, vitamin B-12, and cysteine as markers of cervical dysplasia SO CANCER LA English DT Article DE cervical dysplasia; cysteine; diet; folate; homocysteine; vitamin B-12 ID HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTION; INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA; MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY; LACTOBACILLUS-CASEI; ASSOCIATION; DEFICIENCY; CANCER; DNA; HYPOMETHYLATION; NUTRITION AB BACKGROUND. An association between B-complex vitamins and related compounds with the development of cervical neoplasia is biologically plausible, yet to the authors' knowledge epidemiologic investigations of these potential biomarkers are limited. METHODS. A case-control study was designed to examine the relation between plasma folate, homocysteine, vitamin B-12, and cysteine and early, premalignant changes in cervical epithelial cells among women identified from several clinics on Oahu, Hawaii, between 1992 and 1996. Fasting blood samples for plasma nutrient analysis, cervical smears for cytologic diagnosis, exfoliated cervical cells for human papillomavirus DNA testing by polymerase chain reaction, and a personal interview were obtained from 185 women with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) of the cervix, 147 women with squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL), and 191 women with cytologically normal (Papanicolaou) smears. RESULTS. Age-adjusted and ethnicity-adjusted mean plasma concentrations of cysteine, but not other nutrients, were significantly lower among ASCUS cases (P = 0.006) and SIL cases (P = 0.01) than controls. A positive trend in the odds ratio for SIL but not ASCUS was found for increased plasma homocysteine concentrations, but this finding was not statistically significant. High plasma levels of cysteine were associated with a reduced risk of ASCUS (P value for trend - 0.006), with an odds ratio of 0.3 (95% confidence interval, 0.2-0.7) for the highest compared with the lowest quartile of cysteine concentration. A weak, negative relation between cysteine and the development of low grade SIL (LSIL) but not high grade SIL (HSIL) also was found. CONCLUSIONS, The results of the current study do not support the hypothesis that folate, homocysteine, or B-12 are markers of cervical dysplasia risk. A possible inverse association between plasma cysteine concentrations and the risk of cervical dysplasia needs further study. (C) 2000 American Cancer Society. C1 Univ Hawaii, Canc Res Ctr Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Goodman, MT (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Canc Res Ctr Hawaii, 1236 Lauhala St, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [R01-CA-55700, R01-CA-58598] NR 29 TC 78 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 7 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0008-543X J9 CANCER JI Cancer PD JUL 15 PY 2000 VL 89 IS 2 BP 376 EP 382 DI 10.1002/1097-0142(20000715)89:2<376::AID-CNCR24>3.0.CO;2-O PG 7 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 336RA UT WOS:000088315700023 PM 10918169 ER PT J AU Yeum, KJ Ferreira, ALD Smith, D Krinsky, NI Russell, RM AF Yeum, KJ Ferreira, ALD Smith, D Krinsky, NI Russell, RM TI The effect of alpha-tocopherol on the oxidative cleavage of beta-carotene SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE central cleavage; random cleavage; oxidation products; retinal; retinoic acid; beta-carotene; beta-apo-carotenoids; beta-carotene 15; 15 '-dioxygenase; free radicals ID 15,15'-DIOXYGENASE ACTIVITY; RETINOIC ACID; VITAMIN-A; IN-VITRO; PRODUCTS; METABOLISM; BETA-CAROTENE-15,15'-DIOXYGENASE; BINDING; FERRETS; ASSAY AB Two cleavage pathways of beta-carotene have been proposed, one by central cleavage and the other by random (excentric) cleavage. The central cleavage pathway involves the metabolism of beta-carotene at the central double bond (15, 15') to produce retinal by beta-carotene 15, 15'-dioxygenase (E.C.888990988). The random cleavage of beta-carotene produces beta-apo-carotenoids, but the mechanism is not clear. To understand the various mechanisms of beta-carotene cleavage, beta-carotene was incubated with the intestinal postmitochondrial fractions of 10-week-old male rats for 1 h and cleavage products of beta-carotene were analyzed using reverse-phase, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We also studied the effects of alpha-tocopherol and NAD(+)/NADH on beta-carotene cleavage. In addition to beta-carotene, we used retinal and beta-apo-14'-carotenoic acid as substrates in these incubations. Beta-apo-14'-carotenoic acid is the two-carbon longer homologue of retinoic acid. In the presence of alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene was converted exclusively to retinal, whereas in the absence of alpha-tocopherol, both retinal and beta-apo-carotenoids were formed. Retinoic acid was produced from both retinal and beta-apo-14'-carotenoic acid incubations only in the presence of NAD(+). Our data suggest that in the presence of an antioxidant such as alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene is converted exclusively to retinal by central cleavage. In the absence of an antioxidant, beta-carotene is cleaved randomly by enzyme-related radicals to produce beta-apo-carotenoids, and these beta-apo-carotenoids can be oxidized further to retinoic acid via retinal. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Boston, MA USA. Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Med Botucatu, UNESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP Yeum, KJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [R01CA49195] NR 34 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PD JUL 15 PY 2000 VL 29 IS 2 BP 105 EP 114 DI 10.1016/S0891-5849(00)00296-3 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 353BX UT WOS:000089254800002 PM 10980399 ER PT J AU Buchanan, RL Smith, JL Long, W AF Buchanan, RL Smith, JL Long, W TI Microbial risk assessment: dose-response relations and risk characterization SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Conference of the International Committee on food Microbiology and Hygiene - Food Micro 99 CY SEP 13-17, 1999 CL VELDHOVEN, NETHERLANDS SP Int Life Sci Inst, Europe DE dose-response; foodborne pathogens; mathematical models; pathogenicity ID LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; EXPRESSION; FOOD; AGE AB Characterizations of the risks associated with foodborne pathogens are dependent on the availability of information on the population's Exposure to the biological agents. However, by itself, exposure data are insufficient to assess the public health impact of pathogenic microorganisms. This requires the availability of effective dose-response models. Successful development of models that describe dose-response relations for enteric pathogens is dependent on a sound understanding of the mechanisms of pathogenicity associated with individual pathogens. This includes knowledge of how the various pathogen, host, and food matrix factors influence pathogenicity. Currently, a group of sigmoidal mathematical equations are used to empirically describe dose-response relations. While these have proven to be highly useful, advances in microbial food safety risk assessment will likely require the development of mechanistic models that more effectively consider the range of factors that influence the frequency and severity of foodborne infections in a population. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Washington, DC 20204 USA. USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Buchanan, RL (reprint author), US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, 200 C St SW, Washington, DC 20204 USA. NR 26 TC 75 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1605 J9 INT J FOOD MICROBIOL JI Int. J. Food Microbiol. PD JUL 15 PY 2000 VL 58 IS 3 BP 159 EP 172 DI 10.1016/S0168-1605(00)00270-1 PG 14 WC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA 338GU UT WOS:000088411400004 PM 10939266 ER PT J AU Sanderson, MW Dargatz, DA Garry, FB AF Sanderson, MW Dargatz, DA Garry, FB TI Biosecurity practices of beef cow-calf producers SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID HERDS AB Objective-To evaluate biosecurity practices of cow-calf producers. Design-Cross-sectional survey. Sample Population-2,713 cow-calf operations were used in phase 1 of the study, and 1,190 cow-calf operations were used in phase 2. Procedure-Producers were contacted for a personal interview between Dec 30, 1996 and Feb 3, 1997 regarding their management practices. Noninstitutional operations with 1 or more beef cows were eligible to participate in the study. Producers who participated in the first phase of the study and who had greater than or equal to 5 beef cows were requested to continue in the study and were contacted by a veterinarian or animal health technician who administered further questionnaires. All contacts for the second phase of the study were made between Mar 3, 1997 and Apr 30, 1997. Additional data on use of various vaccines, testing of imported cattle for brucellosis, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, bovine viral diarrhea, and tuberculosis as well as potential for feed contamination were collected during the second phase of the study. Results-Producers commonly engaged in management practices that increased risk of introducing disease to their cattle such as importing cattle, failing to quarantine imported cattle, and communal grazing. Producers inconsistently adjusted for the increased risk of their management practices by increasing the types of vaccines given, increasing the quarantine time or proportion of imported animals quarantined, or increasing testing for various diseases in imported animals. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Cow-calf herds are at risk for disease exposure from outside sources when cattle are introduced to the herd, and producers do not always adjust management practices such as vaccination schedules and quarantine procedures appropriately to minimize this risk. Veterinary involvement in education of producers regarding biosecurity risks and development of rational and economical biosecurity plans is needed. C1 Kansas State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Clin Sci, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ctr Epidemiol & Anim Hlth, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Vet Serv, Ctr Epidemiol & Anim Hlth, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Clin Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Sanderson, MW (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Clin Sci, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 19 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 15 PY 2000 VL 217 IS 2 BP 185 EP 189 DI 10.2460/javma.2000.217.185 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 333KY UT WOS:000088130500007 PM 10909456 ER PT J AU Traub-Dargatz, JL Garber, LP Fedorka-Cray, PJ Ladely, S Ferris, KE AF Traub-Dargatz, JL Garber, LP Fedorka-Cray, PJ Ladely, S Ferris, KE TI Fecal shedding of Salmonella spp by horses in the United States during 1998 and 1999 and detection of Salmonella spp in grain and concentrate sources on equine operations SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID HEALTH MONITORING-SYSTEM AB Objective-To estimate prevalence of fecal shedding of Salmonella spp among horses in the US horse population and prevalence of Salmonella sop in grain or other concentrate used as horse feed on equine operations in the United States. Design-Cross-sectional survey. Sample Population-Horses on 972 operations in 28 states. Procedure-Fecal samples were collected from horses resident at each operation. Only a single sample was collected from any individual horse; number of horses from which samples were collected on each operation was determined an the basis of number of horses. on the operation. A single sample of grain or concentrate was also collected from each operation. All samples were tested for Salmonella spp by means of bacterial culture. Results-Overall. 0.8% (SE, 0.5) of resident horses shed Salmonella spp in their feces. The overall prevalence of operations positive for fecal shedding of Salmonella spp iie, operations with greater than or equal to 1 horse shedding Salmonella spp in its feces) was 1.8% (SE, 0.7). Prevalence of grain or other concentrate samples positive for Salmonella spp was 0.4%. Serotypes of Salmonella spp that were identified in grain or other concentrate were not those typically associated with clinical disease in horses. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Results suggest that the national prevalence of fecal shedding of Salmonella spp by horses in the United States was 0.8%, and that prevalence of Salmonella spp in grain or other concentrate used for horse feed was 0.4%. C1 Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Clin Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA, APHIS, VS, Ctr Epidemiol, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. USDA, APHIS, VS, Ctr Anim Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. ARS, USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Natl Vet Serv Lab, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Traub-Dargatz, JL (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Clin Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 18 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 15 PY 2000 VL 217 IS 2 BP 226 EP 230 DI 10.2460/javma.2000.217.226 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 333KY UT WOS:000088130500015 PM 10909464 ER PT J AU Subbaiah, CC Sachs, MM AF Subbaiah, CC Sachs, MM TI Maize cap1 encodes a novel SERCA-type calcium-ATPase with a calmodulin-binding domain SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SUSPENSION-CULTURED CELLS; ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM; STIMULATED ATPASE; PHOSPHORYLATED INTERMEDIATE; INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM; GENE-EXPRESSION; ALEURONE CELLS; MESSENGER-RNA; CA2+-ATPASE; CA2+ AB A cDNA (CAP1) isolated from maize roots shares sequence identity with genes encoding P-type Ca2+-ATPases and restores the growth phenotype of yeast mutants defective in Ca2+-pumps. CAP1 was transcribed and translated in the yeast mutant. Furthermore, the membrane-integrated product formed a Ca2+-dependent phosphorylated intermediate and supported Ca2+ transport. Although CAP1 shares greater sequence identity with mammalian "endoplasmic reticulum-type" Ca2+-pumps, it differs from these genes by having features of calmodulin (CaM)-regulated Ca2+-pumps. CAP1 from yeast microsomes bound CaM, and the CAP1-dependent Ca2+ transport in yeast was stimulated by CaM. Peptides from the C terminus of CAP1 bound CaM. Anti-CAP1 antibodies specifically recognized a maize microsomal polypeptide that also bound CaM. A similar polypeptide also formed a Ca2+-dependent phosphoenzyme. Our results suggest that cap1 encodes a novel form of CaM-regulated Ca2+-ATPase in maize. CAP1 appears to be encoded by one or two genes in maize. CAP1 RNA is induced only during early anoxia, indicating that the Ca2+-pump may play an important role in O-2-deprived maize cells. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. ARS, USDA, Soybean Maize Germplasm Pathol & Genet Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Subbaiah, CC (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 48 TC 26 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3996 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD JUL 14 PY 2000 VL 275 IS 28 BP 21678 EP 21687 DI 10.1074/jbc.M001484200 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 335EM UT WOS:000088230600095 PM 10770930 ER PT J AU Skadsen, RW Sathish, P Kaeppler, HF AF Skadsen, RW Sathish, P Kaeppler, HF TI Expression of thaumatin-like permatin PR-5 genes switches from the ovary wall to the aleurone in developing barley and oat seeds SO PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE antifungal proteins; cereal genes; developmental gene expression; endosperm proteins; Fusarium; seed development ID PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEINS; ANTIFUNGAL PROTEIN; PLANTS; ENDOSPERM; ZEAMATIN; DEFENSE; OSMOTIN; FAMILY; GRAIN AB Permatins are antifungal thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) of the PR-5 family of pathogenesis-related proteins. They occur in many cereals, but little is known of their expression and roles. Permatin cDNA clones were produced and used to study expression in developing barley and oat seeds. Actin and CDC48 mRNAs declined rapidly following inoculation of barley spikes with Fusarium graminearum, Despite this, permatin mRNA levels remained constant or increased slightly. Studies of permatin gene expression in healthy plants revealed that developing barley and oat seeds accumulate permatin mRNA in an unusual bimodal pattern. Permatin mRNA and protein are highly abundant around the time of pollination and then decrease rapidly to near-zero. A second peak occurs in the doughy stage of development. Antibody and DNA probe hybridization studies showed that expression initially occurs in the ovary wall and then switches to the aleurone and ventral furrow of developing seeds, reaching a peak in the doughy stage. Small amounts of permatin mRNAs also occur in certain vegetative tissues. The barley and oat permatin sequences provided sufficient comparisons between cereal TLPs to suggest that deletions or additions in specific elements could have led to the divergence of leaf- and seed-specific TI-Ps. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, Cereal Crops Res Unit, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Skadsen, RW (reprint author), ARS, Cereal Crops Res Unit, USDA, 501 N Walnut St, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 30 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0168-9452 J9 PLANT SCI JI Plant Sci. PD JUL 14 PY 2000 VL 156 IS 1 BP 11 EP 22 DI 10.1016/S0168-9452(00)00226-0 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 327CY UT WOS:000087776700002 ER PT J AU Iyengar, GV Wolf, WR Tanner, JT Morris, ER AF Iyengar, GV Wolf, WR Tanner, JT Morris, ER TI Content of minor and trace elements, and organic nutrients in representative mixed total diet composites from the USA SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE minor elements; trace elements; organic nutrients; diet; USA ID SELF-SELECTED DIETS; FOODS; IODINE; FIBER AB As part of an international nutrition project sponsored by the International Atomic Energy Agency (see footnote), Vienna, Austria, a number of bench-mark mixed total diet composites from the United States were collected and analyzed for minor and trace elements. In this segment of the project, the daily dietary intakes of the minor elements Ca, Cl, K, Mg, N and P and the trace elements Al, As, Au, Br, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Hg, I, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sn, Sr, V, Zn and W were determined in mixed total diet composites of foods collected in the FDA Total Diet Study (FDA-TDS). These diets are representative of foods consumed by 25-30-year-old males (representing the mixed population groups in the United States), the highest of eight intake groups in the TDS scheme. In order to link the US mixed diet composite results from this study group to the more comprehensive information generated by the FDA-TDS, the results are compared with the same age-sex group published by the FDA-TDS scheme. The FDA-TDS scheme is based on individual analysis of the 201 food items, with resultant calculation of the daily intake representative of various age-sex groups. The comparison shows excellent agreement for 21 elements which have been investigated by both approaches. Additional elements are reported in the US mixed diet composites from the present study which demonstrate a valuable supplement to the data obtained by FDA-TDS scheme. Further the mixed total diet composite approach has also proven useful for the assessment of dietary intake of proximates (protein, fat, carbohydrates), fiber and phytate. In addition, vitamins thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, B-6, B-12, pantothenic acid, folic acid and biotin were also assayed in these composites. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Int Atom Energy Agcy, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Food Res Inc, Costa Mesa, CA 92626 USA. RP Iyengar, GV (reprint author), Int Atom Energy Agcy, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. NR 29 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD JUL 10 PY 2000 VL 256 IS 2-3 BP 215 EP 226 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00494-0 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 332GE UT WOS:000088065200013 PM 10902848 ER PT J AU O'Donnell, K Kistler, HC Tacke, BK Casper, HH AF O'Donnell, K Kistler, HC Tacke, BK Casper, HH TI Gene genealogies reveal global phylogeographic structure and reproductive isolation among lineages of Fusarium graminearum, the fungus causing wheat scab SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID COCCIDIOIDES-IMMITIS; INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION; GIBBERELLA-ZEAE; PATHOGEN; DISEASE; RECOMBINATION; SYSTEMATICS; SPECIATION; HYBRIDS; ORIGIN AB During the past decade, the plant disease called scab or Fusarium head blight of wheat and barley has reached epidemic proportions in North America and elsewhere in the world, Scab is an economically devastating plant disease, not only because it causes significant reduction in seed yields and quality, but also because infested seeds are often contaminated with trichothecene and estrogenic mycotoxins that pose a serious threat to animal health and food safety. To test whether the primary etiological agent of scab, the fungus Fusarium graminearum, is panmictic throughout its range, allelic genealogies were constructed from six single-copy nuclear genes from strains selected to represent the global genetic diversity of this pathogen, Excluding one hybrid strain, all six genealogies recovered the same seven biogeographically structured lineages, suggesting that they represent phylogenetically distinct species among which gene flow has been very limited during their evolutionary history. Parsimony analysis of the combined data set comprising 7,120 aligned nucleotide characters resolved most relationships among the seven lineages of the F, graminearum clade and related fusaria included in the study. Phylogenetic evidence is also presented for introgressive hybridization and intragenic recombination among lineages of the F, graminearum clade in nature. C1 ARS, Microbial Properties Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, USDA, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Vet & Microbiol Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP O'Donnell, K (reprint author), ARS, Microbial Properties Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM kodonnell@sunca.ncaur.usda.gov NR 35 TC 487 Z9 507 U1 8 U2 57 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JUL 5 PY 2000 VL 97 IS 14 BP 7905 EP 7910 DI 10.1073/pnas.130193297 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 331ZK UT WOS:000088048400046 PM 10869425 ER PT J AU Andress, ER DeRouen, SM Foil, LD AF Andress, ER DeRouen, SM Foil, LD TI Efficacy of doramectin 0.5% w/v Pour-On for control of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE doramectin; horn by control; Pour-On; cattle control; cable muscidae ID EAR TAGS; CATTLE; DURATION; MUSCIDAE; DIPTERA; FLIES AB In 1998, three groups of cattle at three locations in Lousiana were treated with Dectomax(R) (0.5% doramectin) Pour-On and horn fly populations were monitored. Acceptable levers (less than 50 flies per side) of horn fly control were observed from 4 to 8 weeks. Differences in the length of control among the three sites were most likely affected by immigration of adult flies from untreated groups. In 1999, acceptable horn fly control was obtained for 13 weeks by the use of two treatments of doramectin Pour-On. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Entomol, Ctr Agr, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Hill Farm Res Stn, Homer, LA 71040 USA. USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Brawley, CA 92227 USA. RP Foil, LD (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Dept Entomol, Ctr Agr, 402 Life Sci Bldg, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 7 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD JUL 4 PY 2000 VL 90 IS 4 BP 327 EP 331 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00250-8 PG 5 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 330EP UT WOS:000087950100007 PM 10856818 ER PT J AU East, LM Dargatz, DA Traub-Dargatz, JL Savage, CJ AF East, LM Dargatz, DA Traub-Dargatz, JL Savage, CJ TI Foaling-management practices associated with the occurrence of enterocolitis attributed to Clostridium perfringens infection in the equine neonate SO PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE Clostridium perfringens; horse; enterocolitis; foaling management ID ENTEROTOXEMIA; ENTERITIS; ANIMALS AB Enterocolitis associated with Clostridium perfringens (C, perfringens) infection in neonatal foals is often severe and has been associated with a high case-mortality risk. We designed a premises-based survey to evaluate the associations of regional foaling practices, premises environmental management, periparturient foal and brood-mare management, and periparturient brood-mare ration with the occurrence of neonatal enterocolitis attributed to C. perfringens infection. Potential risk factors individually associated with enterocolitis were breed type, housing type at foaling and in the first three days of life, ground/floor surface type at foaling and in the first three days of life, broodmare ration before and after foaling, and the presence of livestock other than horses on the premises in the past. From the multivariable-logistic regression models, six variables were significantly associated with an increased risk of the outcome of interest (p<0.05): foals of the stock horse type, housing in a stall or drylot in the first three days of life, other livestock present on the premises in the past, foal born on dirt, sand or gravel surface, and low amounts of grass hay and grain fed postpartum. Low grain amounts fed pre-partum represented a decreased risk of the outcome of interest. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Clin Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA, APHIS, VS, Ctr Epidemiol, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. USDA, APHIS, VS, Ctr Anim Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP East, LM (reprint author), Bend Equine Med Ctr, 19121 Couch Market Rd, Bend, OR 97701 USA. NR 27 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-5877 J9 PREV VET MED JI Prev. Vet. Med. PD JUL 3 PY 2000 VL 46 IS 1 BP 61 EP 74 DI 10.1016/S0167-5877(00)00131-8 PG 14 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 329LM UT WOS:000087908500005 PM 10854936 ER PT J AU Scheiber, SM Jarret, RL Robacker, CD Newman, M AF Scheiber, SM Jarret, RL Robacker, CD Newman, M TI Genetic relationships within Rhododendron L. section Pentanthera G. Don based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region SO SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Article DE deciduous azaleas; phylogenetic relationships ID NUCLEAR RIBOSOMAL DNA; PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; ASTERACEAE; ERICACEAE AB Genetic relationships among specimens of the 15 currently recognized species in Rhododendron L. section Pentanthera G. Don were derived from sequence comparisons of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Sequences of the entire ITS region including ITS1, ITS2, and the 5.8S subunit were generated by direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified fragments. Rhododendron vaseyi A. Gray, Rhodonendron section Rhodora (L.) G. Don was used as an outgroup. Aligned sequences of the 16 taxa resulted in 688 characters. The region contained 38 variable sites and eight phylogenetically informative characters. A bootstrap analysis was performed and a dendrogram was constructed with MEGA. Divergence values among the taxa were extremely low ranging from 0.00 to 3.51%, providing support to traditional views of section Pentanthera as a group of very closely related species. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Hort, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. ARS, USDA, Georgia Stn, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. RP Robacker, CD (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Hort, 1109 Expt St, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. NR 31 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4238 J9 SCI HORTIC-AMSTERDAM JI Sci. Hortic. PD JUL 3 PY 2000 VL 85 IS 1-2 BP 123 EP 135 DI 10.1016/S0304-4238(99)00142-9 PG 13 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 327QZ UT WOS:000087805400011 ER PT J AU Johnson, LA AF Johnson, LA TI Sexing mammalian sperm for production of offspring: the state-of-the-art SO ANIMAL REPRODUCTION SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Congress on Animal Reproduction - Research and Practice II CY JUL 02-06, 2000 CL STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN DE flow cytometer; sperm sorter; sexing; X-Y sperm; livestock; in vitro fertilization; DNA ID X-CHROMOSOME-BEARING; IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION; FLOW CYTOMETRIC SEPARATION; PORCINE SPERMATOZOA; BOAR SPERMATOZOA; DNA; PRESELECTION; INSEMINATION; INJECTION; MEMBRANE AB Predetermination of sex in livestock offspring is in great demand and is of critical importance to providing for the most efficient production of the world's food supply. With the changes that have taken place in animal agriculture over the past generation the application of sex preselection to production systems becomes increasingly necessary. The current technology is based on the well-known difference in X- and Y-sperm in the amount of DNA present. The method has been validated on the basis of live births, laboratory reanalysis of sorted sperm for DNA content and embryo biopsy for sex determination. The technology incorporates modified flow cytometric sorting instrumentation to sort X- and Y-bearing sperm. Resulting populations of X or Y sperm can be used in conjunction with IVF in swine and in cattle for the production of sexed embryos to be transferred to eligible recipients for the duration of gestation. It can also be used for intratubal insemination and for deep-uterine and conventional insemination in cattle. This semipractical sexing method, though currently impractical for some production systems (where large numbers of sperm are required for fertilization) could be used to provide a more flexible progeny-producing option in many livestock operations. Improvements in the production rate of sexed sperm continue as new technology is developed. High-speed sorting is one of the newer technological advances and is being used in our laboratory to increase sorted sperm throughput. With our original technology we sorted 350,000 sperm/h. We now sort 6 million of each sex, under routine conditions. Sorting only the X population results in about 18 million sperm/h. Improvements in the technology will no doubt lead to much greater usage of sexed sperm, depending on the species involved. Insemination of lower sperm numbers in cattle has proven to be an effective means of utilizing the sexing technology. solving the problems associated with inseminating low sperm numbers in the pig would be advantageous to the utilization of sexed sperm for some type of deep artificial insemination. Such a development would also enhance the economy of using lower sperm numbers with conventional artificial insemination (AI) and aid the swine industry world-wide. The use of sexed sperm for non-ordinary applications such as endangered species, laboratory animals, hobby or pet species is also of interest and will become a part of the move to be more reproductively efficient in the next millennium. Sexed sperm on demand over the next several years will provide livestock producers with many options in seeking to improve efficiency of production and improve quality of products to enhance consumer acceptability. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Johnson, LA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Bldg 200,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 48 TC 126 Z9 138 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4320 J9 ANIM REPROD SCI JI Anim. Reprod. Sci. PD JUL 2 PY 2000 VL 60 SI SI BP 93 EP 107 DI 10.1016/S0378-4320(00)00088-9 PG 15 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Reproductive Biology SC Agriculture; Reproductive Biology GA 327HJ UT WOS:000087788200008 PM 10844187 ER PT J AU Mengeling, WL Lager, KM Vorwald, AC AF Mengeling, WL Lager, KM Vorwald, AC TI The effect of porcine parvovirus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on porcine reproductive performance SO ANIMAL REPRODUCTION SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Congress on Animal Reproduction - Research and Practice II CY JUL 02-06, 2000 CL STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN DE porcine parvovirus; porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus; reproductive failure; abortion; mummification ID SYNDROME PRRS VIRUS; LELYSTAD-VIRUS; INFECTION; FETUSES; PROTEINS; ABORTION; VACCINE; FAILURE; DISEASE; STRAINS AB From a worldwide perspective, porcine parvovirus (PPV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) are the most common viral causes of porcine reproductive failure. A typical epidemic of PPV-induced reproductive failure is presented as an increased number of mummified fetuses and sometimes, entire litters are mummified. If infection with PPV is very early in gestation, the number of liveborn pigs may be further reduced as a result of embryonic death and resorption. During the acute stage of infection gilts and sows have few, if any, clinical signs, and it is unlikely that PPV is ever the direct cause of abortion. In contrast, a typical epidemic of PRRSV-induced reproductive failure is presented as a broader spectrum of clinical features including abortions, late-term dead fetuses, stillborn pigs, and weakborn pigs. In the later stages of an epidemic, there may also be an increase in the number of mummified fetuses, but their prevalence is likely to be far less than during an epidemic of PPV-induced reproductive failure. During the acute stage of infection with PRRSV, gilts and sows may have few, if any, clinical signs, or they may be severely affected and even die. This difference largely reflects the relative Virulence of the strain of PRRSV causing the epidemic. A timely and reliable laboratory diagnosis of either disease can be made when appropriate tests are performed with appropriate samples. Vaccines are available for prevention of both diseases. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Virol Swine Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Mengeling, WL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Virol Swine Res Unit, 2300 Dayton Ave,POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 29 TC 65 Z9 76 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4320 J9 ANIM REPROD SCI JI Anim. Reprod. Sci. PD JUL 2 PY 2000 VL 60 SI SI BP 199 EP 210 DI 10.1016/S0378-4320(00)00135-4 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Reproductive Biology SC Agriculture; Reproductive Biology GA 327HJ UT WOS:000087788200016 PM 10844195 ER PT J AU Lapillonne, A Picaud, JC Glorieux, FH Salle, BL AF Lapillonne, A Picaud, JC Glorieux, FH Salle, BL TI Bone turnover assessment in infants SO ACTA PAEDIATRICA LA English DT Editorial Material ID MINERAL CONTENT; COLLAGEN; MARKERS; CHILDREN; LIFE; AGE C1 Hop Edouard Herriot, Dept Neonatol, F-69437 Lyon 03, France. Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Shriners Hosp Crippled Children, Genet Unit, Montreal, PQ H3G 1A6, Canada. McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ, Canada. RP Salle, BL (reprint author), Hop Edouard Herriot, Dept Neonatol, 5 Pl Arsonval, F-69437 Lyon 03, France. NR 16 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS AS PI OSLO PA CORT ADELERSGT 17, PO BOX 2562, SOLLI, 0202 OSLO, NORWAY SN 0803-5253 J9 ACTA PAEDIATR JI Acta Paediatr. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 89 IS 7 BP 772 EP 774 DI 10.1080/080352500750043620 PG 3 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 341JC UT WOS:000088586400007 PM 10943955 ER PT J AU Pinter, PJ Kimball, BA Wall, GW LaMorte, RL Hunsaker, DJ Adamsen, FJ Frumau, KFA Vugts, HF Hendrey, GR Lewin, KF Nagy, J Johnson, HB Wechsunge, F Leavitt, SW Thompson, TL Matthias, AD Brooks, TJ AF Pinter, PJ Kimball, BA Wall, GW LaMorte, RL Hunsaker, DJ Adamsen, FJ Frumau, KFA Vugts, HF Hendrey, GR Lewin, KF Nagy, J Johnson, HB Wechsunge, F Leavitt, SW Thompson, TL Matthias, AD Brooks, TJ TI Free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE): blower effects on wheat canopy microclimate and plant development SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE wheat; Triticum aestivum; carbon dioxide; climate change; microclimate; canopy temperatures; canopy reflectance; leaf wetness ID CARBON-DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT; WATER-USE; GROWTH; RESPIRATION; SYSTEM; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; CONDUCTANCE; ENVIRONMENT; MOISTURE AB Free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) provides a realistic, cost-effective method for evaluating the effects of supra-ambient CO2 concentrations on growth, development, yield, and water use of agricultural crops and natural ecosystems with very few of the problems normally associated with glasshouse or chamber type research. There are no walls interfering with incident radiation and no artificial constraints on rooting depth. With current FACE technology, CO2 enriched air is injected around the perimeter of circular plots and natural wind disperses the CO2 across the experimental area. Under stable, night-time wind conditions found in FACE wheat experiments at Maricopa, Arizona, the blowers used to inject CO2 exerted subtle effects on the microclimate in a manner analogous to wind machines used for orchard frost protection. Plots equipped with blowers had nighttime foliage and air temperatures that averaged 0.6-1.0 degrees C warmer than controls without blowers. A secondary effect of these elevated temperatures was that plots equipped with blowers displayed differences in dew duration (time that leaves were wet was reduced 30%), plant development (anthesis occurred 4 days earlier), and senescence [as measured with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)]. Natural wind and turbulence appear to overcome the blower effect during daytime treatments and on some nights. Aerial thermal imagery (8-12 mu m) acquired during the 1998 FACE experiment with grain sorghum provided additional evidence of the blower effect on canopy temperatures. Since increased plant tissue temperatures also occur when elevated CO2 induces partial stomatal closure and reduces transpiration, not all instances of canopy temperature elevation in CO2 enriched plots can be ascribed solely to the presence of blowers. It is concluded that proper controls for FACE facilities should have similar air hows to those used in the FACE plots. Advantages and disadvantages to nighttime CO2 enrichment are discussed. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Vrije Univ Amsterdam, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Long Isl, NY USA. USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res, Potsdam, Germany. Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Soil Water & Environm Sci, Tucson, AZ USA. Univ Arizona, Maricopa Agr Ctr, Maricopa, AZ USA. RP Pinter, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, 4331 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 38 TC 64 Z9 71 U1 4 U2 28 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD JUL 1 PY 2000 VL 103 IS 4 BP 319 EP 333 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00150-7 PG 15 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 323EX UT WOS:000087553100001 ER PT J AU Todd, RW Evett, SR Howell, TA AF Todd, RW Evett, SR Howell, TA TI The Bowen ratio-energy balance method for estimating latent heat flux of irrigated alfalfa evaluated in a semi-arid, advective environment SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE advection; alfalfa; Bowen ratio; energy balance; latent heat flux; lysimeter ID SENSIBLE HEAT; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; COEFFICIENTS; PERFORMANCE; SYSTEM; MODELS; CANOPY AB The Bowen ratio-energy balance (BREB) is a micrometeorological method often used to estimate latent heat flux because of its simplicity, robustness, and cost. Estimates of latent heat flux have compared favorably with other methods in several studies, but other studies have been less certain, especially when there was sensible heat advection. We compared the latent heat Aux of irrigated alfalfa (Medicago sativa, L,) estimated by the BREB method with that measured by lysimeters over a growing season in the semi-arid, advective environment of the southern High Plains. Difference statistics from the comparison and indicators of sensible heat advection were: used to analyze the performance of the BREB method relative to lysimeters. Latent heat flux was calculated from mass change measured by two precision weighing lysimeters and from two BREB systems that used interchanging temperature and humidity sensors. Net radiation (R-n), soil heat Aux (G), and other meteorological variables were also measured. Difference statistics included the root mean square difference (RMSD) and relative RMSD (normalized by mean lysimeter latent heat flux). Differences between lysimeters averaged 5-15% during the day, and 25-45% at night. Estimates of latent heat Aux by the two BREB systems agreed closely (relative RMSD=8%) when they were at the same location with sensors at the same height. Differences increased when the location was the same but sensors were at different heights, or when the sensor height was the same but location in the held different, and probably was related to limited fetch acid the influence of different source areas beyond the field. Relative RMSD between lysimeter and BREB latent heat fluxes averaged by cutting was 25-29% during the first two cuttings and decreased to 16-19% during the last three cuttings. Relative RMSD between the methods varied from 17 to 28% during morning hours with no pattern based on cutting. Afternoon relative RMSD was 25% during the first two cuttings and decreased to 15% during subsequent cuttings. Greatest differences between the two methods were measured when the Bowen ratios were less than 0, on days that were hot, dry and windy, or when the latent heat flux exceeded the available energy (R-n-G). These conditions were likely to be encountered throughout the growing season, but were more common earlier in the season. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RP Todd, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. NR 35 TC 83 Z9 108 U1 0 U2 27 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD JUL 1 PY 2000 VL 103 IS 4 BP 335 EP 348 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00139-8 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 323EX UT WOS:000087553100002 ER PT J AU Rasse, DP Ritchie, JT Wilhelm, WW Wei, J Martin, EC AF Rasse, DP Ritchie, JT Wilhelm, WW Wei, J Martin, EC TI Simulating inbred-maize yields with CERES-IM SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MODELS; SYSTEMS; CORN AB CERES-Maize, which was designed for simulation of hybrid maize (Zea mays L,), cannot be applied directly to seed-producing inbred maize because of specific field operations and physiological traits of inbred maize plants, We developed CERES-IM, a modified version of CERES-Maize 3.0 that accommodates these inbred-specific operations and traits, using a set of phenological measurements conducted in Nebraska (NE), and further tested this model with a set of field data from Michigan (MI), Detasseling (i.e., removal of the tassels from the female plants) was conducted prior to silking, Male rows were removed approximately 10 d following 75% silking, The thermal time from emergence to the end of the juvenile phase (P1) and the potential number of kernels per plant (G2) were assessed from field data, and were the only two coefficients allowed to vary according to the inbred line. Rate of leaf appearance of the inbreds was accurately simulated using a measured phyllochron interval of 54 degree-days (degrees Cd). Simulation of detasseling and male-row removal improved grain yield simulation for inbreds, For a set of 35 inbred-site-year simulations, the model simulated grain yield with satisfactory accuracy (RMSE = 429 kg ha(-1)), Average grain yields were 4556 and 4721 kg ha(-1) for the measured and simulated values, respectively, CERES-IM simulations suggest that the effect of male-row removal on grain yield is extremely sensitive to the precise date at which this operation is conducted This would explain the inconsistent effect of male-row removal on female grain yields reported in the literature. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Pioneer Hi Bred Int Inc, Johnston, IA 50131 USA. Univ Arizona, Maricopa Agr Ctr, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Maricopa, AZ 85239 USA. RP Ritchie, JT (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Plant & Soils Bldg, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. OI Daniel, Rasse/0000-0002-5977-3863 NR 34 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 92 IS 4 BP 672 EP 678 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 373UJ UT WOS:000165307400008 ER PT J AU Sheaffer, CC Martin, NP Lamb, JFS Cuomo, GR Jewett, JG Quering, SR AF Sheaffer, CC Martin, NP Lamb, JFS Cuomo, GR Jewett, JG Quering, SR TI Leaf and stem properties of alfalfa entries SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FORAGE QUALITY; DIGESTIBILITY; SELECTION; HERBAGE AB Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L,) has been considered as a biofuel feedstock. A system has been proposed to produce electricity from the stems and utilize the leaves as a livestock feed. We determined the effects of harvest regimes on yield and quality of leaf, stem, and total herbage of six alfalfa entries. We applied three harvest regimes involving three harvests per year at bud stage or early flower, or two harvests per year st late flower. An early flower harvest regime had the highest leaf yield (average of 5.6, 4.5, and 4.5 Mg ha(-1) for the early flower, late newer, and midbud regimes, respectively), and the fate newer harvest regime had the highest stem yield (average of 5.8, 5.3, and 3.9 Mg ha(-1) for the late newer, early flower, and midbud regimes, respectively), Leaf concentration decreased with increased herbage maturity (average of 540, 517, and 458 g kg(-1) for the midbud, early newer, and late newer regimes, respectively) and was associated with total herbage crude protein (CP) (r = 0.65, P < 0.05) and acid-detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral-detergent fiber (NDF) (r = - 0.76, P < 0.05). Harvest regime did not affect total seasonal herbage yield or stand persistence. Alfalfa entries differed in herbage quality, leaf concentration, and leaf yield, but did not consistently differ in total herbage or stem yield. Herbage yield and quality differences among entries were similar for all harvest regimes. Producers can affect stem and Leaf yields by selection of harvest regime. C1 Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55201 USA. Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55201 USA. W Cent Res & Educ Ctr, Morris, MN 56267 USA. SW Res & Educ Ctr, Lamberton, MN 56152 USA. RP Sheaffer, CC (reprint author), Dept Agron & Plant Genet, 1991 Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 22 TC 57 Z9 71 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 92 IS 4 BP 733 EP 739 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 373UJ UT WOS:000165307400016 ER PT J AU Heatherly, LG Spurlock, SR AF Heatherly, LG Spurlock, SR TI Furrow and flood irrigation of early-planted, early-maturing soybean rotated with rice SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CLAY SOIL; GLYCINE-MAX; CULTIVARS; YIELD AB The ESPS (Early Soybean Production System) is being adopted in the midsouthern USA to avoid some of the effects of normal late-season drought. Field studies with soybean [Glycine mnu (L.) Merr.] grown following rice (Oryza sativa L.) were conducted in 1994, 1995, and 1996 at Stoneville, MS, on Sharkey clay (very-fine, smectitic, thermic Chromic Epiaquert) to compare yield of Maturity Group (MG) IV and V cultivars grown under furrow vs. flood irrigation, and yield and economic performance of nonirrigated (NI) and furrow- and flood-irrigated MG IV and V cultivars. Three-year average yields from irrigated MG IV and V cultivars were significantly greater than average NI yield. Within each year, yields from MG V cultivars equaled or exceeded those from MG IV cultivars in all environments. Furrow-irrigated MC IV cultivars yielded significantly more than NI cultivars in all 3 yr, while flood-irrigated MG IV cultivars yielded more than NI cultivars in 2 of the 3 yr. Both furrow- and flood-irrigated MG V cultivars yielded significantly more than NI cultivars in 2 of the 3 yr. Three-year average net returns from furrow- and flood-irrigated environments were similar, and both were greater than those from the NI. Within each year, average net return from MG V cultivars in all environments was equal to or greater than that from MG IV cultivars, These results indicate that the ESPS fan be used to effectively grow soybean in a rite-soybean rotation on clay soil, and that irrigation will usually result in greater profit from soybean. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Dept Agr Econ, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Heatherly, LG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, POB 343, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 92 IS 4 BP 785 EP 791 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 373UJ UT WOS:000165307400024 ER PT J AU Degrandi-Hoffman, G Watkins, JC AF Degrandi-Hoffman, G Watkins, JC TI The influence that honey bees and wild bees foraging together have on sunflower cross-pollination and seed set SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Although this story is about the pollination of hybrid sunflowers, it actually begins in the Pacific Ocean. C1 USDA ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Degrandi-Hoffman, G (reprint author), USDA ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 USA SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 140 IS 7 BP 565 EP 566 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 327EU UT WOS:000087781400026 ER PT J AU Stephensen, CB AF Stephensen, CB TI When does hyporetinolemia mean vitamin A deficiency? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Editorial Material ID RETINOL-BINDING PROTEIN; CHILDREN C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA USA. RP Stephensen, CB (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, 3243 Meyer Hall,1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 11 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 72 IS 1 BP 1 EP 2 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 328VG UT WOS:000087871100001 PM 10871552 ER PT J AU Jansen, S Lopez-Miranda, J Castro, P Lopez-Segura, F Marin, C Ordovas, JM Paz, F Jimenez-Pereperez, J Fuentes, F Perez-Jimenez, F AF Jansen, S Lopez-Miranda, J Castro, P Lopez-Segura, F Marin, C Ordovas, JM Paz, F Jimenez-Pereperez, J Fuentes, F Perez-Jimenez, F TI Low-fat and high-monounsaturated fatty acid diets decrease plasma cholesterol ester transfer protein concentrations in young, healthy, normolipemic men SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE carbohydrates; humans; cholesterol; cholesterol ester transfer protein; CETP; dietary fat; saturated fat; monounsaturated fat; LDL cholesterol; HDL cholesterol; National Cholesterol Education Program Step I diet; Spain; Mediterranean-type diet; men ID DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; MESSENGER-RNA LEVELS; TRANSGENIC MICE; OLEIC-ACID; SERUM-LIPIDS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; DEFICIENCY; METABOLISM; HAMSTERS; INCREASE AB Background: Cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) mediates the transfer of cholesteryl esters from HDL to apolipoprotein (apo) B-containing lipoproteins. The possible atherogenic role of this protein is controversial. Diet may influence plasma CETP concentrations. Objective: The objective was to determine whether the changes in plasma lipids observed after consumption of 2 lipid-lowering diets are associated with changes in plasma CETP concentrations. Design: We studied 41 healthy, normolipidemic men over 3 consecutive 4-wk dietary periods: a saturated fatty acid-rich diet (SFA diet: 38% fat. 20% saturated fat), a National Cholesterol Education Program Step I diet (NCEP Step I diet: 28% fat, 108 saturated fat), and a monounsaturated fatty acid-rich diet (MUFA diet: 38% fat, 22% monounsaturated fat). Cholesterol content (27.5 mg/MJ) was kept constant during the 3 periods. Plasma concentrations of total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol; triacylglycerol; apo A-I and B; and CETP were measured at the end of each dietary period. Results: Compared with the SFA diet, both lipid-lowering diets significantly decreased plasma total and LDL cholesterol, apo B, and CETP. Only the NCEP Step I diet lowered plasma HDL cholesterol. Positive. significant correlations were found between plasma CETP and total (r = 0.3868, P < 0.0001) and LDL (r = 0.4454, P < 0.0001) cholesterol and also between changes in CETP concentrations and those of total (r = 0.4543. P < 0.0001) and LDL (r = 0.4554, P < 0.0001) cholesterol. Conclusions: The isoenergetic substitution of a high-saturated fatty acid diet with an NCEP Step I or a high-monounsaturated fatty acid diet decreases plasma CETP concentrations. C1 Hosp Univ Reina Sofia, Unidad Lipidos & Arteriosclerosis, Cordoba 14004, Spain. Hosp Alto Guadalquivir, Med Interna Serv, Andujar, Spain. Hosp Infanta Margarita, Cabra, Spain. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA USA. RP Perez-Jimenez, F (reprint author), Hosp Univ Reina Sofia, Unidad Lipidos & Arteriosclerosis, Avda Menendez Pida S-N, Cordoba 14004, Spain. OI Perez-Jimenez, Francisco/0000-0001-7499-7681; Perez Jimenez, Francisco/0000-0001-9808-1280; FUENTES JIMENEZ, FRANCISCO/0000-0002-4584-7366; Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL54776] NR 45 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 72 IS 1 BP 36 EP 41 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 328VG UT WOS:000087871100007 PM 10871558 ER PT J AU Castaneda, C Bermudez, OI Tucker, KL AF Castaneda, C Bermudez, OI Tucker, KL TI Protein nutritional status and function are associated with type 2 diabetes in Hispanic elders SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE serum albumin; diabetes; Hispanics; nutritional status; disability; midupper arm muscle area; non-Hispanic whites; Massachusetts Hispanic Elders Survey ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; SKELETAL-MUSCLE MASS; SERUM-ALBUMIN; OLDER PERSONS; MEDICAL CONDITIONS; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; UNITED-STATES; HEALTH-STATUS; MORTALITY; LIMITATIONS AB Background: Hispanic elders have a high prevalence of diabetes and poor glycemic control, leading to inadequate nutritional status, muscle wasting, and impaired function. Objective: We examined the association of type 2 diabetes with nutritional status measured by serum albumin concentrations and midupper arm muscle area (MAM) and with function measured by difficulty with at least one activity of daily living. Design: Health history and disability were assessed by self report in 556 Hispanics with a mean (+/-SD) age of 69 +/- 7 y and 158 non-Hispanic whites (NHW; aged 71 +/- 7 y) from the Massachusetts Hispanic Elders Survey. Energy intake (in MJ/d) and protein intake (in g/d) were estimated with use of a food-frequency questionnaire. Body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) and C-reactive protein concentrations (in mg/L) were also measured. Multiple logistic regression models by ethnic group were used. Results: There were no significant differences between Hispanics and NHWs in the proportion of those with low albumin concentrations or low MAM. Hispanic diabetic women had the lowest proportion of low MAM. The risk of low serum albumin concentration was twice as high in Hispanics taking insulin as in their NHW counterparts. Among Hispanics, low albumin concentration and low BMI were associated with low MAM; female sex, low albumin concentration, high BMI, and insulin use were significantly associated with risk of functional impairment. Conclusion: Type 2 diabetes is associated with poor nutritional status, muscle loss, and functional impairment among Hispanic elders. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Castaneda, C (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010; OI Tucker, Katherine/0000-0001-7640-662X FU NIA NIH HHS [R01AG10425] NR 47 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 5 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 72 IS 1 BP 89 EP 95 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 328VG UT WOS:000087871100015 PM 10871566 ER PT J AU Jonas, CR Puckett, AB Jones, DP Griffith, DP Szeszycki, EE Bergman, GF Furr, CE Tyre, C Carlson, JL Galloway, JR Blumberg, JB Ziegler, TR AF Jonas, CR Puckett, AB Jones, DP Griffith, DP Szeszycki, EE Bergman, GF Furr, CE Tyre, C Carlson, JL Galloway, JR Blumberg, JB Ziegler, TR TI Plasma antioxidant status after high-dose chemotherapy: a randomized trial of parenteral nutrition in bone marrow transplantation patients SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE parenteral nutrition; antioxidants; glutathione; bone marrow transplantation; cysteine ID LIPID-PEROXIDATION; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; FREE-RADICALS; DOUBLE-BLIND; VITAMIN-C; GLUTATHIONE; RADIOCHEMOTHERAPY; GENERATION; TOXICITY; THERAPY AB Background: Chemotherapy and radiation therapy result in increased free radical formation and depletion of tissue antioxidants. It is not known whether parenteral nutrition (PN) administered during bone marrow transplantation (BMT) supports systemic antioxidant status. Objective: The aims of the study were to determine 1) whether high-dose chemotherapy decreases concentrations of major circulating antioxidants in patients undergoing BMT and 2) whether administration of standard PN maintains systemic antioxidant concentrations compared with PN containing micronutrients and minimal lipids alone. Design: Twenty-four BMT patients were randomly assigned to receive either standard PN containing conventional amounts of dextrose. amino acids, micronutrients, and lipid (120 kJ/d) or a solution containing only micronutrients (identical to those in standard PN) and a small amount of lipid (12 kJ/d). Plasma antioxidant status was measured before conditioning therapy and serially at days 1, 3, 7, 10, and 14 after BMT. Results: Plasma glutathione (GSH) and alpha- and gamma-tocopherol concentrations decreased and the GSH redox state became more oxidized after conditioning chemotherapy. Plasma cysteine concentrations were unchanged, whereas cystine concentrations increased. Plasma vitamin C and zinc concentrations and GSH peroxidase activity increased over time. Plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations were lower in patients given standard PN. Then were no differences in other plasma antioxidants between groups. Conclusions: A significant decline in GSH-glutathione disulfide, cysteine-cystine, and vitamin E status occurs after chemotherapy and BMT. Standard PN does not improve antioxidant status compared with administration of micronutrients alone. Further evaluation of PN formulations to support patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and BMT are needed. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Surg, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Nutr & Hlth Sci Program, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Ziegler, TR (reprint author), Emory Clin, Div Endocrinol & Metab, Dept Med, Room A-4327,1365 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [5MO1RR00039-39]; NIDDK NIH HHS [T32DK07734]; NIEHS NIH HHS [R01ES09047] NR 54 TC 114 Z9 117 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 72 IS 1 BP 181 EP 189 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 328VG UT WOS:000087871100027 PM 10871578 ER PT J AU Fleming van den Broek Caulfield Rush Yip West Kahn Bothwell AF Fleming van den Broek Caulfield Rush Yip West Kahn Bothwell TI Etiology of anemia in pregnancy in south Malawi - Discussion SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Editorial Material ID IRON C1 Kilmersdon Common Farmhouse, Bath BA3 5QB, Somerset, England. Wellcome Trust Ctr Res, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Blantyre, Malawi. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Tufts Univ, Community Hlth & Pedita Epidemiol Program, HNRC, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Div Human Nutr, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. US Agcy Int Dev, Off Hlth & Nutr, Washington, DC 20523 USA. Univ Witwatersrand, Dept Med, Sch Med, ZA-2193 Johannesburg, South Africa. RP Fleming (reprint author), Kilmersdon Common Farmhouse, Common Lane, Bath BA3 5QB, Somerset, England. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 72 IS 1 SU S BP 254S EP 256S PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 331FC UT WOS:000088005800006 ER PT J AU Vann, RC Nguyen, HV Reeds, PJ Steele, NC Deaver, DR Davis, TA AF Vann, RC Nguyen, HV Reeds, PJ Steele, NC Deaver, DR Davis, TA TI Somatotropin increases protein balance independent of insulin's effects on protein metabolism in growing pigs SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM LA English DT Article DE protein synthesis; insulin-like growth factor I; amino acid catabolism; growth hormone ID PORCINE GROWTH-HORMONE; STIMULATES SKELETAL-MUSCLE; WHOLE-BODY; DIETARY-PROTEIN; BOVINE SOMATOTROPIN; POSTABSORPTIVE RATS; ACID CONCENTRATIONS; GLUCOSE-METABOLISM; AMINO-ACIDS; FOOD-INTAKE AB Somatotropin (ST) administration enhances protein deposition and elicits profound metabolic responses, including hyperinsulinemia. To determine whether the anabolic effect of ST is due to hyperinsulinemia, pair-fed weight-matched growing swine were treated with porcine ST (150 mu g . kg body wt(-1) . day(-1)) or diluent for 7 days (n = 6/group, similar to 20 kg). Then pancreatic glucose-amino acid clamps were performed after an overnight fast. The objective was to reproduce the insulin levels of 1) fasted control and ST pigs (basal insulin, 5 mu U/ ml), 2) fed control pigs (low insulin, 20 mu U/ml), and 3) fed ST pigs (high insulin, 50 mu U/ml). Amino acid and glucose disposal rates were determined from the infusion rates necessary to maintain preclamp blood levels of these substrates. Whole body nonoxidative leucine disposal (NOLD), leucine appearance (R-a), and leucine oxidation were determined with primed, continuous infusions of [C-13] leucine and [C-14] bicarbonate. ST treatment was associated with higher NOLD and protein balance and lower leucine oxidation and amino acid and glucose disposals. Insulin lowered R-a and increased leucine oxidation, protein balance, and amino acid and glucose disposals. These effects of insulin were suppressed by ST treatment; however, the protein balance remained higher in ST pigs. The results show that ST treatment inhibits insulin's effects on protein metabolism and indicate that the stimulation of protein deposition by ST treatment is not mediated by insulin. Comparison of the protein metabolic responses to ST treatment during the basal fasting period with those in the fully fed state from a previous study suggests that the mechanism by which ST treatment enhances protein deposition is influenced by feeding status. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Dairy & Anim Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. ARS, USDA, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Davis, TA (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR044474]; NICHD NIH HHS [T32-HD-07445] NR 51 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0193-1849 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-ENDOC M JI Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 279 IS 1 BP E1 EP E10 PG 10 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology GA 333JU UT WOS:000088127800001 PM 10893316 ER PT J AU Spooner, DM Rivera-Pena, A van den Berg, RG Schuler, K AF Spooner, DM Rivera-Pena, A van den Berg, RG Schuler, K TI Potato germplasm collecting expedition to Mexico in 1997: Taxonomy and new germplasm resources SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID BREVICAULE COMPLEX SOLANACEAE; SOLANUM SECT PETOTA; SPECIES BOUNDARIES; WILD; COLLAPSE AB Wild potato (Solanum sect. Petota) germplasm has been collected in Mexico on nine major expeditions, as determined by 20 collections or more from each expedition currently at the United States potato genebank, the National Research Support Program-6 (NRSP-6). These have resulted in 609 accessions with good collection data. In addition, NRSP-6 has germplasm of approximately 90 other Mexican collections that are unspecific regarding date or place of collection. This expedition was funded to collect those remaining collections with no or little germplasm: Solanum clarum, S. x edinense, S. hintonii, S. hjertingii var. physaloides, S. leptosepalum, S. lesteri, S. macropilosum, S. x michoacanum, S. x sambucinum, and S. stenophyllidium. In addition, some species and species groups (species groups indicated in parentheses) have unresolved taxonomic problems that needed clarification by additional field collections. These are (S. agrimonifolium and S. oxycarpum), (S. brachycarpum, S. guerreroense, S. hougasii, and S. iopetalum - the S. brachycarpum complex), (S.fendleri, S. papita, S. stoloniferum - the S. stoloniferum complex), S. leptosepalum, and S. macropilosum.We conducted a wild potato germplasm collecting expedition in Mexico from August 22 to October 31, 1997. Our 103 collections, 71 as germplasm collections, provide the first germplasm samples for S. hjertingii var. physaloides, S. leptosepalum, and S. macropilosum. They provide additional germplasm of the rare species S. clarum, S. x edinense, S. lesteri, S. x michoacanum, S. x sambucinum, and S. stenophyllidium. We additionally gathered germplasm and field data to help resolve taxonomic difficulties in S. agrimonifolium and S. oxycarpum, the S. brachycarpum complex, and the S. stoloniferum complex. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, Agr Res Serv, USDA, Madison, WI 53706 USA. INIFAP, Metepec, Estado Mexico, Programa Nacl Papa, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Wageningen Univ & Res Ctr, Dept Plant Taxonomy, NL-6700 ED Wageningen, Netherlands. IPK, Genbank, D-18190 Gross Lusewitz, Germany. RP Spooner, DM (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, Agr Res Serv, USDA, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 43 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 5 PU POTATO ASSOC AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE, 5715 COBURN HALL, RM 6, ORONO, ME 04469-5715 USA SN 0003-0589 J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 77 IS 4 BP 261 EP 270 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 344RB UT WOS:000088771700007 ER PT J AU Bamberg, JB Singsit, C del Rio, AH Radcliffe, EB AF Bamberg, JB Singsit, C del Rio, AH Radcliffe, EB TI RAPD analysis of genetic diversity in Solanum populations to predict need for fine screening SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ACCESSIONS; RESISTANCE AB Populations of two wild potato species known to have high levels of green peach aphid, PLRV, and PVY resistance (Solanum polytrichon PI 184170 and S. stoloniferum PI 160226) were assessed for heterogeneity of RAPD markers among plants within these populations and among other populations of the same species. These species are reputed selfers, so were suspected of being relatively inbred, About 75% of the bands segregating within their species were fixed within these populations, and more than 90% of the total bands observed within these populations were fixed. These levels of homogeneity were not significantly different from those of an inbred population of S. albicans known to be extremely homogeneous, It can be expected that populations such as these, that are relatively homogeneous, are also more likely to be homogeneous for specific traits of interest, Thus, there may be less need for rigorous fine screening of these materials at the genotype level before making breeding crosses. C1 USDA ARS, Potato Introduct Stn, Sturgeon Bay, WI 54235 USA. Mycogen, Woodland, CA 95776 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Entomol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Bamberg, JB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Potato Introduct Stn, 4312 Hwy 42, Sturgeon Bay, WI 54235 USA. OI Del Rio, Alfonso/0000-0001-8780-747X NR 7 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU POTATO ASSOC AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE, 5715 COBURN HALL, RM 6, ORONO, ME 04469-5715 USA SN 0003-0589 J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 77 IS 4 BP 275 EP 277 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 344RB UT WOS:000088771700009 ER PT J AU Stabel, JR AF Stabel, JR TI Cytokine secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cows infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID INTERFERON-GAMMA; PERITONEAL-MACROPHAGES; HUMAN-MONOCYTES; TUBERCULOSIS; SUBSETS; GROWTH; INTERLEUKIN-4; ACTIVATION; EXPRESSION; CATTLE AB Objective-To compare cytokine secretion patterns of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy cows and cows subclinically and clinically infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Animals-5 noninfected cows, 6 cows with subclinical paratuberculosis, and 4 cows with clinical paratuberculosis. Procedure-PBMC were isolated, and concentrations or activities of secreted interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were measured after in vitro stimulation of cells with concanavalin A (ConA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or a whole-cell sonicate of M paratuberculosis (MpS). Proliferative responses of PBMC were also determined after stimulation with ConA, phyto-hemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen (PWM), or MpS. Results-After stimulation with ConA, cells from subclinically infected cows secreted significantly more, and cells from clinically infected cows secreted significantly less, IFN-gamma, compared with cells from control cows. Cells from cows with subclinical paratuberculosis produced significantly more TNF and IFN-gamma in response to MpS than cells from the other 2 groups. Stimulation of PBMC from subclinically infected cows with ConA or MpS resulted in significantly higher proliferative responses, compared with cells from control and clinically infected cows. In contrast, clinically infected cows had significantly higher proliferative responses to PWM than cells from the other 2 groups. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-A decrease in T-cell responses to mitogens or MpS was observed in cows clinically infected with M paratuberculosis, compared with subclinically infected cows, suggesting that activated T cells may delay the progression of paratuberculosis. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Stabel, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, 2300 Dayton Rd, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 32 TC 53 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 61 IS 7 BP 754 EP 760 DI 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.754 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 330YC UT WOS:000087988300019 PM 10895895 ER PT J AU Ochoa, R Oconnor, BM AF Ochoa, R Oconnor, BM TI Revision of the genus Horstiella (Acari : Acaridae): Mites associated with neotropical Epicharis bees (Hymenoptera : Apidae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE bee mites; phoresy; coevolution AB The genus Horstiella is revised; one nominal species (H. armata Turk) and six new species, H. concentrica, H. megamyzidos, H. mourei, H. quadrata, H. snellingi, and H. variabilis, are described and illustrated. The species are associated with 14 species of Lees of the genus Epicharis from the Neotropical region, ranging from central Mexico through Brazil. Mite species are not restricted to single Lee species, and two mite species may occur on the same host individual. The genera Horstia and Medeus are hypothesized to form the sister group of Horstiella. Phylogenetic analysis produced a single cladogram resolved at the species level. H. mourei and the species pairs N, armat - quadrata, H. concentrica-megamyzidos, and H. snellingi-variabilis are each associated with species in one ol two subgenera of Epicharis. A key to the species of Horstiella is provided. C1 ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Michigan, Museum Zool, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Ochoa, R (reprint author), ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, USDA, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 24 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 93 IS 4 BP 713 EP 737 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0713:ROTGHA]2.0.CO;2 PG 25 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359VE UT WOS:000089632100004 ER PT J AU Morrison, LW AF Morrison, LW TI Mechanisms of Pseudacteon parasitoid (Diptera : Phoridae) effects on exploitative and interference competition in host Solenopsis ants (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Pseudacteon tricuspis; Solenopsis geminata; Solenopsis invicta; exploitative competition; interference competition; parasitism ID ATTA-CEPHALOTES HYMENOPTERA; FIRE ANTS; FLIES DIPTERA; OVIPOSITION BEHAVIOR; DEFENSE BEHAVIOR; BRAZIL; PATTERNS; FOOD; FLY AB I conducted a series of laboratory experiments to quantify the effects and elucidate the mechanisms by which Pseudacteon tricuspis Borgmeier phorid flies affect the exploitative and interference components of interspecific competition in host Solenopsis invicta Buren ants. In manipulative experiments, workers retrieved 50% less food in a foraging tray with phorids present, compared with an equidistant foraging tray with the same food resource but without phorids. The average number of workers actively foraging in the tray with phorids was significantly less than in the tray without phorids. There were no significant differences in either average worker size or average number of workers present at the food resource at the end of the trials in trays with pholids versus trays without phorids. In a control set of trials in which no phorids were added to either foraging tray, the size of foraging workers averaged over both foraging trays was significantly larger than in either the phorid or no-phorid tray of the manipulative experiments. This suggests that colonies can communicate the generalized presence of phorids in an area, which leads to a decrease in foraging by major workers. S. invicta workers retrieved an intermediate amount of food in the foraging trays of the control experiment compared with the phorid and no-phorid trays of the manipulative experiment. Moreover, the overall amount of food obtained in both foraging trays was similar for the manipulative and control experiments, suggesting that the S. invicta colonies were able to compensate for harassment by phorids by altering their foraging strategy, which resulted in no net loss of food retrieved. When S. invicta was paired with S. geminata (F.) in interference competition experiments, phorid flies bud no effect on the outcome of interspecific intel actions. Phorids did not appear to be attracted to host workers once they were engaged in combat with enemy workers, and the spatial distribution of fighting was significantly different than the spatial distribution of parasitization attempts. C1 Univ Texas, Sect Integrated Biol, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Texas, Brackenridge Field Lab, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Morrison, LW (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RI Morrison, Lloyd/A-8949-2013 OI Morrison, Lloyd/0000-0002-9375-843X NR 39 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 7 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 93 IS 4 BP 841 EP 849 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0841:MOPPDP]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359VE UT WOS:000089632100015 ER PT J AU Simmons, AM McCutcheon, GS Dufault, RJ Hassell, RL Rushing, JW AF Simmons, AM McCutcheon, GS Dufault, RJ Hassell, RL Rushing, JW TI Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) attacking species of medicinal herbal plants SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE whitefly; Bemisia argentifolii; Bemisia tabaci biotype-B; parasitoid; plant host; fertility ID COASTAL SOUTH-CAROLINA; SWEET-POTATO; YELLOW TRAPS; TABACI; PARASITOIDS; POPULATION AB Research was conducted on the production potential of selected medicinal herbal plant species as new crops suitable for cultivation in South Carolina. 'Whiteflies (Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring) were found in an experimental production field infesting five perennial species of medicinal herbal plants [feverfew, Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bipontinus; St. John's wort, Hypericum perforatum L.; purple coneflower, Echinacea pallida (Nuttall) Nuttall and E. purpurea (L.) Moench; and common valerian, Valeriana officinalis L.]. This article reports on whiteflies attacking and developing on these plant species. Density of whitefly nymphs was highest (mean = 2.3/cm(2)) on the second fully expanded leaf on the epical meristem of E, purpurea as compared with the same leaf position on the other plant species where average whitefly density ranged from 0.1 to 0.6 nymphs per square centimeter from late November 1998 through January 1999. Similarly, adult capture on sticky cards was high (mean = 123 whiteflies per card) in plots of E. purpurea compared with plots of the other four species (mean = 8 to 20 whiteflies per card per species), and adult counts were elevated in the highest (440 kg N/ha) of three fertility rates in E, purpurea. Moreover, laboratory tests agreed with the observation of a higher population of B. argentifolii on E. purpurea compared with the other four plant species. The whitefly completed development on all five plant species, and whitefly-associated parasitoids emerged from field-leaf samples of each plant species. C1 ARS, US Vegetable Lab, USDA, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. Clemson Univ, Coastal Res & Educ Ctr, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. RP Simmons, AM (reprint author), ARS, US Vegetable Lab, USDA, 2875 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 28 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 93 IS 4 BP 856 EP 861 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0856:BAHAAS]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359VE UT WOS:000089632100017 ER PT J AU Rodriguez-Leyva, E Leyva, JL Gomez, V Barcenas, NM Elzen, GW AF Rodriguez-Leyva, E Leyva, JL Gomez, V Barcenas, NM Elzen, GW TI Biology of Catolaccus hunteri (Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae), a parasitoid of pepper weevil and boll weevil (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Anthonomus Eugenii; Anthonomus grandis; biological control; unnatural hosts ID GRANDIS BURKS HYMENOPTERA; ARTHROPOD PARASITES; ANTHONOMUS-GRANDIS; LONGEVITY; FECUNDITY; INCREASE AB A general description of the life stages and population parameters of Catolaccus hunteri Crawford, an primary ectoparasitoid of pepper weevil, Anthonomus eugenii Cano, and bell weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, is presented. The parasitoids were reared on the unnatural host Callosobruchus maculatus F. The developmental time of C. hunteri at 27 +/- 1 degrees C was shorter in males than females. Males completed development in 11.46 +/- 0.46 d from egg to adult emergence. Developmental time in females required 13.18 +/- 0.81 d from egg to adult at the same temperature. A C. hunteri female (n = 20) laid 466.35 +/- 280.39 eggs, of which just 18.35% reached the adult stage; this could be the result of cannibalistic larval behavior combined with high superparasitism observed under laboratory conditions. Female mean longevity was 47.20 +/- 12.76 d. The net reproductive rate (Ro), the generation time (G), and the daily intrinsic rate of increase (rm) were 42.713, 33.842, and 0.111, respectively. The fecundity of pepper weevil and boll weevil is discussed. C1 Colegio Postgrad Ciencias Agr, Inst Fitosanidad, Texcoco 56230, Edo De Mexico, Mexico. Colegio Postgrad Ciencias Agr, Inst Recursos Genet & Product, Texcoco 56230, Edo De Mexico, Mexico. ARS, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Weslaco, TX USA. RP Rodriguez-Leyva, E (reprint author), Colegio Postgrad Ciencias Agr, Inst Fitosanidad, Texcoco 56230, Edo De Mexico, Mexico. NR 41 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 93 IS 4 BP 862 EP 868 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0862:BOCHHP]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359VE UT WOS:000089632100018 ER PT J AU Leopold, RA AF Leopold, RA TI Short-term cold storage of house fly (Diptera : Muscidae) embryos: Survival and quality of subsequent stages SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Musca domestica; embryo chilling tolerance; chilling injury; hypoxia; hyperoxia; adult emergence ID DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; CHILLING INJURY; LIFE-SPAN; ERADICATION; TOLERANCE AB The survival of Musca domestica L. embryos was assessed after storage at 5 degrees C. Chilling tolerance was influenced by the length of the storage period and by the age of the embryo at the time of low temperature exposure. Embryos placed into cold storage at 3 h of age were able to survive 3 d with little reduction in larval emergence or adult eclosion and vitality. One-hour-old embryos were the least tolerant of chilling and could not survive 1 d at 5 degrees C. Three patterns of chilling injury were expressed. They are characterized as immediate, accumulative, and Intent. expression of immediate and accumulative injury was linked to the age of the embryo at the time of chilling, and the latent trpe of injury was expressed during the postembryonic stages of development and was related to length of cold exposure. Exposure of the house fly embryos to hypoxic conditions did not increase chilling tolerance, and a hyperoxic environment was detrimental to the use of cold storage as a strategy to increase insect shelf life. C1 ARS, Biosci Res Lab, USDA, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Leopold, RA (reprint author), ARS, Biosci Res Lab, USDA, Box 5674, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 31 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 93 IS 4 BP 884 EP 889 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0884:STCSOH]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359VE UT WOS:000089632100021 ER PT J AU Coudron, TA Wright, MMK Puttler, B Brandt, SL Rice, WC AF Coudron, TA Wright, MMK Puttler, B Brandt, SL Rice, WC TI Effect of the ectoparasite Necremnus breviramulus (Hymenoptera : Eulophidae) and its venom on natural and factitious hosts SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Necremnus breviramulus; Hypera eximia; developmental arrestment; molt inhibition; parasitism; venom ID PLATHYPENAE HYMENOPTERA; EUPLECTRUS-COMSTOCKII; LEPIDOPTERA; PESTICIDES; NOCTUIDAE; PROTEIN AB Prepupae of Hypera eximia (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a natural host, and prepupae of factitious insect hosts were tested for their physiological responses to stinging Ly the gregarious ectoparasite, Necremnus breviramulus Gahan (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), and to injection with an extract of the venom gland tissue dissected from the lower reproductive tract of the female parasite. The arrestment of development produced by N. breviramulus venom was expressed in the natural host, H. eximia, and in all insects tested outside the natural host range of the parasite (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Cerambycidae, and Chrysomelidae; Lepidoptera: Plutellidae and Noctuidae). Arrestment activity was found to he associated with the aqueous extract of the venom apparatus, and the response was shown to be dose-dependent. The protein composition of the venom from N, breviramulus differed from other eulophids tested and did not contain the molt-arresting protein found in Euplectrus sop. The difference in venom proteins may account for the different physiological effects and host range of these eulophid parasites. C1 ARS, Biol Control Insects Res Lab, USDA, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. RP Coudron, TA (reprint author), ARS, Biol Control Insects Res Lab, USDA, 1503 S Providence Rd,Res Pk, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. NR 21 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 93 IS 4 BP 890 EP 897 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0890:EOTENB]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359VE UT WOS:000089632100022 ER PT J AU Chang, CL Kurashima, R Albrecht, C AF Chang, CL Kurashima, R Albrecht, C TI Effect of limiting concentrations of growth factors in mass rearing diets for Ceratitis capitata larvae (Diptera : Tephritidae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Ceratitis capitata; vitamins; growth factors; diet AB Effects of growth factors on Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) larval development were investigated using C. capitata #1 diet as a control diet. C. capitata #1 diet is a chemical base diet with only one nonchemical bulking agent, corncob. It contains 10 exogenous vitamins in addition to those trace amounts already present in corncob, and it is capable of supporting normal larval development. Removal of all 10 growth factors from C. capitata #1 diet resulted in a prolonged developmental period, decreased pupal recovery, pupal weight, and adult emergence, but normal flight ability, and egg hatch. C. capitata #1 diet lacking exogenous nicotinic acid resulted in complete second-instar mortality. In the absence of exogenous riboflavin, larvae reached the third instar and pupated, but the rate of development was slower. However, the percent pupal recovery was not significantly different. Pupal weight and adult emergence were significantly decreased, whereas night ability and egg hatch remained within normal ranges. The effects of omitting exogenous pantothenic acid were similar to those for riboflavin compared with the control diet. The omission of other exogenous vitamins, such as thiamine, pyridoxine, biotin, folic acid, rho-amino benzoic acid, inositol or choline, had no significant effects on the rate of larval development and survival. Exogenous nicotinic acid was determined to be indispensable (requires a minimum of 2 ppm), whereas riboflavin and pantothenic acid appear to be required (at least >2 ppm) for normal growth and development of C. capitata larvae. Addition of exogenous ascorbic acid phosphate or alpha-tocopherol in C. capitata #1 diet did not improve C. capitata development or growth. Wheat germ is not necessary as a mass rearing diet additive because two of its major nutrients (alpha-tocopherol and choline) showed no impact. C1 ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Chang, CL (reprint author), ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, USDA, 2727 Woodlawn Dr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 19 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 93 IS 4 BP 898 EP 903 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0898:EOLCOG]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359VE UT WOS:000089632100023 ER PT J AU Kemp, WP Bosch, J AF Kemp, WP Bosch, J TI Development and emergence of the alfalfa pollinator Megachile rotundata (Hymenoptera : megachilidae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE alfalfa leafcutting bee; development; wintering; emergence; mortality; pollination ID BEE HYMENOPTERA; LEAFCUTTER BEE; TEMPERATURE; SURVIVAL; UNIVOLTINE; INCUBATION; DIAPAUSE; STRAIN; ADULT AB Megachile rotundata (F.), a gregarious, cavity-nesting, leaf-cutting Lee, is used throughout North America for the pollination of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., seed crops. We examined the influence of various temperature regimes on development, survival, emergence, and longevity in both nondiapausing and diapausing forms of this species. In general, development rates increased with increasing constant temperatures used in this study (18, 22, 26, and 29 degrees C),but the 26 and 29 degrees C treatments were clearly superior as rearing temperatures for immatures. In diapausing individuals, a variable temperature treatment 14:27 degrees C (8:16 h daily cycle, mean 22 degrees C) reduced the length of prepupal and pupal development stages following incubation in the early summer when compared with individuals reared under the constant 22 degrees C treatment. We discuss the importance of differing temperature regimes on M. rotundata development, survival, and longevity over the entire life cycle. We also discuss the importance of making a connection between immature development and sufficient wintering conditions to postdiapause development, a topic that has received much more attention in the literature. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Bee Biol & Systemat Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Kemp, WP (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Bee Biol & Systemat Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. OI Bosch , Jordi/0000-0002-8088-9457 NR 34 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 16 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 93 IS 4 BP 904 EP 911 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0904:DAEOTA]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359VE UT WOS:000089632100024 ER PT J AU Chu, CC Freeman, TP Buckner, JS Henneberry, TJ Nelson, DR Walker, GP Natwick, ET AF Chu, CC Freeman, TP Buckner, JS Henneberry, TJ Nelson, DR Walker, GP Natwick, ET TI Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) colonization on upland cottons and relationships to leaf morphology and leaf age SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Bemisia tabaci strain B; Bemisia argentifolii; leaf age; vascular bundles; trichomes; vein endings ID TABACI HOMOPTERA; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; SAMPLING PLANS; OVIPOSITION; RESISTANCE; CULTIVARS; WHITEFLIES; BEHAVIOR AB We compared Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring colonization on Stoneville (ST) 474 and Deltapine (DPL) 5415 cottons, Gossypium hirsutum L., in the field. We also examined leaf trichome density, leaf age, and leaf morphological characteristics as possible factors influencing cultivar host selection. The increased numbers of all B. argentifolii life stages on ST 474 in the field appeared to be related to the higher trichome density on abaxial leaf surfaces compared with DPL 5415. In both cultivars,leaves from node number 1 below the terminals were smaller and had higher vascular bundle densities and numbers of lysigenous glands than older, larger leaves. Younger leaves also had smaller leaf areole areas, more terminal vein endings per unit leaf area, and shorter distances from abaxial leaf surfaces to minor vein phloem tissues compared with older leaves. These younger leaf morphological characteristics may contribute to the higher B, argentifolii densities on younger leaves. In the laboratory, electronically monitored adult females and visually monitored settled first and fourth instars preferred. to probe into secondary and tertiary leaf veins as compared with main and primary leaf veins. C1 ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, USDA, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Chu, CC (reprint author), ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, USDA, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 32 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 8 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 93 IS 4 BP 912 EP 919 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0912:BAHACO]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359VE UT WOS:000089632100025 ER PT J AU Kochansky, J AF Kochansky, J TI Analysis of oxytetracycline in extender patties SO APIDOLOGIE LA English DT Article DE oxytetracycline; solid-phase extraction; HPLC; American foulbrood; European foulbrood ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION; HONEY-BEE COLONIES; CHEMICAL-ANALYSIS; RESIDUES; IMPROVEMENT; ANTIBIOTICS; PHASE; TETRACYCLINES; MILK AB Antibiotic extender patties, consisting of sugar, vegetable shortening, and oxytetracycline (OTC, usually as the hydrochloride), are used for treatment/prevention of foulbrood in honey bees. An analytical method was developed to determine the concentration in the patties and to allow a study of deterioration over time. Trituration of a sample with EDTA-treated C-18 silica gel, removal of the shortening with isooctane, and elution of the OTC with methanol/acetonitrile gave a solution that could be analyzed by HPLC. Different concentrations and total amounts of OTC have been recommended by different authors. Not all newly-procured samples contained the same level of OTC, and the concentration decreased about 4% per year with storage at room temperature. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Bee Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Kochansky, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Bee Res Lab, Bldg 476,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 24 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 0044-8435 J9 APIDOLOGIE JI Apidologie PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 31 IS 4 BP 517 EP 524 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 348FY UT WOS:000088975900005 ER PT J AU Whistler, CA Stockwell, VO Loper, JE AF Whistler, CA Stockwell, VO Loper, JE TI Lon protease influences antibiotic production and UV tolerance of Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5 SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INTEGRATION HOST FACTOR; SIGMA-FACTOR SIGMA(S); PYTHIUM DAMPING-OFF; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; BACILLUS-SUBTILIS; HEAT-SHOCK; METABOLITE PRODUCTION; COTTON SEEDLINGS; STRESS-RESPONSE AB Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5 is a soil bacterium that suppresses plant pathogens due in part to its production of the antibiotic pyoluteorin. Previous characterization of Pf-5 revealed three global regulators, Including the stationary-phase sigma factor sigma(S) and the two-component regulators GacA and GacS, that influence both antibiotic production and stress response. In this report, we describe the serine protease Lon as a fourth global regulator influencing these phenotypes in Pf-5. lan mutants overproduced pyoluteorin, transcribed pyoluteorin biosynthesis genes at enhanced levels, and were more sensitive to UV exposure than Pf-5. The lan gene was preceded by sequences that resembled promoters recognized by the heat shock sigma factor sigma(32) (sigma(H)) of Escherichia call, and Lon accumulation by Pf-5 increased after heat shock Therefore, sigma(H) represents the third sigma factor (with sigma(S) and sigma(70)) implicated in the regulation of antibiotic production by P. fluorescens. Lon protein levels were similar in stationary-phase and exponentially growing cultures of Pf-5 and were not positively affected by the global regulator sigma(S) or GacS. The association of antibiotic production and stress response has practical implications for the success of disease suppression in the soil environment, where biological control organisms such as Pf-5 are likely to encounter environmental stresses. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Oregon State Univ, Mol & Cellular Biol Program, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Loper, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, 3420 NW Orchard Ave, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 55 TC 45 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 66 IS 7 BP 2718 EP 2725 DI 10.1128/AEM.66.7.2718-2725.2000 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 332DE UT WOS:000088057600004 PM 10877760 ER PT J AU Teske, ME Thistle, HW Mickle, RE AF Teske, ME Thistle, HW Mickle, RE TI Modeling finer droplet aerial spray drift and deposition SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE aerial spraying; drift; deposition; ultra low volume; nonvolatile fraction; modeling ID DISPERSION MODEL; AIRCRAFT AB Aerial application models represent the effects present in the near wake of the aircraft by simple models approximating the detailed physics found there. The important inputs into these models include the aircraft characteristics, flight parameters, meteolological conditions, tank mix characteristics, and droplet size distribution. Many numerical studies have shown that release height, wind speed and nozzle atomization nl-e the main contributing factors to spray drift. With control of release height and wind speed essentially an application issue at the time of spraying, control of the droplet size distribution call be done well ahead of time and with deliberate intent. In this regard spray quality classification appears to be overtaking the industry today especially in light of the development of ASAE S-572, In this article We explore the deposition and drift of the smallest droplets (fine fraction) at the limit of the classification scheme, ir? particular reaching towards, a very-fine droplet sizes, typical of ultra low volume (ULV) spraying. C1 Continuum Dynam Inc, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. USDA Forest Serv, Morgantown, WV USA. REMSpC, Ayr, ON, Canada. RP Teske, ME (reprint author), Continuum Dynam Inc, POB 3073, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. NR 21 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 16 IS 4 BP 351 EP 357 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 344FX UT WOS:000088749500004 ER PT J AU Hanna, HM Hartzler, RG Erbach, DC AF Hanna, HM Hartzler, RG Erbach, DC TI High-speed cultivation and banding for weed management in no-till corn SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE cultivators; weed control; speed; tillage; herbicide; no-till; residue ID ZEA-MAYS AB Replacing herbicides with mechanical cultivation can reduce pesticide use in row crop production. Although a majority of Iowa's corn land is cultivated, most is cultivated only once and herbicide is broadcast applied. To increase grower confidence in reducing herbicide use and in using cultivation for interrow weed control, a three-year field experiment compared various single-cultivation plus band-herbicide application strategies with broadcast application strategy and no-control strategy. To cover larger acreages in a narrow window of time, cultivation speed was increased each year from 11.3 to 14.1 to 16.9 km/h (7.0, 8.8, and 10.5 mph). A 38-cm (15-in.) herbicide band treatment had less weed growth, and generally greater yield, extended leaf height, and corn population than did a 19-cm (7.5-in.) band treatment. Few differences were noted among cultivator styles. Weed management and grain yield were as good or better with the traditional low-crown sweep as with other styles. Its wider cutting width (56-cm or 22 in.) in 76-cm (30-in.) rows resulted in a lower corn population, however, when operated at 16.9 km/h (10.5 mph) with a crosswind. Differences in weed population and visual weed cover rankings when comparing single-cultivation with broadcast-only strategies varied with years. Grain yield from a treatment using a single cultivation with a low-crown sweep and a 38-cm (15 in.) herbicide band was statistically equivalent to that from a broadcast-only treatment in all three years. Results of this study indicate that herbicide use can be halved and weed control and corn yield can be maintained by use of a 38 cm (15 in.) herbicide band and a single sweep cultivation. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA, Agr Res Serv, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Hanna, HM (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, 200B Davidson Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 8 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 16 IS 4 BP 359 EP 365 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 344FX UT WOS:000088749500005 ER PT J AU Raper, RL Reeves, DW Burmester, CH Schwab, EB AF Raper, RL Reeves, DW Burmester, CH Schwab, EB TI Tillage depth, tillage timing, and cover crop effects on cotton yield, soil strength, and tillage energy requirements SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE tillage; conservation tillage; tillage depth; tillage timing; subsoiling; soil compaction; cotton yield; cover crop ID PLACEMENT AB During the early 1990s, declining cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fields plagued farmers in the Tennessee Valley Region of North Alabama who tried to eliminate moldboard and/or chisel plowing from their conventional farming systems to meet conservation compliance programs. The severely reduced yields were possibly due to inadequate rooting systems caused by excessive soil compaction. A study was conducted from 1995-1998 to investigate conservation tillage systems which incorporated a rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop to maintain surface cover and in-row tillage to disrupt root-impeding soil layers. Energy requirements for shallow tillage (0.18 m) and deep tillage (0.33 m) performed in the autumn and spring were also assessed. Factors investigated included time of tillage, depth of tillage, and use of a cover crop. A rye cover crop was found to be the largest single factor in increasing seed cotton yield, with positive results seen in three of four years. Of somewhat lesser importance, autumn tillage and shallow tillage increased seed cotton yield in those years containing more typical growing seasons. The conservation tillage practice of shallow, autumn, in-row subsoiling in conjunction with a cover crop may offer the best alternative for farmers trying to reduce the negative effects of soil compaction maintain adequate residue cover, and improve seed cotton yield. C1 USDA ARS, NSDL, Auburn, AL 36832 USA. Tennessee Valley Substn, AAES, Belle Mina, AL USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, Auburn, AL USA. RP Raper, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, NSDL, 411 S Donahue Dr, Auburn, AL 36832 USA. NR 15 TC 93 Z9 93 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 16 IS 4 BP 379 EP 385 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 344FX UT WOS:000088749500008 ER PT J AU Spencer, DF Ksander, GG Madsen, JD Owens, CS AF Spencer, DF Ksander, GG Madsen, JD Owens, CS TI Emergence of vegetative propagules of Potamogeton nodosus, Potamogeton pectinatus, Vallisneria americana, and Hydrilla verticillata based on accumulated degree-days SO AQUATIC BOTANY LA English DT Article DE American pondweed; sage pondweed; Hydrilla; water celery; sprouting; tuber; turion; winter bud; temperature ID GROWING DEGREE-DAYS; HEAT UNITS; DIOECIOUS HYDRILLA; TEMPERATURE; GERMINATION; GROWTH; PREDICTION; MANAGEMENT; BIOTYPES; ECOLOGY AB The purpose of this study was to develop equations that predict emergence from vegetative propagules for four species of aquatic plants. We established artificial propagule banks by growing monoecious and dioecious Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle, Potamogeton pectinatus L., Potamogeton nodosus Poiret in outdoor tanks in Davis, California. Dioecious H. verticillata, P. pectinatus, P. nodosus and Vallisneria americana L. were grown in similar tanks in Lewisville, Texas. Emergence of undisturbed propagules was monitored the following spring. In California, P. pectinatus tubers, P. nodosus winter buds, and axillary turions formed by monoecious H. verticillata began to sprout at about the same time in mid-February, while dioecious H. verticillata tubers did not begin to emerge until mid-August. The distinct separations of emergence times for propagules in the Texas experiment were similar to those observed in California, and V. americana showed the earliest emergence time. Using sediment temperature data from each location, we calculated degree-days using the single triangle method. We fit a single logistic equation relating cumulative emergence to accumulated degree-days for each species-propagule combination from the two locations. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Exot & Invas Weeds Res Unit, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USA, Ctr Res Dev & Engn, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. USA, Ctr Res Dev & Engn, Lewisville Aquat Ecosyst Res Facil, Lewisville, TX 75057 USA. RP Spencer, DF (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Exot & Invas Weeds Res Unit, Robbins Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 32 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3770 J9 AQUAT BOT JI Aquat. Bot. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 67 IS 3 BP 237 EP 249 DI 10.1016/S0304-3770(00)00091-7 PG 13 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 321GN UT WOS:000087447900006 ER PT J AU Shapiro, JP Wasserman, HA Greany, PD Nation, JL AF Shapiro, JP Wasserman, HA Greany, PD Nation, JL TI Vitellin and vitellogenin in the soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris: Identification with monoclonal antibodies and reproductive response to diet SO ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE vitellin; vitellogenin; monoclonal antibody; artificial diet; ELISA; oogenesis; fecundity ID RHODNIUS-PROLIXUS; JUVENILE-HORMONE; HETEROPTERA; HEMIPTERA; INSECT; PENTATOMIDAE; PURIFICATION; PROTEIN; OOCYTES AB A 171,000 M-r polypeptide of Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) that constituted 16% of the protein in eggs also constituted up to 25% of the protein in hemolymph of fed females. It was identified as the major or sole apoprotein of vitellogenin. Eggs contained major polypeptides of 171, 106, and 51 kDa. The hemolymph polypeptide was identified with a polypeptide (vitellin) in egg extracts by comparing molecular weights, specificity of occurrence in fed females, and immunological reactivities. Females, starved for 5 days after eclosion to assure complete previtellogenic development, produced vitellogenin within a day after feeding on larval Galleria mellonella, and within 4 days after feeding on an artificial diet. Appearance of vitellogenin preceded ovarian growth by 2-3 days. Two monoclonal antibodies raised against egg proteins of P. maculiventris were selected for their strong reaction against egg extract and female hemolymph and null reaction against male hemolymph. Only one 170-kDa band in egg and hemolymph reacted with the antibodies on denaturing Western blots. These monoclonal antibodies are being used to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantitate reproductive response of females to diets of differing quality. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 44:130-135, 2000. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.dagger C1 ARS, USDA, CMAVE, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Entomol, Gainesville, FL USA. RP Shapiro, JP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, CMAVE, 1600 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 18 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0739-4462 J9 ARCH INSECT BIOCHEM JI Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 44 IS 3 BP 130 EP 135 DI 10.1002/1520-6327(200007)44:3<130::AID-ARCH4>3.0.CO;2-B PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 330JE UT WOS:000087912500004 PM 10897094 ER PT J AU Zeng, F Cohen, AC AF Zeng, F Cohen, AC TI Demonstration of amylase from the zoophytophagous anthocorid Orius insidiosus SO ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE digestive enzymes; isoelectric point (pI); polyacrylamide-starch gel; predaceous Heteroptera AB To better understand facultative phytophagy in the zoophytophagous anthocorid, Orius insidiosus, tests for amylase were conducted and the enzyme was partially purified. Three activity bands were detected with polyacrylamide-starch gel electrophoretic analysis of amylase in O. insidiosus. The major amylase was found to have a mean isoelectric point (pI) of 4.53. The presence of amylase indicates the ability of O. insidiosus to use starch, a nutrient, derived from plants, either by direct ingestion or by ingestion of plant material from the digestive system of their prey The presence of amylase suggests that these predators are more committed to plant feeding than other species of predators that lack this enzyme. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 44:136-139, 2000. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.dagger C1 ARS, BCMRRU, USDA, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Zeng, F (reprint author), ARS, BCMRRU, USDA, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 7 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0739-4462 J9 ARCH INSECT BIOCHEM JI Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 44 IS 3 BP 136 EP 139 DI 10.1002/1520-6327(200007)44:3<136::AID-ARCH5>3.0.CO;2-2 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 330JE UT WOS:000087912500005 PM 10897095 ER PT J AU Sharma, RP Bhandari, N Tsunoda, M Riley, RT Voss, KA AF Sharma, RP Bhandari, N Tsunoda, M Riley, RT Voss, KA TI Fumonisin hepatotoxicity is reduced in mice carrying the human tumour necrosis factor alpha transgene SO ARCHIVES OF TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fumonisin B-1; hepatotoxicity; nuclear factor kappa B; sphingolipids; tumour necrosis factor alpha ID NF-KAPPA-B; REGENERATING RAT-LIVER; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; SPHINGOID BASES; MESSENGER-RNA; TNF-ALPHA; APOPTOSIS; B-1; CORN; ACCUMULATION AB Our previous studies have indicated that tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) is involved in fumonisin B-1 (FB1)-induced toxic responses. To investigate the role of TNF alpha in FB1 toxicity further we employed male transgenic mice expressing human TNF alpha gene (TG) and their wild-type equivalent C57BL/6 (WT). It was hypothesized that TG animals would have enhanced response to FB1. Repeated subcutaneous treatment of animals with 2.25 mg/kg per day of FB1 for 5 days caused minimal changes in body weight, organ weights, blood cell counts, and TNF alpha levels in plasma 1 day after the last injection. The mRNA for TNF alpha in liver increased in both TG and WT after FB1 treatment, providing evidence that FB1 induces hepatic TNF alpha expression. Liver and kidney lesions were found in TG after FB1 treatment however, liver lesions seen in FB1-treated TG were considerably less than those observed in WT. The decreased hepatotoxicity in TG after FB1 treatment correlated with plasma concentrations of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. Free sphinganine levels increased significantly in both the liver and kidney of WT and TG mice treated with FB1. The increase of free sphinganine in the liver from TG mice was 40% less than in WT mice and paralleled the changes in serum liver enzymes. Regional brain neurotransmitters and their metabolites were increased to a similar extent by FB1 in both WT and TG mice. Since the data did not support the original hypothesis, we investigated the levels of NF kappa B in liver. The cytosolic NF kappa B was significantly higher in TG compared with WT. Induction of NF kappa B, caused by increased endogenous production of TNF alpha, is a possible explanation of decreased FB1 hepatotoxicity in TG. The results suggest a protective role for NF kappa B in FB1-induced liver damage. C1 Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. ARS, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, USDA, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Sharma, RP (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES09403] NR 48 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0340-5761 J9 ARCH TOXICOL JI Arch. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 74 IS 4-5 BP 238 EP 248 DI 10.1007/s002040000106 PG 11 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 338YK UT WOS:000088450700011 PM 10959799 ER PT J AU Mudd, SH Finkelstein, JD Refsum, H Ueland, PM Malinow, MR Lentz, SR Jacobsen, DW Brattstrom, L Wilcken, B Wilcken, DEL Blom, HJ Stabler, SP Allen, RH Selhub, J Rosenberg, IH AF Mudd, SH Finkelstein, JD Refsum, H Ueland, PM Malinow, MR Lentz, SR Jacobsen, DW Brattstrom, L Wilcken, B Wilcken, DEL Blom, HJ Stabler, SP Allen, RH Selhub, J Rosenberg, IH TI Homocysteine and its disulfide derivatives - A suggested consensus terminology SO ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE homocysteine; homocystine; disulfide; hyperhomocysteinemia; tHcy ID CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; PLASMA HOMOCYSTEINE; RISK FACTOR C1 NIMH, DIRP, LMB, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Vet Adm Med Ctr, Washington, DC 20422 USA. George Washington Univ, Washington, DC USA. Univ Bergen, LOCUS Homocystein & Related Vitamins, Bergen, Norway. Oregon Reg Primate Res Ctr, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA. Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Portland, OR 97201 USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Internal Med, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Cleveland Clin Fdn, Lerner Res Inst, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA. Cty Hosp, Dept Med, Kalmar, Sweden. New Childrens Hosp, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Univ New S Wales, Prince Wales Hosp, Dept Cardiovasc Med, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Univ Nijmegen Hosp, Dept Pediat, NL-6500 HB Nijmegen, Netherlands. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Div Hematol, Denver, CO USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Mudd, SH (reprint author), NIMH, DIRP, LMB, Bldg 36,Room 1B-08,36 Convent Dr MSC 4034, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RI Ueland, Per/C-7340-2013; Refsum, Helga/A-4073-2010 NR 18 TC 142 Z9 154 U1 1 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1079-5642 J9 ARTERIOSCL THROM VAS JI Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 20 IS 7 BP 1704 EP 1706 PG 3 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 334DC UT WOS:000088169600004 PM 10894806 ER PT J AU Welty, FK Lichtenstein, AH Barrett, PHR Jenner, JL Dolnikowski, GG Schaefer, EJ AF Welty, FK Lichtenstein, AH Barrett, PHR Jenner, JL Dolnikowski, GG Schaefer, EJ TI Effects of ApoE genotype on ApoB-48 and ApoB-100 kinetics with stable isotopes in humans SO ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 71st Scientific Session of the American-Heart-Association Meeting CY NOV 08-12, 1998 CL DALLAS, TEXAS SP Amer Heart Assoc DE apolipoprotein B; apolipoprotein E; stable isotopes; LDL cholesterol; lipoprotein kinetics ID APOLIPOPROTEIN-E POLYMORPHISM; CHYLOMICRON REMNANT CLEARANCE; CHOLESTEROL ABSORPTION; RETINYL PALMITATE; LIPOPROTEINS; METABOLISM; ESTERS; B-48; PROTEIN; DISEASE AB Subjects with the apolipoprotein (apo) E4 allele have been shown to have higher low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and apoB levels than do subjects with the other alleles, To elucidate the metabolic mechanisms responsible for this finding, we examined the kinetics of apoB-48 within triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) and of apoB-100 within very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL), acid LDL by using a primed constant infusion of [5,5,5-H-2(3)]leucine in the fed state (hourly feeding) during consumption of an average American diet in 18 normolipidemic subjects, 12 of whom had the apoE3/E3 genotype and 6, the apoE3/E4 genotype. Lipoproteins were isolated by ultracentrifugation and apolipoproteins, by sodium dodecyl sulfate gels; isotope enrichment was assessed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Kinetic parameters were calculated by multicompartmental modeling of the data with SAAM II software, Compared with the apoE3/E3 subjects, the apoE3/E4 subjects had significantly higher levels of total apoB, 100.1 +/- 17.8 versus 135.4 +/- 34.0 mg/dL (P = 0.009), and significantly higher levels of LDL apoB-100, 88.1 +/- 19.2 versus 127.5 +/- 32.7 mg/dL (P = 0.005), respectively. The pool size of TRL apoB-48 was 17.4% lower for apoE3/E4 subjects compared with apoE3/E3 subjects due to a 33.3% lower production rate (P = 0.28). There was no significant difference in the TRL apoB-48 fractional catabolic rate (5.1 +/- 2.2 versus 5.0 +/- 2.1 pools per day). The pool size for VLDL apoB-100 was 36% lower for apoE3/E4 subjects compared with apoE3/E3 subjects due entirely to a 30% lower production rate (P = 0.04). The LDL apoB-100 pool size was 57.8% higher (P = 0.003) for apoE3/E4 subjects compared with apoE3/E3 subjects due to a 35.5% lower fractional catabolic rate of LDL apoB-100 (P = 0.003), with no significant difference in production rate. In addition, 77% of VLDL apoB-100 was converted to LDL apoB-100 in apoE3/E4 subjects compared with 58% in apoE3/E3 subjects (P = 0.05), In conclusion, the presence of 1 E4 allele was associated with higher LDL apoB-100 levels owing to lower fractional catabolism of LDL apoB-100 and a 33% increase in the conversion of VLDL apoB-100 to LDL apoB-100. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Lipid Metab Lab, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Bioengn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Welty, FK (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Lipid Metab Lab, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Barrett, Hugh/B-2745-2011; OI Barrett, Peter Hugh/0000-0003-3223-6125 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-56895, HL-49110, HL-39326] NR 28 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1079-5642 J9 ARTERIOSCL THROM VAS JI Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 20 IS 7 BP 1807 EP 1810 PG 4 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 334DC UT WOS:000088169600019 PM 10894821 ER PT J AU Yun, CH AF Yun, CH TI Coccidiosis and recent progress in development of vaccines SO ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition CY APR 20-22, 2000 CL SEOUL NATL UNIV, SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA SP Seoul Natl Univ, Korea Feed Assoc, Agribrands Purina Korea Inc, Jeil Feed Co Ltd, Seung Wha Co Ltd, World Livestock Co Ltd, TS Corp, Hyun Dai Feed Mill Co Ltd, Cargill Korea Inc, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Natl Livestock Cooperat Federat, Woosung Feed Co Ltd, Sun Jin Feed Co Ltd, Kyung Chuk Co Ltd, Easy Bio Syst Inc, Darby Pig Breeding Co Ltd, Dodram Feed Mill Co Ltd HO SEOUL NATL UNIV DE coocidiosis; vaccine; Eimeria ID EIMERIA-TENELLA SPOROZOITES; ATTENUATED ANTICOCCIDIAL VACCINE; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; RIBOSOMAL-RNA SEQUENCES; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY; RECOMBINANT ANTIGEN; AVIAN COCCIDIOSIS; BROILER-CHICKENS; PRECOCIOUS DEVELOPMENT AB Coccidiosis, caused mainly by Eimeria, is a major cause of economic loss in domestic livestock especially in poultry. This protozoan parasite multiplies in intestinal epithelial cells of wide range of hosts. Currently chemotherapy is extensively used and is exclusive means to control coccidiosis outbreaks, however the development of drug resistance and the complexity and expense of developing new anti-coccidial drug warrant alternative methods to prevent the disease in the fast growing poultry industry. The chemotherapy may cause to serious problem when drug development is becoming increasingly expensive and public awareness for the acceptance of drug residues in food animals is maximized. For these reasons, there is an increasing interest to develop vaccines for the control of coccidiosis. Live vaccines usually confer good immunity due to the fact that the immune system is exposed to the live, often attenuated, organism over a long period of time. A significant disadvantage to using live vaccines is that the attenuated organisms may overt back to a pathogenic wild form and there is also the potential risk of contamination of vaccine preparations by other pathogenic organisms. Killed vaccines are much safer in this sense but, unlike live attenuated vaccines, they are not able to generate cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) response. Recombinant vaccines defined as biochemically purified or recombinantly produced proteins and consist of certain epitopes of an organism or metabolites of the parasite. Unlike live attenuated organism, recombinant vaccines do not carry much risk and generally are able to induce humoral and T cell responses. DNA vaccine, relatively new area in vaccinology, is to deliver the DNA of known antigenic molecules to host immune system and not many studies have established on its role and efficacy in avian coccidiosis. Successful development of vaccine for coccidiosis will depend on comprehensive understanding of the protective immunity and identification of important antigenic and immunogenic molecules. This review will underscore parasite life cycle, epidemiology, host immunity and progress toward vaccines against coccidiosis, probably one of the most economically important parasitic infectious diseases in the poultry industry. C1 USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Yun, CH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 158 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN ASSOC ANIMAL PRODUCTION SOCIETIES PI SUWEON PA COLLEGE AGRICULTURE LIFE SCIENCES, DEPT ANIMAL SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY, SUWEON 441-744, SOUTH KOREA SN 1011-2367 J9 ASIAN AUSTRAL J ANIM JI Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 13 SI SI BP 88 EP 112 PG 25 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 351JT UT WOS:000089154600011 ER PT J AU Russell, JB Rychlik, JL AF Russell, JB Rychlik, JL TI The isolation, characterization and enumeration of hyper-ammonia producing ruminal bacteria SO ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition CY APR 20-22, 2000 CL SEOUL NATL UNIV, SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA SP Seoul Natl Univ, Korea Feed Assoc, Agribrands Purina Korea Inc, Jeil Feed Co Ltd, Seung Wha Co Ltd, World Livestock Co Ltd, TS Corp, Hyun Dai Feed Mill Co Ltd, Cargill Korea Inc, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Natl Livestock Cooperat Federat, Woosung Feed Co Ltd, Sun Jin Feed Co Ltd, Kyung Chuk Co Ltd, Easy Bio Syst Inc, Darby Pig Breeding Co Ltd, Dodram Feed Mill Co Ltd HO SEOUL NATL UNIV DE rumen; bacteria; ammonia; amino acids; peptides ID ACID-FERMENTING BACTERIA; PEPTOSTREPTOCOCCUS-ANAEROBIUS; AMINO-ACIDS; MONENSIN; FERMENTATION; TRANSPORT; PROTEIN; RUMEN; PH; DEAMINATION AB Ruminal amino acid deamination is a wasteful process that often produces more ammonia than bacteria can utilize. Some carbohydrate-fermenting ruminal bacteria can deaminate amino acids, but these species have specific activities of ammonia production that are lower than mixed luminal bacteria. In the 1980's and 1990's, bacteria that could not utilize carbohydrates were isolated from the rumen, and these bacteria could deaminate amino acids at a very rapid rate and grow rapidly on peptides and amino acids. Based on 16S RNA sequences, the American isolates were identified as Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Clostridium sticklandii, and Clostridium aminophilum. New Zealand workers recently isolated a bacterium phylogenetically similar to P. anaerobius, but other isolates were more closely related to Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus, Eubacterium nodatum and Fusobacterium necrophorum. Mixed ruminal bacteria from cattle fed grain produced ammonia half as fast as bacteria from cattle fed hay, and a mathematical model predicted that grain-fed cattle would have fewer hyper-ammonia producing bacteria than hay-fed cattle. When mixed bacteria from cattle fed hay were incubated at acidic pH, the ammonia production decreased, and some hyper-ammonia producing bacteria are sensitive to acidic pH. Most hyper-ammonia producing bacteria are monensin sensitive, and monensin decreased the ruminal ammonia concentration of cattle fed hay. However, C. aminophilum grows with relatively high concentrations of monensin in vitro, and 16S rRNA probes indicated that monensin (350 mg/day) did not eliminate this bacterium from the rumen. Hyper-ammonia-producing bacteria are nutritionally detrimental, and additional avenues are needed to decrease their numbers in the rumen. C1 USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Russell, JB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 34 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN ASSOC ANIMAL PRODUCTION SOCIETIES PI SUWEON PA COLLEGE AGRICULTURE LIFE SCIENCES, DEPT ANIMAL SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY, SUWEON 441-744, SOUTH KOREA SN 1011-2367 J9 ASIAN AUSTRAL J ANIM JI Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 13 SI SI BP 121 EP 127 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 351JT UT WOS:000089154600013 ER PT J AU Gaughan, JB Holt, SM Hahn, GL Mader, TL Eigenberg, R AF Gaughan, JB Holt, SM Hahn, GL Mader, TL Eigenberg, R TI Respiration rate - Is it a good measure of heat stress in cattle? SO ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Congress of the Asian-Australasian-Association-of-Animal-Production-Societies/23rd Biennial Conference of the Australian-Society-of-Animal-Production CY JUL 03-07, 2000 CL UNIV NEW S WALES, SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA SP Asian Australasian Assoc Anim Prod Soc, Australian Soc Anim Prod HO UNIV NEW S WALES DE cattle; respiration rate; heat stress ID TEMPERATURE; RESPONSES; COWS AB Two studies, the first in the USA and the second in Australia were undertaken to investigate respiration rate (RR) responses of growing grain fed cattle exposed to hot climatic conditions. In the first study (Exp 1) eight Hereford x Angus x Simmental steers were exposed to 24 h cyclic hot conditions (24 degrees C to 39 degrees C). In the second study (Exp 2) six Murray Grey x Hereford steers were used. In this study ambient temperature (T-a) ranged from approximately 24 degrees C to 45 degrees C. Two cooling periods were used in Exp 2: day cooled (DC) or night cooled (NC). In each study RR was measured over three 24 h periods and generally increased as T-a increased. However, the rate of change was not constant tither between studies or over time. In Exp 2, DC cattle typically showed an increase in RR at night when T-a was decreasing. In both studies RR lagged behind T-a by approximately 2 h. RR can be used as an indicator of heat stress in cattle, provided animal condition, prior exposure. ambient conditions (increasing or decreasing T-a) and previous cooling strategies are considered. C1 Univ Queensland, Sch Anim Studies, Gatton, Qld 4345, Australia. USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Gaughan, JB (reprint author), Univ Queensland, Sch Anim Studies, Gatton, Qld 4345, Australia. RI Gaughan, John/B-3484-2010 NR 14 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 6 PU ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN ASSOC ANIMAL PRODUCTION SOCIETIES PI SUWON PA COLLEGE AGRICULTURE LIFE SCIENCES, DEPT ANIMAL SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY, SUWON 441-744, SOUTH KOREA SN 1011-2367 J9 ASIAN AUSTRAL J ANIM JI Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 13 SU S BP 329 EP 332 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 397JF UT WOS:000166692000191 ER PT J AU Wunderle, JM Latta, SC AF Wunderle, JM Latta, SC TI Winter site fidelity of nearctic migrants in shade coffee plantations of different sizes in the Dominican Republic SO AUK LA English DT Article ID FOREST FRAGMENTATION; HABITAT SEGREGATION; SOUTHERN VERACRUZ; BIRD POPULATIONS; PUERTO-RICO; WOOD THRUSH; WARBLERS; ABUNDANCE; JAMAICA; MEXICO AB We studied three Nearctic migrant species (American Redstart [Setophaga ruticilla], AMRE; Black-and-white Warbler [Mniotilta varia], BAWW; Black-throated Blue Warbler [Dendroica caerulescens ], BTBW) wintering in 14 isolated shade coffee plantations (0.1 to 8.7 ha) in the Dominican Republic to determine if site fidelity was comparable to that in tropical forests and if it decreased with plantation size. Site fidelity was measured as the percentage or wandering birds captured in mist nets, as overwinter site persistence of uniquely marked birds observed on the same sites (November to March), and as annual return of marked individuals to previously occupied sites (January to January). The percentages of wanderers in net captures were mostly lower than values reported for natural forests (AMRE 21%, BAWW 12%, BTBW 41%) and did not vary with plantation size. Overwinter site persistence (AMRE 65%, BAWW 65%, BTBW 76%) and annual return (AMRE 34%, BAWW 40%, BTBW 31%) in the plantations fell within the range of values reported for natural forests. Overwinter site persistence decreased with plantation size only in AMRE, although BAWW showed lower persistence in small plantations from early to midwinter. Annual return decreased with plantation size only in AMRE. Despite diminished site fidelity in small plantations, these birds showed some fidelity to small plantations, many of which were smaller than the mean size of winter home ranges. C1 USDA, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Forest Serv, Palmer, PR 00721 USA. RP Wunderle, JM (reprint author), USDA, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Forest Serv, POB 490, Palmer, PR 00721 USA. NR 49 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 3 U2 16 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD JUL PY 2000 VL 117 IS 3 BP 596 EP 614 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0596:WSFONM]2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 339TC UT WOS:000088493100005 ER PT J AU Burhans, DE AF Burhans, DE TI Avoiding the nest: Responses of field sparrows to the threat of nest predation SO AUK LA English DT Article ID DEFENSE; HYPOTHESES; BEHAVIOR C1 Univ Missouri, US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Burhans, DE (reprint author), Univ Missouri, US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, 202 ABNR, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 20 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD JUL PY 2000 VL 117 IS 3 BP 803 EP 806 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0803:ATNROF]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 339TC UT WOS:000088493100027 ER PT J AU Lee, CW Song, CS Lee, YJ Mo, IP Garcia, M Suarez, DL Kim, SJ AF Lee, CW Song, CS Lee, YJ Mo, IP Garcia, M Suarez, DL Kim, SJ TI Sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin gene of H9N2 Korean avian influenza viruses and assessment of the pathogenic potential of isolate MS96 SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE avian influenza virus; H9N2; pathogenicity; phylogenetic analysis ID A VIRUSES; HONG-KONG; CHICKENS; REPLICATION; EVOLUTION; DUCKS AB Sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of five Korean H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) isolates showed that these viruses were closely related and possibly came from the same source. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA1 subunit of H9 subtype isolates revealed that Korean AIV isolates were different from isolates from the poultry markets in Hong Kong in 1997. None of the Korean AIVs had multiple basic amino acids at the HA cleavage site that confer high pathogenicity to some H5 and H7 AIVs. Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleoprotein and matrix gene demonstrated that Korean isolates cluster with Eurasian origin AIVs. The pathogenic potential of one of the isolates (MS96) was assessed after several passages in 14-day-old embryonated chicken eggs (ECE). Fourteen-day-old ECE derivatives of MS96 showed increased HA titer and embryo mortality in eggs; this was apparent after the third passage in 14-day-old ECE. Sequence analysis of the cleavage sire of MS96 after the third and tenth passages in 14-day-old ECE revealed no changes in the amino acid sequence. The pathogenicity of MS96 after the tenth passage in 14-day-old eggs (MS96p10(ECE14)) was tested with 4-wk-old specific-pathogen-free chickens. The 14-day-old derivative, MS96p10(ECE14), showed wider tissue tropism and induced more severe clinical signs than the parent virus. Furthermore, after intranasal inoculation of 86-wk-old broiler breeders and 30-wk-old layers, the MS96p10(ECE14) derivative induced more severe signs of depression than the parent virus as well as a transient drop in egg production. C1 Natl Inst Vet Res, Avian Dis Div, Anyang 430016, South Korea. Univ Georgia, Dept Avian Med, Coll Vet Med, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Seoul Natl Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Microbiol, Suwon 441100, South Korea. RP Lee, CW (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Avian Med, Coll Vet Med, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 27 TC 72 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JUL-SEP PY 2000 VL 44 IS 3 BP 527 EP 535 DI 10.2307/1593091 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 355CJ UT WOS:000089367800005 PM 11006999 ER PT J AU Branton, SL Lott, BD May, JD Maslin, WR Pharr, GT Bearson, SD Collier, SD Boykin, DL AF Branton, SL Lott, BD May, JD Maslin, WR Pharr, GT Bearson, SD Collier, SD Boykin, DL TI The effect of ts-11 strain mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccination in commercial layers on egg production and selected egg quality parameters SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE chicken; pullet; vaccination; F strain; M. gallisepticum; ts-11; egg size ID F-STRAIN; CHICKENS; TRANSMISSIBILITY; VACCINES; POULTRY AB Live Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) vaccines have been USDA approved and licensed for use in commercia layer chickens since 1988; however, egg production and egg quality data exist only for the F strain of MG. Information pertinent, to the effects of ts-11 MG on egg and eggshell quality parameters, as well as egg size distribution, is lacking. In this study, pullers were inoculated at 10 wk of age with ts-11 strain MG and placed in biological isolation units at 10 birds/unit. Hen-day egg production, eggshell strength, Haugh unit score, pimpling incidence, and blood/meat spot incidence were monitored and recorded in each trial through a 45-wk production cycle. Further, eggs from all treatments were collected daily Monday-Thursday, and individually weighed. Results of this study indicate that no significant difference was observed between the treatments for the parameters measured or for egg size distribution. Therefore, these data should lessen producers' concerns pertaining to the impact of ts-11 strain MG on egg production, egg and eggshell quality parameters, and egg size distribution. C1 USDA ARS, S Cent Poultry Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. USDA ARS, Agr Res Field, Off Director, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Branton, SL (reprint author), USDA ARS, S Cent Poultry Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 23 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JUL-SEP PY 2000 VL 44 IS 3 BP 618 EP 623 DI 10.2307/1593101 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 355CJ UT WOS:000089367800015 PM 11007009 ER PT J AU Senne, DA Pedersen, JC Hutto, DL Taylor, WD Schmitt, BJ Panigrahy, B AF Senne, DA Pedersen, JC Hutto, DL Taylor, WD Schmitt, BJ Panigrahy, B TI Pathogenicity of West Nile virus in chickens SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE West Nile virus; Flavivirus; plaque reduction neutralization; viremia ID ENCEPHALITIS; EUROPE AB In the fall of 1999, West Nile virus (WNV) was isolated for the first time in the: Western Hemisphere during an outbreak of neurologic disease in humans, horses, and wild and zoo birds in the northeastern United States. Chickens are a potential reservoir for WNV, and little is known about the pathogenicity of WNV in domestic chickens. Seven-week-old chickens derived from a specific-pathogen-free flock were inoculated subcutaneously with 1.8 x 10(3) 50% tissue culture infectious dose of a crow isolate of WNV in order to observe clinical signs and evaluate the viremic phase, gross and microscopic lesions, contact transmission, and immunologic response. There were no observable clinical signs in the WNV-inoculated chickens during the 21-day observation period. However, histopathologic examination of tissues revealed myocardial necrosis, nephritis, and pneumonitis at 5 and 10 days postinoculation (DPI); moderate to severe nonsuppurative encephalitis also was observed in brain tissue from one of four inoculated birds examined at 21 DPI. WNV was recovered from blood plasma for up to 8 DPI. Virus titers as high as 10(4)/ml in plasma were observed at 4 DPI. Fecal shedding of virus was detected in cloacal swabs on 4 and 5 DPI only. The WNV also was isolated from myocardium, spleen, kidney, lung, and intestine collected from chickens euthanatized at 3, 5, and 10 DPI. No virus was isolated from inoculated chickens after 10 DPI. Antibodies specific to WNV were detected in inoculated chickens as early as 5 DPI by the plaque reduction neutralization test and 7 DPI by the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Chickens placed in contact with inoculated chickens at 1 DPI lacked WNV-specific antibodies, and no WNV was isolated from their blood plasma or cloacal swabs throughout the 21 days of the experiment. C1 USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Vet Serv, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Senne, DA (reprint author), USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Vet Serv, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 14 TC 58 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JUL-SEP PY 2000 VL 44 IS 3 BP 642 EP 649 DI 10.2307/1593105 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 355CJ UT WOS:000089367800019 PM 11007013 ER PT J AU Pedersen, JC Reynolds, DL Ali, A AF Pedersen, JC Reynolds, DL Ali, A TI The sensitivity and specificity of a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay for the avian pneumovirus (Colorado strain) SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE avian pneumovirus; reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; turkey rhinotracheitis; swollen head syndrome ID TURKEY RHINOTRACHEITIS VIRUS; SWOLLEN-HEAD SYNDROME; ANTIGENIC DIFFERENTIATION; EXPERIMENTAL-INFECTION; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; CHICKENS; PATHOLOGY; DISTINCT; FAILURE; GENE AB A reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for the detection of avian pneumovirus (APV), Colorado strain (US/CO), was evaluated for sensitivity and specificity. The single-tube RT-PCR assay utilized primers developed from the matrix (M) gene sequence of the US/CO APV. The RT-PCR amplified the US/CO APV but did not amplify other pneumoviruses, including the avian pneumoviruses subgroups A and B. The RT-PCR was capable of detecting between 10(0.25) mean tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) and 10(-0.44) TCID50 of the US/CO APV. These results have demonstrated that the single-tube RT-PCR assay is a specific and sensitive assay for the detection of US/CO APV. C1 Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Vet Med Res Inst, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Vet Serv, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Reynolds, DL (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Vet Med Res Inst, 1802 Elwood Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 32 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JUL-SEP PY 2000 VL 44 IS 3 BP 681 EP 685 DI 10.2307/1593111 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 355CJ UT WOS:000089367800025 PM 11007019 ER PT J AU Gast, RK Holt, PS AF Gast, RK Holt, PS TI Deposition of phage type 4 and 13a Salmonella enteritidis strains in the yolk and albumen of eggs laid by experimentally infected hens SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Salmonella enteritidis; chickens; eggs; yolk; albumen; phage type ID SHELL EGGS; UNITED-STATES; LAYING HENS; GROWTH; CONTAMINATION; TRANSMISSION; TEMPERATURE; CALIFORNIA; CHICKENS; POULTRY AB Because egg yolk and albumen differ substantially in their abilities to support bacterial growth, the initial level and location of Salmonella enteritidis deposition are critical for determining whether proposed standards for refrigerating eggs are likely to protect public health by preventing extensive microbial multiplication. In the present study, three groups of laying hens were infected with oral doses of approximately 10 degrees cells of different S. enteritidis strains (two were phage type 4 and one was phage type 13a) in two replicate trials. For all three S. enteritidis strains, the incidence of yolk contamination (approximately 2.5% overall) was significantly greater than the incidence of albumen contamination (approximately 0.5% overall). The phage type 13a strain was less often isolated from fecal samples at 2 wk post-inoculation than were the phage type 4 strains, but no significant differences between strains were observed in the incidence of egg contamination. Most freshly laid contaminated eggs contained fewer than 1 S. enteritidis cell/ml of egg yolk or albumen, and no sample contained more than 67 S. enteritidis cells/ml. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Gast, RK (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 30 TC 68 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JUL-SEP PY 2000 VL 44 IS 3 BP 706 EP 710 DI 10.2307/1593116 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 355CJ UT WOS:000089367800030 PM 11007024 ER PT J AU Craven, SE Stern, NJ Line, E Bailey, JS Cox, NA Fedorka-Cray, P AF Craven, SE Stern, NJ Line, E Bailey, JS Cox, NA Fedorka-Cray, P TI Determination of the incidence of Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni, and Clostridium perfringens in wild birds near broiler chicken houses by sampling intestinal droppings SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE wild birds; broilers; intestinal tract; Salmonella spp.; Campylobacter jejuni; Clostridium perfringens ID FETUS SUBSP JEJUNI; PREVALENCE AB Several methods were evaluated for collecting fecal and intestinal samples from wild birds found near broiler chicken houses. A few intestinal samples and cloacal swabs were obtained from European starlings and house sparrows. Most of the samples collected consisted of wild bird droppings found on or near the houses. Samples were collected from each of four farms of a broiler integrator during a grow-out cycle: a cycle in the summer for farm A, fall for farm B, and spring, summer, fall, and winter for farms C and D. Of the 25 wild bird intestinal and fecal samples collected from a broiler house on farm A during a grow-out cycle in July-August 1997, 24% were positive for Salmonella spp., 4% for Campylobacter jejuni, and 28% for Clostridium perfringens. Of the nine fecal samples collected from broiler house B in a grow-out cycle in September-November 1997, 33% were positive for Salmonella spp., 11% for C. jejuni, and 22% for C. perfringens. For farms C and D, of the 23 samples collected in March-April 1998, 0 were positive for Salmonella spp., 11% for C. jejuni, and 52% for C. perfringens; of 27 samples collected in June-July 1998, 4% were positive for Salmonella spp., 0 for C. jejuni, and 13% for C. perfringens; of 24 samples collected in August-October 1998, 14% were positive for Salmonella spp., 5% for C. jejuni, and 4% for C. perfringens; of 14 samples collected December 1998-January 1999, 0 were positive for Salmonella, 50% for C. jejuni, and 14% for C. perfringens. The incidence of these bacterial enteropathogens in wild birds near the broiler chicken houses suggests that wild birds that gain entry to poultry grow-out houses have the potential to transmit these pathogens to poultry. C1 USDA ARS, RB Russell Agr Res Ctr, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Craven, SE (reprint author), USDA ARS, RB Russell Agr Res Ctr, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 15 TC 77 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JUL-SEP PY 2000 VL 44 IS 3 BP 715 EP 720 DI 10.2307/1593118 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 355CJ UT WOS:000089367800032 PM 11007026 ER PT J AU Thelen, JJ Miernyk, JA Randall, DD AF Thelen, JJ Miernyk, JA Randall, DD TI Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase from Arabidopsis thaliana: a protein histidine kinase that phosphorylates serine residues SO BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE autophosphorylation; mechanism; mitochondria; mutagenesis; transphosphorylation ID SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; MOLECULAR-CLONING; DIHYDROLIPOYL ACETYLTRANSFERASE; LIPOYL DOMAIN; COMPLEX; EXPRESSION; MAIZE; BINDING; PHOSPHORELAY; PURIFICATION AB Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) is the primary regulator of flux through the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC), Although PDKs inactivate mitochondrial PDC by phosphorylating specific Ser residues, the primary amino acid sequence indicates that they are more closely related to prokaryotic His kinases than to eukaryotic Ser/Thr kinases, Unlike Ser/Thr kinases, His kinases use a conserved His residue for phosphotransfer to Asp residues. To understand these unique kinases better, a presumptive PDK from Arabidopsis thaliana was heterologously expressed and purified for this investigation. Purified, recombinant A. thaliana PDK could inactivate kinase-depleted maize mitochondrial PDC by phosphorylating Ser residues. Additionally, A, thaliana PDK was capable of autophosphorylating Ser residues near its N-terminus, although this reaction is not part of the phosphotransfer pathway. To elucidate the mechanism involved, we performed site-directed mutagenesis of the canonical His residue likely to be involved in phosphotransfer. When His-121 was mutated to Ala or Gin, Serautophosphorylation was decreased by 50% and transphosphorylation of PDC was decreased concomitantly. We postulate that either (1)His-121 is not the sole phosphotransfer His residue or (2) mutagenesis of His-121 exposes an additional otherwise cryptic phosphotransfer His residue. Thus His-121 is one residue involved in kinase function. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Biochem, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, USDA, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Randall, DD (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Biochem, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 40 TC 44 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 2 PU PORTLAND PRESS PI LONDON PA 59 PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON W1N 3AJ, ENGLAND SN 0264-6021 J9 BIOCHEM J JI Biochem. J. PD JUL 1 PY 2000 VL 349 BP 195 EP 201 DI 10.1042/0264-6021:3490195 PN 1 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 333TP UT WOS:000088147100025 PM 10861228 ER PT J AU Edwards, JV Sethumadhavan, K Ullah, AHJ AF Edwards, JV Sethumadhavan, K Ullah, AHJ TI Conjugation and modeled structure/function analysis of lysozyme on glycine esterified cotton cellulose-fibers SO BIOCONJUGATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID IMMOBILIZED LYSOZYME AB The antimicrobial activity of lysozyme covalently bound to glycine-derivatized cotton cellulose was assessed in a 96-well format. Lysozyme was immobilized on glycine-bound cotton through a carbodiimide reaction. The attachment to cotton fibers was made through both a single glycine and a glycine dipeptide esterified to cotton cellulose. Higher levels of lysozyme incorporation were evident in the diglycine-linked cotton cellulose samples. The antibacterial activity of the lysozyme-conjugated cotton cellulose against Bacillus subtilis was assessed as a suspension of pulverized cotton fibers in microtiter wells. Inhibition of B. subtilis growth was observed to be optimal within a range of 0.14-0.3 mM (equivalent to 4-20 mg of lysozyme-bound cotton/mL) of lysozyme. Enhancement of activity over soluble lysozyme may result from the solid-phase protection afforded by the cellulose linkage of the glycoprotein against proteolytic lysis. Computational models of lysozyme based on its crystal structure attached through aspartate, glutamate, and COOH-terminal residues to cellopentaose-(3) Gly-O-6-glycyl-glycine ester were constructed. The models demonstrate no steric constraints to the active-site cleft from the glycine-conjugated cellulose chain when lysozyme is bound at the carboxylates of Asp-87, Glu-7, Asp-119, Asp-18, and COOH-terminal Leu-129. The more robust antibacterial activity of the enzyme when bonded to cotton fibers suggests good potential for biologically active enzymes on cotton-based fabrics. C1 ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, Cotton Text Chem Unit, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Edwards, JV (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, Cotton Text Chem Unit, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 15 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1043-1802 J9 BIOCONJUGATE CHEM JI Bioconjugate Chem. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 11 IS 4 BP 469 EP 473 DI 10.1021/bc990141u PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 337RZ UT WOS:000088376600005 PM 10898567 ER PT J AU Montoya, P Liedo, P Benrey, B Cancino, J Barrera, JF Sivinski, J Aluja, M AF Montoya, P Liedo, P Benrey, B Cancino, J Barrera, JF Sivinski, J Aluja, M TI Biological control of Anastrepha spp. (Diptera : Tephritidae) in mango orchards through augmentative releases of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Diachasmimorpha longicaudata; fruit flies; Anastrepha ludens; Anastrepha obliqua; biological control; augmentative releases; mango orchards ID FRUIT-FLIES DIPTERA; CERATITIS-CAPITATA; FLY DIPTERA; COSTA-RICA; PARASITOIDS; POPULATION; MEXICO; SUPPRESSION; SUSPENSA; CHIAPAS AB Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) parasitoids were released by air on a weekly basis over 1600 ha of commercial mango orchards, backyard orchards, and patches of native vegetation, at a density of ca. 940 parasitoids/ha, Releases were made during 2 consecutive years, beginning at flower onset and lasting until the end of the production cycle. Two areas, 7 km apart, were compared. In one area parasitoids were released, whereas the other area was used as a control. During the 2nd year treatments were reversed. Fruit was sampled in commercial mango orchards and in backyard orchards to assess levels of parasitism in fruit fly larvae. Highly significant differences in percentage parasitism were found in release and control zones in backyard orchards. Furthermore, trapping results indicated that D. longicaudata releases were associated with ca. 2.7-fold suppression of Anastrepha spp. populations in backyard orchards. Results suggest that suppression might be affected by environmental conditions and by the parasitoid:fly ratio achieved. Anastrepha obliqua McQuart populations were suppressed more effectively by use of parasitoids than those of Anastrepha ludens Loew, perhaps due to the type of host fruits used by each species. Augmentative parasitoid releases in marginal areas surrounding commercial orchards (backyard orchards, wild vegetation) can substantially suppress fly populations, Through this approach, the number of flies that later move into commercial orchards can be significantly reduced. Such a strategy, when combined with sound orchard management schemes, can allow growers to produce clean fruit without the need to resort to the widespread use of insecticides. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 SAGAR, Programa Moscamed DGSV, Tapachula 30700, Chiapas, Mexico. El Colegio Frontera Sur, Tapachula 30700, Chiapas, Mexico. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Ecol, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol Lab, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. Inst Ecol, Xalapa 91000, Veracruz, Mexico. RP Montoya, P (reprint author), SAGAR, Programa Moscamed DGSV, Apartado Postal 368, Tapachula 30700, Chiapas, Mexico. RI Liedo, Pablo/E-9313-2010; Montoya, Pablo/A-7298-2015; Barrera, Juan/E-2212-2012; Cancino, Jorge/C-2565-2016 OI Liedo, Pablo/0000-0002-0004-1721; Montoya, Pablo/0000-0002-8415-3367; Barrera, Juan/0000-0002-8488-7782; NR 39 TC 69 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 27 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD JUL PY 2000 VL 18 IS 3 BP 216 EP 224 DI 10.1006/bcon.2000.0819 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 331JU UT WOS:000088016300006 ER PT J AU Sivinski, J Pinero, J Aluja, M AF Sivinski, J Pinero, J Aluja, M TI The distributions of parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of Anastrepha fruit flies (Diptera : Tephritidae) along an altitudinal gradient in Veracruz, Mexico SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE biogeography; biological control; Braconidae; Diapriidae; Eucoilidae; Eulophidae; Pteromalidae ID FLY DIPTERA; PUPAL PARASITOIDS; LARVAL-PUPAL; SUPPRESSION; POPULATION; BRACONIDAE AB In the state of Veracruz, Mexico, fruits from 38 sites at various altitudes were collected monthly over a period of 2 gears, and the tephritid fruit flies of the genus Anastrepha and associated parasitoids that emerged from these fruits were identified and counted. Of the 26 species of fruits that contained Anastrepha larvae, 18 species also contained a total of 10 species of Anastrepha parasitoids. These consisted of 4 native and 1 exotic species of opiine braconid larval-pupal parasitoids, 2 native species of eucoilid larval-pupal parasitoids, 1 exotic species of eulophid larval-pupal parasitold, 1 exotic species of pteromalid pupal parasitoid, and I native species of diapriid pupal parasitoid, Overall parasitism (including flies from fruit species that bore no parasitoids) was 6% and was greatest, 16%, at 600-800 m in altitude. The relative contributions of individual parasitoid species to overall parasitism were frequently influenced by both the altitude land correlated changes in temperature and precipitation) and the species of plant in which the Anastrepha larvae were found. This was particularly the case among the more abundant and widespread Braconidae. To distinguish the role of altitude from that of the distributions of the host plants, these braconids were examined in 4 individual species of fruit that grew over a broad range of altitudes. In guava (Psidium guajava L.) and "jobo" (Spondias mombin L,) the parasitoid Doryctobracon areolatus (Szepligeti) was relatively more common at low altitudes. Its congener, Doryctobracon crawfordi (Viereck), was relatively more abundant at high altitudes in sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.. Utetes anastrephae (Viereck) became relatively more common at higher altitudes in S. mombin, whereas Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) tended to become relatively rare at the highest altitudes in C. aurantium, but increased at high altitudes in P. guajava compared to other braconids. Different altitudinal patterns of abundance in different fruits suggests the importance of both biotic and abiotic factors in parasitoid distributions. We discuss the effect of an expanding agricultural frontier on parasitoid abundance and relate our findings to the design of a fruit fly biological control program that tailors mass releases to parasitoid climate preferences. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. Inst Ecol, Xalapa 91000, Veracruz, Mexico. RP Sivinski, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 21 TC 63 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD JUL PY 2000 VL 18 IS 3 BP 258 EP 269 DI 10.1006/bcon.2000.0836 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 331JU UT WOS:000088016300011 ER PT J AU Entry, JA AF Entry, JA TI Influence of nitrogen on cellulose and lignin mineralization in blackwater and redwater forested wetland soils SO BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS LA English DT Article DE microcosms; fungal biomass; cellulose degradation; lignin; nitrogen fertilization ID LITTER DECOMPOSITION; MICROBIAL-DEGRADATION; ORGANIC-MATTER; MASS-LOSS; DYNAMICS; CARBON; RATES; RESPIRATION; ECOSYSTEMS; COMPONENTS AB Microcosms were used to determine the influence of N additions on active bacterial and active fungal biomass, cellulose degradation and lignin degradation at 5, 10 and 15 weeks in soils from blackwater and redwater wetlands in the northern Florida panhandle. Blackwater streams contain a high dissolved organic C concentration which imparts a dark color to the water and contain low concentrations of nutrients. Redwater streams contain high concentrations of suspended clays and inorganic nutrients, such as N and P, compared to blackwater streams. Active bacterial and fungal biomass was determined by direct microscopy; cellulose and lignin degradation were measured radiometrically. The experimental design was a randomized block. Treatments were: soil type (blackwater or redwater forested wetlands) and N additions (soils amended with the equivalent of 0, 200 or 400 kg N ha(-1) as NH4NO3). Redwater soils contained higher concentrations of C, total N, P, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, B and Zn than blackwater soils. After N addition and 15 weeks of incubation, the active bacterial biomass in redwater soils was lower than in blackwater soils: the active bacterial biomass in blackwater soils was lower when 400 kg N ha(-1), but not when 200 kg N ha(-1), was added. The active fungal biomass in blackwater soils was higher when 400 kg N ha(-1), but not when 200 kg N ha(-1), was added. The active fungal biomass in redwater wetland soils was lower when 200 kg N ha(-1), but not when 400 kg N ha(-1), was added. Cellulose and lignin degradation was higher in redwater than in blackwater soils. After 10 and 15 weeks of incubation. the addition of 200 or 400 kg N as NH4NO3 ha(-1) decreased cellulose and lignin degradation in both wetland soils to similar levels. This study indicated that the addition of N may slow organic matter degradation and nutrient mineralization, thereby creating deficiencies of other plant-essential nutrients in wetland forest soils. C1 ARS, USDA, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Entry, JA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, 3793 North,3600 East, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 50 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 11 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0178-2762 J9 BIOL FERT SOILS JI Biol. Fertil. Soils PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 5 BP 436 EP 440 DI 10.1007/s003749900191 PG 5 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 336VR UT WOS:000088324100011 ER PT J AU Grimm, NB Grove, JM Pickett, STA Redman, CL AF Grimm, NB Grove, JM Pickett, STA Redman, CL TI Integrated approaches to long-term studies of urban ecological systems SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SOIL-EROSION; ECOSYSTEMS AB We cannot confine ourselves to the so-called "natural" entities and ignore the processes and expressions of vegetation now so abundantly provided by man. Such a course is not scientifically sound because scientific analysis must penetrate beneath the forms of the "natural" entities, and it is not practically useful because ecology must be applied to conditions brought about by human activity. The "natural" entities and the anthropogenic derivates alike must be analyzed in terms of the most appropriate concepts we can find. C1 Arizona State Univ, Ctr Environm Studies, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, S Burlington, VT 05403 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. RP Grimm, NB (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Ctr Environm Studies, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RI Grimm, Nancy/D-2840-2009; Ross, Donald/F-7607-2012 OI Grimm, Nancy/0000-0001-9374-660X; Ross, Donald/0000-0002-8659-3833 NR 59 TC 480 Z9 533 U1 24 U2 172 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD JUL PY 2000 VL 50 IS 7 BP 571 EP 584 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0571:IATLTO]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 334XX UT WOS:000088212600005 ER PT J AU Taylor, F Kurantz, MJ Goldberg, N McAloon, AJ Craig, JC AF Taylor, F Kurantz, MJ Goldberg, N McAloon, AJ Craig, JC TI Dry-grind process for fuel ethanol by continuous fermentation and stripping SO BIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS LA English DT Article AB Conversion of a high-solids saccharified corn mash to ethanol by continuous fermentation and stripping was successfully demonstrated in a pilot plant consuming 25 kg of corn per day. A mathematical model based on previous pilot plant results accurately predicts the specific growth rate obtained from these latest results. This model was incorporated into a simulation of a complete dry-grind corn-to-ethanol plant, and the cost of ethanol production was compared with that of a conventional process. The results indicate a savings of $0.03 per gallon of ethanol produced by the stripping process. The savings with stripping result from the capacity to ferment a more concentrated corn mash so there is less water to remove downstream. C1 Agr Res Serv, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Taylor, F (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 10 TC 37 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 8756-7938 J9 BIOTECHNOL PROGR JI Biotechnol. Prog. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 16 IS 4 BP 541 EP 547 DI 10.1021/bp0000297 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 343PF UT WOS:000088710200003 PM 10933825 ER PT J AU During, A Fields, M Lewis, CG Smith, JC AF During, A Fields, M Lewis, CG Smith, JC TI Intestinal beta-carotene 15,15 '-dioxygenase activity is markedly enhanced in copper-deficient rats fed on high-iron diets and fructose SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE beta-carotene 15; 15 '-dioxygenase activity; retinol; iron; copper; fructose ID VITAMIN-A; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; CONVERSION; QUANTITATION; SEVERITY; CLEAVAGE; BINDING; RETINOL AB The purpose of the present work was to examine effects of the Cu-Fe interaction on intestinal beta-carotene 15,15 '-dioxygenase activity when a wide range of dietary Fe (deficiency to excess) was used in relation to Cu status of rats. The effect of dietary carbohydrates was also examined since they play a role in the Cu-Fe interaction in vivo. Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats (n 72) were divided into twelve dietary groups, which were fed on either low-, normal-, or high-Fe levels (0.9, 9.0, and 90.0 mmol Fe/kg diet respectively) combined with Cu-adequate or -deficient levels (0.94 and 0.09 mmol Cu/kg diet respectively) and with starch or fructose in the diets. The data showed that both Fe concentration and beta-carotene 15,15 '-dioxygenase activity in small intestinal mucosa were enhanced with increasing dietary Fe and with Cu deficiency v. Cu adequacy. Dietary fructose did not aggravate the Fe-enhancement, related to Cu deficiency, in the small intestine; however, fructose increased the intestinal dioxygenase activity in rats fed on normal- or high-Fe diets when compared with starch controls. Thus, the highest intestinal dioxygenase activity associated with the lowest hepatic retinol (total) concentration was found in rats fed on the Cu-deficient, high-Fe, fructose-based diet. Finally, a positive linear relationship was found between the dioxygenase activity and Fe concentration in intestinal mucosa. In conclusion, the data indicate that beta-carotene 15,15 '-dioxygenase activity requires Fe as cofactor in vivoand the enzyme is modulated by the three dietary components: Cu, Fe, and fructose. C1 ARS, Phytonutrients Lab, USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP During, A (reprint author), ARS, Phytonutrients Lab, USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI During, Alexandrine/I-5405-2015; OI During, Alexandrine/0000-0002-6878-0870 NR 36 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0007-1145 J9 BRIT J NUTR JI Br. J. Nutr. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 84 IS 1 BP 117 EP 124 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 335CZ UT WOS:000088226000016 PM 10961168 ER PT J AU Mosseler, A Major, JE Simpson, JD Daigle, B Lange, K Park, YS Johnsen, KH Rajora, OP AF Mosseler, A Major, JE Simpson, JD Daigle, B Lange, K Park, YS Johnsen, KH Rajora, OP TI Indicators of population viability in red spruce, Picea rubens. I. Reproductive traits and fecundity SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE Picea rubens; reproductive success; reproductive fitness indicators; inbreeding; population viability; conservation ID BLACK SPRUCE; SEED PRODUCTION; DECLINE; MARIANA; GERMINATION; MANAGEMENT; SIZE; PINE; FIR AB Red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) has experienced a substantial decline across most of its range in eastern North America over the past century and probably also in the disjunct Ontario populations where it now occurs only in small isolated stands. Measurements of cone and seed traits from natural populations were used as indicators of the reproductive and genetic status of red spruce across the northern margins of its range in Canada. Cone and seed traits were quantified to provide reproductive benchmarks for assessing and monitoring population viability. Reduced fecundity and seedling height growth were observed in some of the smallest Ontario populations, suggesting some inbreeding depression in both vegetative and reproductive components of fitness. Nevertheless, the reproductive status of these small isolated Ontario populations compared favorably with the much larger, more extensive Maritime populations in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Significantly higher proportions of aborted (nonpollinated) seeds and lower proportions of filled seeds suggested poorer pollination conditions in the Maritimes in 1996. The proportion of empty seed, which was used to estimate inbreeding levels, was significantly and negatively related to seedling height growth. In the short-term, the Ontario populations, which probably represent relatively recent remnants of a broader past distribution, generally appeared to be quite resilient to the effects of small population size on fecundity and progeny fitness. In the longer term, continuing decline in population sizes and numbers may be expected to erode reproductive success and genetic diversity through the effects of inbreeding, genetic drift, and changes in mating behavior. The reproductive indicators described here have general validity for assessing and monitoring reproductive and genetic aspects of population viability in conifers. C1 Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Serv, Fredericton, NB E3B 5P7, Canada. US Forest Serv, SE Forest Expt Stn, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ Alberta, Dept Renewable Resources, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H1, Canada. BioGenet Inc, Univ Alberta Postal Stn, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S5, Canada. RP Mosseler, A (reprint author), Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Serv, POB 4000, Fredericton, NB E3B 5P7, Canada. EM amossele@nrcan.gc.ca NR 63 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 7 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 78 IS 7 BP 928 EP 940 PG 13 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 343GZ UT WOS:000088694700008 ER PT J AU Lyons, B Nadkarni, NM North, MP AF Lyons, B Nadkarni, NM North, MP TI Spatial distribution and succession of epiphytes on Tsuga heterophylla (western hemlock) in an old-growth Douglas-fir forest SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE epiphyte succession; lichens; western hemlock; old growth; forest canopy; crown structure ID CANOPY STRUCTURE; LICHENS; OREGON; BRANCHES; BIOMASS; WASHINGTON; VALLEY AB We examined the distribution and abundance of nonvascular epiphytes on western hemlock trees in an old-growth coniferous forest focusing on patterns of epiphyte distribution at different spatial scales, epiphyte abundance amongst trees differing in size, and crown structures associated with epiphyte abundance. Total epiphyte cover was greatest in four canopy microhabitats: the upper canopy strata, crowns of large trees, lower crown branches, and inner branch plots. Epiphyte functional groups were stratified vertically within the stand and horizontally within branches. Alectorioid and "other" lichens were most abundant in the upper canopy and outer branch plots. Cyanolichens and Sphaerophorus globosus (Huds.) Vain. were most abundant in the lower to mid canopy. Although cyanolichens were most abundant in middle branch plots, Sphaerophorus was most abundant in inner branch plots. Bryophytes were most abundant in the lower canopy and inner branch plots. At the stand level, canopy height and tree size were the main influences on epiphytes. Within trees, plots closer to the tree trunk and lower in the crown had the greatest abundance of epiphytes. In this forest, understory trees were colonized first by bryophytes, not by alectorioid and "other" lichens as is common for small trees in young stands. C1 Evergreen State Coll, Olympia, WA 98505 USA. USDA, US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Fresno, CA 93710 USA. RP Lyons, B (reprint author), 4620 50th Ave S, Seattle, WA 98118 USA. NR 43 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 13 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 78 IS 7 BP 957 EP 968 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 343GZ UT WOS:000088694700010 ER PT J AU Lonzarich, DG Lonzarich, MR Warren, ML AF Lonzarich, DG Lonzarich, MR Warren, ML TI Effects of riffle length on the short-term movement of fishes among stream pools SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID RESTRICTED MOVEMENT; WOODY DEBRIS; HABITAT; ASSEMBLAGES; WASHINGTON; PATTERNS; TROUT AB Recent research has suggested that the within-habitat dynamics of fish populations and assemblages can be affected by the spatial distribution of habitats within streams. In this study, we determined the extent to which pool isolation (length of riffles connecting adjacent pools) influenced fish movement in two Arkansas streams. We marked individuals from 12 pools assigned to two treatment categories: pools separated by long riffles (> 50 m) and those separated by short riffles (< 10 m). Repeatedly snorkeling pools for 3 days in 1995 and 1997, we discovered substantial emigration (> 20%) and significant effects of riffle length. Total emigration from short-riffle pools was three times higher (29%) than movement from long-riffle pools (10%). Further, marked fish in short-riffle pools moved upstream and downstream with equal frequency, whereas fish in long-riffle pools moved twice as often downstream. Collectively, these results indicate significant effects of habitat spacing on short-term movement patterns by fish. In streams, where fish are distributed within a mosaic of habitats of varying quality, such movements may allow individuals to assess spatial variability in resource conditions (e.g., food, predators). Because land-use activities can alter habitat spacing, these findings have important implications for fish conservation in degraded streams. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol, Eau Claire, WI 54702 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Hydrol Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Lonzarich, DG (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol, Eau Claire, WI 54702 USA. NR 37 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 8 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 57 IS 7 BP 1508 EP 1514 DI 10.1139/cjfas-57-7-1508 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 327EM UT WOS:000087780700019 ER PT J AU Loewenstein, EF Johnson, PS Garrett, HE AF Loewenstein, EF Johnson, PS Garrett, HE TI Age and diameter structure of a managed uneven-aged oak forest SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID MISSOURI OZARKS; REGENERATION AB We studied the age and diameter structure on one section (259 ha) of a 63 000-ha privately owned forest in the Ozark Highlands of Missouri. The forest has been managed using a partial cutting strategy since 1954. Because a majority of the trees predate current management practices, the existing stand structure is a function of not only the current silvicultural system and the dynamics of this ecosystem but also the initial stand conditions. To determine age structure and evaluate the relationship of diameter and age, a random sample of 600 oaks greater than or equal to 4 cm DBH were collected from ten 0.4-ha plots. Based on the test of a binomial proportion, the oak populations on 7 of the 10 plots were deemed uneven aged, two were deemed two aged, and one was even aged. DBH accounted for 40 (red oaks) to 62% (white oaks) of the variation in tree age. Although the overall diameter frequency distribution of oaks formed a reverse-J shape, the age-frequency distribution approximated a normal (bell-shaped) distribution. We show how this apparent inconsistency between diameter and age distributions can be an artifact of a minimum sampling diameter. Such a truncation of the sampled population reduces the observed frequency of trees in the younger age-classes, which in turn results in a bell-shaped rather than a reverse-J-shaped age-frequency distribution. Thus, the lack of a reverse- J-shaped age distribution should not be interpreted as a failure to sustain regeneration in an uneven-aged stand. C1 Univ Missouri, USDA, US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, USDA, US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Loewenstein, EF (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA, US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, 202 Anheuser Busch Nat Resources Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 46 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 30 IS 7 BP 1060 EP 1070 DI 10.1139/cjfr-30-7-1060 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 343QG UT WOS:000088712600005 ER PT J AU Nelson, RM AF Nelson, RM TI Prediction of diurnal change in 10-h fuel stick moisture content SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID BOUND WATER; WOOD; DIFFUSION; MODEL AB Several methods are available for estimating the moisture content of 10-h response time fuels in the U.S. National Fire Danger Rating System (NFDRS). These fuels are represented by an array of four 1.27 cm diameter ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) dowels weighing about 100 g when oven dry. The prediction model currently used in the NFDRS is driven by information from afternoon weather readings. To improve responsiveness of the predictions to weather change, a 10-h stick moisture content prediction model is developed that uses observations (air temperature and relative humidity, insolation, and rainfall amount) available from a remote automatic weather station (RAWS). Equations describing the transfer of heat and moisture at the surface and within a 10-h stick are derived and then solved numerically. Collection of field experimental data on weather, stick weight, and stick temperature to guide development of the model is briefly described, and predicted and observed mean moisture contents are compared. Additional 10-h stick moisture content data, collected independently, are used to test model predictions. Calculated values are sometimes outside the bounds of variability in moisture content determined from the data, suggesting the need for further tests. The model simulates diurnal change in moisture content and temperature of 10-h sticks but can be adapted to cylindrical wood sticks of any practical size. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Fire Sci Lab, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Nelson, RM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Fire Sci Lab, 160-A Zillicoa St, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. NR 51 TC 55 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 10 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 30 IS 7 BP 1071 EP 1087 DI 10.1139/cjfr-30-7-1071 PG 17 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 343QG UT WOS:000088712600006 ER PT J AU Ledig, FT Bermejo-Velazquez, B Hodgskiss, PD Johnson, DR Flores-Lopez, C Jacob-Cervantes, V AF Ledig, FT Bermejo-Velazquez, B Hodgskiss, PD Johnson, DR Flores-Lopez, C Jacob-Cervantes, V TI The mating system and genic diversity in Martinez spruce, an extremely rare endemic of Mexico's Sierra Madre Oriental: an example of facultative selfing and survival in interglacial refugia SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID POPULATION-STRUCTURE; GENETIC-STRUCTURE; WHITE SPRUCE; INBREEDING DEPRESSION; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; SEED PRODUCTION; PICEA-GLAUCA; FERTILIZATION; PINE; DIFFERENTIATION AB Martinez spruce (Picea martinezii T.F. Patterson) is a conifer currently passing through a bottleneck, reduced to a few relict populations totaling less than 800 trees. We used isozyme markers to analyze the mating system and survey the level of genic diversity in two populations. The mating system was characterized by a high frequency of selfing. The multilocus outcrossing rates (t(m)) and 95% confidence intervals were only 0.399 (0.197 < t(m) < 0.601) for the smallest population and 0.589 (0.475 < t(m) < 0.703) or 0.685 (0.465 < t(m) < 0.905), depending on year, for the largest. These are among the lowest rates of outcrossing observed in conifers. The fixation indices for the two populations were -0.058 and 0.121, less than expected for such high levels of selfing. Expected heterozygosity, unbiased H-e, based on 22 loci in 13 enzyme systems, was 0.121 and 0.101 in the two populations. The proportion of the total genic diversity between populations, F-ST, was 2.4%. Nm, the number of migrants per generation, was about 1.00 or 10.17, depending on the method of estimation. The time since the two populations were isolated was estimated from Nei's genetic distance as only 150 to 15 000 years, which is consistent with a hypothesis of population collapse during late Pleistocene or Holocene warming. We discuss the implications for conservation. C1 US Forest Serv, Inst Forest Genet, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Placerville, CA 95667 USA. Univ Autonoma Chapingo, Ctr Genet Forestal, Chapingo 56230, Mexico, Mexico. RP Ledig, FT (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Inst Forest Genet, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, 2480 Carson Rd, Placerville, CA 95667 USA. NR 64 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 30 IS 7 BP 1156 EP 1164 DI 10.1139/cjfr-30-7-1156 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 343QG UT WOS:000088712600014 ER PT J AU Oehrle, NW Karr, DB Kremer, RJ Emerich, DW AF Oehrle, NW Karr, DB Kremer, RJ Emerich, DW TI Enhanced attachment of Bradyrhizobium japonicum to soybean through reduced root colonization of internally seedborne microorganisms SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE internally seedborne microorganisms; penicillin G; Bradyrhizobium japonicum; microbial attachment; soybean (Glycine max) ID RHIZOBIUM-JAPONICUM; NODULATION; BACTERIA; COMPETITION; SEEDS; CULTURES; FIXATION; MUTANTS; STRAINS AB Internally seedborne microorganisms are those surviving common surface sterilization procedures. Such microbes often colonize the radicle surface of a germinating soybean (Glycine max) seed, introducing an undefined parameter into studies on attachment and infection by Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Bacterial isolates from surface-sterilized soybean seed, cv. Williams 82 and cv. Maverick, used in our studies, were identified as Agrobacterium radiobacter, Aeromonas sp., Bacillus spp., Chryseomonas luteola, Flavimonas oryzihabitans, and Sphingomonas paucimobilis. Growth of these microbes during seed germination was reduced by treating germinating seeds with 500 mu g/mL penicillin G. The effects of this antibiotic on seedling development and on B. japonicum 2143 attachment, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation are reported here. Penicillin G treatment of seeds did not reduce seed germination or root tip growth, or affect seedling development. No differences in nodulation kinetics, nitrogen fixation onset or rates were observed. However, the number of B. japonicum attached to treated intact seedlings was enhanced 200-325%, demonstrating that other root-colonizing bacteria can interfere with rhizobial attachment. Penicillin G treatment of soybean seedlings can be used to reduce the root colonizing microbes, which introduce an undefined parameter into studies of attachment of B. japonicum to the soybean root, without affecting plant development. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Biochem, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Dept Soil & Atmospher Sci, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Emerich, DW (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Biochem, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 33 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4166 J9 CAN J MICROBIOL JI Can. J. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 46 IS 7 BP 600 EP 606 DI 10.1139/cjm-46-7-600 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology GA 335XV UT WOS:000088272400002 PM 10932352 ER PT J AU Campbell, TA AF Campbell, TA TI Molecular analysis of genetic relatedness among alfalfa clones differing in levels of self-incompatibility SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE anchored microsatellite-priming; heterosis; inbreeding; RAPD; self incompatibility; SSR ID SEQUENCE REPEAT DNA; MARKER DIVERSITY; POPULATIONS; POLYMORPHISMS AB The possibility of increasing hybridity in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars through the use of self-incompatible (SI) parents is being investigated. Prior research has demonstrated that self-incompatibility is a heritable trait and that environmentally stable SI clones can be selected. However, inbreeding depression is very severe in alfalfa, and a potential problem associated with utilizing self-incompatibility to increase hybridity is the purported positive relationship between self-incompatibility and inbreeding. Fifteen stable, partially to fully self-incompatible clones and 18 stable self-compatible (SC) clones were selected from the broad-based population W10-AC3. RAPD, Anchored Microsatellite Priming (AMSP), and Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) analyses were performed on genomic DNA using 9, 10-mer RAPD primers; the AMSP primers (from the 5' end) CAA(CA)(5), CCCC(GA)(5), CCG(GA)(5), and GCC(GA)(5); and eight SSR primer pairs. Based on genetic distance (GD) estimates (computed from RAPD and AMSP markers) and numbers of tri-allelic and tetra-allelic loci from SSR analysis, there is no evidence that SI clones were more closely related than SC clones. Assuming parental GD is positively correlated with heterosis, environmentally stable SI clones with acceptable specific combining ability and separated by large GD's would be a good basis for a hybrid alfalfa system, or for use in other breeding schemes designed to minimize inbreeding while maximizing heterosis. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Campbell, TA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 25 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU AGR INST CANADA PI OTTAWA PA SUITE 907 151 SLATER ST, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1P 5H4, CANADA SN 0008-4220 J9 CAN J PLANT SCI JI Can. J. Plant Sci. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 80 IS 3 BP 559 EP 564 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 348KC UT WOS:000088983200012 ER PT J AU Fulton, RW Purdy, CW Confer, AW Saliki, JT Loan, RW Briggs, RE Burge, LJ AF Fulton, RW Purdy, CW Confer, AW Saliki, JT Loan, RW Briggs, RE Burge, LJ TI Bovine viral diarrhea viral infections in feeder calves with respiratory disease: Interactions with Pasteurella spp., parainfluenza-3 virus, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE LA English DT Article ID ONTARIO FEEDLOT CALVES; RHINOTRACHEITIS VIRUS; SEROLOGICAL TITERS; TRACT DISEASE; DAIRY HERDS; CATTLE; ASSOCIATIONS; PREVALENCE; ANTIBODY; HERPESVIRUS-1 AB The prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections was determined in a group of stocker calves suffering from acute respiratory disease. The calves were assembled after purchase from Tennessee auctions and transported to western Texas. Of the 120 calves, 105 (87.5%) were treated for respiratory disease. Sixteen calves died during the study (13.3%). The calves received a modified live virus BHV-1 vaccine on day 0 of the study. During the study, approximately 5 wk in duration, sera from the cattle, collected at weekly intervals, were tested for BVDV by cell culture. Sera were also tested for neutralizing antibodies to BVDV types 1 and 2, bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), parainfluenza-3 virus (PI-3V), and bovine respiratory syncytial Virus (BRSV). The lungs from the 16 calves that died during the study were collected and examined by histopathology, and lung homogenates were inoculated onto cell cultures for virus isolation. There were no calves persistently infected with BVDV detected in the study, as no animals were viremic on day 0, nor were any animals viremic at the 2 subsequent serum collections. There were, however, 4 animals with BVDV type 1 noncytopathic (NCP) strains in the sera from subsequent collections. Viruses were isolated from 9 lungs: 7 with PI-3V, 1 with NCP BVDV type 1, and 1 with both BVHV-1 and BVDV. The predominant bacterial species isolated from these lungs was Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1. There was serologic evidence of infection with BVDV types 1 and 2, PI-3V, and BRSV, as noted by seroconversion (greater than or equal to 4-fold rise in antibody titer) in day 0 to day 34 samples collected from the 104 survivors: 40/104 (38.5%) to BVDV type 1; 29/104 (27.9%) to BVDV type 2; 71/104 (68.3%) to PI-3V; and 81/104 (77.9%) to BRSV. In several cases, the BVDV type 2 antibody titers may have been due to crossreacting BVDV type 1 antibodies; however, in 7 calves the BVDV type 2 antibodies were higher, indicating BVDV type 2 infection. At the outset of the study, the 120 calves were at risk (susceptible to viral infections) on day 0 because they were seronegative to the viruses: 98/120 (81.7%), < 1:4 to BVDV type 1; 104/120 (86.7%) < 1:4 to BVDV type 2; 86/120 (71.7%) < 1:4 to PI-3V; 87/120 (72.5%) < 1:4 to BRSV; and 111/120 (92.5%) < 1:10 to BHV-1. The results of this study indicate that BVDV types 1 and 2 are involved in acute respiratory disease of calves with pneumonic pasteurellosis. The BVDV may be detected by virus isolation from sera and/or lung tissues and by serology. The BVDV infections occurred in conjunction with infections by other Viruses associated with respiratory disease, namely, PI-SV and BRSV. These other viruses may occur singly or in combination with each other. Also, the study indicates that purchased calves may be highly susceptible, after weaning, to infections by BHV-1, BVDV types 1 and 2, PI-3V, and BRSV early in the marketing channel. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Infect Dis & Physiol, Coll Vet Med, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Anat Pathol & Pharmacol, Coll Vet Med, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Oklahoma Anim Dis Diagnost Lab, Coll Vet Med, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. ARS, USDA, Conservat & Prod, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Fulton, RW (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Infect Dis & Physiol, Coll Vet Med, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 43 TC 86 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 5 PU CANADIAN VET MED ASSOC PI OTTAWA PA 339 BOOTH ST ATTN: KIMBERLY ALLEN-MCGILL, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1R 7K1, CANADA SN 0830-9000 J9 CAN J VET RES JI Can. J. Vet. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. Vet. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 64 IS 3 BP 151 EP 159 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 337DQ UT WOS:000088342500002 PM 10935880 ER PT J AU Robertson, GH Cao, TK Wood, DF AF Robertson, GH Cao, TK Wood, DF TI Effect of morphology of mechanically developed wheat flour and water on starch from gluten separation using cold ethanol displacement SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PROTEIN FIBRILS AB The mechanical development of wheat flour and water creates micro and macro structures in dough or batter that critically influence the ability to separate starch from protein by fluid displacement. This study sought to identify specific structural and rheological features and to relate these to separation as indexed by the separation factor. Structural features, especially protein and starch distributions, were examined using visible light microscopy applied to dough samples that had been exposed to a protein dye. Flour and water samples were developed in a Brabender microfarinograph at conditions (water content and time of development) generally suitable for use of the USDA Western Regional Research Center, cold-ethanol fluid-displacement method. No truly homogenous structures were observed. However, distinct segregation of protein and starch were apparent at all conditions. Structural features correlated qualitatively with the success of separation indexed by the overall separation factor (alpha(p/s)) for the separation process. Highly segregated states characterized by large protein bands, clustered starch, and large open spaces were obtained with intermediate development (25 +/- 5 min) and were most readily separated (cbs = 118 +/- 7). Segregated states with relatively thin protein bands (less than or equal to 10 mu m dia) in complex networks entrapping starch were obtained after additional development (less than or equal to 45 min) and were less completely separable (alpha(p/s) = 32 +/- 2). Segregated states with irregularly organized protein in the form of clumps and bands were obtained with minimal development and were partially separable (alpha(p/s) = 65 +/- 4). Consistency indicated on the microfarinograph increases monotonically throughout and beyond the period of maximum separability. However, elasticity changes and a high rate of increase in consistency evident in the microfarinogram may reflect changes in the structure that also reduce separability. The study demonstrated the use of the ethanol method to isolate development from displacement phenomena for independent study. C1 ARS, Proc Chem & Engn Res Unit, Western Reg Res Ctr, Pacific W Area,USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Robertson, GH (reprint author), ARS, Proc Chem & Engn Res Unit, Western Reg Res Ctr, Pacific W Area,USDA, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 14 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 77 IS 4 BP 439 EP 444 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2000.77.4.439 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 335JA UT WOS:000088239300006 ER PT J AU Bergman, CJ Delgado, JT Bryant, R Grimm, C Cadwallader, KR Webb, BD AF Bergman, CJ Delgado, JT Bryant, R Grimm, C Cadwallader, KR Webb, BD TI Rapid gas chromatographic technique for quantifying 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline and hexanal in rice (Oryza sativa, L.) SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID POPCORN-LIKE AROMA; BROWN RICE; INHERITANCE; STORAGE; SCENT; QUANTIFICATION; COMPONENTS; FLAVOR AB The aroma of rice plays a role in its consumer acceptability. The popcorn-like smell of aromatic rice stemming primarily from its 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) content is considered desirable by many consumers. Conversely hexanal has been correlated with off odors in rice that develop from lipid oxidation. A rapid method for 2-AP and hexanal quantification suitable for use in breeding programs. large-scale research efforts, and quality assurance programs is needed. While developing such a method, sample preparation (degree of milling, particle size), solvent extraction time and temperature, and gas chromatographic parameters were studied. particle size had no influence on 2-AP or hexanal recovered. One extraction solubilized approximate to 80% of the 2-AP and 56% of the hexanal present in milled rice. The optimum extraction method was assessed to require 0.3 g of ground brown or milled rice in methylene chloride held at 85 degrees C far 2.5 hr. The complete gas chromatographic run requires approximate to 25 min, and 50 samples can be analyzed per day. The optimized method's linear response (R(2) = 0.99) and reproducibility was demonstrated. The stability of 2-AP and hexanal in frozen milled rice and in refrigerated methylene chloride extracts was excellent for at least six months. Milled and unmilled commercial and breeders' aromatic rice samples contained 10-1,104 ng/g of 2-AP and 148-2,541 ng/g of hexanal. Genotype had the greatest effect on the 2-AP and hexanal content of two lines grown over four years and in four states. C1 ARS, USDA, Rice Res Unit, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Agr Expt Stn, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. ARS, USDA, Dale Bumpers Natl Rice Res Ctr, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Bergman, CJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Rice Res Unit, 1509 Aggie Dr, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. EM c-bergman@tamu.edu NR 32 TC 52 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 12 PU AACC INTERNATIONAL PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 77 IS 4 BP 454 EP 458 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2000.77.4.454 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 335JA UT WOS:000088239300010 ER PT J AU Meullenet, JF Champagne, ET Bett, KL McClung, AM Kauffmann, D AF Meullenet, JF Champagne, ET Bett, KL McClung, AM Kauffmann, D TI Instrumental assessment of cooked rice texture characteristics: A method for breeders SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SENSORY TEXTURE AB Sensory textural characteristics of cooked rice (61 samples) were predicted using a miniature extrusion cell and the novel data analysis method Spectral Stress Strain Analysis (SSSA). Thirteen sensory texture characteristics evaluated using a trained descriptive panel and stress values from an extrusion test were used in combination with partial least squares regression to evaluate predictive models for each of the sensory attributes studied. Among the textural attributes evaluated by the panel, four (stickiness, hardness, cohesiveness of mass, and uniformity of bite [relative ability of prediction values (RAP) > 0.6, n = 61]) could be satisfactorily predicted using an instrumental test and subsequent SSSA. The quality of the models determined varied far the two grain types evaluated. This instrumental method provides a valuable screening tool for rice breeders. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Food Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72703 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. ARS, USDA, Rice Res Unit, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. Ecole Natl Super Agron Montpellier, F-34060 Montpellier, France. RP Meullenet, JF (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Food Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72703 USA. NR 19 TC 9 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 77 IS 4 BP 512 EP 517 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2000.77.4.512 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 335JA UT WOS:000088239300021 ER PT J AU Kahlon, TS Chow, FI AF Kahlon, TS Chow, FI TI In vitro binding of bile acids by rice bran, oat bran, wheat bran, and corn bran SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID DIETARY-FIBERS; IN-VITRO; CHOLESTEROL; EXCRETION; RAT; ABSORPTION; HAMSTERS; INVITRO; GUM AB The in vitro bile acid binding by rice, oat, wheat, and corn brans was determined using a mixture of bile acids normally secreted in human bile at a physiological pH of 6.3. The objective of the study was to relate bile acid binding of cereal brans to health promoting properties. Three experiments were conducted testing substrates on an equal weight (dry matter) basis, an equal total dietary fiber (TDF) basis, and an equal TDF and equal fat basis. Each experiment was repeated to validate the results (for a total of six experiments). The relative in vitro bile acid binding of the cereal brans on an equal TDF basis considering cholestyramine as 100% bound was rice bran 51%, wheat bran 31%, oat bran 26% and corn bran 5%. The data suggest that cholesterol lowering by rice bran appears to be related to bile acid binding. The primary mechanism of cholesterol lowering by oat bran may not be due to bile acid binding by soluble fiber. Bile acid binding did not appear to be proportional to the soluble fiber content of the cereal brans tested. Bile acid binding by wheat bran may contribute to cancer prevention and other healthful properties. C1 ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Kahlon, TS (reprint author), ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. EM tsk@pw.usda.gov NR 24 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 11 PU AACC INTERNATIONAL PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 77 IS 4 BP 518 EP 521 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2000.77.4.518 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 335JA UT WOS:000088239300022 ER PT J AU Gaines, CS AF Gaines, CS TI Collaborative study of methods for solvent retention capacity profiles (AACC method 56-11) SO CEREAL FOODS WORLD LA English DT Article ID INSTRUMENTAL MEASUREMENT; COOKIE HARDNESS; WIRE-CUT; QUALITY; SOFT; CRACKERS; TRAITS; CROSS; FLOUR AB Most common tests used to predict the quality of soft wheats for commercial baking were not designed for that specific purpose. They were developed from laboratory tests designed to evaluate wheat samples (often hard x soft crosses) from breeders and were not oriented toward specific commercial products. Diagnostic tests are needed that can profile wheat flours to predict the resultant quality of many specific baked products made from those flours. Four such solvent retention capacity (SRC) tests were studied by nine laboratories. SRC coefficients of variation for replication error were low. Interlaboratory variance was typically higher than intralaboratory variance. The SRC tests have been designed to evaluate specific flour qualities: the influence of pentosan content, starch damage, glutenin strength, and general water retention. A study of recombinant inbred lines showed that the SRC values can identify these characteristics. The method utilizes four solvents: water, 50% sucrose, 5% sodium carbonate, and 5% lactic acid. The results of the four tests produce a quality profile that is compared with the performance of the flour in a bakery to establish a predictive profile. Once these profiles are identified, breeders will know for which type of product their new lines may be best suited. Millers will be better able to blend wheats to mill flour for more specific products than they can mill currently. Bakers will be able to make more specific purchasing specifications for the flours they require. C1 USDA ARS, Soft Wheat Qual Lab, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. RP Gaines, CS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soft Wheat Qual Lab, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. NR 16 TC 69 Z9 98 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0146-6283 J9 CEREAL FOOD WORLD JI Cereal Foods World PD JUL PY 2000 VL 45 IS 7 BP 303 EP 306 PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 341WW UT WOS:000088614800006 ER PT J AU Gibson, LL Kurtzman, CP Westerling, JA Daly, JS AF Gibson, LL Kurtzman, CP Westerling, JA Daly, JS TI Successful treatment of a patient with prosthetic joint arthritis due to a novel yeast characterized by 26S ribosomal DNA sequencing. SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UMass Mem Healthcare, Worcester, MA USA. Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Worcester, MA USA. USDA, Peoria, IL USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 298 BP 264 EP 264 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900348 ER PT J AU Evans, MC Gomez, TM Altekruse, SA Tauxe, RV Swerdlow, DL AF Evans, MC Gomez, TM Altekruse, SA Tauxe, RV Swerdlow, DL TI Declines in Salmonella serotype Enteritidis infections in the United States, 1980-1998: A triumph of prevention efforts SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. US FDA, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. USDA, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 MA 504 BP 300 EP 300 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 347VY UT WOS:000088950900554 ER PT J AU McNeel, RL Ding, ST Smith, EO Mersmann, HJ AF McNeel, RL Ding, ST Smith, EO Mersmann, HJ TI Expression of porcine adipocyte transcripts during differentiation in vitro and in vivo SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha C/EBP alpha; CCAAT enhancer binding protein beta C/EBP beta; fatty acid synthase; glucose transporter 4; hormone-sensitive lipase; insulin receptor; leptin; lipoprotein lipase ID STROMAL-VASCULAR CELLS; MESSENGER-RNA EXPRESSION; OB GENE-EXPRESSION; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; C/EBP-ALPHA; GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER; PRIMARY CULTURES; ZUCKER RATS; OBESE GENE; IN-VITRO AB Transcript concentrations for the transcription factors, CCAAT enhancer binding protein beta and alpha (C/EBP beta and C/EBP alpha), plus the adipocyte-characteristic proteins, fatty acid synthase (FAS), glucose transporter 4 (Glut. 3), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), insulin receptor (InsR), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and leptin were measured during differentiation of porcine stromal-vascular (S/V) cells in vitro. These same transcripts, excluding FAS and InsR, were measured in por cine adipose tissue from birth to 7 weeks of age. In S/V cells, C/EBP beta and InsR were continuously elevated. At day 0, C/EBP alpha was approximate to 20% of the day 9 value. The LPL increased gradually from day 0 to 9, whereas most other transcripts had a lag period of several days. In tissue, C/EBP beta was substantial at birth and increased gradually. The C/EBP alpha was relatively low at birth and increased at day 17. The LPL and leptin increased continuously. The Glut 4 was low at birth and increased at day 28. The HSL was relatively low at birth, increased at day 10, and plateaued at day 28. Transcripts in porcine S/V cells develop somewhat differently from adipocyte differentiation models established in clonal cells, but the porcine cells represent a model that should be more applicable to pigs. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Mersmann, HJ (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. OI Ding, Shih-Torng/0000-0002-9866-1776 NR 40 TC 35 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0305-0491 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS B JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B-Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 126 IS 3 BP 291 EP 302 DI 10.1016/S0305-0491(00)00185-1 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology GA 336QX UT WOS:000088315400003 PM 11007171 ER PT J AU Shaffer, MJ Bartling, PNS Ascough, JC AF Shaffer, MJ Bartling, PNS Ascough, JC TI Object-oriented simulation of integrated whole farms: GPFARM framework SO COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE whole-farm management; soil-crop models; ranching; environmental quality; decision support systems ID DECISION-SUPPORT SYSTEMS; MODEL; MANAGEMENT; NITROGEN; EROSION AB Simulation frameworks for Decision Support Systems (DSSs) at the whole-farm level have not adequately supported process level management and integration of complex farming systems. Development of the Great Plains Framework for Agricultural Resource Management (GPFARM) DSS for whole-farm management required a simulation package that could handle this complex system. Object-oriented (OO) techniques now offer improved opportunity for the development of suitable whole-farm simulations. A whole-farm simulation framework was developed using Object-oriented programming (OOP) and executes appropriate simulation modules, written in procedural languages (FORTRAN and BASIC) for the lower-level processes. Abstraction, encapsulation, and hierarchy were crucial to simplifying whole-farm complexity. OOP relationships, particularly inheritance in crops, animals, and events were key in allowing dynamic (runtime) setup and simulation of the farm system. Event objects were positioned outside of the simulation class and farm state to provide event input format flexibility and allow the framework to check the system state before events were implemented. The inclusion of existing or extended procedural modules cut development time, helped insure maintenance support from cooperators, and assisted with deployment of computationally efficient code. The resulting package simulates whole-farm management involving interactive land units, integrated crop and livestock operations, crop rotation systems and multiple commodities, and soil and climate variability. Simulation of whole-farm scenarios provides information for DSS applications to display and compare management alternatives. This research showed that an effective OO framework for integrated farming systems should consist of a thorough object model of a farm state, a flexible input and implementation of events, and a simulation environment to accomplish the biological, chemical, and physical simulation of a farm. C1 USDA ARS, Great Plains Syst Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Shaffer, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Great Plains Syst Res Unit, POB E, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 37 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0168-1699 J9 COMPUT ELECTRON AGR JI Comput. Electron. Agric. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 28 IS 1 BP 29 EP 49 DI 10.1016/S0168-1699(00)00117-4 PG 21 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Agriculture; Computer Science GA 334AW UT WOS:000088163800003 ER PT J AU Malinowski, DP Belesky, DP AF Malinowski, DP Belesky, DP TI Adaptations of endophyte-infected cool-season grasses to environmental stresses: Mechanisms of drought and mineral stress tolerance SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID CARBON ISOTOPE DISCRIMINATION; FESCUE FESTUCA-ARUNDINACEA; NEOTYPHODIUM-COENOPHIALUM-ENDOPHYTE; ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL PLANTS; RYEGRASS LOLIUM-PERENNE; WATER-USE EFFICIENCY; GRAZED TALL FESCUE; ACREMONIUM-COENOPHIALUM; FUNGAL ENDOPHYTE; EPICHLOE-TYPHINA AB Cool-season grasses infected with Neotyphodium spp. endophytes have an extraordinary impact on the ecology and economy of pasture and turf. A range of adaptations of endophyte-infected grasses to biotic and abiotic stresses has been identified but mechanisms of these adaptations are not clearly understood. In this review, we present recent research progress on endophyte-related mechanisms affecting abiotic (drought, mineral) and selected aspects of biotic stress tolerance in cool-season gasses. Endophytes induce mechanisms of drought avoidance (morphological adaptations), drought tolerance (phyiological and biochemical adaptations), and drought recovery in infected gasses. Mineral nutrition (nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium) affects production of ergot alkaloids, thus understanding mechanisms involved in mineral economy of endophyte-infected gasses will help in developing management practices to reduce forage toxicity to livestock. Previous research resolved the role of endophyte in nitrogen (N) economy of tall fescue. We identified two endophyte-related mechanisms in tall fescue operating in response to phosphorus (P) deficiency. The mechanisms are altered root morphology (reduced root diameters and longer root hairs) and chemical modification of the rhizosphere resulting from exudation of phenolic-like compounds. These mechanisms were shown to benefit endophyte-infected plants grown under P deficiency. We also report a mechanism of aluminum (Al) sequestration on root surfaces in endophyte-infected tall fescue, which appears to be related to exudation of phenolic-like compounds with Al-chelating activity. Understanding mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance in endophyte-infected grasses is essential for continued improvement and persistence of grasses for a range of applications, e.g., forage for semi-arid areas or cover plants for soil renovation. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Vernon, TX 76385 USA. ARS, USDA, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Malinowski, DP (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, POB 1658, Vernon, TX 76385 USA. EM d-malinowski@tamu.edu NR 192 TC 332 Z9 383 U1 17 U2 127 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 40 IS 4 BP 923 EP 940 PG 18 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355WB UT WOS:000089410600001 ER PT J AU Cross, H Brick, MA Schwartz, HF Panella, LW Byrne, PF AF Cross, H Brick, MA Schwartz, HF Panella, LW Byrne, PF TI Inheritance of resistance to fusarium wilt in two common bean races SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID F-SP PHASEOLI; COLORADO AB Fusarium wilt in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend. Fr. forma specialis phaseoli Kendrick and Snyder (Fop) occurs worldwide and can result in severe yield loss. Because cultural methods to control disease loss are not completely effective, cultivars with genetic resistance are needed. The objectives of this study were to determine whether genetic control of resistance to Fop race 4 differs between germplasm of races Durango and Mesoamerica of common bean and to estimate heritability of resistance found in race Mesoamerica. Resistant and susceptible lines of rates Durango and Mesoamerica were crossed within races to produce F-2 and F-3 progeny. Reaction to Fop was evaluated using a root-dip inoculation method and scored using a CIAT disease severity scale from one to nine. F-2 populations derived from race Durango parents shelved a 3:1 (resistant/susceptible) plant segregation ratio, and F-3 progeny tests confirmed that resistance was controlled by a single dominant gene. F-2 data from crosses between parents of race Mesoamerira had continuous distributions for reaction to Fop race 4, suggesting polygenic control of resistance. The narrow-sense heritability estimate derived from midparent-offspring regression of 10 F-2 populations derived from Mesoamerican parents was 0.85 +/- 0.34, and realized heritability estimates ranged from 0.25 +/- 0.19 to 0.60 +/- 0.16 among five populations. The heritability estimates as well as the continuous variation in disease severity observed support the hypothesis that resistance to Fop race 4 among parents of rare Mesoamerican is polygenic. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Bioagr Sci & Pest Management, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. ARS, USDA, Crops Res Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Brick, MA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 25 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 40 IS 4 BP 954 EP 958 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355WB UT WOS:000089410600004 ER PT J AU Beuselinck, PR McGraw, RL AF Beuselinck, PR McGraw, RL TI Vestigial corolla in flowers of birdsfoot trefoil SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LOTUS-CORNICULATUS; FEMALE STERILITY; INHERITANCE AB A naturally occurring floral mutant is infrequently observed in some populations of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L). The petals of mutant flowers are folded inward and do not extend fully, producing a vestigial corolla (vc), while other floral parts remain normal. The style extrudes through a gap between the rudimentary keel and the folded standard, Consequently, the stigma and style extend beyond the corolla and are exposed, The spatial separation between stigma and anthers could facilitate hand-pollination as it eliminates the need for emasculation. The objective of this study was to determine the fertility oft. corniculatus genotypes expressing sc floral characters. Sixteen genotypes of L. corniculatus expressing the re phenotype were collected from field grown populations. Pollen from vc genotypes was compared with pollen from genotypes of the germplasm MU-81 used as controls. All vc genotypes produced some pollen that appeared normal, although the quantity of such pollen was variable among the vc genotypes. Mean pollen germination among sc genotypes was 22%, compared with 50% for MU-81. Only five of 16 vc genotypes produced pods when crossed to genotypes of MU-81 and both pod and seed set were less than in control crosses. Normal and abnormal ovules were observed in ovaries of vc genotypes and the reduced fertility may have resulted from smaller, incompletely developed ovules. Unidirectional reversion of the vc genotypes, from abnormal to normal flower morphology, was common. Using the vc mutant to eliminate the need for emasculation in hand-pollination programs depends on its fertility. The combination of phenotypic instability and reduced fertility make the vc mutant less desirable for use in breeding programs. C1 ARS, USDA, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Beuselinck, PR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 22 TC 1 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 40 IS 4 BP 964 EP 967 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355WB UT WOS:000089410600006 ER PT J AU Henninger, MR Sterrett, SB Haynes, KG AF Henninger, MR Sterrett, SB Haynes, KG TI Broad-sense heritability and stability of internal heat necrosis and specific gravity in tetraploid potatoes SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID X ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS; COMPONENTS AB Internal heat necrosis (IHN), a severe physiological disorder of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers, is characterized by brown spots or blotches that first appear toward the apical end of the tuber parenchyma but in severe cases may involve most of the parenchyma tissue. The purposes of this study were to determine the amount of genetic variation for and the stability of IHN in tetraploid potato clones, and the relationships among IHN, specific gravity, and tuber size distribution. Nineteen potato clones (four cultivars and 15 breeding selections) were grown in Bridgeton, NJ and Painter, VA from 1991 to 1993 in a randomized complete block with four replications of 20 hills per plot. The crop was harvested 2 to 3 wk later than normal harvest time to provide for maximal exposure to beat stress. All tubers were harvested and graded by size. All tubers >64 mm in diameter were quartered longitudinally and rated by size for MN (1 = severe IHN; 9 = no IHN). Incidence and severity of IHN were recorded. Broad-sense heritabilities and their 95% confidence intervals were: 0.83 (0.68, 0.93) for incidence of MN in Size 3 (64-83 mm diameter) tubers; 0.88 (0.71, 0.94) for incidence in Size 4 (>83 mm diameter) tubers; 0.85 (0.72, 0.94) for severity of MN in Size 3 tubers; 0.90 (0.78, 0.96) for severity of IHN in Size 4 tubers; 0.92 (0.85, 0.97) for specific gravity in Size 3 tubers; 0.77 (0.54, 0.91) for specific gravity in Size 4 tubers; and 0.86 (0.73, 0.94) for total yield. Several of the more IHN-susceptible clones were unstable for IHN both before and after environmental heterogeneity was removed. The correlation between incidence and severity of IHN was very high. There was no correlation between IHN and total yield or specific gravity. The results of this study indicate that breeding high yielding, high specific gravity cultivars for resistance to IHN should be feasible. C1 ARS, USDA, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Rutgers State Univ, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Painter, VA 23420 USA. RP Haynes, KG (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 26 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 40 IS 4 BP 977 EP 984 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355WB UT WOS:000089410600009 ER PT J AU Zeng, LH Shannon, MC AF Zeng, LH Shannon, MC TI Salinity effects on seedling growth and yield components of rice SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SALT-STRESSED WHEAT; SATIVA-L VARIETIES; SODIUM-CHLORIDE; VARIABILITY; RESISTANCE; CHARACTERS; TOLERANCE; CULTIVARS; NITROGEN; PANICLE AB Flood irrigation practices that are commonly used in California during the early stages of rice (Oryza sativa L.) establishment may contribute to salinity damage and eventually decrease yield. Knowledge of salinity effects on rice seedling growth and yield components would improve management practices in fields and increase our understanding of salt tolerance mechanisms in rice. Salinity sensitivity of rice was studied to determine salinity effects on seedlings and yield components. Plants of rice cultivar M-202 were grown in a greenhouse in sand and irrigated with nutrient solutions of control and treatments amended with NaCl and CaCl2 (2:1 molar concentration) at 1.9, 3.4, 4.5, 6.1, 7.9, and 11.5 dS m(-1) electrical conductivity. Shoot dry weights of seedlings were measured at five harvests in the first month after seeding. Seedling growth was significantly reduced by salinity at the lowest salinity treatment, 1.9 dS m(-1). At 1.9 and 3.4 dS m(-1), significant reduction of seedling growth occurred at longer cumulative thermal time than at higher salt levels. Seedling survival was significantly reduced when salinity was 3.40 dS m(-1) and higher. Highly significant linear responses of grain weight per plant, grain weight per panicle, spikelet number per panicle, and tiller number per plant to salinity were observed. There was a common lowest salt level for fertility and pollen germination beyond which they were significantly reduced by salinity. Harvest index was significantly decreased when salinity was at 3.40 dS m(-1) and higher. Tiller number per plant and spikelet number per panicle contributed the most variation in grain weight per plant under salinity. Reductions in seedling survival, tiller number per plant, and spikelet number per panicle were the major causes of yield loss in M-202 under salinity. The compensation between spikelets and other yield components was confounded with salinity effects, but was believed to be minor relative to the reduction of spikelets due to salinity and, therefore, not sufficient to offset yield loss even at moderate salt levels. C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, PWA, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Zeng, LH (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, PWA, 4500 Glenwood Dr, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 37 TC 108 Z9 127 U1 3 U2 33 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 40 IS 4 BP 996 EP 1003 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355WB UT WOS:000089410600012 ER PT J AU Pederson, GA Brink, GE AF Pederson, GA Brink, GE TI Seed production of white clover cultivars and naturalized populations when grown in a pasture SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TRIFOLIUM-REPENS; YIELD COMPONENTS; AGRONOMIC TRAITS; WORLD CHECKLIST; CROP MANAGEMENT; VARIETIES AB Small-type white clover, Trifolium repens L., plants predominate in most closely grazed pastures in the southeastern USA. The role of relative seed production in stand persistence of white clover types in pastures has not been quantified. This study compared the relative seed production of seven small-type naturalized populations with that of seven large-type white clover cultivars and germplasms in a pasture. All entries were space-planted into plots in a common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] pasture at Mississippi State, MS, on a Savannah fine sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Fragiudult) in fall 1995 and 1996, and gazed with cattle prior to flowering and seed production. All naturalized populations averaged about three times as many flowers and seed-bearing flowers as all cultivars other than 'Louisiana S-1' each year. Flower production differences were consistent throughout the study, though maximum now er production for naturalized populations was earlier in the season than cultivars. Seed production differences were similar to power production, as cultivars averaged only 27 to 43% as much seed as naturalized populations. The low growth stature and excessive seed production of naturalized populations enable them to tolerate close continuous grazing and have a greater opportunity to reseed in pastures than common large type cultivars. This reseeding potential probably contributes to the domination of small-type white clover in closely grazed pastures of the southeastern USA. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, Waste Mgmt & Forage Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Pederson, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, Waste Mgmt & Forage Res Unit, 810 Hwy 12 E, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 28 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 40 IS 4 BP 1109 EP 1114 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355WB UT WOS:000089410600026 ER PT J AU Larson, SR Jones, TA Hu, ZM McCracken, CL Palazzo, A AF Larson, SR Jones, TA Hu, ZM McCracken, CL Palazzo, A TI Genetic diversity of bluebunch wheatgrass cultivars and a multiple-origin polycross SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID AFLP MARKERS; PLANTS; DIVERGENCE; NUMBER; RAPDS; DNA AB Bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata [Pursh] A. Love = Agropyron spicatum Pursh: Poaceae) is a cross-pollinating perennial grass native to western North America. Two bluebunch wheatgrass cultivars, Goldar and Whitmar, are currently available for large-scale rangeland seeding. However, cultivars may lack the genetic diversity and adaptation necessary for dynamic non-local environments. The objective of this study was to quantify and compare genomic DNA variation within and between Goldar, Whitmar, and Generation 2 of P-7, a multiple-origin polycross (MOPX(2)) of 25 naturally diverse bluebunch wheatgrass collections. Ne assayed 1043 polymorphic amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) products and 88 monomorphic AFLP products from three sample populations of 22 plants. The number of polymorphic loci (and unique alleles) within sample populations of P-7, Goldar, and Whitmar was 898 (99), 813 (49), and 746 (59), respectively. Conversely, the number of fired AFLP loci within sample populations of P-7, Goldar, and Whitmar was 233, 318, and 385, respectively. The overall nucleotide-sequence diversity [pi +/- SE (x1000)] estimated for P-7, Goldar, and Whitmar was 100.2 +/- 7.1, 80.1 +/- 6.6, and 79.4 +/- 6.7, respectively. By all measures, genetic variation within P-7 is significantly higher than genetic variation within cultivars. However, the estimated number of inter-population nucleotide differences per site [d(x) +/- SE (x1000)] between Goldar and Whitmar, e.g., 36.6 +/- 1.6, is only slightly higher than pi within these cultivars, therefore the net nucleotide-sequence divergence [d(A) +/- SE (x 1000)] between these cultivars is relatively small, e.g. 2.5 +/- 0.3. These results indicate that selectively neutral genetic diversity has not been dramatically reduced or inadvertently lost via genetic drift that may ha ve occurred since the divergence of Goldar and Whitmar. No AFLP markers completely distinguish Goldar and Whitmar, therefore discrete morphological differences between these cultivars (e.g., the presence and absence of awns) most likely result from natural or artificial selection. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. USDOD, ACE, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. RP Larson, SR (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. EM stlarson@cc.usu.edu OI McCracken, Carrie/0000-0002-8038-9727 NR 37 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 9 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 40 IS 4 BP 1142 EP 1147 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355WB UT WOS:000089410600032 ER PT J AU Holbrook, CC Stephenson, MG Johnson, AW AF Holbrook, CC Stephenson, MG Johnson, AW TI Level and geographical distribution of resistance to Meloidogyne arenaria in the US peanut germplasm collection SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CORE COLLECTION AB The peanut root-knot nematode [Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood race 1] causes significant economic losses in many peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production areas of the world. The objectives of this study were (i) to examine the peanut core collection to identify sources of resistance, (ii) to estimate the level of resistance that occurs in the U.S. germplasm collection, and (iii) to examine the geographical distribution for resistance in peanut germplasm. Seven hundred forty-one accessions from the core collection sere tested in greenhouse trials. The egg-mass rating for cultivar Florunner, the susceptible check, was 4.0 on a 1.0 to 5.0 state with a nematode reproduction rate of 15 496 eggs per gram of fresh root weight. Fifty-six accessions exhibited an egg-mass rating of less than or equal to 2.5. Thirty-six core accessions showed a reduction in root galling, egg-miss rating, egg count per root system, and egg count per gram of root in comparison to Florunner. Twenty-one accessions showed a 70% reduction in egg count per root system and per gram of root, and two accessions showed a 90% reduction of these variables in comparison with Florunner. The 56 resistant indicators from screening the core collection identified 39 clusters in the entire germplasm collection that should be examined more thoroughly. China and Japan appear to be valuable geographical sources for resistance to this nematode. C1 USDA ARS, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Holbrook, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, POB 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 15 TC 17 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 40 IS 4 BP 1168 EP 1171 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355WB UT WOS:000089410600035 ER PT J AU Holbrook, CC Timper, P Xue, HQ AF Holbrook, CC Timper, P Xue, HQ TI Evaluation of the core collection approach for identifying resistance to Meloidogyne arenaria in peanut SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GERMPLASM AB Core collections are representative subsamples of germplasm collections. Use of care collections may improve the efficiency of germplasm evaluations by reducing the number of accessions evaluated while increasing the probability of finding genes of interest. The peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) core collection has been examined for resistance to the peanut root-knot nematode [Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood race 1]. Resistant indicator accessions from screening the care collection identified 39 clusters in the entire germplasm collection that should be examined more thoroughly. The objective of this study was to evaluate how effective a two-stage core screening approach would be in identifying resistance to M. arenaria in the entire U.S. germplasm collection of peanut. Accessions from 30 clusters having resistant indicator accessions and from four clusters having very susceptible indicator accessions were tested for resistance in two greenhouse trials. This second stage screening identified 259 accessions that had a mean egg-mass rating of 2.5 or less. Twenty-eight of these secessions had a mean egg-mass rating of 1.0 or less. There were relatively large numbers of resistant accessions from China and Japan compared with the percentages of the germplasm collection that originated from these countries. The efficiency of identifying accessions resistant to M. arenaria was greater in clusters having resistant indicator accessions than in dusters baring susceptible indicator accessions. These results demonstrate that the use of a two-stage screening approach with a core collection Mn improve the efficiency of identifying valuable genes in germplasm collections. C1 USDA ARS, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Shandong Peanut Res Inst, Shandong, Peoples R China. RP Holbrook, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, POB 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 20 TC 15 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 40 IS 4 BP 1172 EP 1175 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355WB UT WOS:000089410600036 ER PT J AU Rowe, DE Malone, S Yates, QL AF Rowe, DE Malone, S Yates, QL TI Automated greenhouse spray system for increased safety and flexibility SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Under EPA's Workers protection Standard Act of 1992, persons applying pesticide in a greenhouse are usually required to wear protective clothing and a face mask and to breath filtered air. The impervious clothing is usually uncomfortable and may be a health risk via overheating and potential for dehydration. The objective of this research was to de,ise an automated greenhouse spray system to eliminate hand application. Using off-the-shelf components, pesticides are applied at a predetermined time through mist nozzles suspended in greenhouse bays. The automated spray system reduces pesticide exposure to the applicator and others and thus reduces potential liability for the employer, facilitates better control on application rates, is more repeatable than hand application, reduces costs of hazardous waste disposal, and reduces disruption of other greenhouse operations. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, Waste Management & Forage Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. USDA ARS, Adm Serv, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Rowe, DE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, Waste Management & Forage Res Unit, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 40 IS 4 BP 1176 EP 1179 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355WB UT WOS:000089410600037 ER PT J AU Wilhelm, WW Ruwe, K Schlemmer, MR AF Wilhelm, WW Ruwe, K Schlemmer, MR TI Comparison of three leaf area index meters in a corn canopy SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Measurement of leaf area index (LAI) is critical to understanding many aspects of crop development, growth, and management. Availability of portable meters to estimate LAI non-destructively has greatly increased our ability to determine this parameter during the cropping season. However, with several devices on the market, each with an independent set of protocols for gathering accurate estimates of LAI, it is necessary for scientists to have comparisons of these meters under field conditions before selecting one for purchase and use. The objective of our study was to compare the LAI estimates by three meters (AccuPAR, LAI-2000, and SunScan) to LAI measured by destructive sampling. Leaf area index of two corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids, grown on a Pachic Haplustoll, was measured at the R2 stage by the four methods before and after successive thinning of plant stands. Destructively sampled LAU ranged from 4.59 to 1.25 for the initial stand to the most severe thinning. Hybrids did not differ in LAI, All meters underestimated LAI compared,vith destructive sampling. When all data from all rings of the LAI-2000 meter were included in the calculations, LAI-2000 estimates of LAI differed from those of the other two meters. However, when data from Ring 5 was removed from the calculations, estimates of LAI for the LAI-2000 improved and were indistinguishable from the other meters. The relationship between LAI estimated destructively and by each of the meters was described by a unique linear equation for each hybrid. Results of this study, and experience with use of the meters, suggest that users should consider protocols for operating each meter before deciding which device best suits their application. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Wilhelm, WW (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, 119 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 15 TC 59 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 17 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 40 IS 4 BP 1179 EP 1183 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355WB UT WOS:000089410600038 ER PT J AU Bligh, HFJ Blackhall, NW Edwards, KJ McClung, AM AF Bligh, HFJ Blackhall, NW Edwards, KJ McClung, AM TI Using amplified fragment length polymorphisms and simple sequence length polymorphisms to identify cultivars of brown and white milled rice (vol 39, pg 1715, 1999) SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Correction C1 Univ Nottingham, Sch Biol Sci, Div Plant Sci, Nottingham NC7 2RD, England. Univ Bristol, IACR, Long Ashton Res Stn, Dept Agr Sci, Bristol BS18 9AF, Avon, England. USDA ARS, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. RP Bligh, HFJ (reprint author), Univ Nottingham, Sch Biol Sci, Div Plant Sci, Univ Pk, Nottingham NC7 2RD, England. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 40 IS 4 BP 1188 EP 1188 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355WB UT WOS:000089410600039 ER PT J AU Ullrich, SE Johnson, RC Muehlbauer, FJ Wiesner, LE AF Ullrich, SE Johnson, RC Muehlbauer, FJ Wiesner, LE CA Crop Registration Comm Crop Sci So TI Establishment of a new crop registration category mapping populations SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Introduct Stn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Seed Storage Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Ullrich, SE (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 40 IS 4 BP 1189 EP 1190 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355WB UT WOS:000089410600040 ER PT J AU Donaldson, E Sauer, B Lyon, SR Morris, CF Line, RF AF Donaldson, E Sauer, B Lyon, SR Morris, CF Line, RF TI Registration of 'Finley' wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Western Wheat Qual Lab, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Wheat Genet Qual Physiol Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Lyon, SR (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 40 IS 4 BP 1197 EP 1198 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355WB UT WOS:000089410600052 ER PT J AU Jones, SS Donaldson, E Lyon, SR Morris, CF Line, RF Hoffman, R AF Jones, SS Donaldson, E Lyon, SR Morris, CF Line, RF Hoffman, R TI Registration of 'Edwin' wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Western Wheat Qual Lab, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Wheat Genet Qual Physiol Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Jones, SS (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 40 IS 4 BP 1198 EP 1198 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355WB UT WOS:000089410600053 ER PT J AU Mozingo, RW Coffelt, TA Isleib, TG AF Mozingo, RW Coffelt, TA Isleib, TG TI Registration of 'VA 98R' peanut SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Tidewater Agr Res & Ext Ctr, Suffolk, VA 23437 USA. ARS, USDA, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Mozingo, RW (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Tidewater Agr Res & Ext Ctr, 6321 Holland Rd, Suffolk, VA 23437 USA. NR 10 TC 13 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 40 IS 4 BP 1202 EP 1203 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355WB UT WOS:000089410600060 ER PT J AU Steiner, JJ Beuselinck, PR AF Steiner, JJ Beuselinck, PR TI Registration of ARS-1221 big trefoil germplasm SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Steiner, JJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, 3450 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 40 IS 4 BP 1204 EP 1205 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355WB UT WOS:000089410600063 ER PT J AU Saunders, JW McGrath, JM Halloin, JM Theurer, JC AF Saunders, JW McGrath, JM Halloin, JM Theurer, JC TI Registration of SR95 sugarbeet germplasm with smooth root SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, USDA ARS, Sugarbeet & Bean Res Unit, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, USDA ARS, Sugarbeet & Bean Res Unit, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Saunders, JW (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, USDA ARS, Sugarbeet & Bean Res Unit, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 40 IS 4 BP 1205 EP 1206 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355WB UT WOS:000089410600065 ER PT J AU Steiner, JJ Beuselinck, PR AF Steiner, JJ Beuselinck, PR TI Registration of ARS-1207 narrow leaf trefoil germplasm SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Steiner, JJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, 3450 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 40 IS 4 BP 1205 EP 1205 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355WB UT WOS:000089410600064 ER PT J AU Neven, LG Ferguson, HJ Knight, A AF Neven, LG Ferguson, HJ Knight, A TI Sub-zero cooling synchronizes post-diapause development of codling moth, Cydia pomonella SO CRYO-LETTERS LA English DT Article DE codling moth; diapause; insect rearing; longevity; fecundity; spermatophore transfer AB Sub-zero cooling treatments of-10 degrees C and -15 degrees C for 2-6 days were evaluated as a means of meeting the chilling requirement of diapause and to synchronize post-diapause development in larvae which were held in diapause for less than 6 months. Sub-zero cooling did not affect male longevity. After six months in diapause, diapause/cooled females were longer lived than diapause control females but not longer than non-diapause females. In general, diapause-cooled males passed more spermatophores than males from control diapause and non-diapause groups. In general, sub-zero cooling did not consistently affect fecundity and % egg hatch. Non-diapause females laid the most eggs after six months in diapause, and diapause-cooled females laid the most eggs after seven months in diapause. The duration of sub-zero cooling had a significant effect on post-diapause emergence in relation to the duration that the larvae were in diapause. Sub-zero cooling for 4 days at -10 degrees C significantly reduced the number of days to adult emergence of larvae which had been in diapause for 0-4 months. Sub-zero cooling at -15 degrees C for durations of 2, 4, and 6 days had more variable effects on emergence, but in most cases, sub-zero cooling reduced the amount of time to and span of adult emergence. C1 ARS, USDA, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Neven, LG (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU CRYO LETTERS PI LONDON PA C/O ROYAL VETERINARY COLLEGE, ROYAL COLLEGE ST, LONDON NW1 0TU, ENGLAND SN 0143-2044 J9 CRYO-LETT JI Cryo-Lett. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 21 IS 4 BP 203 EP 214 PG 12 WC Biology; Physiology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Physiology GA 348PK UT WOS:000088993700001 ER PT J AU Rosebrough, RW McMurtry, JP AF Rosebrough, RW McMurtry, JP TI Supplemental triiodothyronine, feeding regimens, and metabolic responses by the broiler chicken SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MALIC ENZYME GENE; LIPID-METABOLISM; GROWTH-HORMONE; IGF-I; PLASMA-CONCENTRATIONS; INVITRO LIPOGENESIS; PROTEIN RELATIONS; BODY-COMPOSITION; THYROID-HORMONE; INSULIN AB There are conflicting results concerning the role of the thyroid hormones in lipid metabolism. The experiments in this report were designed to examine the role of T-3 in modifying responses obtained by shifting birds from moderate to low protein diets. Birds were grown from 7 to 28 d on a diet containing 18% protein. At this time, birds were switched to a diet containing 12% protein +/- T-3. The switch was accomplished either immediately or after a 24 hr fast. Measurements taken included in vitro lipogenesis (IVL), hepatic enzyme activities and plasma metabolites and thyroid hormones. Simply switching to birds to the low protein diet increased IVL, but rates were similar for three days following the switch. Feeding T-3 in this same regimen resulted in lower, but again, constant rates of IVL. In contrast, although switching protein levels after a 24 hr fast increased IVL, the rate after two days of refeeding was nearly double that following one day. This accentuated response was somewhat attenuated by including T-3 in the diet. Neither fasting nor refeeding altered plasma T-3 relative to ad libitum values. Supplemental dietary T-3 increased plasma T-3 and results were not affected by feeding regimens. Plasma T-4 was greatest in birds fasted for 24 hr and least in birds fed T-3, suggesting that feeding regimens may regulate the conversion of T-4 to T-3. It is suggested from this study that some of the effects of alterations in dietary feeding regimens can be modulated by T-3. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, Growth Biol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, USDA,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Rosebrough, RW (reprint author), ARS, Growth Biol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, USDA,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 32 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 BP 15 EP 24 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(00)00060-6 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 351GN UT WOS:000089149600002 PM 10962195 ER PT J AU Pearson, PL Smith, TPL Sonstegard, TS Klemcke, HG Christenson, RK Vallet, JL AF Pearson, PL Smith, TPL Sonstegard, TS Klemcke, HG Christenson, RK Vallet, JL TI Porcine erythropoietin receptor: molecular cloning and expression in embryonic and fetal liver SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PRIMARY FAMILIAL POLYCYTHEMIA; PROTEIN SECRETION; MESSENGER-RNAS; INITIAL LENGTH; SWINE; GENE; IDENTIFICATION; PROGENITORS; SEQUENCES; SURVIVAL AB The full coding sequence for porcine erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) was elucidated using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (rtPCR) and 3' and 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) procedures. Total RNA collected from Day 30 fetal liver was used as starting material. A 1843 bp sequence was obtained from which could be inferred a 509 amino acid protein which was 79-85% identical to the amino acid sequence of erythropoietin receptor from other species. Total RNA samples collected from white crossbred intact, white crossbred UHO and Meishan gilts on Days 24, 30 and 40 of gestation were subjected to Northern blotting using porcine EPOR cDNA as probe. Results indicated that (1) a major and two minor forms of mRNA are present, (2) fetal liver mRNA concentrations for EPOR are low on Day 24 of gestation and increase dramatically by Day 30 and (3) mRNA concentrations for EPOR tended to be decreased by intrauterine crowding. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Vallet, JL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 33 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 BP 25 EP 38 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(00)00062-X PG 14 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 351GN UT WOS:000089149600003 PM 10962196 ER PT J AU Carroll, JA Daniel, JA Keisler, DH Matteri, RL AF Carroll, JA Daniel, JA Keisler, DH Matteri, RL TI Postnatal function of the somatotrophic axis in pigs born naturally or by caesarian section SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GROWTH-FACTOR-I; HORMONE-RELEASING-FACTOR; MESSENGER-RNA; ENVIRONMENTAL-TEMPERATURE; ENDOCRINE RESPONSES; PROLACTIN SECRETION; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; GENE-EXPRESSION; LATE-GESTATION; NEONATAL PIGS AB This study was designed to determine what effects the birth process would have on development of the somatotrophic axis in neonatal pigs. Eight crossbred sows were selected (n = 4 natural birth and n = 4 Caesarian section) for the present study. Blood and tissue samples from 38 pigs were collected at birth. Twenty pigs were maintained with natural birth sows until sacrificed for blood and tissue collection at 2 wk of age. Gestational age at birth did not differ (P > 0.16)between natural birth and C-section pigs. Average daily gain (ADG) from birth until 2 wk of age was reduced (P < 0.0001) by 39.3% in the C-section pigs as compared to the natural birth pigs. Serum growth hormone (GH) did not differ (P > 0.86) at birth, but was greater (P < 0.024) at 2 wk in C-section pigs. Serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) was greater at birth (P < 0.0025) and at 2 wk of age (P < 0.035) in the natural birth pigs. Serum concentration of IGF-2 did not differ at birth (P > 0.8) but was greater (P < 0.043) in natural birth pigs at 2 wk of age. Pituitary content of GH mRNA and GH-releasing hormone receptor mRNA did not differ (P > 0.90) between groups regardless of age; however, expression of both mRNAs declined (P < 0.0003) from birth until 2 wk of age. There tended to be a birth type X age interaction (P < 0.082) for liver IGF-1 mRNA such that C-section pigs had a greater expression at 2 wk of age. Liver IGF-1 mRNA expression increased (P < 0.0001) in both groups from birth to 2 wk of age. Liver expression of GH receptor mRNA was greater in C-section pigs at birth (P < 0.04) and 2 wk of age (P < 0.03). These data provide evidence that the natural birth process affects postnatal development and/or function of the somatotrophic axis in the neonatal pig. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Missouri, Anim Sci Res Ctr, USDA, Agr Res Serv,Anim Physiol Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Anim Sci Res Ctr, Dept Anim Sci Reprod Physiol, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Carroll, JA (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Anim Sci Res Ctr, USDA, Agr Res Serv,Anim Physiol Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RI Keisler, Duane/C-2746-2011 OI Keisler, Duane/0000-0002-8792-7030 NR 37 TC 9 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 BP 39 EP 52 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(00)00063-1 PG 14 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 351GN UT WOS:000089149600004 PM 10962197 ER PT J AU Lin, J Barb, CR Matteri, RL Kraeling, RR Chen, X Meinersmann, RJ Rampacek, GB AF Lin, J Barb, CR Matteri, RL Kraeling, RR Chen, X Meinersmann, RJ Rampacek, GB TI Long form leptin receptor mRNA expression in the brain, pituitary, and other tissues in the pig SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; NORMAL FEMALE MICE; MESSENGER-RNA; SPLICE VARIANT; RAT HYPOTHALAMUS; GROWTH-FACTOR; DB/DB MICE; SECRETION; CELLS; IDENTIFICATION AB Much effort has focused recently on understanding the role of leptin, the obese gene product secreted by adipocytes, in regulating growth and reproduction in rodents, humans and domestic animals. We previously demonstrated that leptin inhibited feed intake and stimulated growth hormone (GH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in the pig. This study was conducted to determine the location of long form leptin receptor (Ob-R1) mRNA in various tissues of the pig. The leptin receptor has several splice variants in the human and mouse, but Ob-R1 is the major form capable of signal transduction. The Ob-R1 is expressed primarily in the hypothalamus of the human and rodents, but has been located in other tissues as well. In the present study, a partial porcine Ob-R1 cDNA, cloned in our laboratory and specific to the intracellular domain, was used to evaluate the Ob-R1 mRNA expression by RT-PCR in the brain and other tissues in three 105 d-old prepuberal gilts and in a 50 d-old fetus. In 105 d-old gilts, Ob-R1 mRNA was expressed in the hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, amygdala, thalamus, cerebellum, area postrema and anterior pituitary. In addition, Ob-R1 mRNA was expressed in ovary, uterine body, liver, kidney, pancreas, adrenal gland, heart, spleen, lung, intestine, bone marrow, muscle and adipose tissue. However, expression was absent in the thyroid, thymus, superior vena cava, aorta, spinal cord, uterine horn and oviduct. In the 50 d-old fetus, Ob-R1 mRNA was expressed in brain, intestine, muscle, fat, heart, liver and umbilical cord. These results support the idea that leptin might play a role in regulating numerous physiological functions. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. ARS, USDA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. ARS, USDA, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Rampacek, GB (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 41 TC 123 Z9 146 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 BP 53 EP 61 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(00)00064-3 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 351GN UT WOS:000089149600005 PM 10962198 ER PT J AU Ferreyra, RA Pachepsky, LB Collino, D Acock, B AF Ferreyra, RA Pachepsky, LB Collino, D Acock, B TI Modeling peanut leaf gas exchange for the calibration of crop models for different cultivars SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE Arachis hypogaea L.; leaf anatomy; image analysis; leaf gas exchange; two-dimensional model; diffusion; crop modeling ID WATER AVAILABILITY; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; GROUNDNUT; LEAVES; VALIDATION; PNUTGRO; CANOPY AB The leaf anatomy of two peanut cultivars, Florman INTA (Virginia type) and Manfredi 393 INTA (intermediate Virginia-Spanish type) was studied using digital images of abaxial/adaxial leaf surfaces and leaf cross-sections. Thirteen cross-section characteristics and five surface parameters were measured using image quantification software. Both cultivars had the same general anatomical structure described for other cultivars in earlier publications. Some characteristics, such as the length and width of stomata, or the area of epidermal cells or guard cell pairs, were not significantly different for the two cultivars; other characteristics, such as stomatal density, leaf thickness, relative volume of water storage cells, cell sizes, and number of mesophyll cells per unit leaf surface, varied significantly between them. Leaf gas exchange was simulated with the 2DLEAF model for both cultivars using schematizations derived from the observed leaf anatomy. Simulated photosynthesis rates of Florman leaves were higher than those of Manfredi 393 at all the studied combinations of light and temperature. The maximum difference, about 15%, was observed at the highest light intensity, 2000 mu mol (photons) m(-2) s(-1) and at the optimal temperature of 35 degrees C. Simulated transpiration rates were higher for Manfredi 393 leaves than for Florman at all stomatal apertures and temperature values. The maximum difference, approximately 50%, occurred at 5 degrees C and at the maximal stomatal aperture, 10 mu m. For both cultivars, the simulated optimal temperature for photosynthesis varied with light intensity, from 20 degrees C at 400 mu mol (photons) m(-2) s(-1) to 35 degrees C at 2000 mu mol (photons) m(-2) s(-1). The simulated results agree with observed crop growth and water consumption data from experimental plots in Cordoba, Argentina in the peanut growing season of 1997-1998. This suggests that two-dimensional leaf gas exchange modeling may be a valuable tool to help understand differences in biomass production and yield between different cultivars, and could be used for other applications such as the fine-tuning of a crop model to the individual responses of different cultivars to environmental conditions. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, RSML, USDA, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Duke Univ Phytotron, Durham, NC 27708 USA. IFFIVE INTA, Cordoba, Argentina. RP Pachepsky, LB (reprint author), ARS, RSML, USDA, BARC W, Bldg 007,Rm 008,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 37 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD JUL 1 PY 2000 VL 131 IS 2-3 BP 285 EP 298 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(00)00252-0 PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 342UT UT WOS:000088664100012 ER PT J AU Lombardero, MJ Ayres, MP Lorio, PL Ruel, JJ AF Lombardero, MJ Ayres, MP Lorio, PL Ruel, JJ TI Environmental effects on constitutive and inducible resin defences of Pinus taeda SO ECOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE pine; Pinus taeda; plant defence; induced defence; bark beetles; Scolytidae; environmental effects; growth-differentiation balance ID GROWTH-DIFFERENTIATION BALANCE; BARK BEETLE ATTACK; LOBLOLLY-PINE; FLOW; PLANTS; AVAILABILITY; RESISTANCE; CONIFERS; FUNGUS; SUSCEPTIBILITY AB The ecological literature abounds with studies of environmental effects on plant antiherbivore defences. While various models have been proposed (e.g. plant stress, optimal allocation, growth-differentiation balance), each has met with mixed support. One possible explanation for the mixed results is that constitutive and induced defences are differentially affected by environmental conditions. In this study, constitutive oleoresin flow from Pinus tadea was least during periods of rapid tree growth and most when drought conditions limited growth; this is as expected if constitutive secondary metabolism is a function of the carbohydrate pool size after growth has been maximised. Induced increases in resin flow, however, were greatest in the fastest growing trees during the season of greatest growth. Apparently, resin production becomes an allocation priority after wounding but not before. Understanding environmental effects on plant antiherbivore defences requires physiological and evolutionary models that account for the differences between constitutive and induced secondary metabolism. C1 Dartmouth Coll, Dept Biol Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. USDA Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. No Arizona Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RP Lombardero, MJ (reprint author), Univ Santiago, Dept Prod Vegetal, Escuela Polotecn Super, Campus Lugo, Lugo 27002, Spain. RI Lombardero, Maria/H-1629-2015 OI Lombardero, Maria/0000-0002-3245-896X NR 52 TC 104 Z9 109 U1 6 U2 48 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1461-023X J9 ECOL LETT JI Ecol. Lett. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 3 IS 4 BP 329 EP 339 DI 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2000.00163.x PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 343HW UT WOS:000088697800011 ER PT J AU Banuelos, GS Mayland, HF AF Banuelos, GS Mayland, HF TI Absorption and distribution of selenium in animals consuming canola grown for selenium phytoremediation SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Article DE canola; selenium; phytoremediation; lambs; cows ID KESTERSON RESERVOIR; AMINO-ACIDS; ACCUMULATION; SOIL; CHROMATOGRAPHY; PERFORMANCE; DIGESTION; PLANTS; SHEEP AB Canola (Brassica napus) grown as a selected plant species for field phytoremediation of selenium (Se) may be harvested and utilized as Se-enriched forage for marginally Se-deficient lambs and cows. Two field studies were conducted under controlled conditions to evaluate the accumulation of Se into different animal tissues, including blood, excreta, and milk. In Study 1, treatments consisted of feeding lambs freshly cut Se-enriched canola (containing approximate to 4 mg Se kg(-1) DM) or control canola (containing <0.1 mg Se kg(-1) DM), respectively, for 64 days. In Study 2, treatments consisted of feeding cows dried Se-enriched canola (containing approximate to 3.5 mg Se kg(-1) DM) as part of their daily ration for 20 days. In Study 1 at postmortem, Se concentrations,were significantly greater in all tested tissues and in excreta from lambs fed Se-enriched canola, In Study 2, Se values were slightly higher in blood and excreta, but not significantly higher in milk from cows sampled throughout the study. Significant differences in total live animal weight were not observed between treatments in either study. Based on these results, canola plants (not including seeds) used for field phytoremediation of Se may be harvested and safely fed to lambs and cows to help meet normal Se intake requirements. C1 USDA ARS, Water Management Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. USDA ARS, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Banuelos, GS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Water Management Res Lab, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 36 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0147-6513 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 46 IS 3 BP 322 EP 328 DI 10.1006/eesa.1999.1909 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 346DM UT WOS:000088855600011 PM 10903829 ER PT J AU Ellis, KJ Scheimann, A Lee, PDK AF Ellis, KJ Scheimann, A Lee, PDK TI Body composition measurements: Clinical and technical considerations SO ENDOCRINOLOGIST LA English DT Article AB Standard weight-for-age and height-for-age charts have been used for many years to assess growth and body compositions of children, including curves specific to the Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). However, a number of direct measures of body compositions have been developed in recent years. Dural-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) provides a measure of bone mineral content and bone mineral density for the whole body and at specific bone regions (spine, hip, forearm). This technology now has been extended to include assessment of the body's lean tissue mass and body fat mass. An alternate technique, called bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), has gained wide use in recent years as an indirect measure of the fat-free mass. The older, underwater weighing method is giving way to the air-displacement plethysmographic technique for assessing body fatness. Total body potassium still remains the method of choice for a direct assessment of body cell mass, and body nitrogen is recognized as the best assay for body protein mass. Imaging techniques, such asa computer tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, continue to receive increasing attention for body composition assays, especially for the subcutaneous vs. visceral distribution of body fat. Although total body water and extracellular water can be measured by dilution techniques, these methods are slowly being replaced by the BIA assay. When these various techniques are used in combination, the patient's nutritional status can be obtained based on a comprehensive 5-level multicompartment model of the body composition. Each of these methods will be reviewed, and their specific strengths and limitations presented, relative to their application for assessing changes in body composition of the PWS patient. C1 Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Childrens Hosp Orange Cty, Div Endocrinol & Metab, Orange, CA 92668 USA. RP Ellis, KJ (reprint author), Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Rm 6066,1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1051-2144 J9 ENDOCRINOLOGIST JI Endocrinologist PD JUL PY 2000 VL 10 IS 4 SU 1 BP 57S EP 62S DI 10.1097/00019616-200010041-00012 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 342XV UT WOS:000088672200012 ER PT J AU Wu, ZX Cohen, AC Nordlund, DA AF Wu, ZX Cohen, AC Nordlund, DA TI The feeding behavior of Trichogramma brassicae: new evidence for selective ingestion of solid food SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE Hymenoptera; Trichogrammatidae; extra-oral digestion; parasitoids; entomophagous insects ID AUSTRALICUM GIRAULT HYMENOPTERA; INSECT COMPONENTS; ARTIFICIAL MEDIA; IN-VITRO; INVITRO AB A descriptive study of the feeding behavior and structures of Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was conducted. Based on direct observational and biochemical evidence, larvae feed predominantly on particulate materials, starting ca. 25 h post-oviposition. Feeding lasted for ca. 9 h, at 25 +/- 1 degrees C. During this feeding period the shape of the larvae changed from vermiform to pyriform and then to sacciform, resulting in a ca. 40-fold increase in body size. Larvae used elaborate feeding behaviors as they pulled solid food particles to their oral opening, broke small particles from larger ones, and took the particles into the stomodaeum, which is a powerful pump. In the stomodaeum, peristaltic movement further macerated the particles, which eventually passed through the cardiac valve into the midgut. As indicated by changes in fluorescently labeled casein, digestive enzymes aid in the extra-oral chemical digestion of food. The contents of the gut, during and shortly after feeding, were almost entirely closely packed solid particles. The behavioral activity of feeding larvae centered almost exclusively on processing and ingesting solid food particles. The rapid larval growth is much more plausibly explained by their feeding on the highly concentrated nutrients found in solid foods, rather than the extensive concentration required if dilute liquids were the principal source of nutrients. The implications of these findings for the development of practical artificial diets are discussed. C1 ARS, USDA, REE, MSA,Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Nordlund, DA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, REE, MSA,Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 17 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 16 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 96 IS 1 BP 1 EP 8 DI 10.1046/j.1570-7458.2000.00673.x PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 327TA UT WOS:000087808200001 ER PT J AU Mercer, E Aruna, PB AF Mercer, E Aruna, PB TI Assessing the impacts of forests on human welfare: Preliminary results from the mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Symposium on the Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment Program (MAIA) CY NOV 30-DEC 02, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MARYLAND AB This paper presents results from the first phase of the socio-economic assessment of forest ecosystems in the Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment (MAIA). First, we present results of the analysis of changes in the distribution of human population and forest land use in the region. Then, trends in wood products employment and income between 1975-95 are used to examine the economic contributions of forest-based industries in the Mid-Atlantic region. Between 1970-90 the population of the MAIA region increased by 14% (4.3 million people) resulting in the average population density increasing by 25 people per square mile from 179 to 204 people per square mile. Nevertheless, population density was lower in large parts of the region in 1990 than in 1950. Although forests dominate the MAIA landscape, the trend is toward more people owning smaller forest land holdings, with developed lands increasing by 21% and rural lands decreasing by 2.64% between 1982-94. All of this suggests increasing forest fragmentation in all states of the region except New York, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. Forest industry has been an important contributor to the economy of the MAIA region, producing an average of a quarter million jobs (2.03% of all wage employment) and generating $4.5 billion in wages and salaries each year between 1975-95. If recent trends continue, forest industry will continue to be an important source of employment and income for parts of some states in the MAIA region; however, the forest industry's importance relative to the entire mid-Atlantic economy will likely continue to decline in the 21(st) century. C1 US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Mercer, E (reprint author), US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, 3041 Cornwallis Rd, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 2 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 63 IS 1 BP 43 EP 63 DI 10.1023/A:1006453217170 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 323YE UT WOS:000087591900004 ER PT J AU Roulston, TH Buchmann, SL AF Roulston, TH Buchmann, SL TI A phylogenetic reconsideration of the pollen starch-pollination correlation SO EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE phylogeny; pollen; pollination; pollination syndrome; starch ID APIS-MELLIFERA L; CARBOHYDRATE RESERVES; MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY; CHARACTER EVOLUTION; CLADISTIC-ANALYSIS; GENE-SEQUENCES; DNA; RBCL; MALVACEAE; BEE AB Mature pollen possesses or lacks starch grains. Many wind-pollinated and self-pollinated species possess starch grains. This apparent association has led some researchers to hypothesize that starchiness of pollen is functionally related to pollen consumption by pollinators. This hypothesis assumes that starchy pollens contain less oil than starchless pollens, and predicts that pollen-consuming insects will be deterred by starchy pollens because of an inability to digest starch or attraction to more oily pollens due to a greater caloric reward. We assembled a database of 207 plant species for which starchiness of pollen and pollination mode are known. We organized these species into a phylogeny based on published cladograms and tested three hypotheses concerning the concordance of pollen starch and pollination mode. We found that starchiness of pollen arose at least 19 times among the 207 species. Using the concentrated changes test, we found that starchiness of pollen did not arise unusually often in wind-pollinated lineages. We found that shifts to starchy pollen did not result in an unusual number of shifts away from bee, fly or beetle pollination. Furthermore, shifts to starchy pollen did not result in an unusual number of shifts away from pollen consumption. There is little evidence to show a general trend of starch avoidance by pollen-consuming insects. Of the three plant species containing the greatest concentration of pollen starch, among the 89 species for which starch has been quantified, corn (Zea mays) and English plantain (Plantago lanceolata) are readily collected by bees, and cattail (Typha latifolia) is commonly used in the artificial rearing of bees. Recent evidence suggests that pollen starch may relate to resistance to desiccation. C1 Auburn Univ, Dept Entomol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. USDA, ARS, Hayden Honey Bee Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Roulston, TH (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Entomol, Box 7613, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 65 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 4 U2 13 PU EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY LTD PI TUCSON PA UNIV ARIZONA, 321 BIOSCIENCES WEST, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA SN 1522-0613 J9 EVOL ECOL RES JI Evol. Ecol. Res. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 2 IS 5 BP 627 EP 643 PG 17 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 328MF UT WOS:000087854100005 ER PT J AU Benech-Arnold, RL Sanchez, RA Forcella, F Kruk, BC Ghersa, CM AF Benech-Arnold, RL Sanchez, RA Forcella, F Kruk, BC Ghersa, CM TI Environmental control of dormancy in weed seed banks in soil SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE dormancy; seed banks; weed seeds ID PLANT-DERIVED SMOKE; DATURA-FEROX SEEDS; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; SECONDARY DORMANCY; GERMINATION RESPONSES; LIGHT ENVIRONMENT; FLUCTUATING TEMPERATURES; ALTERNATING TEMPERATURES; SISYMBRIUM-OFFICINALE; UNDISTURBED SOIL AB Dormancy is a common attribute of many weed seed populations and this usually hampers the task of predicting timing and extent of emergence of weeds. Both the number of established plants and the timing of emergence of a weed are strongly related to the dynamics of dormancy release of the seed population. In this paper, we discuss the different factors that affect dormancy in weed seed banks in soil, aiming to set a conceptual basis that will facilitate the construction of predictive models. From the long list of factors that are known to control dormancy under held conditions, we distinguish those that modify the dormancy level of the population (i.e. soil temperature and soil hydric conditions) from those that terminate dormancy or in other words, remove the ultimate constraints for seed germination once the degree of dormancy is Sufficiently low (i.e, light, fluctuating temperatures, nitrate concentration). We also discuss the effect of agricultural practices on dormancy of weed seed populations, making reference to studies that have evinced clearly the factor(s) involved in determining a particular pattern of response. Overall, we stress the importance of clarifying, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the interaction between soil thermal and hydric conditions in the modification of the degree of dormancy of seed populations, Similarly, it is essential that we understand the extent to which such changes in dormancy comprise changes in sensitivity to factors that terminate dormancy. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Agron, Dept Ecol, IFEVA, RA-1417 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Agron, Dept Crop Prod, RA-1417 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. RP Benech-Arnold, RL (reprint author), Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Agron, Dept Ecol, IFEVA, Av San Martin 4453, RA-1417 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. NR 148 TC 221 Z9 241 U1 9 U2 74 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD JUL 1 PY 2000 VL 67 IS 2 BP 105 EP 122 DI 10.1016/S0378-4290(00)00087-3 PG 18 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 326PL UT WOS:000087743900003 ER PT J AU Forcella, F Arnold, RLB Sanchez, R Ghersa, CM AF Forcella, F Arnold, RLB Sanchez, R Ghersa, CM TI Modeling seedling emergence SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE dormancy; germination; microclimate; seeds; thermal time ID LAMBSQUARTERS CHENOPODIUM-ALBUM; BROMUS-TECTORUM L; CONSTANT TEMPERATURES; LIGHT ENVIRONMENT; WEEDY ADAPTATION; PEARL-MILLET; GERMINATION; SOIL; TILLAGE; WATER AB Most common approaches to predicting or documenting seedling emergence are imprecise. Mechanistic models that simulate seed dormancy and germination and seedling elongation as functions of measured or estimated environmental variables seem to be the most promising approach to the problem, but they also are the most difficult models to develop. These models will need to integrate soil water potential and soil temperature (hydrothermal time), diurnal soil temperature fluctuations, oxygen deficiency, light quality, and seed burial depth to better describe the direct and interactive effects on and among seed dormancy alleviation and induction, seed germination, and seedling elongation In the meantime, creation and use of simpler empirical models, which also employ microclimate and soil factors for predictions, may provide sufficiently accurate predictions of seedling emergence until better mechanistic models are developed. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Agron, RA-1417 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. RP Forcella, F (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. EM forcella@morris.ars.usda.gov NR 60 TC 229 Z9 242 U1 6 U2 48 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD JUL 1 PY 2000 VL 67 IS 2 BP 123 EP 139 DI 10.1016/S0378-4290(00)00088-5 PG 17 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 326PL UT WOS:000087743900004 ER PT J AU Evans, DL Taylor, SL Leary, JH Bishop, GR Eldar, A Jaso-Friedmann, L AF Evans, DL Taylor, SL Leary, JH Bishop, GR Eldar, A Jaso-Friedmann, L TI In vivo activation of tilapia nonspecific cytotoxic cells by Streptococcus iniae and amplification with apoptosis regulatory factor(s) SO FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE tilapia; S. iniae; programmed cell death; apoptosis; FasL; soluble FasL (sFasL); FasR; nonspecific cytotoxic cells; cytotoxicity; innate immunity ID NATURAL-KILLER-CELLS; MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY; PROTOZOAN PARASITE; FAS LIGAND; ANTIGEN; EXPRESSION; PEPTIDE; LINE AB An important component of immediate innate responses of tilapia to stress is the release within minutes of soluble cytokine-like substances into the peripheral circulation. These cytokine-like stress factors bind nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCC) and produce 3-4-fold increased cytotoxicity. In the present study, the in vivo responses of tilapia NCC following injection with different isolates of intact killed Streptococcus iniae was investigated. Activated cytotoxicity of NCC in the peripheral blood (PB) was produced by increased specific activity of resident cells rather than increased numbers. Tilapia injected intravenously (i.v.) with killed S. iniae produced different cytotoxicity responses compared to fish injected intraperitoneally (i.p.). In the spleen (S) and anterior kidney (AK), there was no correlation between S. iniae isolate and cytotoxicity response at 4, 8 or 24 h following i.p. injection. The NCC response following i.v. injection of killed bacteria was different. Within minutes following i.v. injection, NCC cytotoxicity from the PB increased 100% compared to naive controls. The existence of subsets of differentiated NCC in the PB was suggested because i.v, injection had no amplification effects on NCC from the AK or S. Likewise, NCC from the PB only appeared to exhibit a degree of antigen specificity. S. iniae strain #173 produced activation of cytotoxicity compared to isolates #164 and ATCC. Evidence for soluble factor (cytokine?) involvement in increased cytotoxicity was obtained by passive activation of NCC with serum from #173 (i.v.) injected fish. Incubation of this serum with control (naive) NCC produced large increases in the cytotoxicity of labelled HL-60 target cells. Similarly obtained serum from fish injected with ATCC and #164 isolates had no amplification activity. Studies were also performed to study the mechanism(s) of passive activation. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that NCC from the S, AK and PB constitutively expressed cytosolic (not membrane) Fast. Stress serum treated NCC obtained from the peripheral blood produced an increase in the expression of Fast, CAS and FADD by Western blot examination. These data indicated that cytokine like factors in the serum of stressed tilapia activate increased NCC cytotoxicity (possibly) by stimulating the expression of proteins involved in activation of programmed cell death. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Med Microbiol & Parasitol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Fish Dis & Parasites Res Lab Extens, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Kimron Vet Inst, Fish Dis Lab, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. RP Evans, DL (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Med Microbiol & Parasitol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 17 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1050-4648 J9 FISH SHELLFISH IMMUN JI Fish Shellfish Immunol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 10 IS 5 BP 419 EP 434 DI 10.1006/fsim.1999.0250 PG 16 WC Fisheries; Immunology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Immunology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 336FZ UT WOS:000088292400003 PM 10994587 ER EF