FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Saenz, D Conner, RN Collins, CS Rudolph, DC AF Saenz, D Conner, RN Collins, CS Rudolph, DC TI Initial and long-term use of inserts by red-cockaded woodpeckers SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE active cavity; artificial cavity; cavity tree; insert cavity; Picoides borealis; red-cockaded woodpecker ID CAVITY TREES; SELECTION; MORTALITY; PINES; AGE AB Artificial cavities have become a standard management technique for red-cockaded woodpeckers (Picoides borealis). Seventy cavity inserts were installed in our study sites on the Angelina National Forest in eastern Texas from 1990 to 1995. Eighty-two percent of the inserts were used for at least one year. It is still too early to make a direct comparison, but it is likely that inserts will remain usable as long as natural cavities do. Inserts installed in 1990 and 1991 were 20.5 cm in height, whereas inserts installed from 1992 to 1995 were 25.5 cm in height. Larger inserts (25.5 cm) appear to remain usable for a longer time than smaller inserts (20.5 cm). Newer unused inserts are more likely to become active for the first time than older unused inserts. Similar to unused inserts, active cavities (naturally excavated and inserts) that have become inactive are less likely to be reactivated the longer they are inactive. Newness and recency of cavity use and red-cockaded woodpecker activity appear to be important factors in the attractiveness of inserts and naturally excavated cavities. C1 US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Wildlife Habitat & Silviculture Lab, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. RP Saenz, D (reprint author), US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Wildlife Habitat & Silviculture Lab, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 2001 VL 29 IS 1 BP 165 EP 170 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 423MK UT WOS:000168179900022 ER PT J AU Knowlton, FF Whittemore, SL AF Knowlton, FF Whittemore, SL TI Pulp cavity-tooth width ratios from known-age and wild-caught coyotes determined by radiography SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE age determination; Canis latrans; coyote; known age; pulp cavity; radiography ID MARTENS; FISHER; SEX AB Although the relative sizes of pulp cavities in teeth are used frequently to identify Various age classes of carnivores, validation of the technique has received little attention. We measured the pulp cavities and tooth widths based on radiographs of canine and premolar teeth from a large sample of known-age, pen-reared coyotes (Canis latrans) and from samples of wild-caught coyotes of unknown age. The ratio of pulp cavity to tooth width decreased rapidly through the first year of life, Although canine tooth ratios of juvenile, yearling, and adult coyotes differed, variations within yearling and adult groups precluded accurate assignment of individual coyotes to other than juvenile and mature age categories. A value of 0.45 in this ratio appeared to reasonably delineate the 2 groups among wild coyotes from northern Utah between November and February. Pulp cavity-tooth width ratios of upper canines and premolars were larger than ratios from lower canines and premolars from the same coyotes. Females had slightly smaller tooth ratios than males of the same age. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA, Anim Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv,Natl Wildllife Res Ctr, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Knowlton, FF (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA, Anim Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv,Natl Wildllife Res Ctr, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 19 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 2001 VL 29 IS 1 BP 239 EP 244 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 423MK UT WOS:000168179900031 ER PT J AU Homan, HJ Linz, G Peer, BD AF Homan, HJ Linz, G Peer, BD TI Dogs increase recovery of passerine carcasses in dense vegetation SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE avian mortality; carcass searching; dogs; passerine; searching efficiency ID BIRDS; DISAPPEARANCE; MORTALITY AB Wildlife managers use carcass searches to assess mortality resulting from biological (e.g., diseases) and physical (e.g., structure collisions) sources. Carcass searches may occur over large areas and need to be completed rapidly because of scavenging and decomposition. However, small carcasses are often missed when dense vegetation is searched. We placed carcasses of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) in dense cover of residual and newly grown vegetation and compared searching efficiency of humans and canines. Dogs received no special training in searching for passerine carcasses. In 36 trials conducted in 5 X 40-m plots? human searchers found 45% (SD = 19) of the carcasses compared to 92% (SD=13) for dogs (P=0.005). The ratio of recovered to missed carcasses was approximately 12:1 for dogs and 1:1 for humans. The improvement in searching efficiency using dogs was similar (P=0.58) between residual cover (searched in April) and new growth cover (searched in August). A greater rate of searching efficiency is obtained per unit of time by using dogs. Greater efficiency improves quantitative and qualitative assessments of avian mortality in the field. C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Great Plains Field Stn, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Zool, Great Plains Field Stn, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. RP Homan, HJ (reprint author), USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Great Plains Field Stn, 2110 Miriam Circle,Suite B, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. NR 20 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 13 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 2001 VL 29 IS 1 BP 292 EP 296 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 423MK UT WOS:000168179900039 ER PT J AU Wagner, KK Nolte, DL AF Wagner, KK Nolte, DL TI Comparison of active ingredients and delivery systems in deer repellents SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE animal damage; black-tailed deer; Odocoileus hemionus; repellents; Washington ID BEAVER APLODONTIA-RUFA; WHITE-TAILED DEER; MULE DEER; SEEDLINGS; WILDLIFE; LOSSES; DAMAGE; ELK AB In some situations chemical repellents are a socially appealing nonlethal alternative to reduce deer (Odocoileus spp.) damage to plants. New products are continually becoming available, but their ability to repel deer is very variable. We tested 20 repellents rep resenting 4 modes of action (fear, pain, taste, and aversive conditioning) and 2 delivery systems (topical applications and area repellents [scent packets]) to evaluate current products and identify trends that could be used to predict efficacy of future products. During fall 1998, Lye placed treated western red cedar (Thuja plicata) seedlings in pastures with black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and recorded number of bites taken from each seedling at weekly intervals for 18 weeks. Four of the 5 most effective repellents used fear as a mode of action. We tested the 5 most effective repellents again in spring 1999 when trees were growing actively and were more palatable to deer. Only Plantskydd (TM) and Deer Away Big Game Repellent (R) powder reduced damage. However, unlike the winter study, the Deerbuster's (TM) and Bye Deer (R) sachets were hung on stakes at half the height of the seedlings instead of near the terminal buds. When an additional study was conducted with the sachets mounted near the terminal buds so that repellent could drip from bags onto the plants as in the winter study, Deerbuster's sachets and Bye Deer sachets reduced deer foraging. In general, products using fear as a mode of action were more effective than products using other modes of action and topical repellents were more effective than area repellents. C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr,Olympia Field Stn, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. RP Wagner, KK (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr,Olympia Field Stn, 9730 Lathrop Ind Dr SW,Suite B, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. NR 28 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 11 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 2001 VL 29 IS 1 BP 322 EP 330 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 423MK UT WOS:000168179900044 ER PT J AU King, DI DeGraaf, RM Champlin, PJ Champlin, TB AF King, DI DeGraaf, RM Champlin, PJ Champlin, TB TI A new method for wireless video monitoring of bird nests SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE birds; nesting; nest predation; video monitoring; wildlife ID ARTIFICIAL NEST; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; FOREST FRAGMENTATION; MIGRATORY BIRDS; QUAIL EGGS; PREDATION; RATES; IDENTIFICATION; PHOTOGRAPHY; REMAINS AB Video monitoring of active bird nests is gaining popularity among researchers because it eliminates many of the biases associated with reliance on incidental observations of predation events or use of artificial nests, but the expense of video systems may be prohibitive. Also, the range and efficiency of current video monitoring systems may be limited by the need to deploy video transmission cables, thereby increasing human disturbance and possibly affecting the behavior of nest predators. We describe a wireless video nest monitoring system that is much cheaper than currently available systems, can transmit up to 200 m in forest and 600 m in open habitats, and may reduce the influence of human disturbance on nest predator behavior. C1 Univ Massachusetts, US Forest Serv, Serv Northeastern Res Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. US Forest Serv Bartlett Environm Forest, Bartlett, NH 03812 USA. RP King, DI (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, US Forest Serv, Serv Northeastern Res Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 28 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 2001 VL 29 IS 1 BP 349 EP 353 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 423MK UT WOS:000168179900047 ER PT J AU Hess, CA Kelly, PP Costa, R Carter, JH AF Hess, CA Kelly, PP Costa, R Carter, JH TI Reconsideration of Richardson et al.'s red-cockaded woodpecker nestling removal technique SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE banding; capture techniques; injury; nestling removal; red-cockaded woodpecker C1 US Forest Serv, Apalachicola Natl Forest, Bristol, FL 32321 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Panama City, FL 32404 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Dept Forest & Resources, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Sandhills Ecol Inst, So Pines, NC 28388 USA. RP Hess, CA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Apalachicola Natl Forest, POB 579, Bristol, FL 32321 USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 2001 VL 29 IS 1 BP 372 EP 374 PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 423MK UT WOS:000168179900050 ER PT J AU Long, LL Ralph, CJ AF Long, LL Ralph, CJ TI Dynamics of habitat use by shorebirds in estuarine and agricultural habitats in northwestern California SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; WATER BIRDS; DISTRIBUTIONS; SELECTION; ABUNDANCE; FIELDS; BAY AB We examined shorebird use of mudflats, marsh islands, and nearby agricultural fields near Humboldt Bay in northwestern California between September 1988 and April 1989. Most species used fields for both foraging and roosting, including some species usually considered to be mudflat specialists. After seasonal rains began in late fall, Dunlins (Calidris alpina), Least Sandpipers (Calidris minutilla), Long-billed Curlews (Numenius americanus), and Marbled Godwits (Limosa fedoa) became opportunists and used fields at intermediate and high tides when mudflats were inundated. Black-bellied Plovers (Pluvialis squatarola) and Greater Yellowlegs (Tringa melanoleuca) were seasonal generalists during the two wettest seasons, using fields at all tides and mudflats at low and intermediate tides. Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) were mudflat specialists, and Willets (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus) were salt marsh opportunists that mainly used mudflats, but shifted to salt marsh at high tide. Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) and Common Snipe (Gallinago gallinago) were field specialists and did not use the other two habitats in significant densities during any season. The presence of short vegetation and the presence or absence of standing water were the two most important characteristics influencing increased use of fields by all species. C1 Humboldt State Univ, Dept Wildlife, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. US Forest Serv, Redwood Sci Lab, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Long, LL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Redwood Sci Lab, 1700 Bayview Dr, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. NR 44 TC 17 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 12 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 113 IS 1 BP 41 EP 52 DI 10.1676/0043-5643(2001)113[0041:DOHUBS]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 455NC UT WOS:000170032100006 ER PT J AU Peer, BD Homan, HJ Sealy, SG AF Peer, BD Homan, HJ Sealy, SG TI Infrequent Cowbird parasitism on Common Grackles revisited: New records from the northern Great Plains SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD; HOSTS AB We report nine new records of Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) parasitism on the Common Grackle (Quiscalus quiscula): six from Benson County, North Dakota, and three from Delta Marsh, Manitoba. These observations represent 30% of the total number of records of parasitism on this host. Parasitism frequencies were 0.8% of 727 nests in North Dakota, and 4.0% of 75 nests in Manitoba. The data from Manitoba, combined with previous data from this location (Neudorf and Sealy 1994), yields a parasitism frequency of 3.4% of 119 nests examined. These parasitism frequencies are the highest recorded for the Common Grackle. C1 Lawrence Univ, Dept Biol, Appleton, WI 54912 USA. USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Great Plains Field Stn, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. Univ Manitoba, Dept Zool, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. RP Peer, BD (reprint author), Lawrence Univ, Dept Biol, Appleton, WI 54912 USA. EM brian.d.peer@lawrence.edu NR 23 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 113 IS 1 BP 90 EP 93 DI 10.1676/0043-5643(2001)113[0090:ICPOCG]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 455NC UT WOS:000170032100012 ER PT J AU Conner, RN McCormick, JR Schaefer, RR Saenz, D Rudolph, DC AF Conner, RN McCormick, JR Schaefer, RR Saenz, D Rudolph, DC TI A Red-cockaded woodpecker group with two simultaneous nest trees SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID CAROLINA AB During a study of Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis) nesting in eastern Texas, we discovered a single breeding pair of woodpeckers with two simultaneous nests in nest trees that were 24 m apart. Incubation of eggs in each nest tree was at least 13 d and may have been as long as 16 d. The breeding male incubated and fed a nestling in one nest tree and the breeding female incubated and fed a nestling in the other nest tree until the nestlings were greater than or equal to 24 d old. Prior to fledging, both the breeding male and female were observed feeding both nestlings in both nest trees. The pair successfully hedged the two nestlings, a single fledging from each nest tree, during one nesting cycle. After the nestlings were fledged, both the male and female woodpeckers were observed feeding both fledglings about 350 m from the pair of nest trees. Our observations indicate that there are exceptions to the current theory that the contribution by the breeding male and female to incubation and feeding of nestlings is essential and that neither the male nor the female can normally rear young birds without the contribution of the other. C1 Stephen F Austin State Univ, USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn,Wildlife Habitat & Silviculture Lab, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. Stephen F Austin State Univ, USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn,Coll Forestry, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. Stephen F Austin State Univ, Dept Biol, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. RP Conner, RN (reprint author), Stephen F Austin State Univ, USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn,Wildlife Habitat & Silviculture Lab, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 113 IS 1 BP 101 EP 104 DI 10.1676/0043-5643(2001)113[0101:ARCWGW]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 455NC UT WOS:000170032100014 ER PT J AU Yamaguchi, H Nagaoka, K Imakawa, K Sakai, S Christenson, RK AF Yamaguchi, H Nagaoka, K Imakawa, K Sakai, S Christenson, RK TI Enhancer regions of ovine interferon-tau gene that confer PMA response or cell type specific transcription SO MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE IFN tau; transcription; JEG3; HeLa; trophoblast ID PREGNANCY RECOGNITION HORMONE; TROPHOBLAST PROTEIN-1; EXPRESSION; SHEEP; CONCEPTUS; FAMILY; CHORIOCARCINOMA; TROPHECTODERM; BLASTOCYSTS; ELEMENTS AB Interferon-tau (IFN tau). produced by the trophectoderm of peri-implantation conceptuses in ruminant ungulates, attenuates the uterine production of a luteolytic factor, prostaglandin F-2 alpha resulting in the maintenance of corpus luteum function. However, molecular mechanisms regulating the temporal/spatial expression of IFN tau gene are not clearly understood. The 5'-upstream region of the sheep IFN tau (oIFN tau) gene was examined for its transcriptional regulation in two different cell types, JEG3 cells supported the transactivation of oIFN tau -reporter construct, but HeLa cells did not. In a heterologous SV40 enhancer-oIFN tau promoter or oIFN tau enhancer-SV40 promoter systems, elements required for such cell specific transactivation were localized between - 654 and - 555 bases, the enhancer, but not the basal promoter region of the oIFN tau gene. In these combinations, high degrees of transactivation were observed in JEG3 cells and the activity was further enhanced by the addition of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), while those responses were absent ill Hela cells. To identify nucleotide sequences responsible for cell specific expression, transient transfection studies with sequential point mutations in the enhancer elements were executed. Transactivation of oIFN tau enhancer-reporter constructs was: primarily regulated by three regions containing AP-1 site, GATA like sequence and site(s) unidentified. In gel mobility shift assays (GMSAs), the AP-I site located in the enhancer region was recognized by nuclear extracts from both cell types. However. one of the GMSA probes containing GATA-like sequence exhibited different DNA-protein complex patterns in JEG3 and HeLa cells. Observations, in which the same upstream sequence behaved differently due possibly to kinds of nuclear factors available in these cell lines, suggest that such a sequence may be involved in cell specific transactivation of the: oIFN tau gene. Furthermore, the same enhancer sequences were also recognized by nuclear extracts from sheep trophoblasts. suggesting that the enhancer sequences between - 654 and - 555 bases of oIFN tau gene may be functioning in vivo. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Tokyo, Fac Agr, Lab Anim Breeding, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan. ARS, Reprod Res Unit, USDA, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Imakawa, K (reprint author), Univ Tokyo, Fac Agr, Lab Anim Breeding, Bunkyo Ku, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Tokyo 1138657, Japan. RI Nagaoka, Kentaro/C-2019-2013 OI Nagaoka, Kentaro/0000-0003-1038-1380 NR 28 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0303-7207 J9 MOL CELL ENDOCRINOL JI Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. PD FEB 28 PY 2001 VL 173 IS 1-2 BP 147 EP 155 DI 10.1016/S0303-7207(00)00408-1 PG 9 WC Cell Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Cell Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 411BQ UT WOS:000167478600014 PM 11223186 ER PT J AU Eck, TF Holben, BN Ward, DE Dubovik, O Reid, JS Smirnov, A Mukelabai, MM Hsu, NC O'Neill, NT Slutsker, I AF Eck, TF Holben, BN Ward, DE Dubovik, O Reid, JS Smirnov, A Mukelabai, MM Hsu, NC O'Neill, NT Slutsker, I TI Characterization of the optical properties of biomass burning aerosols in Zambia during the 1997 ZIBBEE field campaign SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID VEGETATION FIRES; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SMOKE PARTICLES; WATER-VAPOR; BRAZIL; IRRADIANCE; NETWORK; AERONET; MODEL; ABSORPTION AB The physical and optical properties of biomass burning aerosols in a savanna region in south central Africa (Zambia) were analyzed from measurements made during the Zambian International Biomass Burning Emissions Experiment (ZIBBEE) during August-September 1997. Due to the large spatial extent of African savannas and the high frequency of occurrence of burning in the annual dry seasons, characterization of the optical properties of the resultant biomass burning aerosols is important for the study of atmospheric radiative processes and for remote sensing of both surface and atmospheric properties in these regions. Aerosol Robotic Network Sun-sky radiometer spectral measurements of direct Sun observations and directional sky radiances were utilized to infer spectral aerosol optical depths (tau (a)), aerosol size distributions, and single-scattering albedos, During the primary ZIBBEE study period, which coincided with the peak period of biomass burning in the region, there was a high correlation between the measured tau (a) and the total column water vapor or precipitable water vapor (PWV), suggesting transport of smoke aerosol from regions with higher PWV. Size distribution retrievals of the biomass burning smoke show that the accumulation mode dominated and a comparison with smoke from Amazonia (Bolivia) shows a shift toward smaller particles for African savanna smoke. This may be the result of differences in mode of combustion (flaming versus smoldering), fuel type and moisture content, and the aging processes of the aerosol. The single-scattering albedo to,) of the aerosols were retrieved using several approaches, yielding average values of omega (o) at similar to 550 nm during ZIBBEE varying from similar to0.82 to similar to0.85, thus showing good agreement within the retrieval uncertainty of similar to0.03 of these methods. In general, omega (o) was relatively constant as a function of aerosol loading, with very little change occurring for tau (a) at 440 nm ranging from 0.7 to 1.7. African savanna smoke exhibits significantly higher absorption than smoke from Amazonian forested regions and also a greater rate of decrease of omega (o) with increasing wavelength. Variations in the spectral change of the Augstrom wavelength exponent were also investigated with respect to the degree of aerosol absorption and changes in the accumulation mode size distributions. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, GEST Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Zambian Meteorol Dept, Mongu, Zambia. Univ Sherbrooke, CARTEL, Sherbrooke, PQ J1K 2R1, Canada. USDA, Forest Serv, Intermt Res Stn, Missoula, MT USA. Space & Naval Warfare Syst Ctr, Atmospher Propagat Branch, San Diego, CA USA. RP Eck, TF (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, GEST Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Code 923, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Dubovik, Oleg/A-8235-2009; Smirnov, Alexander/C-2121-2009; ECK, THOMAS/D-7407-2012; Hsu, N. Christina/H-3420-2013; Reid, Jeffrey/B-7633-2014 OI Dubovik, Oleg/0000-0003-3482-6460; Reid, Jeffrey/0000-0002-5147-7955 NR 49 TC 134 Z9 136 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 27 PY 2001 VL 106 IS D4 BP 3425 EP 3448 DI 10.1029/2000JD900555 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 405JE UT WOS:000167155600010 ER PT J AU Broo, K Wei, J Marshall, D Brown, F Smith, TJ Johnson, JE Schneemann, A Siuzdak, G AF Broo, K Wei, J Marshall, D Brown, F Smith, TJ Johnson, JE Schneemann, A Siuzdak, G TI Viral capsid mobility: A dynamic conduit for inactivation SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; VIRUS AB Mass spectrometry and fluorescent probes have provided direct evidence that alkylating agents permeate the protein capsid of naked viruses and chemically inactivate the nucleic acid. N-acetylaziridine and a fluorescent alkylating agent, dansyl sulfonate aziridine, inactivated three different viruses, flock house virus, human rhinovirus-14 and foot and mouth disease virus. Mass spectral studies as well as fluorescent probes showed that alkylation of the genome was the mechanism of inactivation. Because particle integrity was not affected by selective alkylation (as shown by electron microscopy and sucrose gradient experiments), it was reasoned that the dynamic nature of the viral capsid acts as a conduit to the interior of the particle. Potential applications include fluorescent labeling for imaging viral genomes in living cells, the sterilization of blood products, vaccine development, and viral inactivation in vivo. C1 Scripps Res Inst, Ctr Mass Spectrometry, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, N Atlantic Area, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Biol Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Siuzdak, G (reprint author), Scripps Res Inst, Ctr Mass Spectrometry, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RI Smith, Thomas/K-9086-2013 OI Smith, Thomas/0000-0003-3528-6793 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM53491, R01 GM010704, R01 GM053491, R01 GM055775, GM55775, GM10704] NR 15 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD FEB 27 PY 2001 VL 98 IS 5 BP 2274 EP 2277 DI 10.1073/pnas.051598298 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 407EH UT WOS:000167258900033 PM 11226229 ER PT J AU Basler, CF Reid, AH Dybing, JK Janczewski, TA Fanning, TG Zheng, HY Salvatore, M Perdue, ML Swayne, DE Garcia-Sastre, A Palese, P Taubenberger, JK AF Basler, CF Reid, AH Dybing, JK Janczewski, TA Fanning, TG Zheng, HY Salvatore, M Perdue, ML Swayne, DE Garcia-Sastre, A Palese, P Taubenberger, JK TI Sequence of the 1918 pandemic influenza virus nonstructural gene (NS) segment and characterization of recombinant viruses hearing the 1918 NS genes SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID TRANSLATION INITIATION-FACTOR; A VIRUS; NUCLEAR EXPORT; PROTEIN INTERACTS; SQUIRREL-MONKEYS; YERSINIA-PESTIS; INFECTED-CELLS; B VIRUSES; IN-VIVO; ACTIVATION AB The influenza A virus pandemic of 1918-1919 resulted in an estimated 20-40 million deaths worldwide. The hemagglutinin and neuraminidase sequences of the 1918 virus were previously determined, We here report the sequence of the A/Brevig Mission/1/18 (H1N1) virus nonstructural (NS) segment encoding two proteins, NS1 and nuclear export protein. Phylogenetically, these genes appear to be close to the common ancestor of subsequent human and classical swine strain NS genes. Recently, the influenza A virus NS1 protein was shown to be a type I IFN antagonist that plays an important role in viral pathogenesis. By using the recently developed technique of generating influenza A viruses entirely from cloned cDNAs, the hypothesis that the 1918 virus NS1 gene played a role in virulence was tested in a mouse model, In a BSL3+ laboratory, viruses were generated that possessed either the 1918 NS1 gene alone or the entire 1918 NS segment in a background of influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1), a mouse-adapted virus derived from a human influenza strain first isolated in 1933, These 1918 NS viruses replicated well in tissue culture but were attenuated in mice as compared with the isogenic control viruses. This attenuation in mice may be related to the human origin of the 1918 NS1 gene, These results suggest that interaction of the NS1 protein with host-cell factors plays a significant role in viral pathogenesis. C1 CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, New York, NY 10029 USA. Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Dept Cellular Pathol, Washington, DC 20306 USA. USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Perdue, ML (reprint author), CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, 1 Gustave L Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029 USA. RI salvatore, mirella/K-6691-2016 OI salvatore, mirella/0000-0002-8296-0376 NR 59 TC 183 Z9 206 U1 1 U2 16 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD FEB 27 PY 2001 VL 98 IS 5 BP 2746 EP 2751 DI 10.1073/pnas.031575198 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 407EH UT WOS:000167258900115 PM 11226311 ER PT J AU Li, AG Hou, YS Trent, A AF Li, AG Hou, YS Trent, A TI Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 and drought stress on individual grain filling rates and durations of the main stem in spring wheat SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE elevated CO2; drought stress; wheat; grain filling rate; grain filling duration; yield ID TRITICUM-AESTIVUM-L; DRY-MATTER ACCUMULATION; TEMPERATURE; WEIGHT; ENRICHMENT; GENOTYPES; CULTIVARS; GROWTH AB Rate and duration of individual grain growth determine final kernel weight and are influenced by environmental factors. The objectives of this research were to assess the effects of elevated CO2 and drought stress on the grain filling rate and duration, and the weight of individual kernels. Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown in a free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) system on the demonstration farm at the University of Arizona Maricopa Agricultural Center with a split-block design of four replications. Mainplots were 550 or 370 mu mol mol(-1) of atmospheric CO2 concentrations and subplots were two irrigation treatments. The weights of individual kernels from upper. middle, and lower spikelets of the main stem spike were fitted into nonlinear cumulative logistic curves as a function of accumulated thermal units using SAS proc NLIN. Rate and duration of individual grain filling varied greatly depending on floret positions and environmental factors. The combination of these changes determined the final weight of individual kernels. The rank order of kernel weights among kernel positions within a middle and lower spikelet was not affected by either elevated CO2 or water stress treatments in this study. Elevated CO2 often stimulated the rate of individual grain filling, whereas the well-watered condition extended duration of individual grain filling. Furthermore, kernels further from the rachis or nearest to the rachis were affected proportionately more than those towards the center of a spikelet. The information from this research will be used to model wheat grain growth as a function of climate. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NEI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Weed Sci Lab, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Plant Soil & Entomol Sci, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Li, AG (reprint author), NEI, NIH, Bldg 6,Rm 313,6 Ctr Dr,MSC 2740, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 24 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD FEB 26 PY 2001 VL 106 IS 4 BP 289 EP 301 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00221-5 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 396FL UT WOS:000166625600003 ER PT J AU Potter, BE Teclaw, RM Zasada, JC AF Potter, BE Teclaw, RM Zasada, JC TI The impact of forest structure on near-ground temperatures during two years of contrasting temperature extremes SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE forest structure; cut and uncut sites; microclimate factors ID MICROCLIMATE AB The thermal environment of clear-cut, partially cut, and uncut forest sites in northern Wisconsin are examined for a warm year and a cool year. Temperatures at 0.5 m above and 0.05 m below ground, as well as base 5 degreesC heat sums are computed for each site between May and September and differences between cut and uncut sites compared for the 2 years. Differences in average and minimum air temperature and soil temperature are less than instrumental error, epsilon = 0.3 degreesC. Maximum air temperature differences between the clear-cut and uncut sites drop from 5.7 degreesC in the cool year to 4.7 degreesC in the warm year, while the difference for the partial cut drops from 3.2 to 2.7 degreesC. The results suggest that studies of tree growth or forest development acid climate change should consider the effects of forest structure on changes in daily extreme temperatures. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. RP Potter, BE (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, 1407 S Harrison Rd,Suite 220, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 12 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD FEB 26 PY 2001 VL 106 IS 4 BP 331 EP 336 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00220-3 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 396FL UT WOS:000166625600006 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Lindsay, DS Saville, WJA Reed, SM Granstrom, DE Speer, CA AF Dubey, JP Lindsay, DS Saville, WJA Reed, SM Granstrom, DE Speer, CA TI A review of Sarcocystis neurona and equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Review DE Sarcocystis neurona; equine protozoal myeloencephalitis; horse; ataxia; epidemiology; life cycle; structure; lesions; clinical signs; diagnosis; treatment ID OPOSSUMS DIDELPHIS-VIRGINIANA; RACCOON PROCYON-LOTOR; DISTEMPER VIRUS-INFECTION; SOUTH-AMERICAN OPOSSUM; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; N-SP PROTOZOA; NEOSPORA-CANINUM; CELL-CULTURES; CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII AB Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) is a serious neurological disease of horses in the Americas, The protozoan most commonly associated with EPM is Sarcocystis neurona. The complete life cycle of S, neurona is unknown, including its natural intermediate host that harbors its sarcocyst, Opossums (Didelphis virginiana, Didelphis albiventris) are its definitive hosts. Horses are considered its aberrant hosts because only schizonts and merozoites (no sarcocysts) are found in horses. EPM-like disease occurs in a variety of mammals including cats, mink, raccoons, skunks, Pacific harbor seals, ponies, and Southern sea otters. Cats can act as an experimental intermediate host harboring the sarcocyst stage after ingesting sporocysts. This paper reviews information on the history, structure, life cycle, biology, pathogenesis, induction of disease in animals, clinical signs, diagnosis, pathology, epidemiology, and treatment of EPM caused by S. neurona. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Inst,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Ohio State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Large Anim Med, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Amer Vet Med Assoc, Schaumburg, IL 60173 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Vet Mol Biol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Inst,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Bldg 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016 OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321 NR 148 TC 202 Z9 207 U1 5 U2 45 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD FEB 26 PY 2001 VL 95 IS 2-4 BP 89 EP 131 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00384-8 PG 43 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 407HN UT WOS:000167266300002 PM 11223193 ER PT J AU Rosenthal, BM Lindsay, DS Dubey, JP AF Rosenthal, BM Lindsay, DS Dubey, JP TI Relationships among Sarcocystis species transmitted by New World opossums (Didelphis spp.) SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Sarcocystis neurona; Sarcocystis falcatula; Sarcocystis speeri; Didelphis virginiana; Didelphis albiventris; Didelphis marsupialis; Enhydra lutris nereis; coccidia; opossum ID SOUTH-AMERICAN OPOSSUM; EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS; N-SP PROTOZOA; FALCATULA; NEURONA; ALBIVENTRIS; VIRGINIANA; BIRDS; APICOMPLEXA; EVOLUTION AB At least three species of Sarcocystis (S. neurona, S. falcatula, S. speeri) have recently been shown to use opossums of the genus Didelphis as their definitive host. In order to evaluate the evolutionary relationships among Sarcocystis spp. isolates from the Americas, and to determine whether organisms representing the same parasite lineages are transmitted north and south of the Panamanian isthmus, we inferred the phylogenetic relationships from nucleotide sequence variation in parasites isolated from three opossum species (D. virginiana, D. albiventris, D. marsupialis). In particular, we used variation in the 25/396 marker to compare several isolates from Brazil, Argentina, and the United States to each other and to cloned S. neurona and S. falcatula whose morphology and host affinities have been defined in the laboratory. S. neurona was identified from a Brazilian D. albiventris, as well as from North American D. virginiana. Parasites resembling the Cornell isolate of S. falacatula are transmitted both south and north of the Panamanian isthmus by D. albiventris and D. virginiana, respectively. Distinct attributes at two genetic loci differentiated a Brazilian isolate of S. falcatula from all other known parasite lineages. We confirm S. neurona as the causative agent of recently reported neurologic disease in Southern sea otters, Enhydra lutris nereis. And we found that S. speeri could not be compared to the other opossum-derived Sarcocystis isolates on the basis of nucleotide variation at the 25/396 locus. The widespread distribution of certain species of Sarcocystis may derive from their ability to parasitize migratory bird hosts in their intermediate stage. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Rosenthal, BM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016; OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321; Rosenthal, Benjamin/0000-0002-0224-3773 NR 25 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD FEB 26 PY 2001 VL 95 IS 2-4 BP 133 EP 142 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00385-X PG 10 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 407HN UT WOS:000167266300003 PM 11223194 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Mattson, DE Speer, CA Hamir, AN Lindsay, DS Rosenthal, BM Kwok, OCH Baker, RJ Mulrooney, DM Tornquist, SJ Gerros, TC AF Dubey, JP Mattson, DE Speer, CA Hamir, AN Lindsay, DS Rosenthal, BM Kwok, OCH Baker, RJ Mulrooney, DM Tornquist, SJ Gerros, TC TI Characteristics of a recent isolate of Sarcocystis neurona (SN7) from a horse and loss of pathogenicity of isolates SN6 and SN7 by passages in cell culture SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Sarcocystis neurona; horse; Oregon; development; electron microscopy; encephalitis; immunosuppressed mice; schizonts ID EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS; OPOSSUM DIDELPHIS-VIRGINIANA; N-SP PROTOZOA; IMMUNODEFICIENT MICE; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; FALCATULA; DIFFERENTIATION; MEROZOITES; INFECTION; FECES AB An isolate of Sarcocystis neurona (SN7) was obtained from the spinal cord of a horse with neurologic signs. The parasite was isolated in cultures of bovine monocytes and equine spleen cells. The organism divided by endopolygeny and completed at least one asexual cycle in cell cultures in 3 days. The parasite was maintained by subpassages in bovine monocytes for 10 months when it was found to be non-pathogenic to gamma interferon knockout (KO) mice. Revival of a low passage (10th passage) of the initial isolate stored in liquid nitrogen for 18 months retained its pathogenicity for KO mice, Merozoites (10(6)) of the late passage (22nd passage) were infective to only one of four KO mice inoculated. Similar results were obtained with SN6 isolate of S. neurona. No differences were found in Western blot patterns using antigens from the low and high passage merozoites of the SN7 and SN6 isolates. These results suggest that prolonged passage in cell culture may affect the pathogenicity of some isolates of S. neurona. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Inst,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Montana State Univ, Bozeman, MT 59716 USA. Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Ctr Mol & Infect Dis, Dep Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Inst,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016; OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321; Rosenthal, Benjamin/0000-0002-0224-3773 NR 25 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD FEB 26 PY 2001 VL 95 IS 2-4 BP 155 EP 166 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00387-3 PG 12 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 407HN UT WOS:000167266300005 PM 11223196 ER PT J AU Lindsay, DS Dubey, JP AF Lindsay, DS Dubey, JP TI Direct agglutination test for the detection of antibodies to Sarcocystis neurona in experimentally infected animals SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE agglutination test; Sarcocystis neurona; merozoite; cell culture; mouse; intermediate host ID EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; NEOSPORA-CANINUM; HORSES; FALCATULA; ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; SEROPREVALENCE; SPECIFICITY; PREVALENCE; DIAGNOSIS AB Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) is a serious neurological disease of horses in the Americas. The apicomplexan protozoan most commonly associated with EPM is Sarcocystis neurona. A direct agglutination test (SAT) was developed to detect antibodies to S. neurona in experimentally infected animals. Merozoites of the SN6 strain of S. neurona collected from cell culture were used as antigen and 2-mercaptoethanol was added to the antigen suspension to destroy IgM antibodies when mixed with test sera. Mice fed sporocysts of S. speeri or S. falcatula-like sporocysts from opossums did not seroconvert in the SAT. The sensitivity of the SAT was 100% and the specificity was 90% in mice. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. ARS, USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lindsay, DS (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, 1410 Prices Fork Rd, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016 OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321 NR 26 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD FEB 26 PY 2001 VL 95 IS 2-4 BP 179 EP 186 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00389-7 PG 8 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 407HN UT WOS:000167266300007 PM 11223198 ER PT J AU Saville, WJA Stich, RW Reed, SM Njoku, CJ Oglesbee, MJ Wunschmann, A Grover, DL Larew-Naugle, AL Stanek, JF Granstrom, DE Dubey, JP AF Saville, WJA Stich, RW Reed, SM Njoku, CJ Oglesbee, MJ Wunschmann, A Grover, DL Larew-Naugle, AL Stanek, JF Granstrom, DE Dubey, JP TI Utilization of stress in the development of an equine model for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Sarcocystis neurona; equine protozoal myeloencephalitis; opossum; Didelphis virginiana; sporocysts ID OPOSSUM DIDELPHIS-VIRGINIANA; SARCOCYSTIS-NEURONA; HORSES; SEROPREVALENCE; ANTIBODIES; ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; SPOROCYSTS; TRANSPORT; OREGON AB Neurologic disease in horses caused by Sarcocystis neurona is difficult to diagnose, treat, or prevent, due to the lack of knowledge about the pathogenesis of the disease. This in turn is confounded by the lack of a reliable equine model of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). Epidemiologic studies have implicated stress as a risk factor for this disease, thus, the role of transport stress was evaluated for incorporation into an equine model for EPM. Sporocysts from feral opossums were bioassayed in interferon-gamma gene knockout (KO) mice to determine minimum number of viable S. neurona sporocysts in the inoculum. A minimum of 80,000 viable S. neurona sporocysts were fed to each of the nine horses. A total of 12 S. neurona antibody negative horses were divided into four groups (1-4). Three horses (group 1) were fed sporocysts on the day of arrival at the study site, three horses were fed sporocysts 14 days after acclimatization (group 2), three horses were given sporocysts and dexamethasone 14 days after acclimatization (group 3) and three horses were controls (group 4). All horses fed sporocysts in the study developed antibodies to S. neurona in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and developed clinical signs of neurologic disease. The most severe clinical signs were in horses in group 1 subjected to transport stress. The least severe neurologic signs were in horses treated with dexamethasone (group 3). Clinical signs improved in four horses from two treatment groups by the time of euthanasia (group 1, day 44; group 3, day 47). Post-mortem examinations, and tissues that were collected for light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, tissue cultures, and bioassay in KO mice, revealed no direct evidence of S. neurona infection. However, there were lesions compatible with S. neurona infection in horses. The results of this investigation suggest that stress can play a role in the pathogenesis of EPM. There is also evidence to suggest that horses in nature may clear the organism routinely, which may explain the relatively high number of normal horses with CSF antibodies to S. neurona compared to the prevalence of EPM. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ohio State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Prevent Med, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Clin Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Biol Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Amer Vet Med Assoc, Schaumburg, IL 60173 USA. ARS, USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Saville, WJA (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Prevent Med, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. OI Stich, Roger/0000-0002-9749-2034 NR 28 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD FEB 26 PY 2001 VL 95 IS 2-4 BP 211 EP 222 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00421-0 PG 12 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 407HN UT WOS:000167266300010 PM 11223201 ER PT J AU Speer, CA Dubey, JP AF Speer, CA Dubey, JP TI Ultrastructure of schizonts and merozoites of Sarcocystis neurona SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Sarcocystis neurona; schizonts; merozoites; cell culture; infected mouse brain; ultrastructure ID EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS; OPOSSUM DIDELPHIS-VIRGINIANA; FALCATULA; HORSE; APICOMPLEXA; SPOROCYSTS; MYELITIS; INVITRO; MICE AB The ultrastructure of Sarcocystis neurona schizonts and merozoites was studied in specimens derived from cell culture and from the brains of infected mice. Schizonts and merozoites were located in the host cell cytoplasm without a parasitophorous vacuole at any stage of development. Merozoites divided by endopolygeny. Fully formed merozoites had a pellicle, numerous polysomes and ribosomes, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, 22 subpellicular microtubules, 9-16 dense granules, 25-75 micronemes, a plastid, a Golgi complex, 1-3 mitochondria, a conoid, 2 apical rings, 2 polar rings, 0-6 lipid bodies, a nucleus and nucleolus, but no rhoptries. Most micronemes were located anterior to the nucleus including 1-6 micronemes in the conoid. Merozoites were either slender (7.3 mum x 17 mum) or stumpy (7.7 mum x 3.1 mum). Dense granules appeared to arise from the maturation face of the Golgi complex. The ultrastructure of in vitro derived schizonts and merozoites were similar to in vivo derived organisms. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, USDA,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Vet Mol Biol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, USDA,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Bldg 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 27 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD FEB 26 PY 2001 VL 95 IS 2-4 BP 263 EP 271 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00392-7 PG 9 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 407HN UT WOS:000167266300015 PM 11223206 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Black, SS Rickard, LG Rosenthal, BM Lindsay, DS Shen, SK Kwok, OCH Hurst, G Rashmir-Raven, A AF Dubey, JP Black, SS Rickard, LG Rosenthal, BM Lindsay, DS Shen, SK Kwok, OCH Hurst, G Rashmir-Raven, A TI Prevalence of Sarcocystis neurona sporocysts in opossums (Didelphis virginiana) from rural Mississippi SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Sarcocystis neurona; opossum; Didelphis virginiana; intestine; sporocysts; prevalence; Mississippi ID EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS; IN-VITRO CULTIVATION; N-SP PROTOZOA; IMMUNODEFICIENT MICE; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; NEOSPORA-CANINUM; FALCATULA; HORSES; ANTIBODIES; SEROPREVALENCE AB Sarcocystis species sporocysts were found in intestinal scrapings from 24 of 72 opossums (Didelphis virginiana) from rural Mississippi. The number of sporocysts in each opossum varied from a few (<100 000) to 187 million. Sporocysts from 24 opossums were bioassayed for Sarcocystis neurona infections by feeding to gamma-interferon knockout (KO) mice. S. neurona was detected in the brains of KO mice fed sporocysts from 19 opossums by immunohistochemical staining with anti-g. neurona specific polyclonal rabbit serum, and by in vitro culture from the brains of KO mice fed sporocysts. The isolates of S, neurona from opossums were designated SN16-OP to SN34-OP. Merozoites from 17 of 19 isolates tested at the 25/396 locus were identical to previously described S. neurona isolates from horses. The high prevalence of S. neurona sparocysts in D. virginiana suggests that this opossum constitutes an ample reservoir of infection in the southern United States. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Inst,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Ctr Mol & Infect Dis, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Inst,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Bldg 1040, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016; OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321; Rosenthal, Benjamin/0000-0002-0224-3773 NR 27 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD FEB 26 PY 2001 VL 95 IS 2-4 BP 283 EP 293 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00394-0 PG 11 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 407HN UT WOS:000167266300017 PM 11223208 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Lindsay, DS Kerber, CE Kasai, N Pena, HFJ Gennari, SM Kwok, OCH Shen, SK Rosenthal, BM AF Dubey, JP Lindsay, DS Kerber, CE Kasai, N Pena, HFJ Gennari, SM Kwok, OCH Shen, SK Rosenthal, BM TI First isolation of Sarcocystis neurona from the South American opossum, Didelphis albiventris, from Brazil SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Sarcocystis neurona; Brazil; Didelphis albiventris; interferon gamma knockout mice; sporocysts; schizonts; merozoites; immunohistochemistry ID EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS; N-SP PROTOZOA; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; NEOSPORA-CANINUM; SPEERI DUBEY; FALCATULA; VIRGINIANA; HORSES; PREVALENCE; SPOROCYSTS AB Sarcocystis neurona was isolated from sporocysts from two of eight South American opossums, Didelphis albiventris, from Brazil. Interferon gamma gene knock out (KO) mice fed sporocysts from two opossums developed neurologic sarcocystosis. S. neurona was demonstrated in the brains of infected KO mice by immunohistochemical staining with anti-S, neurona antibody. The parasite was cultivated in cell culture and S. neurona DNA was isolated from cultured merozoites. This is the first report of isolation of S. neurona from Brazil and the first report from its new host, D. albiventris. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Inst,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Clin Vet, Paddock Lab Anal, BR-05423060 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med Vet & Zootecn, BR-05508000 Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Inst,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Bldg 1040, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Gennari, Solange/K-2447-2012; PENA, HILDA/K-4506-2012; Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016; OI Gennari, Solange/0000-0001-7500-5277; Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321; Rosenthal, Benjamin/0000-0002-0224-3773 NR 24 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD FEB 26 PY 2001 VL 95 IS 2-4 BP 295 EP 304 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00395-2 PG 10 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 407HN UT WOS:000167266300018 PM 11223209 ER PT J AU Hemenway, MP Avery, ML Ginn, PE Schaack, S Dame, JB Greiner, EC AF Hemenway, MP Avery, ML Ginn, PE Schaack, S Dame, JB Greiner, EC TI Influence of size of sporocyst inoculum upon the size and number of sarcocysts of Sarcocystis falcatula which develop in the brown-headed cowbird SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Sarcocystis falcatula; cowbirds; sarcocyst size; sarcocyst development; crowding effect ID BIRDS AB The influence of the number of sporocysts in the inoculum of Sarcocystis falcatula on the morphology of the sarcocysts has not been reported in the literature. To determine if there is a relationship, different number of sporocysts were inoculated orally into wild-caught cowbirds. After 14 weeks, the cowbirds were euthanised and muscle tissue was examined grossly and by histologic sections. Sarcocysts were compared based on the numbers which developed and their sizes. There was a linear increase in the number of sarcocysts as the size of the inoculum increased, however, the size of the sarcocysts became smaller with the increase in number of sporocysts inoculated. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Wildlife Serv, USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr,Florida Field Stn, Gainesville, FL USA. Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Greiner, EC (reprint author), Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD FEB 26 PY 2001 VL 95 IS 2-4 BP 321 EP 326 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00398-8 PG 6 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 407HN UT WOS:000167266300021 PM 11223212 ER PT J AU Luznar, SL Avery, ML Dame, JB MacKay, RJ Greiner, EC AF Luznar, SL Avery, ML Dame, JB MacKay, RJ Greiner, EC TI Development of Sarcocystis falcatula in its intermediate host, the Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Sarcocystis falcatula; Molothrus ater; sarcocysts ID EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS; BUDGERIGAR MELOPSITTACUS-UNDULATUS; OPOSSUM DIDELPHIS-VIRGINIANA; ETIOLOGIC AGENT; BIRDS; APICOMPLEXA; PATHOGENESIS; PASSERINE; NEURONA AB Sporocysts of Sarcocystis falcatula obtained from experimentally infected Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana) were inoculated orally to 60 wild-caught Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater), Another 30 Brown-headed Cowbirds were not challenged and served as uninfected controls. Two inoculated and one control cowbird were necropsied every 2 weeks and the pectoral and thigh muscles were examined grossly for cyst development. Stained histologic sections of pectoral muscle, thigh muscle, and lung were examined by light microscopy and presence, density, and size of sarcocysts were determined. Sarcocysts were present by 6 weeks post-inoculation (PI) and were still growing at 30 weeks PI. The sarcocysts from birds 40 weeks post-infection were infective to an opossum. The morphology of the sarcocyst wall by transmission electron microscopy substantiated the identification as S. falcatula. Lung sections were examined for the presence of schizonts, but were seen only at 2 weeks PI. This evaluation was complicated by the presence of unidentified microfilariae. These birds are migratory and the continued growth and development of muscle cysts would allow them to be a source of infection at both extremes of their geographic range, regardless of which end of the migration at which they were infected. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Wildlife Serv, USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr,Florida Field Stn, Gainesville, FL USA. Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Large Anim Clin Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Greiner, EC (reprint author), Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 13 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD FEB 26 PY 2001 VL 95 IS 2-4 BP 327 EP 334 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00399-X PG 8 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 407HN UT WOS:000167266300022 PM 11223213 ER PT J AU Hamir, AN Dubey, JP AF Hamir, AN Dubey, JP TI Myocarditis and encephalitis associated with Sarcocystis neurona infection in raccoons (Procyon lotor) SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE encephalitis; myocarditis; raccoons; Sarcocystis neurona; schizonts ID EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS; OPOSSUM DIDELPHIS-VIRGINIANA; SEA OTTER; ORGANISM; MENINGOENCEPHALITIS; SKUNK; PONY; MINK; CAT AB Sarcocystis neurona associated granulomatous encephalitis was found in 2 of 84 adult raccoons. Both raccoons also had an extensive nonsuppurative myocarditis and one had S. neurona schizonts and merozoites in the myocardium. Only the asexual stages (schizonts and merozoites) of S. neurona are found in tissues of naturally infected animals (horse, mink, raccoons, cats, skunk, pony, seals, sea otters) and since these have not been reported outside the central nervous system, the presence of concurrent myocarditis in raccoons with the presence of S. neurona in the current study is of interest. Pathologists should consider the possible association of S. neurona with myocardial inflammation in other S. neurona susceptible animals. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. ARS, Parasite biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hamir, AN (reprint author), ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, 2300 Dayton Rd, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 19 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD FEB 26 PY 2001 VL 95 IS 2-4 BP 335 EP 340 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00400-3 PG 6 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 407HN UT WOS:000167266300023 PM 11223214 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP AF Dubey, JP TI Migration and development of Sarcocystis neurona in tissues of interferon gamma knockout mice fed sporocysts from a naturally infected opossum SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Sarcocystis neurona; interferon gamma knockout mice; sporocysts; schizonts; merozoites; migration; development; immunohistochemistry ID EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS; IN-VITRO CULTIVATION; N-SP PROTOZOA; DIDELPHIS-VIRGINIANA; FALCATULA AB Migration and development of Sarcocystis neurona was studied in 50 gamma interferon knockout mice fed graded doses of S. neurona sporocysts from the intestine of a naturally infected opossum. Mice were examined at necropsy 1-62 days after feeding sporocysts (DAFS). All tissue sections were reacted with anti-S. neurona-specific polyclonal rabbit serum in an immunohistochemical (IHC) test, Between 1 and 3 DAFS, organisms were seen mainly in intestines. Between 4 and 11 DAFS, organisms were seen in several visceral tissues. Beginning with 13 DAFS, schizonts and merozoites were present in sections of brains of all infected mice. All regions of the brain were parasitized but the hind brain was most severely affected. S. neurona was found in the spinal cord of all 10 mice examined 22-30 DAFS. Of the 28 infected mice examined 20-62 DAFS, S. neurona was found in the brains of all 28, Lungs of 14, hearts of 8 and eyes of 3. More organisms were seen in IHC-stained sections than in sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Treatment of tissues with glutaraldehyde, Karnovsky fixative, and ethylene diamino tetra acetic acid (EDTA, used for decalcification) did not affect staining of organisms by IHC. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Bldg 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 19 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD FEB 26 PY 2001 VL 95 IS 2-4 BP 341 EP 351 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00401-5 PG 11 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 407HN UT WOS:000167266300024 PM 11223215 ER PT J AU Glickman, D AF Glickman, D TI Regulations for the use of laboratory animals SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA, Off Commun, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Glickman, D (reprint author), USDA, Off Commun, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 21 PY 2001 VL 285 IS 7 BP 941 EP 941 DI 10.1001/jama.285.7.941 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 402BE UT WOS:000166965500034 PM 11180740 ER PT J AU Sharma, RP Bhandari, N He, QR Riley, RT Voss, KA AF Sharma, RP Bhandari, N He, QR Riley, RT Voss, KA TI Decreased fumonisin hepatotoxicity in mice with a targeted deletion of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fumonisin; tumor necrosis factor; tumor necrosis factor receptor; hepatotoxicity; mice; TNF receptor 1 knockout mice ID FACTOR TNF RECEPTORS; FACTOR-ALPHA; TOXICITY; LACKING; LIVER; P55; INFLAMMATION; APOPTOSIS; CORN; P75 AB Fumonisin B-1 (FB1), a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides and related fungi infests corn and other cereals, and causes a variety of toxic effects in different mammalian species. Hepatotoxicity is a common toxic response in most species. The cellular responses of FB, involve inhibition of ceramide synthase leading to accumulation of free sphingoid bases and a corresponding induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha). We recently reported that FB, hepatotoxicity was considerably reduced in a mouse strain lacking tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2 or TNFR1b). To further investigate the relative contribution of the two TNF alpha receptors (TNFR1 and TNFR2 or P55 and P75 receptors) we evaluated the hepatotoxicity of FB, in male C57BL/6J mice (WT) and a corresponding TNFR1 knockout (TNFRKO) strain, genetically modified by a targeted deletion of this receptor. The hepatotoxic effects of five daily injections of 2.25 mg/kg per day of FB, were observed in WT but were reduced in TNFRKO, evidenced by the microscopic evaluation of the liver and increased concentrations of circulating alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. FB, induced the expression of TNFa. and similar increases in free sphinganine and sphingosine in livers of both WT and TNFRKO mice. Results indicated that both P55 and P75 receptors are required for FB1-induced hepatotoxicity and TNF alpha plays an important role in such response in mouse liver. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Sharma, RP (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES09403] NR 39 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD FEB 21 PY 2001 VL 159 IS 1-2 BP 69 EP 79 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(00)00405-4 PG 11 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 406FJ UT WOS:000167204000007 PM 11250056 ER PT J AU Freeman, BA Wilson, RE Binder, RG Haddon, WF AF Freeman, BA Wilson, RE Binder, RG Haddon, WF TI Halogenated 2,5-pyrrolidinediones: synthesis, bacterial mutagenicity in Ames tester strain TA-100 and semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations SO MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE chlorination; mutagenicity; pyrrolidinediones; chloroimides; MX; computation; semi-empirical; LUMO ID POULTRY CHILLER WATER; DRINKING-WATER; 3-CHLORO-4-(DICHLOROMETHYL)-5-HYDROXY-2(5H)-FURANONE MX; STEPWISE REMOVAL; MUCOCHLORIC ACID; POTENT MUTAGEN; HYDROXYL GROUP; CHLORINE; 2(5H)-FURANONES; CARCINOGENICITY AB The chloroimide 3,3-dichloro-4-(dichloromethylene)-2,5-pyrrolidinedione, a tetrachloroitaconimide, is the principal mutagen produced by chlorination of simulated poultry chiller water. It is the second most potent mutagenic disinfection by-product of chlorination ever reported. Six of seven new synthetic analogs of this compound are direct-acting mutagens in Ames tester strain TA-100. Computed energies of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (E-LUMO) and of the radical anion stability (DeltaH(f)(rad) - DeltaH(f)) from MNDO-PM3 for the chloroimides show a quantitative correlation with the Ames TA-100 bacterial mutagenicity values. The molar mutagenicities of these direct acting mutagenic imides having an exocyclic double bond fit the same linear correlation (InMm vs. E-LUMO; In M-m vs. DeltaH(f)(rad) - DeltaH(f)) as the chlorinated 2(5H)-furanones, including the potent mutagen MX, 3-chloro-4-(dichoro-methyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone, a by-product of water chlorination and paper bleaching with chlorine. Mutagenicity data for related haloimides having endocyclic double bonds are also given. For the same number of chlorine atoms, the imides with endocyclic double bonds have significantly higher Ames mutagenicity compared to their structural analogs with exocyclic double bonds, but do not follow the same E-LUMO or DeltaH(f)(rad) - DeltaH(f) correlation as the exocyclic chloroimides and the chlorinated 2(5H)-furanones. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Haddon, WF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 27 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5718 J9 MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN JI Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. PD FEB 20 PY 2001 VL 490 IS 2 BP 89 EP 98 DI 10.1016/S1383-5718(00)00129-7 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 401MH UT WOS:000166931000001 PM 11342234 ER PT J AU Park, JB AF Park, JB TI Reduction of dehydroascorbic acid by homocysteine SO BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENERAL SUBJECTS LA English DT Article DE dehydroascorbic acid; ascorbic acid (vitamin C); homocysteine; Jurkat and U937 cells; human umbilical vein endothelial cells; flavonoids ID ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; CELLS; PURIFICATION; GLUTATHIONE; EXPRESSION; FLAVONOIDS; ASCORBATE; DISEASE; SAMPLES; U937 AB To determine the reductive process of extracellular dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), molecules (homocysteine, homocysteine thiolactone, methionine, cysteine, and homoserine) were tested to identify those with the potential to reduce DHA to ascorbic acid (AA). Homocysteine (Hcy) was the most potent of the molecules tested. The efficacy of Hey was compared with that of other molecules able to reduce DHA (reduced glutathione (GSH) and cysteine (Cy)). Although all three molecules were able to reduce DHA, GSH and Cy were not to reduce DHA to AA at concentrations lower than 100 mu mol/l, and only less than 5% DHA was reduced to AA at concentrations of 200-300 mu mol/l. In contrast, Hey reduced DHA to AA stoichiometrically at concentrations as low as 10 mu mol/l. In Jurkat and U937 cells, the increasing concentrations of extracellular Hey suppressed intracellular dehydroascorbic acid uptake, indicating that extracellular reduction of DHA by Hey leads to decreasing extracellular DHA available for its intracellular uptake. Simultaneous oxidation and reduction of Hey and DHA were accelerated extracellularly in the presence of quercetin, an inhibitor of DHA uptake, suggesting that extracellular ascorbic acid concentration increased via blocking DHA uptake by quercetin and reducing extracellular DHA by Hey. The effect of homocysteine on DHA reduction and uptake was confirmed with human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The oxidation of Hey also prevented the decrease in DNA synthesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, which would occur following exposure to Hey. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, BHNRC, Phytonutr Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Park, JB (reprint author), USDA ARS, BHNRC, Phytonutr Lab, Bldg 307,Rm 313, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 33 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4165 J9 BBA-GEN SUBJECTS JI Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Gen. Subj. PD FEB 16 PY 2001 VL 1525 IS 1-2 BP 173 EP 179 DI 10.1016/S0304-4165(00)00186-0 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 404DE UT WOS:000167081500021 PM 11342267 ER PT J AU Banfield, MJ Salvucci, ME Baker, EN Smith, CA AF Banfield, MJ Salvucci, ME Baker, EN Smith, CA TI Crystal structure of the NADP(H)-dependent ketose reductase from Bemisia argentifolii at 2.3 angstrom resolution SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE thermoprotection; ketose reductase; zinc enzyme; crystal structure; sorbitol ID MEDIUM-CHAIN DEHYDROGENASES/REDUCTASES; X-RAY STRUCTURE; ALCOHOL-DEHYDROGENASE; FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCES; SUBSTRATE-SPECIFICITY; SORBITOL; PROTEIN; BINDING; CRYSTALLIZATION; REPLACEMENT AB Polyhydric alcohols are widely found in nature and can be accumulated to high concentrations as a protection against a variety of environmental stresses. It is only recently, however, that these molecules have been shown to be active in protection against heat stress, specifically in the use of sorbitol by the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii. We have determined the structure of the enzyme responsible for production of sorbitol in Bemisia argentifolii, NADP(H)-dependent ketose reductase (BaKR), to 2.3 Angstrom resolution. The structure was solved by multiwavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD) using the anomalous scattering from two zinc atoms bound in the structure, and was refined to an R factor of 21.9 % (R-free = 25.1%). BaKR belongs to the medium-chain dehydrogenase family and its structure is the first for the sorbitol dehydrogenase branch of this family. The enzyme is tetrameric, with the monomer having a very similar fold to the alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs). Although the structure determined is for the apo form, a phosphate ion in the active site marks the likely position for the adenyl phosphate of NADP(H). The catalytic zinc ion is tetrahedrally coordinated to Cys41, His66, Glu67 and a water molecule, in a modification of the zinc site usually found in ADHs. This modified zinc site seems likely to be a conserved feature of the sorbitol dehydrogenase sub-family. Comparisons with other members of the ADH family have also enabled us to model a ternary complex of the enzyme, and suggest how structural differences may influence coenzyme binding and substrate specificity in the reduction of fructose to sorbitol. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Univ Auckland, Sch Biol Sci, Auckland 1, New Zealand. USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Smith, CA (reprint author), Univ Auckland, Sch Biol Sci, Private Bag 92-019, Auckland 1, New Zealand. RI Banfield, Mark/C-7453-2013 OI Banfield, Mark/0000-0001-8921-3835 NR 47 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-2836 J9 J MOL BIOL JI J. Mol. Biol. PD FEB 16 PY 2001 VL 306 IS 2 BP 239 EP 250 DI 10.1006/jmbi.2000.4381 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 406AH UT WOS:000167192400009 PM 11237597 ER PT J AU Schlosser, W Ebel, E AF Schlosser, W Ebel, E TI Use of a Markov-chain Monte Carlo model to evaluate the time value of historical testing information in animal populations SO PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE Markov-chain; Monte Carlo; present value; risk assessment ID HEALTH AB Quantitative risk assessments are now required to support many regulatory decisions involving infectious diseases of animals. Current methods. however, do not consider the relative values of historical and recent data. A Markov-chain model can use specific disease characteristics to estimate the present value of disease information collected in the past. Uncertainty about the disease characteristics and variability among animals and herds can be accounted for with Monte Carlo simulation modeling. This results in a transparent method of valuing historical testing information for use in risk assessments. We constructed such a model to value historical testing information in a more-transparent and -reproducible manner. Applications for this method include trade, food safety, and domestic animal-health regulations. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Food Safety & Inspect Serv, USDA, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Food Safety & Inspect Serv, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Schlosser, W (reprint author), Food Safety & Inspect Serv, USDA, Crystal Pk Plaza,Suite 3000,2700 Earl Rudder Pkwy, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 5 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-5877 J9 PREV VET MED JI Prev. Vet. Med. PD FEB 16 PY 2001 VL 48 IS 3 BP 167 EP 175 DI 10.1016/S0167-5877(00)00194-X PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 409JM UT WOS:000167380600002 PM 11182461 ER PT J AU Curren, MSS King, JW AF Curren, MSS King, JW TI Solubility of triazine pesticides in pure and modified subcritical water SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; SUPERCRITICAL CARBON-DIOXIDE; 298 K; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; HOT/LIQUID WATER; HOT-WATER; 473 K; EXTRACTION; LIQUID; ORGANICS AB Solubility measurements in pure and modified water serve as a basis for optimizing the subcritical water extraction of target analytes such as food contaminants, The solvent strength of the water is affected by both the system's temperature and the amount and type of cosolvent modifier that is added to the water, which causes a reduction in the dielectric constant of water. In the present work, the solubilities of the triazine pesticides atrazine, cyanazine, and simazine were measured in pure and modified water at temperatures ranging from 50 to 125 degreesC and at a pressure of 50 atm, The solubility data were obtained using a static solubility apparatus with on-line liquid chromatographic (LC) detection. By increasing the temperature of the water, the solubilities of the triazine pesticides increased approximately 3-fold in pure water for each 25 degreesC temperature increment. Cyanazine was 5 times more soluble than atrazine and an order of magnitude more soluble than simazine at 100 degreesC. The solubility of atrazine was also measured in ambient and hot water modified with ethanol and urea. At 100 degreesC, the solubility of atrazine is doubled when the water is modified with urea, and is increased over an order of magnitude when ethanol is used as modifier. The data, therefore, indicate that adding a cosolvent to water in addition to increasing the system temperature increases the solubilities of triazine pesticides in subcritical water. It was further determined that the solutes do not thermally degrade or hydrolyze at the temperatures reported in this study. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Curren, MSS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 32 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD FEB 15 PY 2001 VL 73 IS 4 BP 740 EP 745 DI 10.1021/ac000906n PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 404BC UT WOS:000167076700003 PM 11248886 ER PT J AU Karn, JF AF Karn, JF TI Phosphorus nutrition of grazing cattle: a review SO ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE supplementation; status indicators; requirements; beef cows; growing cattle ID NORTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; STYLOSANTHES-GRASS PASTURES; FERTILIZED DAIRY PASTURES; SEASONALLY DRY TROPICS; STYLO-BASED PASTURES; BEEF-PRODUCTION; DIETARY PHOSPHORUS; RANGE COWS; SUPPLEMENTARY PHOSPHORUS; FECAL PHOSPHORUS AB Phosphorus (P) is a widely studied element which is integral to many vital body functions. In ruminant nutrition, however, the degree of naturally occurring P deficiency in grazing cattle, the lack of uniformity in response to P supplementation, and even suggested P requirements have generated a great deal of confusion in the United States and around the world. Much of the confusion arises because animals have the ability to draw on skeletal P reserves when dietary P levels are inadequate. The mechanisms that control skeletal P withdrawal, the conditions that trigger withdrawal, and the rate and extent of withdrawal without affecting animal performance seem to be poorly understood. Another area of confusion involves the detrimental effect of P deficiency on feed intake which makes it unclear in many situations whether animal responses to P supplementation are due to P per se or simply to increased feed intake. This review attempts to discuss these and other important problems concerning the P nutrition of grazing cattle. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. RP Karn, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, POB 459, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. NR 124 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-8401 J9 ANIM FEED SCI TECH JI Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. PD FEB 15 PY 2001 VL 89 IS 3-4 BP 133 EP 153 DI 10.1016/S0377-8401(00)00231-5 PG 21 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 420LK UT WOS:000168006300001 ER PT J AU Law, RD Crafts-Brandner, SJ AF Law, RD Crafts-Brandner, SJ TI High temperature stress increases the expression of wheat leaf ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase protein SO ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco); Rubisco activase; heat stress; protein expression; Triticum aestivum L.; molecular chaperone ID RUBISCO ACTIVASE; HEAT-SHOCK; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; MECHANISM; LIGHT; INACTIVATION; SENSITIVITY; CO2 AB The effect of high temperature stress on the expression of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activase was examined in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves, which normally possess 46- and 42-kDa activase forms. Heat stress at 38 degreesC significantly reduced total activase mRNA levels compared to controls, and recovery of activase transcription was only marginal 24 h after alleviating heat stress. In contrast to transcript abundance, immunoblot analysis indicated that heat stress increased the accumulation of the 42-kDa activase and induced a putative 41-kDa form. Heat stress did not affect the amounts of the 46- and 42-kDa activase forms (present as 51- and 45-kDa preproteins) recovered after their immunoprecipitation from in vitro translation products. De novo protein synthesis in vivo in the presence of [S-35]Met/Cys showed an increase in the amount of newly synthesized 42-kDa subunit after 4 h of heat stress, and synthesis of the putative 41-kDa activase was apparent. In contrast to activase, heat stress led to a rapid and large reduction in the de novo synthesis of the large and small subunits of Rubisco, Long-term (48-h) heat stress further increased the amounts of de novo synthesized 42- and 41-kDa activase forms. After 24 h of recovery from heat stress, de novo synthesis of the 42-kDa activase returned to control levels, while a small amount of 41-kDa protein was still expressed. Southern analysis suggested the presence of a single activase gene, These results indicate that heat stress alters activase expression, most likely posttranscriptionally, and suggest that the heat-induced expression of the 42- and 41-kDa subunits of wheat leaf Rubisco activase may be related to the maintenance and acclimation of photosynthetic CO2 fixation during high temperature stress in wheat. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 ARS, USDA, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP ARS, USDA, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. EM scraftsbrandner@wcrl.ars.usda.gov NR 31 TC 59 Z9 69 U1 2 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0003-9861 EI 1096-0384 J9 ARCH BIOCHEM BIOPHYS JI Arch. Biochem. Biophys. PD FEB 15 PY 2001 VL 386 IS 2 BP 261 EP 267 DI 10.1006/abbi.2000.2225 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 404QM UT WOS:000167112200017 PM 11368350 ER PT J AU Humphries, SE Ordovas, JM AF Humphries, SE Ordovas, JM TI Genetics and atherosclerosis: Broadening the horizon SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 UCL, Sch Med, Rayne Inst, London WC1E 6JJ, England. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, JM, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Humphries, SE (reprint author), UCL, Sch Med, Rayne Inst, 5 Univ St, London WC1E 6JJ, England. RI Humphries, Stephen/C-5075-2008; OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 NR 0 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 0021-9150 J9 ATHEROSCLEROSIS JI Atherosclerosis PD FEB 15 PY 2001 VL 154 IS 3 BP 517 EP 519 DI 10.1016/S0021-9150(01)00421-X PG 3 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 411CR UT WOS:000167481000001 PM 11257251 ER PT J AU Lahoz, C Schaefer, EJ Cupples, LA Wilson, PWF Levy, D Osgood, D Parpos, S Pedro-Botet, J Daly, JA Ordovas, JM AF Lahoz, C Schaefer, EJ Cupples, LA Wilson, PWF Levy, D Osgood, D Parpos, S Pedro-Botet, J Daly, JA Ordovas, JM TI Apolipoprotein E genotype and cardiovascular disease in the Framingham Heart Study SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS LA English DT Article DE apolipoprotein E; cardiovascular disease; lipoproteins; genetic variation; population studies ID CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; E POLYMORPHISM; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; E PHENOTYPE; COMBINED HYPERLIPIDEMIA; GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS; TRIGLYCERIDE LEVELS; INSULIN-RESISTANCE; APOE POLYMORPHISM AB Background: Apolipoprotein (apo) E is a constituent of lipoproteins with considerable variation due to cysteine-arginine exchanges. The apo E4 (Arg112-Cys) polymorphism has been associated with dementia and hypercholesterolemia. We investigated the relation of APOE genotype to cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the Framingham Offspring Study. Methods and results: DNA was isolated from 3413 study participants and APOE genotypes were determined utilizing the polymerase chain reaction and restriction isotyping. In the entire group of subjects, 20.7% had apo E4/4 or E3/4 (Group E4), 14.1%, had apo E2/2 or E2/3 (Group E2) and 63.9% had the apo E3/3 genotype (Group E3). Subjects with E2/4 (1.3%) were excluded. Period prevalence of CVD between examinations 1 and 5 (1971-1994) (366 events) was related to APOE genotype. Age adjusted period prevalence of CVD in men was 18.6% for Group E4, 18.2%, for Group E2 and 13.7%. For Group E3 (P = 0.004): while in women these rates were 9.9. 4.9. and 6.6%. respectively (P = 0.037). After adjustment for non-lipid risk factors the relative odds for CVD in Group E2 men was 1.79 (P = 0.0098) and in Group E4 it was 1.63 (P = 0.0086) compared with the Group E3, while in Group E4 women it was 1.56 (P = 0.054). After adjustment for all CVD risk factors, the relative odds in Group E2 men was 1.94 (P = 0.004) and in Group E4 men it was 1.51 (P = 0.0262). Conclusions: The presence of the apo E2 or apo E4 alleles in men is associated with significantly greater CVD risk. This genotypic information may help to identify individuals at increased risk for CVD events. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, Lipid Metab Lab, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Framingham Heart Dis Epidemiol Study, Framingham, MA 01702 USA. RP Ordovas, JM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Lipid Metab Lab, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL54776, HL35243]; PHS HHS [N01-38038] NR 68 TC 174 Z9 180 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0021-9150 J9 ATHEROSCLEROSIS JI Atherosclerosis PD FEB 15 PY 2001 VL 154 IS 3 BP 529 EP 537 DI 10.1016/S0021-9150(00)00570-0 PG 9 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 411CR UT WOS:000167481000003 PM 11257253 ER PT J AU Weggemans, RM Zock, PL Ordovas, JM Pedro-Botet, J Katan, MB AF Weggemans, RM Zock, PL Ordovas, JM Pedro-Botet, J Katan, MB TI Apoprotein E genotype and the response of serum cholesterol to dietary fat, cholesterol and cafestol SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS LA English DT Article DE apoprotein E genotype; gene-environment interaction; lipoproteins; cholesterol; lipids; fat; diet ID APOLIPOPROTEIN-E PHENOTYPE; DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; PLASMA-LIPIDS; E POLYMORPHISM; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIC SUBJECTS; GENETIC-VARIATION; LDL-RECEPTOR; WEIGHT-LOSS; MEN; ABSORPTION AB Previous studies on the effect of apoprotein E (APOE) polymorphism on the response of serum lipids to diet showed inconsistent results. We therefore studied the effect of apoprotein E polymorphism on responses of serum cholesterol and lipoproteins to various dietary treatments. We combined data on responses of serum cholesterol and lipoproteins to saturated fat, to trans-fat, to dietary cholesterol, and to the coffee diterpene cafestol with newly obtained data on the apoprotein E polymorphism in 395 mostly normolipidemic subjects. The responses of low-density lipoprotein (LDL-) cholesterol to saturated fat were 0.08 mmol/l larger in subjects with the APOE3/4 or E4/4 genotype than in those with the APOE3/3 genotype (95% confidence interval: -0.01-0.18 mmol/l). In contrast, responses of LDL-cholesterol to cafestol were 0.11 mmol/l smaller in subjects with the APOE3/4 or E4/4 genotype than in those with the APOE3/3 genotype (95% confidence interval: - 0.29-0.07 mmol/l). Responses to dietary cholesterol and trans-fat did not differ between subjects with the various APOE genotypes. In conclusion, the APOE genotype may affect the response of serum cholesterol to dietary saturated fat and cafestol in opposite directions. However, the effects are small. Therefore, knowledge of the APOE genotype by itself may be of little use in the identification of subjects who respond to diet. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Div Human Nutr & Epidemiol, NL-6703 HD Wageningen, Netherlands. Wageningen Ctr Food Sci, NL-6703 GW Wageningen, Netherlands. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Katan, MB (reprint author), Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Div Human Nutr & Epidemiol, Bomenweg 2, NL-6703 HD Wageningen, Netherlands. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 NR 62 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0021-9150 J9 ATHEROSCLEROSIS JI Atherosclerosis PD FEB 15 PY 2001 VL 154 IS 3 BP 547 EP 555 DI 10.1016/S0021-9150(00)00720-6 PG 9 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 411CR UT WOS:000167481000005 PM 11257255 ER PT J AU Brousseau, ME Bodzioch, M Schaefer, EJ Goldkamp, AL Kielar, D Probst, M Ordovas, JM Aslanidis, C Lackner, KJ Rubins, HB Collins, D Robins, SJ Wilson, PWF Schmitz, G AF Brousseau, ME Bodzioch, M Schaefer, EJ Goldkamp, AL Kielar, D Probst, M Ordovas, JM Aslanidis, C Lackner, KJ Rubins, HB Collins, D Robins, SJ Wilson, PWF Schmitz, G TI Common variants in the gene encoding ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 in men with low HDL cholesterol levels and coronary heart disease SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS LA English DT Article DE ATP-binding cassette I; coronary heart disease; high density lipoproteins; Tangier disease ID DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; COMMERCIAL IMMUNOTURBIDIMETRIC ASSAY; TANGIER-DISEASE; REFERENCE INTERVALS; PLASMA; ABC1; MUTATIONS; CLONING AB HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) deficiency is the most common lipid abnormality observed in patients with premature coronary heart disease (CHD). Recently, our laboratory and others demonstrated that mutations in the ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 (ABCA1) gene are responsible for Tangier disease, a rare genetic disorder characterized by severely diminished plasma HDL-C concentrations and a predisposition for CHD. To address the question of whether common variants within the coding sequence of ABCA1 may affect plasma HDL-C levels and CHD risk in the general population, we determined the frequencies of three common ABCA1 variants (G596A, A2589G and G3456C) in men participating in the Veterans Affairs Cooperative HDL Cholesterol Intervention Trial (VA-HIT), a study designed to examine the benefits of HDL raising in men having low HDL-C (less than or equal to 40 mg/dl) and established CHD, as well as in CHD-free men from the Framingham Offspring Study (FOS). Allele frequencies (%) in VA-HIT were 31, 16, and 4 for the G596A, A2589G, and G3456C variants, respectively, versus 27, 12, and 2 in FOS (P < 0.03). None of the variants were significantly associated with plasma HDL-C concentrations in either population: however, in VA-HIT, the G3456C variant was associated with a significantly increased risk for CHD end points, suggesting a role for this variant in the premature CHD observed in this population. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Regensburg, Inst Clin Chem & Lab Med, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany. Tufts Univ, USDA, JM Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. New England Med Ctr, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Ctr Chron Dis Outcomes Res, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA. Dept Vet Affairs, Cooperat Studies Program, Coordinating Ctr, W Haven, CT USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Framingham Heart Study, Boston, MA 02118 USA. RP Schmitz, G (reprint author), Univ Regensburg, Inst Clin Chem & Lab Med, Franz Josef Str Allee 11, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany. OI bloomfield, hanna/0000-0002-0756-7064; Schmitz, Gerd/0000-0002-1325-1007; Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL60935] NR 26 TC 65 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0021-9150 J9 ATHEROSCLEROSIS JI Atherosclerosis PD FEB 15 PY 2001 VL 154 IS 3 BP 607 EP 611 DI 10.1016/S0021-9150(00)00722-X PG 5 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 411CR UT WOS:000167481000011 PM 11257261 ER PT J AU Recalde, D Velez-Carrasco, W Civeira, F Cenarro, A Gomez-Coronado, D Ordovas, JM Pocovi, M AF Recalde, D Velez-Carrasco, W Civeira, F Cenarro, A Gomez-Coronado, D Ordovas, JM Pocovi, M TI Enhanced fractional catabolic rate of apo A-I and apo A-II in heterozygous subjects for apo A-I-Zaragoza (L144R) SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS LA English DT Article DE apo A-I-Zaragoza L144R; hypoalphalipoproteinemia; apo A-I; apo A-II; stable isotopes; fractional catabolic rate ID HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVATION; FAMILIAL HDL DEFICIENCY; CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; SYSTEMIC AMYLOIDOSIS; HEART-DISEASE; INVIVO METABOLISM; NONSENSE MUTATION; AMPHIPATHIC HELIX; STABLE-ISOTOPE AB We have recently reported a new apolipoprotein (apo) A-I variant (apo A-I-Zaragoza L144R) in a Spanish family with HDL-C levels below the 5th percentile for age and sex and low apo A-I concentrations. All the apo A-I-Zaragoza subjects were heterozygous and none of them showed evidence of coronary artery disease (CAD). Mean plasma HDL-C, apo A-I, and apo A-II levels were lower in apo A-I-Zaragoza carriers as compared to control subjects (40, 60. and 50%, respectively). Lipid composition analysis revealed that apo A-I-Zaragoza carriers had HDL particles with a higher percentage of HDL triglyceride and a lower percentage of HDL esterified cholesterol as compared to those of control subjects. Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity and cholesterol esterification rate of apo A-I-Zaragoza carriers were normal. Apo A-I and apo A-II metabolic studies were performed on two heterozygous apo A-I-Zaragoza carriers and on six control subjects. We used a primed constant infusion of [5,5,5-H-2(3)]leucine and HDL apo A-I and apo A-II tracer/tracee ratios were determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry and fitted to a monoexponential equation using SAAM II software. Both subjects carrying apo A-I-Zaragoza variant showed mean apo A-I fractional catabolic rate (FCR) values more than two-fold higher than mean FCR values of their controls (0.470+/-0.0792 vs. 0.207+/-0.0635 day(-1), respectively). Apo A-I secretion rate (SR) of apo A-I-Zaragoza subjects was slightly increased compared with controls (17.32+/-0.226 vs. 12.76+/-3.918 mg kg(-1) day(-1), respectively). Apo A-II FCR was also markedly elevated in both subjects with apo A-I-Zaragoza when compared with controls (0.366 +/- 0.1450 vs. 0.171+/-0.0333 day(-1), respectively) and apo A-II SR was normal (2.31+/-0.517 vs. 2.1+/-0.684 mg kg(-l) day(-1), respectively). Our results show that the apo A-I-Zaragoza variant results in heterozygosis in abnormal HDL particle composition and in enhanced catabolism of apo A-I and apo A-II without affecting significantly the secretion rates of these apolipoproteins and the LCAT activation. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Zaragoza, Fac Ciencias, Dept Bioquim & Biol Mol & Celular, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain. Tufts Univ, Lipid Metab Lab, HNRC, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Hosp Miguel Servet, Med Interna Serv, Zaragoza, Spain. Hosp Miguel Servet, Lab Invest Mol, Zaragoza, Spain. Hosp Ramon y Cajal, Serv Bioquim Invest, E-28034 Madrid, Spain. RP Recalde, D (reprint author), Univ Zaragoza, Fac Ciencias, Dept Bioquim & Biol Mol & Celular, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL54776] NR 70 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0021-9150 J9 ATHEROSCLEROSIS JI Atherosclerosis PD FEB 15 PY 2001 VL 154 IS 3 BP 613 EP 623 DI 10.1016/S0021-9150(00)00555-4 PG 11 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 411CR UT WOS:000167481000012 PM 11257262 ER PT J AU Chen, J Stampfer, MJ Ma, J Selhub, J Malinow, MR Hennekens, CH Hunter, DJ AF Chen, J Stampfer, MJ Ma, J Selhub, J Malinow, MR Hennekens, CH Hunter, DJ TI Influence of a methionine synthase (D919G) polymorphism on plasma homocysteine and folate levels and relation to risk of myocardial infarction SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS LA English DT Article DE methionine synthase; myocardial infarction; homocysteine; folate ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE; VASCULAR-DISEASE; COMMON MUTATION; US PHYSICIANS; CDNA CLONING; GENE; HOMOCYST(E)INE; VITAMIN-B-6; ASSOCIATION AB Methionine synthase (MS) encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine using a methyl group donated by 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, which is the major circulating form of folate in the body. Functional genetic variants of the MS may alter total homocysteine (tHcy) as well as folate levels which are independent risk factors for vascular disease. The influence of a common genetic polymorphism (2756A --> G, D19G) of the MS gene on plasma tHcy and folate levels and its relation to the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) in a prospective study of male physicians in the US was investigated. A nested case-control study was conducted within the Physicians Health Study which was originally designed as a double-blind trial of aspirin and beta-carotene among 22 071 US male physicians, aged 40-84 years in 1982. Sixty-eight percent of participants also donated a blood sample. The study included 387 incident MI case and 767 controls matched on age. smoking status. and time From randomization in 6-month intervals. Individuals with GG genotype had a non-significant reduction of MI risk (RR 0.51, 95% CI 0.17-1.16) compared to individuals with DD genotype after adjusting for MI risk factors. The MS polymorphism was associated with decreased tHcy (10.55, 9.87 and 9.57 nmol/ml for DD, DG and GG genotypes. respectively) and increased folate levels (3.95, 3.78. 7.31 ng/ml for DD. DG and GG genotypes, respectively) only among controls but not cases. It was concluded that influence of the MS (D919G) polymorphism on the plasma tHcy and folate levels is at most moderate, but should be further investigated in other large prospective studies. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Nutr, Sch Publ Hlth, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Channing Lab, Sch Publ Hlth, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Oregon Reg Primate Res Ctr, Beaverton, OR USA. RP Chen, J (reprint author), CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Community & Prevent Med, Box 1043,1 Gustave L Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA-40360, CA-42182]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES07069] NR 20 TC 114 Z9 129 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0021-9150 J9 ATHEROSCLEROSIS JI Atherosclerosis PD FEB 15 PY 2001 VL 154 IS 3 BP 667 EP 672 DI 10.1016/S0021-9150(00)00469-X PG 6 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 411CR UT WOS:000167481000018 PM 11257268 ER PT J AU Roberts, SB AF Roberts, SB TI Prevention of hypertension in adulthood by breastfeeding? SO LANCET LA English DT Editorial Material ID CARDIOVASCULAR RISK-FACTORS; LATER BLOOD-PRESSURE; EARLY DETERMINANTS; CHILDREN; CHILDHOOD; CALCIUM; BORN C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Energy Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Roberts, SB (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Energy Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 4 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD FEB 10 PY 2001 VL 357 IS 9254 BP 406 EP 407 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04021-6 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 400HF UT WOS:000166865600002 PM 11273053 ER PT J AU Parker, C Asokan, K Guard-Petter, J AF Parker, C Asokan, K Guard-Petter, J TI Egg contamination by Salmonella serovar enteritidis following vaccination with Delta-aroA Salmonella serovar typhimurium SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Salmonella; chicken; egg; immunization ID O-ANTIGEN; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; WILD-TYPE; LIVE; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; COLONIZATION; RFB; CHICKENS; VACCINES; INVASION AB The efficacy of an aroA Solmonella serovar tyhphimurium modified live vaccine to decrease internal egg contamination after oral challenge of hens with egg-contaminating Salmonella serovar enteritidis was assessed. Challenge was with a mixed phenotype of S. enteritidis that had virulence characteristics previously associated with enhanced oral invasiveness and egg contamination in chickens. Immunized birds had fewer positive ovary/oviduct pools and lower cfu g(-1) cecal contents than did non-immunized birds, but the differences were not significant. The number of positive intestinal (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) and organ (spleen, kidney, liver) pools following challenge from each treatment group were equivalent. Most importantly. immunization did not decrease egg contamination. These results suggest that the ability of modified live vaccines to reduce internal egg contamination by S. serovar enteritidis can be assessed using characterized strains for challenge. (C) 2001 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, SEPRL, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Med Microbiol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Guard-Petter, J (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SEPRL, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 22 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1097 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett. PD FEB 5 PY 2001 VL 195 IS 1 BP 73 EP 78 DI 10.1016/S0378-1097(00)00548-6 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 400MV UT WOS:000166876400012 PM 11166998 ER PT J AU James, DG Vogele, B Faulder, RJ Bartelt, RJ Moore, CJ AF James, David G. Vogele, Beverley Faulder, Richard J. Bartelt, Robert J. Moore, Christopher J. TI Pheromone-mediated mass trapping and population diversion as strategies for suppressing Carpophilus spp. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in Australian stone fruit orchards SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aggregation pheromones; Carpophilus spp. coattractant; mass trapping; population diversion; stone fruit; suppression AB 1 Five experiments were conducted during 1995-99 in stone fruit orchards on the Central Coast and in inland New South Wales, Australia, on the use of synthetic aggregation pheromones and a coattractant to suppress populations of the ripening fruit pests Carpophilus spp. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). 2 Perimeter-based suppression traps baited with pheromone and coattractant placed at 3m intervals around small fruit blocks, caught large numbers of Carpophilus spp. Very small populations of Carpophilus spp. occurred within blocks, and fruit damage was minimal. 3 Carpophilus spp. populations in stone fruit blocks 15-370m from suppression traps were also small and non-damaging, indicating a large zone of pheromone attractivity. 4 Pheromone/coattractant-baited suppression traps appeared to divert Carpophilus spp. from nearby (130 m) ripening stone fruit. Ten metal drums containing decomposing fruit, baited with pheromone and treated with insecticide, attracted Carpophilus spp. and appeared to reduce populations and damage to ripening fruit at distances of 200-500 m. Populations and damage were significantly greater within 200m of the drums and may have been caused by ineffective poisoning or poor quality/overcrowding of fruit resources in the drums. 5 Suppression of Carpophilus spp. populations using synthetic aggregation pheromones and a coattractant appears to be a realistic management option in stone fruit orchards. Pheromone-mediated diversion of beetle populations from ripening fruit may be more practical than perimeter trapping, but more research is needed on the effective range of Carpophilus pheromones and the relative merits of trapping compared to attraction to insecticide-treated areas. C1 [James, David G.] Washington State Univ, Irrigated Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. [Vogele, Beverley; Faulder, Richard J.] New South Wales Agr, Yanco Agr Inst, Yanco, NSW 2703, Australia. [Bartelt, Robert J.] USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. [Moore, Christopher J.] Queensland Dept Primary Ind, Anim Res Inst, Moorooka, Qld 4105, Australia. RP James, DG (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Irrigated Agr Res & Extens Ctr, 24106 North Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. EM djames@tricity.wsu.edu FU Australian Horticultural Research and Development Corporation; NSW Central Coast stone fruit growers FX The authors wish to thank Merv Graham, Sandra Hardy and Geoff Popple for valuable assistance with servicing and maintaining traps. Rowan and Helen Berecry, Ken and Ron Aylett and Ian Woods are thanked for allowing us to use their orchards in this research. The Australian Horticultural Research and Development Corporation and NSW Central Coast stone fruit growers provided partial financial support. NR 23 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 7 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1461-9555 EI 1461-9563 J9 AGR FOREST ENTOMOL JI Agric. For. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 3 IS 1 BP 41 EP 47 DI 10.1046/j.1461-9563.2001.00086.x PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA V32LD UT WOS:000208951800007 ER PT J AU Alderfasi, AA Nielsen, DC AF Alderfasi, AA Nielsen, DC TI Use of crop water stress index for monitoring water status and scheduling irrigation in wheat SO AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE wheat crop; water status; CWSI; irrigation scheduling; remote sensing; canopy temperature ID CANOPY TEMPERATURE AB The crop water stress index (CWSI) is a valuable tool for monitoring and quantifying water stress as well as for irrigation scheduling. This study was conducted during the 1990 and 1991 growing seasons at the Colorado State University Horticulture Farm near Fort Collins, CO, USA (40 35'N latitude, 105 05'W longitude and 1524 m elevation). The main objective was to develop a baseline equation, which can be used to calculate CWSI for monitoring water status and irrigation scheduling of wheat. The difference in crop canopy to air temperature (T-c-T-a), measured above a crop was negatively related to the atmospheric vapor pressure deficiency (AVPD) [R-2=0.88 and p=0.0001]. However, this relationship between (T-c-T-a) and AVPD can be used to develop a non stressed baseline equation and consequently the crop water stress index (CWSI). By using non-water-stressed baseline on data collected frequently through the growing season, CWSI values may provide a valuable tool for monitoring water status and planning irrigation scheduling for wheat and which is extendable to other similar agricultural crops. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 King Saud Univ, Dept Plant Prod, Coll Agr, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. USDA ARS, Akron, CO 80720 USA. RP Alderfasi, AA (reprint author), King Saud Univ, Dept Plant Prod, Coll Agr, POB 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. RI Nielsen, David/A-8044-2009; Alderfasi, Ali/E-1244-2014 OI Nielsen, David/0000-0002-8240-7183; NR 22 TC 39 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3774 J9 AGR WATER MANAGE JI Agric. Water Manage. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 47 IS 1 BP 69 EP 75 DI 10.1016/S0378-3774(00)00096-2 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA 407BA UT WOS:000167250500006 ER PT J AU Lopez, TD Aide, TM Thomlinson, JR AF Lopez, TD Aide, TM Thomlinson, JR TI Urban expansion and the loss of prime agricultural lands in Puerto Rico SO AMBIO LA English DT Article ID URBANIZATION; FOREST; WILL AB In many countries where the economy has shifted from mainly agricultural to industrial, abandoned agricultural lands are lost to urbanization. For more than 4 centuries the Puerto Rican economy depended almost entirely on agriculture, but sociopolitical changes early in the 20(th) century resulted in a shift to industry. This shift in the economy, and an increase in population, has resulted in an increase in urban areas. This study describes the rate and distribution of urban growth on the island of Puerto Rico from 1977 to 1994 and the resulting influence on potential agricultural lands. Urban extent and growth were determined by interpreting aerial photographs and satellite imagery. The 1994 urban coverage was combined with a soil coverage based on agricultural potential to determine the distribution of urban areas relative to potential farmlands. Analyses showed that in 1977, 11.3% of Puerto Rico was classified as urban. After 17 years, urban areas had increased by 27.4% and urban growth on soils suitable for agriculture had increased by 41.6%. This represents a loss of 6% of potential agricultural lands. If this pattern of encroachment by urban growth into potential farmlands continues, Puerto Rico's potential for food production in the future could be greatly limited. C1 US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, San Juan, PR USA. Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Biol, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. Univ Puerto Rico, Inst Trop Ecosyst Studies, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. RP Lopez, TD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, POB 25000, San Juan, PR USA. NR 35 TC 68 Z9 69 U1 2 U2 19 PU ROYAL SWEDISH ACAD SCIENCES PI STOCKHOLM PA PUBL DEPT BOX 50005, S-104 05 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN SN 0044-7447 J9 AMBIO JI Ambio PD FEB PY 2001 VL 30 IS 1 BP 49 EP 54 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 414UQ UT WOS:000167684900008 PM 11351793 ER PT J AU Aillery, M Shoemaker, R Caswell, M AF Aillery, M Shoemaker, R Caswell, M TI Agriculture and ecosystem restoration in South Florida: Assessing trade-offs from water-retention development in the Everglades Agricultural Area SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE ecosystem management; Everglades Agricultural Area; soil subsidence; water retention; dynamic optimization AB Agricultural production decisions can affect ecosystem function and environmental quality. Environmental restoration policies can, in turn, affect the profitability of the agricultural sector. A dynamic model of agricultural production, soil loss, and water retention in the Everglades Agricultural Area is developed to assess agricultural impacts under alternative water policy and land acquisition scenarios. C1 USDA, Resource Econ Div, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Aillery, M (reprint author), USDA, Resource Econ Div, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 83 IS 1 BP 183 EP 195 DI 10.1111/0002-9092.00146 PG 13 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 403AZ UT WOS:000167021500014 ER PT J AU Montalvo, AM Ellstrand, NC AF Montalvo, AM Ellstrand, NC TI Nonlocal transplantation and outbreeding depression in the subshrub Lotus scoparius (Fabaceae) SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE coastal sage scrub; common garden; cumulative fitness; ecological genetics; environmental distance; geographic distance; genetic distance; local adaptation; restoration; seed source ID SAGEBRUSH ARTEMISIA-TRIDENTATA; HABITAT-CORRELATED VARIATION; INBREEDING DEPRESSION; GERMINATION RESPONSE; GENETIC CONSEQUENCES; IPOMOPSIS-AGGREGATA; POLLEN DISPERSAL; PROGENY FITNESS; BREEDING SYSTEM; POPULATION AB The genetic background of transplants used to create or augment wild populations may affect the long-term success of restored populations. If seed sources are from differently adapted populations, then the relative performance of progeny from crosses among populations may decrease with an increase in genetic differences of parents and in the differences of parental environments to the transplant location. We evaluated the potential for such outbreeding depression by hybridizing individuals from six difficult populations of Lotus scoparius var, scoparius and L. s. var. brevialatus. We used allozyme data to calculate genetic distances between source populations, and compiled climatic data and measured soil traits to estimate environmental distances between source populations. We found significant outbreeding depression following controlled crosses. In the greenhouse. the success of crosses (seeds/flower X seedlings/seed) decreased with increasing genetic distance between populations revealing genetically based outbreeding depression unrelated to local adaptation. After outplanting to one native site (in situ common garden), field cumulative fitness of progeny (survival X fruit production) decreased significantly with mean environmental distance of the parental populations to the transplant site, but not with genetic distance between the crossed populations. This result is consistent with a disruption of local adaptation. At the second, ecologically contrasting common garden, where low survival reduced statistical power. field cumulative fitness (survival X progeny height) did not decrease significantly with either environmental distance or genetic distance. Overall. intervariety crosses were 30 and 50% as fit (seeds/flower x seedlings/seed X survival X fruits at the first garden or X height at the second) as intravariety crosses. These results suggest that the cumulative outbreeding depression was caused by a combination of genetically based ecological differences among populations and other genomic coadaptation. We conclude that mixing genetically differentiated seed sources of Lotus scoparius may significantly lower the fitness of augmented or restored populations. Genetic and environmental similarities of source populations relative to the transplant site should be considered when choosing source materials, a practice recommended by recent seed transfer policies. Geographic separation was not a good surrogate for either of these measures. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Bot & Plant Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Ctr Conservat Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Montalvo, AM (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Bot & Plant Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. NR 83 TC 127 Z9 134 U1 3 U2 35 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY, 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 88 IS 2 BP 258 EP 269 DI 10.2307/2657017 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 406LL UT WOS:000167217600009 PM 11222248 ER PT J AU Slaton, MR Hunt, ER Smith, WK AF Slaton, MR Hunt, ER Smith, WK TI Estimating near-infrared leaf reflectance from leaf structural characteristics SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE A(mes)/A; bicoloration; leaf structure; mesophyll; near-infrared; reflectance ID MESOPHYLL SURFACE-AREA; PHOTOSYNTHETIC RATE; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; WATER-CONTENT; LEAVES; LIGHT; PALISADE; TISSUE AB The relationship between near-infrared reflectance at 800 nm (NIRR) from leaves and characteristics of leaf structure known to affect photosynthesis was investigated in 48 species of alpine angiosperms. This wavelength was selected to discriminate the effects of leaf structure vs. chemical or water content on leaf reflectance. A quantitative model was first constructed correlating NIRR with leaf structural characteristics for six species, and then validated using ail 48 species. Among the structural characteristic tested in the reflectance model were leaf trichome density, the presence or absence of both leaf bicoloration and a thick leaf cuticle (> 1 mum). leaf thickness. the ratio of palisade mesophyll to spongy mesophyll thickness (PM/SM). the proportion of the mesophyll occupied by intercellular air spaces (%IAS). and the ratio of mesophyll cell surface area exposed to IAS (A(mes)) per unit leaf surface area (A). or A(mes)/A. Multiple regression analysis showed that measured NIRR was highly correlated with A(mes)/A, leaf bicoloration. and the presence of a thick leaf cuticle (r(2) = 0.93). In contrast. correlations between NIRR and leaf trichome density. leaf thickness, the PM/SM ratio, or %IAS were relatively weak (r(2) < 0.25). A model incorporating A(mes)/A, leaf bicoloration. and cuticle thickness predicted NIRR accurately for 48 species (r(2) = 0.43: P < 0.01) and may be useful for linking remotely sensed data to plant structure and function. C1 Wake Forest Univ, Dept Biol, Winston Salem, NC 27109 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Bot, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, Laurel, MD 20707 USA. RP Smith, WK (reprint author), Wake Forest Univ, Dept Biol, POB 7325, Winston Salem, NC 27109 USA. NR 38 TC 125 Z9 130 U1 2 U2 36 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY, 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 88 IS 2 BP 278 EP 284 DI 10.2307/2657019 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 406LL UT WOS:000167217600011 PM 11222250 ER PT J AU Shoemaker, CA Klesius, PH Evans, JJ AF Shoemaker, CA Klesius, PH Evans, JJ TI Prevalence of Streptococcus iniae in tilapia, hybrid striped bass, and channel catfish on commercial fish farms in the United States SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID RAINBOW-TROUT; EFFICACY; VACCINE AB Objective-To determine the prevalence of Streptococcus iniae in tilapia (Oreochromis spp), hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops X M saxatilis), and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) on commercial fish farms in the United States. Animals-1,543 fish (970 tilapia, 415 hybrid striped bass, and 158 channel catfish). Procedures-The dry-swab technique was used for collection of specimens for streptococcal isolation. Specimens were shipped by overnight delivery and processed by use of standard bacteriologic techniques. Results-Streptococcus iniae was not isolated from market-size channel catfish. Prevalence in tilapia and hybrid striped bass was 37 of 970 (3.81%) and 30 of 415 (7.2396), respectively. Prevalence by farm ranged from 0.0 to 27.4% for tilapia and 0.0 to 21.6% for hybrid striped bass. In tilapia, prevalence was lowest in market-size and nursery fish (4 of 239 [1.67%] and 3 of 339 [0.88%], respectively), with an increase in prevalence for fish in the grow-out stage (30 of 337 [7.96%]). For hybrid striped bass, prevalence was lowest in nursery and market-size fish (3 of 96 [3.12%] and 1 of 47 [2.12%], respectively) and highest in fish in the grow-out stage (26 of 272 [9.56%]). Prevalence in market-size tilapia and hybrid striped bass was 5 of 286 (1.75%). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Results of this study do not support the contention that S iniae is a serious public health threat associated with commercially raised fish; rather, it represents a limited risk for older or immunocompromised people who incur puncture wounds while handling and preparing fish. C1 USDA ARS, Aquat Anim Hlth Res Lab, Auburn, AL 36830 USA. USDA ARS, Aquat Anim Hlth Res Lab, Chestertown, MD 21620 USA. RP Shoemaker, CA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Aquat Anim Hlth Res Lab, POB 0952, Auburn, AL 36830 USA. NR 17 TC 109 Z9 133 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 62 IS 2 BP 174 EP 177 DI 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.174 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 399ZU UT WOS:000166844800005 PM 11212023 ER PT J AU Eshita, SM AF Eshita, SM TI 3-hydroxybenzoic acid as an internal standard for the high-pressure liquid chromatography quantitation of salicylic acid in plants SO ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CENTAURIUM; TOBACCO C1 USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. RP Eshita, SM (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, 359 Main Rd, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. NR 10 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-2697 J9 ANAL BIOCHEM JI Anal. Biochem. PD FEB 1 PY 2001 VL 289 IS 1 BP 99 EP 102 DI 10.1006/abio.2000.4962 PG 4 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 400AD UT WOS:000166845700015 PM 11161302 ER PT J AU Suchyta, SP Cheng, HH Burnside, J Dodgson, JB AF Suchyta, SP Cheng, HH Burnside, J Dodgson, JB TI Comparative mapping of chicken anchor loci orthologous to genes on human chromosomes 1, 4 and 9 SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE chicken; comparative map; evolution; genome mapping; human ID LINKAGE MAP; AFFECTING SUSCEPTIBILITY; REFERENCE POPULATION; MAREKS-DISEASE; GENOME; EVOLUTION; DIVERGENCE; GENETICS; SEGMENTS; MAMMALS AB Comparative mapping of chicken and human genomes is described, primarily of regions corresponding to human chromosomes 1, 4 and 9. Segments of chicken orthologues of selected human genes were amplified from parental DNA of the East Lansing backcross reference mapping population, and the two parental alleles were sequenced. In about 80% of the genes tested, sequence polymorphism was identified between reference population parental DNAs. The polymorphism was used to design allele-specific primers with which to genotype the backcross panel and place genes on the chicken linkage map. Thirty-seven genes were mapped which confirmed the surprisingly high level of conserved synteny between orthologous chicken and human genes. In several cases the order of genes in conserved syntenic groups differs between the two genomes, suggesting that there may have been more frequent intrachromosomal inversions as compared with interchromosomal translocations during the separate evolution of avian and mammalian genomes. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Genet Program, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. ARS, USDA, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Anim & Food Sci, Newark, DE USA. RP Dodgson, JB (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RI Nolen, Danielle/A-5250-2010; Crozier, Laura/C-5891-2011 NR 26 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 32 IS 1 BP 12 EP 18 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2001.00717.x PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 443DK UT WOS:000169325000003 PM 11419339 ER PT J AU Wang, Z Rohrer, GA Stone, RT Troyer, D AF Wang, Z Rohrer, GA Stone, RT Troyer, D TI Five new porcine genetic markers from a microsatellite enriched microdissected chromosome 13 library SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Editorial Material ID GENOME; MAP C1 Kansas State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Anat & Physiol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Wang, Z (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Anat & Physiol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 32 IS 1 BP 41 EP 42 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2001.0647b.x PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 443DK UT WOS:000169325000009 PM 11419345 ER PT J AU Mantovani, HC Russell, JB AF Mantovani, HC Russell, JB TI Nisin resistance of Streptococcus bovis SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; LIPOTEICHOIC ACID; STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS; BACTERIA; MONENSIN; SENSITIVITY; SELECTION; STRAINS; CATTLE AB The growth of Streptococcus bovis JB1 was initially inhibited by nisin (1 muM), and nisin caused a more than 3-log decrease in viability. However, some of the cells survived, and these nisin-resistant cells grew as rapidly as untreated ones. To see if the nisin resistance was merely a selection, nisin-sensitive cells were obtained from agar plates lacking nisin, Results indicated that virtually any nisin-sensitive cell could become nisin-resistant if the ratio of nisin to cells was not too high and the incubation period was long enough. isolates obtained from the rumen were initially nisin sensitive, but they also developed nisin resistance. Nisin-resistant cultures remained nisin resistant even if nisin was not present, but competition studies indicated that nisin-sensitive cells could eventually displace the resistant ones if nisin was not present. Nisin-sensitive, glucose-energized cells lost virtually all of their intracellular potassium if 1 muM nisin was added, but resistant cells retained potassium even after addition of 10 muM nisin, Nisin-resistant cells were less hydrophobic and more lysozyme-resistant than nisin-sensitive cells. Because the nisin-resistant cells bound less cytochrome c, it appeared that nisin was being excluded by a net positive (i.e., less negative) charge. Nisin-resistant cells had more lipoteichoic acid than nisin-sensitive cells, and deesterified lipoteichoic acids from nisin-resistant cells migrated more slowly through a polyacrylamide gel than those from nisin-sensitive cells. These results indicated that lipoteichoic acids could be modified to increase the resistance of S, bovis to nisin, S. bovis JB1 cultures were still sensitive to monensin, tetracycline, vancomycin, and bacitracin, but ampicillin resistance was 1,000-fold greater. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Microbiol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Russell, JB (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Microbiol, Wing Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Mantovani, Hilario/J-5287-2012 NR 33 TC 73 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 67 IS 2 BP 808 EP 813 DI 10.1128/AEM.67.2.808-813.2001 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 399ZR UT WOS:000166844600041 PM 11157247 ER PT J AU Chen, HC Stern, NJ AF Chen, HC Stern, NJ TI Competitive exclusion of heterologous Campylobacter spp. in chicks SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID JEJUNI; COLONIZATION; INFECTION; ENTERITIS; SEROTYPE; POULTRY; WATER; COLI; MILK AB Chicken and human isolates of Campylobacter jejuni were used to provide oral challenge of day-old broiler chicks. The isolation ratio of the competing challenge strains was monitored and varied, depending upon the isolates used. A PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay of the flagellin gene (flaA) was used to discriminate between the chick-colonizing isolates. Our observations indicated that the selected C. jejuni colonizers dominated the niche provided by the chicken ceca. Chicken isolates from the flaA type 7 grouping generally had numerical superiority over the human isolates when they were administered in our 1-day-old chick model. Our results suggest that it is possible to use combinations of C. jejuni chicken isolates as a defined bacterial preparation for the competitive exclusion of human-pathogenic C. jejuni in poultry. C1 USDA ARS, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, Russian Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Stern, NJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, Russian Res Ctr, 950 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 30 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 67 IS 2 BP 848 EP 851 DI 10.1128/AEM.67.2.848-851.2001 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 399ZR UT WOS:000166844600047 PM 11157253 ER PT J AU Stender, H Kurtzman, C Hyldig-Nielsen, JJ Sorensen, D Broomer, A Oliveira, K Perry-O'Keefe, H Sage, A Young, B Coull, J AF Stender, H Kurtzman, C Hyldig-Nielsen, JJ Sorensen, D Broomer, A Oliveira, K Perry-O'Keefe, H Sage, A Young, B Coull, J TI Identification of Dekkera bruxellensis (Brettanomyces) from wine by fluorescence in situ hybridization using peptide nucleic acid probes SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PNA; PHYLOGENY; SEQUENCES AB A new fluorescence in situ hybridization method using peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes for identification of Brettanomyces is described. The test is based on fluorescein-labeled PNA probes targeting a species-specific sequence of the rRNA of Dekkera bruxellensis. The PNA probes were applied to smears of colonies, and results were interpreted by fluorescence microscopy. The results obtained from testing 127 different yeast strains, including 78 Brettanomyces isolates from wine, show that the spoilage organism Brettanomyces belongs to the species D. bruxellensis and that the new method is able to identify Brettanomyces (D. bruxellensis) with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity. C1 Boston Probes Inc, Bedford, MA 01730 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Properties Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Millipore Corp, Bedford, MA 01730 USA. RP Stender, H (reprint author), Boston Probes Inc, 75E Wiggins Ave, Bedford, MA 01730 USA. NR 15 TC 67 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 67 IS 2 BP 938 EP 941 DI 10.1128/AEM.67.2.938-941.2001 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 399ZR UT WOS:000166844600059 PM 11157265 ER PT J AU Vilazquez, E Martinez-Romero, E Rodriguez-Navarro, DN Trujillo, ME Daza, A Mateos, PF Martinez-Molina, E van Berkum, P AF Vilazquez, E Martinez-Romero, E Rodriguez-Navarro, DN Trujillo, ME Daza, A Mateos, PF Martinez-Molina, E van Berkum, P TI Characterization of rhizobial isolates of Phaseolus vulgaris by staircase electrophoresis of low-molecular-weight RNA SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SP. NOV.; PROFILES; ETLI; GENOTYPES; GALLICUM; NODULATE; TROPICI AB Low-molecular-weight (LMW) RNA molecules were analyzed to characterize rhizobial isolates that nodulate the common bean growing in Spain. Since LMW RNA profiles, determined by staircase electrophoresis, varied across the rhizobial species nodulating beans, we demonstrated that bean isolates recovered from Spanish soils presumptively could be characterized as Rhizobium etli, Rhizobium gallicum, Rhizobium giardinii, Rhizobium leguminosarum by. viciae and by. trifolii, and Sinorhizobium fredii. C1 Univ Salamanca, Dept Genet & Microbiol, Salamanca 37007, Spain. CIDA, Seville, Spain. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Invest Fijac Nitrogeno, Cuernavaca 62191, Morelos, Mexico. USDA ARS, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Vilazquez, E (reprint author), Univ Salamanca, Dept Genet & Microbiol, Edificio Dept,Avda Campo Charro S-N, Salamanca 37007, Spain. RI Trujillo, Martha/L-1763-2014; Mateos, Pedro/L-6001-2014; OI Trujillo, Martha/0000-0002-9193-1673; Mateos, Pedro/0000-0003-1628-598X; Martinez-Molina, Eustoquio/0000-0002-0983-9780; Velazquez, Encarna/0000-0002-5946-7241 NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 67 IS 2 BP 1008 EP 1010 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 399ZR UT WOS:000166844600074 ER PT J AU Ignoffo, CM Garcia, C McIntosh, AH Grasela, JJ Saathoff, SG AF Ignoffo, CM Garcia, C McIntosh, AH Grasela, JJ Saathoff, SG TI Effects of viral rate and feeding time on mortality of early-, mid-, and late-stadium larvae of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) fed Baculovirus heliothis SO APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Helicoverpa SNPV; baculovirus; Helicoverpa zea; cotton bollworm ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; GYPSY-MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; NUCLEOPOLYHEDROSIS VIRUS; ENVIRONMENTAL-FACTORS; LABORATORY EVALUATION; MAMESTRA-BRASSICAE; SUSCEPTIBILITY; MATURATION; SCREENS AB Early-, mid-, and late-stadium Helicoverpa zea larvae were fed on a diet which was surface-treated with occlusion bodies (OB) at rates from 0.1 to 1,000 OB/mm(2) for periods ranging from 0.25 to 72 h. Fifty-percent of early-stadium larvae fed 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 OB/mm(2) eventually died after they had fed for 7.5, 4.5, 2.3, and 0.3 h, respectively, and then were transferred to virus-free diet. Greater than 98% mortality occurred, regardless of the viral rate, after 24 h of feeding. Less than 0.5 h of feeding at the highest rate 11,000 OB/mm(2)) resulted in 100% mortality. Using mid-stadium larvae, 50% mortality at 0.1, 1, or 10 OB/mm(2) occurred when larvae had fed for 1 1.0, 3.5 or 0.3 h, respectively, and then were transferred to virus-free diet. Viral rates of 100 or 1,000 OB/mm(2) resulted in >90% mortality after only 0.25 h of feeding. All mid-stadium larvae fed the highest rates (10, 100 or 1,000 OB/mm(2)) for at least 12 h and then transferred to virus-free diet, eventually died of a virus infection. One-hundred percent mortality, however, was never reached when larvae were fed for 72 h at the two lowest rates of 0.1 and 1.0 OB/mm(2). Within each viral rate it did not seem to matter whether late-stadium larvae had fed for 1 or 72 h on virus-treated diet. Mortality of late-stadium larvae was never greater than 75% regardless of the viral rate or feeding time. Mortality of early-, mid-, or late-stadium larvae not fed virus never exceeded 2%. C1 USDA ARS, Biol Control Insects Res Lab, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. Univ Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Ignoffo, CM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biol Control Insects Res Lab, 1503 S Providence, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU JAPAN SOC APPL ENTOMOL ZOOL PI TOKYO PA 1-43-11 KOMAGOME TOSHIMA-KU, TOKYO, 170, JAPAN SN 0003-6862 J9 APPL ENTOMOL ZOOL JI Appl. Entomol. Zoolog. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 36 IS 1 BP 121 EP 125 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 407KT UT WOS:000167271300018 ER PT J AU Ignoffo, CM Wong, JFH McIntosh, AH McCutchen, WF Grasela, JJ Goodman, CL Saathoff, SG AF Ignoffo, CM Wong, JFH McIntosh, AH McCutchen, WF Grasela, JJ Goodman, CL Saathoff, SG TI Sensitivity of heliothine larvae to wild-type and recombinant strains of a single nucleocapsid (HzSNPV) and a multiple nucleocapsid (AcMNPV) baculovirus SO APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Heliothis/Helicoverpa-SNPV; Autographa-MNPV; baculoviruses; recombinants ID NUCLEAR-POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; AUTOGRAPHA-CALIFORNICA LEPIDOPTERA; LEIURUS-QUINQUESTRIATUS-HEBRAEUS; INSECT-SPECIFIC TOXIN; HELICOVERPA-ZEA; NOCTUIDAE; MORTALITY; GENE; EXPRESSION; NEUROTOXIN AB Mid-stadium larvae of Helicoverpa tea were equally susceptible to either the wild-type (Wt) or recombinant (RcHz-Lqh) strain of HzSNPV. There was, however, a significant difference (1.8-fold) in the rate of mortality between the two strains. The LT50 for the Wt and Re strain was 3.4+/-0.1 days and 1.9+/-0.2 days, respectively. In contrast, there was a significant difference in both the rate and extent of mortality of mid-stadium larvae of H. virescens fed either the Wt or Re strain of HzSNPV (LC50: Wt. 11.4 +/- 0.6 OB/cm(2); Re, 42.2 +/- 8.2 OB/cm(2). LT50: Wt, 4.1+/-0.1 days; Re, 2.8+/-0.2 days). An 8-fold increase in the viral rate of the WtHzSNPV was needed (800 OB/mm(2)) to match the effectiveness of the RcHzLqh strain at 100 OB/cm(2). Increasing the RcHzLqh rate above 100 OB/cm(2) did not significantly reduce the LT50 or larval feeding as measured by frass weight. All viral rates of the Re strains significantly reduced (ca. 6- to 12-fold) mid-stadium larval feeding over that of the control. Differences between the Re and Wt strains of HzSNPV, using late-stadium H. zea larvae, showed the same tendency as that using mid-stadium larvae, but the differences were not as great (< 2-fold). Mid-stadium larvae of H. virescens were ca. 3-fold more susceptible to RcAcLqh than to either the WtAc or RcAcAa. Both RcAcL.qh and RcAcAa strains killed larvae quicker(1.5- to 1.7-fold) and reduced feeding more (1.6- to 1.9-fold) than the WtAc strain. A combination of RcAcLqh and RcAcAa at 5 OB/cm(2) had no additive effect on mortality of H. virescens larvae and the combination was less effective than either Re strain at 10 OB/cm(2). Unexpectedly, the known level of susceptibility of semi-permissive larvae of H. zea to WtAcMNPV, as measured by percent mortality, LT50, and feeding, was significantly enhanced (ca. 2-fold) when H. tea larvae were fed the RcHzLqh strain. In contrast, expression of the Lqh-toxin by RcHzLqh did not significantly increase the susceptibility of H. subflexa, larvae previously reported as being highly resistant to WtHzSNPV. C1 USDA ARS, Biol Control Insects Res Lab, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. Dupont Co, Stine Haskell Res Ctr, Agr Prod, Newark, DE 19714 USA. RP Ignoffo, CM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biol Control Insects Res Lab, 1503 S Providence, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. NR 39 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU JAPAN SOC APPL ENTOMOL ZOOL PI TOKYO PA 1-43-11 KOMAGOME TOSHIMA-KU, TOKYO, 170, JAPAN SN 0003-6862 J9 APPL ENTOMOL ZOOL JI Appl. Entomol. Zoolog. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 36 IS 1 BP 127 EP 136 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 407KT UT WOS:000167271300019 ER PT J AU Ralphs, MH Gardner, DR AF Ralphs, MH Gardner, DR TI Alkaloid levels in Duncecap (Delphinium occidentale) and Tall larkspur (D-barbeyi) grown in reciprocal gardens: separating genetic from environmental influences SO BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Duncecap larkspur; Delphinium occidentale; tail larkspur; Delphinium barbeyi; norditerpenoid alkaloids; toxic alkaloids; environmental stress ID NORDITERPENOID ALKALOIDS AB The objective of this study was to determine whether differences in toxicity between Tall larkspur (Delphinium barbeyi) and Duncecap larkspur (D. occidentale) were genetically inherent within the species, or due to environmental influences unique to the different regions where they grow. There was no difference in the concentration of the toxic alkaloids between the two species when grown in common gardens. However, both species had higher concentration of toxic alkaloids when grown in the southern Rocky Mountain region which is characterized by summer monsoonal thunderstorms, compared to summer drought in the north. In a unique occurrence where Duncecap larkspur grew beside Tall larkspur, toxic alkaloids were very low in Duncecap larkspur, but total alkaloid concentration was often higher than in Tail larkspur. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. RP Ralphs, MH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, 1150 E 1400 N, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 8 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0305-1978 J9 BIOCHEM SYST ECOL JI Biochem. Syst. Ecol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 29 IS 2 BP 117 EP 124 DI 10.1016/S0305-1978(00)00059-4 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 392XU UT WOS:000166438500001 ER PT J AU Mosier, AR Bleken, MA Chaiwanakupt, P Ellis, EC Freney, JR Howarth, RB Matson, PA Minami, K Naylor, R Weeks, KN Zhu, ZL AF Mosier, AR Bleken, MA Chaiwanakupt, P Ellis, EC Freney, JR Howarth, RB Matson, PA Minami, K Naylor, R Weeks, KN Zhu, ZL TI Policy implications of human-accelerated nitrogen cycling SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE fertilizer; food production; fossil fuel combustion; mitigation; N; NOx; N2O ID TAI LAKE REGION; OXIDE EMISSIONS; POPULATION-GROWTH; DEPOSITION; EFFICIENCY; CHINA; CONSEQUENCES; SATURATION; ECOSYSTEMS; STANDARDS AB The human induced input of reactive N into the global biosphere has increased to approximately 150 Tg N each year and is expected to continue to increase for the foreseeable future. The need to feed (similar to 125 Tg N) and to provide energy (similar to 25 Tg N) for the growing world population drives this trend. This increase in reactive N comes at, in some instances, significant costs to society through increased emissions of NOx, NH3, N2O and NO3- and deposition of NOy and NHx. In the atmosphere, increases in tropospheric ozone and acid deposition (NOy and NHx) have led to acidification of aquatic and soil systems and to reductions in forest and crop system production. Changes in aquatic systems as a result of nitrate leaching have led to decreased drinking water quality, eutrophication, hypoxia and decreases in aquatic plant diversity, for example. On the other hand, increased deposition of biologically available N may have increased forest biomass production and may have contributed to increased storage of atmospheric CO2 in plant and soils. Most importantly, synthetic production of fertilizer N has contributed greatly to the remarkable increase in food production that has taken place during the past 50 years. The development of policy to control unwanted reactive N release is difficult because much of the reactive N release is related to food and energy production and reactive N species can be transported great distances in the atmosphere and in aquatic systems. There are many possibilities for limiting reactive N emissions from fuel combustion, and in fact, great strides have been made during the past decades. Reducing the introduction of new reactive N and in curtailing the movement of this N in food production is even more difficult. The particular problem comes from the fact that most of the N that is introduced into the global food production system is not converted into usable product, but rather reenters the biosphere as a surplus. Global policy on N in agriculture is difficult because many countries need to increase food production to raise nutritional levels or to keep up with population growth, which may require increased use of N fertilizers. Although N cycling occurs at regional and global scales, policies are implemented and enforced at the national or provincial/state levels. Multinational efforts to control N loss to the environment are surely needed, but these efforts will require commitments from individual countries and the policy-makers within those countries. C1 ARS, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Agr Univ Norway, Aas, Norway. Thailand Dept Agr, Bangkok, Thailand. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Ctr Agroecol & Sustainable Food Syst, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, Australia. Dartmouth Coll, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. Stanford Univ, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. NIAES, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Soil Sci, Nanjing, Peoples R China. RP Mosier, AR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RI Freney, John/E-9462-2011; OI Freney, John/0000-0001-7545-6529; Ellis, Erle/0000-0002-2006-3362; Bleken, Marina/0000-0003-0892-1157; Howarth, Richard/0000-0003-3182-7345 NR 87 TC 46 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 25 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD FEB PY 2001 VL 52 IS 3 BP 281 EP 320 DI 10.1023/A:1006430122495 PG 40 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 409RD UT WOS:000167397100003 ER PT J AU El-Ghaouth, A Smilanick, JL Brown, GE Ippolito, A Wilson, CL AF El-Ghaouth, A Smilanick, JL Brown, GE Ippolito, A Wilson, CL TI Control of decay of apple and citrus fruits in semicommercial tests with Candida saitoana and 2-deoxy-D-glucose SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE apple fruits; Botrytis cinerea; Candida saitoana; citrus fruits; imazalil; Penicillium expansum; Penicillium digitatum; thiabendazole; 2-deoxy-D-glucose ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; BOTRYTIS-CINEREA; POSTHARVEST DISEASES; BIOCONTROL ACTIVITY; PENICILLIUM-DIGITATUM; PICHIA-GUILLIERMONDII; CYTOCHEMICAL ASPECTS; YEASTS; GRAPEFRUIT; MECHANISMS AB Efficacy of a combination of Candida saitoana and 0.2% 2-deoxy-D-glucose as a treatment for the biological control of postharvest diseases of apple and citrus fruits was determined in semicommercial tests. The combination of C. saitoana and 0.2% 2-deoxy-D-glucose was more effective in controlling decay of 'Rome' and 'Empire' apples than C. saitoana alone, and the level of control was comparable or superior to that provided by the synthetic fungicide thiabendazole, depending on the variety used. In orange ('Washington' navel, 'Hamlin', and 'Valencia') and 'Eureka' lemon trials, the combination of C. saitoana and 0.2% 2-deoxy-D-glucose was also superior to C. saitoana for controlling decay, and the control level was equal to imazalil, especially on early-season fruits. On late-season 'Washington' navel orange and 'Eureka' lemon fruits, the combination of C. saitoana and 0.2% 2-deoxy-D-glucose was superior in controlling decay than C. saitoana alone, but control was significantly less than with imazalil. These results indicate the reliability and efficacy of the combination of C. saitoana and 2-deoxy-D-glucose for the control of postharvest diseases of apple and citrus fruits. Further tests under commercial conditions are needed to confirm these results, (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Univ Nouakchott, Fac Sci & Tech, Nouakchott, Mauritania. USDA ARS, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. Florida Dept Citrus, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. Univ Bari, Dipartimento Protez Plante Dalle Malattie, I-70126 Bari, Italy. USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP El-Ghaouth, A (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 27 TC 20 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD FEB PY 2001 VL 20 IS 2 BP 96 EP 101 DI 10.1006/bcon.2000.0894 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 399GC UT WOS:000166802400002 ER PT J AU Charlet, LD AF Charlet, LD TI Biology and seasonal abundance of parasitoids of the banded sunflower moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) in sunflower SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE conservation biological control; Cochylis hospes; Hymenoptera; Lepidoptera; sunflower; Helianthus; natural enemies; parasitoids ID NORTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; INSECT PESTS; CULTIVATED SUNFLOWER; GROWTH-STAGES; COCHYLIDAE; HYMENOPTERA; STRATEGIES; MANAGEMENT; DAKOTA AB Mortality, parasitization, and overwintering development through pupation of the banded sunflower moth, Cochylis hospes Walsingham, larvae and two of its endoparasitoids, Glypta prognatha Dasch and Chelonus phaloniae Mason, were followed over a S-year period (1987 to 1989). Development of parasitoids in the held was determined for each species by examination of moth eggs and larvae during the 1989 season. Parasitoids of C. hospes, recovered from cultivated sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., from North and South Dakota and Minnesota in 1994 and 1995, parasitized 24 and 17% of larvae, respectively. Species of Hymenoptera collected included G. prognatha and Trathala sp. (Ichneumonidae), C. phaloniae and Macrocentrus ancylivorus Rohwer (Braconidae), and Perilampus robertsoni Crawford (Pteromalidae). The most abundant parasitoid was G. prognatha. In 1994 and 1995, C. phaloniae, an egg-larval parasitoid, emerged earlier but was less abundant than the later occurring larval parasitoid G. prognatha. Species of parasitoids collected from cultivated sunflower and five species of native sunflowers were similar. An additional parasitoid, Mastrus sp. (Ichneumonidae), was recovered only from the native sunflowers H. annuus and H. tuberosus L. Results from 1994 and 1995 showed that parasitization rates for the total season by the two most abundant parasitoids were similar in fields using three planting dates. These results suggest that altering planting date could be successfully used as a pest management strategy without disrupting the biological control of the banded sunflower moth. Conservation of these parasitoids in the sun flower agroecosystem is needed since they play an important role in the management of C. hospes. C1 USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Charlet, LD (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 32 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD FEB PY 2001 VL 20 IS 2 BP 113 EP 121 DI 10.1006/bcon.2000.0898 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 399GC UT WOS:000166802400004 ER PT J AU Naranjo, SE Hagler, JR AF Naranjo, SE Hagler, JR TI Toward the quantification of predation with predator gut immunoassays: A new approach integrating functional response behavior SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Pectinophora gossypiella; Geocoris punctipes; Orius insidiosus; monoclonal antibody; ELISA; functional response; gut content analysis; predation model ID PODISUS-MACULIVENTRIS HETEROPTERA; GEOCORIS-PUNCTIPES HEMIPTERA; PINK-BOLLWORM LEPIDOPTERA; TIME-RELATED DECAY; ARTHROPOD PREDATION; PRECIPITIN TEST; INVERTEBRATE PREDATION; POLYPHAGOUS PREDATORS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; IMMUNODOT ASSAY AB Immunological methods have been widely used to identify key predator species and qualitatively evaluate predation of target prey. However, despite the quantitative nature of many immunoassays, the translation to number of prey attacked has been problematic because of the many factors that confound interpretation of the strength of the immunoassay response. We developed a new predation model that couples the proportion of predators positive for prey remains determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), predator density, and predator functional response to prey density for estimating total prey attacked. We used single cotton plant arenas in the greenhouse to develop functional response models for two generalist predators, Geocoris punctipes (Say) and Orius insidiosus (Say), preying on Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) eggs. The model was validated and compared with other immunologically based predation models in multiple plant/multiple predator arenas. Our predation model was relatively accurate in predicting the total number of prey attacked by both predator species and was a significant improvement over previous models that rely on simple assumptions regarding predator attack rates. The model also improves the predictive capacity of the functional response model alone by correcting for the number of predators actually consuming prey. Sensitivity analyses indicated that model performance was most sensitive to accurate measurement of input variables such as temperature and the proportion of individuals positive for prey antigens by ELISA and less sensitive to changes in estimates of prey density. Accurate estimation of the functional response parameters is also important, especially for the behavioral parameter defining the decline in plant leaf area searched with increases in prey density. Limitations of the model and application to the field are discussed. C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Naranjo, SE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 59 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 21 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD FEB PY 2001 VL 20 IS 2 BP 175 EP 189 DI 10.1006/bcon.2000.0892 PG 15 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 399GC UT WOS:000166802400011 ER PT J AU Haney, RL Hons, FM Sanderson, MA Franzluebbers, AJ AF Haney, RL Hons, FM Sanderson, MA Franzluebbers, AJ TI A rapid procedure for estimating nitrogen mineralization in manured soil SO BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS LA English DT Article DE carbon mineralization; nitrogen mineralization; soil testing; manure; nitrogen uptake ID CORN; CARBON; AVAILABILITY; INDEXES; YIELDS AB A routine soil testing procedure for soil N mineralization is needed that is rapid and precise. Not accounting for N mineralization can result in the over-application of N, especially in soils with a history of manure application. Our objectives were to compare results from a recently proposed rapid laboratory procedure with: (1) long-term N mineralization under standard laboratory conditions, and (2) actual forage N uptake from soil receiving dairy cattle (Bos taurus) manure in a 2-year field study. The rapid procedure is based on the quantity of CO2-C evolved during 24 h under optimum laboratory conditions following the rewetting of dried soil. Dairy cattle manure was surface applied beginning in 1992 at annual rates of 0, 112, 224, or 448 kg N ha(-1) to field plots on a Windthorst fine sandy loam soil (fine, mixed, thermic Udic Paleustalf) near Stephenville, Texas (32 degreesN, 98 degreesW). Results of the one-day CO2 procedure were highly correlated with soil N mineralized from samples collected in March of 1995 (P=0.004) and 1996 (P<0.001) and with forage N uptake (P<0.001) both years of the study. Residual inorganic N in the same soil samples was poorly correlated with soil N mineralization and forage N uptake. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. ARS, USDA, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. ARS, USDA, J Phil Campbell Sr Nat Resources Conservat Ctr, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. RP Hons, FM (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, 2474 TAMU, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 34 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 6 U2 22 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0178-2762 J9 BIOL FERT SOILS JI Biol. Fertil. Soils PD FEB PY 2001 VL 33 IS 2 BP 100 EP 104 DI 10.1007/s003740000294 PG 5 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 402RA UT WOS:000167000900002 ER PT J AU Ramesh, R Kuenzel, WJ Proudman, JA AF Ramesh, R Kuenzel, WJ Proudman, JA TI Increased proliferative activity and programmed cellular death in the turkey hen pituitary gland following interruption of incubation behavior SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE apoptosis; behavior; growth hormone; pituitary; prolactin ID VASOACTIVE-INTESTINAL-PEPTIDE; FOLLICLE-STIMULATING-HORMONE; ANTERIOR-PITUITARY; GROWTH-HORMONE; ESTROUS-CYCLE; APOPTOSIS; RAT; LACTOTROPHS; PROLACTIN; CELLS AB Incubation behavior or broodiness in turkey hens is characterized by ovarian regression, hyperprolactinemia, and persistent nesting. Nest-deprivation of incubating turkey hens results in disruption of broodiness accompanied by a precipitous decline in plasma prolactin (PRL) concentrations. The objective of the present study is to examine cellular changes in the pituitary gland associated with nest-deprivation for 0, 1,2, 3, 4, or 7 days. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was administered prior to kill to study proliferative activity. Pituitary tissue sections were immunostained using turkey growth hormone (CH) antibody, and/or chicken PRL peptide antibody, and BrdU antibody. Plasma PRL concentrations declined significantly following nest-deprivation for 1 or more days. The midsagittal pituitary area immunoreactive (ir) to GH was significantly increased while that of PRL was significantly decreased following nest-deprivation for 2 or more days. Terminal deoxy-UTP nick end labeling and PRL-immunostaining revealed an abundance of apoptotic nuclei in both cephalic and caudal lobes of the anterior pituitary gland, suggestive of programmed cellular death of lactotrophs in the pituitary gland of hens nest-deprived for 2 or more days. Mammosomatotrophs were abundant in hens nest-deprived on Day 0 but were absent in hens nest-deprived for 1 or more days. Proliferating (BrdU-ir) cells were significantly abundant in the pituitary cephalic and caudal lobes following nest-deprivation for 1 or more days but were absent on Day 0 or in laying hens. Dual-labeling studies indicated that most of the BrdU-ir nuclei in the caudal lobe were not colocalized in somatotrophs in hens nest-deprived for 1-4 days but did colocalize with GH following 7 days of nest-deprivation, In conclusion, nest-deprivation of incubating turkey hens results in 1) a precipitous decline in plasma PRL concentration, 2) programmed cell death of lactotrophs, 3) disappearance of mammosomatotrophs, 4) increased proliferative activity of pituitary cells, and 5) recruitment of somatotrophs arising primarily from mitosis of nonsomatotrophic cells. C1 USDA ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Ramesh, R (reprint author), NIMH, Sect Neural Gene Express, 36 Convent Dr,MSC 4068,Bldg 36,Rm 2A11, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 47 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 64 IS 2 BP 611 EP 618 DI 10.1095/biolreprod64.2.611 PG 8 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 396RM UT WOS:000166650400025 PM 11159364 ER PT J AU McCoard, SA Lunstra, DD Wise, TH Ford, JJ AF McCoard, SA Lunstra, DD Wise, TH Ford, JJ TI Specific staining of Sertoli cell nuclei and evaluation of Sertoli cell number and proliferative activity in Meishan and White composite boars during the neonatal period SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE early development; gamete biology; puberty; Sertoli cells; testis ID RAT TESTIS; PIG; SPERMATOGONIA; FETAL; CASTRATION; RESPONSES; PATTERN; GROWTH; BREEDS; VOLUME AB The positive relationship between Sertoli cell number and testicular size emphasizes the importance of determining factors involved in the regulation of the Sertoli cell population. Based on data from other species and indirect evidence in the boar, it is generally accepted that porcine Sertoli cells proliferate rapidly throughout the early postnatal period. However, direct evaluation of Sertoli cell number and the proliferative activity of Sertoli cells during the early postnatal period in boars have not been reported. Stereological enumeration of Sertoli cells is a labor-intensive process and would be greatly facilitated by a marker for these cells especially in the sexually mature male. Thus, the first objective of this study was to determine if expression of the transcription factor GATA-4 is an effective marker for fetal, postnatal, and adult Sertoli cells to facilitate enumeration procedures. The second objective was to evaluate the proliferative activity and growth of the Sertoli cell population in neonatal White Composite and Meishan boars, known to differ in mature testis size and Sertoli cell number, to determine the importance of this developmental period for the adult Sertoli cell population, GATA-4 was abundantly expressed by Sertoli cells throughout fetal and prepubertal stages of development and specifically stained both type A and B Sertoli cell nuclei in the sexually mature boar. Immunoreactivity was never observed in the germ cells regardless of their stage of development, illustrating that GATA-4 is a useful marker for both developing and adult Sertoli cells in the boar. Testicular size did not differ between breeds on Day 1 postpartum, but by 14 days postpartum White Composite boars had significantly larger testes compared to Meishan boars (P < 0.001). Similarly, Sertoli cell number did not differ between breeds at 1 day postpartum; however, at 14 days postpartum White Composite boars had a significantly larger Sertoli cell population compared to Meishan boars (P < 0.05). Surprisingly, despite having more Sertoli cells than Meishan boars at 14 days postpartum, the proportion of actively proliferating Sertoli cells in the White Composite boars was almost 50% less than the Meishan boars. This result illustrates that rapid rates of Sertoli cell proliferation probably occurred prior to 14 days postpartum in the White Composite boars. Collectively, these results illustrate that the relationship between testicular size and Sertoli cell number is manifested very early in the postnatal period for these two breeds. The substantial difference in the size of the Sertoli cell population and their proliferative activity between Meishan and White Composite boars during the early postnatal period emphasizes the importance of this early period for the establishment of the Sertoli cell population and subsequent adult testicular size. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Reprod Res Unit, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP McCoard, SA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Reprod Res Unit, POB 166,State Spur 18D, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 27 TC 65 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 64 IS 2 BP 689 EP 695 DI 10.1095/biolreprod64.2.689 PG 7 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 396RM UT WOS:000166650400035 PM 11159374 ER PT J AU Rossman, AY AF Rossman, AY TI A special issue on global movement of invasive plants and fungi SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Rossman, AY (reprint author), USDA ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 13 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD FEB PY 2001 VL 51 IS 2 BP 93 EP 94 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0093:ASIOGM]2.0.CO;2 PG 2 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 415GA UT WOS:000167711500004 ER PT J AU Palm, ME AF Palm, ME TI Systematics and the impact of invasive fungi on agriculture in the United States SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DISCULA-DESTRUCTIVA; DOGWOOD ANTHRACNOSE; PHYTOPHTHORA-INFESTANS; NORTH-AMERICA; BIODIVERSITY; PHOMOPSIS; PATHOGEN; DISEASE C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Palm, ME (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 35 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD FEB PY 2001 VL 51 IS 2 BP 141 EP 147 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0141:SATIOI]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 415GA UT WOS:000167711500010 ER PT J AU Sreenath, HK Moldes, AB Koegel, RG Straub, RJ AF Sreenath, HK Moldes, AB Koegel, RG Straub, RJ TI Lactic acid production from agriculture residues SO BIOTECHNOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE agriculture residues; enzymes; fermentation; lactic acid; oxygen transfer; saccharification ID SIMULTANEOUS SACCHARIFICATION; FERMENTATION; CELLULOSE AB Various agriculture feedstock residues were evaluated for lactic acid production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) using Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus plantarum, without any additional nutrients. Lactic acid production was higher in alfalfa fiber and soya fiber compared to corncob (soft) and wheat straw. In Lactobacillus plantarum, the amount of lactic acid obtained from alfalfa fiber and soya fiber was 46 and 44 g/100 g fiber, respectively. However, in Lactobacillus delbrueckii, the lactic acid production in soya fiber was 44 g/100 g fiber and that of alfalfa was 32 g/100 g fiber. Small amounts of acetic acid were also produced from SSF of agricultural feedstocks residues. During SSF of alfalfa fiber, lactic acid production in both L. delbrueckii and L. plantarum was enhanced by adding pectinases and cellulases. Lactic acid production from alfalfa fiber did not change with increasing O-2 transfer rates in the fermentation medium, whereas acetic acid production in both Lactobacillus cultures increased with increasing O-2 transfer rates. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol Syst Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Vigo, Dept Chem Engn, Ourense 32004, Spain. USDA, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Sreenath, HK (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol Syst Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Moldes, Ana/I-1092-2015 OI Moldes, Ana/0000-0002-8895-1948 NR 17 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0141-5492 J9 BIOTECHNOL LETT JI Biotechnol. Lett. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 23 IS 3 BP 179 EP 184 DI 10.1023/A:1005651117831 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 391JZ UT WOS:000166354000003 ER PT J AU Roubenoff, R AF Roubenoff, R TI Origins and clinical relevance of sarcopenia SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE PHYSIOLOGIE APPLIQUEE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting Canadian-Society-for-Exercise-Physiology CY OCT 14-16, 1999 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP Canadian Soc Exercise Physiol DE aging; muscle; cytokines ID HUMAN SKELETAL-MUSCLE; HEAVY-CHAIN COMPOSITION; TOTAL-BODY POTASSIUM; CONTRACTILE PROPERTIES; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; SINGLE FIBERS; RHEUMATOID-ARTHRITIS; ELDERLY PEOPLE; ENERGY-BALANCE; GROWTH-HORMONE AB Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle mass and strength that occurs with normal aging. Because sarcopenia is not the result of a disease, it is seen in all aged adults. Sarcopenia markedly increases the risk of disability and loss of functional capacity in the elderly. The mechanisms underlying sarcopenia are complex and are reviewed here. It is not clear at this time which factors are most important in determining the severity or rate of development of sarcopenia. While progressive resistance training clearly can reverse and prevent sarcopenia, little is known about the mechanisms by which aged muscle adapts To training, or whether these adaptations reflect reversal of direct pathophysiological processes or compensation by activation of separate pathways from those lending to the deterioration in the first place. As populations in developed countries continue to age, diagnosing, treating, and preventing sarcopenia will be progressively more important to the health and well-being of modem societies. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Roubenoff, R (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [AG15797] NR 53 TC 85 Z9 93 U1 1 U2 13 PU HUMAN KINETICS PUBL INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1607 N MARKET ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820-2200 USA SN 1066-7814 J9 CAN J APPL PHYSIOL JI Can. J. Appl. Physiol.-Rev. Can. Physiol. Appl. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 26 IS 1 BP 78 EP 89 PG 12 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA 401MA UT WOS:000166930300007 PM 11291626 ER PT J AU Wilson, BK Kitzmiller, J Rolle, W Hipkins, VD AF Wilson, BK Kitzmiller, J Rolle, W Hipkins, VD TI Isozyme variation and its environmental correlates in Elymus glaucus from the California Floristic Province SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE Elymus glaucus; isozyme; genetic variation; Poaceae; polyploid; seed transfer ID GENETIC DIVERSITY; AVENA-BARBATA; BROMUS-TECTORUM; ASSOCIATIONS; POPULATIONS; POACEAE; TRITICEAE; COMPLEX; HORDEUM; ISRAEL AB Genetic variation in the self-fertile, allotetraploid grass Elymus glaucus Buckley was assessed using isozymes in 133 populations from southwestern Oregon and from the San Francisco Bay area and central Sierra Nevada mountains in California. Elymus glaucus was highly (98.5%) homozygous but also highly variable; 77% of loci were polymorphic, and the mean number of alleles per locus was 2.96. Populations were highly differentiated, with 40% of variation among populations. Geographic and genetic distances among populations were not correlated, except that populations collected within 5 km were generally more similar than average. Genetic distance among populations could not be predicted from geographic distance, geographic location, foliage pubescence, serpentine substrate, or habitat moisture. However, two genetic clusters, associated with elevation, did emerge. The taxonomic status of Elymus glaucus ssp. jepsonii (Burtt Davy) Gould, based on leaf pubescence, was not supported. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, Natl Forest Genet Electrophoresis Lab, Camino, CA 95709 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA, US Forest Serv, Genet Resource Ctr, Chico, CA 95928 USA. USDA, US Forest Serv, Rogue RIver Natl Forest, Medford, OR 97501 USA. RP Hipkins, VD (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, Natl Forest Genet Electrophoresis Lab, 2375 Fruitridge Rd, Camino, CA 95709 USA. NR 71 TC 27 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 79 IS 2 BP 139 EP 153 PG 15 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 412YH UT WOS:000167582200002 ER PT J AU Tinus, CA Reeves, GH AF Tinus, CA Reeves, GH TI Redside shiner (Richardsonius balteatus) shoals provide a behavioral competitive refuge for subordinate juvenile steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SALMO-GAIRDNERI; WATER TEMPERATURE; INTRUDER PRESSURE; SOCIAL-DOMINANCE; RAINBOW-TROUT; BODY-SIZE; GROWTH; TRUTTA; NICHE; COSTS AB We examined the relative effects of zero, three, and nine redside shiner (Richardsonius balteatus) on the aggression-related damage among three juvenile steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in aquaria at 15 and 20 degreesC. No steelhead died when in the presence of nine redside shiner. When redside shiner were not present, mortality among the smallest steelhead was 80%. Thus, the survival of smaller juvenile steelhead was significantly enhanced by the presence of redside shiner. A second experiment was conducted in 6800-L stream channels at 15 degreesC with natural substrate. In separate trials, 10 and 7 steelhead were held either alone or with 20 redside shiner. In the absence of redside shiner, fin damage was significantly greater among smaller steelhead. In both experiments, if a redside shiner group was present, the smallest steelhead frequently took refuge within the shiner group, thereby avoiding attack by dominant steelhead. We have termed this phenomenon a behavioural competitive refuge. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Tinus, CA (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Waters St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 27 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 58 IS 2 BP 319 EP 324 DI 10.1139/cjfas-58-2-319 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 399WR UT WOS:000166837700009 ER PT J AU Ewers, BE Oren, R Johnsen, KH Landsberg, JJ AF Ewers, BE Oren, R Johnsen, KH Landsberg, JJ TI Estimating maximum mean canopy stomatal conductance for use in models SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID WATER-USE; LOBLOLLY-PINE; TRANSPIRATION; FOREST; BALANCE; SOIL; TAEDA; NUTRIENT; DEPTH; SCALE AB Fertilized (F) and irrigated and fertilized (IF) stands of Pinus taeda L. produced twice the leaf area index of irrigated (I) and control (C) stands. Based on sap flux-scaled mean stomatal conductance (G(S)), we found that stomatal conductance in F was half that in other treatments. During the growing season, G(S) was related to vapor pressure deficit (D) and soil moisture. During the cooler season, soil moisture was high and light accompanied D in controlling G(S). Under all conditions and treatments, the rate of decrease in G(S) with D was proportional to G(S) at low D (= 1 kPa). We evaluated whether G(S) can be used as an input to growth models and used a simple growth model (3-PG), which also predicts stand transpiration (E-C), to compare with direct E-C measurements in the four stands. Model predictions of monthly E-C based on Penman-Montieth equation parameterized with maximum G(S) (G(Smax)) estimated under highest "native" soil moisture (0.07 m(3.)m(-3)) produced long-term values within 10% of measured E-C. When the model was parameterized with G(Smax) estimated under experimentally raised soil moisture, or with porometrically measured conductance, E-C values were consistently overpredicted from 12 to 33%. Thus, sap-flux scaled mean canopy stomatal conductance obtained under non limiting light conditions, low D, and highest native soil moisture, is the most appropriate parameter value for certain single-leaf type of models. C1 Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27709 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Ewers, BE (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Ewers, Brent/A-9696-2008 NR 46 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 15 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 31 IS 2 BP 198 EP 207 DI 10.1139/cjfr-31-2-198 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 402KT UT WOS:000166986700002 ER PT J AU Mohamed, R Meilan, R Ostry, ME Michler, CH Strauss, SH AF Mohamed, R Meilan, R Ostry, ME Michler, CH Strauss, SH TI Bacterio-opsin gene overexpression fails to elevate fungal disease resistance in transgenic poplar (Populus) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH; EXPRESSION; BACTERIORHODOPSIN; LEAF AB Overexpression of the bacterio-opsin (bO) gene in tobacco had previously been shown to induce hypersensitive-response-like lesions, increase viral and bacterial disease resistance, and stimulate pathogenesis-related gene expression. To see if this gene enhanced resistance to fungal pathogens of poplar, we generated a total of 35 transgenic lines in two clones of Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray x Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. and one clone of P. trichocarpa x Populus nigra L. and challenged them with the fungal pathogens Melampsora occidentalis H. Jack (leaf rust), Venturia populina (Vuill.) Fabric. (leaf and shoot blight), Septoria musiva Peck, and Septoria populicola Peck (leaf spot and stem canker) in greenhouse, field, or laboratory inoculations. Northern analysis showed that the bO gene was expressed in the transgenic poplars; however, no increase in expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL1) or two wound-inducible poplar chitinase genes (WIN6 and WIN8) were observed, even in one line that showed very high bO expression, intensive lesion development, and retarded growth. Poplars required a high threshold of bO expression for lesion development, and susceptibility to all of the pathogens tested was unaffected by bO overexpression. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Forestry & Nat Resources, USDA,Forest Serv,N Cent Res Stn, Hardwood Tree Improvement & Regenerat Ctr, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Strauss, SH (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. OI Mohamed, Rozi/0000-0003-1088-4252 NR 22 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 31 IS 2 BP 268 EP 275 DI 10.1139/cjfr-31-2-268 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 402KT UT WOS:000166986700008 ER PT J AU Brandeis, TJ Newton, M Cole, EC AF Brandeis, TJ Newton, M Cole, EC TI Underplanted conifer seedling survival and growth in thinned Douglas-fir stands SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID PSEUDOTSUGA-MENZIESII SEEDLINGS; LIGHT AVAILABILITY; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; COMPETITION; FORESTS; RESPONSES AB In a multilevel study to determine limits to underplanted conifer seedling growth, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), grand fir (Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.), western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don), and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) seedlings were planted beneath second-growth Douglas-fir stands that had been thinned to basal areas ranging from 16 to 31 m(2)/ha. Understory vegetation was treated with a broadcast herbicide application prior to thinning, a directed release herbicide application 2 years later, or no treatment beyond harvest disturbance. Residual overstory density was negatively correlated with percent survival for all four species. Broadcast herbicide application improved survival of grand fir and western hemlock. Western redcedar, grand fir, and western hemlock stem volumes were inversely related to overstory tree density, and this effect increased over time. There was a strong indication that this was also the case for Douglas-fir. Reduction of competing understory vegetation resulted in larger fourth-year stem volumes in grand fir and western hemlock. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Brandeis, TJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, POB 25000, San Juan, PR 00928 USA. NR 55 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 3 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 31 IS 2 BP 302 EP 312 DI 10.1139/cjfr-31-2-302 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 402KT UT WOS:000166986700012 ER PT J AU Shelton, MG Cain, MD AF Shelton, MG Cain, MD TI Dispersal and viability of seeds from cones in tops of harvested loblolly pines SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article AB Seed supply is one of the most important determinants of successful natural regeneration. We conducted a study to determine the potential contribution of cones in the tops of harvested loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.) to the stand's seed supply if trees were felled after seed maturation but before dispersal. Closed cones, collected in October 1996, were stored in wire cages with periodic removals over 2 years to determine the number and viability of extracted seeds. Storage sites were an opening in a seed-tree stand and a closed-canopy pine-hardwood stand in southeastern Arkansas. Of the initial 83 viable seeds/cone, 73% had dispersed in the opening and 63% in the closed stand by March 1997, which is considered the end of the normal dispersal period from standing trees. By October 1997, only 1 viable seed/cone remained in the opening and 5 viable seeds/cone in the closed stand, indicating rather complete dispersal or mortality of seeds by the first summer after harvest. Results indicate that cones in tops of trees cut during the 2-month period after seed maturation and before substantial dispersal can make an important contribution to the stand's seed supply, especially in reproduction cutting methods where most of the trees are harvested. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. RP Shelton, MG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, POB 3516, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 31 IS 2 BP 357 EP 362 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 402KT UT WOS:000166986700018 ER PT J AU Johnson, PJ Keen, NT Lunney, JK Sadowsky, MJ AF Johnson, PJ Keen, NT Lunney, JK Sadowsky, MJ TI Agricultural microbes genome 2 SO COMPARATIVE AND FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA, CSREES, Natl Res Inst, Washington, DC 20024 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Plant Pathol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, ANRI, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Biol Proc Technol Inst, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Johnson, PJ (reprint author), USDA, CSREES, Natl Res Inst, Room 2454,800 9th St SW, Washington, DC 20024 USA. RI Sadowsky, Michael/J-2507-2016 OI Sadowsky, Michael/0000-0001-8779-2781 NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1531-6912 J9 COMPAR FUNCT GENOM JI Compar. Funct. Genom. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 2 IS 1 BP 10 EP 13 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 485RK UT WOS:000171771100003 PM 18628894 ER PT J AU Schmoldt, DL AF Schmoldt, DL TI Precision agriculture and information technology SO COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Editorial Material ID SYSTEMS C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA, Forest Serv, Biol Syst Engn Dept, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Schmoldt, DL (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA, Forest Serv, Biol Syst Engn Dept, 460 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 10 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0168-1699 J9 COMPUT ELECTRON AGR JI Comput. Electron. Agric. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 30 IS 1-3 BP 5 EP 7 DI 10.1016/S0168-1699(00)00151-4 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Agriculture; Computer Science GA 409ZL UT WOS:000167415500001 ER PT J AU Thomson, AJ Schmoldt, DL AF Thomson, AJ Schmoldt, DL TI Ethics in computer software design and development SO COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE ethics; software design and development; traditional ecological knowledge; indigenous knowledge; intellectual property; information ecologies ID EXPERT SYSTEM; KNOWLEDGE; MANAGEMENT; DIAGNOSIS; ELICITATION AB Over the past 20 years, computer software has become integral and commonplace for operational and management tasks throughout agricultural and natural resource disciplines. During this software infusion, however, little thought has been afforded human impacts, both good and bad. This paper examines current ethical issues of software system design and development in relation to privacy, accuracy, property, accessibility, and effects on quality of life. These issues are explored in the context of simulation models, databases. geographic information systems and artificial intelligence programs, especially expert systems. New approaches to system development place a much higher emphasis on the effects of system deployment within a complex human environment. Software design decisions often depend on more than one ethical issue, possibly conflicting, where the appropriate ethical choice is not always clear cut. Professional codes of ethics do little to change peoples' behavior; rather, incentives for using an ethical approach to software development may lie in significantly increased likelihood of system success. Crown copyright (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Canadian Forestry Serv, Pacific Forestry Ctr, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Dept Biol Syst Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Thomson, AJ (reprint author), Canadian Forestry Serv, Pacific Forestry Ctr, 506 W Burnside Rd, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada. NR 37 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0168-1699 J9 COMPUT ELECTRON AGR JI Comput. Electron. Agric. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 30 IS 1-3 BP 85 EP 102 DI 10.1016/S0168-1699(00)00158-7 PG 18 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Agriculture; Computer Science GA 409ZL UT WOS:000167415500007 ER PT J AU Stoleson, SH Beissinger, SR AF Stoleson, SH Beissinger, SR TI Does risk of nest failure or adult predation influence hatching patterns of the Green-rumped Parrotlet? SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Forpus passerinus; Green-rumped Parrotlet; hatching asynchrony; infanticide; nest failure; predation; Venezuela ID CLUTCH-SIZE; NEOTROPICAL PARROT; BROOD REDUCTION; ALTRICIAL BIRDS; PEAK LOAD; ASYNCHRONY; EVOLUTION; INCUBATION; REPRODUCTION; HYPOTHESIS AB Parent birds may adjust the onset of incubation to minimize periods of high risk of nest failure due to predation (the Nest Failure Hypothesis) or of mortality to adult birds (the Adult Predation Hypothesis). We examine temporal patterns of risk of nest failure and predation on adult females in a population of Green-rumped Parrotlets (Forpus passerinus) to determine whether those patterns explain observed patterns of incubation. Over one-third of nests (38.6%) failed completely, and an additional 2.2% failed after fledging one or more young. Most nests failed due to predation and infanticide. Because parrotlets begin incubation on the first egg, we examined a range of hypothetical failure rates for the period prior to the onset of incubation. Daily survival probabilities for nests were higher during the nestling stage than during incubation or hedging. Survival of adult females varied little through the nesting cycle, but was highest while attending nestlings. Model predictions were highly dependent on assumptions made about survival rates during the pre-incubation period. When empirically based values were used for this period maximum productivity was achieved with first-egg incubation, consistent with observed patterns. Models were most sensitive to those parameters most difficult to estimate. This study represents the first test of the Nest Failure model with a nonpasserine or tropical species, and the first assessment of the Adult Predation model using field data. C1 Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Stoleson, SH (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 2205 Columbia SE, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. RI Beissinger, Steven/F-3809-2012 NR 43 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD FEB PY 2001 VL 103 IS 1 BP 85 EP 97 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0085:DRONFO]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 400NJ UT WOS:000166877800010 ER PT J AU Maier, TJ Degraaf, RM AF Maier, TJ Degraaf, RM TI Differences in depredation by small predators limit the use of plasticine and zebra finch eggs in artificial-nest studies SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE clay eggs; House Sparrow eggs; nest predation; Peromyscus leucopus; plasticine eggs; predator communities; Zebra Finch eggs ID FOREST FRAGMENTATION; QUAIL EGGS; BIRD; IDENTIFICATION; SIZE AB Small mammals. such as mice and voles. have been implicated as major egg predators of Neotropical migrant passerines by field studies using soft plasticine eggs or the very small eggs of Zebra Finch (Taeniopygia guttata). Nevertheless, the effort required to depredate these commonly used egg surrogates may be less than that required to depredate the larger, thicker-shelled eggs of most passerine species. To compare the depredation of these surrogates to that of the eggs of a mid-sized passerine by a ubiquitous small predator, we exposed dissimilar pairs of plasticine, Zebra Finch, and House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) eggs to captive white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus). Plasticine eggs were marked by mice more than either kind of real egg, and Zebra Finch eggs were breached more often than House Sparrow eggs. We conclude that the use of either plasticine or Zebra Finch eggs may lead to overestimation of the ability or proclivity of small mammals to actually depredate the eggs of most passerines. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Holdsworth Nat Resources Ctr, USDA Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Maier, TJ (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Holdsworth Nat Resources Ctr, USDA Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 30 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 3 U2 10 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD FEB PY 2001 VL 103 IS 1 BP 180 EP 183 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0180:DIDBSP]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 400NJ UT WOS:000166877800023 ER PT J AU Barber, DR Martin, TE Melchiors, MA Thill, RE Wigley, TB AF Barber, DR Martin, TE Melchiors, MA Thill, RE Wigley, TB TI Nesting success of birds in different silvicultural treatments in Southeastern US pine forests SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; PREDATION; FRAGMENTATION; PARASITISM; LANDSCAPE; DENSITY; DEPREDATION; INDICATOR; DECLINE AB We examined nesting success and levels of nest predation and cowbird parasitism among five different silvicultural treatments regenerating (3-6 years old), mid-rotation (12-15 years old), and thinned (17-23 years old) pine plantations, single-tree selection, and late-rotation pine-hardwood stands in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas from 1993 to 1995. We monitored 1674 nests. Differences in daily mortality and daily predation rate among two or more treatments were found for 4 and 3 of 12 species, respectively. These differences were lost following Bonferroni adjustments, but thinned stands had higher levels of Predation than single-tree selection stands when predation levels were averaged across species. Daily predation rates were positively correlated with the relative abundance of birds, suggesting that nest predators respond to prey availability (i.e., nests) in a density-dependent manner. The relative abundance of cowbirds differed among treatments, with the highest densities in regenerating thinned, and single-tree selection stands. Field Sparrows (Spizella pusilla) and Yellow-breasted Chats (Icteria virens) experienced higher levels of parasitism in thinned than regenerating plantations whereas White-eyed Vireos (Vireo griseus) experienced higher parasitism in regenerating plantations than in mid-rotation or thinned plantations. Several shrub-nesting and 1 ground-nesting species had lower nesting success in thinned and regenerating plantations than has been reported in previously published studies Thus, some seral stages of even-aged management may provide low quality nesting habitat for several early-successional bird species. In contrast many species nesting in mid-rotation and single-tree selection stands had nesting success similar to or greater than that found in previous studies suggesting that some silvicultural treatments, when embedded in a largely forested landscape may Provide suitable habitat for forest land birds without affecting their reproductive success. C1 Univ Montana, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Weyerhaeuser Co, Hot Springs, AR 71902 USA. US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Stephen F Austin Stn, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. Natl Council Air & Stream Improvement Inc, Dept Aquaculture Fisheries & Wildlife, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Barber, DR (reprint author), Hawk Mt Sanctuary, 1700 Hawk Mt Rd, Kempton, PA 19529 USA. EM barber@hawkmountain.org RI Martin, Thomas/F-6016-2011 OI Martin, Thomas/0000-0002-4028-4867 NR 57 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 10 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0888-8892 EI 1523-1739 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 15 IS 1 BP 196 EP 207 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.97294.x PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 405QK UT WOS:000167170400021 ER PT J AU Mills, LS Doak, DF Wisdom, MJ AF Mills, LS Doak, DF Wisdom, MJ TI Elasticity analysis for conservation decision making: Reply to Ehrlen et al. SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID POPULATION C1 Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, Wilflife Biol Program, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. US Forest Serv, Forestry & Range Sci Lab, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. RP Mills, LS (reprint author), Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, Wilflife Biol Program, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. EM smills@forestry.umt.edu RI Mills, L. Scott/K-2458-2012 OI Mills, L. Scott/0000-0001-8771-509X NR 12 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0888-8892 EI 1523-1739 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 15 IS 1 BP 281 EP 283 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.00300.x PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 405QK UT WOS:000167170400032 ER PT J AU Lewis, JA Lumsden, RD AF Lewis, JA Lumsden, RD TI Biocontrol of damping-off of greenhouse-grown crops caused by Rhizoctonia solani with a formulation of Trichoderma spp. SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE biocontrol formulations; Rhizoctonia damping-off; biocontrol Trichoderma spp. ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; GLIOCLADIUM-VIRENS; SAPROPHYTIC GROWTH; SOILLESS MIX; PATHOGENS; INOCULUM; LETTUCE; FUNGI; FIELD AB A biocontrol formulation system which did not require sterile conditions during preparation consisted of mixing vermiculite, powdered wheat bran, and dr) fermenter-produced biomass (FB) of isolates of Trichoderma and Gliocladium (VBA-FB) with 0.05 M HCl and drying the mixture. Before addition to Rhizoctonia solani-infested soilless mix (Redi-Earth), the dry preparation (VBA-FB) was activated by remoistening with 0.05 N HCl. After 2-3 d of incubation at 23-25 degreesC, the development of young, actively growing hyphae was stimulated in the activated VBA-FB. Controls did not contain FB. Applied to soilless mix at a rate of 1.0% (w/w, dry weight), activated VBA-FB of two out of six isolates tested reduced damping-off of pepper seedlings after 4 weeks of growth to yield stands comparable to those in the noninfested control (85%). Activated VBA-FB of these two isolates, T hamatum (TRI-4) and T. virens (G1-3), also reduced damping-off of eggplant, zinnia, cucumber, and cabbage caused by isolate R-23 of R. solani. Generally, G1-3 was more effective than TRI-4 Activated VBA-FB of TRI-4 and G1-3 also reduced damping-off of cucumber caused by other isolates (195, NG-2, DPR-1) of R. solani, anastomosis group AG-4. Rates as low as 0.13% of formulations of TRI-4 and G1-3 prevented cucumber damping-off caused by R-23. However, a rate of 0.5% was necessary to yield plant stands comparable to those in the noninfested control. All rates of both isolates reduced the saprophytic growth of R-23 in soilless mix to various degrees. Application to soilless mix of activated VBA-FB of both isolates stimulated populations (colony forming units) at plant harvest about 100-fold compared to the amount added at the time of application. Generally, additions of activated VBA-FB of TRI-4 or G1-3 to pathogen-infested soilless mix 2 weeks before planting or at the time of planting resulted in damping-off control in pepper and cucumber. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lumsden, RD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 29 TC 32 Z9 44 U1 3 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 20 IS 1 BP 49 EP 56 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(00)00052-1 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 390ZQ UT WOS:000166330000005 ER PT J AU Blackwell, BF Helon, DA Dolbeer, RA AF Blackwell, BF Helon, DA Dolbeer, RA TI Repelling sandhill cranes from corn: whole-kernel experiments with captive birds SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE anthraquinone; Flight Control (TM); Grus canadensis; methyl anthranilate; ReJeX-iT (TM) AG-36; repellent; sandhill crane ID METHYL ANTHRANILATE; SPRING MIGRATION; RICE SEED; ANTHRAQUINONE; FORMULATION AB Sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) are opportunistic omnivores that incorporate both waste and unharvested cereal grains (Gramineae) in their diets. Limited hunting of cranes to reduce crop damage has had questionable results, and lethal control of depredating species is increasingly contentious. Our objectives were to evaluate anthraquinone-based Flight Control(TM) and methyl anthranilate-based ReJeX-iT(TM) AG-36 as nontoxic avian foraging repellents in separate 2-choice pen tests with captive greater sandhill cranes (G, c. tabida) fed with whole-kernel corn (Zea mays). In both tests, crane pairs consumed, respectively, 8.6 and 9.8 times more untreated than treated corn. Total corn consumption did not differ among the treatment and control groups during the 8-day experiment. Though both repellents were effective at deterring cranes from treated corn, neither has been tested on corn under held conditions. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ohio Field Stn, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. RP Blackwell, BF (reprint author), USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ohio Field Stn, 6100 Columbus Ave, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. NR 22 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 20 IS 1 BP 65 EP 68 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(00)00050-8 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 390ZQ UT WOS:000166330000007 ER PT J AU Manthey, JA Guthrie, N Grohmann, K AF Manthey, JA Guthrie, N Grohmann, K TI Biological properties of citrus flavonoids pertaining to cancer and inflammation SO CURRENT MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review ID PROTEIN-KINASE-C; PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES; CYCLIC-AMP PHOSPHODIESTERASE; BASOPHIL HISTAMINE-RELEASE; RAT-LIVER MICROSOMES; METABOLIZING ENZYME-ACTIVITIES; PHOSPHOLIPASE A(2) INHIBITORS; HL-60 CELL-DIFFERENTIATION; NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA; DAFLON(R) 500 MG AB Citrus flavonoids encompass a diverse set of structures, including numerous flavanone and flavone O- and C-glycosides and methoxylated flavones. Each of these groups of compounds exhibits a number of in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory and anticancer actions. These biological properties are consistent with their effects on the microvascular endothelial tissue. Evidence suggests that the biological actions of the citrus flavonoids are possibly linked to their interactions with key regulatory enzymes involved in cell activation and receptor binding. The citrus flavonoids show little effect on normal, healthy cells, and thus typically exhibit remarkably low toxicity in animals. The citrus flavonoids extend their influence in vivo through their induction of hepatic phase I and II enzymes, and through the biological actions of their metabolites. Evidence clearly indicates to the potential health promoting properties of these dietary compounds. C1 ARS, US Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, USDA, SAA, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. Univ Western Ontario, KGK Synergize Inc, London, ON N6G 4X8, Canada. RP Manthey, JA (reprint author), ARS, US Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, USDA, SAA, 600 Ave S NW, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. EM jmanthey@citrus.usda.gov NR 177 TC 273 Z9 285 U1 6 U2 38 PU BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBL LTD PI SHARJAH PA EXECUTIVE STE Y26, PO BOX 7917, SAIF ZONE, 1200 BR SHARJAH, U ARAB EMIRATES SN 0929-8673 J9 CURR MED CHEM JI Curr. Med. Chem. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 8 IS 2 BP 135 EP 153 PG 19 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 397XG UT WOS:000166723200005 PM 11172671 ER PT J AU Solow, BT Somkuti, GA AF Solow, BT Somkuti, GA TI Molecular properties of Streptococcus thermophilus plasmid pER35 encoding a restriction modification system SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LACTIC-ACID BACTERIA; HEAT-SHOCK PROTEIN; LACTOCOCCUS-LACTIS; MODIFICATION ENZYMES; BACILLUS-SUBTILIS; DNA RECOGNITION; IC RESTRICTION; SEQUENCE; GENES; ENDONUCLEASE AB Bacteriophage attack on lactic fermentation bacteria (LFB) is costly to the dairy industry because it results in product loss. One mechanism used by LFB to protect themselves from bacteriophage attack is restriction of foreign DNA. Three plasmids, pER16, pER35, and pER36, from three different strains of the thermotolerant dairy fermentation bacterium Streptococcus thermophilus were sequenced. One of these plasmids, pER35, isolated from S. thermophilus ST135, encoded a type IC restriction-modification (R-M) system very similar to those encoded on plasmids pIL2614 in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and pND861 in Lactococcus lactis biovar diacetylactis. The high degree of identity between the R-M systems encoded on pER35, pIL2614, and pND861 indicated the potential for horizontal transfer of these genes between different species of lactic fermentation bacteria. Similar to the functional R-M system encoded on pIL2614 that protects the mesophilic L. lactis subsp. lactis against phage attack, the R-M system on pER35 most likely functions in the same role in S. thermophilus ST135. The plasmid pER16 was found to encode the specificity subunit of the R-M system, but not the R or M subunits. In addition, all three plasmids encoded proteins that are present on other S. thermophilus plasmids, including a protein for rolling-circle replication (RepA) and a low-molecular-weight stress protein (Hsp). The presence of a complete R-M system encoded on a plasmid in S. thermophilus, a species that often lacks plasmids, is novel and may be beneficial for protecting S. thermophilus from bacteriophage attack under dairy fermentation conditions. C1 ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Somkuti, GA (reprint author), ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 44 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 42 IS 2 BP 122 EP 128 DI 10.1007/s002840010190 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 392PD UT WOS:000166419100010 PM 11136134 ER PT J AU Lichtenstein, AH AF Lichtenstein, AH TI Approaches to reducing cardiovascular disease risk: food or pills? SO CURRENT OPINION IN LIPIDOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; VITAMIN-E CONSUMPTION; BETA-CAROTENE; WOMEN; MEN; STROKE; FRUIT C1 Tufts Univ, Lipid Metab Lab, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Lichtenstein, AH (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Lipid Metab Lab, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0957-9672 J9 CURR OPIN LIPIDOL JI Curr. Opin. Lipidology PD FEB PY 2001 VL 12 IS 1 BP 1 EP 3 DI 10.1097/00041433-200102000-00001 PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 398HV UT WOS:000166751800001 PM 11176195 ER PT J AU Running, MP Hake, S AF Running, MP Hake, S TI The role of floral meristems in patterning SO CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID ARABIDOPSIS SHOOT MERISTEMS; CLAVATA1 RECEPTOR-KINASE; MAIZE HOMEOBOX GENE; STEM-CELL FATE; FLOWER DEVELOPMENT; INFLORESCENCE DEVELOPMENT; PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE; APETALA2-LIKE GENE; APICAL MERISTEM; PERIANTHIA GENE AB The flower is one of the most complex and varied structures found in plants. Over the past decade, we have begun to understand how floral patterning is established in a handful of model species. Recent studies have identified the presence of several potential pathways for organ patterning. Many genes that are involved in these pathways have been cloned, providing opportunities for further fruitful investigations into the genetic components of flower development. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94710 USA. USDA, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Running, MP (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94710 USA. NR 67 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 5 PU CURRENT BIOLOGY LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 1369-5266 J9 CURR OPIN PLANT BIOL JI Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 4 IS 1 BP 69 EP 74 DI 10.1016/S1369-5266(00)00138-2 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 408GR UT WOS:000167318900011 PM 11163171 ER PT J AU Haas, MS Brown, SJ Beeman, RW AF Haas, MS Brown, SJ Beeman, RW TI Pondering the procephalon: the segmental origin of the labrum SO DEVELOPMENT GENES AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE insect head; intercalary; labrum; stomodeum; segmentation ID DROSOPHILA HEAD DEVELOPMENT; ANTENNAPEDIA COMPLEX; LIMB DEVELOPMENT; INSECT HEAD; EXPRESSION; GENES; ARTHROPODS; PATTERN; EMBRYOS; PROBOSCIPEDIA AB With accumulating evidence for the appendicular nature of the labrum, the question of its actual segmental origin remains. Two existing insect head segmentation models, the linear and S-models, are reviewed, and a new model introduced. The L-/Bent-Y model proposes that the labrum is a fusion of the appendage endites of the intercalary segment and that the stomodeum is tightly integrated into this segment. This model appears to explain a wider variety of insect head segmentation phenomena. Embryological, histological, neurological and molecular evidence supporting the new model is reviewed. C1 ARS, USDA, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Beeman, RW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD29594] NR 49 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0949-944X J9 DEV GENES EVOL JI Dev. Genes Evol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 211 IS 2 BP 89 EP 95 DI 10.1007/s004270000128 PG 7 WC Cell Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Developmental Biology SC Cell Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Developmental Biology GA 411WZ UT WOS:000167523800005 PM 11455419 ER PT J AU Haas, MS Brown, SJ Beeman, RW AF Haas, MS Brown, SJ Beeman, RW TI Homeotic evidence for the appendicular origin of the labrum in Tribolium castaneum SO DEVELOPMENT GENES AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE insect head; homeotic transformation; mandible; labrum; appendage ID DISTAL-LESS GENE; BEETLE TRIBOLIUM; DROSOPHILA; EXPRESSION; COMPLEX; HEAD AB The ontogeny of the insect labrum, or upper lip, has been debated for nearly a century. Recent molecular data suggest a segmental appendage origin of this structure. Here we report the first arthropod mutation associated with a homeotic transformation of the labrum. Antennagalea-5 (Ag-5) transforms both antennal and labral structures to resemble those of gnathal appendages in Tribolium castaneum. This labral transformation suggests that the labrum is a fused structure composed of two pairs of appendage endites, and is serially homologous to the gnathal appendages. C1 ARS, USDA, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Beeman, RW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD29594] NR 17 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0949-944X J9 DEV GENES EVOL JI Dev. Genes Evol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 211 IS 2 BP 96 EP 102 DI 10.1007/s004270000129 PG 7 WC Cell Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Developmental Biology SC Cell Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Developmental Biology GA 411WZ UT WOS:000167523800006 PM 11455420 ER PT J AU Luce, CH Wemple, BC AF Luce, CH Wemple, BC TI Introduction to special issue on hydrologic and geomorphic effects of forest roads SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Editorial Material ID PEAK FLOW RESPONSES; WESTERN CASCADES; LARGE BASINS; OREGON C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. Univ Vermont, Dept Geog, Burlington, VT USA. RP Luce, CH (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 316 E Myrtle St, Boise, ID 83702 USA. RI Luce, Charles/A-9267-2008 OI Luce, Charles/0000-0002-6938-9662 NR 10 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 3 U2 10 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 26 IS 2 BP 111 EP 113 DI 10.1002/1096-9837(200102)26:2<111::AID-ESP165>3.3.CO;2-U PG 3 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 402FD UT WOS:000166974600001 ER PT J AU Megahan, WF Wilson, M Monsen, SB AF Megahan, WF Wilson, M Monsen, SB TI Sediment production from granitic cutslopes on forest roads in Idaho, USA SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Article DE erosion; road cutslope; forest roads; erosion prediction; erosion control; rock weathering; granitic rock ID SOIL LOSS EQUATION AB A series of 75 non-bordered plots was used to measure surface erosion on granitic road cuts on forest roads in the mountains of Idaho. Erosion data were collected for four years following road construction. Erosion rates for the first winter period after construction averaged about five times greater than the average of erosion rates for subsequent seasons. Both mass and surface erosion processes were observed on road cuts with mass erosion particularly important during the first season after construction. Regression analysis showed slope gradient, slope aspect, ground cover density and snow-free period rainfall erosivity had statistically significant effects on erosion. Slope gradient was by far the most influential site factor affecting erosion but slope length had no affect. Three erosion control treatments - dry seeding, hydroseeding plus mulch, and terracing with hydroseeding plus mulch - were evaluated. Two treatments - dry seeding and hydroseeding plus mulch - caused statistically significant reductions in erosion. Dry seeding was the most cost-effective treatment on sites with deep alluvial soil. Elsewhere, hydromulching was the most cost-effective treatment. Further testing is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of erosion control treatments during the first period after construction. We were unable to discriminate between erosion rates on the moderately to highly weathered granitic rock included in this study. A discussion of the application of the study results is presented. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 NCASI, Sequim, WA 98382 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Provo, UT USA. RP Megahan, WF (reprint author), NCASI, 555 Graywolf Ridge Rd, Sequim, WA 98382 USA. NR 24 TC 48 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 14 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 26 IS 2 BP 153 EP 163 DI 10.1002/1096-9837(200102)26:2<153::AID-ESP172>3.0.CO;2-0 PG 11 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 402FD UT WOS:000166974600004 ER PT J AU Wemple, BC Swanson, FJ Jones, JA AF Wemple, BC Swanson, FJ Jones, JA TI Forest roads and geomorphic process interactions, Cascade Range, Oregon SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Article DE forest roads; mass wasting; fluvial erosion; restoration ID WESTERN CASCADES; LAND-USE; BASINS AB A major flood in February 1996 triggered more than 100 geomorphic features affecting forest roads in a 181 km(2) study area in the western Cascade Range, Oregon. Eight types of features, including mass movements and fluvial features, were mapped, measured and analysed using geographic information systems and sediment budgets for the road network. Although roads functioned as both production and depositional sites for mass movements and fluvial processes, the net effect of roads was an increase in basin-wide sediment production. Debris slides from mobilized road fills were the dominant process of sediment production from roads. Road-related sedimentation features were concentrated in a portion of the study area that experienced a rain-on-snow event during the storm and was characterized by the oldest roads and steep slopes underlain by unstable, highly weathered bedrock. The downslope increase in frequency of features and volumes of sediment produced, combined with the downslope increase in relative frequency of fluvial over mass-wasting processes, suggests that during an extreme storm event, a road network may have major impacts on stream channels far removed from initiation sites. Overall this study indicated that the nature of geomorphic processes influenced by roads is strongly conditioned by road location and construction practices, basin geology and storm characteristics. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Univ Vermont, Dept Geog, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Wemple, BC (reprint author), Univ Vermont, Dept Geog, 202 Old Mill, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. NR 33 TC 109 Z9 121 U1 7 U2 28 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 26 IS 2 BP 191 EP 204 DI 10.1002/1096-9837(200102)26:2<191::AID-ESP175>3.0.CO;2-U PG 14 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 402FD UT WOS:000166974600007 ER PT J AU Bragg, DC AF Bragg, DC TI Potential relative increment (PRI): a new method to empirically derive optimal tree diameter growth SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE potential relative increment (PRI); optimal diameter increment; growth models; eastwide forest inventory data base (EFIDB) ID FIELD-MEASUREMENTS; FOREST GROWTH; MODELS; EQUATIONS; COMPETITION; SUCCESSION; SIMULATOR AB Potential relative increment (PRI) is a new method to derive optimal diameter growth equations using inventory information from a large public database. Optimal growth equations for 24 species were developed using plot and tree records from several states (Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin) of the north central US. Most species were represented by thousands of individuals measured across an extensive geographic region that presumably covered a large range of possible environmental conditions. Thus, it was assumed that the individuals growing at the highest rate for each diameter class represented a reasonable estimate of size-specific optimal growth. Comparison of PRI equations among several hardwood and conifer species of differing shade tolerance indicated that unique patterns of optimal diameter growth result. The PRI methodology is similar to other optimal growth models in both shape and trends of predicted growth, but is easier to calculate and offers more flexibility than many other designs. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Ctr Ecol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Bragg, DC (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv So Res Stn, POB 3516 UAM, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. NR 32 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD FEB 1 PY 2001 VL 137 IS 1 BP 77 EP 92 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(00)00433-6 PG 16 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 410XH UT WOS:000167466000005 ER PT J AU Ostertag, R AF Ostertag, R TI Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus availability on fine-root dynamics in Hawaiian montane forests SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE belowground net primary productivity; fertilizer treatment; fine roots; Hawaii; Metrosideros polymorpha; montane forests; N availability; nutrient limitation; P availability; productivity; root dynamics; turnover ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; LEAF LIFE-SPAN; NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY; RAIN-FOREST; DOUGLAS-FIR; ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE; ECOSYSTEM DEVELOPMENT; SOIL DEVELOPMENT; N FERTILIZATION; BIOMASS AB Although it is often assumed that root dynamics are similar to leaf dynamics in relation to nutrient availability, this hypothesis is rarely tested. Using sequential soil coring and a decomposition experiment, patterns of fine-root (<2 mm diameter) biomass, belowground net primary productivity, and root turnover rates were examined over a l-yr period in three sites along a forest chronosequence in the Hawaiian Islands. These sites form a natural fertility gradient but have similar species composition, climate, and geology. The youngest site (300 yr old) was low in N availability, the oldest site (4.1 X 10(6) yr old) was low in P availability, and the intermediate-aged site (20 000 yr old) was higher in both N and P. The youngest and oldest sites also contained long-term fertilization plots that were fertilized with N or P, or were unfertilized (control). Along the natural fertility gradient, the oldest site generally differed from the other two sites; this site had the greatest standing stock of live root mass, the greatest root length density, the lowest belowground net primary productivity (BNPP), and the slowest root turnover rate. The 300-yr-old and 20 000-yr-old sites were similar in all of these variables, except that root turnover was slightly faster at the 300-yr-old site. The response of fine roots to fertilization was consistent with the response along the natural fertility gradient. Despite N limitation to aboveground growth at the 300-yr-old site, fertilization had small effects on root variables, with the only significant effects being a small increase in the standing stock of live root biomass in N-fertilized plots and an increase in root tissue P concentrations in P-fertilized plots. In contrast, fertilization at the 4.1 x 10(6) yr-old site altered root dynamics more than fertilization at the 300-yr-old site. In the P-fertilized plots, P concentrations increased, BNPP tended to be greater, and root turnover rates increased. These results suggest that root dynamics differ dramatically between ecosystems low in N and ecosystems low in P, even though each system is regarded as "infertile." N availability had a smaller effect on root dynamics than did P availability, suggesting that the simple dichotomy between fertile and infertile sites that is often evoked to explain plant characteristics may be unjustified. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Bot, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Ostertag, R (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, Call Box 25000, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. EM ostertag@nature.berkeley.edu RI Ostertag, Rebecca/B-1756-2013 NR 88 TC 101 Z9 114 U1 3 U2 45 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD FEB PY 2001 VL 82 IS 2 BP 485 EP 499 PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 403VX UT WOS:000167064100015 ER PT J AU Schnell, RJ Olano, CT Kuhn, DN AF Schnell, RJ Olano, CT Kuhn, DN TI Detection of avocado sunblotch viroid variants using fluorescent single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis SO ELECTROPHORESIS LA English DT Article DE viroids; single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis; capillary electrophoresis; sequence variants ID SEQUENCE; SSCP; PCR AB A specific reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) protocol has been developed for routine detection of avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd). Modifications in this diagnostic technique were made to enable fluorescent detection and variant identification using automated capillary electrophoresis (CE) and fluorescent single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. Sixteen sequence variants characterized in a previous study were analyzed using CE-SSCP on two ABI 310 Genetic Analyzers. Significant differences were detected between data obtained from the two ABI 310 Genetic Analyzers indicating that an internal control must be run concurrently with the samples. The 16 variants could be classified into 11 groups based on the SSCP patterns. The statistical analysis of the migration rate data provided support for the visual differences in SSCP patterns. The use of SSCP in the ASBVd assay is easily accomplished and gives an estimate of the number of variants in crude samples extracted from infected avocado plants. C1 USDA ARS, Subtrop Hort Res Stn, Miami, FL 33158 USA. Florida Int Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Miami, FL 33199 USA. RP Schnell, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Subtrop Hort Res Stn, 13601 Old Cutler Rd, Miami, FL 33158 USA. NR 15 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0173-0835 J9 ELECTROPHORESIS JI Electrophoresis PD FEB PY 2001 VL 22 IS 3 BP 427 EP 432 DI 10.1002/1522-2683(200102)22:3<427::AID-ELPS427>3.0.CO;2-8 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 409AM UT WOS:000167362400009 PM 11258750 ER PT J AU Wheeler, GS Slansky, F Yu, SJ AF Wheeler, GS Slansky, F Yu, SJ TI Food consumption, utilization and detoxification enzyme activity of larvae of three polyphagous noctuid moth species when fed the botanical insecticide rotenone SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE covariate analysis; detoxification; enzyme induction; flavonoid; food utilization; Helicoverpa zea; nutritional index; rotenone; Spodoptera eridania; Spodoptera frugiperda ID SPODOPTERA-FRUGIPERDA; FALL ARMYWORM; COVARIANCE; ALLELOCHEMICALS; CATERPILLARS; XANTHOTOXIN; LEPIDOPTERA; MYRISTICIN; PREDATION AB We assessed the effects of the isoflavonoid rotenone, an insecticidal allelochemical occurring in various legumes, on larval performance of three polyphagous noctuid species: the corn earworm (CEW), the fall armyworm (FAW) and the southern armyworm (SAW). As rotenone concentration was increased up to 1% fresh mass in an artificial diet, neither mortality (for all three species) nor food consumption (for SAW and FAW) was significantly affected, but developmental time of the latter two species was prolonged. In contrast, for CEW developmental time was shortened and food consumption declined, especially at the two highest rotenone concentrations. Final biomass of all three species declined as dietary rotenone increased. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to evaluate larval food utilization analogous to, but without the potential statistical problems of, the traditional ratio-based indices approximate digestibility (AD) and efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD). Frass output, statistically adjusted to account for differences in consumption, increased with rotenone concentration for all three species, suggesting that, when ingested, this allelochemical interfered with the digestion and/or absorption of ingested food, especially at the higher concentrations tested. Significant statistical interactions in the ANCOVA necessitated the use of utilization plots to examine the linear regressions between biomass gain and absorption at each rotenone concentration. At the two highest concentrations, rotenone tended to reduce the amount of food absorbed by the larvae, as well as their ability to convert the absorbed food to biomass. When piperonyl butoxide, an inhibitor of the polysubstrate monooxygenase (PSMO) system known to metabolize rotenone, was added to the diet along with 0.5 or 1% rotenone, mortality increased significantly only for FAW, approaching or exceeding 50%. The only apparent effects of dietary rotenone on PSMO (aldrin epoxidase) activity (adjusted by ANCOVA for the covariate, crude homogenate protein) were for CEW, where activity decreased in all rotenone treatments compared to the control, and for SAW, where activity at the 3 lowest rotenone concentrations (0.001-0.1% fm) declined about 50% below that of larvae on the control diet, whereas at 0.5 and 1% rotenone, it increased approximately 2-fold over that on the control diet. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Wheeler, GS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 3205 Coll Ave, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. RI Marion-Poll, Frederic/D-8882-2011 OI Marion-Poll, Frederic/0000-0001-6824-0180 NR 47 TC 15 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 21 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 98 IS 2 BP 225 EP 239 DI 10.1046/j.1570-7458.2001.00778.x PG 15 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 417GT UT WOS:000167827600013 ER PT J AU Erkan, M Wang, CY Krizek, DT AF Erkan, M Wang, CY Krizek, DT TI UV-C irradiation reduces microbial populations and deterioration in Cucurbita pepo fruit tissue SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE chilling injury; cucurbita pepo; ethylene; respiration; UV-C irradiation ID ULTRAVIOLET-LIGHT; INDUCED RESISTANCE; ACCUMULATION; RADIATION; DECAY; ROTS AB Tissue slices of zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo L., cv. Tigress) fruit were exposed to ultraviolet-C (UV-C) radiation from germicidal lamps for 1, 10 or 20 min; however, only 10 and 20 min UV-C exposure significantly reduced microbial activity and deterioration during subsequent storage at 5 or 10 degreesC. UV-C treated slices had higher respiration rates than controls; however, the ethylene production of the slices was not affected by UV-C treatments. Slight UV-C irradiation damage (reddish brown discoloration) was detected on the surface of 10 and 20 min-treated slices after 12 days of storage at 10 degreesC. Slices stored at 5 degreesC did not show UV-C damage. Chilling injury was not observed until after 20 days of storage at 5 degreesC. The symptoms of chilling injury appeared as dried sunken brown spots on the surface of cortex tissue. UV-C treatments did not affect the degree of chilling injury during storage at 5 degreesC. UV-C treatment also had no consistent effect on sugar or malic acid concentrations. The most pronounced effect of UV-C irradiation was to retard microbial growth thereby providing a basis for the frequently observed delay in senescence and subsequent deterioration in fruit tissues. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Climate Stress Lab, Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wang, CY (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Inst Plant Sci, Bldg 002,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Erkan, Mustafa/C-1694-2016 NR 26 TC 75 Z9 82 U1 2 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-8472 J9 ENVIRON EXP BOT JI Environ. Exp. Bot. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 45 IS 1 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1016/S0098-8472(00)00073-3 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 396DH UT WOS:000166620700001 ER PT J AU Hogsette, JA Farkas, R Thuroczy, C AF Hogsette, JA Farkas, R Thuroczy, C TI Hymenopteran pupal parasitoids recovered from house fly and stable fly (Diptera : Muscidae) pupae collected on livestock facilities in southern and eastern Hungary SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Musca domestica; Stomoxys calcitrans; Spalangia spp.; Pachycrepoideus vindemiae; Diapriidae spp.; Trichomalopsis sp. ID PTEROMALIDAE; DAIRIES; MANURE; FLIES AB This field survey, the second noting the occurrence and diversity of filth fly pupal parasitoid fauna in Hungary, was performed on beef and dairy feedlots and swine facilities in the southern and eastern parts of the country. The filth flies Musca domesfica L. and Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) were the two most commonly parasitized hosts. The three species of Spalangia recovered, in decreasing order of abundance, were S. cameroni Perkins, S nigroaenea Curtis, and S. endius Walker. Pachycrepeideus vindemiae Rondani, Trichomalopsis sp., two apparently undetermined Diapriidae spp. and one apparently undetermined Brachycera sp. are believed to be new country records. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Hogsette, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 23 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 30 IS 1 BP 107 EP 111 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-30.1.107 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 407JJ UT WOS:000167268200017 ER PT J AU Smith, JE Heath, LS AF Smith, JE Heath, LS TI Identifying influences on model uncertainty: An application using a forest carbon budget model SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE quantitative uncertainty analysis; FORCARB; Monte Carlo simulation; probabilistic model ID RISK ASSESSMENTS; UNITED-STATES; GROWTH-MODEL; VARIABILITY; DISTRIBUTIONS; SENSITIVITY AB Uncertainty is an important consideration for both developers and users of environmental simulation models. Establishing quantitative estimates of uncertainty for deterministic models can be difficult when the underlying bases for such information are scarce. We demonstrate an application of probabilistic uncertainly analysis that provides for refinements in quantifying input uncertainty even with little information. Uncertainties in forest carbon budget projections were examined with Monte Carlo analyses of the model FORCARB. We identified model sensitivity to range, shape, and covariability among model probability density functions, even under conditions of limited initial information. Distributional forms of probabilities were not as important as covariability or ranges of values. Covariability among FORCARB model parameters emerged as a very influential component of uncertainty, especially for estimates of average annual carbon flux. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Portland, OR 97208 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Smith, JE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, POB 640, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NR 42 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 8 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 27 IS 2 BP 253 EP 267 DI 10.1007/s002670010147 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 387CP UT WOS:000166102800007 PM 11116383 ER PT J AU Schreuder, HT Gregoire, TG Weyer, JP AF Schreuder, HT Gregoire, TG Weyer, JP TI For what applications can probability and non-probability sampling be used? SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE credibility; design-based inference; inductive logic; inferences; model-based inference; non-probability samples; probability samples; sampling protocols ID COMBINING ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION; MODEL-BASED INFERENCE AB Almost any type of sample has some utility when estimating population quantities. The focus in this paper is to indicate what type or combination of types of sampling can be used in various situations ranging from a sample designed to establish cause-effect or legal challenge to one involving a simple subjective judgment. Several of these methods have little or no utility in the scientific area but even in the best of circumstances, particularly complex ones, both probabilistic and non-probabilistic procedures have to be used because of lack of knowledge and cost. We illustrate this with a marbled murrelet example. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Schreuder, HT (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 34 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 4 U2 12 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 66 IS 3 BP 281 EP 291 DI 10.1023/A:1006316418865 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 393ZZ UT WOS:000166500700005 PM 11281425 ER PT J AU Zablotowicz, RM Locke, MA Hoagland, RE Knight, SS Cash, B AF Zablotowicz, RM Locke, MA Hoagland, RE Knight, SS Cash, B TI Fluorescent Pseudomonas isolates from Mississippi Delta oxbow lakes: In vitro herbicide biotransformations SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bacterioplankton; biodegradation; co-metabolism; herbicide; metolachlor; propanil; Pseudomonas; trifluralin ID S-TRANSFERASE ACTIVITY; N-DEALKYLATION; RHIZOSPHERE BACTERIA; SOIL; ATRAZINE; DEGRADATION; ENUMERATION; METABOLISM; MICROORGANISMS; TRANSFORMATION AB Fluorescent pseudomonads were a major component [log (10) 4.2 - 6.1 colony-forming units mL(-1)] of the culturable heterotrophic gram-negative bacterioplankton observed in three Mississippi Delta oxbow lakes in this study. Pure cultures of fluorescent pseudomonads were isolated from three Mississippi Delta oxbow lakes (18 per lake), using selective media S-l. Classical physiological tests and Biolog GN plates were used in criteria for taxonomic identification. Most isolates were identified as biotypes of Pseudomonas fluorescens 55% (I I), 7% (I I I), and 25% (V). About 7% of the isolates were identified as P. putida and 7% as non-fluorescent Pseudomonas-like. Cell suspensions of these isolates were tested for their ability to metabolize/co-metabolize six C-14-radiolabeled herbicides (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), cyanazine, fluometuron, metolachlor, propanil, and trifluralin) that are commonly used for crop production in this geographical area. Almost all (53 of 54) isolates transformed trifluralin via aromatic nitroreduction. Most isolates (70%) dechlorinated metolachlor to polar metabolites via glutathione conjugation. About 60% of the isolates hydrolyzed the amide bond of propanil (a rice herbicide) to dichloroaniline, with the highest frequency of propanil-hydrolyzing isolates observed in the lake from the watershed with rice cultivation. All propanil-hydrolyzing isolates were identified as P. fluorescens biotype 11. No metabolism of cyanazine or fluometuron was observed by any isolates tested, indicating little or no potential for N-dealkylation among this group of bacterioplankton. No mineralization of 2,4-D labeled in either the carboxyl or ring position was observed. These results indicate that reductive and hydrolytic pathways for herbicide cc-metabolism (aromatic nitroreduction, aryl acylamidase, and glutathione conjugation) are common in Mississippi Delta aquatic fluorescent pseudomonads; however, the potential for certain oxidative transformations (N-dealkylation, cyano group oxidation) may be rare in this group of bacterioplankton. (C) 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38677 USA. Univ Mississippi, Dept Biol, Oxford, MS 38677 USA. RP Zablotowicz, RM (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, POB 350, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. EM rzablotowicz@ars.usda.gov NR 40 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 12 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1520-4081 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL JI Environ. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 16 IS 1 BP 9 EP 19 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology; Water Resources GA 396VP UT WOS:000166657900002 PM 11345550 ER PT J AU Metcalfe, CD Metcalfe, TL Kiparissis, Y Koenig, BG Khan, C Hughes, RJ Croley, TR March, RE Potter, T AF Metcalfe, CD Metcalfe, TL Kiparissis, Y Koenig, BG Khan, C Hughes, RJ Croley, TR March, RE Potter, T TI Estrogenic potency of chemicals detected in sewage treatment plant effluents as determined by in vivo assays with Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE estrogen; alklyphenol; medaka; intersex; effluent ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; PERSISTENT ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; GONADAL DEVELOPMENT; TESTIS-OVA; IN-VITRO; 17-BETA-ESTRADIOL; XENOESTROGENS; VITELLOGENIN; NONYLPHENOL AB Gonadal intersex and high prevalences of the female phenotype have been observed in fish populations in urbanized areas. Environmental estrogens discharged in sewage treatment plant effluents may be responsible for feminization of fish but many compounds with the potential to induce these responses occur in effluents, including natural and synthetic estrogen hormones, degradation products of alkylphenol ethoxylate surfactants, and plasticizers. In this study, the estrogen hormones 17 alpha -ethinylestradiol, 17 beta -estradiol, estrone, and estriol induced intersex (i.e., testis-ova) and altered sex in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) when these fish were exposed to nanogram per liter concentrations of test compounds from hatch to approximately 100 d after hatch. A mix of nonylphenol mono- and diethoxylate induced a weak response and a mix of nonylphenol mono- and diethoxycarboxylate did not give a response in this assay at microgram per liter concentrations, indicating that these degradation products of nonylphenol ethoxylates have little or no estrogenic activity in fish. Bisphenol A induced testis-ova in medaka exposed to a concentration of 10 mug/L, but diethylhexyl phthalate did not induce a response. Results with the medaka assay were consistent with estrogenic responses in the yeast estrogen screening assay. Analyses of monitoring data reported in the literature indicate that concentrations of estrogen hormones detected in the final effluents of sewage treatment plants are generally greater than the lowest-observed effect levels for alterations to gonadal development in medaka. C1 Trent Univ, Environm & Resource Studies Program, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada. Trent Univ, Dept Chem, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada. USDA, Tifton, GA 31794 USA. RP Metcalfe, CD (reprint author), Trent Univ, Environm & Resource Studies Program, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada. NR 36 TC 379 Z9 402 U1 5 U2 98 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 20 IS 2 BP 297 EP 308 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<0297:EPOCDI>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 396DX UT WOS:000166622000010 PM 11351429 ER PT J AU Scholten, OE Panella, LW De Bock, TSM Lange, W AF Scholten, OE Panella, LW De Bock, TSM Lange, W TI A greenhouse test for screening sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) for resistance to Rhizoctonia solani SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Beta vulgaris; greenhouse test; resistance; Rhizoctonia solani; sugar beet ID ANASTOMOSIS GROUPS; ROOT-ROT; PATHOGENICITY AB Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn is a serious plant pathogenic fungus, causing various types of damage to sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). In Europe, the disease is spreading and becoming a threat for the growing of this crop. Plant resistance seems to be the most practical and economical way to control the disease. Experiments were carried out to optimise a greenhouse procedure to screen plants of sugar beet for resistance to R. solani. In the first experiment, two susceptible accessions were evaluated for root and leaf symptoms, after being grown in seven different soil mixtures and inoculated with R. solani. The fungus infected all plants. It was concluded that leaf symptoms were not reliable for the rating of disease severity. Statistically significant differences between the soil mixtures were observed, and there were no significant differences between the two accessions. The two soil mixtures, showing the most severe disease symptoms, were selected for a second experiment, including both resistant and susceptible accessions. As in the first experiment, root symptoms were recorded using a 1-7 scale, and a significant expression of resistance was observed. The average severity of the disease in the greenhouse experiment generally was comparable with the infection in field experiments, and the ranking of the accessions was the same in the two types of experiments. It was concluded that evaluation procedures in the greenhouse could be used as a rapid assay to screen sugar beet plants for resistance to R. solani. C1 Plant Res Int, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. USDA ARS, Crops Res Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Scholten, OE (reprint author), Plant Res Int, POB 16, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. NR 19 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 11 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1873 J9 EUR J PLANT PATHOL JI Eur. J. Plant Pathol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 107 IS 2 BP 161 EP 166 DI 10.1023/A:1011208903344 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 426JN UT WOS:000168346200002 ER PT J AU Smouse, PE Dyer, RJ Westfall, RD Sork, VL AF Smouse, PE Dyer, RJ Westfall, RD Sork, VL TI Two-generation analysis of pollen flow across a landscape. I. Male gamete heterogeneity among females SO EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE AMOVA; gene flow; genetic structure; parentage analysis; Phi-statistics; pollen movement; Quercus alba; TwoGener ID POPULATION GENETIC-STRUCTURE; PATERNITY ANALYSIS; PLANT-POPULATIONS; PARENTAGE ANALYSIS; DISPERSAL; CONSEQUENCES; INDIVIDUALS; MARKERS; SERIES; TREES AB Gene flow is a key factor in the spatial genetic structure in spatially distributed species. Evolutionary biologists interested in microevolutionary processes and conservation biologists interested in the impact of landscape change require a method that measures the real time process of gene movement. We present a novel two-generation (parent-offspring) approach to the study of genetic structure (TwoGener) that allows us to quantify heterogeneity among the male gamete pools sampled by maternal trees scattered across the landscape and to estimate mean pollination distance and effective neighborhood size. First, we describe the model's elements: genetic distance matrices to estimate intergametic distances, molecular analysis of variance to determine whether pollen profiles differ among mothers, and optimal sampling considerations. Second, we evaluate the model's effectiveness by simulating spatially distributed populations. Spatial heterogeneity in male gametes can be estimated by Phi (FT), a male gametic analogue of Wright's F(ST) and an inverse function of mean pollination distance. We illustrate TwoGener in cases where the male gamete can be categorically or ambiguously determined. This approach does not require the high level of genetic resolution needed by parentage analysis, but the ambiguous case is vulnerable to bias in the absence of adequate genetic resolution. Finally, we apply TwoGener to an empirical study of Quercus alba in Missouri Ozark forests. We find that Phi (FT) = 0.06, translating into about eight effective pollen donors per female and an effective pollination neighborhood as a circle of radius about 17 m. Effective pollen movement in Q. alba is more restricted than previously realized, even though pollen is capable of moving large distances. This case study illustrates that, with a modest investment in field survey and laboratory analysis, the TwoGener approach permits inferences about landscape-level gene movements. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Cook Coll, Dept Ecol Evolut & Nat Resources, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Biol, St Louis, MO 63121 USA. US Forest Serv, Inst Forest Genet, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. RP Smouse, PE (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Cook Coll, Dept Ecol Evolut & Nat Resources, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. EM Smouse@AESOP.Rutgers.Edu RI Dyer, Rodney /H-1897-2011; OI Dyer, Rodney /0000-0003-4707-3453; Westfall, Bob/0000-0002-8315-3322 NR 45 TC 187 Z9 192 U1 3 U2 43 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0014-3820 J9 EVOLUTION JI Evolution PD FEB PY 2001 VL 55 IS 2 BP 260 EP 271 PG 12 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 412KD UT WOS:000167552800004 PM 11308084 ER PT J AU Turner, ND Knapp, JR Byers, FM Kopchick, JJ AF Turner, ND Knapp, JR Byers, FM Kopchick, JJ TI Physical and mechanical characteristics of tibias from transgenic mice expressing mutant bovine growth hormone genes SO EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE transgenic; mice; bovine growth hormone; mutation; bone ID PORCINE SOMATOTROPIN; BONE MINERALIZATION; BODY-COMPOSITION; FINISHING SWINE; DIETARY LYSINE; GROWING RATS; PATTERNS; TISSUE; MASS AB Physical and mechanical characteristics of tibia from mice expressing either the M4, Mil, or G119K mutant bovine growth hormone (bGH) gene and displaying large, near-normal, or small-size phenotypes, respectively, were compared to those of nontransgenic, control mice (NTC). Three animals of each strain were euthanized at 28, 38, 48, 58, and 68 days of age. Variables were regressed against age to establish the pattern of change throughout the experiment, and the regression results are presented. Tibias from G119K were shorter (13.1 mm) and lighter (37.3 mg) than those from other strains, and M4 tibias were heavier (87.9 mg) and longer (16.6 mm) at 70 days of age. The ratio of tibia length to body weight suggests longitudinal bone growth was not reduced as much as overall growth in G119K mice. The external and internal dimensions of the G119K tibias were smaller than the other strains whereas the M4 tibias were somewhat larger, Differences in physical dimensions between the NTC and M11 mice did not greatly affect bone mechanical characteristics. Tibias from M4 mice resisted more load at both flexure and breaking compared to the other strains. At 50 days of age, stress at flexure was greater at all ages for G119K mice (12.4 kg/mm(2)) and was decreased in M4 mice (8.5 kg/mm(2)). The bGH mutations produce different effects on bone growth and its mechanical characteristics. There also may be differential tissue responsiveness to the mutant bGH analogs, as longitudinal growth was not as affected as empty body growth in the G119K mice, These transgenic mouse strains provide valuable models to study bone growth, formation, and reformation in response to GH regulation, and more importantly, the M4 and G119K mice may serve as a model in which the priorities for GH action on bone vs muscle may be determined. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Anim Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Fac Nutr, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Ohio Univ, Edison Biotechnol Inst, Athens, OH 45701 USA. USDA ARS, ANRI, AMBL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Turner, ND (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Anim Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 25 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY MEDICINE PI MAYWOOD PA 195 WEST SPRING VALLEY AVE, MAYWOOD, NJ 07607-1727 USA SN 0037-9727 J9 EXP BIOL MED JI Exp. Biol. Med. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 226 IS 2 BP 133 EP 139 PG 7 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 407CF UT WOS:000167253300010 PM 11446437 ER PT J AU Tapia-Vargas, M Tiscareno-Lopez, M Stone, JJ Oropeza-Mota, JL Velazquez-Valle, M AF Tapia-Vargas, M Tiscareno-Lopez, M Stone, JJ Oropeza-Mota, JL Velazquez-Valle, M TI Tillage system effects on runoff and sediment yield in hillslope agriculture SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE tillage; sediment; GLEAMS ID SOIL-EROSION AB Runoff and soil erosion are major factors of land and lake degradation in the Patzcuaro Watershed located in Michoacan, Mexico. This non-point source pollution results from corn cultivation on steep cropland sites. In the local farming system, the soil is bare for much of the year and subject to frequent plowing and cultivation. Conservation tillage and the use of crop residues for soil protection have only recently been introduced in this region, Runoff plots (25m x 4m) were used to collect runoff (Q) and sediment yield (Sy) data to identify a tillage system that allows soil restoration. The groundwater loading effects of agricultural management systems (GLEAMS) model was calibrated using runoff and sediment information from four tillage treatments that evaluated soil erosion and estimate the long-term sustainability of current and alternative fanning systems. Four runoff plots planted with rainfed corn were used for these treatments: (1) conventional tillage (CT), (2) no-tillage without residue cover (NT-0), (3) no-tillage with 33% residue cover (NT-33), and (4) no-tillage with 100% residue cover (NT-100). The results indicated that CT and NT-0 treatments produced higher Q and Sy than those having residue cover. Simulated Sy of NT treatments was much better than simulated Sy of CTI based on their agreement with observed Sy, These results are relevant to recommend no-till agriculture as Best Management Practice for agricultural land requiring restoration activities. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Inst Nacl Invest Forestales Agr & Pecuarias, Ctr Reg Invest Pacifico Ctr, SAGAR, Uruapan 1101, Michoacan, Mexico. Inst Nacl Invest Forestalesy Agropecuarias, Ctr Nacl Invest Prod Sostenible, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico. USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ USA. Inst Recursos Nat Colegio Postgrad, Montecillo 56230, Edo Mexico, Mexico. RP Tapia-Vargas, M (reprint author), Inst Nacl Invest Forestales Agr & Pecuarias, Ctr Reg Invest Pacifico Ctr, SAGAR, Av Latinamericana, Uruapan 1101, Michoacan, Mexico. NR 23 TC 10 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 69 IS 2 BP 173 EP 182 DI 10.1016/S0378-4290(00)00139-8 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 395NH UT WOS:000166586100006 ER PT J AU Warner, K Eskins, K Fanta, GF Nelsen, TC Rocke, JW AF Warner, K Eskins, K Fanta, GF Nelsen, TC Rocke, JW TI Use of starch-lipid composites in low-fat ground beef products - Novel composites improve flavor and juiciness of low-fat ground beef products SO FOOD TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STEAM JET COOKING; FILMS AB A family of starch-lipid composites, prepared by passing aqueous mixtures of starch and lipid through an excess-steam jet cooker (Fig. 1), offer flavor and texture advantages when combined with food products, particularly ground beef. The jet-cooked dispersions are stable and do not phase-separate even after prolonged standing. They can be drum dried and milled to yield dry powders that are not oily to the touch. The lipid component is dispersed within the starch or starch-water matrix as droplets, about 1-10 microns in diameter. C1 ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Midw Area, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Rockes Meating Haus, Morton, IL 61550 USA. RP Warner, K (reprint author), ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Midw Area, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 7 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0015-6639 J9 FOOD TECHNOL-CHICAGO JI Food Technol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 55 IS 2 BP 36 EP 41 PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 402EY UT WOS:000166974100021 ER PT J AU Wargo, PM Carey, AC AF Wargo, PM Carey, AC TI Effects of metals and pH on in vitro growth of Armillaria ostoyae and other root and butt rot fungi of red spruce SO FOREST PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FOREST FLOOR; TEMPORAL PATTERNS; NORTH-AMERICA; NEW-HAMPSHIRE; FIR; MOUNTAINS; RHIZOMORPHS; VERMONT; MELLEA AB Armillaria ostoyae, Perenniporia subacida, Resinicum bicolor and Scytinostroma galactinum, root and butt rot fungi found on red spruce, Picea rubens, were tested, in vitro, for their sensitivity to metals typically found in high elevation forest soils where red spruce grows. Rhizomorph production by A. ostoyae from woody inocula in soils from red spruce stands at three elevations at each of five mountainous sites in the eastern United States was inhibited completely in the mineral soil from all elevations at all sites, and was also reduced significantly in the organic horizon from the upper two elevations at three of the sites. Inhibition was correlated with concentrations of metal ions in the soil. Growth of rhizomorphs into an agar medium containing lead and other heavy metals was inhibited for isolates of A. ostoyae from red spruce, but not for an isolate of Armillaria gallica from sugar morph growth of isolates of both species. Mycelial growth of all maple; aluminium inhibited rhizomorph four root and butt rot fungi was inhibited by lead, aluminium and other heavy metals depending on the solubility and concentration of metal and pH of the medium; growth inhibition was usually greater at an initial pH of 3.5 than at pH 4.5. Metal ions inhibited radial growth of Armillaria species more than that of the other three fungi. Rhizomorph growth of Armillaria was inhibited more than radial growth. Because local spread of A. ostoyae occurs frequently by means of rhizomorph growth between near roots, increases in lead, aluminium and other metals in the forest floor may contribute to this fungus' scarcity in high elevation soils and reduced incidence of infection at these sites in the eastern United States. C1 US Forest Serv, NE Ctr Forest Hlth Res, NE Res Stn, Hamden, CT 06514 USA. Connecticut Light & Power Co, Newtown, CT 06470 USA. RP Wargo, PM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, NE Ctr Forest Hlth Res, NE Res Stn, 51 Mill Pond Rd, Hamden, CT 06514 USA. NR 34 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 4 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1437-4781 J9 FOREST PATHOL JI Forest Pathol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 31 IS 1 BP 5 EP 24 DI 10.1046/j.1439-0329.2001.00218.x PG 20 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 405FE UT WOS:000167146800001 ER PT J AU Youngs, RL Youngquist, JA AF Youngs, RL Youngquist, JA TI Forest products research and IUFRO history and potential SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT News Item C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Wood Sci & Forest Prod, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Youngs, RL (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Wood Sci & Forest Prod, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 51 IS 2 BP 12 EP 19 PG 8 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 403ZM UT WOS:000167073000005 ER PT J AU Winandy, JE AF Winandy, JE TI Thermal degradation of fire-retardant-treated wood: Predicting residual service life SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID STRENGTH; PLYWOOD; TEMPERATURE AB This paper presents a review of more than 10 years of research on the effects of fire-retardant treatments on wood properties and the potential of these treatments for in-service degradation when exposed to elevated temperatures. It presents an in-depth discussion of the findings and implications of a major wood engineering research program to assess the current condition, extend service life, and predict residual serviceability of fire-retardant-treated plywood when used as structural roof sheathing. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Winandy, JE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 37 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 51 IS 2 BP 47 EP 54 PG 8 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 403ZM UT WOS:000167073000009 ER PT J AU Clarke, JW White, MS Araman, PA AF Clarke, JW White, MS Araman, PA TI Performance of pallet parts recovered from used wood pallets SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The flexural modulus of elasticity (MOE), flexural modulus of rupture (MOR), and density of used pallet parts were measured and compared to the same properties of new parts. Seventy-four percent of used pallet parts sampled were hardwoods, and 26 percent were softwoods. The average mixed hardwood parts were 41 percent stronger and 40 percent stiffer than the mixed softwood parts. The mixed eastern oaks were the most common species sampled, and reflected the relative volume of these species used to make new pallets. The average dry used oak deckboards were 47 percent stronger and 23 percent stiffer than green new oak parts, due primarily to the difference in moisture content (MC). However, when adjusted to the same MC, the predicted average MOR and MOE of used oak deckboards was 15 and 21 percent less, respectively, than new oak deckboards. Without sortation, used parts dimensions were more variable than that of new parts. Material property values for various groupings of used parts were developed for use in future versions of the Pallet Design System program dealing with repaired and rebuilt pallets. C1 Virginia Tech, Dept Wood Sci & Forest Prod, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Clarke, JW (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Dept Wood Sci & Forest Prod, 1650 Ramble Rd, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 51 IS 2 BP 55 EP 62 PG 8 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 403ZM UT WOS:000167073000010 ER PT J AU Wang, XP Ross, RJ Erickson, JR Forsman, JW McGinnis, GD De Groot, RC AF Wang, XP Ross, RJ Erickson, JR Forsman, JW McGinnis, GD De Groot, RC TI Nondestructive evaluation of potential quality of creosote-treated piles removed from service SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID HIGHER NATURAL FREQUENCY; STRENGTH PROPERTIES; AKITA PREFECTURE; ELASTICITY MOE; RUPTURE MOR; LUMBER; LOGS; MODULUS AB Stress-wave-based nondestructive evaluation methods were used to evaluate the potential quality and modulus of elasticity (MOE) of wood from creosote-treated Douglas-fir and southern pine piles removed from service. Stress-wave measurements were conducted on each pile section. Stress-wave propagation speeds were obtained to estimate the MOE of the wood. Tests were then conducted on octagonal cants, boards, and small clear specimens obtained from piles and cants. Regression analyses gave a reasonably useful correlation between the stress-wave-based MOE of piles and cants and the corresponding flexural properties of boards and small clear specimens determined by transverse vibration and static bending techniques, respectively. The results show that wood from creosote-treated piles removed from service has the potential for use in exterior structural applications. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Illinois State Univ, Normal, IL 61790 USA. RP Wang, XP (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 12 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 51 IS 2 BP 63 EP 68 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 403ZM UT WOS:000167073000011 ER PT J AU Johnsen, K Samuelson, L Teskey, R McNulty, S Fox, T AF Johnsen, K Samuelson, L Teskey, R McNulty, S Fox, T TI Process models as tools in forestry research and management SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE scaling; forest complexity; forest modeling approaches; modeling challenges ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; CLIMATE-CHANGE; GROWTH-MODELS; LOBLOLLY-PINE; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; CARBON-ALLOCATION; NITROGEN-BALANCE; ORIENTED GROWTH; SURVIVAL GRAPHS; UNITED-STATES AB Forest process models are mathematical representations of biological systems that incorporate our understanding of physiological and ecological mechanisms into predictive algorithms. These models were originally designed and used for research purposes, but are being developed for use in practical forest management. Process models designed for research typically require complicated and intensive data, whereas models designed for management strive to use simpler and more readily available data and provide predictions useful for forest managers. In th is article, we review some different types of process models, examine their requirements and utility in research and forest management, and discuss research priority areas that will increase their accuracy and application. We conclude that soil and nutritional limitations are the most difficult model components in predicting growth responses using process models. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27606 USA. Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry & Wildlife Sci, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. Rayonier Inc, Yulee, FL 32041 USA. RP Johnsen, K (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, POB 12254, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27606 USA. NR 72 TC 63 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 8 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 47 IS 1 BP 2 EP 8 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 437PW UT WOS:000169003600001 ER PT J AU Martin, TA Johnsen, KH White, TL AF Martin, TA Johnsen, KH White, TL TI Ideotype development in southern pines: Rationale and strategies for overcoming scale-related obstacles SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE process models; tree improvement; scaling; intensive management; clonal forestry ID CARBON-ISOTOPE DISCRIMINATION; RADIATION-USE EFFICIENCY; YOUNG LOBLOLLY-PINE; GAS-EXCHANGE; SLASH PINE; GENETIC-VARIATION; INDEX SELECTION; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; LIGHT INTERCEPTION; CANOPY STRUCTURE AB Indirect genetic selection for early growth and disease resistance of southern pines has proven remarkably successful over the past several decades. However, several benefits could be derived for southern pine breeding programs by incorporating ideotypes, conceptual models which explicitly describe plant phenotypic characteristics that are hypothesized to produce greater yield. The potential benefits of using ideotypes include improvement in trait heritabilities and genetic correlations, higher genetic gain in diverse silvicultural environments, guidance for developing mating designs, and provision of a framework for synthesis of tree production physiology knowledge, There are numerous obstacles to the development of ideotypes for southern pines, most of them related to the difficulty of linking traits and processes that operate at small spatial and temporal scales (e,g,, tree crown morphological traits or leaf net photosynthesis) with outputs that occur at large spatial and temporal scales (e,g., stand-level, rotation-age stem biomass yield). Fortunately, as we enter the 21st century, several relevant advances are converging that bode well for overcoming these obstacles. These advances relate to improvements and developments of process modeling, advances in technologies that permit measures of component processes at relevant scales, the likely future importance of intensive clonal forestry, and the movement toward large-scale genetic block plot experiments. C1 Univ Florida, Sch Forest Resources & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Serv So Expt Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ Florida, Sch Forest Resources & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Martin, TA (reprint author), Univ Florida, Sch Forest Resources & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. OI Martin, Timothy/0000-0002-7872-4194 NR 82 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 47 IS 1 BP 21 EP 28 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 437PW UT WOS:000169003600003 ER PT J AU Landsberg, JJ Johnsen, KH Albaugh, TJ Allen, HL McKeand, SE AF Landsberg, JJ Johnsen, KH Albaugh, TJ Allen, HL McKeand, SE TI Applying 3-PG, a simple process-based model designed to produce practical results, to data from loblolly pine experiments SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Pinus taeda; fertilization; process modeling; growth simulation ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTION; FOREST PRODUCTIVITY; CARBON ALLOCATION; SIMULATION-MODEL; NITROGEN; RADIATA; WATER; GROWTH; ECOSYSTEM AB 3-PG is a simple process-based model that requires few parameter values and only readily available input data. We tested the structure of the model by calibrating it against loblolly pine data from the Control treatment of the SETRES experiment in Scotland County, NC, then altered the Fertility Rating to simulate the effects of fertilization, There was excellent correspondence between simulated values of stem mass and the values obtained from field measurements, and good correspondence between simulated and measured stem diameters and Leaf Area Index values. Growth efficiency values derived from the model were similar to those obtained from field data. We used the model, without further calibration, to predict tree growth in terms of stem diameter at SETRES 2, a genotype x environment interaction trial in the same locality. Simulated mean stem diameters of two provenances did not differ significantly, over 3 yr, from those observed in the Control (unfertilized) treatments, but rates of change were lower than those of fertilized provenances, We then used 3-PG to simulate fertilized stand growth for an entire rotation length, and these results corresponded to those obtained with a traditional growth and yield model. This study showed that the model can simulate accurately the behavior and responses to environmental factors of loblolly pine and that it has considerable potential value as a management tool, for scenario analysis and as a research tool. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Forestry, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 46 TC 81 Z9 88 U1 1 U2 12 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 47 IS 1 BP 43 EP 51 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 437PW UT WOS:000169003600005 ER PT J AU Sampson, DA Johnsen, KH Ludovici, KH Albaugh, TJ Maier, CA AF Sampson, DA Johnsen, KH Ludovici, KH Albaugh, TJ Maier, CA TI Stand-scale correspondence in empirical and simulated labile carbohydrates in loblolly pine SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE fertilization; labile carbohydrate; loblolly pine; process modeling ID LEAF-AREA; SLASH PINE; WATER-USE; NITROGEN; GROWTH; TAEDA; PLANTATION; DYNAMICS; TREES; FERTILIZATION AB As investment into intensive forestry increases, the potential trade-offs between productivity and sustainability should be scrutinized. Because of their important role in internal carbon (C) budgets, labile C pools may provide a measure of the potential ability of trees and stands to respond to stress. We modified the process model BIOMASS to examine daily C budgets of midrotation nonfertilized and fertilized loblolly pine stands. We tested whether the absolute difference between daily simulated net canopy assimilation (GPP minus maintenance respiration) and our empirical estimates of production, or daily gross carbon balance, mimics the labile carbohydrate C pool. We compared this labile pool surrogate to independent, empirical analyses of total nonstructural (starch and soluble sugars) carbohydrates from an individual whole-tree analysis scaled to the stand level. Of particular interest, the simulated daily gross C balance indicated periods of carbon deficit during the growing season that lasted from 1 to 40 days. Simulated daily net C balance was met from labile C storage during these periods. Fertilized plots had similar time-period trends as the control plots, but exhibited a twofold increase in C assimilation and use, Simulated and empirical estimates of the labile carbohydrate pools displayed similar seasonal trends, although their correspondence depended on the time of year. Simulations indicated a winter/early spring "recharge" period; concentrations peaked at similar to 50 and similar to 60 mg C g biomass-l in control and fertilized plots, respectively, in 1995. The overall correlation between predicted and empirical estimates was low to moderate (r = 0.51). The best agreement was with the empirical data from April through June as concentrations declined; however, predicted minimum concentrations (15 and 5 mg C g biomass-l in control and fertilized plots, respectively) were lower, and obtained earlier in the year than the empirical data (similar to 20 mg C mg biomass(-1)). These analyses quantify the strong extent that loblolly pine exhibits a buffered capacity to balance the C budget when current photosynthesis occasionally cannot meet daily C requirements. Further development of our approach may lead to a tool for analyzing potential risks associated with intensive forest management. C1 Terra Guild Int, Mesa, AZ 85210 USA. US Forest Serv, SE Forest Expt Stn, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Forestry, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Sampson, DA (reprint author), Terra Guild Int, 602 W Emerald Ave, Mesa, AZ 85210 USA. NR 44 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 47 IS 1 BP 60 EP 68 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 437PW UT WOS:000169003600007 ER PT J AU Baldwin, VC Burkhart, HE Westfall, JA Peterson, KD AF Baldwin, VC Burkhart, HE Westfall, JA Peterson, KD TI Linking growth and yield and process models to estimate impact of environmental changes on growth of loblolly pine SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Pinus taeda; climate change; forests AB PTAEDA2 is a distance-dependent, individual tree model that simulates the growth and yield of a plantation of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L,) on an annual basis. The MAESTRO model utilizes an array of trees in a stand to calculate and integrate the effects of biological and physical variables on the photosynthesis and respiration processes of a target tree on an hourly basis. PTAEDA2 sums the quantities for individual trees to obtain stand results; MAESTRO computes values for one tree at a time. These models were linked to provide a tool for further understanding stand, climatic, and edaphic effects on tree and forest productivity. PTAEDA2 predicts the characteristics of trees grown at a given stand density, on a given site, for a given length of time. These characteristics (outputs) are then used as direct inputs into MAESTRO which assesses the expected impact of environmental changes on tree function, The results from MAESTRO are fed back into PTAEDA2 to update future predictions by modifying the site index driver variable of the growth and yield model. An equation that predicts changes in site index as a function of net photosynthesis, age, and trees per unit area is the backbone of the dynamic linkage, The model changes required to link PTAEDA2 to MAESTRO were developed and reported earlier. This article reviews the earlier work and reports research results quantifying the relationships between net photosynthesis and the PTAEDA2 growth predictors, thus providing the basis for the MAESTRO to PTAEDA2 feedback process and integration of these two models. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Asheville, NC 28802 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Forestry, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. RP Baldwin, VC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, 200 Weaver Blvd, Asheville, NC 28802 USA. EM vbaldwin@fs.fed.us; burkhart@vt.edu; jwestfal@vt.edu; kpeterson01@fs.fed.us NR 14 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 8 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X EI 1938-3738 J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 47 IS 1 BP 77 EP 82 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 437PW UT WOS:000169003600009 ER PT J AU Valentine, HT AF Valentine, HT TI Influence of vertical foliage structure on the distribution of stem cross-sectional area increment in western hemlock and balsam fir [For. Sci. 46(1):86-94] - Comment SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID PIPE-MODEL-THEORY; GROWTH C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Valentine, HT (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, POB 640, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 47 IS 1 BP 115 EP 116 PG 2 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 437PW UT WOS:000169003600013 ER PT J AU Li, XM Wang, RRC Larson, SR Chatterton, NJ AF Li, XM Wang, RRC Larson, SR Chatterton, NJ TI Development of a STS marker assay for detecting loss of heterozygosity in rice hybrids SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE DNA sequence; homology; PCR; RAPD AB The RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) markers OPE15(750) and OPE15(300) were affected by loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in rice hybrids AMR X 'M202' and AMR X 'L202'. The markers were mapped to the same locus at or near the centromere of rice chromosome 2. The two RAPD products were cloned, sequenced, and found to have lengths of 734 bp and 297 bp, respectively. The 297-bp sequence shares a 98% homology with one end of the 734-bp sequence, accounting for the cross-hybridization previously observed between the two clones. Based on the DNA sequence of the 734-bp fragment, a pair of STS (sequence-tagged site) primers was designed and tested. Rice plants homozygous for either OPE15(734) or OPE15(297) all produced PCR fragments of the same length, 482 bp. However, the two PCR products were discernible by digestion with the restriction enzyme XbaI prior to gel electrophoresis. The STS product from plants homozygous for OPE15(734) was cut into two fragments of 239 and 240 bp, which appeared as one single band in an agarose gel; whereas the STS product from plants homozygous for OPE15(297) was not cut by XbaI and was characterized by a 482-bp band in the agarose gel. These STS primers were tested in rice hybrids and F-2 progenies derived from the hybrids of AMR X 'M202' and AMR X 'L202'. Homozygosity for OPE15(297) was confirmed for all F-2 panicle rows derived from AMR X 'M202'. In contrast, F-2 panicle rows of AMR X 'L202' exhibited two different segregation patterns (genotypes), i.e., either uniformly homozygous for the 240-bp marker (OPE15(734)/OPE15(734)) or segregating for the 482- and 240-bp markers (OPE15(734)/OPE15(297)). This STS-marker system provides a robust assay for detecting the occurrence of LOH in rice hybrid progenies. C1 ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, USDA, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Wang, RRC (reprint author), ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, USDA, 695 N 1100 E, Logan, UT 84322 USA. OI Larson, Steve/0000-0003-2742-2134 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD FEB PY 2001 VL 44 IS 1 BP 23 EP 26 DI 10.1139/gen-44-1-23 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 400AP UT WOS:000166846700004 PM 11269351 ER PT J AU Bradeen, JM Staub, JE Wye, C Antonise, R Peleman, J AF Bradeen, JM Staub, JE Wye, C Antonise, R Peleman, J TI Towards an expanded and integrated linkage map of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE map merging; JOINMAP; cucumber; AFLP ID FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS; GENETIC-LINKAGE; DISEASE RESISTANCE; MARKERS; CONSTRUCTION; ISOZYME; AFLP; RFLP; INHERITANCE; NARROW AB Linkage maps in cucumber (Cucumis sativus var. sativus L.) have been constructed using morphological traits, isozymes, restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), and random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs). The lack of polymorphism in cucumber has led to the construction of relatively unsaturated maps (13- to 80-point). We have added amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers to existing narrow-based (within C. sativus) and wide-based (C. sativus X C. sativus var. hardwickii) maps. JoinMap v. 2.0 was used to construct maps and to join these with historical maps from several previous studies. Our narrow- and wide-based merged maps contain 255 and 197 markers, respectively, including morphological traits, disease resistance loci, isozymes, RFLPs, RAPDs, and AFLPs. Condensation of total map distance occurred in merged maps compared to historic maps using many of the same markers. This phenomenon is most likely due to differences in map construction algorithms. The merged maps represent the best fit of the data used and are an important first step towards the construction of a comprehensive linkage map for cucumber. Identification of additional anchor markers between the narrow- and wide-based maps presented here may allow their future integration into a unified model. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Unit, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. KeyGene NV, NL-6700 AE Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Staub, JE (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Unit, Dept Hort, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 27 TC 57 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD FEB PY 2001 VL 44 IS 1 BP 111 EP 119 DI 10.1139/gen-44-1-111 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 400AP UT WOS:000166846700016 PM 11269344 ER PT J AU Dogramaci-Altuntepe, M Jauhar, PP AF Dogramaci-Altuntepe, M Jauhar, PP TI Production of durum wheat substitution haploids from durum x maize crosses and their cytological characterization SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE cyclic translocation 4A center dot 5A center dot 7B; crossability; disomic substitution; fluorescent genomic in situ hybridization (GISH); Triticum turgidum ID TRITICUM-AESTIVUM; CULTURE CONDITIONS; HIGH-FREQUENCIES; HEXAPLOID WHEAT; D-GENOME; VARIETIES; HYBRIDIZATION; CROSSABILITY; REGENERATION; POLLINATION AB The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of individual durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) chromosomes on crossability with maize (Zea mays L.) and to cytologically characterize the haploids recovered. Fourteen 'Langdon' (LDN) D-genome disomic substitution lines, a LDN Ph mutant (Ph1b ph1b), and normal 'Langdon' were pollinated with maize pollen. After pollination, hormonal treatment was given daily for up to 14 days. Haploid embryos were obtained from all lines and were aseptically cultured. From a total of 55 358 pollinated florets, 895 embryos were obtained. Only 14 of the embryos germinated and developed into healthy plants. Different substitution lines showed varying degrees of success. The most successful was the substitution 5D(5B) for both embryo formation and haploid plantlet production. These results indicate that the substitution of 5D for 5B confers on durum wheat a greater ability to produce haploids. Fluorescent genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) showed that the substitution haploids consisted of 7 A-genome chromosomes, 6 B-genome chromosomes, and 1 D-genome chromosome. Triticum urartu Tum. genomic DNA was efficient in probing the 7 A-genome chromosomes, although the D-genome chromosome also showed intermediate hybridization. This shows a close affinity between the A genome and D genome. We also elucidated the evolutionary translocation involving the chromosomes 4A and 7B that occurred at the time of evolution of durum wheat. We found that the distal segment translocated from chromosome 7B constitutes about 24% of the long arm of 4A. C1 USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Cukurova Univ, Inst Nat & Appl Sci, Dept Field Crops, Adana, Turkey. RP Jauhar, PP (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 30 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD FEB PY 2001 VL 44 IS 1 BP 137 EP 142 DI 10.1139/gen-44-1-137 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 400AP UT WOS:000166846700020 PM 11269349 ER PT J AU Morehead, MK Syvitski, JP Hutton, EWH AF Morehead, MK Syvitski, JP Hutton, EWH TI The link between abrupt climate change and basin stratigraphy: a numerical approach SO GLOBAL AND PLANETARY CHANGE LA English DT Article DE climate change; stratigraphy; numerical modeling ID TURBIDITY CURRENTS; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; DEBRIS FLOWS; RIVER MOUTHS; DISCHARGE; MODEL; DEPOSITION; BUDGET AB To use basin stratigraphy for studying past climate change, it is important to understand the influence of evolving boundary conditions (river discharge and sediment flux, initial bathymetry, sea level, subsidence) and the complex interplay of the redistribution processes (plumes, turbidity currents, debris flows). To provide understanding of this complexity, we have employed source to sink numerical models to evaluate which process dominates the observed variability in a sedimentary record of two coastal Pacific basins, Knight Inlet in British Columbia and the Eel Margin of northern California. During the last glacial period, the Eel River supplied comparatively more sediment with a less variable flux to the ocean, while today the river is dominated by episodic events. Model results show this change in the variability of sediment flux to be as important to the deposit character as is the change in the volume of sediment supply. Due to the complex interaction of flooding events and ocean storm events, the more episodic flood deposits of recent times are less well preserved than the flood deposits associated with an ice-age climate. In Knight Inlet, the evolving boundary conditions (rapidly prograding coastline, secondary transport by gravity flows from sediment failures) are a strong influence on the sedimentary record. The delta and gravity flow deposits punctuate the sedimentary record formed by hemipelagic sedimentation from river plumes. Missing time intervals due to sediment failures can take away the advantage of the otherwise amplified lithologic record of discharge events, given the enclosed nature of the fjord basin. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Morehead, MK (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NW Watershed Res Ctr, 800 Pk Blvd,Plaza 4,Suite 105, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RI Syvitski, James/L-2008-2013 NR 53 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8181 J9 GLOBAL PLANET CHANGE JI Glob. Planet. Change PD FEB PY 2001 VL 28 IS 1-4 BP 107 EP 127 DI 10.1016/S0921-8181(00)00068-0 PG 21 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 413HQ UT WOS:000167607300011 ER PT J AU Herrmann, LM Davis, WC Knowles, DP Wardrop, KJ Sy, MS Gambetti, P O'Rourke, KI AF Herrmann, LM Davis, WC Knowles, DP Wardrop, KJ Sy, MS Gambetti, P O'Rourke, KI TI Cellular prion protein is expressed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells but not platelets of normal and scrapie-infected sheep SO HAEMATOLOGICA LA English DT Article DE prion; transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE); blood; flow cytometry; RT-PCR ID FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL DETECTION; LEUKOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION; LYMPHOID-TISSUES; NATURAL SCRAPIE; IMMUNE-SYSTEM; PRP; LYMPHOCYTES; MICE AB Background and Objectives. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) including sheep scrapie are characterized by the conversion of a normal, cellular prion protein (PrPc) to an abnormal protease-resistant form (PrPSc). Like human peripheral blood, the peripheral blood of scrapie-infected sheep remains one possible source of disease transmission. As a first step in understanding the disease requirements in the natural scrapie host, the presence of PrPc was evaluated in peripheral blood cells from five normal and five scrapie-infected Suffolk sheep. Design and Methods. Live peripheral blood cells from normal and scrapie-infected sheep were analyzed for the presence of PrP using flow cytometry and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results. PrP mRNA was detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) but not in platelets or granulocytes. Consistent with PrP mRNA expression, cell-surface expressed PrP was detected on PBMC, but was not detected on granulocytes, platelets, or erythrocytes. Two-color flow cytometric analysis of PBMC specific phenotypes revealed that regardless of scrapie-status, expression of PrP was significantly higher an B2 positive B-lymphocytes than on CD4, CD8, WC1 positive T-lymphocytes or CD14 positive monocytes, In addition, PrP expressed on PBMC from normal and scrapie-infected sheep was sensitive to proteinase K (PK) and phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PIPLC) Interpretation and Conclusions. Regardless of the scrapie-status of the sheep, resting PBMC transcribe Pr-Pc and express Pr-Pc as a cell-surface protein sensitive to both PK and PIPLC. Because of the abundance of Pr-Pc on PBMC, future diagnostic tests using PK and PIPLC to discriminate between protease sensitive and resistant PrP must be carefully evaluated. (C) 2001, Ferrata Storti Foundation. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Clin Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RP Herrmann, LM (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, 3003 ADBF, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 42 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU FERRATA STORTI FOUNDATION PI PAVIA PA STRADA NUOVA 134, 27100 PAVIA, ITALY SN 0390-6078 J9 HAEMATOLOGICA JI Haematologica PD FEB PY 2001 VL 86 IS 2 BP 146 EP 153 PG 8 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 405EZ UT WOS:000167146300006 PM 11224483 ER PT J AU Perkins-Veazie, P AF Perkins-Veazie, P TI Human pathogens and fresh produce: Prevention and damage control: Introduction to the colloquium SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA ARS, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. RP Perkins-Veazie, P (reprint author), USDA ARS, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 2001 VL 36 IS 1 BP 21 EP 21 PG 1 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 406TC UT WOS:000167230400002 ER PT J AU Fletcher, RS Skaria, M Escobar, DE Everitt, JH AF Fletcher, RS Skaria, M Escobar, DE Everitt, JH TI Field spectra and airborne digital imagery for detecting Phytophthora foot rot infections in citrus trees SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Citrus paradisi; Citrus sinensis; color-infrared; grapefruit; near-infrared; orange; Phytophthora parasitica; reflectance; spectroradiometry ID VIDEO; SYSTEM; PLANT AB Phytophthora foot rot, caused by Phytophthora parasitica (Dast), can result in economic losses for the citrus industry in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Therefore, locating foot rot-infected trees in citrus groves is important to citrus growers. Symptoms of the infection include leaf yellowing, canopy defoliation, twig dieback, and short growth flushes. This study evaluated the use of the latest remote sensing technology, that of airborne digital imagery, for the detection of citrus trees exhibiting mild symptoms of foot rot infection. Airborne color-infrared (CIR) digital imagery of two citrus orchards having problems with foot rot infection was acquired, In addition to the aerial digital imagery, ground spectroradiometric measurements were conducted to determine the visible and near-infrared (NIR) spectral reflectance differences between healthy and infected trees. These measurements were also used to help interpret the color tonal renditions between the trees. The CIR digital imagery distinguished infected from noninfected trees. The noninfected trees had a bright red-magenta color rendition, while the infected trees had a dull grayish red tonal response, The NIR spectroradiometric and digital readings were significantly lower for infected trees than for healthy ones (P less than or equal to 0.05), whereas the visible reflectance and digital data revealed no significant differences between the trees, The infected trees' dull tonal response in the CIR image was attributed to their lower NIR light intensity. These results indicated that digital imagery has potential for detecting foot rot-infected trees in citrus groves based upon NIR spectral differences. The advantage of airborne digital imagery is its real-time survey for quick field assessment. C1 USDA ARS, Integrated Farming & Nat Resources Res Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Kingsville Citrus Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Fletcher, RS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Integrated Farming & Nat Resources Res Unit, 2413 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 26 TC 11 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 2001 VL 36 IS 1 BP 94 EP 97 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 406TC UT WOS:000167230400022 ER PT J AU Beekman, TG Pusey, PL AF Beekman, TG Pusey, PL TI Field testing peach rootstocks for resistance to Armillaria root rot SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Prunus persica; plum; Prunus hybrid; Armillaria tabescens; Quercus sp.; disease resistance; peach tree short life; PTSL; breeding ID SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; LONGEVITY AB Armillaria root rot is the second leading cause of peach tree mortality (after peach tree short life) in the southeastern United States. Currently, there are no commercially available rootstocks for peach with proven resistance to this pathogen in the United States. Since 1983, we have been screening rootstock candidates for resistance to Armillaria utilizing naturally infected field sites. Inoculation of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch], plum (P. cerasifera J.F. Ehrh., P. munsoniana F.W. Wight & Hedr., P. salicina Lindl, or P. angustifolia Marsh.) x peach and plum x plum hybrid rootstocks with infected plant tissue (such as acorns, Quercus sp.) prior to planting has provided a significantly increased infection and mortality of candidate rootstock lines in comparison with sole reliance on natural inoculum on an infested rite. C1 USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Beekman, TG (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, 21 Dunbar Rd, Byron, GA 31008 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 2001 VL 36 IS 1 BP 101 EP 103 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 406TC UT WOS:000167230400024 ER PT J AU Sampson, B Noffsinger, S Gupton, C Magee, J AF Sampson, B Noffsinger, S Gupton, C Magee, J TI Pollination biology of the muscadine grape SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Vitis rotundifolia; bees; entomophily; anemophily; fruit set; seed set; parthenocarpy ID POLLEN AB Fruit set in the muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia Michx,) depended on insect cross-pollination, although flowers were well adapted for selfing. Pollinizer cultivars produced about half of their optimal fruit set when selfed, but cross-pollination was needed to reach an optimal fruit set of 33.7%, Eighty-one percent of the overall fruit set in pistillate vines was attributed to insect cross-pollination; wind played only a small role. Diminished fruit set and fewer seeds per berry occurred in cultivars receiving no effective cross-pollination. Components of fruit quality were not profoundly affected by the pollination treatments, although seed set and berry weight in pistillate cultivars was lower in the absence of cross-pollination. Parthenocarpy was rare, except in 'Fry Seedless', Muscadine production throughout the southeastern United States depends on cross-pollination by indigenous insects, particularly bees. To ensure consistently high yields, bees must have sale access to flowers and their nesting sites must be preserved. C1 USDA ARS, Small Fruit Res Stn, Poplarville, MS 39470 USA. RP Sampson, B (reprint author), USDA ARS, Small Fruit Res Stn, Poplarville, MS 39470 USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 2001 VL 36 IS 1 BP 120 EP 124 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 406TC UT WOS:000167230400030 ER PT J AU Waterworth, RA Griesbach, RJ AF Waterworth, RA Griesbach, RJ TI The biochemical basis for flower color in Calibrachoa SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Solanaceae; petunia; pH; anthocyanins; flavonoids ID PETUNIA; INTERRELATIONSHIPS; SOLANACEAE AB Recently, several new Calibrachoa La Llave & Lexarza (Solanaceae Juss.) cultivars have been developed with novel red and blue flowers, Most wild species of Calibrachoa have purple flowers. The differences in color were not due to anthocyanin composition, but rather to vacuolar pH, The pH of the red-flowered cultivar was 4.8 while that of the blue-flowered cultivar was 5.6, The wild purple-flowered species had an intermediate pH of 5.0. These data suggest that different pH and pigment genes may be introgressed into other Calibrachoa species to increase cultivar diversity. C1 USDA ARS, Floral & Nursery Plant Res, US Natl Arboretum, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Griesbach, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Floral & Nursery Plant Res, US Natl Arboretum, BARC W, Bldg 010-A, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 2001 VL 36 IS 1 BP 131 EP 132 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 406TC UT WOS:000167230400033 ER PT J AU Ehlenfeldt, MK AF Ehlenfeldt, MK TI Self- and cross-fertility in recently released highbush blueberry cultivars SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Vaccinium corymbosum; pollination ID FRUIT-SET AB Self- and cross-fertility were evaluated in the highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cultivars Bluegold, Duke, Legacy, Nelson, Sierra, Sunrise, and Toro, all of which have been released since 1985, by comparing them with 'Bluecrop' and 'Rubel', which were used as standards. Cross-pollination increased fruit set in all cultivars except 'Bluecrop', in which set was reduced 13%. The average increase among recently released cultivars was 43%, Cross-pollination also increased fruit weight for all cultivars except 'Rubel', Average increase in fruit weight with cross-pollination of the recently released cultivars was 27%. Fruit set and fruit weight measurements suggest that 'Duke', 'Legacy', and 'Nelson' would perform satisfactorily in solid stands, and that 'Sierra' and 'Toro probably need cross-pollination for maximum yields. C1 USDA ARS, Rutgers Blueberry & Cranberry Res Ctr, Chatsworth, NJ 08019 USA. RP Ehlenfeldt, MK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Rutgers Blueberry & Cranberry Res Ctr, 125A Lake Oswego Rd, Chatsworth, NJ 08019 USA. NR 20 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 2001 VL 36 IS 1 BP 133 EP 135 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 406TC UT WOS:000167230400034 ER PT J AU Kays, SJ McLaurin, WJ Wang, Y Dukes, PD Thies, J Bohac, JR Jackson, DM AF Kays, SJ McLaurin, WJ Wang, Y Dukes, PD Thies, J Bohac, JR Jackson, DM TI GA90-16: A nonsweet, staple-type sweetpotato breeding line SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Ipomoea batatas; vegetable breeding; disease resistance; insect resistance; nutrition; white potato; flavor; flavor chemistry C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Hort, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA, US Vegetable Lab, ARS, Charleston, SC 29407 USA. RP Kays, SJ (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Hort, Plant Sci Bldg, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 8 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 2001 VL 36 IS 1 BP 175 EP 177 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 406TC UT WOS:000167230400045 ER PT J AU Block, G Mangels, AR Norkus, EP Patterson, BH Levander, OA Taylor, PR AF Block, G Mangels, AR Norkus, EP Patterson, BH Levander, OA Taylor, PR TI Ascorbic acid status and subsequent diastolic and systolic blood pressure SO HYPERTENSION LA English DT Article DE blood pressure; nutrition; diet; ascorbic acid; antioxidants ID VITAMIN-C; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; HYPERTENSION; DISEASE; HUMANS AB Free radicals and oxidation are involved in several aspects of blood pressure physiology. We investigated the relationship between blood pressure and antioxidants, including plasma ascorbic acid (AscA), in a 17-week controlled-diet study. Study subjects included 68 men aged 30 to 59 years who had a mean diastolic blood pressure of 73.4 mm Hg and a mean systolic blood pressure of 122.2 mm Hg. One month of vitamin C depletion was followed by 1-month repletion with 117 mg/d, repeated twice. All food and drink were provided in the study. Subjects did not smoke or drink alcohol, all consumed fruits and vegetables, and body weight was maintained. Plasma was assayed periodically for AscA, alpha -tocopherol, carotenoids, and lipids. Plasma AscA was inversely related to diastolic blood pressure 1 month later (correlation -0.48, P<0.0001). Persons in the bottom fourth of the plasma AscA distribution had >7 mm Hg higher diastolic blood pressure than did those in the top fourth of the plasma AscA distribution. Multivariate analysis with control for age, body mass index, other plasma antioxidants, and dietary energy, calcium, fiber, sodium, and potassium did not reduce the plasma AscA effect. One fourth of the Variance in diastolic blood pressure was accounted for by plasma AscA alone. Plasma AscA was also significantly associated with systolic blood pressure in logistic regression. Vitamin C may be an important component of the effectiveness of fruits and vegetables in the reduction in blood pressure, and tissue AscA levels may be important in the maintenance of low blood pressure. Long-term intervention studies are warranted. C1 NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. Our Lady Mercy Med Ctr, Bronx, NY USA. RP Block, G (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, 426 Warren Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Block, Gladys/E-3304-2010 NR 28 TC 57 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0194-911X J9 HYPERTENSION JI Hypertension PD FEB PY 2001 VL 37 IS 2 BP 261 EP 267 PG 7 WC Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 412PL UT WOS:000167563500015 PM 11230282 ER PT J AU Smagghe, G Loeb, M Tirry, L AF Smagghe, G Loeb, M Tirry, L TI In vitro and in vivo effects of a fat body extract on Spodoptera littoralis SO IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-ANIMAL LA English DT Letter ID MIDGUT EPITHELIAL-CELLS; HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS; TESTIS SHEATHS; IMAGINAL DISKS; IN-VITRO; INVITRO; 20-HYDROXYECDYSONE; SPERMDUCTS; GROWTH C1 State Univ Ghent, Fac Agr & Appl Biol Sci, Dept Crop Protect, Lab Agrozool, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Smagghe, G (reprint author), State Univ Ghent, Fac Agr & Appl Biol Sci, Dept Crop Protect, Lab Agrozool, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC IN VITRO BIOLOGY PI LARGO PA 9315 LARGO DR WEST, STE 25, LARGO, MD 20774 USA SN 1071-2690 J9 IN VITRO CELL DEV-AN JI In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Anim. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 37 IS 2 BP 90 EP 92 PG 3 WC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA 422WA UT WOS:000168141200007 ER PT J AU Hsu, T Hutto, DL Minion, FC Zuerner, RL Wannemuehler, MJ AF Hsu, T Hutto, DL Minion, FC Zuerner, RL Wannemuehler, MJ TI Cloning of a beta-hemolysin gene of Brachyspira (Serpulina) hyodyseneteriae and its expression in Escherichia coli SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID TREPONEMA-HYODYSENTERIAE HEMOLYSIN; SWINE-DYSENTERY; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; PIGS; PURIFICATION; SALMONELLA; MUCOSA; SLYA AB Brachyspira (Serpulina) hyodysenteriae induces a mucohemorrhagic diarrheal disease in pigs, The production of a beta-hemolysin has been considered a major virulence attribute of this organism. Previous reports have failed to correlate a specific cloned gene sequence with a purified beta-hemolytic protein sequence. Thus, questions still remain concerning the structural gene sequence of the hemolysin, To answer this question unequivocally, the beta-hemolytic toxin was purified from extracts of log-phase spirochetes, and the N-terminal amino acid sequence was determined (K-D-V-V-A-N-Q-L-N-I-S-D-K) and compared with the translated sequences of previously cloned genes, tlyA to tlyC. The lack of homology between tlyA to tlyC translated sequences and the purified beta-hemolytic toxin sequence resulted in the study that is reported here. A degenerate probe was designed based on the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified beta-hemolysin and used to screen a B. hyodysenteriae genomic library. Three overlapping clones were identified, and one was sequenced to reveal an open reading frame coding for a putative 8.93-kDa polypeptide containing the N-terminal sequence of the purified beta-hemolysin, To distinguish this gene from the tlyA to tlyC genes, it has been designated hlyA. A hemolysis-negative Escherichia coli strains containing hlyA was beta-hemolytic on blood agar media. Also, the hemolytic activity of the recombinant protein had identical protease and lipase sensitivities and electrophoretic mobility to those of native B. hyodysenteriae beta-hemolysin, Based on sequence analysis, the translated protein had a pI of 4.3, an alpha -helical structure, and a phosphopantetheine binding motif, Hybridization analysis of genomic DNA indicated that the hlyA gene was present in B. hyodysenteriae and B, intermedia but was not detected in B. innocens, B. pilosicoli, or B. murdochii under high-stringency conditions. The location of hlyA on the chromosomal map was distinct from the locations of tlyA, tlyB, and tlyC. C1 Iowa State Univ, Vet Med Res Inst, Dept Vet Microbiol & Prevent Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Vet Med Res Inst, Dept Vet Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. ARS, Zoonot Dis Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Wannemuehler, MJ (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Vet Med Res Inst, Dept Vet Microbiol & Prevent Med, 1802 Elwood Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM mjwannem@iastate.edu RI Minion, Chris/A-2955-2015 OI Minion, Chris/0000-0003-4876-8396 NR 27 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 EI 1098-5522 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 69 IS 2 BP 706 EP 711 DI 10.1128/IAI.69.2.706-711.2001 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 394MW UT WOS:000166528700010 PM 11159958 ER PT J AU Pride, DT Meinersmann, RJ Blaser, MJ AF Pride, DT Meinersmann, RJ Blaser, MJ TI Allelic variation within Helicobacter pylori babA and babB SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID BLOOD-GROUP ANTIGENS; VACUOLATING CYTOTOXIN; FLAGELLIN GENES; PATHOGENICITY ISLAND; DIVERSITY; VACA; RECOMBINATION; CAMPYLOBACTER; SEQUENCE; PROTEIN AB Helicobacter pylori strains show both geographic and disease-associated allelic variation. We investigated the diversity present in two genes, babA and babB, which are members of a paralogous family of outer membrane proteins. Eleven family members within a single H. pylori strain, predicted to encode proteins with substantial N- and C-terminal similarity to each other, were classified as babA paralogues, In their central regions, most are less than 54% related to one another, Examining the babA and babB central regions in 42 H. pylori strains from different geographic locales, we identified five different allele groups of babA (AD1 to AD5) and three different allele groups of babB (BD1 to BD3), Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the allelic groupings of babA and babB are independent of one another and that, for both, geographic variation is present. Analysis of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions in these regions shelled that babA is more diverse, implying an earlier origin than that of the same region of babe, but that the babA diversity region may have more functional constraints. Although recombination has been central to the evolution of both genes, with babA and babB showing low mean compatibility scores and homoplasy ratios of 0.71 and 0.67, respectively, recombination is not sufficient to obscure evidence of clonal descent. Despite the involvement of babA in binding to the host blood group antigen Lewis B, neither the presence of different babA allele groups nor that of different babB allele groups is a determining factor in Lewis B binding of H, pylori strains. C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, Nashville, TN 37212 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Nashville, TN 37212 USA. ARS, USDA, Athens, GA USA. RP Pride, DT (reprint author), NYU, Sch Med, Dept Med, Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Room 6006W,423 E 23rd St, New York, NY 10010 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [P30 CA068485, CA 68485]; NIDDK NIH HHS [R01 DK 53707] NR 48 TC 82 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 69 IS 2 BP 1160 EP 1171 DI 10.1128/IAI.69.2.1160-1171.2001 PG 12 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 394MW UT WOS:000166528700066 PM 11160014 ER PT J AU Kogut, MH Genovese, KJ Lowry, VK AF Kogut, MH Genovese, KJ Lowry, VK TI Differential activation of signal transduction pathways mediating phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and degranulation by chicken heterophils in response to stimulation with opsonized Salmonella enteritidis SO INFLAMMATION LA English DT Article ID PROTEIN-KINASE-C; HUMAN-NEUTROPHILS; RESPIRATORY BURST; BOVINE NEUTROPHILS; AVIAN HETEROPHILS; RECEPTOR; OXIDASE; MODULATION; INHIBITORS; ALPHA AB The activation of signal transduction pathways is required for the expression of functional enhancement of cellular activities. Tn the present studies, initial attempts were made to identify the signal transduction factors involved in activating phagocytosis, generation of an oxidative burst, and degranulation by heterophils isolated from neonatal chickens in response to opsonized Salmonella enteritidis (opsonized SE). Peripheral blood heterophils were isolated and exposed to known inhibitors of signal transduction pathways for either 20 min (staurosporin, genistein, or verapamil) or 120 min (pertussis toxin) at 39 degreesC. The cells were then stimulated for 30 min at 39 degreesC with opsonized SE. Phagocytosis, luminol-dependent chemoluminescence (LDCL), and beta -D glucuronidase release were then evaluated in vitro. The G-protein inhibitor pertussin toxin markedly inhibited (>80%) phagocytosis of opsonized SE. Both the protein kinase inhibitor (staurosporin) and calcium channel inhibitor (verapamil) reduced phagocytosis in a dose response manner. Genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, had no effect on phagocytosis. Staurosporin had a marked inhibitory effect on LDCL (> 90%) while genistein had a dose responsive inhibition on LDCL. Both verapamil (40-45%) and pertussin toxin (50-55%) had a statistically significant, but less biologically significant effect on LDCL. Genistein significantly reduced the degranulation (78-81%) of heterophils by opsonized SE. Staurosporin also reduced degranulation by 43-50%, but neither verapamil nor pertussis toxin had a significant effect on degranulation. These findings demonstrate that distinct signal transduction pathways differentially regulate the stimulation of the functional activities of avian heterophils. Pertussin toxin-sensitive, Ca++-dependent G-proteins appear to regulate phagocytosis of opsonized SE, protein kinase C-dependent, tyrosine kinase-dependent protein phosphorylation plays a major role in LDCL, and tyrosine kinase(s)-dependent phosphorylation regulates primary granule release. C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Vet Anat & Publ Hlth, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Kogut, MH (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, Route 5, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 51 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0360-3997 J9 INFLAMMATION JI Inflammation PD FEB PY 2001 VL 25 IS 1 BP 7 EP 15 DI 10.1023/A:1007067426499 PG 9 WC Cell Biology; Immunology SC Cell Biology; Immunology GA 413TD UT WOS:000167627300002 PM 11293667 ER PT J AU Handler, AM AF Handler, AM TI A current perspective on insect gene transformation SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE insect gene transfer; germ-line transformation; transposable elements; paratransgenesis; viral vectors; fluorescent proteins ID TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENT MARINER; NON-DROSOPHILID INSECTS; SITE-SPECIFIC RECOMBINATION; GREEN-FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; PSEUDOTYPED RETROVIRAL VECTORS; GERM-LINE TRANSFORMATION; MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT-FLY; DNA-BINDING DOMAIN; ANOPHELES-GAMBIAE; HERMES ELEMENT AB The genetic transformation of non-drosophilid insects is now possible with several systems, with germ-line transformation reported in published and unpublished accounts for about 12 species using four different transposon vectors. For some of these species, transformation can now be considered routine. Other vector systems include viruses and bacterial symbionts that have demonstrated utility in species and applications requiring transient expression, and for some, the potential exists for genomic integration. Many of these findings are quite recent, presenting a dramatic turning point in our ability to study and manipulate agriculturally and medically important insects. This review discusses these findings from the perspective of all the contributions that has made this technology a reality, the research that has yet to be done for its safe and efficient use in a broader range of species, and an overview of the available methodology to effectively utilize these systems. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Handler, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 154 TC 67 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 17 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 31 IS 2 BP 111 EP 128 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(00)00159-4 PG 18 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 400QG UT WOS:000166882600001 PM 11164334 ER PT J AU Handler, AM Harrell, RA AF Handler, AM Harrell, RA TI Transformation of the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa, with a piggyBac vector marked with polyubiquitin-regulated GFP SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE piggyBac vector; germ-Line transformation; green fluorescent protein; position effect suppression; Anastrepha suspensa; tephritidae ID GREEN-FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENT; CERATITIS-CAPITATA; AEDES-AEGYPTI; DROSOPHILA; GENE; EXPRESSION AB Germ-line transformation was achieved in the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa, using a piggyBac Vector marked with an enhanced green fluorescent protein gene regulated by the Drosophila melanogaster polyubiquitin promoter. Four transgenic G(0) lines were selected exhibiting unambiguous GFP expression. Southern hybridization indicated the presence of one to four integrations in each of the transgenic lines with two integrations verified as piggyBac-mediated by sequencing their insertion sites. Fluorescence was detectable throughout development, and in adults was most intense from the thoracic flight muscle. Although adult cuticle quenched fluorescence, GFP was routinely detectable in the thorax. A quantitative spectrofluorometric assay was developed for GFP fluorescence that indicated differing levels of fluorescence among the transgenic lines, suggesting some level of position effect variegation/suppression. These results are encouraging for the use of this marker system in insect species not amenable to mutation-based visible markers. Together with the piggyBac vector, a transformation system is presented that has the potential to be universally applicable in insect species. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Handler, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 20 TC 75 Z9 84 U1 1 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 31 IS 2 BP 199 EP 205 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(00)00119-3 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 400QG UT WOS:000166882600009 PM 11164342 ER PT J AU Aguilar, GIS Beshah, E Vengroski, KG Zarlenga, D Jauregui, L Cosio, M Douglass, LW Dubey, JP Lunney, JK AF Aguilar, GIS Beshah, E Vengroski, KG Zarlenga, D Jauregui, L Cosio, M Douglass, LW Dubey, JP Lunney, JK TI Cytokine and lymphocyte profiles in miniature swine after oral infection with Toxoplasma gondii oocysts SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Toxoplasma gondii; cytokine; interferon-gamma; swine; interleukin-10; interleukin-12 ID RISK-FACTORS; NONPERSISTENT STRAIN; INTERFERON-GAMMA; LIFE-CYCLE; MICE; PIGS; IMMUNITY; RESISTANCE; TRANSMISSION; RESPONSES AB Pigs are considered an important source of Toxoplasma gondii infection for humans. A major strategy for immune prophylaxis of toxoplasmosis in swine is the understanding of the immune response against T. gondii infection, The phenotype of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and the kinetics of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) transcriptional changes were characterised in miniature swine following infection. A total of 66, 4-9-month-old miniature swine were used for three experiments performed over a period of 2 years. All pigs were fed 1000 oocysts of the VEG strain of T. gondii and blood samples were obtained on the day of inoculation and at days 3, 6, 10, 17, 25, 32 and 40 after infection. An increase in expression of activation markers CD25 and SLA-DQ was detected in the first week of infection. A significant increase in the percentage of CD8+ cells was observed in the second week of infection. Relative competitive RT-PCR analysis indicated an increase in IFN-gamma mRNA as well as a reduction in IL-10 mRNA during the second week post infection. Increase in IL-12 transcription was not observed until the fourth week of infection. The ability of the pigs to respond to T. gondii infection by simultaneously inducing pro-inflammatory cytokines early and anti-inflammatory cytokines later is a likely indication of the requirement to strike a balance between controlling parasite growth and avoiding cytokine toxicity. (C) 2001 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Anim & Avian Sci Biometr Program, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. ARS, USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Aguilar, GIS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Room 107,BARC-E,Bldg 1040, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM gsolano@anri.barc.usda.gov NR 35 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0020-7519 EI 1879-0135 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 31 IS 2 BP 187 EP 195 PG 9 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 411RT UT WOS:000167513600008 ER PT J AU Hodgkinson, JE Love, S Lichtenfels, JR Palfreman, S Ramsey, YH Matthews, JB AF Hodgkinson, JE Love, S Lichtenfels, JR Palfreman, S Ramsey, YH Matthews, JB TI Evaluation of the specificity of five oligoprobes for identification of cyathostomin species from horses SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cyathostominae; horses; intergenic spacer region; nematoda; species-specific DNA probes ID LARVAL CYATHOSTOMIASIS; INTERGENIC SPACER; ADULT HORSES; PREVALENCE; PARASITES; PONIES; RDNA AB Here, we report evaluation of five oligoprobes designed from intergenic spacer (IGS) region sequences for identification of cyathostomin species. Oligoprobes were designed for identification of Cylicocyclus ashworthi, Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cylicostephanus longibursatus, Cylicostephanus goldi and a fifth probe designed to identify all members of this tribe. PCR amplification of IGS DNA from 16 cyathostomin species allowed sequence comparison and identification of four putative species-specific probes. Southern blotting of amplified products from 16 species showed that all probes were species-specific. The fifth probe recognised all 16 cyathostomin species but did not bind to members of the genus Strongylus. Furthermore, these probes were used to identify individual infective L3, eggs and L4 indicating that they will be invaluable to furthering the study of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of these important equine nematodes. (C) 2001 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Liverpool, Dept Vet Clin Sci & Anim Husb, Div Equine Studies, S Wirral CH64 7TE, England. Univ Glasgow, Dept Vet Clin Studies, Div Equine Studies, Glasgow G61 1QH, Lanark, Scotland. ARS, Biosyst & Natl Parasite Collect Unit, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hodgkinson, JE (reprint author), Univ Liverpool, Dept Vet Clin Sci & Anim Husb, Div Equine Studies, S Wirral CH64 7TE, England. NR 20 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0020-7519 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 31 IS 2 BP 197 EP 204 DI 10.1016/S0020-7519(00)00161-2 PG 8 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 411RT UT WOS:000167513600009 PM 11239940 ER PT J AU Turner, C King, JW Mathiasson, L AF Turner, C King, JW Mathiasson, L TI On-line supercritical fluid extraction/enzymatic hydrolysis of vitamin A esters: A new simplified approach for the determination of vitamins A and E in food SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE enzymatic hydrolysis; fat-soluble vitamins; lipase; milk powder; supercritical fluid extraction ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; CARBON-DIOXIDE; ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION; BETA-CAROTENE; ACETATE; MILK; OIL AB An on-line supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)/enzymatic hydrolysis procedure using immobilized lipase has been developed for the determination of vitamin A in dairy and meat products. Several lipases were tried, of which Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica type B) showed the highest activity toward retinyl palmitate. There was no observed activity with alpha -tocopheryl acetate. When pressure, temperature, modifiers, flow rate, extraction time, and water content were varied, high vitamin A recovery was obtained in milk powder. Collected extracts were analyzed by reversed-phase highperformance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and fluorescence detection without additional sample cleanup. The procedure gave reliable values of vitamin A as well as of vitamin E in other food items such as infant formula, minced pork and beef meat, and low- and high-fat liver paste. The described method is faster and more automated than conventional methods based on liquid-liquid extraction, or SFE using off-line saponification, for vitamin A and E determination. Results obtained with the new method did not differ significantly from those obtained with the other two methods mentioned above. C1 Univ Lund, Dept Analyt Chem, S-22100 Lund, Sweden. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Food Qual & Safety Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Turner, C (reprint author), Univ Lund, Dept Analyt Chem, Box 124, S-22100 Lund, Sweden. RI Turner, Charlotta/I-6045-2013 OI Turner, Charlotta/0000-0001-9466-1149 NR 22 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 49 IS 2 BP 553 EP 558 DI 10.1021/jf000532z PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 404XP UT WOS:000167127900004 PM 11261991 ER PT J AU Maragos, CM Jolley, ME Plattner, RD Nasir, MS AF Maragos, CM Jolley, ME Plattner, RD Nasir, MS TI Fluorescence polarization as a means for determination of fumonisins in maize SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE mycotoxin; fumonisin; fluorescence polarization; maize ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ANTIBODY-BASED ELISA; CORN-BASED FOOD; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; B-1; MYCOTOXINS; ASSAY; SWINE AB Fumonisins, mycotoxins produced by certain species of Fusaria, are commonly found worldwide as contaminants in maize. This paper reports the development of a rapid, portable fluorescence polarization-based assay for fumonisins in maize. The assay was based on the competition of unlabeled fumonisin, from a sample, with a fluorescently tagged fumonisin (FB(1)-FL) for a fumonisin-specific monoclonal antibody in solution. The fluorescence polarization (FP) of the tagged fumonisin was increased upon binding with the antibody. In the presence of free toxin, less of the FB(1)-FL was bound and the polarization signal was decreased. The assays were very simple to perform, requiring only mixing of an aqueous extract of maize with the tagged fumonisin and antibody, and required <2 min per sample, excluding extraction time. Two permutations of the assay were tested, one with each sample matrix serving as its own blank, and the other with all of the samples compared relative to a PBS blank with normalization of the data similar to an ELISA. The limit of detection, defined as the toxin content associated with a fluorescence polarization signal 5 standard deviations from that of a fumonisin-free control, was 0.5 g of FB(1)/g in spiked maize. Recoveries from spiked maize over the range of 0.5-20 ppm averaged 94.3 +/- 13.8%. Forty-eight samples of field-contaminated maize were tested by the FP and an established HPLC method, with a good correlation between the two (r(2) = 0.85-0.88). For these samples, the two variations of the FP assay also compared well to one another (r(2) = 0.97), suggesting the assay principle is very robust. The results, combined with the speed and ease of use for the assay, suggest that this technology has substantial potential as a screening tool for mycotoxins in foods. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Diachemix Corp, Grayslake, IL 60030 USA. RP Maragos, CM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM maragocm@mail.ncaur.usda.gov NR 41 TC 60 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 49 IS 2 BP 596 EP 602 DI 10.1021/jf0010782 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 404XP UT WOS:000167127900011 PM 11261998 ER PT J AU Yaklich, RW AF Yaklich, RW TI beta-conglycinin and glycinin in high-protein soybean seeds SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Glycine max L. (Merr.); beta-conglycinin; glycinin; high-protein seeds; electrophoresis ID A2B1A SUBUNIT; REGISTRATION; ACCUMULATION; POLYPEPTIDES; CULTIVAR; SEQUENCE; GENES AB The agronomic performance and storage proteins Of high seed protein lines of soybeans [Glycine max: L. (Merr.)] were investigated to determine if the two major storage proteins, beta -conglycinin and glycinin, contribute to the increased protein content of high seed protein lines. Sub;units of these two major storage proteins were,estimated by scanning SDS-PAGE gels by scanning densitometry The relative rankings of the lines with respect to seed size and protein content were not different between years in one environment over 5 years, but oil and total protein and oil contents and the ratio of protein to oil differed. The alpha', alpha, and beta subunits of beta -conglycinin were significantly higher in the high-protein lines except CX797-115, CX804-108, CX804-3, D81-8498, and NC-2-62. The acidic A(3) polypeptide of glycinin was significantly higher in high-protein lines except 76-48773, CX804-108, CX804-3, D81-8498, and NC-2-62, whereas the acidic polypeptides A(1,2,4) of glycinin were significantly higher in all of the high-protein lines. The basic polypeptides of glycinin were significantly higher in all high seed protein lines except D81-8259. In conclusion, high-protein lines appear to contain more beta -conglycinin and glycinin than normal-protein soybean lines, and the amounts of subunits and polypeptides differ among lines. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Yaklich, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Bldg 006,Room 201, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 34 TC 47 Z9 51 U1 3 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 49 IS 2 BP 729 EP 735 DI 10.1021/jf001110s PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 404XP UT WOS:000167127900033 PM 11262020 ER PT J AU Warner, K Neff, WE Byrdwell, WC Gardner, HW AF Warner, K Neff, WE Byrdwell, WC Gardner, HW TI Effect of oleic and linoleic acids on the production of deep-fried odor in heated triolein and trilinolein SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE fried odor; frying oil; mass spectrometry; nonvolatile; odor; olfactometry; oxidation; trilinolein; triolein; volatile compound ID VOLATILE DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS; FRYING TEMPERATURES; CANOLA OILS; STABILITY; COMPONENTS; FOODS; IDENTIFICATION; CHROMATOGRAPHY; QUANTITATION; AIR AB To determine sources of desirable deep-fried flavor in frying oils, degradation products from heated triolein and trilinolein with 5-31% polar compounds representing low to high deterioration were evaluated by purge-trap gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry. (E,E)-2,4-Decadienal, 2-heptenal, 2-octenal, 2,4-nonadienal, and 2,4-octadienal produced deep-fried odor at moderate-strong intensities in heated trilinolein. However, unexpected aldehydes-2,4-decadienal, 2,4-undecadienal, 2,4-nonadienal, and 2-octenal tall <15 ppm)-were produced in triolein heated for 6 h. These dienals possibly were produced by hydroperoxidation and/or hydroxylation followed by dehydration of 2-alkenals. The 2-alkenals were produced from thermal decomposition of hydroperoxides, epoxides, and keto and dimeric compounds produced during the heating of triolein. These aldehydes produced low intensities of deep-fried odor in triolein. This information helps to explain sources of the deep-fried flavor that is characteristic of high linoleic frying oils but which is only at low intensity levels in high oleic frying oils. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Warner, K (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 34 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 49 IS 2 BP 899 EP 905 DI 10.1021/jf000822f PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 404XP UT WOS:000167127900060 PM 11262047 ER PT J AU Wang, SY Stretch, AW AF Wang, SY Stretch, AW TI Antioxidant capacity in cranberry is influenced by cultivar and storage temperature SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE antioxidant; anthocyanin; phenolics; free radical; cranberry; Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton ID DEGENERATIVE DISEASES; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; ANTHOCYANINS; PHENOLICS; FRUITS; EXTRACTS; MATURITY AB Ten cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) cultivars were evaluated for oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), anthocyanins, and total phenolics contents after three months of storage at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 degreesC. The antioxidant capacity of cranberry was affected by cultivars and storage temperatures. Among the 10 cranberry cultivars used in this study, Early Black, Crowley, and Franklin had higher antioxidant capacities than the other cultivars. ORAC values, anthocyanins, and total phenolics contents increased during storage. The highest increases in antioxidant activity, anthocyanin, and phenolics contents occurred at 15 degreesC storage. Fruit stored at 20 degreesC had lower ORAC values than those stored at 15 degreesC. A positive relationship existed between ORAC values and anthocyanin or phenolic content in all 10 cranberry cultivars at different storage temperatures. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Rutgers Blueberry & Cranberry Res Ctr, Chatsworth, NJ 08019 USA. RP Wang, SY (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 41 TC 104 Z9 106 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 49 IS 2 BP 969 EP 974 DI 10.1021/jf001206m PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 404XP UT WOS:000167127900071 PM 11262058 ER PT J AU Momany, FA Dombrink-Kurtzman, MA AF Momany, FA Dombrink-Kurtzman, MA TI Molecular dynamics simulations on the mycotoxin fumonisin B(1) SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE dynamics; fumonisin B(1); conformation; force field; mycotoxins ID FORCE-FIELD; RELATIVE CONFIGURATION; ABSOLUTE-CONFIGURATION; FRAGMENT; AMB99C AB The solution conformational properties of the mycotoxin fumonisin B(1) have been studied using molecular dynamics methodology Fumonisins have been shown to inhibit sphinganine (sphingosine) N-acyltransferase (ceramide synthase) and show a wide range of toxic effects in many animals. This study of the solution properties of fumonisin B(1) attempts to add to the structural models necessary for the understanding of the binding and activity properties. The computational method uses a box with periodic boundaries, filled with explicit TIP3P water molecules, the substrate fumonisin B(1), and selected counterions for charge neutrality. The starting structure of fumonisin B(1) is added to the box by excluding water molecules. The explicit image method using 12-Angstrom cutoffs is applied to the system and molecular dynamics are carried out on different starting conformations at 300 K in 100-picosecond (ps) steps. Examination of the resulting equilibrated conformations suggests that the structure is relatively extended and that previous computational studies in vacuo, showing a compact folded structure, may not be consistent with the solution structure. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Dombrink-Kurtzman, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM dombrink@mail.ncaur.usda.gov NR 18 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 49 IS 2 BP 1056 EP 1061 DI 10.1021/jf000842h PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 404XP UT WOS:000167127900084 PM 11262071 ER PT J AU Hintze, KJ Lardy, GP Marchello, MJ Finley, JW AF Hintze, KJ Lardy, GP Marchello, MJ Finley, JW TI Areas with high concentrations of selenium in the soil and forage produce beef with enhanced concentrations of selenium SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE selenium; beef; soil ID GLUTATHIONE-PEROXIDASE; INORGANIC SELENIUM; FORMS; RAT AB Beef provides a significant portion of human dietary selenium (Se), and it is possible that modest portions of beef produced in areas with high-Se soil and forage could provide the entire Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for Se. The present study has addressed the environmental conditions that resulted in the production of high-Se beef. One hundred and thirty-eight cull cows were obtained from 21 ranches in five distinct geographic regions that, on the basis of soil parent material, reports of Se deficiency, and previous soil and forage Se surveys, were likely to have high or low Se concentrations in the soil. Grass and soil samples were taken from ranch sites, and hair, whole blood, skeletal muscle, diaphragm muscle, and liver samples were obtained from the animals. Hair and whole blood samples were taken I day prior to shipping. Selenium concentrations of all samples were determined by hydride generation atomic absorption spectroscopy. Geographic origin affected Se content of all samples (p < 0.05). Selenium concentrations in soil (r = 0.53; p < 0.01) and grass (r = 0.63; p < 0.01) were correlated to Se content of skeletal muscle. Selenium concentrations in whole blood, diaphragm, hair, and liver also were significantly correlated to Se content of skeletal muscle (p < 0.01). Cows that received Se in mineral supplements did not have significantly higher concentrations of Se in sampled tissues (p < 0.05). Results of this study suggest that the greatest source of variation in Se content of bovine skeletal muscle was the geographic region from which the beef originated and not production or management practices. Results also demonstrated that a 100 g serving of high-Se beef could provide 100% of the RDA for Se. C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Anim & Range Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Finley, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, POB 9034, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RI Hintze, Korry/A-7079-2008; Hintze, Korry/E-4619-2011; OI Hintze, Korry/0000-0003-0135-0478 NR 31 TC 55 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 49 IS 2 BP 1062 EP 1067 DI 10.1021/jf000699s PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 404XP UT WOS:000167127900085 PM 11262072 ER PT J AU Park, B Chen, YR AF Park, B Chen, YR TI Co-occurrence matrix texture features of multi-spectral images on poultry carcasses SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID INSPECTION AB The variance, sum average, sum variance and sum entropy of co-occurrence matrix were the most significant texture features (probability, P < 0.0005) to identify unwholesome poultry carcasses at visible and near-infrared wavelengths. When a direction of co-occurrence matrix equals to 0, the contrast value was lower and the inverse difference moment and difference variance were higher (probability, P < 0.01) than any other direction in the visible spectral images. The characteristics of variance and sum variance of spectral images varied with the wavelength of spectral images and unwholesomeness of poultry carcasses as well. The sum variance of wholesome was higher (probability, P < 0.005) than unwholesome carcasses at the wavelength of both 542 and 570 nm. For the near-infrared spectral images at 847 nm, the sum average, entropy and sum entropy values of unwholesome carcasses were higher (probability, P < 0.005) than wholesome ones. The linear discriminant model was able to identify unwholesome carcasses with classification accuracy of 95.6%, while the quadratic model (97.0% accuracy) was better to identify wholesome carcasses. (C) 2001 Silsoe Research Institute. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Park, B (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 12 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-8634 J9 J AGR ENG RES JI J. Agr. Eng. Res. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 78 IS 2 BP 127 EP 139 DI 10.1006/jaer.2000.0658 PG 13 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 404CJ UT WOS:000167079600002 ER PT J AU Brenner, RJ Focks, DA Lele, SR Horowitz, E Rice, V Milne, DE Anderson, MC Togias, A AF Brenner, RJ Focks, DA Lele, SR Horowitz, E Rice, V Milne, DE Anderson, MC Togias, A TI Procedures for estimating spatial/temporal risks using cockroach trap counts and polyclonal ELISA assays for cockroach antigens SO JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. US FDA, Kensington, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0091-6749 J9 J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN JI J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 107 IS 2 SU S MA 396 BP S120 EP S120 PG 1 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA 405RE UT WOS:000167172300395 ER PT J AU Chung, SY Champagne, ET AF Chung, SY Champagne, ET TI Effect of peanut maturity on IgE binding SO JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, New Orleans, LA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0091-6749 J9 J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN JI J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 107 IS 2 SU S MA 629 BP S189 EP S189 PG 1 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA 405RE UT WOS:000167172300625 ER PT J AU Maleki, SJ Champagne, ET AF Maleki, SJ Champagne, ET TI Allergenic and biophysical properties of purified peanut allergens before and after roasting SO JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0091-6749 J9 J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN JI J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 107 IS 2 SU S MA 624 BP S188 EP S188 PG 1 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA 405RE UT WOS:000167172300621 ER PT J AU Grings, EE Short, RE MacNeil, MD Roeder, RA Roeder, MJ AF Grings, EE Short, RE MacNeil, MD Roeder, RA Roeder, MJ TI Interactions in postweaning production of F-1 cattle from Hereford, Limousin, or Piedmontese sires SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE breeds; carcass quality; cattle; growth; muscle weight ID SUBCUTANEOUS FAT THICKNESS; DOUBLE-MUSCLED BULLS; ELECTRICAL-STIMULATION; PROTEIN LEVEL; BEEF; PALATABILITY; QUALITY; CARCASS; SLAUGHTER; WEIGHT AB A 2-yr study was conducted to evaluate the interactions of castration, feeding length, and dietary CP on growth and carcass characteristics of male cattle (bulls and steers) that vary in expression of muscular hypertrophy. Crossbred cows were bred by Al to Hereford, Limousin, or Piedmontese bulls, which represented genotypes with normal, moderate, and hyper-muscularity, respectively, but with similar mature weights. Male calves (131 in yr 1 and 120 in yr 2) were placed in pens with individual electronic feeding gates. Calves were fed growing diets until they reached 386 kg BW and then were individually switched to finishing diets for 90 or 132 d. Interactions were observed among sire breed, gender, and feeding length on carcass composition. Bulls were more efficient than steers in producing live weight gain. Length of finishing period accounted for a larger source of variation than gender for weight characteristics, whereas gender was the larger source of variation for carcass composition. Concentration or degradability of dietary CP influenced rate of gain from weaning to 386 kg. Interactions resulting from varying management on carcass characteristics among calves of different sire breeds indicate that unique strategies may be beneficial for the production of meat from these breeds. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. Univ Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Grings, EE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Route 1,Box 2021, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. RI MacNeil, Michael/A-6772-2009 NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 79 IS 2 BP 317 EP 324 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 400TA UT WOS:000166886700003 PM 11219439 ER PT J AU Bromley, CM Van Vleck, LD Snowder, GD AF Bromley, CM Van Vleck, LD Snowder, GD TI Genetic correlations for litter weight weaned with growth, prolificacy, and wool traits in Columbia, Polypay, Rambouillet, and Targhee sheep SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE growth; heritability; selection; wool ID VARIANCE-COMPONENTS; SELECTION AB Total litter weight weaned at 120 d postpartum per ewe lambing is often believed to be a measure of range ewe productivity. Genetic correlations for litter weight weaned at 120 d with prolificacy, growth, and wool traits for Columbia, Polypay, Rambouillet, and Targhee sheep were estimated using REML with animal models. Observations per breed ranged from 5,140 to 7,083 for litter weight weaned, from 5,140 to 7,095 for prolificacy traits, from 7,750 to 9,530 for growth traits, and from 4,603 to 18,443 for wool traits. Heritability estimates for litter weight weaned were low and ranged from 0.02 to 0.11. Fraction of variance due to permanent environmental effects averaged 0.05 and, due to effects of mates, averaged 0.01. Estimates of genetic correlations with litter weight weaned varied from breed to breed. The ranges were as follows: 0.42 to 0.65 with litter size born, 0.80 to 0.99 with litter size weaned, -0.22 to 0.28 with birth weight, -0.07 to 0.23 with average daily gain to weaning, -0.56 to 0.19 with fleece weight, -0.15 to 0.02 with fleece grade, and -0.11 to 0.08 with staple length. Results suggest that, if selection were practiced on litter weight weaned, the average correlated responses would be expected to be favorable or neutral for prolificacy, growth, and wool traits although responses might vary from breed to breed. C1 Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. US Sheep Expt Stn, USDA ARS, Dubois, ID 83423 USA. RP Van Vleck, LD (reprint author), Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, USDA ARS, A218 Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 13 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 79 IS 2 BP 339 EP 346 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 400TA UT WOS:000166886700006 PM 11219442 ER PT J AU Fan, MZ Stoll, B Jiang, R Burrin, DG AF Fan, MZ Stoll, B Jiang, R Burrin, DG TI Enterocyte digestive enzyme activity along the crypt-villus and longitudinal axes in the neonatal pig small intestine SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE aminopeptidases; differentiation; disaccharidases; migration; tissue proliferation ID MOUSE SMALL-INTESTINE; BRUSH-BORDER; AMINOPEPTIDASE-N; DIFFERENTIATION; RAT; EXPRESSION; AXIS; CELL; TRANSPORT; GENE AB Our objective was to examine the distribution of enterocyte digestive enzyme activity along the crypt-villus and longitudinal axes of the small intestine in formula-fed neonatal pigs between the ages of 14 and 18 d. The distended intestinal sac method was used to isolate 12 sequential fractions (F1 through F12) of epithelial cells. Enterocyte migration rate was measured in the proximal and distal intestine using in vivo bromodeoxyuridine labeling. Specific activities of representative villus cell marker enzymes of alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase N, sucrase, and lactase increased 6- to 17-fold from F12 (crypt cells) to F1 (villus cells), whereas the crypt cell marker [H-3]thymidine incorporation increased 8- to 18-fold from F1 (villus cells) to F12 (crypt cells). Enterocyte migration rate was similar (3.2 vs 3.0 mum/h), whereas the villus height (547.4 vs 908.5 mum) and enterocyte life span (4.7 vs 10.2 d) were markedly lower (P < 0.05) in the proximal than in the distal segments, respectively. In general, the specific activities of all enzymes were lowest in the crypt fractions (F9 through F12) but increased markedly (ranging from 8- to 17-fold) from F12 to F1. The activity of aminopeptidase N was higher and that of sucrase was lower in the distal than in the proximal segment. The activities of the remaining enzymes were similar in the proximal and the distal segments. Our results suggest that the enterocyte life span in the distal small intestine is approximately twice as long as in the proximal small intestine. However, despite the difference in life span, the patterns of enzyme activities along the crypt-villus axis were generally similar in the proximal and the distal regions. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Burrin, DG (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [R01-HD33920] NR 34 TC 49 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 79 IS 2 BP 371 EP 381 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 400TA UT WOS:000166886700010 PM 11219446 ER PT J AU Delgado, EF Geesink, GH Marchello, JA Goll, DE Koohmaraie, M AF Delgado, EF Geesink, GH Marchello, JA Goll, DE Koohmaraie, M TI The calpain system in three muscles of normal and callipyge sheep SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE callipyge; calpains; calpastatin; postmortem tenderization ID BOVINE LONGISSIMUS MUSCLE; CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEASE; CALPASTATIN GENE PROMOTER; POSTMORTEM STORAGE; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; MYOFIBRIL FRAGMENTATION; ELECTRICAL-STIMULATION; 30,000-DALTON COMPONENT; NEUTRAL PROTEINASES; SARCOMERE-LENGTH AB Activities of mu- and m-calpain and of calpastatin were measured at four different times during postmortem storage (0, 1, 3, and 10 d) in three muscles from either callipyge or noncallipyge (normal) sheep. The weights of two muscles, the biceps femoris and the longissimus, are greater in the callipyge phenotype, whereas the weight of the infraspinatus is not affected. The activity of m-calpain was greater (P < 0.05) in the biceps femoris and longissimus from callipyge than in those from normal sheep, but it was the same in the infraspinatus in the two phenotypes. The extractable activity of m-calpain did not change (biceps femoris and infraspinatus) or decreased slightly (longissimus) during postmortem storage. Extractable activity of -calpain decreased to zero or nearly zero after 10 d postmortem in all muscles from both groups of sheep. The rate of decrease in CL-calpain activity was the same in muscles from the callipyge and normal sheep. At all time points during postmortem storage, calpastatin activity was greater (P < 0.05) in the biceps femoris and longissimus from the callipyge than from the normal sheep, but it was the same in the infraspinatus from callipyge and normal sheep. Calpastatin activity decreased (P < 0.05) in all three muscles from both phenotypes during postmortem storage; the rate of this decrease in the callipyge biceps femoris and longissimus and in the infraspinatus from both the callipyge and normal sheep was slow, especially after the first 24 h postmortem, whereas calpastatin activity in the biceps femoris and longissimus from the normal sheep decreased rapidly. During postmortem storage, the 125-kDa calpastatin polypeptide was degraded, but the 80-kDa subunit of mu -calpain was cleaved only to 76- and 78-kDa polypeptides even though extractable mu -calpain activity declined nearly to zero. Approximately 50 to 60% of total mu -calpain became associated with the nonextractable pellet after 1 d postmortem. The myofibril fragmentation index for the biceps femoris and longissimus from normal sheep increased significantly during postmortem storage. The fragmentation index for the infraspinatus from the callipyge and normal sheep increased to an intermediate extent, whereas the index for the biceps femoris and longissimus from the callipyge did not change during 10-d postmortem storage. The results suggest that postmortem tenderization is related to the rate of calpastatin degradation in postmortem muscle and that calpastatin inhibition of the calpains in postmortem muscle is modulated in some as yet unknown manner. C1 Univ Arizona, Muscle Biol Grp, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Anim Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Goll, DE (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Muscle Biol Grp, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM darrel.goll@arizona.edu RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013; Delgado, Eduardo /C-3096-2013 NR 53 TC 24 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI CHAMPAIGN PA PO BOX 7410, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61826-7410 USA SN 0021-8812 EI 1525-3163 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 79 IS 2 BP 398 EP 412 PG 15 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 400TA UT WOS:000166886700013 PM 11219449 ER PT J AU Snowder, GD Walker, JW Launchbaugh, KL Van Vleck, LD AF Snowder, GD Walker, JW Launchbaugh, KL Van Vleck, LD TI Genetic and phenotypic parameters for dietary selection of mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp vaseyana [Rydb] Beetle) in Rambouillet sheep SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE artemisia; food preferences; grazing; heritability; sheep ID SUCROSE; CATTLE; MICE AB The heritability of diet selection for mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. vaseyana [Rydb] Beetle) by grazing sheep was estimated from fecal samples collected from 549 Rambouillet ewes. Fecal samples were collected in September and October during 1996 and 1997 from free-grazing ewes on intermountain sagebrush-bunchgrass rangelands at the U.S. Sheep Experiment Station in Idaho. The total number of fecal samples was 1,949. Fecal samples were evaluated for composition of big sagebrush by near-infrared spectroscopy. Percentage of sagebrush in the diet was less in September than in October (21.6 vs 31.7%, respectively). Single-trait and bivariate derivative-free REML analyses were per- formed to genetically compare percentage of sagebrush in the diet in September and October. Heritability estimates were similar between September and October measurements (0.25 and 0.28, respectively). The genetic correlation between September and October percentages of sagebrush in the diet was high (0.91), implying that there is strong genetic similarity between September and October measurements and that an annual measurement may be sufficient for selection. These results contribute to a greater understanding of dietary preferences in freely grazing sheep, and suggest opportunities to improve production efficiency and forage management through selection for dietary preferences. C1 USDA ARS, US Sheep Expt Stn, Dubois, ID 83423 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Agr Res & Extens, San Angelo, TX 76901 USA. Univ Idaho, Range Resources Dept, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Snowder, GD (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Sheep Expt Stn, HC 62,Box 2020, Dubois, ID 83423 USA. NR 41 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 79 IS 2 BP 486 EP 492 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 400TA UT WOS:000166886700023 PM 11219459 ER PT J AU Hill, NS Thompson, FN Stuedemann, JA Rottinghaus, GW Ju, HJ Dawe, DL Hiatt, EE AF Hill, NS Thompson, FN Stuedemann, JA Rottinghaus, GW Ju, HJ Dawe, DL Hiatt, EE TI Ergot alkaloid transport across ruminant gastric tissues SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ergot alkaloids; festuca; rumen mucosa; toxicity ID INFECTED TALL FESCUE; HPLC METHOD; OMASAL EPITHELIUM; OVINE OMASAL; ABSORPTION; ERGOVALINE; CATTLE AB Ergot alkaloids cause fescue toxicosis when livestock graze endophyte-infected tall fescue. It is generally accepted that ergovaline is the toxic component of endophyte-infected tall fescue, but there is no direct evidence to support this hypothesis. The objective of this study was to examine relative and potential transport of ergoline and ergopeptine alkaloids across isolated gastric tissues in vitro. Sheep ruminal and omasal tissues were surgically removed and placed in parabiotic chambers. Equimolar concentrations of lysergic acid, lysergol, ergonovine, ergotamine, and ergocryptine were added to a Kreb's Ringer phosphate (KRP) solution on the mucosal side of the tissue. Tissue was incubated in near-physiological conditions for 240 min. Samples were taken from KRP on the serosal side of the chambers at times 0, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 min and analyzed for ergot alkaloids by competitive ELISA. The serosal KRP remaining after incubation was freeze-dried and the alkaloid species quantified by HPLC. The area of ruminal and omasal tissues was measured and the potential transportable alkaloids calculated by multiplying the moles of transported alkaloids per square centimeter of each tissue type by the surface area of the tissue. Studies were conducted to compare alkaloid transport in reticular, ruminal, and omasal tissues and to determine whether transport was active or passive. Ruminal tissue had greater ergot alkaloid transport potential than omasal tissue (85 vs 60 mmol) because of a larger surface area. The ruminal posterior dorsal sac had the greatest potential for alkaloid transport, but the other ruminal tissues were not different from one another. Alkaloid transport was less among reticular tissues than among ruminal tissues. Transport of alkaloids seemed to be an active process. The alkaloids with greatest transport potential were lysergic acid and lysergol. Ergopeptine alkaloids tended to pass across omasal tissues in greater quantities than across ruminal tissues, but their transport was minimal compared to lysergic acid and lysergol. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, J Phil Campbell Sr Nat Resource Ctr, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. Univ Missouri, Coll Vet Med, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 30 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 79 IS 2 BP 542 EP 549 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 400TA UT WOS:000166886700030 PM 11219466 ER PT J AU Smith, TPL Simmen, FA Zhao, G Vallet, JL AF Smith, TPL Simmen, FA Zhao, G Vallet, JL TI Rapid communication: Nucleotide sequences of two isoforms of porcine micromolar calcium-activated neutral protease 1 cDNA SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE calpains; isoenzymes; nucleotide sequences; pigs ID LARGE SUBUNIT; CLONING; FORM C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Dairy & Poultry Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Smith, TPL (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Spur 18D,POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Simmen, Frank/J-9464-2012 NR 6 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 79 IS 2 BP 552 EP 553 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 400TA UT WOS:000166886700032 PM 11219468 ER PT J AU Smith, TPL Rohrer, GA AF Smith, TPL Rohrer, GA TI Rapid communication: Linkage mapping of the porcine micromolar calcium-activated neutral protease 1 (mu-calpain) gene on SSC2 SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE calpains; gene mapping; pigs C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Smith, TPL (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Spur 18D,POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 79 IS 2 BP 554 EP 555 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 400TA UT WOS:000166886700033 PM 11219469 ER PT J AU Sharratt, BS Zandlo, J Spoden, G AF Sharratt, BS Zandlo, J Spoden, G TI Frequency of precipitation across the northern U. S. Corn Belt SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article AB Knowledge of the frequency of precipitation events can aid in managing water resources, but little is known concerning the regional variability in the frequency of daily precipitation events in the northern U.S. Corn Belt. The frequency distribution of daily precipitation events, varying from 0.25 to 102 mm, was examined at 15 climate stations in Minnesota, South Dakota, Iowa, and Wisconsin. Data were available from 1898 to 1997. Annual precipitation and frequency of precipitation events increased from the NW to the SE across the northern Corn Belt. The frequency of daily precipitation events (of at least 0.25 mm) at all stations remained fairly persistent (at about 20%) during winter then increased during spring before attaining a maximum near 35% in late May or June. The frequency of events then declined to about 25% by late August before approaching a secondary maximum of about 30% in September. The frequency distribution of daily precipitation events was skewed, with more frequent events occurring earlier in the year at all but the two most eastern stations. The transition from winter to spring precipitation patterns was delayed about 15 days at western as compared with eastern stations. Precipitation events were twice as frequent in the spring than in the autumn at western stations and 30% more frequent in spring than in autumn at eastern stations. This study suggests that daily precipitation events in the northern Corn Belt occur with greater frequency in the SE than in the NW and in the spring than in the autumn. This regional and seasonal variability in precipitation must be considered when designing hydrologic systems and managing agricultural and natural resources. C1 USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, St Paul, MN USA. RP Sharratt, BS (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, 803 Iowa Ave, Morris, MN 56267 USA. NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 40 IS 2 BP 183 EP 191 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<0183:FOPATN>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 401VH UT WOS:000166948900005 ER PT J AU Williams, L Evans, PE Bowers, WS AF Williams, L Evans, PE Bowers, WS TI Defensive chemistry of an aposematic bug, Pachycoris stallii uhler and volatile compounds of its host plant Croton californicus Muell.-Arg. SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Pachycoris stallii; Pentatomoidea; Scutelleridae; allomone; Croton californicus; Euphorbiaceae; terpenoids; exocrine glands; aposematic; carbonyl defense ID CHEMICAL ECOLOGY; HETEROPTERA; SECRETION; GLANDS; ADULTS AB Volatile components of Pachycoris stallii scent gland secretions and the bug's host plant, Croton californicus. were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. The predominant compounds isolated from C. californicus fruit and leaves were beta -myrcene and beta -caryophyllene. Metathoracic gland secretions of P. stallii contained mostly (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal, (E)-2-hexenyl acetate, and n-tridecane. In males, n-tridecane was present throughout the metathoracic gland, but in females this compound was found only in the median reservoir/accessory gland. (E)-2-Hexenal was present throughout the gland of female bugs, but in males was primarily present in the median reservoir/accessory gland. (E)-4-Oxo-2-hexenal and n-dodecane were isolated from the median reservoir/accessory gland of male and female bugs. Metathoracic glands were sexually monomorphic. Data from chemical analyses and anatomical observations suggest that dorsal abdominal glands of adults were apparently obsolescent. In nymphs, dorsal abdominal glands produced (E)-2-hexenal. (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal, n-dodecane, n-tridecane, and tetradecanal. The proportion of the predominant constituent, (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal, decreased from 72% in the first instar to 47% in the fourth instar. proportions of tetradecanal and n-tridecane were greater in the fourth instar than in the first instar. Observations of dissected glands indicated that median and posterior dorsal abdominal glands of all nymphal instars were more developed than anterior dorsal abdominal glands. Scanning electron micrography revealed the presence of polygonal microsculpturing on the integument surrounding the ostioles of metathoracic and dorsal abdominal glands. Chemical, anatomical, and behavioral data indicated that P. stallii has a chemical defense system based on short-chain carbonyl compounds and that this system is directed against arthropods. The abundance of arthropod natural enemies apparently has forced P. stallii to maintain this defense system despite feeding on a toxic host plant. C1 USDA ARS, So Insect Management Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Entomol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Williams, L (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Insect Management Res Unit, POB 346, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 30 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 13 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 27 IS 2 BP 203 EP 216 DI 10.1023/A:1005692502595 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 434HB UT WOS:000168808100001 PM 14768810 ER PT J AU Jang, EB Raw, AS Carvalho, LA AF Jang, EB Raw, AS Carvalho, LA TI Field attraction of mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) to synthetic stereoselective enantiomers of the ceralure B1 isomer SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Mediterranean fruit Ay; attractants; detection; male annihilation ID TEPHRITIDAE; DIPTERA; TRIMEDLURE; FORMULATIONS; PERFORMANCE AB Stereoselectively synthesized enantiomers of ethyl cis-5-iodo-trans-2-methylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate (ceralure B1). a potent lure for male Mediterranean fruit flies, were tested in the laboratory and the field against laboratory reared sterile flies. The (-)-ceralure B1 enantiomer was significantly more attractive than the (+)-ceralure B1 antipode. Dose-response studies of the above compounds demonstrated that (-)-ceralure B1 and to a lesser extent, racemic ceralure B1, captured consistently more male flies than trimedlure, the current male attractant used in detection programs. Longevity tests demonstrated that, over a three-week period, both (-)-ceralure B1 and racemic ceralure B1 caught significantly more flies than trimedlure. The synthesis of specific enantiomers of ceralure B1 shows great promise as a male attractant that could replace trimedlure for detection and delimitation in action programs aimed at this exotic pest. C1 USDA ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, Hilo, HI USA. USDA ARS, PSI, Insect Chem Ecol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Jang, EB (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, Hilo, HI USA. NR 16 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 27 IS 2 BP 235 EP 242 DI 10.1023/A:1005620203504 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 434HB UT WOS:000168808100003 PM 14768812 ER PT J AU Goldberg, S Johnston, CT AF Goldberg, S Johnston, CT TI Mechanisms of arsenic adsorption on amorphous oxides evaluated using macroscopic measurements, vibrational spectroscopy, and surface complexation modeling SO JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE arsenate; arsenite; amorphous aluminum oxide; amorphous iron oxide; FTIR spectroscopy; Raman spectroscopy ID ELECTRICAL DOUBLE-LAYER; ALUMINA ELECTROLYTE INTERFACE; IRON-OXIDE; WATER INTERFACE; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; FERRIHYDRITE; HYDROXIDE; GOETHITE; CHEMISTRY; KINETICS AB Arsenic adsorption on amorphous aluminum and iron oxides was investigated as a function of solution pH, solution ionic strength, and redox state. In this study in situ Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic methods were combined with sorption techniques, electrophoretic mobility measurements, and surface complexation modeling to study the interaction of As(III) and As(V) with amorphous oxide surfaces. The speciation of As(III) and As(V) in aqueous solution was examined using Raman and attenuated total reflectance (ATR)-FTIR methods as a function of solution pH. The position of the As-O stretching bands, for both As(III) and As(V), are strongly pH dependent. Assignment of the observed As-O bands and their shift in position with pH was confirmed using semiempirical molecular orbital calculations. Similar pH-dependent frequency shifts are observed in the vibrational bands of As species sorbed on amorphous Al and Fe oxides, The mechanisms of As sorption to these surfaces based on the spectroscopic, sorption, and electrophoretic mobility measurements are as follows: arsenate forms inner-sphere surface complexes on both amorphous Al and Fe oxide while arsenite forms both inner- and outer-sphere surface complexes on amorphous Fe oxide and outer-sphere surface complexes on amorphous Al oxide. These surface configurations were used to constrain the input parameters of the surface complexation models. Inclusion of microscopic and macroscopic experimental results is a powerful technique that maximizes chemical significance of the modeling approach. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 ARS, USDA, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Goldberg, S (reprint author), ARS, USDA, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RI Johnston, Cliff/B-2215-2009 OI Johnston, Cliff/0000-0002-8462-9724 NR 37 TC 619 Z9 651 U1 47 U2 328 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9797 J9 J COLLOID INTERF SCI JI J. Colloid Interface Sci. PD FEB 1 PY 2001 VL 234 IS 1 BP 204 EP 216 DI 10.1006/jcis.2000.7295 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 397LT UT WOS:000166697700025 ER PT J AU Reis, RB San Emeterio, F Combs, DK Satter, LD Costa, HN AF Reis, RB San Emeterio, F Combs, DK Satter, LD Costa, HN TI Effects of corn particle size and source on performance of lactating cows fed direct-cut grass-legume forage SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE dairy; starch; grain processing; ruminant ID MICROBIAL PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; RUMINAL FERMENTATION; FIBER DIGESTION; STARCH; DEGRADATION; NUTRITION; MARKERS; INVITRO; CERIUM; ENERGY AB We conducted two experiments to evaluate the effects of corn supplementation, source of corn, and corn particle size on performance and nutrient utilization of lactating dairy cows. In experiment 1, treatments were 1) direct-cut grass-legume forage without supplement, 2) direct-cut forage plus 10 kg DM of ground dry shelled corn-based concentrate, and 3) direct-cut forage plus 10 kg DM of coarsely ground high moisture ear corn-based concentrate. In experiment 2, treatments were 1) direct-cut grass-legume forage plus 10 kg DM of ground dry shelled corn-based concentrate, 2) direct-cut forage plus 10 kg DM of coarsely ground high moisture ear corn-based concentrate, and 3) direct-cut forage plus 10 kg of DM finely ground high moisture ear corn-based concentrate. Both experiments were designed as 3 x 3 Latin squares replicated three times. In experiment 1, yields of milk and milk protein increased with concentrate supplementation, but were not affected by source of corn. Solids-corrected milk yield tended to increase with grain supplementation. Dry matter intake increased with concentrate supplementation, but was not affected by source of corn or corn particle size. Corn supplements decreased ruminal pH and acetate to propionate ratio and increased ruminal propionate concentration. Grain supplements reduced ruminal ammonia concentration, increased concentration of urine allantoin, and increased the urinary allantoin to creatinine ratio. In the second study, fine grinding of high moisture corn reduced fecal starch plus free glucose levels and tended to increase its apparent digestibility. In both experiments, starch plus free glucose intake was higher on the diets with dry corn, but its utilization was not affected by source of corn. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Dairy Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, USDA, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Combs, DK (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Dairy Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 30 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 7 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 84 IS 2 BP 429 EP 441 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 402EA UT WOS:000166972000013 PM 11233028 ER PT J AU Stabel, JR AF Stabel, JR TI On-farm batch pasteurization destroys Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in waste milk SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pasteurization; waste milk; Mycobacterium paratuberculosis; Johne's disease ID PARA-TUBERCULOSIS; JOHNES DISEASE; DAIRY-CATTLE; COWS AB A recent dairy survey conducted in 1996 by the National Animal Health Monitoring System suggests bet-ci een 20 and 40% of dairy herds in the United States have some level of Johne's disease. This figure will continue to increase unless producers implement management regimes that will help control the spread of this disease within their herds. The neonatal calf is the target for infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, the causative agent of Johne's disease. Calves become infected via exposure to the bacterium through contaminated feces, bedding, colostrum, and milk. Shedding of viable M. paratuberculosis has been documented in the colostrum and milk of infected dams. This study evaluated the efficacy of on-farm pasteurization to destroy M. paratuberculosis in waste milk fed to calves to circumvent this mode of transmission. In three replicate experiment-a, waste milk was experimentally inoculated with M. paratuberculosis and heated at 65.5 degreesC for 30 min. No viable bacteria were recovered after 28 wk of incubation. These results suggest that batch pasteurization of waste milk contaminated with M. paratuberculosis was effective at generating a clean product to feed to young calves. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Stabel, JR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, 2300 Dayton Rd, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 17 TC 31 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 84 IS 2 BP 524 EP 527 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 402EA UT WOS:000166972000023 PM 11233038 ER PT J AU Shapiro, M AF Shapiro, M TI The effects of cations on the activity of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera : lymantriidae) nuclear polyhedrosis virus SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lymantria dispar; cations; viral activity; enhancement ID FLUORESCENT BRIGHTENER; SARCOPLASMIC-RETICULUM; DISULFONIC STILBENES; OPTICAL BRIGHTENERS; CHANNEL BLOCKERS; CALCIUM INFLUX; CA2+ RELEASE; BACULOVIRUS; MIDGUT; PUMP AB Fourteen cations were tested at a 1% concentration (wt:wt), as chlorides, for their effects on the biological activity of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), nuclear polyhydrosis virus (LdMNPV). Cupric chloride was toxic to gypsy moth larvae. Ferrous and ferric chloride were inhibitory to larval growth and development as well as to virus activity. Strontium chloride was inhibitory to virus activity but had no apparent effects on gypsy moth larvae. Six cations had little or no effect on virus activity (i.e., calcium, lanthanum, magnesium, nickel, potassium, sodium), whereas four cations (i.e., cobalt, manganese, ruthenium, zinc) acted as viral enhancers, as indicated Ly reductions in LC(50)s. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Shapiro, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 53 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 94 IS 1 BP 1 EP 6 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 401UM UT WOS:000166946700001 PM 11233097 ER PT J AU Shapiro-Ilan, DI AF Shapiro-Ilan, DI TI Virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes to pecan weevil larvae, Curculio caryae (Coleoptera : curculionidae), in the laboratory SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Steinernema; Heterorhabditis; biological control; Curculio caryae; entomopathogenic nematode; virulence ID BLACK VINE WEEVIL; HETERORHABDITIS-BACTERIOPHORA; STEINERNEMA-FELTIAE; ENTOMOGENOUS NEMATODES; DIAPREPES-ABBREVIATUS; PERSISTENCE; RHABDITIDA; EFFICACY; SUSCEPTIBILITY; INFECTIVITY AB The pecan weevil, Curculio caryae (Horn), is a key pest of pecans in the Southeast. Entomopathogenic nematodes have bct ll shown to be pathogenic toward the larval stage of this pest. Before this research, only three species of nematodes had been tested against pecan weevil larvae. In this study, the virulence of the following nine species and 15 strains of nematodes toward fourth-instar pecan weevil was tested: Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Baine, HP88, Oswego, NJ1, and Tf strains), H. indica Poinar, Karunakar & David (original and Homl strains),Il.,marelatus Liu & Berry (IN and Point Reyes strains), It megidis Poinar, Jackson & Klein (UK211 strain), II. zealandica Poinar (NZN3 strain), Steinernema riobrave Cabanillas, Poinar & Raulston (355 strain), S. carpocapsae (Weiser) (All strain), S. feltiae (Filipjev) (SN strain), and S. glaseri (Steiner) (NJ43 strain). No significant difference in virulence was detected among nematode species or strains. Nematode-induced mortality was not significantly greater than control mortality (in any of the experiments conducted) for the Following nematodes: E-I. bacteriophora (Baine), H. zealandica (NZH3), S. carpocapsae (All) S. feltiae (SN), S. glaseri (NJ43), and S.,riobrave (355). All other nematodes caused greater mortality than the control in at least one experiment. Heterorhabditis megidis (UK211) but not II. indica (original) displayed a positive linear relationship between nematode concentration and larval mortality. Results suggested that, as pecan weevil larvae age, they may have become mole resistant to infection with entomopathogenic nematodes. C1 USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. RP Shapiro-Ilan, DI (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. NR 48 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 94 IS 1 BP 7 EP 13 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 401UM UT WOS:000166946700002 PM 11233136 ER PT J AU McQuate, GT Peck, SL AF McQuate, GT Peck, SL TI Enhancement of attraction of alpha-ionol to male Bactrocera latifrons (Diptera : Tephritidae) by addition of a synergist, cade oil SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bactocera latifrons; parapheromone; cade oil; alpha-oil ID FRUIT-FLY DIPTERA; TRIMEDLURE; ECOLOGY AB Male lures are known for many tephritid fruit fly species and are often preferred over food based traps for detection trapping because of their high specificity and ability to attract flies over a wide area. Alpha-ionol has been identified as a male lure for the tephritid fruit fly Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel). The attraction of this compound to male B. latifrons individuals, however, is not as strong as is the attraction of other tephritid fruit fly species to their respective male lures. Cade oil, an essential oil produced by destructive distillation of juniper (Juniperus oxycedrus L.) twigs, synergized the attraction of alpha -ionol to male B. latifrons. Catches of male B. latifrons at traps baited with a mixture of alpha -ionol and cade oil were more than three times greater than at traps baited with alpha -ionol alone. Substitution of alpha -ionol + cade oil for alpha -ionol alone in detection programs could considerably improve the chance of detecting invading or incipient populations of B. latifrons. However, detection programs should not rely solely on this lure but also make use of protein baited traps as well as fruit collections. Further work with fractions of cade oil may help to identify the active ingredient(s), which could help to further improve this male lure for B. latifrons. C1 USDA ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, Trop Fruit Vegetable & Ornamental Crop Res Lab, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RP McQuate, GT (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, Trop Fruit Vegetable & Ornamental Crop Res Lab, POB 4459, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. NR 15 TC 16 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 94 IS 1 BP 39 EP 46 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 401UM UT WOS:000166946700007 PM 11233131 ER PT J AU Chu, CC Henneberry, TJ Natwick, ET Ritter, D Birdsall, SL AF Chu, CC Henneberry, TJ Natwick, ET Ritter, D Birdsall, SL TI Efficacy of CC traps and seasonal activity of adult Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) in Imperial and Palo Verde Valleys, California SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bemisia argentifolii; Bemisia; CC trap; suction trap; yellow sticky card trap ID TABACI HOMOPTERA; WHITEFLY HOMOPTERA; FLIGHT BEHAVIOR; COTTON; DISPERSAL; HOSTS; CANTALOUPE; PATTERNS; ARIZONA; COUNTS AB Adult whitefly Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring trap (CC trap) catches were compared with suction type trap catches. CC trap catches were significantly correlated to the suction trap catches. Higher numbers of B. argentifolii adults were caught in CC traps oriented toward an untreated, B. argentifolii-infesteed, cotton field as compared with traps oriented toward Bermuda grass fields, farm roads, or fallow areas. CC trap catches at five heights above ground (from 0 to 120 cm) were significantly related to each other in choice and no-choice studies. CC trap catches were low in the Imperial and Palo Verde Valleys from late October to early June each of 1996, 1997 and 1998. Trap catches increased with increasing seasonal air temperatures and host availability. Trap catches were adversely affected by wind and rain. Abrupt decreases in adult catches suggest migrating activity of adults from other nearby crop sources. C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Chu, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 30 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 94 IS 1 BP 47 EP 54 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 401UM UT WOS:000166946700008 PM 11233132 ER PT J AU Elzen, GW AF Elzen, GW TI Lethal and sublethal effects of insecticide residues on Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera : anthocoridae) and Geocoris punctipes (Hemiptera : lygaeidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Orius insidiosus; Geocoris punctipes; insecticide; bioassay ID TOBACCO BUDWORM LEPIDOPTERA; CARNEA NEUROPTERA-CHRYSOPIDAE; COTTON FIELDS; COMPARATIVE TOXICITIES; CAMPOLETIS-SONORENSIS; ARTHROPOD POPULATIONS; ICHNEUMONID PARASITE; LABORATORY TOXICITY; PALLENS HEMIPTERA; NOCTUIDAE AB Laboratory-reared predators, the insidious flower bug, Orius insidiosus (Say), and big-eyed bug Geocoris punctipes (Say), were exposed to 10 insecticides, including three newer insecticides with novel modes of action. using a residual insecticide bioassay. These species are important predators of several economic pests of cotton. Insecticides tested were: azinphos-methyl, imidacloprid, spinosad, tebufenozide, fipronil, endosulfan, chlorfenapyr, cyfluthrin, profenofos, and malathion. There was considerable variation in response between both species tested to i insecticides. Tebufenozide and cyfluthrin were significantly less toxic to male O. insidiosus than malathion. Tebufenozide was also significantly less toxic to female O. insidiosus than malathion, tebufenozide, and spinosad were significantly less toxic to male G. punctipes than chlorfenapyr, endosulfan, and fipronil. Spinosad, tebufenozide, and azinphos-methyl were significantly less toxic to female G. punctipesper than fipronil and endosulfan. Fecundity of O. insidiosus was significantly greater in the spinosad treatment compared with other treatments including the control. Consumption of bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), eggs by O. insidiosus was significantly lower in the fipronil, profenofos, and cyfluthrin treatments compared with other treatments including the control. Consumption of II. zea eggs by G. punctipes was significantly lower in the malathion, profenofos, endosulfan, fipronil, azinphos-methyl, and imidacloprid treatments compared with the control. Egg consumption by G. punctipes was not significantly different in the tebufenozide treatment compared with the control. The lower toxicity of spinosad to C. punctipes is consistent with other reports. Based on these results, the following insecticides are not compatible with integrated pest management of cotton pasts: malathion, endosulfan, profenofos, fipronil, and cyfluthrin; while imidacloprid, tebufenozide, azinphos-methyl, and spinosad should provide pest control while sparing beneficial species. C1 USDA ARS, Kika de la Garza Suptrop Agr Res Ctr, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Elzen, GW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Kika de la Garza Suptrop Agr Res Ctr, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, 2413 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 33 TC 84 Z9 99 U1 3 U2 18 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 94 IS 1 BP 55 EP 59 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 401UM UT WOS:000166946700009 PM 11233133 ER PT J AU Nowak, DJ Pasek, JE Sequeira, RA Crane, DE Mastro, VC AF Nowak, DJ Pasek, JE Sequeira, RA Crane, DE Mastro, VC TI Potential effect of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera : Cerambycidae) on urban trees in the United States SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anoplophora glabripennis; urban forestry; urban forests AB Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky, a wood borer native to Asia, was recently found in New York City and Chicago. In an attempt to eradicate these beetle populations, thousands of infested city trees have been removed. Field data from mine U.S. cities and national tree cover data were used to estimate the potential effects of A. glabripennis on urban resources through time. For the cities analyzed, the potential tree resources at risk to A. glabripennis attack based on host preferences, ranges from 12 to 61% of the city tree population, with an estimated value of $72 million-$2.3 billion per city. The corresponding canopy cover loss that would occur if all preferred host trees were killed ranges from 13-68%. The estimated maximum potential national urban impact of A. glabripennis is a loss of 34.9% of total canopy cover, 30.3% tree mortality (1.2 billion trees) and value loss of $669 billion. C1 SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, NE Res Stn, USDA, US Forest Serv,Moon Lib 5, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. USDA, Ctr Plant Hlth Sci & Technol, APHIS, PPQ,Raleigh Plant Protect Ctr, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. USDA, Ctr Plant Hlth Sci & Technol, APHIS, PPQ,Otis Plant Protect Ctr, Otis ANGB, MA 02542 USA. RP Nowak, DJ (reprint author), SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, NE Res Stn, USDA, US Forest Serv,Moon Lib 5, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. RI Pasek, Judith/G-1151-2015 OI Pasek, Judith/0000-0002-1731-7368 NR 22 TC 130 Z9 156 U1 10 U2 55 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 94 IS 1 BP 116 EP 122 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 401UM UT WOS:000166946700018 PM 11233100 ER PT J AU Mangan, RL Moreno, DS AF Mangan, RL Moreno, DS TI PhotoActive dye insecticide formulations: Adjuvants increase toxicity to Mexican fruit fly (Diptera : Tephritidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anastrepha ludens; Mexican fruit fly; photo active dye; insecticide ID ERYTHROSIN-B; MUSCIDAE; FOOD; DRUG AB The efficacy of photo active dyes as insecticides depends on the ingestion of the dye by the target insect and the activity of the dye at sensitive sites or on essential chemical functions. The site of this activity in insects is not understood, but we have found that certain chemical additives enhance the toxicity of phloxine B in the Mexican fruit fly. A series of tests with commercial adjuvants was performed under laboratory conditions that demonstrated a multifold decrease in the LD50 of phloxine B concentration and a decrease in the time required for photodynamic action to kill the flies. A total of 22 commercial adjuvants was tested. Of these, six were selected for evaluation under field cage conditions in comparison with a non-insecticide control bait (no treatment) and a phloxine B check bait with no adjuvant. Mortality was estimated by counting dead flies, feeding was estimated by fly counts at feeding stations, survival was estimated by trapping flies after the treatment period. In all cases the adjuvants increased the late of mortality and decreased numbers surviving the treatment. Significant differences between adjuvants and both check and control were observed for mortality rates and the three best adjuvants, SM-9, Kinetic and Tween60, induced significantly more mortality than the other adjuvants, the control, or the check. Feeding rates and survival rates indicated that the adjuvants increase the effectiveness of phloxine B in a predictable manner. The adjuvants appear to be active inside the insect rather than increasing the solubility of the dye in the bait medium. We propose that the addition of 1% vol:vol of the best adjuvant. Tween60 to the proteinaceous bait with 0.5% phloxine B will enhance toxicity as well as improve mixing and other characteristics of the bait. C1 USDA ARS, Kika de la Garza Suptrop Agr Res Lab, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Mangan, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Kika de la Garza Suptrop Agr Res Lab, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RI Marion-Poll, Frederic/D-8882-2011 OI Marion-Poll, Frederic/0000-0001-6824-0180 NR 21 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 94 IS 1 BP 150 EP 156 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 401UM UT WOS:000166946700023 PM 11233106 ER PT J AU Burkness, EC Hutchison, WD Bolin, PC Bartels, DW Warnock, DF Davis, DW AF Burkness, EC Hutchison, WD Bolin, PC Bartels, DW Warnock, DF Davis, DW TI Field efficacy of sweet corn hybrids expressing a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin for management of Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) and Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ostrinia nubilalis; Helicoverpa zea; Bacillus thuringiensis; transgenic sweet corn ID FALL ARMYWORM LEPIDOPTERA; BORER LEPIDOPTERA; PYRALIDAE; EARWORM; RESISTANCE AB Field studies were done in 1995-1996 to assess the efficacy of three sweet corn hybrids that express the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin, CrylAb, against two lepidopteran pests. Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) and Helicoverpazea (Boddie). The Bt hybrids tested were developed by Novartis Seeds, using tale event BT-11, which expresses Bt toxin in green tissue as well as reproductive tissues including the tassel, silk, and kernel. Bt hybrids were compared with a standard non-Bt control or tale non-Bt isoline for each hybrid; none of the hybrids were treated with insecticides during the study. Hybrid efficacy was based on larval control of each pest, as well as plant or ear damage associated with each pest. In both ears, control of O. nubilalis larvae in primary ears of all Bt hybrids was 99-100% compared with the appropriate non-Bt check. Plant damage was also significantly. reduced in all Bt hybrids. In 1996, control of H. zea in Bt hybrids ranged from 85 to 88% when compared with the appropriate non-Bt control. In 1996, a University of Minnesota experimental compared with the appropriate non-Bt control. In 1996, a University non-Bt hybrid (MN2 X MN3) performed as well as the Bt hybrids for control of O. nubilalis. Also. in 1996, two additional University of Minnesota experimental non-Bt hybrids (A684su X MN94 and MN2 X MN3) performed as well as Bt hybrids for percent marketable ears (ears with no damage or larvae). In addition, compared with the non-Bt hybrids, percent marketable ears were significantly higher for all Bt hybrids and in most cases ranged from 98 to 100%. By comparison, percent marketable ears for the non-Bt hybrids averaged 45.5 and 37.4% in 1995 and 1996, respectively. Results from the 2-yr study strongly suggest that Bt sweet corn hybrids will provide high levels of larval control for growers in both fresh and processing markets. Specifically, Bt sweet corn hybrids, in the absence of conventional insecticide use, provided excellent control of O. nubilalis, and very good control of H. zea. However, depending on location of specific production regions, anti the associated insect pests of sweet corn in each area, some insecticide applications may still be necessary. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Entomol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Entomol, Integrated Pest Management Program, Noble Res Ctr, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Mission Plant Protect Ctr, Mission, TX 78573 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Plant Sci Lab 1029, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Hort Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Burkness, EC (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Entomol, 1980 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 16 TC 37 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 94 IS 1 BP 197 EP 203 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 401UM UT WOS:000166946700030 PM 11233113 ER PT J AU Knight, AL Dunley, JE Jansson, RK AF Knight, AL Dunley, JE Jansson, RK TI Baseline monitoring of codling moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) larval response to benzoylhydrazine insecticides SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cydia pomonella; insecticide bioassay; insecticide resistance; tebufenozide; methoxyfenozide ID CROSS-RESISTANCE; CYDIA-POMONELLA; GROWTH-REGULATORS; ECDYSONE AGONIST; TEBUFENOZIDE AB A diet-incorporation larval bioassay was developed to measure the response of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), to the benzoylhydrazine insecticides tebufenozide and methoxyfenozide. The bioassay tested neonates and third, fourth, and fifth instars from a laboratory colony and neonates and fourth instars from a pooled population collected from five certified-organic apple orchards. Bioassays were scored after 6 and 14 d. No differences between the laboratory and field population were found for either insecticide. Significant differences were found in the response of third and fifth instars between the 6 and 14 d bioassays, primarily due to a high proportion of moribund larvae in the shorter assay. Larval age had a significant effect in bioassays and was more pronounced in 6- versus 14-d tests. Fifth instars were significantly less susceptible to both insecticides than other stages, while responses of third and fourth instars were similar. The response of neonates was significantly different from third and fourth instars to tebufenozide but not with methoxyfenozide in the 14-d test. Field bioassays excluded the use of fifth instars and were scored after 14 d. LC(50)s estimated for 18 field-collected populations varied five- and ninefold for tebufenozide and methoxyfenozide, respectively. The responses of all but six field-collected populations were significantly different from the laboratory strain. Five of these six populations were collected from orchards with no history of organophosphate insecticide use. The LC50 for methoxyfenozide of one field-collected population reared in the laboratory for three generations declined fourfold, but was still significantly different from the laboratory population. These data suggest that transforming current codling moth management programs in Washington from a reliance on organophosphate insecticides to benzoylhydrazines may be difficult. C1 USDA ARS, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Knight, AL (reprint author), USDA ARS, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 24 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-0493 EI 1938-291X J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 94 IS 1 BP 264 EP 270 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 401UM UT WOS:000166946700039 PM 11233123 ER PT J AU Adamczyk, JJ Hardee, DD Adams, LC Sumerford, DV AF Adamczyk, JJ Hardee, DD Adams, LC Sumerford, DV TI Correlating differences in larval survival and development of bollworm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) and fall armyworm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) to differential expression of Cry1A (c) delta-endotoxin in various plant parts among commercial cultivars of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis cotton SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bacillus thuringiensis quantification; transgenic varieties; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ID PARTIAL-DERIVATIVE-ENDOTOXIN; HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS; RESISTANCE; SUSCEPTIBILITY; PROTEINS; MANAGEMENT; INSECTS AB Differences in larval survival and development of bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E.Smith), respectively, were found to exist among commercially available Cry1A(c) transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) varieties. Using a quantification assay (ELISA) to measure the levels of delta -endotoxin in two of these varieties ('DP 451B/RR' and 'NuCOTN 33B'), differences in the amount of delta -endotoxin present in various plant parts was correlated with larval survival of bollworms and larval development of fall armyworms throughout the growing season. Larvae that were fed on DP 451B/RR completed development faster and exhibited better survivorship than those larvae fed NuCOTN 33B, whereas lower levels of delta -endotoxin were generally detected in plant parts from DP 451B/RR compared with NuCOTN 33B. These differences may impact population dynamics of these pests which may be a critical factor in managing resistance to Bt. Furthermore, the utility of using this system for providing information to the grower concerning varietal choices may be more common in the future. C1 USDA ARS, MSA, So Insect Management Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Adamczyk, JJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, MSA, So Insect Management Res Unit, POB 346, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 19 TC 90 Z9 103 U1 0 U2 7 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 94 IS 1 BP 284 EP 290 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 401UM UT WOS:000166946700042 PM 11233127 ER PT J AU Armstrong, JW AF Armstrong, JW TI Quarantine security of bananas at harvest maturity against Mediterranean and oriental fruit flies (Diptera : Tephritidae) in Hawaii SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Musa acuminata; tephritid fruit flies; banana; quarantine; trapping ID FLY DIPTERA; PAPAYA; BIOLOGY AB Culled bananas (dwarf 'Brazilian', 'Grand Nain', 'Valery, and 'Williams) sampled from packing houses on the islands of Hawaii, Kauai, Maui, Molokai, and Oahu identified specific "faults" that were at risk from oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), infestation. Faults at risk included bunches with precociously ripened bananas, or bananas with tip rot, fused fingers, or damage that compromised skin integrity to permit fruit fly oviposition into fruit flesh. No Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), or melon fly, B. cucurbitae (Coquillett), infestations were found in culled banana samples. Field infestation tests indicated that mature green bananas were not susceptible to fruit fly infestation for up to 1 wk past the scheduled harvest date when attached to the plant or within 24 h after harvest. Recommendations for exporting mature green bananas from Hawaii without risk of fruit fly infestation are provided. The research reported herein resulted in a USDA-APHIS protocol for exporting mature green bananas from Hawaii. C1 USDA ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RP Armstrong, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, POB 4459, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. NR 26 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 94 IS 1 BP 302 EP 314 PG 13 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 401UM UT WOS:000166946700044 PM 11233129 ER PT J AU Jo, HK McPherson, EG AF Jo, HK McPherson, EG TI Indirect carbon reduction by residential vegetation and planting strategies in Chicago, USA SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE climate change; carbon dioxide; urban vegetation; building energy savings; proper planting ID CLIMATE AB Concern about climate change has evoked interest in the potential for urban vegetation to help reduce the levels of atmospheric carbon. This study applied computer simulations to try to quantify the modifying effects of existing vegetation on the indirect reduction of atmospheric carbon for two residential neighborhoods in north-west Chicago. The effects of shading, evapotranspiration, and windspeed reduction were considered and were found to have decreased carbon emissions by 3.2 to 3.9% per year for building types in study block I where tree cover was 33%, and -0.2 to 3.8% in block 2 where free cover was 11%. This resulted in a total annual reduction of carbon emission averaging 158.7 (+/-12.8) kg per residence in block I and 18.1 (+/-5.4) kg per residence in block 2. Windspeed reduction greatly contributed to the decrease of carbon emission. However, shading increased annual carbon emission from the combined change in heating and cooling energy use due to many frees in the wrong locations, which increase heating energy use during the winter The increase of carbon emission from shading is somewhat specific to Chicago, due in part to the large amount of clean, nuclear-generated cooling energy and the long heating season. In Chicago, heating energy is required for about eight months from October to May and cooling energy is used for the remaining 4 months from June to September If fossil fuels had been the primary source for cooling energy and the heating season had been shorter, the shading effects on the reduction of carbon emission would be greater. Planting of large frees close to the west wall of buildings, dense planting on the north, and avoidance of planting on the south are recommended to maximize indirect carbon reduction by residential vegetation, in Chicago and other mid and high-latitude cities with long heating seasons. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Kangweon Natl Univ, Coll Engn, Div Architecture & Landscape Architecture, Chunchon 200701, Kangwon Do, South Korea. Univ Calif Davis, USDA, Forest Serv, Dept Environm Hort,Western Ctr Urban Forest Res, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Jo, HK (reprint author), Kangweon Natl Univ, Coll Engn, Div Architecture & Landscape Architecture, Chunchon 200701, Kangwon Do, South Korea. EM jhk@cc.kangwan.ac.kr NR 38 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0301-4797 EI 1095-8630 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE JI J. Environ. Manage. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 61 IS 2 BP 165 EP 177 DI 10.1006/jema.2000.0393 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 397DM UT WOS:000166678100004 PM 11381773 ER PT J AU Steinheimer, TR Scoggin, KD AF Steinheimer, TR Scoggin, KD TI Fate and movement of atrazine, cyanazine, metolachlor and selected degradation products in water resources of the deep Loess Hills of southwestern Iowa, USA SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article ID MIDWESTERN UNITED-STATES; AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL MOVEMENT; GROUND-WATER; PESTICIDE POLLUTION; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; SURFACE WATERS; METABOLITES; HERBICIDES; SOILS; FIELD AB The environmental fate and movement of herbicides widely used for weed control in corn are assessed for a deep loess soil in southwestern Iowa. Beginning in the early 1980s, the herbicide-based weed control program emphasized the application of atrazine (ATR) or cyanazine (CYN) and metolachlor (MET) fdr both broadleaf and grass control. Between 1992 and 1995, concentrations of ATR, desethylatrazine (DEA), desisopropylatrazine (DIA), CYN and MET were measured in rainwater, both shallow and deep vadose zone water, and well crater. Results show that the frequency of herbicide detections and the range and distribution of occurrences are dependent upon both landscape position and temporal inputs of recharge water from rainfall. Generally, DIA was observed more frequently and in higher mean concentration in well water than DEA, while DEA was observed more frequently than DIA in vadose zone groundwater. A chromatographic analogy is suggested to explain the occurrence patterns observed for both parent herbicide and degradation products within the unsaturated zone water. Analysis of rainwater samples collected during this time also revealed low concentrations of ATR, CYN and MET, with the timing of the detections indicative of non-local transport. Results show that the deep loess soil conducts both water and agricultural chemicals relatively rapidly and as such represents a production system which is vulnerable to contamination of shallow groundwater by herbicide-derived chemicals. Results also illustrate the importance of including major herbicide degradation products in water resource impact assessment studies. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Steinheimer, TR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 57 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 9 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 3 IS 1 BP 126 EP 132 DI 10.1039/b006871n PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 403RF UT WOS:000167055700024 PM 11253005 ER PT J AU Fasina, OO Fleming, HP AF Fasina, OO Fleming, HP TI Heat transfer characteristics of cucumbers during blanching SO JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE cucumber; thermal properties; heat transfer; blanching AB The possible use of blanching in combination with controlled fermentation is being considered as a means to reduce the salt levels needed in the storage of brined cucumbers. To be commercially feasible, the use of heat should be optimized for economic and product quality considerations. This study reports basic information on the heat transfer characteristics of cucumbers needed to optimize the blanching process. Two-dimensional (cylindrical coordinates) heat diffusion equations were used to simulate the heat transfer characteristics of cucumbers during rapid water heating (blanching). The equations were solved by explicit form of the finite difference method. Thermo-physical properties (thermal conductivity, specific heat and density) of cucumbers needed to solve the heat transfer equation were also measured. Temperature (20-95 degreesC) did not significantly affect the thermal conductivity (0.62 W/m K) or specific heat (4.03 kJ/kg K) of cucumber. The maximum standard error of simulated temperatures of the cucumbers from experimental data was 4.5 degreesC. There was no significant change in the moisture level of the cucumber during blanching. Simulation results showed that heat transfer coefficients between 500 and 6000 W/m(2) K had no significant effect on the surface and center temperatures of cucumbers during blanching. C1 USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Food Sci, N Carolina Agr Res Serv, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Fasina, OO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 34 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0260-8774 J9 J FOOD ENG JI J. Food Eng. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 47 IS 3 BP 203 EP 210 DI 10.1016/S0260-8774(00)00117-5 PG 8 WC Engineering, Chemical; Food Science & Technology SC Engineering; Food Science & Technology GA 378GL UT WOS:000165576600005 ER PT J AU Annous, BA Sapers, GM Mattrazzo, AM Riordan, DCR AF Annous, BA Sapers, GM Mattrazzo, AM Riordan, DCR TI Efficacy of washing with a commercial flatbed brush washer, using conventional and experimental washing agents, in reducing populations of Escherichia coli on artificially inoculated apples SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; TRISODIUM PHOSPHATE; FRESH PRODUCE; O157-H7; CIDER AB Conventional and experimental washing formulations were applied with a commercial flatbed brush washer under conditions representative of commercial practice to determine their efficacy in decontaminating apples inoculated with a nonpathogenic Escherichia coli strain. Golden Delicious apples (18 kg) inoculated with E. coli were mixed with approximately 109 kg of uninoculated Fuji apples (distinctly different in appearance) in a wet dump tank containing 1.325 liters of water at 20 degreesC for 15 min. The combined apples were washed in a flatbed brush washer with the following washing solutions: water at 20 degreesC, water at 50 degreesC, 200 ppm of chlorine (pH 6.4) at 20 degreesC, 8% trisodium phosphate at 20 degreesC, 8% trisodium phosphate at 50 degreesC, 5% hydrogen peroxide at 20 degreesC, 5% hydrogen peroxide at 50 degreesC, 1% APL Kleen 245 at 50 degreesC, and two-stage washing treatments using the combination of 1% APL Kleen 245 at 20 or 50 degreesC followed by 5% hydrogen peroxide at 35 or 50 degreesC. None of the washing treatments tested under the conditions of this experiment significantly reduced the E. coli populations on the inoculated apples or in cider made from these apples, probably as a consequence of the inability of this washing system to inactivate or remove the bacterial cells in inaccessible calyx and stem areas of apples. These results are important because they demonstrate the need for new fruit washing technology that can overcome this limitation. Also, there was no significant cross-contamination of the Fuji apples in the dump tank. Significant cross-contamination of cider, made with uninoculated apples, occurred in the hammer mill and/or the press cloth when these units were not sanitized following a trial with inoculated apples. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Annous, BA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 13 TC 69 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 64 IS 2 BP 159 EP 163 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 402ZL UT WOS:000167018000003 PM 11271760 ER PT J AU Kang, DH Koohmaraie, M Siragusa, GR AF Kang, DH Koohmaraie, M Siragusa, GR TI Application of multiple antimicrobial interventions for microbial decontamination of commercial beef trim SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID HOT-WATER DECONTAMINATION; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; ORGANIC-ACIDS; SURFACES; CARCASSES; REDUCTION; PATHOGENS; MODEL; STEAM AB Commercially produced, irregularly sized (range, 100 to 400 cm(2)), uninoculated beef trim was treated by a previously optimized multihurdle antimicrobial process under spray system or hot air gun with set-up speed (1 cm/s): W (water wash at 65 psi for five passes) + HW (82 degreesC water at 30 psi for three passes) + HA (510 degreesC air for five passes) + L (2% [vol/vol] room temperature lactic acid wash at 30 psi for three passes). After treatment, the trim was finely ground, vacuum packaged, and stored at 4 degreesC for up to 20 days. At regular intervals (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 days of storage at 4 degreesC), the ground beef was analyzed to measure mesophilic aerobic bacteria (APC), coliforms, psychrotrophic bacteria (PCT), and presumptive lactic acid bacteria (PLAB) and compared with the untreated control. The numbers of APC, coliforms, PCT. and BLAB were reduced to nearly nondetectable levels immediately after treatment, with significant differences compared with the control (P < 0.05), then started to increase after 5 to 10 days of storage at 4C. After 20 days, microbial populations of treated ground beef were significantly lower than those of nontreated ground beef for the numbers of APC, coliforms, PCT, and PLAB (P < 0.05), with differences of 1.2, 2.4, 1.6, and 1.6 log CFU/g, respectively. Based on microbial reduction and quality aspects, the multihurdle antimicrobial process was identified as an effective intervention to reduce coliforms on beef trim. C1 ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Koohmaraie, M (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 26 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 64 IS 2 BP 168 EP 171 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 402ZL UT WOS:000167018000005 PM 11271762 ER PT J AU Berrang, ME Ladely, SR Buhr, RJ AF Berrang, ME Ladely, SR Buhr, RJ TI Presence and level of Campylobacter, coliforms, Escherichia coli, and total aerobic bacteria recovered from broiler parts with and without skin SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID JEJUNI AB This study was undertaken to determine if broiler chicken parts without skin are less contaminated with Campylobacter than those with skin. Samples were taken in a commercial plant from defeathered carcasses before evisceration. Bacterial counts from rinse of aseptically removed meat samples were lower than those from stomached skin samples. No Campylobacter were recovered from meat collected from the breasts or thighs, and only 2 of 10 drumstick meat samples had detectable levels of Campylobacter. However, 9 of 10 breast skin, 10 of 10 thigh skin, and 8 of 10 drumstick skin samples were positive for Campylobacter, with between 2 and 3 log(10) CFU/g of Campylobacter. Breasts, thighs, and drumsticks were removed from broiler carcasses following evisceration before entering the chill tank. There was a significant difference (50 to 90%) in the levels of Campylobacter on breasts, thighs, and drumsticks with and without skin. Similar trends were noted for coliform, Escherichia coli, and total aerobic bacterial counts from samples collected in the plant. Broiler part samples were also collected at retail outlets. These samples were either skin on and skinned in the laboratory or skin off at purchase. Aseptic removal of skin from broiler breasts, thighs, and drumsticks did not cause change in Campylobacter, coliform, E. coli, or total aerobic counts recovered from the skinned part. Likewise, parts purchased without skin did not have different bacterial counts than paired parts purchased with the skin on. Consumers should not expect to significantly lower the number of bacteria present on a chicken breast, thigh, or drumstick by removing the skin. C1 ARS, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Unit, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. ARS, Antimicrobial Resistance Res Unit, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Berrang, ME (reprint author), ARS, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Unit, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 10 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 64 IS 2 BP 184 EP 188 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 402ZL UT WOS:000167018000008 PM 11271765 ER PT J AU Unal, R Fleming, HP McFeeters, RF Thompson, RL Breidt, F Giesbrecht, FG AF Unal, R Fleming, HP McFeeters, RF Thompson, RL Breidt, F Giesbrecht, FG TI Novel quantitative assays for estimating the antimicrobial activity of fresh garlic juice SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID ALLIUM-SATIVUM; CULTURE MEDIA; EXTRACT; COMPONENTS; BACTERIA AB Novel agar diffusion and broth dilution assays were developed for quantitatively estimating the antimicrobial activity of fresh garlic juice. Bacteria found to be inhibited by garlic juice in agar diffusion assay included two gram-positive and five gram-negative species. Leuconostoc mesenteroides was not inhibited. Escherichia coli B-103 (HB 101, with pJH101, ampicillin resistant, 100 mug ml(-1)) was inhibited and chosen as the standard culture for quantitative assays. The agar diffusion assay was based on the slope ratio method, where the slope of dose response for garlic juice was divided by the slope of dose response for methylmethane thiosulfonate (MMTSO2). Juice from fresh garlic varied in activity between 1.76 and 2.31 mug of MMTSO2 per mg of garlic juice. The activity of juice decreased during 11 months of storage of garlic cloves at 5 degreesC from 2.31 to less than 0.1 mug of MMTSO2 per mg of juice. The broth dilution assay also used the E. coli B-103 culture, which permitted selective enumeration of this bacterium when 100 mug ml(-1) of ampicillin was incorporated into the enumerating agar. Selective enumeration was essential since the garlic juice was not sterile and, thus, contained natural flora. Growth of E. coli was unaffected by 0.1%, delayed by 0.25%, and completely inhibited at 0.5 and 2% garlic juice in broth during 24 h of incubation at 37 degreesC. The minimum inhibition concentration of garlic juice by broth dilution assay was, thus, estimated to be 0.5%, which is equivalent to 3.46 mug of MMTSO2 per mg of garlic juice by the agar diffusion assay. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, N Carolina Agr Res Serv, Dept Food Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Fleming, HP (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 29 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 64 IS 2 BP 189 EP 194 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 402ZL UT WOS:000167018000009 PM 11271766 ER PT J AU Cox, NA Berrang, ME Stern, NJ Musgrove, MT AF Cox, NA Berrang, ME Stern, NJ Musgrove, MT TI Difficulty in recovering inoculated Campylobacter jejuni from dry poultry-associated samples SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID PREVALENCE; EGGS; CONTAMINATION; MEAT AB We inoculated 5 cm(2) of clean chick pads, 5 g of clean pine shavings, and fresh unsanitized broiler breeder eggshell halves with a cell suspension of Campylobacter jejuni in physiological saline. Inoculation levels were 10(2), 10(3), or 10(4) cells per sample. The samples were allowed to remain at room temperature for 15, 30, or 60 min before addition of enrichment broth. When chick pad samples were inoculated with 10(2) cells, by 15 min 40% of the samples had detectable levels of Campylobacter, and by 30 to 60 min Campylobacter could be detected in only 20% of the samples. With samples of pine shavings, only 25% of those inoculated with 10(3) cells were positive for Campylobacter after 15 min and only 5% were positive for Campylobacter after 30 min. When 10(4) cells were inoculated onto litter, Campylobacter was recovered from 20% of the samples at 15 min and 15% of the samples after 30 min. Eggshells were also found to be a harsh environment. When the inoculum was 10(2) at 15 min, 8 of 10 samples were positive for Campylobacter but at 60 min only 10% of the samples remained positive for Campylobacter. The current cultural methods may not be adequate for recovering low numbers of Campylobacter from dry samples. Campylobacter may be present but culturally undetectable in the commercial hatchery and hatchery environment. C1 ARS, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. ARS, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Cox, NA (reprint author), ARS, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 16 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 64 IS 2 BP 252 EP 254 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 402ZL UT WOS:000167018000019 PM 11271776 ER PT J AU Anderson, RC Buckley, SA Callaway, TR Genovese, KJ Kubena, LF Harvey, RB Nisbet, DJ AF Anderson, RC Buckley, SA Callaway, TR Genovese, KJ Kubena, LF Harvey, RB Nisbet, DJ TI Effect of sodium chlorate on Salmonella typhimurium concentrations in the weaned pig gut SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Digestive Physiology in Pigs CY JUN 20-22, 2000 CL UPPSALA, SWEDEN AB Salmonella cause economic losses to the swine industry due to disease and compromised food safety. Since the gut is a major reservoir for Salmonella, strategies are sought to reduce their concentration in pigs immediately before processing. Respiratory nitrate reductase activity possessed by Salmonella also catalyzes the intracellular reduction of chlorate (an analog of nitrate) to chlorite, which is lethal to the microbe. Since most gastrointestinal anaerobes lack respiratory nitrate reductase, we conducted a study to determine if chlorate may selectively kill Salmonella within the pig gut. Weaned pigs orally infected with 8 x 10(7) CFU of a novobiocin- and nalidixic acid-resistant strain of Salmonella Typhimurium were treated 8 and 16 h later via oral gavage (10 ml) with 0 or 100 mM sodium chlorate. Pigs were euthanized at 8-h intervals after receiving the last treatment. Samples collected by necropsy were cultured qualitatively and quantitatively for Salmonella and for most probable numbers of total culturable anaerobes. A significant (P < 0.05) chlorate treatment effect was observed on cecal concentrations of Salmonella, with the largest reductions occurring 16 h after receiving the last chlorate treatment. An observed treatment by time after treatment interaction suggests the chlorate effect was concentration dependent. Chlorate treatment may provide a means to reduce foodborne pathogens immediately before harvest. C1 ARS, USDA, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Anderson, RC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 21 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 64 IS 2 BP 255 EP 258 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 402ZL UT WOS:000167018000020 PM 11271777 ER PT J AU Connaughton, K AF Connaughton, K TI Sustainability - The key forest policy issue of the new millennium? SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Forest Serv, Sierra Nevada Framework, USDA, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. RP Connaughton, K (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Sierra Nevada Framework, USDA, 801 I St,Room 419, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 99 IS 2 BP 7 EP 7 PG 1 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 418PG UT WOS:000167900100003 ER PT J AU Becnel, JJ White, SE Moser, BA Fukuda, T Rotstein, MJ Undeen, AH Cockburn, A AF Becnel, JJ White, SE Moser, BA Fukuda, T Rotstein, MJ Undeen, AH Cockburn, A TI Epizootiology and transmission of a newly discovered baculovirus from the mosquitoes Culex nigripalpus and C-quinquefasciatus SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article AB Reports of mosquito baculoviruses are extremely uncommon and epizootics in field populations are rarely observed, We describe a baculovirus that was responsible for repeated and extended epizootics in field populations of Culex nigripalpus and C. quinquefasciatus over a 2 year period. These mosquito species are important vectors of St Louis and Eastern equine encephalitis in the United States, Our initial attempts to transmit this baculovirus to mosquitoes in the laboratory were unsuccessful, A salt mixture similar to that found in water supporting infection in the field was used in laboratory bioassays and indicated that certain salts were crucial to transmission of the virus, Further investigations revealed conclusively that transmission is mediated by divalent cations: magnesium is essential, whereas calcium inhibits virus transmission. These findings represent a major advancement in our understanding of the transmission of baculoviruses in mosquitoes and will allow characterization of the virus in the laboratory, In addition, they can explain, in great part, conditions that support epizootics in natural populations of mosquitoes that vector life-threatening diseases of man and animals. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. W Virginia Univ, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Becnel, JJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RI Cockburn, Andrew/B-1354-2009; OI Cockburn, Andrew/0000-0002-1636-9019; Rotstein, Margaret/0000-0002-5055-8278 NR 15 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AE, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 82 BP 275 EP 282 PN 2 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 397LR UT WOS:000166697600001 PM 11161264 ER PT J AU Moser, BA Becnel, JJ White, SE Afonso, C Kutish, G Shanker, S Almira, E AF Moser, BA Becnel, JJ White, SE Afonso, C Kutish, G Shanker, S Almira, E TI Morphological and molecular evidence that Culex nigripalpus baculovirus is an unusual member of the family Baculoviridae SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEOPOLYHEDROVIRUS GENOME; DNA-POLYMERASE; GENE; SEQUENCE; ALIGNMENT; VIRUS AB We present evidence that a newly discovered mosquito virus from Culex nigripalpus is an unusual member of the family Baculoviridae. Development of this virus was restricted to nuclei of midgut epithelial cells in the gastric caeca and posterior stomach. The globular occlusion bodies were not enveloped, measured around 400 nm in diameter, occurred exclusively in nuclei of infected cells and typically contained four, sometimes up to eight, virions. The developmental sequence involved two virion phenotypes: an occluded form (ODV) that initiated infection in the midgut epithelial cells, and a budded form that spread the infection in the midgut, Each ODV contained one rod-shaped enveloped nucleocapsid (40 x 200 nm), The double-stranded DNA genome was approximately 105-110 kbp with an estimated GC content of 52%, We have sequenced approximately one-third of the genome and detected 96 putative ORFs of 50 amino acids or more including several genes considered to be unique to baculoviruses, Phylogenetic analysis of the amino acid sequences of DNApol and p74 placed this virus in a separate clade from the genera Nucleopolyhedrovirus and Granulovirus, We provisionally assign this virus in the genus Nucleopolyhedrovirus, henceforth abbreviated as CuniNPV (for Culex nigripalpus nucleopolyhedrovirus), and suggest that, awaiting additional data to clarify its taxonomic status, it may be a member of a new genus within the family Baculoviridae. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Plum Isl, NY USA. Univ Florida, Sequencing Core Facil, ICBR, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Moser, BA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1600-1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 39 TC 56 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AE, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 82 BP 283 EP 297 PN 2 PG 15 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 397LR UT WOS:000166697600002 PM 11161265 ER PT J AU Kogut, MH Pishko, EJ Kaspers, B Weining, KC AF Kogut, MH Pishko, EJ Kaspers, B Weining, KC TI Modulation of functional activities of chicken heterophils by recombinant chicken IFN-gamma SO JOURNAL OF INTERFERON AND CYTOKINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ENTERITIDIS-IMMUNE LYMPHOKINES; BOVINE INTERFERON-GAMMA; POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES; BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITIES; CHEMOTACTIC FACTORS; NEUTROPHIL FUNCTION; BRUCELLA-ABORTUS; OXIDATIVE BURST; ACTIVATION; RESPONSES AB The objective of the present studies was to examine the in vitro effects of recombinant chicken interferon-gamma (rChIFN-gamma) on shape change, phagocytosis, and the oxidative/nonoxidative killing activities of day-old chicken heterophils, Heterophils (4 x 10(6)/ml) were incubated with various concentrations of recombinant ChIFN-gamma from both Escherichia coli and transfected Cos cells for 2 h at 39 degreesC, The incubation of the neonatal heterophils with rChIFN-gamma resulted in significantly greater numbers of cells with membrane shape change when compared with the mock-treated heterophils, Both Cos cell-derived and E, coli-derived ChIFN-gamma significantly increased (p < 0.01) the phagocytosis of opsonized or nonopsonized Salmonella enteritidis by the neonatal heterophils in a concentration-dependent manner. Incubation with ChIFN- induced no direct stimulation of the respiratory burst by the chicken heterophils but did prime the heterophils for a significantly strengthened respiratory burst to subsequent stimulation with opsonized zymosan (OZ), Lastly, incubation of the heterophils with ChIFN-gamma primed the cells for a significant increase in the release of beta -D-glucuronidase following stimulation with OZ. These results show that neonatal avian heterophils can respond to cytokine modulation with enhanced functional competence, suggesting that ChIFN-gamma can enhance the immune competence of the innate defenses of chickens during the first week of life. C1 USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Univ Munich, Inst Tierphysiol, Munich, Germany. Univ Freiburg, Inst Med Mikrobiol & Hyg, Abt Virol, Freiburg, Germany. RP Kogut, MH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. EM kogut@ffsru.tamu.edu NR 45 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1079-9907 EI 1557-7465 J9 J INTERF CYTOK RES JI J. Interferon Cytokine Res. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 21 IS 2 BP 85 EP 92 DI 10.1089/107999001750069944 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Immunology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Immunology GA 406UT UT WOS:000167234900003 PM 11244572 ER PT J AU James, RR AF James, RR TI Effects of exogenous nutrients on conidial germination and virulence against the silverleaf whitefly for two hyphomycetes SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Beauveria bassiana; Paecilomyces fumosoroseus; Bemisia argentifolii; conidial germination; pathogenicity; virulence; sucrose; trehalose; melezitose ID BEAUVERIA-BASSIANA CONIDIA; BEMISIA-ARGENTIFOLII; METARHIZIUM-ANISOPLIAE; PATHOGENICITY; INFECTIVITY; NYMPHS; GROWTH; COTTON AB Exogenous protein and sugar sources were tested for their impact on conidial germination of two silver-leaf whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii) pathogens: Beauveria bassiana and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. In liquid culture, sugars stimulated only 5-27% germination of B. bassiana and less than or equal to 11% germination of P. fumosoroseus, whereas, yeast extract or peptone stimulated 95-100% germination. In the absence of additional nutrients, agar alone stimulated approximately 50% germination. Storing spores for different periods of time did not alter their general response to exogenous nutrients. When spores were germinated before being applied to third instar B. argentifolii, mortality was as much as 2.45 times greater and occurred more rapidly than that for fresh spores. For ungerminated conidia, the mean time to death from infection was 5.45 (SE = 0.16) and 4.74 (SE = 0.08) days for application rates of 37 and 144 conidia mm(-2), respectively. When conidia were germinated before application, infection times dropped to 4.58 (SE = 0.16) and 4.45 (SE = 0.10) days, respectively. A likely explanation for the greater pathogenicity and virulence of germinated over ungerminated B. bassiana conidia Is that only a fraction of the spores applied to whitefly nymphs actually germinate on the cuticle. For some specialized applications, such as greenhouse production systems, it may be beneficial to germinate spores immediately prior to application. C1 USDA ARS, KDLG Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP James, RR (reprint author), USDA ARS, KDLG Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, 2413 E Hwy 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 28 TC 18 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 77 IS 2 BP 99 EP 107 DI 10.1006/jipa.2000.5001 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 420UD UT WOS:000168022900003 PM 11273689 ER PT J AU Funk, CJ Hunter, WB Achor, DS AF Funk, CJ Hunter, WB Achor, DS TI Replication of Insect iridescent virus 6 in a whitefly cell line SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BEMISIA-TABACI; SWEET-POTATO C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. USDA ARS, USHRL, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. Univ Florida, Inst Food & Agr Sci, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. RP Funk, CJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. OI Funk, Cornelius/0000-0002-7646-7374 NR 13 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 77 IS 2 BP 144 EP 146 DI 10.1006/jipa.2000.5006 PG 3 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 420UD UT WOS:000168022900010 PM 11273696 ER PT J AU Nayak, N Harrison, EH Hussain, MM AF Nayak, N Harrison, EH Hussain, MM TI Retinyl ester secretion by intestinal cells: a specific and regulated process dependent on assembly and secretion of chylomicrons SO JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE lipoproteins; vitamin A; absorption; Caco-2 cells; retinol; retinyl esters; fatty acids; Pluronic L81 ID LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; VITAMIN-A METABOLISM; CACO-2 CELLS; BONE-MARROW; REMNANT CLEARANCE; APOLIPOPROTEIN-B; TRANSPORT; LIVER; CHOLESTEROL; ABSORPTION AB Retinyl esters (RE) have been used extensively as markers to study chylomicron (CM) catabolism because they are secreted in the postprandial state with CM and do not exchange with other lipoproteins in the plasma. To understand the mechanism of secretion of RE by the intestine under the fasting and postprandial states, differentiated Caco-2 cells were supplemented with radiolabeled retinol under conditions that support or do not support CM secretion. We observed that these cells assimilate vitamin A by a rapid uptake mechanism. After uptake, cells store retinol in both esterified and unesterified forms. Under fasting conditions, cells do not secrete RE but secrete free retinol unassociated with lipoproteins. Under postprandial conditions, cells secrete significant amounts of RE only with CM, The secretion of RE with CM was independent of the rate of uptake of retinol and intracellular free and esterified retinol levels, and was absolutely dependent on the assembly and secretion of CM, The secretion of RE was correlated with the secretion of CM and not with the secretion of total apolipoprotein B, Inhibition of CM secretion by Pluronic L81 decreased the secretion of RE and did not result in their increased secretion with smaller lipoproteins. These data strongly suggest that RE secretion by the intestinal cells is a specific and regulated process that occurs in the postprandial state and is dependent on the assembly and secretion of CM, We propose that RE are added to CM during final stages of lipoprotein assembly and may serve as signposts for these steps. C1 Med Coll Penn & Hahnemann Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Philadelphia, PA 19129 USA. USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Suny Downstate Med Ctr, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, Brooklyn, NY 11203 USA. Suny Downstate Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Brooklyn, NY 11203 USA. RP Hussain, MM (reprint author), Med Coll Penn & Hahnemann Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Philadelphia, PA 19129 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL049879, HL-49879, HL-64272]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK-44498, DK-46900, R01 DK044498] NR 37 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPID RESEARCH INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0022-2275 J9 J LIPID RES JI J. Lipid Res. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 42 IS 2 BP 272 EP 280 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 407FG UT WOS:000167261100015 PM 11181758 ER PT J AU Miller, DN AF Miller, DN TI Evaluation of gel filtration resins for the removal of PCR-inhibitory substances from soils and sediments SO JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE DNA extraction; PCR; purification; sediment; size exclusion chromatography; soil ID CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER; DNA EXTRACTION; BACTERIA; SAMPLES; RECOVERY AB A variety of gel filtration resins (Sephadex G200 and G150; Sepharose 6B, 4B and 2B; Bio-Gel P100, P200; and Toyopearl HW 55, HW 65, and HW 75) were evaluated for their efficacy in removing PCR-inhibitory substances from feedlot soil DNA crude extracts using gravity-flow disposable columns. Sepharose resins demonstrated the best properties for DNA purification when compared to other gel filtration resins, and Sepharose 2B was the most efficient purification resin based upon flow rate and the elution of DNA and humic acids from the columns. A method for purifying large solution volumes of DNA extract economically was also developed using low-cost disposable Disposaflex columns. Crude DNA extracts of cattle feedlot soil and aquifer sediment impacted by animal and human wastes were easily purified using the Disposaflex column method regardless of whether a gentle chemical lysis or a bead mill homogenization DNA extraction method was employed. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, USDA, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Miller, DN (reprint author), ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, USDA, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. OI Miller, Daniel/0000-0003-3476-487X NR 18 TC 71 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7012 J9 J MICROBIOL METH JI J. Microbiol. Methods PD FEB 1 PY 2001 VL 44 IS 1 BP 49 EP 58 DI 10.1016/S0167-7012(00)00228-1 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 400RA UT WOS:000166884400005 PM 11166099 ER PT J AU Soman, AG Gloer, JB Angawi, RF Wicklow, DT Dowd, PF AF Soman, AG Gloer, JB Angawi, RF Wicklow, DT Dowd, PF TI Vertilecanins: New phenopicolinic acid analogues from Verticillium lecanii SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LA English DT Article ID ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS SCLEROTIA; FRUIT BODIES; ANTIFUNGAL; MYCOPARASITE; METABOLITES AB Five new phenopicolinic acid analogues (1-5) have been isolated from solid-substrate fermentation cultures of Verticillium lecanii. The most abundant component (vertilecanin A; 1) displays antiinsectan activity against Helicoverpa tea. These compounds were obtained by chromatographic fractionation of the EtOAc culture extract and identified by analysis of NMR and MS data. The known fungal metabolites 2-decenedioic acid and 10-hydroxy-8-decenoic acid were also isolated from these cultures. C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Chem, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. ARS, Bioact Agents Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Gloer, JB (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Dept Chem, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. NR 13 TC 26 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0163-3864 J9 J NAT PROD JI J. Nat. Prod. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 64 IS 2 BP 189 EP 192 DI 10.1021/np000094q PG 4 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 407DR UT WOS:000167257100010 PM 11429997 ER PT J AU Puckhaber, LS Stipanovic, RD AF Puckhaber, LS Stipanovic, RD TI Revised structure for a sesquiterpene lactone from Bombax malbaricum SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LA English DT Article AB A sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Salmalia malbaricum (syn Bombax malbaricum) roots was previously identified as hemigossylic acid lactone-7-methyl ether (1). 2D NMR experiments have shown this is a new compound, isohemigossylic acid lactone-2-methyl ether (2). C1 ARS, USDA, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Stipanovic, RD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 8 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0163-3864 J9 J NAT PROD JI J. Nat. Prod. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 64 IS 2 BP 260 EP 261 DI 10.1021/np0004350 PG 2 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 407DR UT WOS:000167257100031 PM 11430017 ER PT J AU Qureshi, AA Peterson, DM Hasler-Rapacz, JO Rapacz, J AF Qureshi, AA Peterson, DM Hasler-Rapacz, JO Rapacz, J TI Novel tocotrienols of rice bran suppress cholesterogenesis in hereditary hypercholesterolemic swine SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE hereditary hypercholesterolemic (HH) swine; rice bran; novel tocotrienols; lipid metabolism; cholesterol metabolism ID APOLIPOPROTEIN-B; HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIC ACTIVITY; REDUCTASE-ACTIVITY; GAMMA-TOCOTRIENOL; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; VITAMIN-E; HUMANS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; HOMEOSTASIS; METABOLISM AB A tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF25) and novel tocotrienols (d-P-21-T3 and d-P-25-T3) of rice bran significantly lowered serum and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in chickens. The present study evaluated the effects of novel tocotrienols on lipid metabolism in swine expressing hereditary hypercholesterolemia. Fifteen 4-mo-old genetically hypercholesterolemic swine were divided into five groups (n = 3), four groups were fed a corn-soybean control diet, supplemented with 50 mug of either TRF25, gamma -tocotrienol, d-P-21-T3 or d-P-25-T3 per g for 6 wk. Group 5 was fed the control diet for 6 wk and served as a control. After 6 wk, serum total cholesterol was reduced 32-38%, low density lipoprotein cholesterol was reduced 35-43%, apolipoprotein B was reduced 20-28%, platelet factor 4 was reduced 12-24%, thromboxane B-2 was reduced 11-18%, glucose was reduced 22-25% (P < 0.01), triglycerides were reduced 15-19% and glucagon was reduced 11-17% (P < 0.05) in the treatment groups relative to the control. Insulin was 100% greater (P < 0.01) in the treatment groups than in the control group. Preliminary data (n = 1) indicated that hepatic activity of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase was lower in the treatment groups, and cholesterol 7-hydroxylase activity was unaffected. Cholesterol and fatty acid levels in various tissues were lower in the treatment groups than in control. After being fed the tocotrienol-supplemented diets, two swine in each group were transferred to the control diet for 10 wk, The lower concentrations of serum lipids in these four treatment groups persisted for 10 wk. This persistent effect may have resulted from the high tocotrienol levels in blood of the treatment groups, suggesting that the conversion of tocotrienols to tocopherols may not be as rapid as was reported in chickens and humans. C1 Adv Med Res, Madison, WI 53719 USA. USDA, Agr Res Serv, Cereal Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Genet, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Anim Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Qureshi, AA (reprint author), Adv Med Res, 8251 Raymond Rd, Madison, WI 53719 USA. NR 36 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 131 IS 2 BP 223 EP 230 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 400AB UT WOS:000166845500004 PM 11160537 ER PT J AU Fisher, JO Mitchell, DC Smiciklas-Wright, H Birch, LL AF Fisher, JO Mitchell, DC Smiciklas-Wright, H Birch, LL TI Maternal milk consumption predicts the tradeoff between milk and soft drinks in young girls' diets SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE soft drink intake; milk intake calcium; maternal beverage choices ID BONE-MINERAL DENSITY; MOTHER-DAUGHTER PAIRS; CALCIUM INTAKE; FOOD SOURCES; CHILDREN; WOMEN; TRACKING; FEMALES; ADOLESCENTS; GROWTH AB Milk intake constitutes an important source of dietary calcium for young girls but declines throughout childhood. Recent work shows that the intake of soft drinks may contribute to this decline. Influences on the apparent tradeoff between soft drinks and milk in young girls' diets are not well described. The objective of this research was to test a model depicting maternal beverage choices as predictors of their daughters' milk and soft drink intake. A structural equation model describing maternal influences on daughters' milk, soft drink and calcium intakes was tested using data from 180 non-Hispanic, white families with 5-y-old daughters. Mothers' calcium, milk and soft drink intakes were evaluated as predictors of their daughters' intakes. Mothers' and daughters' soft drink intakes were also examined as predictors of their own milk and calcium intakes. The model provided a good fit to the data, revealing mother-daughter similarities in beverage intake. Mothers who drank milk more frequently had daughters who drank milk more frequently and drank fewer soft drinks. For both mothers and daughters, soft drink consumption was negatively related to both milk and calcium intake. This research provides evidence that mothers' beverage choices influence the tradeoff between milk and soft drinks in their daughters' diets. In particular, mothers' milk and soft drink intakes may affect their daughters' calcium adequacy in early childhood by influencing the frequency with which their daughters consume those beverages. C1 Penn State Univ, Grad Program Nutr, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Human Dev & Family Studies, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Fisher, JO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [R01 HD032973, R01 HD032973-05, HD32973] NR 40 TC 70 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 131 IS 2 BP 246 EP 250 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 400AB UT WOS:000166845500008 PM 11160541 ER PT J AU Russell, RM Baik, H Kehayias, JJ AF Russell, RM Baik, H Kehayias, JJ TI Older men and women efficiently absorb vitamin B-12 from milk and fortified bread SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE vitamin B-12; vitamin B-12 bioavailability; vitamin B-12 absorption; humans ID PROTEIN-BOUND VITAMIN-B12; MALABSORPTION; ABSORPTION AB Nothing is directly known about the bioavailability of vitamin B-12 from dairy products or fortified grain products. We directly studied vitamin B-12 absorption from water, milk and fortified bread in adult subjects using Co-58-labeled vitamin B-12 and a whole body gamma-ray counter/spectrophotometer. Sixteen healthy men and women over the age of 60 y with normal serum levels of vitamin B-12 and normal basal gastric acid secretion were studied. Co-58 vitamin B-12 (0.25 mug) was administered in water, milk or fortified bread to each subject along with 185 kBq (5.0 mu Ci) Cr-51 as a stool marker. Whole body counting was performed 30 min after ingestion of the radioactive dose and at 7 and 14 d after dosing. Mean absorptions from water, milk and fortified bread were 55, 65 and 55%, respectively, and did not differ. The high body retention of the extrinsic vitamin B-12 label from milk and bread may warrant a greater use of such fortified products in the elderly to ensure vitamin B-12 adequacy. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Inje Univ, Sch Med, Ilsan Paik Hosp, Kyungkido, South Korea. RP Russell, RM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 21 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 131 IS 2 BP 291 EP 293 PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 400AB UT WOS:000166845500015 PM 11160548 ER PT J AU Meydani, M AF Meydani, M TI Vitamin E and atherosclerosis: Beyond prevention of LDL oxidation SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Experimental Biology 2000 Meeting CY APR 14-18, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Soc Nutr Sci DE alpha-tocopherol; cardiovascular disease; atherosclerosis; molecular mechanism ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION; CONTROLLED TRIAL; BETA-CAROTENE; E CONSUMPTION; RISK; ANTIOXIDANT; SUPPLEMENTATION; ADHESION AB Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. Observational and experimental studies indicate that dietary vitamin E supplementation is associated with reduced risk of atherosclerosis. Evidence indicates that vitamin E, in addition to inhibition of oxidative modification of LDL, may inhibit atherogenesis through several other mechanisms at the molecular and cellular levels, which also include its nonantioxidant functions. C1 Tufts Univ, Vasc Biol Lab, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Meydani, M (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Vasc Biol Lab, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 37 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 131 IS 2 BP 366S EP 368S PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 400AB UT WOS:000166845500028 PM 11160562 ER PT J AU Kennedy, E Cooney, E AF Kennedy, E Cooney, E TI Development of the child nutrition programs in the United States SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Experimental Biology 2000 Meeting CY APR 14-18, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Soc Nutr Sci C1 USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Kennedy, E (reprint author), USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 27 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 131 IS 2 BP 431S EP 436S PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 400AB UT WOS:000166845500040 PM 11160574 ER PT J AU Kantor, LS Variyam, JN Allshouse, JE Putnam, JJ Lin, BH AF Kantor, LS Variyam, JN Allshouse, JE Putnam, JJ Lin, BH TI Choose a variety of grains daily, especially whole grains: A challenge for consumers SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE whole grains; grains; CSFII; food supply; DHKS ID ENERGY-INTAKE AB The 2000 edition of Nutrition and Your Health: Dietary Guidelines for Americans is the first to include a specific guideline for grain foods, separate from fruits and vegetables, and recognize the unique health benefits of whole grains. This paper describes and evaluates major tools for assessing intakes of total grains and whole grains, reviews current data on who consumes grain foods and where, and describes individual- and market-level factors that may influence grain consumption. Aggregate food supply data show that U.S. consumers have increased their intake of grain foods from record low levels in the 1970s, but consumption of whore-grain foods remains low. Data on individual intakes show that consumption of total grains was above the recommended 6 serving minimum in 1994-1996, but consumption of whole grains was only one third of the 3 daily servings many nutritionists recommend. Increased intake of whole-grain foods may be limited by a lack of consumer awareness of the health benefits of whole grains, difficulty in identifying whole-grain foods in the marketplace, higher prices for some whole-grain foods, consumer perceptions of inferior taste and palatability, and lack of familiarity with preparation methods. In July 1999, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration authorized a health claim that should both make it easier for consumers to identify and select whole-grain foods and have a positive effect on the availability of these foods in the marketplace. C1 Econ Res Serv, Diet Safety & Hlth Econ Branch, USDA, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Kantor, LS (reprint author), Econ Res Serv, Diet Safety & Hlth Econ Branch, USDA, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 54 TC 69 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 131 IS 2 SU 1 BP 473S EP 486S PG 14 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 401PQ UT WOS:000166936800005 PM 11160579 ER PT J AU Krebs-Smith, SM Kantor, LS AF Krebs-Smith, SM Kantor, LS TI Choose a variety of fruits and vegetables daily: Understanding the complexities SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE fruits; vegetables; diet surveys; dietary assessment; food supply ID BASE-LINE; ADULTS; STATES AB The 2000 edition of Nutrition and Your Health: Dietary Guidelines for Americans is the first to include a recommendation aimed specifically at fruits and vegetables, apart from grains. This paper discusses these changes in the Dietary Guidelines, summarizes the methods of assessment pertaining to fruit and vegetable intakes and their related factors, and reviews the data available on current levels and trends over time. Recent methodological advances in the measurement of both the aggregate U.S. food supply and foods consumed by individuals have allowed for better estimates with which recommendations can be compared. The data on individual intakes suggest the following: Americans are consuming fruits and vegetables at a level near the minimum recommendations; to be in concordance with energy-based recommendations, they would have to consume similar to2 more servings per day; and dark green and deep yellow vegetables are accounting for a disproportionately small share of the total. Fruit and vegetable consumption appears to be rising, but only slightly, and this increase might be only an artifact of shifts in the population demographics. A number of studies suggest that tow income households in poor central cities and sparsely populated rural areas often have less access to food stores and face higher prices for food, including fruits and vegetables, compared with other households. At the aggregate level, supplying enough fruits and vegetables to meet dietary recommendations for all U.S, consumers would require adjustments in U.S. agricultural production, trade, marketing practices and prices of these commodities. C1 NCI, Risk Factor Monitoring & Methods Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC USA. RP Krebs-Smith, SM (reprint author), NCI, Risk Factor Monitoring & Methods Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 57 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 131 IS 2 SU 1 BP 487S EP 501S PG 15 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 401PQ UT WOS:000166936800006 PM 11160580 ER PT J AU Woteki, CE Facinoli, SL Schor, D AF Woteki, CE Facinoli, SL Schor, D TI Keep food safe to eat: Healthful food must be safe as well as nutritious SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE food safety; Dietary Guidelines for Americans; foodborne illness; risk analysis AB The inclusion of food safety in the 2000 edition of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans is an important step toward ensuring their continued relevance for health promotion and disease prevention. The inclusion of food safety is consistent with the original intent of the Guidelines and the increased focus on food safety today; it also better reflects current knowledge about diet and long-term health. A wide spectrum of surveillance methods can be used to monitor progress in reducing the incidence of foodborne illness, from surveys of food safety attitudes to epidemiologic data on foodborne illness. Surveillance data show that progress is being made, but that much work remains to be done. Strategies for reducing foodborne illness require a fan-to-table approach and the involvement of all those who have a responsibility for food safety, i.e., government, industry and the public. Federal agencies and others are finding it useful to use a risk analysis framework, i.e., risk assessment. risk management and risk communication, as a means of organizing available information, identifying data gaps, quantifying risks for specific pathogens and foods, and presenting strategies for improvement. Food safety education is a critical part of the overall strategy to reduce the incidence of foodborne illness and complements regulatory, research and other activities. C1 USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Facinoli, SL (reprint author), USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 41 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 131 IS 2 SU 1 BP 502S EP 509S PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 401PQ UT WOS:000166936800007 PM 11160581 ER PT J AU Ding, ST Mersmann, HJ AF Ding, ST Mersmann, HJ TI Fatty acids modulate porcine adipocyte differentiation and transcripts for transcription factors and adipocyte-characteristic proteins SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE porcine; adipocytes; fatty acids; PPAR gamma; C/EBP alpha; adipocyte fatty acid binding protein; lipoprotein lipase; adipocyte differentiation ID ADIPOSE CELL-DIFFERENTIATION; ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-GAMMA; LIPOPROTEIN-LIPASE GENE; PPAR-GAMMA; SUBTYPE TRANSCRIPTS; BINDING PROTEINS; AP2 GENE; IN-VITRO; EXPRESSION; TISSUE AB Porcine stromal-vascular cells (SN cells) differentiate into adipocytes in vitro when presented with appropriate hormones and growth factors. Porcine SN cells were differentiated in vitro in serum-free media with or without fatty acids to determine the effect of fatty acids on differentiation and on transcripts for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBP alpha), lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (aP2). Differentiation was measured by Oil Red O staining and transcript concentrations were measured by Northern analysis using porcine riboprobes. Addition of 100 muM oleic acid (C18:1) for 5 days increased differentiation and the mRNA levels for PPAR gamma, C/EBP alpha, LPL and aP2. Other medium- and long-chain fatty acids were less active. Adipocyte differentiation and transcript concentrations for PPAR gamma, C/EBP alpha, LPL and aP2 were increased by C18:1 in a dose-related manner. Differentiation was greater at 10 days than at 5 days than at 1 day, and C18:1 increased differentiation at each time. Transcript concentrations were increased by C18:1 at 1 and 5 days, but not at 10 days. These results suggest that the main effect of C18:1 is on regulating gene expression (an acute or drug-like effect) rather than changing the membrane fluidity as a result of changing membrane fatty acid composition (a chronic or nutrient-like effect). Taken together, these results indicate that selected fatty acids modulate porcine adipocyte differentiation and transcripts for adipocyte differentiation-related proteins such as PPAR gamma, C/EBP alpha, LPL and aP2. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Mersmann, HJ (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. OI Ding, Shih-Torng/0000-0002-9866-1776 NR 42 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0955-2863 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 12 IS 2 BP 101 EP 108 DI 10.1016/S0955-2863(00)00136-4 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 403ZX UT WOS:000167073900006 ER PT J AU Tuntasuvan, D Mohkaew, K Dubey, JP AF Tuntasuvan, D Mohkaew, K Dubey, JP TI Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Elephants (Elephus maximus indicus) in Thailand SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Serum samples from captive 156 elephants (Elephus maximus indicus) from Thailand were examined for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii using the modified agglutination test (MAT) and the latex agglutination test (LAT). Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 45.5% of 156 elephants by MAT (greater than or equal to1:50) and 25.6% of 156 elephants by LAT (greater than or equal to1:64). This is the first report of T. gondii infection in E. maximus indicus from Asia. C1 ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab,Beltsville Agr Res, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Natl Inst Anim Hlth, Parasitol Sect, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab,Beltsville Agr Res, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 5 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 87 IS 1 BP 229 EP 230 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[0229:SOTGIE]2.0.CO;2 PG 2 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 402ZB UT WOS:000167017100041 PM 11227899 ER PT J AU Anderson, PH Pezeshki, SR AF Anderson, PH Pezeshki, SR TI Effects of flood pre-conditioning on responses of three bottomland tree species to soil waterlogging SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE baldcypress; flood-hardening; nuttall oak; photosynthesis; redox potential; root porosity; stomatal conductance; swamp chestnut oak ID TAXODIUM-DISTICHUM; BALD-CYPRESS; GROWTH; SEEDLINGS; HYPOXIA; TOLERANCE; STRESS; TERM; ROOT AB The potential for improving the performance of seedlings of woody species under flood stress was evaluated. Seedlings of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum), nuttall oak (Quercus nuttallii), and swamp chestnut oak (Quercus michauxii) were subjected to a two-phase study in which soil moisture regime was controlled. During Phase I, plants were randomly assigned to either: Control, well-watered and drained conditions; or intermittent flooding, alternating flooding and drained conditions. Following completion of Phase I, seedlings in each treatment were assigned randomly to one of two treatments: well-watered but drained or continuously flooded. Thus during Phase II, plants were divided into four groups: Control (A), intermittent flooding during Phase I and draining during Phase II (B), control during Phase I and continuously flooding during Phase II (C), and intermittently flooded during Phase I and continuously flooded during Phase II (D). Stomatal conductance (gw) in baldcypress increased in flooded treatments ranging from 112 to 128% of controls. Net photosynthesis (Pn) in baldcypress was not significantly affected by flooding while in oaks, Pn and gw decreased significantly in response to flooding. In oaks, flood pre-conditioning did not affect growth or physiological responses during phase ii significantly. However, stomatal conductance of flood-hardened baldcypress was increased compared to seedlings that were not hardened. The study species developed significantly higher root porosity under flooded conditions compared to controls. Flood pre-conditioning did not appear to increase root porosity although it may have accelerated the process. C1 Memphis State Univ, Dept Biol, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. RP Anderson, PH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, UDSA, So Forest Expt Stn, 14126 Spradley Tr, Marston, NC 28363 USA. NR 25 TC 13 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 11 PU URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA BRANCH OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, D-07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 158 IS 2 BP 227 EP 233 DI 10.1078/0176-1617-00267 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 404MZ UT WOS:000167105500012 ER PT J AU Makki, SS Tweeten, LG Miranda, MJ AF Makki, SS Tweeten, LG Miranda, MJ TI Storage-trade interactions under uncertainty - Implications for food security SO JOURNAL OF POLICY MODELING LA English DT Article DE storage; trade; production uncertainty; food security; global market ID PRICE; STABILIZATION; POLICIES; PRIVATE; MODELS AB The recent trend towards a more market-oriented global economy has reduced public support to commodity programs and led to a decline in buffer stocks of food grains in several cereal-exporting countries. Countries have to look for alternative means to stabilize prices and consumption particularly when carrying buffer stocks is expensive and self-sufficiency is economically inefficient. In today's market place, any country has the option of consuming food that is produced domestically or imported. This paper shows that trade and buffer stocks are two principal means to reconcile the conflicting realities of unstable harvests and stable consumption needs. (C) 2001 Society for Policy Modeling. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 USDA, ERS, Washington, DC 20036 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Agr Environm & Dev Econ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Makki, SS (reprint author), USDA, ERS, 1800 M St, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 34 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0161-8938 J9 J POLICY MODEL JI J. Policy Model. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 23 IS 2 BP 127 EP 140 DI 10.1016/S0161-8938(00)00027-2 PG 14 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA 439WD UT WOS:000169139800001 ER PT J AU Stenberg, PL AF Stenberg, PL TI The response of higher education institutions to regional needs SO JOURNAL OF REGIONAL SCIENCE LA English DT Book Review C1 USDA, Serv Econ Res, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Stenberg, PL (reprint author), USDA, Serv Econ Res, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0022-4146 J9 J REGIONAL SCI JI J. Reg. Sci. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 41 IS 1 BP 185 EP 187 PG 3 WC Economics; Environmental Studies; Planning & Development SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration GA 406MZ UT WOS:000167220900013 ER PT J AU Saltzman, E Moriguti, JC Das, SK Corrales, A Fuss, P Greenberg, AS Roberts, SB AF Saltzman, E Moriguti, JC Das, SK Corrales, A Fuss, P Greenberg, AS Roberts, SB TI Effects of a cereal rich in soluble fiber on body composition and dietary compliance during consumption of a hypocaloric diet SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE energy intake; obesity; oats; soluble fiber; weight loss; body fat; compliance ID GUAR GUM; HIGH-CARBOHYDRATE; WEIGHT-LOSS; ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; FAT DIETS; HUNGER; SATIETY; RATINGS; YOUNG; MANAGEMENT AB Objectives: To investigate the effects of oars, a cereal rich in soluble fiber, on body composition changes and dietary compliance during consumption of a weight loss diet. Methods: Subjects were 41 healthy men and women aged 18 to 78 years. Weight maintenance energy requirements were established over two weeks during. consumption of a control diet with low soluble fiber content. Subjects then consumed a hypocaloric diet for six weeks, either consuming a low soluble fiber control diet or a diet containing 45 g/1000 kcal rolled oats, a whole grain cereal rich in soluble fiber (mean energy deficit -895 +/- 18 kcal/day relative to weight maintenance energy requirements). Changes in body fat and fat-free mass were determined by underwater weighing. and dietary compliance was assessed using the urinary osmolar excretion rate technique, in a final phase of the study, subjects ate ad libitum for six months, and changes in body weight and composition were monitored. Results: There was no significant effect of the oat-containing diet on body weight or composition changes during the hypocaloric regimen or in the subsequent ad libitum period. In addition, fecal energy excretion was not significantly different between groups. However, there were non-significant trends indicating reduced hunger in the oat group compared to controls (frequency of hunger 2.5+/-0.5 vs. 3.6+/-0.4, P=0.1). In addition, fewer oat subjects were non-compliant (four versus seven subjects dropped out or had urinary osmolar excretions greater than 130% of values predicted from dietary intake), but again the difference was not significant. Conclusions: These results suggest that use of a cereal rich in soluble fiber in a closely monitored hypocaloric feeding regimen does not improve weight loss or dietary compliance. Further studies are needed to examine the possibility that cereals containing soluble fiber may have effects on hunger and dietary compliance that could be important in less tightly controlled protocols than the one described here. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Energy Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Roberts, SB (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Energy Metab Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Moriguti, Julio/P-7207-2016 FU NIA NIH HHS [AG12829] NR 46 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 USA SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 20 IS 1 BP 50 EP 57 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 415UQ UT WOS:000167742300008 PM 11293468 ER PT J AU Bogle, M Stuff, J Davis, L Forrester, I Strickland, E Casey, PH Ryan, D Champagne, C McGee, B Mellad, K Neal, E Zaghloul, S Yadrick, K Horton, J AF Bogle, M Stuff, J Davis, L Forrester, I Strickland, E Casey, PH Ryan, D Champagne, C McGee, B Mellad, K Neal, E Zaghloul, S Yadrick, K Horton, J TI Validity of a telephone-administered 24-hour dietary recall in telephone and non-telephone households in the rural Lower Mississippi Delta Region SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID BODY-MASS INDEX; HOME INTERVIEW; HEALTH; NUTRITION; CHILDREN; METHODOLOGY; ADOLESCENTS; RECORDS; ADULTS; MAIL AB Objective To determine if 24-hour dietary recall data are influenced by whether data are collected by telephone or face-to-face interviews in telephone and non-telephone households. Design Dual sampling frame of telephone and non-telephone households. In telephone households, participants completed a 24-hour dietary recall either by face-to-face interview or telephone interview. In non-telephone households, participants completed a 24-hour dietary recall either by face-to-face interview or by using a cellular telephone provided by a field interviewer. Subjects/setting Four hundred nine participants from the rural Delta region of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. Main outcome measures Mean energy and protein intakes. Statistical analyses performed Comparison of telephone and non-telephone households, controlling for type of interview, and comparison of telephone and face-to-face interviews in each household type using unpaired t tests and linear regression, adjusting for gender, age, and body mass index. Results Mean differences between telephone and face-to-face interviews for telephone households were -171 kcal (P = 0.1) and -6.9 g protein (P = 0.2), and for non-telephone households -143 kcal (P = 0.6) and 0.4 g protein (P = 1.0). Mean differences between telephone and non-telephone households for telephone interviews were 0 kcal (P = 1.0) and -0.9 g protein (P = 0.9), and for face-to-face interviews 28 kcal (P = 0.9) and 6.4 g protein (P = 0.5). Findings persisted when adjusted for gender, age, and body mass index. No statistically significant differences were detected for mean energy or protein intake between telephone and face-to-face interviews or between telephone and non-telephone households. Applications/conclusions These data provide support that telephone surveys adequately describe energy and protein intakes for a rural, low-income population. C1 USDA ARS, Little Rock, AR USA. Alcorn State Univ, Alcorn State, MS USA. Arkansas Childrens Hosp, Res Inst, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA. Pennington Biomed Res Ctr, Baton Rouge, LA USA. So Univ & A&M Coll, Baton Rouge, LA USA. Univ Arkansas, Pine Bluff, AR USA. Univ So Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA. USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX USA. WESTAT Corp, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Bogle, M (reprint author), Delta NIRI, Financial Ctr 3, 900 S Shackleford,Ste 200, Little Rock, AR 72211 USA. NR 40 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 120 S RIVERSIDE PLZ, STE 2000, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 USA SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 101 IS 2 BP 216 EP 222 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(01)00056-6 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 460MT UT WOS:000170311900019 PM 11271695 ER PT J AU King, JW Holliday, RL List, GR Snyder, JM AF King, JW Holliday, RL List, GR Snyder, JM TI Hydrogenation of vegetable oils using mixtures of supercritical carbon dioxide and hydrogen SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide; hydrogenation; reaction; supercritical fluid; vegetable oil ID SOYBEAN OIL; SELECTIVE HYDROGENATION; MASS-TRANSFER; HIGH-PRESSURE AB Hydrogenation of vegetable oils under supercritical conditions can involve a homogeneous one-phase system, or alternatively two supercritical components in the presence of a condensed phase consisting of oil and a solid catalyst. The former operation is usually conducted in flow reactors while the latter mode is more amenable to stirred, batch-reactor technology. Although many advantages have been cired for the one-phase hydrogenation of oils or oleochemicals using supercritical carbon dioxide or propane, its ultimate productivity is limited by the oil solubility in the supercritical fluid phase as well as unconventional conditions that affect the hydrogenation. In this study, a dead-end reactor has been utilized in conjunction with a headspace consisting of either a binary fluid phase consisting of varying amounts of carbon dioxide mixed with hydrogen or neat hydrogen for comparison purposes. Reaction pressures up to 2000 psi and temperatures in the range of 120-140 degreesC have been utilized with a conventional nickel catalyst to hydrogenate soybean oil. Depending on the chosen reaction conditions, a wide variety of end products can be produced having different iodine values, percentage trans fatty acid content, and dropping points or solid fat indices. Although addition of carbon dioxide to the fluid phase containing hydrogen retards the overall reaction rate in most of the studied cases, the majority of products have low trans fatty acid content, consistent with a nonselective mode of hydrogenation. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Food Qual & Safety Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP King, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Food Qual & Safety Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM kingjw@mail.ncaur.usda.gov NR 25 TC 53 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 12 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 78 IS 2 BP 107 EP 113 DI 10.1007/s11746-001-0229-8 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 405WJ UT WOS:000167183300001 ER PT J AU Dunford, NT King, JW AF Dunford, NT King, JW TI Thermal gradient deacidification of crude rice bran oil utilizing supercritical carbon dioxide SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE deacidification; phytosterols; rice bran oil; supercritical fluid fractionation; temperature gradient ID CHOLESTEROL; EXTRACTION; ORYZANOL AB The effect of isothermal and temperature gradient operation of a supercritical fluid fractionation column on the composition of rice bran oil (RBO) fractions has been studied. Application of a temperature gradient along the column was found to be beneficial in reducing the triacylglycerol (TAG) lost in the extract fraction. Utilization of higher temperature in the stripping section improved free fatty acid (FFA) removal from crude RBO. FFA acid content of the extract increased, and TAG content decreased with respect to time during the fractionation runs. Increasing the CO2 flow rate from 1.2 to 2 L/min did not affect the extract composition significantly. By using the above approach, it is possible to obtain RBO fractions with similar total sterol ester content [similar to 23 high-performance liquid chromatographic area (HPLC) %, ferulic plus fatty acid esters] to that of the commercially available sterol ester-enriched (ca. 21 HPLC area % fatty acid esters) margarines/spreads. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Dunford, NT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 15 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 78 IS 2 BP 121 EP 125 DI 10.1007/s11746-001-0231-1 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 405WJ UT WOS:000167183300003 ER PT J AU Bjurlin, MA Bloomer, S Haas, MJ AF Bjurlin, MA Bloomer, S Haas, MJ TI Composition and activity of commercial triacylglycerol acylhydrolase preparations SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE commercial lipase preparations; esterases; isoelectric focusing; lipases; lipase screening; pl; side activities; triacylglycerol hydrolase; tributyrin hydrolysis activity; zymography ID LIPASE-CATALYZED INTERESTERIFICATION; CANDIDA-RUGOSA LIPASE; HYDROLYSIS; PURIFICATION; BACTERIA; ENZYMES; LIPIDS; ESTERS; OIL AB Commercial lipase preparations were surveyed to determine gross composition, amounts of nonprotein impurities, and esterolytic and lipolytic activities. Most of the 34 commercial lipase preparations contained more than 80% nonproteinaceous material, with salt and carbohydrate being the most abundant materials. The tributyrin hydrolase activity of these commercial lipase preparations was determined and expressed as lipase/esterase forestomach units (LFU). Tributyrin hydrolase activity ranged from negligible (5.3 LFU/g) to very high (>1,000,000 LFU/g). Aspergillus and Penicillium preparations were low in tributyrin hydrolase activity. Candida rugosa preparations were intermediate in activity. Preparations of porcine pancreas, Rhizomucor, Pseudomonas, and Rhizopus lipases exhibited a broad range of levels of activity. No relation between protein content and tributyrin hydrolase activity was observed. Isoelectric focusing of the proteins present in the preparations demonstrated the presence of between 2 and 27 isophoretically discrete bands in the isoelectric range of 3 to 9. Although there were many similarities of distribution of protein isoelectric points within genera and species, the preparations generally displayed unique patterns of isophoretically discrete protein bands. Lipase zymography demonstrated the presence of 0 to 7 isophoretically discrete lipase activities in each preparation, spanning the entire range of isoelectric points surveyed. C1 Land Olakes Inc, Basic Res Sect, St Paul, MN 55164 USA. ARS, USDA, ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Bloomer, S (reprint author), Land Olakes Inc, Basic Res Sect, POB 64101, St Paul, MN 55164 USA. NR 30 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 78 IS 2 BP 153 EP 160 DI 10.1007/s11746-001-0236-9 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 405WJ UT WOS:000167183300008 ER PT J AU Hwang, HS Erhan, SZ AF Hwang, HS Erhan, SZ TI Highly selective asymmetric synthesis of 2-hydroxy fatty acid methyl esters through chiral oxazolidinone carboximides SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE asymmetric; chiral imide; enantioselective; fatty acid; hydroxylation; oleic acid; oxazolidinone ID ALPHA-HYDROXY ACIDS; CARBOXYLIC-ACIDS; PISUM-SATIVUM; OXIDATION; 2-SULFONYLOXAZIRIDINES AB Highly selective asymmetric synthesis of 2-hydroxy fatty acid methyl esters has been accomplished through chiral imide enolates. Five chiral oleic acid imides were prepared by reaction of oleic acid with pivaloyl chloride followed by reaction with five different lithiated chiral oxazolidinones including (R)-(+)-4-benzyl-2-, (S)-(-)-4-benzyl-2-, (4R,5S)-(+)-4-methyl-5-phenyl-2-, (4S,5R) -(-)-4-methyl-5-phenyl-2-, and (R)(+)-4-isopropyl-2-oxazolidinones in 88-92% yields. The chiral imides were reacted with NaN(Mq(3)i)(2) at -78 degreesC to give enolates, which subsequently reacted with 2-(phenylsulfonyl)-3-phenyloxaziridine to give hydroxylated products in 78-83% yields. Methanolysis of the hydroxylated products with magnesium methoxide gave methyl 2-hydroxyoleate. Enantiomeric excesses tee) of the products were determined to be very high (98-99% eel by H-1 nuclear magnetic resonance study after esterification of the hydroxy group with (S)-(+)-O-acetylmandelic acid. Enantioselective hydroxylation of other fatty acids including elaidic, petroselinic, vaccenic, and linoleic was evaluated under the similar conditions using (4R,5S)-(+)-4-methyl-5-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone as a chiral auxiliary to give 98% ee values for all cases. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Erhan, SZ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 78 IS 2 BP 205 EP 211 DI 10.1007/s11746-001-0244-9 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 405WJ UT WOS:000167183300016 ER PT J AU Hall, MD Shaffer, MJ Waskom, RM Delgado, JA AF Hall, MD Shaffer, MJ Waskom, RM Delgado, JA TI Regional nitrate leaching variability: What makes a difference in northeastern Colorado SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE nonpoint source pollution; pollution modeling; agricultural hydrology; NLEAP; GIS; irrigation; spatial variability ID WATER; CONTAMINATION; GROUNDWATER; SIMULATION; NITROGEN AB The high spatial variability of nitrate concentrations in ground water of many regions is thought to be closely related to spatially-variable leaching rates from agricultural activities. To clarify the relative roles of the different nitrate leaching controlling variables under irrigated agriculture in northeastern Colorado, we conducted an extensive series of leaching simulations with the NLEAP modal using best estimates of local agricultural practices. The results of these simulations were then used with GIS to estimate the spatial variability of leachate quality for a 14,000 ha area overlying the alluvial aquifer of the South Platte River. Simulations showed that in the study area, differences in soil type might lead to 5-10 kg/ha of N variation in annual leaching rates while variability due to crop rotations was as much as 65 kg-N/ha for common rotations. Land application of manure from confined animal feeding operations may account for more than 100 kg-N/ha additional leaching. For a selected index rotation, the simulated nitrogen leaching rates across the area varied from 10 to 299 kg/ha and simulated water volumes leached ranged from 13 to 76 cm/yr depending on soil type, irrigation type, and use of manure. Resulting leachate concentrations of 3.5-140 mg/l NO3 as N were simulated. Land application of manure was found to be the most important factor determining the mass flux of nitrate leached and the combination of sprinkler irrigation and manure application yields the highest leachate concentrations. C1 CH2M Hill, Redding, CA 96049 USA. USDA ARS, Great Plains Syst Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. USDA ARS, Soil Plant Nutrient Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Colorado State Univ, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Hall, MD (reprint author), CH2M Hill, 2525 Airpk Dr, Redding, CA 96049 USA. NR 26 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 37 IS 1 BP 139 EP 150 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb05481.x PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 413UQ UT WOS:000167630300012 ER PT J AU Frescino, TS Edwards, TC Moisen, GG AF Frescino, TS Edwards, TC Moisen, GG TI Modeling spatially explicit forest structural attributes using Generalized Additive Models SO JOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE accuracy assessment; AVHRR; forest attribute model; generalized additive model; Geogaphical Information Systems; Landsat Thematic Mapper; vegetation modelling ID CONTINUUM CONCEPT; NICHE; GRADIENT; TERRAIN; PATTERN AB We modelled forest composition and structural diversity in the Uinta Mountains, Utah, as functions of satellite spectral data and spatially-explicit environmental variables through generalized additive models. Measures of vegetation composition and structural diversity were available from existing forest inventory data. Satellite data included raw spectral data from the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) a GAP Analysis classified TM, and a vegetation index based on raw spectral data from an advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR). Environmental predictor variables included maps of temperature, precipitation. elevation, aspect, slope, and geology. Spatially-explicit predictions were generated for the presence of forest and lodgepole cover types, basal area of forest trees, percent cover of shrubs, and density of snags. The maps were validated using an independent set of field data collected from the Evanston ranger district within the Uinta Mountains. Within the Evanston ranger district, model predictions were 88% and 80% accurate for forest presence and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), respectively. An average 62% of the predictions of basal area, shrub cover, and snag density fell within a 15% deviation from the field validation values. The addition of TM spectral data and the GAP Analysis TM-classified data contributed significantly to the models' predictions, while AVHRR had less significance. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ogden, UT 84401 USA. Utah State Univ, Grad Degree Program Fisheries & Wildlife, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, USGS, Biol Resources Div, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Frescino, TS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 507 25th St, Ogden, UT 84401 USA. NR 37 TC 51 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 4 PU OPULUS PRESS UPPSALA AB PI UPPSALA PA BOX 25137, S 752 25 UPPSALA, SWEDEN SN 1100-9233 J9 J VEG SCI JI J. Veg. Sci. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 12 IS 1 BP 15 EP 26 DI 10.2307/3236670 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 424JT UT WOS:000168229700003 ER PT J AU Chambers, JC AF Chambers, JC TI Pinus monophylla establishment in an expanding Pinus-Juniperus woodland: Environmental conditions, facilitation and interacting factors SO JOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE animal dispersal; Artemisia tridentata; growing season; Juniperus osteosperma; micro-environmental characteristic; pinon-juniper woodland; predation; sagebrush-grassland; seedling emergence; seedling survival; soil properties ID SOIL CHEMICAL-PATTERNS; PLANT-COMMUNITIES; PINYON; SEED; COMPETITION; HETEROGENEITY; OCCIDENTALIS; DISPERSAL; MOISTURE; BEHAVIOR AB The tree species comprising Pinus-Juniperus woodlands are rapidly expanding into shrub-grasslands throughout their range. Observational studies indicate that establishment is facilitated by nurse plants, but little information exists on the mechanisms involved. I examined both abiotic and biotic factors influencing Pinus monophylla establishment in Artemisia tridentata steppe with expanding populations of P. monophylla and Juniperus osteosperma. I also examined the effects of seed burial and predation on seedling establishment. Microhabitats under trees and shrubs had higher extractable P and K, higher organic matter, total nitrogen and cation exchange capacity than interspace microhabitats. Soil water contents (0-15 cm) were lower in interspaces than under shrubs or trees due to dry surface (0-5 cm) soils. Soil temperatures (at 1 and 15 cm) were lowest under trees, intermediate under shrubs, and highest in interspaces. Timing and rate of seedling emergence were temperature dependent with the order of emergence paralleling mean growing season temperatures: tree interspace = shrub interspace > under shrub > under Juniperus greater than or equal to under Pinus. Seed burial was required for rooting and the highest emergence occurred from depths of 1 and 3 cm indicating that caching by birds and rodents is essential and that animals bury seeds at adequate if not optimal depths for emergence. Seedlings required microenvironmental modification for survival; all seedlings, including those that emerged from seeds and transplants, died within the first year in interspace microhabitats. Survival in under-tree or under-shrub microhabitats depended on soil water availability and corresponded closely to soil water contents over the 3-yr study. Under-shrub microhabitats had more favourable soil and micro-environmental characteristics than under-tree microhabitats and had the highest seedling life spans for the first-year seedling cohort. predation of Pinus seedlings by rodents was a significant cause of mortality with caged transplants exhibiting life spans that were 74 % longer overall than uncaged transplants. Emergence and survival of P. monophylla within the expanding woodland were dependent upon a complex set of interacting factors including growing season conditions, microhabitat characteristics. and animal species. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Chambers, JC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 920 Valley Rd, Reno, NV 89512 USA. NR 56 TC 81 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 35 PU OPULUS PRESS UPPSALA AB PI UPPSALA PA BOX 25137, S 752 25 UPPSALA, SWEDEN SN 1100-9233 J9 J VEG SCI JI J. Veg. Sci. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 12 IS 1 BP 27 EP 40 DI 10.2307/3236671 PG 14 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 424JT UT WOS:000168229700004 ER PT J AU Knowles, NJ Davies, PR Henry, T O'Donnell, V Pacheco, JM Mason, PW AF Knowles, NJ Davies, PR Henry, T O'Donnell, V Pacheco, JM Mason, PW TI Emergence in Asia of foot-and-mouth disease viruses with altered host range: Characterization of alterations in the 3A protein SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; PERSISTENT INFECTION; CULTURE ADAPTATION; HEPATITIS; POLYMERASE; VARIANTS; STRAINS; GBM AB In 1997, an epizootic in Taiwan, Province of China, was caused by a type O foot-and-mouth disease virus which infected pigs but not cattle. The virus had an altered 3A protein, which harbored a 10-amino acid deletion and a series of substitutions. Here we show that this deletion is present in the earliest type O virus examined from the region (from 1970), whereas substitutions surrounding the deletion accumulated over the last 29 years. Analyses of the growth of these viruses in bovine cells suggest that changes in the genome in addition to the deletion, per se, are responsible for the porcinophilic properties of current Asian viruses in this lineage. C1 ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. Inst Anim Hlth, Pirbright Lab, Woking GU24 0NF, Surrey, England. RP Mason, PW (reprint author), ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. OI Pacheco, Juan/0000-0001-5477-0201 NR 25 TC 74 Z9 96 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 75 IS 3 BP 1551 EP 1556 DI 10.1128/JVI.75.3.1551-1556.2001 PG 6 WC Virology SC Virology GA 391WF UT WOS:000166378700047 PM 11152528 ER PT J AU Beharka, AA Meydani, M Wu, DY Leka, LS Meydani, A Meydani, SN AF Beharka, AA Meydani, M Wu, DY Leka, LS Meydani, A Meydani, SN TI Interleukin-6 production does not increase with age SO JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES A-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND MEDICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; INDUCIBLE CYCLOOXYGENASE; EICOSANOID PRODUCTION; ALTERED REGULATION; MONONUCLEAR-CELLS; ELDERLY PEOPLE; GROWTH-FACTOR; IN-VITRO; IL-6; SERUM AB Investigators have reported an increase, decrease, or no effect of age on interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. Differences in experimental conditions and the health status of subjects may explain these contradicting results. Because the subjects used in most of the previous studies were not carefully screened for health, we investigated the effect of age on IL-6 production in healthy young and elderly subjects. Twenty young (aged 20-30 years) and 26 elderly (>65 years) men completed the study. Each subject was screened for good health, undergoing physical examinations and laboratory tests. Circulating IL-6 levels were not significantly different between young and elderly subjects. A subgroup of subjects representing both young and elderly volunteers had high (>1000 pg/ml) circulating levels of IL-6, However, circulating IL-6 levels were low (<100 pg/ml) in the majority of subjects in both age groups. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were cultured for IL-6 production in the presence or absence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or concanavalin (Con)A for 48 hours, Unstimulated secretion of IL-6 by PBMC cultured in autologous plasma (AP) or fetal bovine serum (FBS) was detectable in the majority of cultures, Age did not influence this spontaneous secretion of IL-6, PBMC stimulation with PHA or ConA significantly increased IL-6 production, but age did not affect the ability of PBMC to secrete IL-6 after stimulation when cultured in FBS, IL-6 production by PBMC cultured in AP and stimulated with PHA was not affected by age. However, when stimulated with ConA, PBMC from the elderly subjects produced less IL-6 than PBMC from the young subjects. Because IL-6 has been suggested to contribute to the age-related increase in prostaglandin (PG)E-2 and nitric oxide (NO) production, we investigated the effect of age on the production of IL-6 by murine peritoneal macrophages (M) as well as the effect of IL-6 on the production of other M phi inflammatory products. Similar to the findings in humans, mouse age did not influence the level of IL-6 produced by M phi. These data suggest that in healthy subjects, increased production of IL-6 is not a normal consequence of aging. Previously reported higher IL-6 levels in elderly subjects might reflect an underlying, undiagnosed disease state. PGE(2) and NO production were not affected by the addition of IL-6 to M phi from young mice or anti-IL-6 antibody to M phi from old mice. Thus, IL-6 does not appear to influence the M phi production of selected inflammatory molecules. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutrit Immunol Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Dept Pathol, Sackler Sch Grad Biomed Sci, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Meydani, SN (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutrit Immunol Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [R01AG09140-08] NR 34 TC 79 Z9 82 U1 1 U2 4 PU GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1275 K STREET NW SUITE 350, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4006 USA SN 1079-5006 J9 J GERONTOL A-BIOL JI J. Gerontol. Ser. A-Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 56 IS 2 BP B81 EP B88 PG 8 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 401PL UT WOS:000166936400005 PM 11213271 ER PT J AU Chuenpagdee, R Knetsch, JL Brown, TC AF Chuenpagdee, R Knetsch, JL Brown, TC TI Environmental damage schedules: Community judgments of importance and assessments of losses SO LAND ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID PUNITIVE DAMAGES; VALUATION; COMPENSATION; LAW AB Available methods of valuing environmental changes are often limited in their applicability to current issues such as damage assessment and implementing regulatory controls, or may otherwise not provide reliable readings of community, preferences. An alternative is to base decisions on predetermined fixed schedules of sanctions, restrictions. damage awards, and other allocative guides and incentives. which are based on community judgments of the relative importance of different environmental resources and particular changes in their availability and quality. Such schedules can offer advantages of cost savings and consistency over current methods. as demonstrated in the case of Thailand coastal resources. C1 Coll William & Mary, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Econ, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Chuenpagdee, R (reprint author), Coll William & Mary, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. NR 24 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 6 PU UNIV WISCONSIN PI MADISON PA SOCIAL SCIENCE BLDG, MADISON, WI 53706 USA SN 0023-7639 J9 LAND ECON JI Land Econ. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 77 IS 1 BP 1 EP 11 DI 10.2307/3146976 PG 11 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 411DD UT WOS:000167482100001 ER PT J AU Polasky, S Camm, JD Garber-Yonts, B AF Polasky, S Camm, JD Garber-Yonts, B TI Selecting biological reserves cost-effectively: An application to terrestrial vertebrate conservation in Oregon SO LAND ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID DIVERSITY; BIRDS; BIODIVERSITY; PRIORITIES; NETWORKS; RICHNESS; EXAMPLE AB Concerns that the loss of habitat have greatly increased species extinction rates has led to calls for establishing biological reserves to preserve key habitat. In this paper, we study reserve site selection for terrestrial vertebrates in Oregon using data on species ranges and land values. We find cost-effective strategies that represent a maximum number of species for a given conservation budget. By varying the budget, we find the cost of obtaining various levels of representation. In general, effective conservation derision-making requires integrated analysis of both biological and economic data. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Appl Econ, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Coll Business Adm, Dept Quantitat Anal & Operat Management, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. USDA, US Forest Serv, Corvallis, OR USA. RP Polasky, S (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Appl Econ, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. NR 32 TC 168 Z9 170 U1 1 U2 16 PU UNIV WISCONSIN PI MADISON PA SOCIAL SCIENCE BLDG, MADISON, WI 53706 USA SN 0023-7639 J9 LAND ECON JI Land Econ. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 77 IS 1 BP 68 EP 78 DI 10.2307/3146981 PG 11 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 411DD UT WOS:000167482100006 ER PT J AU Bland, JM De Lucca, AJ Jacks, TJ Vigo, CB AF Bland, JM De Lucca, AJ Jacks, TJ Vigo, CB TI All-D-cecropin B: Synthesis, conformation, lipopolysaccharide binding, and antibacterial activity SO MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE all-D-cecropin; solid phase peptide synthesis; circular dichroism conformation; lipopolysaccharide binding; antibacterial activity ID PEPTIDES; MEMBRANES; ENDOTOXIN AB Cecropin B (LCB) is a natural peptide with antibacterial and antifungal properties. The enantiomer of LCB, containing all-D amino acids (DCB), was synthesized to examine its antibacterial and binding properties. The conformation of DCB was compared to its enantiomer by circular dichroism. Both the L- and D-peptides showed an identical induction of alpha -helical secondary structure. However, binding studies between Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and DCB or LCB were studied with a dimethylmethylene blue spectrophotometric assay, showing the two enantiomeric peptides differed in their interaction with LPS. Antibacterial activity of DCB was determined against three Gram-negative bacteria, Pantoea agglomerans (ATCC 27996), Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 17648), giving comparable results to LCB. C1 ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Bland, JM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 27 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0300-8177 J9 MOL CELL BIOCHEM JI Mol. Cell. Biochem. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 218 IS 1-2 BP 105 EP 111 DI 10.1023/A:1007293816634 PG 7 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 409RK UT WOS:000167397700015 PM 11330824 ER PT J AU Redkar, R Rose, S Bricker, B DelVecchio, V AF Redkar, R Rose, S Bricker, B DelVecchio, V TI Real-time detection of Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis and Brucella suis SO MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR PROBES LA English DT Article DE Brucella; LightCycler; FRET; PCR; detection ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; GENUS BRUCELLA; DNA AMPLIFICATION; PCR; DIFFERENTIATION; DIAGNOSIS; RNA; HYBRIDIZATION; POLYMORPHISM; STRAINS AB Real-time PCR-based assays specific for Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis and Brucella suis were developed. The assays utilize an upstream primer that is derived from 3' end of the genetic element IS711, whereas the downstream primers and probes are designed from signature sequences specific to a species or a biovar; The PCR reactions were monitored for fluorescence, resonance energy transfer by including two adjacent labeled probes that hybridize to the amplicons as they are formed. The upstream probes were labeled with fluorescein at 3' end while Cy5 was attached to the 5' end of the downstream probes. An increase in the ratio of fluorescein to Cy5 fluorescence during the cycling was indicative of positive amplification event. The assays were accomplished in less than 30 min using a LightCycler in real-time mode. The assays were tested on known strains as well as field isolates and were found to be specific for all known biovars of BI abortus, B. melitensis and biovar 1 of B. suis. Therefore, specificity, sensitivity, speed and real-time detection make these assays attractive for use in epidemiological and ecological studies. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Univ Scranton, Inst Mol Biol & Med, Scranton, PA 18510 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP DelVecchio, V (reprint author), Univ Scranton, Inst Mol Biol & Med, Corner Monroe & Ridge Row, Scranton, PA 18510 USA. NR 27 TC 68 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0890-8508 J9 MOL CELL PROBE JI Mol. Cell. Probes PD FEB PY 2001 VL 15 IS 1 BP 43 EP 52 DI 10.1006/mcpr.2000.0338 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Cell Biology GA 397WM UT WOS:000166720900006 PM 11162079 ER PT J AU Kim, MS Klopfenstein, NB McDonald, GI Arumuganathan, K Vidaver, AK AF Kim, MS Klopfenstein, NB McDonald, GI Arumuganathan, K Vidaver, AK TI Use of flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, and PCR-based techniques to assess intraspecific and interspecific matings of Armillaria species SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR-DNA CONTENT; RIBOSOMAL-RNA; CELL-CYCLE; MELLEA; CEPISTIPES; SINAPINA; DIPLOIDY; XI AB For assessments of intraspecific mating using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy, two compatible basidiospore-derived isolates were selected from each of four parental basidiomata of North American Biological Species (NABS) X. The nuclear status in NABS X varied with basidiospore-derived isolates. Nuclei within basidiospore-derived isolates existed as haploids. diploids (doubled haploids), or a mixture of haploids and diploids (doubled haploids). Depending on the nuclear status of the basidiospore-derived lines of NABS X, intraspecifically mated cultures can exist as diploids or tetraploids, and possibly triploids or aneuploids under in vitro conditions. Based on previous in vitro mating studies, seven basidiospore isolates were specifically selected to assess rare, interspecific mating among Armillaria cepistipes, A. sinapina. NABS X. and NABS XI. Cultures from basidiospore-derived isolates were paired to produce four interspecifically paired cultures, and matings were assessed using flow cytometry and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses. Based on flow cytometric analysis, the A. cepistipes isolate exhibited compatibility with a NABS X isolate, and the A. sinapina isolate exhibited compatibility with a NABS X isolate, and the A. sinapina isolates were individually compatible with isolates of NABS X and NABS XI. Mean fluorescence intensities of A. cepistipes x NABS X, A. sinapina x NABS X, and A. sinapina x NABS XI mated cultures revealed a triploid or tetraploid nuclear status compared to the haploid or diploid (doubled haploid) nuclear status of initial basidiospore-derived isolates. Polymerase chain reaction (FCR) and RFLP of the intergenic spacer (IGS) region generated banding patterns for basidiospore-derived isolates and mated cultures. Four species-specific RFLP banding patterns were observed in basidiospore-derived isolates of A. cepistipes, A. sinapina, NABS X, and NABS XI. PCR-RFLP analysis showed combined banding patterns from mated cultures. Flow cytometry and PCR-RFLP analysis are effective tools to assess matings of Armillaria species. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, RMRS, Forestry Sci Lab, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. Univ Nebraska, Ctr Biotechnol, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. RP Kim, MS (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Forest Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 25 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI PORT CHESTER PA 110 MIDLAND AVE, PORT CHESTER, NY 10573-4930 USA SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 105 BP 153 EP 163 DI 10.1017/S0953756200003555 PN 2 PG 11 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 417BR UT WOS:000167816000006 ER PT J AU Cantrell, SA Lodge, DJ AF Cantrell, SA Lodge, DJ TI Hygrophoraceae (Agricales) of the Greater Antilles: Hygrocybe subgenus Pseudohygrocybe section Firmae SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB A key to 13 species in the genus Hygrocybe subgenus Pseudohygrocybe section Finnae is provided for the Greater Antilles. Seven new species and one species that is a new report for the Greater Antilles are described. The new species are H. brunnesosquamosa. H. cinereofirma, H. flavocampanulata, H. laboyi. H. miniatofirma, H. neofirma and H. olivaceofirma. The new report is H. trinitensis. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Ctr Forest Mycol Res, Luquillo, PR 00773 USA. RP Lodge, DJ (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Ctr Forest Mycol Res, POB 1377, Luquillo, PR 00773 USA. NR 16 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI PORT CHESTER PA 110 MIDLAND AVE, PORT CHESTER, NY 10573-4930 USA SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 105 BP 215 EP 224 DI 10.1017/S0953756200003397 PN 2 PG 10 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 417BR UT WOS:000167816000015 ER PT J AU Ito, Y Peterson, SW Wicklow, DT Goto, T AF Ito, Y Peterson, SW Wicklow, DT Goto, T TI Aspergillus pseudotamarii, a new aflatoxin producing species in Aspergillus section Flavi SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CYCLOPIAZONIC ACID; TAMARII; STRAIN; NOMIUS AB A recent report of an aflatoxin producing isolate of Aspergillus tamarii prompted a taxonomic re-examination of aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic isolates identified as A. tamarii as well as the closely related A. caelatus. Representatives of each species, including atypical isolates, were compared morphologically. for mycotoxin production, and for divergence in ITS, 28S, beta -tubulin and calmodulin gene sequences. Because of genetic, morphological, and mycotoxin differences, the aflatoxin producing isolates of A. tamarii are given species rank as Aspergillus pseudotamarii sp. nov. C1 Minist Agr Forestry & Fisheries, Natl Food Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058642, Japan. Minist Agr & Fisheries Technol, Natl Res Inst Vegetables Ornamental Plant & Tea, Haibara, Shizuoka 4288501, Japan. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Propeties Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Cpds Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Goto, T (reprint author), Minist Agr Forestry & Fisheries, Natl Food Res Inst, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058642, Japan. NR 28 TC 122 Z9 130 U1 0 U2 5 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI PORT CHESTER PA 110 MIDLAND AVE, PORT CHESTER, NY 10573-4930 USA SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 105 BP 233 EP 239 DI 10.1017/S0953756200003385 PN 2 PG 7 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 417BR UT WOS:000167816000017 ER PT J AU Ow, DW AF Ow, DW TI The right chemistry for marker gene removal? SO NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT News Item C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, USDA ARS, Plant Gene Express Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Ow, DW (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, USDA ARS, Plant Gene Express Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 7 TC 37 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1087-0156 J9 NAT BIOTECHNOL JI Nat. Biotechnol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 19 IS 2 BP 115 EP 116 DI 10.1038/84362 PG 2 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 398KB UT WOS:000166754700014 PM 11175722 ER PT J AU Cnaani, J Hefetz, A AF Cnaani, J Hefetz, A TI Are queen Bombus terrestris giant workers or are workers dwarf queens? Solving the 'chicken and egg' problem in a bumblebee species SO NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN LA English DT Article ID APIS-MELLIFERA; CASTE DETERMINATION; HONEY-BEE; EXPRESSION; SPIDERS; FEMALE; RATIOS AB In the social bee, Bombus terrestris, the two castes differ in size and physiology, but not in any other morphological and anatomical aspects. The size differences between the castes are the result of longer instar duration in prospective queen larvae. It appears that queen larvae are programmed to have a higher molting weight at the end of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th instars. Calculation of the growth ratio, the ratio between the logarithm of molting weight at two successive instars, revealed that queen larvae have a linear growth ratio over the entire larval development as predicted by Dyar's rule. In the worker larvae, in contrast, linearity of the growth ratio breaks after the second instar, resulting in larval molting at lower weights than expected by Dyar's rule. We therefore suggest that workers' development is abnormally shortened, either by parental manipulation or by adopting a different growth plan in response to the queen's signal. C1 USDA, ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Zool, GS Wise Fac Life Sci, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. RP Cnaani, J (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RI Hefetz, Abraham/I-3853-2015 NR 20 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 12 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0028-1042 J9 NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN JI Naturwissenschaften PD FEB PY 2001 VL 88 IS 2 BP 85 EP 87 DI 10.1007/s001140000202 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 426DJ UT WOS:000168334300007 PM 11320894 ER PT J AU Roberts, SB Dallal, GE AF Roberts, SB Dallal, GE TI The new childhood growth charts SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID UNITED-STATES; CHILDREN; OVERWEIGHT; OBESITY; HEIGHT; WEIGHT; STANDARDS AB New childhood growth percentiles have been published recently by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and are designed to replace the widely used 1977 National Center for Heath Statistics percentiles. International definitions for overweight and obesity in childhood, based on the body mass index, also have been published. This review discusses appropriate uses of the new percentile charts and international definitions of overweight. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Roberts, SB (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 24 TC 30 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 59 IS 2 BP 31 EP 36 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 412HU UT WOS:000167549600001 PM 11310773 ER PT J AU Rustad, LE Campbell, JL Marion, GM Norby, RJ Mitchell, MJ Hartley, AE Cornelissen, JHC Gurevitch, J AF Rustad, LE Campbell, JL Marion, GM Norby, RJ Mitchell, MJ Hartley, AE Cornelissen, JHC Gurevitch, J CA GCTE-NEWS TI A meta-analysis of the response of soil respiration, net nitrogen mineralization, and aboveground plant growth to experimental ecosystem warming SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Review DE global warming; meta-analysis; soil respiration; nitrogen mineralization; plant productivity ID SIMULATED ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGE; DWARF SHRUB HEATH; TRACE GAS FLUXES; INTERNATIONAL TUNDRA EXPERIMENT; ARCTIC POLAR SEMIDESERT; SPRUCE-FIR FOREST; CLIMATE-CHANGE; LITTER DECOMPOSITION; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT AB Climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions is predicted to raise the mean global temperature by 1.0-3.5 degreesC in the next 50-100 years. The direct and indirect effects of this potential increase in temperature on terrestrial ecosystems and ecosystem processes are likely to be complex and highly varied in time and space. The Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems core project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme has recently launched a Network of Ecosystem Warming Studies, the goals of which are to integrate and foster research on ecosystem-level effects of rising temperature. In this paper, we use meta-analysis to synthesize data on the response of soil respiration, net N mineralization, and aboveground plant productivity to experimental ecosystem warming at 32 research sites representing four broadly defined biomes, including high (latitude or altitude) tundra, low tundra, grassland, and forest. Warming methods included electrical heat-resistance ground cables, greenhouses, vented and unvented field chambers, overhead infrared lamps, and passive nighttime warming. Although results from individual sites showed considerable variation in response to warming, results from the meta-analysis showed that, across all sites and years, 2-9 years of experimental warming in the range 0.3-6.0 degreesC significantly increased soil respiration rates by 20% (with a 95% confidence interval of 18-22%), net N mineralization rates by 46% (with a 95% confidence interval of 30-64%). and plant productivity by 19% (with a 95% confidence interval of 15-23%). The response of soil respiration to warming was generally larger in forested ecosystems compared to low tundra and grassland ecosystems, and the response of plant productivity was generally larger in low tundra ecosystems than in forest and grassland ecosystems. With the exception of aboveground plant productivity, which showed a greater positive response to warming in colder ecosystems, the magnitude of the response of these three processes to experimental warming was not generally significantly related to the geographic, climatic, or environmental variables evaluated in this analysis. This underscores the need to understand the relative importance of specific factors (such as temperature, moisture, site quality, vegetation type, successional status, land-use history, etc.) at different spatial and temporal scales, and suggests that we should be cautious in "scaling up" responses from the plot and site level to the landscape and biome level. Overall, ecosystem-warming experiments are shown to provide valuable insights on the response of terrestrial ecosystems to elevated temperature. C1 US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield Ctr Arctic Ecol, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RP Rustad, LE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RI Norby, Richard/C-1773-2012; Welker, Jeffrey/C-9493-2013; Verburg, Paul/B-6351-2014; OI Norby, Richard/0000-0002-0238-9828; Campbell, John/0000-0003-4956-1696 NR 114 TC 1005 Z9 1129 U1 103 U2 801 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD FEB PY 2001 VL 126 IS 4 BP 543 EP 562 PG 20 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 408QL UT WOS:000167339100012 ER PT J AU Schanler, RJ AF Schanler, RJ TI Breastfeeding 2001, part I: The evidence for breastfeeding - Preface SO PEDIATRIC CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Editorial Material C1 ARS, Dept Pediat, Sect Neonatol, USDA,Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Schanler, RJ (reprint author), ARS, Dept Pediat, Sect Neonatol, USDA,Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0031-3955 J9 PEDIATR CLIN N AM JI Pediatr. Clin. N. Am. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 48 IS 1 BP XIX EP XX DI 10.1016/S0031-3955(08)70024-5 PG 2 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 405XC UT WOS:000167185000001 ER PT J AU Heird, WC AF Heird, WC TI The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in term and preterm infants and breastfeeding mothers SO PEDIATRIC CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Article ID MARINE-OIL SUPPLEMENTATION; VISUAL-ACUITY DEVELOPMENT; BIRTH-WEIGHT INFANTS; 1ST YEAR GROWTH; FED BREAST-MILK; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; ARACHIDONIC-ACID; RANDOMIZED TRIAL; LINOLENIC ACID; ELECTRICAL RESPONSE AB The presence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in human milk but not in most currently available infant formulas coupled with better subsequent neurobehavioral development of breastfed versus formula-fed infants has led to speculation that LC-PUFA are important for optimal infant development. This is supported by some, but by no means all, studies of visual function and neurodevelopmental status of infants fed formulas supplemented with LC-PUFA versus unsupplemented formulas. Nonetheless, the available data are sufficiently suggestive to warrant support for supplementing term and preterm formulas, particularly the latter, with LC-PUFA. Moreover, though additional data are needed, recent studies alleviate many concerns about the potential toxicity of available sources of LC-PUFA for supplementing infant formulas. C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Dept Pediat, Sect Nutr,Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Heird, WC (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Dept Pediat, Sect Nutr,Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 77 TC 47 Z9 52 U1 3 U2 12 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0031-3955 J9 PEDIATR CLIN N AM JI Pediatr. Clin. N. Am. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 48 IS 1 BP 173 EP + DI 10.1016/S0031-3955(05)70292-3 PG 18 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 405XC UT WOS:000167185000013 PM 11236724 ER PT J AU Butte, NE AF Butte, NE TI The role of breastfeeding in obesity SO PEDIATRIC CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Article ID FORMULA-FED INFANTS; BREAST-FED INFANTS; FEEDING PRACTICES; PARENTAL OBESITY; BODY-COMPOSITION; HUMAN-MILK; 1ST YEAR; GROWTH; ADIPOSITY; CHILDHOOD AB A protective role of breastfeeding against obesity has been suggested, because of the unique composition of human milk, suckling experience, and metabolic and physiological responses to human milk. Most studies on the impact of breastfeeding on later obesity have found an insignificant effect; a protective effect was seen in four studies. Controlling for confounding factors is critical in this research area, where random assignment to feeding groups is not possible. Although a highly provocative concept, the protective effect of breastfeeding on later obesity remains controversial. C1 USDA ARS, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Butte, NE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 47 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 6 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0031-3955 J9 PEDIATR CLIN N AM JI Pediatr. Clin. N. Am. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 48 IS 1 BP 189 EP + DI 10.1016/S0031-3955(05)70293-5 PG 11 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 405XC UT WOS:000167185000014 PM 11236725 ER PT J AU Schanler, RJ AF Schanler, RJ TI The use of human milk for premature infants SO PEDIATRIC CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Article ID BIRTH-WEIGHT INFANTS; FORTIFIED HUMAN-MILK; OWN MOTHERS MILK; TO-SKIN CONTACT; BREAST-MILK; PRETERM INFANTS; BONE MINERALIZATION; NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS; COMMERCIAL FORMULA; FEEDING TOLERANCE AB The use of fortified human milk provides the premature infant adequate growth, nutrient retention, and biochemical indices of nutritional status, especially when fed at appropriate volumes, compared with unfortified human milk. When compared with preterm formula, the feeding of fortified human milk may provide significant protection from infection and necrotizing enterocolitis. Neonatal centers should encourage the feeding of fortified human milk for premature infants. Skin-to-skin contact is a reasonable method to enhance milk production, while potentially facilitating the development of an enteromammary response. C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat,Sect Neonatol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Schanler, RJ (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat,Sect Neonatol, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [MO-1-RR-00188]; NICHD NIH HHS [R0-1-HD-28140] NR 70 TC 131 Z9 139 U1 2 U2 16 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0031-3955 J9 PEDIATR CLIN N AM JI Pediatr. Clin. N. Am. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 48 IS 1 BP 207 EP + DI 10.1016/S0031-3955(05)70295-9 PG 14 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 405XC UT WOS:000167185000016 PM 11236727 ER PT J AU Nachman, RJ AF Nachman, RJ TI Invertebrate neuropeptides SO PEPTIDES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Nachman, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0196-9781 J9 PEPTIDES JI Peptides PD FEB PY 2001 VL 22 IS 2 BP 145 EP 145 DI 10.1016/S0196-9781(00)00370-3 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 405RB UT WOS:000167172000001 ER PT J AU Schoofs, L Clynen, E Cerstiaens, A Baggerman, G Wei, Z Vercammen, T Nachman, R De Loof, A Tanaka, S AF Schoofs, L Clynen, E Cerstiaens, A Baggerman, G Wei, Z Vercammen, T Nachman, R De Loof, A Tanaka, S TI Newly discovered functions for some myotropic neuropeptides in locusts SO PEPTIDES LA English DT Article DE locusta migratoria; Schistocerca gregaria; insect neuropeptide; corazonin; pigmentation; gonadotropic peptide; sulfakinin; satiety ID BLOWFLY CALLIPHORA-VOMITORIA; SULFATED INSECT NEUROPEPTIDE; CRAYFISH PROCAMBARUS-CLARKII; FMRFAMIDE-RELATED PEPTIDES; SCHISTOCERCA-GREGARIA; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; NERVOUS-SYSTEM; VERTEBRATE NEUROPEPTIDE; AMERICAN COCKROACH; APLYSIA NEURONS AB The field of neuropeptide research in insects during the past twenty years can be characterized by the enormous number of peptides that have been identified. In the locusts, Locusta migratoria and Schistocerca gregaria only, structural information is now available for more than 60 peptidies. Quite a number of these peptides were isolated on the basis of their effect on visceral muscle contraction in vitro. A very limited number of reports describe the in vivo' function of a myotropic neuropeptide. Moreover, for most of the brain neuropeptides, we ignore whether they have a hormonal function. In this paper, we describe the recently discovered in vivo effects of some of the myotropic peptides, identified in locusts in the past decade. Schistocerca-neuropeptide F accelerates egg development; locustasulfakinin inhibits food intake and [His(7)]-corazonin induces body color pigmentation. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Katholieke Univ Leuven, Lab Dev Physiol & Mol Biol, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. Natl Inst Sericultural & Entomol Sci, Dept Insect Physiol & Behav, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058634, Japan. USDA, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, Vet Entomol Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Schoofs, L (reprint author), Katholieke Univ Leuven, Lab Dev Physiol & Mol Biol, Naamsestr 59, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. NR 79 TC 65 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0196-9781 J9 PEPTIDES JI Peptides PD FEB PY 2001 VL 22 IS 2 BP 219 EP 227 DI 10.1016/S0196-9781(00)00385-5 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 405RB UT WOS:000167172000010 PM 11179815 ER PT J AU Nachman, RJ Teal, PEA Ujvary, I AF Nachman, RJ Teal, PEA Ujvary, I TI Comparative topical pheromonotropic activity of insect pyrokinin/PBAN amphiphilic analogs incorporating different fatty and/or cholic acid components SO PEPTIDES LA English DT Article DE budworm moth; pseudopeptide; cuticle; carborane; hemolymph; pest control ID BIOSYNTHESIS-ACTIVATING NEUROPEPTIDE; BOMBYX-MORI; SUBESOPHAGEAL GANGLION; HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS; NEURAL REGULATION; BULLATA LARVAE; FAMILY; HORMONE; MOTHS; PBAN AB This study presents a comparison of the topical pheromonotropic activity in the tobacco budworm moth of a series of amphiphilic pseudopeptide analogs of the insect pyrokinin/PBAN peptide class incorporating fatty acids of varying chain lengths. While the C16 analog fails to penetrate the moth cuticle. and the C12 only moderately so, shorter chain analogs transmigrate the moth cuticle readily with decreasing cuticle-retention properties. A cholic acid analog topically induces twice the maximal pheromone titer of injected native hormone. From a pest management perspective, these non-aromatic hydrophobic components are expected to he Inure environmentally benign than benzenoid components previously used in topical insect peptide analogs. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. Hungarian Acad Sci, Inst Chem, Budapest, Hungary. RP Nachman, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 27 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0196-9781 J9 PEPTIDES JI Peptides PD FEB PY 2001 VL 22 IS 2 BP 279 EP 285 DI 10.1016/S0196-9781(00)00380-6 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 405RB UT WOS:000167172000017 PM 11179822 ER PT J AU Ujvary, I Nachman, RJ AF Ujvary, I Nachman, RJ TI Synthesis of 3-(12-hydroxy-p-carboranyl)propionic acid, a hydrophobic, N-terminal tyrosine-mimetic for peptides SO PEPTIDES LA English DT Article DE p-carboranes; carboxylic acids; insect peptides; synthesis; tyrosine analog; topical activity ID NEUTRON-CAPTURE THERAPY; O-CARBORANYLALANINE; NEUROPEPTIDE; ANALOGS; CHOLECYSTOKININ; CARBORANES; CHEMISTRY; DESIGN; CAR AB A new p-carborane containing analog of tyrosine, namely 3-[1-hydroxy-1,12-dicarba-closo-dodecaboran(12)-12-yl]propionic acid was prepared from p-carborane in five steps involving hydroxypropylation of O-protected 1-hydroxy-p-carborane as the key transformation. The simple tyrosine mimetic can function as a hydrophobic surrogate for an N-terminal tyrosine residue in insect and mammalian neuropeptides to enhance the lipophilicity, and therefore, the cuticle and/or tissue permeability properties uf mimetic analogs. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Nachman, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 31 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0196-9781 J9 PEPTIDES JI Peptides PD FEB PY 2001 VL 22 IS 2 BP 287 EP 290 DI 10.1016/S0196-9781(00)00381-8 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 405RB UT WOS:000167172000018 PM 11179823 ER PT J AU Stern, AJ Doralswamy, PC Cook, PW AF Stern, AJ Doralswamy, PC Cook, PW TI Spring wheat classification in an AVHRR image by signature extension from a Landsat TM classified image SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB Landsat TM imagery data have been used for the classification of crops in small areas; however NOAA AVHRR imagery is more appropriate for regional and continental scales for few specific categories of vegetation. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is interested in assessing crop acreage at the county and state levels. The objective in this study was to determine the feasibility of using AVHRR data to classify spring wheat in North Dakota. Two methods were developed to categorize large areas using AVHRR data along with a minimal amount of Landsat TM data. Areas of intense agriculture were used for the performance of an unsupervised classification with AVHRR data. Differences in precipitation and climatic conditions between the eastern and western parts of the State created some difficulties in proper classification; therefore, to improve classification accuracy, additional ancillary data were needed. The number of Landsat TM spring wheat pixels in the overlapping AVHRR pixels provided a means for predicting the percentages of spring wheat for each AVHRR class. The accuracy of the spring wheat acreage at the State level closely marched the USDA Stare report for 1994. C1 USDA, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA, Natl Agr Stat Serv, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. RP Stern, AJ (reprint author), USDA, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 67 IS 2 BP 207 EP 211 PG 5 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 399YZ UT WOS:000166843000010 ER PT J AU Mujer, CV Smigocki, AC AF Mujer, CV Smigocki, AC TI Cytokinin- and wound-inducible cytochrome P450 from Nicotiana plumbaginifolia SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article ID PLANT CYTOCHROME-P450; CINNAMATE 4-HYDROXYLASE; ALKALOID BIOSYNTHESIS; ANTHOCYANIN SYNTHESIS; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; CATHARANTHUS-ROSEUS; EXPRESSION; GENE; TOBACCO; MONOOXYGENASES AB Two Nicotiana plumbaginifolia cDNA clones, CYP72A2 and npl2, with high sequence similarity to cytochrome P450 monooxygenases were isolated using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. CYP72A2 has an open reading frame of 1524 nucleotides and its deduced 508 amino acid sequence has 45% identity to Catharanthus roseus P450 CYP72A1, npl2 is similar to CYP72A2, except for an 82-nucleotide deletion within its coding region and an internal stop codon, Southern blot analysis indicated that there are at least 3 copies of the CYP72A2 gene and that they are induced at the RNA and protein levels by mechanical wounding, insect chewing (Manduca sexta) and cytokinin application. The response to feeding larvae and wounding was systemic, In N, plumbaginifolia plants transformed with a wound-inducible cytokinin biosynthesis gene construct (PI-II-ipt), gene induction in response to wounding and feeding insects occurred sooner and was generally higher than in untransformed plants. The modulation of CYP72A2 expression by cytokinins and the possible role of P450 in plant defense responses are discussed. C1 ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Scranton, Inst Mol Biol & Med, Scranton, PA 18510 USA. RP Smigocki, AC (reprint author), ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 40 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 111 IS 2 BP 172 EP 181 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2001.1110207.x PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 398WW UT WOS:000166780300007 ER PT J AU Yeghiayan, SK Luo, SQ Shukitt-Hale, B Lieberman, HR AF Yeghiayan, SK Luo, SQ Shukitt-Hale, B Lieberman, HR TI Tyrosine improves behavioral and neurochemical deficits caused by cold exposure SO PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE acute hypothermia; tyrosine; stress; behavior; microdialysis; catecholamines; rat ID NOREPINEPHRINE RELEASE; ENVIRONMENTAL-STRESS; DIETARY TYROSINE; RATS; CORTICOSTERONE AB The effects of acute cold stress were assessed behaviorally and neurochemically. The norepinephrine (NE) precursor, tyrosine (TYR), the catecholamine-releasing compound, amphetamine (AMPH), and the adrenoceptor agonist, phenylpropanolamine (PPA), were administered systemically either alone or in con junction with TYR 30 min prior to cold exposure. All three sympathomimetic treatments dose-dependently improved performance in a forced swim test following hypothermia (T-c = 30 degreesC). AMPH/TYR or PPA/TYR combinations further improved performance vs, either agent given alone. Microdialysis showed elevated hippocampal NE concentrations in response to hypothermia. TYR further elevated NE concentration in cold/restrained rats vs. saline (SAL)-treated controls. These results suggest that sympathomimetic agents, including the nutrient TYR, which enhance noradrenergic function, improve performance in animals acutely stressed by hypothermia. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USA, Environm Med Res Inst, Mil Nutr & Biochem Div, Natick, MA 01760 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Yeghiayan, SK (reprint author), USA, Environm Med Res Inst, Mil Nutr & Biochem Div, Kansas St, Natick, MA 01760 USA. NR 22 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9384 J9 PHYSIOL BEHAV JI Physiol. Behav. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 72 IS 3 BP 311 EP 316 DI 10.1016/S0031-9384(00)00398-X PG 6 WC Psychology, Biological; Behavioral Sciences SC Psychology; Behavioral Sciences GA 413RT UT WOS:000167626300004 PM 11274672 ER PT J AU Watson, AA Fleet, GWJ Asano, N Molyneux, RJ Nash, RJ AF Watson, AA Fleet, GWJ Asano, N Molyneux, RJ Nash, RJ TI Polyhydroxylated alkaloids - natural occurrence and therapeutic applications SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE glycosidase; inhibitors; pyrrolidines; piperidines; pyrrolizidines; indolizidines; Nortropanes; N-containing sugars ID BROUSSONETIA-KAZINOKI SIEB; GLYCOSIDASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITIES; IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS ENTRY; RAY CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; BUTYLDEOXYNOJIRIMYCIN-MEDIATED INHIBITION; OLIGOSACCHARIDE-PROCESSING INHIBITOR; BETA-N-ACETYLGLUCOSAMINIDASES; ALPHA-MANNOSIDASE INHIBITOR; LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISEASES; HYACINTHOIDES-NON-SCRIPTA AB Over one hundred polyhydroxylated alkaloids have been isolated from plants and micro-organisms. These alkaloids can be potent and highly selective glycosidase inhibitors and are arousing great interest as tools to study cellular recognition and as potential therapeutic agents. However, only three of the natural products so far have been widely studied for therapeutic potential due largely to the limited commercial availability of the other compounds. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Inst Grassland & Environm Res, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, Dyfed, Wales. MolecularNat Ltd, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, Dyfed, Wales. Univ Oxford, Dyson Perrins Lab, Oxford OX1 3QY, England. Hokuriku Univ, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9201181, Japan. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Nash, RJ (reprint author), Inst Grassland & Environm Res, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, Dyfed, Wales. NR 230 TC 538 Z9 553 U1 4 U2 36 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD FEB PY 2001 VL 56 IS 3 BP 265 EP 295 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00451-9 PG 31 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 404VV UT WOS:000167123500008 PM 11243453 ER PT J AU Dalton, FN Maggio, A Piccinni, G AF Dalton, FN Maggio, A Piccinni, G TI Assessing the effect of solar radiation on plant salt tolerance as defined by the static and dynamic indices SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE salt stress; solar radiation; tomato ID HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; ROOT SYSTEMS; WATER; SALINITY; CHLORIDE; TOMATO; GROWTH; MODEL AB Any interaction between plant salt tolerance and environment is critical to crop breeders, geneticists, molecular biologists, soil-water-crop modelers and all researchers interested in 'global change'. A common criterion used for plant salt tolerance is a threshold value of root zone salinity, a static index that delimits the onset of yield reduction. According to this criterion, it was discovered that tomato salt tolerance decreases significantly with reduced solar radiation. In contrast, the threshold values of a new index based on the dynamic processes of salt accumulation relative to growth, are invariant to solar radiation. The variability and stability of the respective indices provides new insights for accessing physical and biochemical processes governing plant response in saline environments. C1 ARS, USDA, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. ENEA, Ente Nuove Technol Energia & Ambiente, I-05026 Rotondella, MT, Italy. Texas A&M Univ, Agr Res Ctr, Uvalde, TX 78801 USA. RP Dalton, FN (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 34 TC 20 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD FEB PY 2001 VL 229 IS 2 BP 189 EP 195 DI 10.1023/A:1004891301238 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 400JP UT WOS:000166868700004 ER PT J AU Bai, GH Plattner, R Desjardins, A Kolb, F AF Bai, GH Plattner, R Desjardins, A Kolb, F TI Resistance to Fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol accumulation in wheat SO PLANT BREEDING LA English DT Article DE Triticum aestivum; Fusarium graminearum; DON; mycotoxin; vomitoxin ID CULMORUM; MYCOTOXINS; CEREALS; BARLEY; SCAB AB Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe (telomorph = Gibberella zeae (Schw.)), is an important wheat disease world-wide. Production of deoxynivalenol (DON) by F. graminearum in infected wheat grain is detrimental to livestock and is also a safety concern in human foods. An international collection of 116 wheat lines was evaluated for FHB resistance and concentration of DON in grain. Plants were inoculated with mixed isolates of F. graminearum in the greenhouse by injecting conidia into a single spikelet of each spike and in the field by scattering F. graminearum-infected wheat kernels on the soil surface. FHB symptoms were evaluated by visual inspection in both the greenhouse and held, and DON was analysed by HPLC. Significant differences in FHB ratings and DON levels were observed among cultivars. In the greenhouse test, visual symptoms varied from no spread of FHB from the inoculated spikelet to spread throughout the spike, and DON levels ranged from trace levels to 283 mg/kg. In the field test, DON ranged from 2.8 to 52 mg/kg. The greenhouse lest identified 16 wheat lines from various origins that accumulated less than 2 mg/kg DON. These lines may be useful as sources for breeding wheat cultivars with lower DON levels. Correlation coefficients were significant between FHB symptom ratings, seed quality traits, and DON levels. Thus, the percentage of scabbed spikelets and kernels can be generally used to predict DON levels in harvested wheat grain. In breeding programmes, selection for plants having few scabbed spikelets and scabbed kernels is most likely to result in low DON levels. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. ARS, NCAUR, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Bai, GH (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 14 TC 87 Z9 102 U1 1 U2 20 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0179-9541 J9 PLANT BREEDING JI Plant Breed. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 120 IS 1 BP 1 EP 6 DI 10.1046/j.1439-0523.2001.00562.x PG 6 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 409VX UT WOS:000167407300001 ER PT J AU Guedes-Pinto, H Lima-Brito, J Ribeiro-Carvalho, C Gustafson, JP AF Guedes-Pinto, H Lima-Brito, J Ribeiro-Carvalho, C Gustafson, JP TI Genetic control of crossability of triticale with rye SO PLANT BREEDING LA English DT Article DE Secale cereale; Triticosecale; Triticum spp.; genetic control; interspecific hybridization; Kr loci ID POLLEN-TUBE GROWTH; HORDEUM-BULBOSUM; HEXAPLOID WHEAT; SECALE-CEREALE; COMMON WHEAT; AESTIVUM L; GERMINATION; POLLINATION; CROSSES; GRAIN AB Limited genetic knowledge is available regarding crossability between hexaploid triticale (2n = 6x = 42, 21 ", AABBRR, amphiploid Triticum turgidum L.-Secale cereale L.) and rye (2n = 14. 7 ", RR). Our objectives were to determine (1) the crossability between triticales and rye and (2) the inheritance of crossability between F-2 progeny from intertriticale crosses and rye. First, '8F/Corgo', a hexaploid triticale, was crossed as a female with two landrace ryes, 'Gimonde' and, 'Vila Pouca' and two derived north European cultivars, 'Pluto' and 'Breno'. These crosses produced 21.7, 20.9, 5.9, and 5.6%, seed-set or crossability, respectively, showing that the landrace ryes produced higher seed-set than the cultivars. Second, 'Gimonde' rye was crossed as a male with four triticales for 3 years. The control cross, 'Chinese Spring' wheat x rye, produced 80-90% seed-set. Of the four triticales, 'Beagle' produced 35.7-56.8% seed-set. The other three triticales produced less than 20% seed-set, showing that the triticales differ in crossability with 'Gimonde' rye. Third, six F(1)s from intertriticale crosses ('8F/Corgo' x 'Beagle', 'Beagle' x 'Cachirulo', 'Lasko' x 'Beagle', '8F/Corgo' x 'Cachirulo', 'Lasko' x 'Cachirulo', 'Lasko' x '8F/Corgo') were crossed to 'Gimonde' rye. Results indicated that lower crossability trait was partially dominant in the two F(1)s from crosses involving 'Beagle' (high crossability) with '8F/Corgo' and 'Cachirulo' (low crossability) and completely dominant in the 'Beagle' x 'Lasko' cross, as it happens in wheat. Fourth, segregants in four F-2 populations ('Lasko' x 'Beagle', '8F/Corgo' x 'Beagle', 'Lasko' x '8F/Corgo', and '8F/Corgo' x 'Cachirulo') were crossed with rye. Segregation for crossability was observed, although distinct segregation classes were blurred by environmental and perhaps other factors, such as self-incompatibility alleles in rye. Segregation patterns showed that 'Beagle', with high crossability to rye, carries either Kr1 or Kr2. The three triticales with low crossability with rye were most likely homozygous for Kr1 and Kr2. Therefore, it is likely that the Kr loci from A and B genomes acting in wheat also play a role in triticale x rye crosses. C1 Univ Tras Os Montes & Alto Douro, ICETA, Dept Genet & Biotechnol, P-5000 Vila Real, Portugal. Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. ARS, USDA, PGRU, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Guedes-Pinto, H (reprint author), Univ Tras Os Montes & Alto Douro, ICETA, Dept Genet & Biotechnol, P-5000 Vila Real, Portugal. RI Lima-Brito, Jose/L-2624-2013; guedes-pinto, henrique/M-1830-2013 OI Lima-Brito, Jose/0000-0001-6204-009X; guedes-pinto, henrique/0000-0001-7125-6204 NR 26 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0179-9541 EI 1439-0523 J9 PLANT BREEDING JI Plant Breed. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 120 IS 1 BP 27 EP 31 DI 10.1046/j.1439-0523.2001.00545.x PG 5 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 409VX UT WOS:000167407300005 ER PT J AU Zhang, XQ Wang, XP Ross, K Hu, H Gustafson, JP AF Zhang, XQ Wang, XP Ross, K Hu, H Gustafson, JP TI Rapid introduction of disease resistance from rye into common wheat by anther culture of a 6x triticale x nulli-tetrasomic wheat SO PLANT BREEDING LA English DT Article DE Secale cereale; Triticum aestivum; anther culture; C-banding; doubled-haploid; in situ hybridization; isozyme ID POWDERY MILDEW RESISTANCE; ALPHA-AMYLASE; PROTEINS; HYBRIDS AB Powdery mildew (caused by Erysiphe graminis) and yellow rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis) are the two most serious wheat diseases found in China. Rye chromosomes, carrying genes for resistance to these diseases, were introduced into common wheat in two generations using chromosome engineering and anther culture. The F-1 hybrids from a cross involving a hexaploid triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) x 'Chinese Spring' nulli-tetrasomic N6DT6A wheat aneuploid line were anther cultured and doubled-haploid plants were regenerated. Using genomic in situ hybridization, C-banding and biochemical marker analyses, one of the anther-cultured lines (ZH-1)studied in derail, proved to be a doubled-haploid with one rye chromosome pair added (1R) and a homozygous 6R/6D substitution (2n = 44). The line was tested for expression of disease resistance and found to be highly resistant to powdery mildew and moderately resistant to yellow rust. C1 ARS, USDA, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Plant Sci Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Genet, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China. RP Gustafson, JP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0179-9541 J9 PLANT BREEDING JI Plant Breed. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 120 IS 1 BP 39 EP 42 DI 10.1046/j.1439-0523.2001.00550.x PG 4 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 409VX UT WOS:000167407300007 ER PT J AU Lilly, JW Havey, MJ Jackson, SA Jiang, JM AF Lilly, JW Havey, MJ Jackson, SA Jiang, JM TI Cytogenomic analyses reveal the structural plasticity of the chloroplast genome in higher plants SO PLANT CELL LA English DT Article ID FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; MOVING-PICTURES; DNA; REARRANGEMENTS; MITOCHONDRIA; EVOLUTION; SEQUENCE AB A DNA fiber-based fluorescence in situ hybridization (fiber-FISH) technique was developed to analyze the structure and organization of a large number of intact chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) molecules from Arabidopsis, tobacco, and pea. Using this cytogenomic approach, we determined that 25 to 45% of the cpDNA within developing leaf tissue consists of circular molecules. Both linear and circular DNA fibers with one to four copies of the chloroplast genome were present, with monomers being the predominant structure. Arabidopsis and tobacco chloroplasts contained previously unidentified multimers (>900 kb) consisting of six to 10 genome equivalents. We further discovered rearranged cpDNA molecules of incomplete genome equivalents, confirmed by both differential hybridizations and size estimations. The unique cpDNA organization and novel structures revealed in this study demonstrate that higher plant cpDNA is more structurally plastic than previous sequence and electrophoretic analyses have suggested. Additionally, we demonstrate how the fiber-FISH-based cytogenomic approach allows for powerful analysis of very rare events that cannot be detected by traditional techniques such as DNA gel blot hybridization or polymerase chain reaction. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Jiang, JM (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Jiang, Jiming/A-9614-2009 NR 21 TC 54 Z9 61 U1 4 U2 9 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 1040-4651 J9 PLANT CELL JI Plant Cell PD FEB PY 2001 VL 13 IS 2 BP 245 EP 254 DI 10.1105/tpc.13.2.245 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA 412FU UT WOS:000167545000002 PM 11226183 ER PT J AU Zhou, FS Kurth, JC Wei, FS Elliott, C Vale, G Yahiaoui, N Keller, B Somerville, S Wise, R Schulze-Lefert, P AF Zhou, FS Kurth, JC Wei, FS Elliott, C Vale, G Yahiaoui, N Keller, B Somerville, S Wise, R Schulze-Lefert, P TI Cell-autonomous expression of barley Mla1 confers race-specific resistance to the powdery mildew fungus via a Rar1-independent signaling pathway SO PLANT CELL LA English DT Article ID TOBACCO MOSAIC-VIRUS; F-SP HORDEI; ERYSIPHE-GRAMINIS; PATHOGEN RESISTANCE; FORMAE-SPECIALES; COMMON WHEAT; GENE; DISEASE; LOCUS; TRANSCRIPTS AB The barley Mla locus encodes 28 characterized resistance specificities to the biotrophic fungal pathogen barley powdery mildew. We describe a single-cell transient expression assay using entire cosmid DNAs to pinpoint Mla1 within the complex 240-kb Mla locus. The MLA1 cDNA encodes a 108-kD protein containing an N-terminal coiled-coil structure, a central nucleotide binding domain, and a C-terminal leucine-rich repeat region; it also contains a second short open reading frame at the 5' end that has a possible regulatory function. Although most Mla-encoded resistance specificities require Rar1 for their function, we used the single-cell expression system to demonstrate that Mla1 triggers full resistance in the presence of the severely defective rar1-2 mutant allele. Wheat contains an ortholog of barley Mla, designated TaMla, that is tightly linked to (0.7 centimorgan) but distinct from a tested resistance specificity at the complex Pm3 locus to wheat powdery mildew. Thus, the most polymorphic powdery mildew resistance loci in barley and wheat may have evolved in parallel at two closely linked homeoloci. Barley Mla1 expressed in wheat using the single-cell transformation system failed to trigger a response to any of the wheat powdery mildew Avr genes tested, indicating that AvrMla1 is not genetically fixed in wheat mildew strains. C1 John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Sainsbury Lab, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Interdept Genet Program, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Zurich, Inst Plant Biol, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland. Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Plant Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, USDA ARS, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Schulze-Lefert, P (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Zuchtungsforsch, Biochem Abt, Carl von Linne Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany. RI Schulze-Lefert, Paul/A-7746-2008; Schulze-Lefert, Paul/B-6707-2011; Elliott, Candace/F-1860-2011; OI Elliott, Candace/0000-0002-9174-0244; Vale, Giampiero/0000-0003-2158-9726 NR 40 TC 137 Z9 153 U1 2 U2 26 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 1040-4651 J9 PLANT CELL JI Plant Cell PD FEB PY 2001 VL 13 IS 2 BP 337 EP 350 DI 10.1105/tpc.13.2.337 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA 412FU UT WOS:000167545000008 PM 11226189 ER PT J AU Bhat, RG Subbarao, KV AF Bhat, RG Subbarao, KV TI Reaction of broccoli to isolates of Verticillium dahliae from various hosts SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE COMPOUNDS; CROP-ROTATION; SOIL; CAULIFLOWER; WILT; RESIDUE; MICROSCLEROTIA; GROWTH; BLIGHT; KLEB AB Isolates of Verticillium dahliae from 15 different hosts and V. albo-atrum from alfalfa were tested for their ability to cause wilt on broccoli using a root-dip inoculation method. None of the isolates caused vascular discoloration in broccoli except those from cabbage and cauliflower that were weakly pathogenic. Broccoli cultivars Baccus, Greenbelt, Parasol, Patriot, and Symphony showed resistance to Verticillium infection. Re-isolated strains from fresh samples of internally discolored broccoli and cauliflower root tissues were unable to cause disease symptoms on re-inoculation of broccoli, but caused severe disease on cauliflower. Inoculation of 5-, 7-, 9-, or 11-week-old plants did not alter the resistance in broccoli or the susceptibility in cauliflower against Verticillium. Immunity of broccoli against infection by isolates of V. dahliae from non-crucifer hosts, its resistance against crucifer isolates, and as previously described, attrition of V. dahliae microsclerotia in soil by broccoli residue, coupled with its importance as a commercial vegetable, make broccoli an attractive rotation crop for the management of Verticillium wilt in many cropping systems. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Pathol, US ARS, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. RP Subbarao, KV (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Pathol, US ARS, 1636 E Alisal St, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. OI Subbarao, Krishna/0000-0002-2075-1835 NR 36 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 85 IS 2 BP 141 EP 146 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.2.141 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 394RV UT WOS:000166537800006 ER PT J AU Kolmer, JA AF Kolmer, JA TI Physiologic specialization of Puccinia triticina in Canada in 1998 SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE specific resistance; specific virulence; wheat leaf rust ID F-SP TRITICI; UNITED-STATES; VIRULENCE; DIVERSITY; POPULATIONS AB In 1998, leaf rust of wheat (Triticum aestivum), caused by Puccinia triticina, was widespread throughout the prairies of western Canada. Warm summer temperatures with frequent dew periods favored spread of the disease in wheat fields in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. The Canada Prairie Spring wheat cultivars (AC Vista, AC Foremost, AC Crystal) were susceptible to leaf rust, while the bread wheat cultivars with leaf rust resistance genes Lr16 and Lr13 or Lr34 (AC Majestic, AC Domain, AC Barrie) had high to moderate levels of leaf rust infections. Bread wheat cultivars AC Cora, AC Minto, Pasqua, and McKenzie had trace to low levels of leaf rust infection. Thirty-four virulence phenotypes of P. triticina were identified on 16 Thatcher lines, which are near-isogenic for leaf rust resistance genes. Phenotypes with virulence to Lr16 in creased to 25% of isolates in Manitoba and Saskatchewan in 1998. Forty-three isolates were also tested for virulence to plants with the adult plant resistance genes Lr12, Lr13, Lr34, and Lr13,34. Most isolates had virulence to Lr12 and Lr13. All isolates had lower infection type on adult plants with Lr34 compared with Thatcher. C1 Agr & Agri Food Canada, Cereal Res Ctr, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. RP Kolmer, JA (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 10 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 85 IS 2 BP 155 EP 158 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.2.155 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 394RV UT WOS:000166537800008 ER PT J AU Edwards, MC Fetch, TG Schwarz, PB Steffenson, BJ AF Edwards, MC Fetch, TG Schwarz, PB Steffenson, BJ TI Effect of Barley yellow dwarf virus infection on yield and malting quality of barley SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE crop loss; Hordeum vulgare ID LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; WINTER-WHEAT; GRAINS; GROWTH; OAT AB Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) infection occurs frequently in barley in the Upper Midwest region of the United States; however, the impact of this disease on the yield and quality of malting cultivars has not been adequately addressed. Studies were conducted at Fargo, North Dakota (from 1989 to 1990) to determine the effect of BYDV infection on yield an malt quality parameters in barley Three malting cultivars varying in yield potential and matting characteristics were artificially inoculated at the seedling stage with a North Dakota BYDV isolate of the PAV serotype. Overall yields were reduced 32.5 to 38% in 1989 and 8.5 to 19.8% in 1990 by BYDV infection. Thousand-kernel weight (3.2 to 14.9%) and kernel plumpness (11.9 to 38.9%) also were reduced. Kernel color and three malt quality parameters (alpha -amylase; malt recovery, and wort viscosity) were not affected by BYDV infection. Increases in wort protein (2.5 to 14.5%) and diastatic power (3.8 to 12.6%), and decreases in malt extract (1.1 to 5.6%) were found. Most notably, total protein increased 4.6 to 17.5% with BYDV infection. Higher proportions of thin seed, as a result of BYDV infection, contributed to the effects on several quality parameters. In summary, the negative effect of BYDV infection on overall quality is significant and should be considered when assessing the impact of this disease. Although annual BYD disease-related losses are typically not extensive in the Midwestern malting barley region, the incorporation of host resistance into recommended cultivars would ameliorate the negative effects of BYD disease on crop quality as well as on yield. C1 USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Cereal Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Edwards, MC (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. OI Steffenson, Brian/0000-0001-7961-5363 NR 40 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 85 IS 2 BP 202 EP 207 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.2.202 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 394RV UT WOS:000166537800016 ER PT J AU Han, YN Liu, XG Benny, U Kistler, HC VanEtten, HD AF Han, YN Liu, XG Benny, U Kistler, HC VanEtten, HD TI Genes determining pathogenicity to pea are clustered on a supernumerary chromosome in the fungal plant pathogen Nectria haematococca SO PLANT JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Pisum sativum; Fusarium solani; pathogenicity island ID EFFLUX PUMP; FUSARIUM-SPOROTRICHIOIDES; PISATIN DEMETHYLATION; COCHLIOBOLUS-CARBONUM; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SELFISH OPERONS; III SECRETION; VIRULENCE; TRANSPOSON; EVOLUTION AB Three genes that contribute to the ability of the fungus Nectria haematococca to cause disease on pea plants have been identified. These pea pathogenicity (PEP) genes are within 25 kb of each other and are located on a supernumerary chromosome. Altogether, the PEP gene cluster contains six transcriptional units that are expressed during infection of pea tissue. The biochemical function of only one of the genes is known with certainty. This gene, PDA1, encodes a specific cytochrome P450 that confers resistance to pisatin, an antibiotic produced by pea plants. The three new PEP genes, in addition to PDA1, can independently increase the ability of the fungus to cause lesions on pea when added to an isolate lacking the supernumerary chromosome. Based on predicted amino acid sequences, functions for two of these three genes are hypothesized. The deduced amino acid sequence of another transcribed portion of the PEP cluster, as well as four other open reading frames in the cluster, have a high degree of similarity to known fungal transposases. Several of the features of the PEP cluster - a cluster of pathogenicity genes, the presence of transposable elements, and differences in codon usage and GC content from other portions of the genome - are shared by pathogenicity islands in pathogenic bacteria of plants and animals. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, Grad Program Plant Mol & Cellular Biol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Plant Pathol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Kistler, HC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Cereal Dis Lab, 1551 Lindig St, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 49 TC 106 Z9 114 U1 1 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-7412 J9 PLANT J JI Plant J. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 25 IS 3 BP 305 EP 314 DI 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.00969.x PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 402UY UT WOS:000167007600006 PM 11208022 ER PT J AU Halterman, D Zhou, FS Wei, FS Wise, RP Schulze-Lefert, P AF Halterman, D Zhou, FS Wei, FS Wise, RP Schulze-Lefert, P TI The MLA6 coiled-coil, NBS-LRR protein confers AvrMla6-dependent resistance specificity to Blumeria graminis f. sp hordei in barley and wheat SO PLANT JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE CC-NBS-LRR; Rar1-dependent signaling; heterologous resistance specificity; alternative splicing ID POWDERY MILDEW RESISTANCE; TOBACCO MOSAIC-VIRUS; TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; FLAX RUST RESISTANCE; FOR-GENE CONCEPT; DISEASE-RESISTANCE; ERYSIPHE-GRAMINIS; 5'-UNTRANSLATED REGION; DIVERGENT SELECTION; ALLELIC VARIATION AB The barley Mla locus confers multiple resistance specificities to the obligate fungal biotroph, Blumeria (= Erysiphe) graminis f. sp. hordei. Interspersed within the 240 kb Mla complex are three families of resistance gene homologs (RGHs). Probes from the Mla-RGH1 family were used to identify three classes of cDNAs. The first class is predicted to encode a full-length CC-NBS-LRR protein and the other two classes contain alternatively spliced, truncated variants. Utilizing a cosmid that contains a gene corresponding to the full-length candidate cDNA, two single-cell expression assays were used to demonstrate complementation of AvrMla6-dependent, resistance specificity to B. graminis in barley and wheat. The first of these assays was also used to substantiate previous genetic data that the Mla6 allele requires the signaling pathway component, Rar1, for function. Computational analysis of MLA6 and the Rar1-independent, MLA1 protein reveals 91.2% identity and shows that the LRR domain is subject to diversifying selection. Our findings demonstrate that highly related CC-NBS-LRR proteins encoded by alleles of the Mla locus can dictate similar powdery mildew resistance phenotypes yet still require distinct downstream signaling components. C1 Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Interdepartmental Genet Program, Ames, IA 50011 USA. John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Sainsbury Lab, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England. RP Wise, RP (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Schulze-Lefert, Paul/A-7746-2008; Halterman, Dennis/A-7630-2009; Schulze-Lefert, Paul/B-6707-2011 NR 74 TC 130 Z9 145 U1 3 U2 13 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-7412 J9 PLANT J JI Plant J. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 25 IS 3 BP 335 EP 348 DI 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.00982.x PG 14 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 402UY UT WOS:000167007600009 PM 11208025 ER PT J AU Subbaiah, CC Sachs, MM AF Subbaiah, CC Sachs, MM TI Altered patterns of sucrose synthase phosphorylation and localization precede callose induction and root tip death in anoxic maize seedling SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MEMBRANE ASSOCIATION; GENE-EXPRESSION; DOUBLE MUTANT; PROTEIN; ARABIDOPSIS; SURVIVAL; CALCIUM; PLANTS; KINASE; CELLS AB Root extracts made from maize (Zea mays) seedlings submerged for 2 h showed an increased P-32-labeling of a 90-kD polypeptide in a Ca2+-dependent manner. This protein was identified as sucrose synthase (SS) by immunoprecipitation and mutant analysis. Metabolic labeling with P-32(i) indicated that the aerobic levels of SS phosphorylation were maintained up to 2 h of anoxia. Ln contrast, during prolonged anoxia the protein was under-phosphorylated, and by 48 h most of the protein existed in the unphosphorylated form. In seedlings submerged for 2 h or longer, a part of SS became associated with the microsomal. fraction and this membrane localization of SS was confined only to the root tip. This redistribution of SS in the root tip preceded callose induction, an indicator of cell death. The sh1 mutants showed sustained SS phosphorylation and lacked the anoxia-induced relocation of SS, indicating that it was the SH1 form of the enzyme that was redistributed during anoxia. The sh1 mutants also showed less callose deposition and greater tolerance to prolonged anoxia than their non-mutant siblings. EGTA accentuated anoxic effects on membrane localization of SS and callose accumulation, whereas Ca2+ addition reversed the EGTA effects. These results indicate that the membrane localization of SS is an important early event in the anoxic root tip, probably associated with the differential anoxic tolerance of the two SS mutants. We propose that beside the transcriptional control of genes encoding SS, the reversible phosphorylation of SS provides a potent regulatory mechanism of sugar metabolism in response to developmental and environmental signals. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Subbaiah, CC (reprint author), DNA Plant Technol Corp, 6701 San Pablo Ave, Oakland, CA 94608 USA. NR 31 TC 44 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 125 IS 2 BP 585 EP 594 DI 10.1104/pp.125.2.585 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 412FQ UT WOS:000167544700011 PM 11161016 ER PT J AU Steber, CM McCourt, P AF Steber, CM McCourt, P TI A role for brassinosteroids in germination in Arabidopsis SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID THALIANA L HEYNH; ABSCISIC-ACID; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; INSENSITIVE MUTANTS; SEED-GERMINATION; CELL ELONGATION; PLANT-GROWTH; BIOSYNTHESIS; DEFICIENT; RESPONSES AB This paper presents evidence that plant brassinosteroid (BR) hormones play a role in promoting germination. It has long been recognized that seed dormancy and germination are regulated by the plant hormones abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA). These two hormones act antagonistically with each other. ABA induces seed dormancy in maturing embryos and inhibits germination of seeds. GA breaks seed dormancy and promotes germination. Severe mutations in GA biosynthetic genes in Arabidopsis, such as ga1-3, result in a requirement for GA application to germinate. Whereas previous work has shown that BRs play a critical role in controlling cell elongation, cell division, and skotomorphogenesis, no germination phenotypes have been reported in BR mutants. We show that BR rescues the germination phenotype of severe GA biosynthetic mutants and of the GA-insensitive mutant sleepy1. This result shows that BR stimulates germination and raises the possibility that BR is needed for normal germination. If true, we would expect to detect a germination phenotype in BR mutants. We found that BR mutants exhibit a germination phenotype in the presence of ABA. Germination of both the BR biosynthetic mutant det2-1 and the BR-insensitive mutant bri1-1. is more strongly inhibited by ABA than is germination of wild type. Thus, the BR signal is needed to overcome inhibition of germination by ABA. Taken together, these results point to a role for BRs in stimulating germination. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Bot, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada. RP Steber, CM (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, 209 Johnson Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 37 TC 182 Z9 210 U1 9 U2 37 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 125 IS 2 BP 763 EP 769 DI 10.1104/pp.125.2.763 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 412FQ UT WOS:000167544700028 PM 11161033 ER PT J AU Canel, C Dayan, FE Ganzera, M Khan, IA Rimando, A Burandt, CL Moraes, RM AF Canel, C Dayan, FE Ganzera, M Khan, IA Rimando, A Burandt, CL Moraes, RM TI High yield of podophyllotoxin from leaves of Podophyllum peltatum by in situ conversion of podophyllotoxin 4 O-beta-D-glucopyranoside SO PLANTA MEDICA LA English DT Letter ID ARYLTETRALIN LIGNANS; CELL-CULTURES; LINUM-FLAVUM; HEXANDRUM AB Rehydration of powdered tissues of Podophyllum peltatum L. prior to extraction with an organic solvent allows endogenous beta -glucosidases to hydrolyze lignan 4-O-beta -D-glucosides in situ and increase the yield of podophyllotoxin. Aqueous extraction of rhizomes and leaves of P. peltatum yielded 4- to 10-fold greater quantities of podophyllotoxin than the traditional ethanolic extraction. Most significantly, leaves were shown to contain over 52 mg of podophyllotoxin per g of dry weight: (5.2%), exceeding levels previously reported from any source. These results point to the use of leaves harvested from cultivated P. peltatum as an attractive alternative to the destructive collection of natural populations. C1 USDA ARS, NPURU, Natl Ctr Nat Prod Res, University, MS 38677 USA. Univ Mississippi, Sch Pharm, Pharmaceut Sci Res Inst, Natl Ctr Nat Prod Res, University, MS 38677 USA. RP Dayan, FE (reprint author), USDA ARS, NPURU, Natl Ctr Nat Prod Res, University, MS 38677 USA. EM fdayan@olemiss.edu RI Dayan, Franck/A-7592-2009; OI Dayan, Franck/0000-0001-6964-2499; Ganzera, Markus/0000-0002-7407-9060 NR 11 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 10 PU GEORG THIEME VERLAG KG PI STUTTGART PA RUDIGERSTR 14, D-70469 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0032-0943 J9 PLANTA MED JI Planta Med. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 67 IS 1 BP 97 EP 99 DI 10.1055/s-2001-10636 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Integrative & Complementary Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Integrative & Complementary Medicine GA 408NJ UT WOS:000167332000023 PM 11270736 ER PT J AU Ju, ZG Bramlage, WJ AF Ju, ZG Bramlage, WJ TI Developmental changes of cuticular constituents and their association with ethylene during fruit ripening in 'Delicious' apples SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ethylene; cuticle; wax; alpha-farnesene; apples ID SUPERFICIAL SCALD; ANTIOXIDANTS; PHENOLICS AB Developmental changes in total cuticle and cuticular constituents and their responses to ethylene during fruit ripening were studied using 'Delicious' apples. Total chloroform extractable wax and total cutin (including carbohydrate polymers) were 3.1 and 5.4 g m(-2), respectively, in young fruit. They increased during fruit development and reached 14.1 and 74.7 g m(-2) of fruit peel, respectively, at harvest. During postharvest fruit ripening at 20 degreesC, total cutin did not change but total wax increased to 21.5 g m(-2) at 6 weeks. The increase of cuticular wax paralleled the increase of internal ethylene in fruit. Wax was separated by column chromatography into four portions hydrocarbons and wax esters, free alcohols, free fatty acids, and diols. More than half of the diol fraction was ursolic acid. During fruit development, more hydrocarbons and diols than free fatty acids and alcohols accumulated in cuticle. During fruit ripening, all four portions increased, coinciding with the climacteric rise in ethylene, but rates of increase of free fatty acids and alcohols were higher than those of other portions. Preharvest treatment with 220 mg l(-1) aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) inhibited internal ethylene to < 0.5 mg l(-1) during 6 weeks at 20C and no wax accumulation was detected in AVG-treated fruit. Preharvest treatment with 200 mg l(-1) ethephon increased internal ethylene and accelerated wax accumulation compared with controls. Ethephon accelerated and AVG inhibited alpha -farnesene accumulation. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Ju, ZG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 24 TC 16 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 21 IS 3 BP 257 EP 263 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(00)00156-3 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 406TV UT WOS:000167232000001 ER PT J AU Jang, EB Chan, HT Nishijima, KA Nagata, JT McKenney, MP Carvalho, LA Schneider, EL AF Jang, EB Chan, HT Nishijima, KA Nagata, JT McKenney, MP Carvalho, LA Schneider, EL TI Effect of heat shock and quarantine cold treatment with a warm temperature spike on survival of Mediterranean fruit fly eggs and fruit quality in Hawaii-grown 'Sharwil' avocado SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Persea americana; avocado; heat shock; quarantine cold treatment; mediterranean fruit fly; Ceratitis capitata; fruit quality ID TOLERANCE AB The effects of a transient (warming) temperature spike on efficacy of an APHIS approved quarantine cold treatment, T107 (a), against Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, was tested on Hawaii grown 'Sharwil' avocados. Avocados infested with late stage eggs were subjected to a warming temperature spike (ca. 4.2 degreesC for 1 h) at 6-9 days into the treatment and subsequently allowed to resume the treatment until conclusion (12 days at < 1.1C, 14 days at < 1.67C or 16 days at < 2.2C). Insertion of a ca. 4.2 degreesC temperature spike into the treatment at 6-9 days had no effect on the efficacy of the quarantine cold treatment when fruit were allowed to resume the treatment to completion. Infested fruit which did not receive a 'heat shock' treatment (recommended to improve fruit quality) and subjected to cold treatment for 6-16 days at either < 1.1, < 1.67 or ( 2.2 degreesC (fruit center temperature) had no survivors in the fruit by the 9th day of cold treatment. Infested avocados subjected to a 'heat shock' treatment for 10-12 h at 38 degreesC prior to cold treatment las above) had no survivors in the fruit by the 8th day of cold treatment. Results of this study indicate that a transient (warm) temperature spike of ca. 4.2 degreesC of the type experienced during an in-transit cold treatment of Hawaii grown 'Sharwil' avocados will not compromise the efficacy of the treatment. This study also reconfirmed that the T107 (a) cold treatment las stated in the APHIS treatment manual) is efficacious against Mediterranean fruit fly eggs in 'Sharwil' avocados, and that use of a 'heat shock' to prevent chilling injury during the cold treatment did not extend-survivorship of fruit fly eggs. Studies on the effects of prolonged (18-28 day) cold storage on fruit quality indicated that avocados can be stored at quarantine cold temperature (pulp, 1.1-2.2 degreesC) for up to 24 days without significant loss of external and internal quality compared to fruit quality at 12-16 days storage. Also, shelf life, Gray Flesh discoloration (of internal tissue), and disease were not affected by the prolonged storage duration. (C) Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RP Jang, EB (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, POB 4459, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 21 IS 3 BP 311 EP 320 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(00)00174-5 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 406TV UT WOS:000167232000006 ER PT J AU Stern, NJ Cox, NA Bailey, JS Berrang, ME Musgrove, MT AF Stern, NJ Cox, NA Bailey, JS Berrang, ME Musgrove, MT TI Comparison of mucosal competitive exclusion and competitive exclusion treatment to reduce Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. colonization in broiler chickens SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE competitive exclusion; poultry; Salmonella; Campylobacter spp. ID JEJUNI; PREVENTION AB Control of Salmonella spp. during the earliest phases of broiler production may provide the best opportunity to reduce human pathogens on processed broiler carcasses. Application of the "Nurmi concept" has been demonstrated to be an effective means in reducing Salmonella colonization among broiler chicks. In 1989, Aho et al. developed a competitive exclusion (CE) culture for control of Salmonella spp., whereas a mucosal competitive exclusion culture (MCE) developed in the United States was originally created to control Campylobacter colonization (Stern et al., 1995). The major differences in the two patents were the higher level of anaerobic culture required, the degree of epithelial scraping and washing of the ceca, media used for subculturing, and the culture incubation temperatures (35 C vs. 42 C). The CE and MCE were compared for efficacy in reducing Salmonella and Campylobacter colonization in broiler chicks. Nine adult birds (three for each of three replicates) were slaughtered, and each of a bird's paired ceca were used to produce corresponding antagonistic microflora, which were administered to day-of-hatch chicks. The chicks (a total of 210) were challenged 24 h later with Salmonella and Campylobacter and were killed 1 wk later, and levels of the pathogens were determined. Ninety CE-treated birds were significantly more colonized by Salmonella typhimurium than those 90 chicks treated with the MCE microflora (3.97 log 10 cfu/g cecal contents vs. 1.25 log 10 cfu/g cecal contents). Also, Campylobacter spp. colonization of these birds was significantly higher for CE-treated birds when compared with MCE-treated birds (6.96 log 10 cfu/ g cecal contents vs. 5.03 log 10 cfu/g cecal contents). These results can be useful in developing intervention strategies to reduce chicken colonization by Salmonella and Campylobacter. C1 USDA ARS, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30605 USA. USDA ARS, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Stern, NJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, 950 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 19 TC 77 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 6 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 80 IS 2 BP 156 EP 160 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 401LF UT WOS:000166928500006 PM 11233003 ER PT J AU Reeds, P AF Reeds, P TI The biology of amino acid requirements: what do they mean and can we measure them? SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUTRITION SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Protein and Amino Acid Requirements and Recommendations CY APR 10-11, 2000 CL CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND DE amino acid requirements; dietary amino acids; recommended dietary allowance ID PROTEIN-REQUIREMENTS; MILLWARD; PIGLETS C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Reeds, P (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0029-6651 J9 P NUTR SOC JI Proc. Nutr. Soc. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 60 IS 1 BP 13 EP 14 DI 10.1079/PNS200066 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 414WJ UT WOS:000167688900004 PM 11310418 ER PT J AU Buehlmann, U Thomas, RE AF Buehlmann, U Thomas, RE TI Lumber yield optimization software validation and performance review SO ROBOTICS AND COMPUTER-INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on Flexible Automation and Intelligent Manufacturing CY JUN, 2000 CL UNIV MARYLAND, COLLEGE PK, MARYLAND HO UNIV MARYLAND DE simulation and optimization software; software validation; software performance review; lumber yield optimization and simulation ID ROUGH MILL SYSTEMS; MACHINE VISION; PROGRAM; PARTS AB Exhaustive search algorithms in simulation models are used by the secondary wood industry to find the optimal cutting pattern to cut lumber into dimension parts. Finding the optimum cut-up solution is of paramount importance to the industry for controlling product costs. For this purpose, the USDA Forest Service created the ROugh MIII RIP-first simulator (ROMI-RIP), a simulation model providing near optimum lumber cut-up solutions. However, ROMI-RIP was never truly validated nor was its performance directly proven. This study used data derived from a state-of-the-art rough mill to validate the program and to show its performance. Results show that ROMI-RIP outperformed the rough mill by more than 7% yield (71.1% versus 64.0%). Manufacturers of solid-wood products can realize significant yield gains by using ROMI-RIP. Additional benefits include lower production costs and significant savings in raw materials. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Wood & Paper Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Northeastern Res Stn, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. RP Buehlmann, U (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 3036B Biltmore Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 24 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0736-5845 J9 ROBOT CIM-INT MANUF JI Robot. Comput.-Integr. Manuf. PD FEB-APR PY 2001 VL 17 IS 1-2 BP 27 EP 32 DI 10.1016/S0736-5845(00)00034-X PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Manufacturing; Robotics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Robotics GA 412UB UT WOS:000167571800005 ER PT J AU Roche, D Chen, ZB Hanna, WW Ozias-Akins, P AF Roche, D Chen, ZB Hanna, WW Ozias-Akins, P TI Non-Mendelian transmission of an apospory-specific genomic region in a reciprocal cross between sexual pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and an apomictic F1 (P-glaucum x P-squamulatum) SO SEXUAL PLANT REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE apomixis; apospory; segregation ratio distortion; gamete lethality; imprinting ID MOLECULAR MARKERS; APOMIXIS; HYBRIDS; REPRODUCTION; LOCUS AB We recently showed that aposporous apomixis, a form of gametophytic apomixis, is controlled by a single apospory-specific genomic region (ASGR) in both Pennisetum squamulatum and Cenchrus ciliaris. We present evidence that in a reciprocal cross between sexual pearl millet (P. glaucum) and an apomictic F1 (P. glaucum x P. squamulatum) the ASGR is not transmitted at the same rate. When pearl millet was used as the female parent and the apomictic genotype as the pollen donor, the ASGR was transmitted at a rate of 0.41 in a progeny of 57 plants, indicating a slight transmission ratio distortion. However, in a population of 52 rare sexual progenies characterized among a large progeny of a quasi-obligate apomict (an F1 hybrid of P. glaucum x P. squamulatum), the transmission rate of ASGR was only 0.12. This strong segregation distortion may have occurred at four different levels: (1) female meiosis, (2) during female gametophyte maturation, (3) upon fertilization with differential survival of embryos being a consequence of differential gene expression controlled by parent-of-origin specific effects (imprinting) and (4) at a later developmental stage of the embryo through an embryo/endosperm genetic incompatibility system. C1 Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Dept Hort, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. ARS, USDA, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Ozias-Akins, P (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Dept Hort, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 26 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0934-0882 J9 SEX PLANT REPROD JI Sex. Plant Reprod. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 13 IS 4 BP 217 EP 223 DI 10.1007/s004970000060 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences; Reproductive Biology SC Plant Sciences; Reproductive Biology GA 409ZP UT WOS:000167415800006 ER PT J AU Carr, DS Halvorsen, K AF Carr, DS Halvorsen, K TI An evaluation of three democratic, community-based approaches to citizen participation: Surveys, conversations with community groups, and community dinners SO SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE community forestry; evaluating participatory techniques; participatory democracy; public forest management; public participation ID PUBLIC-PARTICIPATION; MANAGEMENT; FORESTRY; MECHANISMS AB In recent years, the thinking of practitioners and scholars from the fields of community development and public involvement has converged in supporting local, community-bared approaches for citizen participation in making decisions about the management of public lands. Community-based approaches are supported because citizens have local knowledge, understand local conditions, can practice direct democracy, and can help develop solutions to problems of integrated and sustainable forest management. However there is little information available to evaluate the effectiveness of community-based strategies. This study evaluates how well three participatory techniques-a mail survey, focused conversations with existing community groups, and community dinners-meet three key community-oriented criteria: representativeness, working toward identification of community-wide common good, and incorporation of values and beliefs into the discussion. The evaluation conducted in this study indicates that the techniques produce positive results for two of these criteria, but may not be representative of the communities as a whole. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Social Sci, Houghton, MI USA. RP Carr, DS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, 1407 S Harrison,Room 220, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 39 TC 61 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 14 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0894-1920 J9 SOC NATUR RESOUR JI Soc. Nat. Resour. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 14 IS 2 BP 107 EP 126 DI 10.1080/089419201300000526 PG 20 WC Environmental Studies; Planning & Development; Sociology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Sociology GA 410EP UT WOS:000167427300002 ER PT J AU Gimenez, D Rawls, WJ Pachepsky, Y Watt, JPC AF Gimenez, D Rawls, WJ Pachepsky, Y Watt, JPC TI Prediction of a pore distribution factor from soil textural and mechanical parameters SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE soil-water retention; pedotransfer functions; penetration resistance; single-vane shear test; particle-size distribution ID PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION; WATER-RETENTION CURVE; PENETRATION RESISTANCE; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; ORGANIC-MATTER; BULK-DENSITY; CHARACTERIZE; MANAGEMENT; MODEL AB Soil-water retention properties (WRC) are required for modeling purposes, but data availability is restricted by the high cost of measurements. Prediction of WRC from particle size distribution (PSD) is a useful approach that could be improved by accounting for soil structure. Mechanical parameters can characterize soil structure in situ, Our objective was to use mechanical and PSD parameters to estimate a pore distribution factor, lambda, from a power-law model of WRC, Samples for WRC and PSD determinations were taken in pre-wetted horizons after characterization of soil structure with multiple measurements of a single-vane shear test (SB) and penetration resistance (PR), Mechanical parameters were the mean, M, and standard deviation, a, of SB and PR. Parameters characterizing a PSD were the power exponent of a cumulative exponential function, beta; the geometric mean, mu ((r)) = e(mu 1n(r)), and standard deviation, a of a lognormal distribution; and clay content. Models of lambda were built with the Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) first using textural and mechanical parameters separately and then using each textural variable with all mechanical parameters. Both mu ((r)) and sigma (1n(r)) were consistently selected as the best textural estimators of lambda. The best mechanical estimators were log(M-SB) and sigma (SB). In models that included textural and mechanical parameters, sigma (PR) was selected consistently regardless of the textural parameter used. Textural parameters were better predictors than mechanical parameters, even though the latter alone provided a reasonable estimate of lambda. Mechanical parameters improved textural estimates of lambda only when clay content was used to characterize a PSD. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Bot, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Landcare Res, Havelock N, New Zealand. RP Gimenez, D (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, 14 Coll Farm Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. RI Gimenez, Daniel/A-6193-2013; OI Pachepsky, Yakov/0000-0003-0232-6090 NR 45 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 166 IS 2 BP 79 EP 88 DI 10.1097/00010694-200102000-00001 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 404YX UT WOS:000167131300001 ER PT J AU Ogg, CM Baker, JC Edmonds, WJ AF Ogg, CM Baker, JC Edmonds, WJ TI Quartzite-cobble weathering in alluvial-fan soils of the Virginia Blue Ridge SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Virginia; cobble weathering; alluvial fans; statistics ID CHRONOSEQUENCE AB Extremely weathered quartzite cobbles are embedded in Paleudults, Hapludults, and Fragiudults developed on alluvial fans along the western footslopes of the Blue Ridge, central Virginia. The cobbles are intriguing because their weathering patterns and physical condition imply longterm in situ weathering. This study was conducted to explore the feasibility of using the cobbles to correlate the soils by determining if there is a soil-cobble weathering relationship. Ninty-three cobbles were collected from 10 locations. Cobble bulk density (rho (cb)) was compared using the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric procedure. Free Fe from the cobbles (Fe(cb)) was compared with a two-level nested analysis of variance for unequal sample sizes. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated for rho (cb) versus several soil and cobble properties. Among five sites on gently sloping landscapes, weathered pcb ranged from 2.17 to 2.32 Mg m(-3) and was not significantly different. At the other sites rho (cb) was significantly different and ranged from 2.39 to 2.52 Mg m(-3): Variation of Fe(cb) among cobbles within sites was 72.8%, thus making It difficult to suggest a within-site weathering scenario. Variation among sites of the Fe(cb) was only 13.1% suggesting similar weathering processes controlled cobble alteration across the study area. No significant correlation was found between rho (cb) and soil physical properties or cobble sand fractions. Correlation coefficients for rho (cb) versus Fe(cb) (r = -0.73**), hydroxy interlayered vermiculite (r = -0.76**), and slope (r = 0.69*) indicate that pedoenvironment is a primary factor for cobble weathering. rho (cb), Fe(cb), and hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite seem to be promising parameters for correlating Blue Ridge alluvial-fan soils when sites are within narrowly defined slope classes. C1 USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Bishopville, SC 29010 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Ogg, CM (reprint author), USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Bishopville, SC 29010 USA. EM charlie.ogg@sc.usda.gov NR 34 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 166 IS 2 BP 127 EP 136 DI 10.1097/00010694-200102000-00006 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 404YX UT WOS:000167131300006 ER PT J AU McDowell, R Sharpley, A Brookes, P Poulton, P AF McDowell, R Sharpley, A Brookes, P Poulton, P TI Relationship between soil test phosphorus and phosphorus release to solution SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE phosphorus; soil solution; quantity; intensity; change point ID AVAILABILITY; PHOSPHATE; DRAINAGE AB Continued fertilizer applications in excess of those required for optimum plant growth can increase soil phosphorus (P) concentration and the potential for P movement to surface waters, which can contribute to freshwater eutrophication, Although soil test methods were developed for soil fertility assessment and fertilizer recommendations, they are frequently used for environmental risk assessment because of a lack of consensus on what constitutes a technically defensible environmental soil P test. Several studies have found soil test P (STP) is related to the concentration or release of P into soil solution-overland, subsurface, or drainage flow-by two linear relationships of significantly different slopes (P < 0.05) on either side of a change point for a limited number of soils. Thus, we investigated the existence and behavior of a change point in soil P release for a wide range of variously managed soils from the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and the United States, The soils varied in pH (3.0-8.2), organic C (1-172 g kg(-1)), and P (2-173 mg kg(-1) as 0.5M NaHCO3 extractable P (Olsen P) and 21-553 mg kg(-1) as Mehlich-3 P), Soil P release was determined by CaCl2 extraction (5:1 solution to soil ratio for 30 min). For all soils, CaCl2-P increased with STP as either Olsen or Mehlich-3 P (representing a quantity/intensity relationship typical of sorption-desorption isotherms). Statistically significant (P < 0.05) change points for Olsen P occurred in most soils (20-112 mg P kg(-1)) and for Mehlich-3 P for the United States soils (120-190 mg P kg(-1)). Soil P release (CaCl2-P) increased at a greater rate per unit STP increase above these change points than below, Where no change point was detected, it was found that sampled soils were either of low or high P saturation and, thus, were grouped below or above the change point. The change point could be estimated to within 40% of the determined value with a minimum of eight randomly selected samples (4 on either side of the change point). C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. IACR Rothamsted, Dept Soil Sci, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, Herts, England. RP McDowell, R (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. OI McDowell, Richard/0000-0003-3911-4825 NR 33 TC 78 Z9 98 U1 4 U2 32 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 166 IS 2 BP 137 EP 149 DI 10.1097/00010694-200102000-00007 PG 13 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 404YX UT WOS:000167131300007 ER PT J AU Nyakatawa, EZ Reddy, KC Sistani, KR AF Nyakatawa, EZ Reddy, KC Sistani, KR TI Tillage, cover cropping, and poultry litter effects on selected soil chemical properties SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE cotton; cover crop; mulch-till; no-till; poultry litter; RUSLE; soil erosion; soil organic matter ID NO-TILL; ORGANIC-CARBON; NITROGEN; SYSTEMS; WHEAT; INTENSITY; NUTRITION; COTTON; GROWTH; WATER AB Conservation tillage systems such as no-till with winter rye cover cropping change soil chemical properties, which affect crop growth and the environment. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of no-till and mulch-till systems, surface application of poultry litter, and winter rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop on soil pH, soil organic matter (SOM), and N and P concentrations in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plots. The study was done on a Decatur silt loam in north Alabama from 1996 to 1998. SOM under no-till and mulch-till systems in the 0-15 cm soil depth in November 1998 was 22 g kg(-1) (P < 0.05) compared with 15 g kg(-1) in November 1996. A similar result was obtained with winter rye cover cropping compared with cotton-winter Fallow system. Surface application of poultry litter at 100 or 200 kg N ha(-1) increased SOM by 55-80%. In the 200 kg N ha(-1) poultry litter treatment, NH4 in the 30-90 cm soil depth in November 1998 was 22% higher than that in November 1996. Compared with the ammonium nitrate, the poultry litter treatment plots had up to 40% more NO3 in the 0-30 cm soil depth after the first year of study. Extractable P and soil pH at the end of the study were similar to those at the beginning. This study shows that no-till and mulch-till, winter rye cover cropping, and surface application of poultry litter in cotton production systems can rapidly increase surface SOM. The increase in SOM was attributed to less biological oxidation of crop residues and from soil C contributed by poultry litter. Crop uptake of N and P prevented a significant build up of these nutrient. These results are important to production systems in the US cotton belt where soil productivity is threatened by erosion because of low SOM levels and the safe disposal of poultry litter is becoming a major environmental problem, (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Alabama A&M Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Normal, AL 35762 USA. ARS, USDA, Waste Management & Forage Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Reddy, KC (reprint author), Alabama A&M Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, POB 1208, Normal, AL 35762 USA. NR 32 TC 53 Z9 57 U1 3 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 58 IS 1-2 BP 69 EP 79 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(00)00183-5 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 408YQ UT WOS:000167355100007 ER PT J AU Guraya, HS James, C Champagne, ET AF Guraya, HS James, C Champagne, ET TI Effect of cooling, and freezing on the digestibility of debranched rice starch and physical properties of the resulting material SO STARCH-STARKE LA English DT Article DE slowly digestible starch; resistant starch; pullulanase; cooling ID CHAIN-LENGTH; AMYLOSE; GELATION; AGGREGATION; AMYLOPECTIN AB Ten percent non-waxy and waxy starch suspensions were debranched with pullulanase followed by heating and cooling (1 degreesC) to crystallize and/or gel. Products with a range of textures can be made depending on the type (waxy and non-waxy) of starch used. The water holding capacity was 35% and 84% for waxy and non-waxy cooled debranched starch, respectively, at 4 h of cooling and did not change. The hardness of the debranched waxy and non-waxy starch continued to increase beyond 24 h up to 45 g and 245 g of force, respectively. The particle size of precipitates of non-waxy and waxy debranched starch was 45 mum and 4 mum after 4 h of cooling and did not change. Cooling of debranched non-waxy starch at 1 degreesC for 12h without agitation decreased digestibility by 59%; with stirring digestibility decreased by 42% after 24 h of cooling. Freezing of debranched cooled waxy and non-waxy starch does not effect the decreases in digestibility. Particle size of debranched, cooled/freeze-thawed, dried, and milled starch affects digestibility. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Guraya, HS (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 19 TC 43 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 8 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0038-9056 J9 STARCH-STARKE JI Starch-Starke PD FEB PY 2001 VL 53 IS 2 BP 64 EP 74 DI 10.1002/1521-379X(200102)53:2<64::AID-STAR64>3.0.CO;2-R PG 11 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 410QA UT WOS:000167449600002 ER PT J AU Klein, RR Rodriguez-Herrera, R Schlueter, JA Klein, PE Yu, ZH Rooney, WL AF Klein, RR Rodriguez-Herrera, R Schlueter, JA Klein, PE Yu, ZH Rooney, WL TI Identification of genomic regions that affect grain-mould incidence and other traits of agronomic importance in sorghum SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE sorghum; recombinant inbred line; molecular markers; QTLs ID BICOLOR L. MOENCH; RECOMBINANT INBRED LINES; AFFECTING PLANT HEIGHT; MOLD RESISTANCE; RFLP MAP; MAIZE; REGISTRATION; POPULATION; GENES; LOCI AB Grain-mould is a major problem in grain sorghum utilization as mouldy grain has a reduced quality due to the deterioration of the endosperm and reduced embryo viability. Here, our objective was to use genome mapping to improve knowledge of genetic variation and co-variation for grain-mould incidence and other interrelated agronomic traits. Grain-mould incidence, kernel-milling hardness, grain density, plant height, panicle peduncle length, foliar-disease incidence, and plant color were measured on 125 F-5 genotypes derived from a cross of Sureno and RTx430. Quantitative trait loci were detected by means of 130 mapped markers (44 microsatellites, 85 AFLPs, one morphological-trait locus) distributed among ten linkage groups covering 970 cM. One to five QTLs affected each trait, with the exception of grain density for which no QTLs were detected. Grain-mould incidence was affected by five QTLs each accounting for between 10 and 23% of the phenotypic variance. The effects and relative positions of QTLs for grain-mould incidence were in accordance with the QTL distribution of several inter-related agronomic traits (e.g., plant height, peduncle length) and with the correlation between these phenotypic traits and grain-mould incidence. The detection of QTLs for grain-mould incidence was dependent on the environment, which is consistent with heritibility estimates that show strong environmental and genotype x environment effects. Several. genomic regions affected multiple traits including one region that affected grain-mould incidence, plant height, panicle peduncle length, and grain-milling hardness, and a second region that influenced grain-mould tin four environments) and plant height. One genomic region, which harbors loci for plant color, influenced the severity of foliar disease symptoms and the incidence of grain-mould in one environment. Collectively QTLs detected in the present population explained between 10% and 55% of the phenotypic variance observed for a given trait. C1 ARS, USDA, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Biochem Biophys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Crop Biotechnol Ctr, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Klein, RR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. EM bob@algodon.tamu.edu NR 33 TC 57 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0040-5752 EI 1432-2242 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 102 IS 2-3 BP 307 EP 319 DI 10.1007/s001220051647 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 406UC UT WOS:000167232800015 ER PT J AU Fox, SL Jellen, EN Kianian, SF Rines, HW Phillips, RL AF Fox, SL Jellen, EN Kianian, SF Rines, HW Phillips, RL TI Assignment of RFLP linkage groups to chromosomes using monosomic F-1 analysis in hexaploid oat SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Avena; aneuploid; monosomic analysis; linkage group; simulated F-1 ID IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; AVENA-SATIVA L; CV KANOTA; IDENTIFICATION; MAP; GENOME; MAIZE; DNA AB The availability of molecular genetic maps in oat (Avena spp.) and improved identification of chromosomes by C-banding are two recent developments that have made locating linkage groups to chromosomes possible in cultivated hexaploid oat, 2n=6x=42. Monosomic series derived from Avena byzantina C. Koch cv Kanota and from Avena sativa L. cv Sun II:were used as maternal plants in crosses with the parents, Kanota-1 and Ogle-C, of the oat RFLP mapping population. Monosomic F-1 plants were identified by root-tip cell chromosome counts. For marker analysis, DNAs of eight F-2 plants from a monosomic F-1 were combined to provide a larger source of DNA that mimicked that of the monosomic F-1 plant. Absence of maternal alleles in monosomic F(1)s served to associate linkage groups with individual chromosomes. Twenty two linkage groups were associated with 16 chromosomes. In seven instances, linkage groups that were independent of each other in recombination analyses were associated with the same chromosome. Five linkage groups were shown to be associated with translocation differences among oat lines. Additionally, the results better-characterized the oat monosomic series through the detection of duplicates and translocation differences among the various monosomic lines. The F-1 monosomic series represents a powerful cytogenetic tool with the potential to greatly improve understanding of the oat genome. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Inst Plant Mol Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Agron & Hort, Provo, UT 84602 USA. ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, USDA, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Fox, SL (reprint author), Univ Saskatchewan, Ctr Crop Dev, 51 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada. NR 25 TC 20 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 102 IS 2-3 BP 320 EP 326 DI 10.1007/s001220051648 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 406UC UT WOS:000167232800016 ER PT J AU Raupp, WJ Sukhwinder-Singh Brown-Guedira, GL Gill, BS AF Raupp, WJ Sukhwinder-Singh Brown-Guedira, GL Gill, BS TI Cytogenetic and molecular mapping of the leaf rust resistance gene Lr39 in wheat SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Triticum aestivum; disease resistance; microsatellite markers; telocentric analysis; Aegilops tauschii ID F-SP TRITICI; HEXAPLOID WHEAT; COMMON WHEAT; AEGILOPS-SQUARROSA; UNITED-STATES; TAUSCHII; VIRULENCE; DIVERSITY; MARKERS; LR43 AB Leaf rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia triticina Eriks, is one of the most serious diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum AABBDD, 2n=6x=42) worldwide. Growing resistant cultivars is an efficient and economical method of reducing losses to leaf rust. Here we report a new leaf rust resistance gene, Lr39, transferred from Aegilops tauschii into common wheat. Lr39 conditions both seedling and adult plant resistance to the leaf rust pathogen. The inter- and intra-chromosomal mapping of the Lr39 gene showed that it is different from all previously described Lr genes. We used monosomic analysis for the inter-chromosomal mapping and wheat microsatellite markers for the intra-chromosomal mapping. The monosomic and ditelosomic analysis indicated that Lr39 is independent of the centromere on the short arm of chromosome 2D. Eight microsatellite markers for 2DS were used for linkage analysis on a population of 57 F-2 plants derived from a cross of an Ae. tauschii-derived wheat, cv. Wichita line TA4186 (possessing Lr39), with Wichita monosomics for the D-genome chromosomes. The microsatellite marker analysis confirmed the location of the gene on 2DS. Three markers were polymerphic and linked to the gene. The closest marker Xgwma210 mapped 10.7 cM from Lr39. The location of Lr39 near the telomere of 2DS distinguishes it from the Lr2 and Lr22 loci, which are located on 2DS proximal to Xgwm210. C1 Punjab Agr Univ, Ctr Biotechnol, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India. Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, USDA ARS, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Gill, BS (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Throckmorton Plant Sci Ctr 4307, Wheat Genet Resource Ctr, Throckmorton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 26 TC 42 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 102 IS 2-3 BP 347 EP 352 DI 10.1007/s001220051652 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 406UC UT WOS:000167232800020 ER PT J AU Zhang, LY French, R Langenberg, WG Mitra, A AF Zhang, LY French, R Langenberg, WG Mitra, A TI Accumulation of barley stripe mosaic virus is significantly reduced in transgenic wheat plants expressing a bacterial ribonuclease SO TRANSGENIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE transgenic wheat; virus resistance; RNase III ID COAT PROTEIN GENE; TOBACCO PLANTS; POTATO PLANTS; RESISTANCE; DWARF AB An rnc70 gene encoding a mutant bacterial ribonuclease III (RNase III) was introduced into wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Bobwhite) by microprojectile bombardment. T1, T2, and T3 plants regenerated from three transgenic callus lines were challenged with barley stripe mosaic virus. Plants expressing RNase III exhibited a high level of resistance to the virus infection. This resistance was evidenced by the absence of virus symptoms and reduced accumulation of virions in these plants. The result demonstrates that this pathogen-targeted resistance strategy can be effectively employed in conferring resistance to viral diseases of cereal crops. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Ctr Biotechnol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68683 USA. RP Mitra, A (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 27 TC 19 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0962-8819 J9 TRANSGENIC RES JI Transgenic Res. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 10 IS 1 BP 13 EP 19 DI 10.1023/A:1008931706679 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 394WD UT WOS:000166545500002 PM 11252379 ER PT J AU Grulke, NE Andersen, CP Hogsett, WE AF Grulke, NE Andersen, CP Hogsett, WE TI Seasonal changes in above- and belowground carbohydrate concentrations of ponderosa pine along a pollution gradient SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd IUFRO International Symposium on Dynamics of Physiological Processes in Woody Roots CY SEP 26-29, 1999 CL NANCY, FRANCE SP Univ Henri Poincare DE carbohydrate allocation; mature trees; multiple stressors; ozone exposure; Pinus ponderosa ID CARBON ALLOCATION; OZONE EXPOSURE; LOBLOLLY-PINE; DOUGLAS-FIR; PHOTOSYNTHATE ALLOCATION; ACIDIC PRECIPITATION; TAEDA SEEDLINGS; GROWTH; PATTERNS; NITROGEN AB Seasonal patterns of carbohydrate concentration in coarse and fine roots, stem or bole, and foliage of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws) were described across five tree-age classes from seedlings to mature trees at an atmospherically clean site. Relative to all other tree-age classes, seedlings exhibited greater tissue carbohydrate concentration in stems and foliage, and greater shifts in the time at which maximum and minimum carbohydrate concentration occurred, To determine the effect of environmental stressors on tissue carbohydrate concentration, two tree-age classes (40-year-old and mature) were compared at three sites along a well-established, long-term O-3 and N deposition gradient in the San Bernardino Mountains, California, Maximum carbohydrate concentration of 1-year-old needles declined with increasing pollution exposure in both tree-age classes. Maximum fine root monosaccharide concentration was depressed for both 40-year-old and mature trees at the most polluted site. Maximum coarse and fine root starch concentrations were significantly depressed at the most polluted site in mature trees. Maximum bole carbohydrate concentration of 40-year-old trees was greater for the two most polluted sites relative to the cleanest site: the hole appeared to be a storage organ at sites where high O-3 and high N deposition decreased root biomass. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Grulke, NE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 39 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 21 IS 2-3 BP 173 EP 181 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 399TW UT WOS:000166829300013 PM 11303648 ER PT J AU Satyanarayana, T Bar-Joseph, M Mawassi, M Albiach-Marti, MR Ayllon, MA Gowda, S Hilf, ME Moreno, P Garnsey, SM Dawson, WO AF Satyanarayana, T Bar-Joseph, M Mawassi, M Albiach-Marti, MR Ayllon, MA Gowda, S Hilf, ME Moreno, P Garnsey, SM Dawson, WO TI Amplification of Citrus tristeza virus from a cDNA clone and infection of Citrus trees SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID APHID TRANSMISSION; DEFECTIVE RNAS; PLANTS; CLOSTEROVIRUSES; SEQUENCE; REPLICATION; GENERATION; POPULATION; PROTEINS AB Isolates of the Ciosterovirus, Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), are populations of disparate genotypes and defective RNAs developed during long periods of vegetative propagation of citrus trees. Because it has not been possible to obtain pure cultures of the virus, it is not known what components of the population are primarily responsible for induction of diseases. We previously developed an infectious cDNA clone from which in vitro-produced RNA transcripts could infect protoplasts (Satyanarayana st al, 1999, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 7433-7438). However, neither the RNA transcripts nor virions from transcript-infected protoplasts were competent for infection of citrus trees. Using a green fluorescent protein-marked virus as inoculum, we found that the similar to 20-kb RNA from virions or transcripts of cDNA infected only a small percentage of protoplasts (similar to0.01%), but virions could infect more than 80% of the protoplasts. Based on this information, we amplified the virus from the cDNA clone (recombinant virus) by successive passages in protoplasts using virions in crude sap as inoculum. By the third to seventh passages in protoplasts, maximal amounts of recombinant progeny virus were produced, which were used for inoculation of small citrus trees by slashing stems in the presence of virion preparations. A relatively high percentage of plants became infected with the recombinant virus from protoplasts, resulting in the first defined pure culture of CTV in pla nts. The comparative biology of the pure culture of recombinant CTV with that of the parental population in planta demonstrated that the recombinant virus retained through all of the recombinant DNA manipulations the normal functions of replication, movement, and aphid transmissibility, and had a symptom phenotype indistinguishable from that of the parental population. Additionally, fulfilling Koch's postulates of the first pure culture of CTV in plants suggested that the major genotype of the CTV T36 population is the primary determinant of the symptom phenotype. We could distinguish no biological contributions resulting from the minor genotypes and defective RNAs of the parental population. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Univ Florida, Ctr Agr Res & Educ, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, Dept Plant Pathol, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. Volcani Inst, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. ARS, USDA, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. Inst Valenciano Invest Agr, Valencia 46113, Spain. RP Dawson, WO (reprint author), Univ Florida, Ctr Agr Res & Educ, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, Dept Plant Pathol, 700 Expt Stn Rd, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. NR 33 TC 59 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD FEB 1 PY 2001 VL 280 IS 1 BP 87 EP 96 DI 10.1006/viro.2000.0759 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA 405BG UT WOS:000167136900010 PM 11162822 ER PT J AU Yang, DQ Goodison, B Metcalfe, J Louie, P Elomaa, E Hanson, C Golubev, V Gunther, T Milkovic, J Lapin, M AF Yang, DQ Goodison, B Metcalfe, J Louie, P Elomaa, E Hanson, C Golubev, V Gunther, T Milkovic, J Lapin, M TI Compatibility evaluation of national precipitation gage measurements SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; ACCURACY; GAUGES; CLIMATOLOGY; ADJUSTMENTS; BIASES AB Compatibility of precipitation measurements of various national gages commonly used in the Northern hemisphere countries has been evaluated, based on the gage intercomparison data collected at 10 stations during the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Solid Precipitation Measurement Intercomparison Project. Little difference (less than 5%) is found between national rainfall data, but a significant discrepancy (up to 110%) exists between national snowfall records. This difference is not constant and it varies with wind speed and temperature. It is certain that use of different precipitation Sages in neighboring countries has introduced a significant discontinuity into precipitation records, particularly in cold and windy regions. Strong linear relations among daily national gage measurements have been defined for several national gages commonly used in the Northern hemisphere. These linear relations provide a useful technique to adjust gage records when wind speed and temperature data are not available. The linear relations have been tested at selected WMO intercomparison stations, and good agreements of the adjusted amounts to other gage measurements are obtained at most of the test sites, indicating that the linear relations perform reasonably well at the selected WMO sites. Use of the proposed adjustment procedure will reduce inconsistency between precipitation measurements of national gages. C1 Univ Alaska, Water & Environm Res Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Hydrometeorol Inst, Zagreb 41001, Croatia. Slovakia Hydrometeorol Inst, Bratislava, Slovakia. USDA ARS, Boise, ID 83712 USA. German Weather Serv, Berlin, Germany. Meteorol Serv Canada, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. State Hydrol Inst, St Petersburg 199053, Russia. Finnish Meteorol Inst, SF-00101 Helsinki, Finland. RP Yang, DQ (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Water & Environm Res Ctr, 309 Skarland Bldg, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. NR 36 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 27 PY 2001 VL 106 IS D2 BP 1481 EP 1491 DI 10.1029/2000JD900612 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 395TB UT WOS:000166596400001 ER PT J AU Schwieterman, WD Weiss, KD Tiwari, J Siegel, JP AF Schwieterman, WD Weiss, KD Tiwari, J Siegel, JP TI Changes in trial parameters SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 USDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. RP Schwieterman, WD (reprint author), USDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, 1401 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JAN 27 PY 2001 VL 357 IS 9252 BP 314 EP 314 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71764-5 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 397JW UT WOS:000166693400062 PM 11214164 ER PT J AU Mills, TJ Lugo, AE AF Mills, TJ Lugo, AE TI The long-term answer: fight fire with research SO NATURE LA English DT Letter C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portland, OR 97208 USA. Int Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. RP Mills, TJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, POB 3890, Portland, OR 97208 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JAN 25 PY 2001 VL 409 IS 6819 BP 452 EP 452 DI 10.1038/35054239 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 395FW UT WOS:000166570500017 PM 11206521 ER PT J AU Brown, S Fellers, J Shippy, T Denell, R Stauber, M Schmidt-Ott, U AF Brown, S Fellers, J Shippy, T Denell, R Stauber, M Schmidt-Ott, U TI A strategy for mapping bicoid on the phylogenetic tree SO CURRENT BIOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; DROSOPHILA EMBRYO; ZERKNULLT REGION; GENE; SEGMENTATION; PATTERN; STRIPES; COMPLEX; BEETLE; ORIGIN C1 Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, USDA ARS, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, Abt Mol Entwicklungsbiol, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. RP Brown, S (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 22 TC 48 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 0 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 600 TECHNOLOGY SQUARE, 5TH FLOOR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA SN 0960-9822 EI 1879-0445 J9 CURR BIOL JI Curr. Biol. PD JAN 23 PY 2001 VL 11 IS 2 BP R43 EP R44 DI 10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00007-0 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 438WA UT WOS:000169076200005 PM 11231138 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Fritz, D Lindsay, DS Shen, SK Kwok, OCH Thompson, KC AF Dubey, JP Fritz, D Lindsay, DS Shen, SK Kwok, OCH Thompson, KC TI Diclazuril preventive therapy of gamma interferon knockout mice fed Sarcocystis neurona sporocysts SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Sarcocystis neurona; sporocysts; oral; equine protozoal myeloencephalitis; EPM; knockout mice; diclazuril; treatment ID EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS; OPOSSUM DIDELPHIS-VIRGINIANA; N-SP PROTOZOA; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII AB Gamma interferon knockout (KO) mice (n = 74) were fed a lethal dose of similar to 1000 sporocysts of the SN15-OP isolate of Sarcocstis neurona. Groups of mice were given pelleted rodent feed containing 50 ppm of diclazuril at different times before and after feeding sporocysts. All mice were examined at necropsy and their tissues were examined immunohistochemically for S. neurona infection. Twenty mice were fed sporocysts and given diclazuril starting 5 days before feeding sporocysts and continuing 30-39 days post-infection (p.i.). One mouse died of causes unrelated to S, neurona with no demonstrable parasites; the remaining 19 mice remained clinically normal and S. neurona organisms were not found in their tissues. Sarcocystis neurona organisms were not demonstrable by bioassay of the brains of these 19 mice in uninfected KO mice, Sarcocystsis neurona organisms were not found in tissues of five mice treated with diclazuril, starting 7 days after feeding sporocysts and continuing up to 39 days p.i. Therapy was less efficient when diclazuril was given 10 days p.i. Sarcocystis neurona organisms were found in two of :19 mice treated with diclazuril starting 10 days after feeding sporocysts, in two of five mice starting therapy 12 days p.i., and in 10 of 10 mice when treatment was delayed until 15 days p.i. All 15 mice fed S. neurona, but not given diclazuril, developed neural sarcocystosis and were euthanized 22-30 days after feeding sporocysts. Six mice not fed S. neurona. but given diclazuril for 44 days, remained clinically normal. Results indicate that diclazuril can kill the early stages of S. neurona. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USA, Med Res Inst Infect Dis, Div Pathol, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Ctr Mol & Infect Dis, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Schering Plough Anim Hlth Corp, Pharmaceut Res, Union, NJ 07083 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Syst Lab, Bldg 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016 OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321 NR 14 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD JAN 20 PY 2001 VL 94 IS 4 BP 257 EP 264 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00376-9 PG 8 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 391CU UT WOS:000166337200004 PM 11137273 ER PT J AU Hurd, S Phan, Q Hadler, J Mackenzie, B Lance-Parker, S Blake, P Deasy, M Rankin, J Frye, D Lee, I Werner, B Vugia, D Bidol, S Stoltman, G Boulton, M Widemann, M Kornstein, L Reddy, S Mojica, B Guido, F Huang, A Vincent, C Bugenhagen, A Corby, J Carloni, E Holcomb, M Kondracki, S Woron, R Zansky, S Smith, P Dowdle, G Nichols, C Smith, F Gerber, D Jones, T Moore, W Ahrabi-Fard, S Davis, J AF Hurd, S Phan, Q Hadler, J Mackenzie, B Lance-Parker, S Blake, P Deasy, M Rankin, J Frye, D Lee, I Werner, B Vugia, D Bidol, S Stoltman, G Boulton, M Widemann, M Kornstein, L Reddy, S Mojica, B Guido, F Huang, A Vincent, C Bugenhagen, A Corby, J Carloni, E Holcomb, M Kondracki, S Woron, R Zansky, S Smith, P Dowdle, G Nichols, C Smith, F Gerber, D Jones, T Moore, W Ahrabi-Fard, S Davis, J CA CDC TI Multistate outbreak of listeriosis - United States, 2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 1129-1130, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Connecticut State Dept Publ Hlth, Hartford, CT USA. Georgia Dept Human Resources, Div Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Penn Dept Hlth, Harrisburg, PA 17108 USA. Los Angeles Dept Hlth, Los Angeles, CA USA. Calif State Dept Hlth Serv, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. Michigan Dept Community Hlth, Lansing, MI USA. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. Westchester Cty Dept Hlth, New Rochelle, NY USA. New York State Dept Agr & Markets, Albany, NY USA. Utah Dept Hlth, Salt Lake City, UT 84116 USA. Ohio Dept Hlth, Columbus, OH 43266 USA. Tennessee Dept Hlth, Nashville, TN USA. Wisconsin Dept Hlth, Madison, WI USA. CDC, Human Hlth Sci Div, Off Publ Hlth, Food Safety & Inspect Serv,USDA, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Hurd, S (reprint author), Connecticut State Dept Publ Hlth, Hartford, CT USA. NR 1 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 17 PY 2001 VL 285 IS 3 BP 285 EP 286 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 390XD UT WOS:000166324300010 ER PT J AU Wagner, BA Wells, SJ Kott, PS AF Wagner, BA Wells, SJ Kott, PS TI Variance estimation for population attributable risk in a complex cross-sectional animal health survey SO PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE population attributable risk; variance; estimation; Johne's disease; National Animal Health Monitoring System ID UNITED-STATES; TRANSMISSION; CONSUMPTION; INJURIES; CANCER AB Population attributable risk estimates offer a method of combining information on population exposure and disease risk factors into a single measure. Univariate and multivariable methods exist for calculating point estimates and variances under the assumption of equal sampling probabilities. National Animal Health Monitoring System national studies typically use a complex survey design (where selection probabilities vary by design strata), which makes use of these methods of calculating variance inappropriate. We suggest the use of a method called "delete-a-group" jackknife to estimate the variance of population attributable risk when a complex survey design has been implemented. We demonstrate the method using an example of Johne's disease. Advantages of the "delete-a-group" jackknife method include simplicity of implementation and flexibility to estimate variance for any point estimate of interest. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Ctr Epidemiol, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. USDA ARS, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Ctr Anim Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Univ Minnesota, Coll Vet Med, Dept Clin & Populat Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA, Natl Agr Stat Serv, Fairfax, VA USA. RP Wagner, BA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Ctr Epidemiol, 555 S Howes St, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 31 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-5877 J9 PREV VET MED JI Prev. Vet. Med. PD JAN 17 PY 2001 VL 48 IS 1 BP 1 EP 13 DI 10.1016/S0167-5877(00)00178-1 PG 13 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 396FP UT WOS:000166625900001 PM 11150630 ER PT J AU French, AD Kelterer, AM Johnson, GP Dowd, MK Cramer, CJ AF French, AD Kelterer, AM Johnson, GP Dowd, MK Cramer, CJ TI HF/6-31G*energy surfaces for disaccharide analogs SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ab initio; anomeric effect; carbohydrate; conformational analysis; cellobiose; laminarabiose; galabiose; maltose; nigerose; quantum mechanics; sucrose; tetrahydrofuran; trehalose ID POTENTIAL-ENERGY SURFACES; AB-INITIO; CONFORMATIONAL-ANALYSIS; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; RELATIVE STABILITY; FORCE-FIELD; GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; CHAIR FORMS; BASIS-SET AB The HF/6-31G* lever of theory was used to calculate relaxed potential energy surfaces for 12 analogs of disaccharides. The analogs were made by replacing glucose-with tetrahydropyran and fructose with 2-methyltetrahydrofuran. Molecules had zero, one or two anomeric carbon atoms, and di-axial, axial-equatorial, and di-equatorial linkages. Despite the absence of hydroxyl groups, the surfaces account well for conformations that are observed in crystals of the parent disaccharides. Thus, torsional energy and the simple bulk of ring structures are major factors in determining disaccharide conformation. The contour shapes around the global minima depend on the number of anomeric carbons involved in the linkage, while the presence of alternative minima that have relative energies less than 4 kcal/mol mostly requires equatorial bonds. However, molecules with two adjacent anomeric centers gave exceptions to these rules. Flexibility values related to a partition function show that the di-axial trehalose analog is the most rigid. The di-equatorial pseudodisaccharide analog with no anomeric centers is most flexible. Reproduction of these surfaces is proposed as a simple test of force fields for modeling carbohydrates. Also, these surfaces can be used in a simple hybrid method for calculating disaccharide energy surfaces. (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. Graz Univ Technol, Inst Phys & Theoret Chem, A-8010 Graz, Austria. Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Minnesota, Inst Supercomp, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP French, AD (reprint author), ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 1100 Robt E Lee Blvd,POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. EM afrench@nola.srrc.usda.gov; kelterer@ptc.tu-graz.ac.at RI Cramer, Christopher/B-6179-2011; OI Cramer, Christopher/0000-0001-5048-1859; Kelterer, Anne-Marie/0000-0001-8178-2670 NR 56 TC 68 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0192-8651 EI 1096-987X J9 J COMPUT CHEM JI J. Comput. Chem. PD JAN 15 PY 2001 VL 22 IS 1 BP 65 EP 78 DI 10.1002/1096-987X(20010115)22:1<65::AID-JCC7>3.0.CO;2-R PG 14 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 384EG UT WOS:000165929000006 ER PT J AU Matise, I Cornick, NA Booher, SL Samuel, JE Bosworth, BT Moon, HW AF Matise, I Cornick, NA Booher, SL Samuel, JE Bosworth, BT Moon, HW TI Intervention with shiga toxin (Stx) antibody after infection by Stx-producing Escherichia coli SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID EDEMA DISEASE; II VARIANT; RABBITS; O157-H7; MUTANT; SWINE AB Shiga toxins (Stxs) produced by Escherichia coli (STEC) cause systemic vascular damage, manifested as hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans and as edema disease in pigs. Edema disease, a naturally occurring disease of pigs, was used to determine whether Stx antibodies, administered after infection and after the onset of Stx production, could prevent the systemic vascular damage and clinical disease caused by Stxs. A total of 119 STEC- infected pigs were treated with low, medium, or high doses of Stx antibody or with placebo. After inoculation with STEC, antibodies or placebo was injected intraperitoneally at 2 days postinoculation (DPI; low dose) or 4 DPI (medium and high doses). Edema disease was prevented with the low- and high- dose Stx antibody treatments administered at 2 and 4 DPI, respectively. High-dose antibody treatment also reduced the incidence and extent of vascular lesions. The degree of protection depended on the dose of antibody and the time of administration. C1 Iowa State Univ, Vet Med Res Inst, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Enter Dis & Food Safety Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Med, Dept Med Microbiol & Immunol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Moon, HW (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Vet Med Res Inst, 1802 Elwood Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-41328] NR 15 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JAN 15 PY 2001 VL 183 IS 2 BP 347 EP 350 DI 10.1086/317930 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 385DU UT WOS:000165987700025 PM 11110647 ER PT J AU Kramer, KJ Kanost, MR Hopkins, TL Jiang, HB Zhu, YC Xu, RD Kerwin, JL Turecek, F AF Kramer, KJ Kanost, MR Hopkins, TL Jiang, HB Zhu, YC Xu, RD Kerwin, JL Turecek, F TI Oxidative conjugation of catechols with proteins in insect skeletal systems SO TETRAHEDRON LA English DT Article DE catecholamine; catechol; adduct; histidine; protein; cross-link; insect cuticle; sclerotization; quinone; phenoloxidase; laccase; tanning ID PRO-PHENOL OXIDASE; PHARATE PUPAL INTEGUMENT; MANDUCA-SEXTA L; MOLECULAR-CLONING; TOBACCO HORNWORM; CUTICLE; SCLEROTIZATION; PURIFICATION; LACCASE AB Cuticle sclerotization or tanning is a vital process that occurs during each stage of insect development to harden and stabilize the newly secreted exoskeleton. The structural polymers protein and chitin make up the bull; of the cuticle, and chemical interactions between these biopolymers with quinonoid tanning agents are largely responsible for the physical properties of the mature exoskeleton. The oxidative conjugation of catechols with cuticular proteins plays an important role in this metabolism. The main hypothesis for cuticle sclerotization involves the formation of adducts and cross-links between nucleophilic imidazole nitrogens of histidyl residues in the proteins and electrophilic ring or side-chain carbons of ortho-quinones and para-quinone methides derived from the catechols, N-acetyldopamine, N-beta-alanyldopamine, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol. C-N and C-O linkages between these quinone tanning agents and proteins in cuticles from a variety of insects from several orders have been elucidated, cDNAs for both the tyrosinase and laccase types of phenoloxidases that catalyze the cross-linking reactions have been isolated and sequenced. The sequences of laccase cDNAs from two insect species were more similar to fungal laccases than to those from plants. These results provide insights into how insects use structural proteins, catechols, and oxidative enzymes to form catechol-amino acid adducts during sclerotization. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Biochem, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Entomol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Bot, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Chem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Kramer, KJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RI Jiang, Haobo/A-6519-2008 NR 22 TC 116 Z9 132 U1 0 U2 19 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0040-4020 J9 TETRAHEDRON JI Tetrahedron PD JAN 7 PY 2001 VL 57 IS 2 BP 385 EP 392 DI 10.1016/S0040-4020(00)00949-2 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 389PY UT WOS:000166248000014 ER PT J AU Coleman, ST Fang, TK Rovinsky, SA Turano, FJ Moye-Rowley, WS AF Coleman, ST Fang, TK Rovinsky, SA Turano, FJ Moye-Rowley, WS TI Expression of a glutamate decarboxylase homologue is required for normal oxidative stress tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SUCCINIC SEMIALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE; CALMODULIN-BINDING DOMAIN; INTACT YEAST-CELLS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; GABA-METABOLISM; SHUTTLE VECTORS; PROTEIN; GENE; TRANSFORMATION; GLUTATHIONE AB The action of gamma -aminobutyrate (GABA) as an intercellular signaling molecule has been intensively studied, but the role of this amino acid metabolite in intracellular metabolism is poorly understood. In this work, we identify a Saccharomyces cerevisiae homologue of the GABA-producing enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) that is required for normal oxidative stress tolerance. A high copy number plasmid bearing the glutamate decarboxylase gene (GAD1) increases resistance to two different oxidants, H2O2 and diamide, in cells that contain an intact glutamate catabolic pathway. Structural similarity of the S. cerevisiae GAD to previously studied plant enzymes was demonstrated by the crossreaction of the yeast enzyme to a antiserum directed against the plant GAD. The yeast GAD also bound to calmodulin as did the plant enzyme, suggesting a conservation of calcium regulation of this protein. Loss of either gene encoding the downstream steps in the conversion of glutamate to succinate reduced oxidative stress tolerance in normal cells and was epistatic to high copy number GAD1. The gene encoding succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (UGA5) was identified and found to be induced by H2O2 exposure. Together, these data strongly suggest that increases in activity of the glutamate catabolic pathway can act to buffer redox changes in the cell. C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. USDA ARS, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Moye-Rowley, WS (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Dept Physiol & Biophys, 5-612 Bowen Sci Bldg, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. OI Moye-Rowley, Scott/0000-0002-7163-1120 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM49825] NR 46 TC 115 Z9 116 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD JAN 5 PY 2001 VL 276 IS 1 BP 244 EP 250 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 390DP UT WOS:000166280700034 PM 11031268 ER PT J AU Byrdwell, WC Neff, WE AF Byrdwell, WC Neff, WE TI Autoxidation products of normal and genetically modified canola oil varieties determined using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE oils; fatty acids; triacylglycerols; stearic acid; lauric acid ID POLYUNSATURATED TRIACYLGLYCEROLS; AUTOXIDIZED FATS; CHEMICAL-IONIZATION; THERMAL-DECOMPOSITION; METHYL LINOLENATE; LINOLEATE; HYDROPEROXIDES; OXIDATION AB Normal, high stearic acid and high lauric acid canola oil varieties were heated in the presence of air to allow autoxidation to occur. After the reaction, the oils were analyzed using a non-aqueous reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic separation followed by detection using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Oxidized products were separated and identified. The major autoxidation products which remained intact were epoxides and hydroperoxides. Two classes of epoxy triacylglycerols (TAGs) were formed. One class with the epoxy group replacing a site of unsaturation and one class adjacent to a site of unsaturation, as was previously reported for model TAGs. Intact oxidation products resulted mostly from oxidation of oleic acid, while oxidation products of linoleic and linolenic acid chains decomposed to yield chain-shortened species. Both neutral and polar chain-shortened products were observed. Polar chain-shortened decomposition products eluted at very short retention times and required a different chromatographic gradient to separate the molecules. This class of molecules was tentatively identified as core aldehydes. The high stearic acid canola oil yielded more intact oxidation products containing stearic acid, as expected. The high lauric acid oil produced intact oxidation products which contained lauric acid. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Florida Atlantic Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA. USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res Food Qual & Safety Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Byrdwell, WC (reprint author), Florida Atlantic Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, 777 Glades Rd, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA. OI Byrdwell, William/0000-0001-8241-428X NR 23 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 3 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD JAN 5 PY 2001 VL 905 IS 1-2 BP 85 EP 102 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00958-4 PG 18 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 391DV UT WOS:000166339600008 PM 11206810 ER PT J AU Nurminsky, D De Aguiar, D Bustamante, CD Hartl, DL AF Nurminsky, D De Aguiar, D Bustamante, CD Hartl, DL TI Chromosomal effects of rapid gene evolution in Drosophila melanogaster SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NEUTRAL MOLECULAR VARIATION; BACKGROUND SELECTION; SEGREGATING SITES; DNA POLYMORPHISM; RECOMBINATION; PATTERNS; NUMBER; RATES AB Rapid adaptive fixation of a new favorable mutation is expected to affect neighboring genes along the chromosome. Evolutionary theory predicts that the chromosomal region would show a reduced level of genetic variation and an excess of rare alleles, We have confirmed these predictions in a region of the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster that contains a newly evolved gene far a component of the sperm axoneme. In D, simulans, where the novel gene does not exist, the pattern of genetic variation is consistent with selection against recurrent deleterious mutations. These findings imply that the pattern of genetic variation along a chromosome may be useful for inferring its evolutionary history and for revealing regions in which recent adaptive fixations have taken place. C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Cambridge, MA 02137 USA. ARS, USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Hartl, DL (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Cambridge, MA 02137 USA. EM dhartl@oeb.harvard.edu FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM 60035] NR 15 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JAN 5 PY 2001 VL 291 IS 5501 BP 128 EP 130 DI 10.1126/science.291.5501.128 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 389VJ UT WOS:000166259100050 PM 11141564 ER PT J AU Zhu, YL Green, L Woo, YM Owens, R Ding, B AF Zhu, YL Green, L Woo, YM Owens, R Ding, B TI Cellular basis of potato spindle tuber viroid systemic movement SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; TOMATO LEAF TISSUE; LONG-DISTANCE; TO-CELL; PLANTS; RNA; PHLOEM; VIRUS; PLASMODESMATA; TRAFFICKING AB Viroids are small, nontranslatable pathogenic RNAs that replicate autonomously and traffic systemically in their host plants. We have used in situ hybridization to analyze the trafficking pattern of Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) in tomato and Nicotiana benthamiana. When PSTVd was inoculated onto the stem of a plant, it replicated and trafficked to sink, but not source, leaves. PsTVd was absent from shoot apical meristems. In the flowers of infected plants, PsTVd was present in the sepals, but was absent in the petals, stamens, and ovary. The replicative form of PSTVd was detected in the phloem. Our data demonstrate that (i) PSTVd traffics long distance in the phloem and this trafficking is likely sustained by replication of the viroid in the phloem, and (ii) PSTVd trafficking is governed by plant developmental and cellular factors. The dependency of PSTVd and other viroids on cellular mechanisms for RNA trafficking makes them excellent tools to study such mechanisms. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Bot, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Ding, B (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, 207 Rightmire Hall,1060 Carmack Rd, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 36 TC 90 Z9 95 U1 0 U2 12 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD JAN 5 PY 2001 VL 279 IS 1 BP 69 EP 77 DI 10.1006/viro.2000.0724 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA 394GU UT WOS:000166516300008 PM 11145890 ER PT B AU Triggs, JM Kimball, BA Conley, MM Brooks, TJ LaMorte, RL Pinter, PJ Wall, GW O'Brien, CC AF Triggs, JM Kimball, BA Conley, MM Brooks, TJ LaMorte, RL Pinter, PJ Wall, GW O'Brien, CC GP AMS AMS TI Effects of free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) and water stress on the energy balance and evapotranspiration of sorghum SO 12TH SYMPOSIUM ON GLOBAL CHANGE AND CLIMATE VARIATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Symposium on Global Change and Climate Variations CY JAN 14-18, 2001 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Amer Meteorol Soc ID CO2 ENRICHMENT; WHEAT C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Triggs, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, 4331 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2001 BP 107 EP 108 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BV01M UT WOS:000177601900033 ER PT B AU Garbrecht, J Rossel, F Schneider, J AF Garbrecht, J Rossel, F Schneider, J GP AMS AMS TI Decade-scale precipitation and streamflow variations in the Kansas-Nebraska region. SO 12TH SYMPOSIUM ON GLOBAL CHANGE AND CLIMATE VARIATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Symposium on Global Change and Climate Variations CY JAN 14-18, 2001 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. RP Garbrecht, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, 7207 W Cheyenne St, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2001 BP 319 EP 321 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BV01M UT WOS:000177601900097 ER PT B AU Burrin, DG Fiorotto, MF Davis, TA AF Burrin, DG Fiorotto, MF Davis, TA GP CU TI Importance of neonatal nutrition: What have we learned from human and animal studies? SO 2001 Cornell Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturers, Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 63rd Cornell Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturers CY OCT 16-18, 2001 CL Rochester, NY SP NY State Coll Agr & Life Sci, Dept Anim Sci & Div Nutr Sci ID GROWTH-FACTOR-I; LACTASE-PHLORHIZIN HYDROLASE; BIRTH-WEIGHT INFANTS; GASTROINTESTINAL-TRACT; BODY-COMPOSITION; PROTEIN NUTRITION; SATELLITE CELLS; MILK-BORNE; PIGS; MUSCLE C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Burrin, DG (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 52 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU CORNELL UNIV DEPT ANIMAL SCIENCE PI ITHACA PA 272 MORRISON HALL, ITHACA, NY 14853-4801 USA PY 2001 BP 1 EP 13 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA BBZ66 UT WOS:000228388500001 ER PT B AU Klungness, JH Ahmed, A AbuBakr, S Lentz, MJ Horn, EG Akhtar, M AF Klungness, JH Ahmed, A AbuBakr, S Lentz, MJ Horn, EG Akhtar, M GP FPPRI TI Novel lightweight, high-opacity papers made from mechanical pulps SO 2001 IMPC: MECHANICAL PULPS - ADDED VALUE FOR PAPER AND BOARD, VOLS 1 AND 2, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Mechanical Pulping Conference CY JUN 04-08, 2001 CL HELSINKI, FINLAND SP TAPPI, SPCI DE calcium carbonate; filler; high consistency; optical property; particle size; printing paper; stock preparation; strength property AB Compared with direct loading of calcium carbonate fillers to chemical pulps, fiber loading increases the strength of reinforcing chemical pulps. Increasing the strength of chemical pulps also permits reduced chemical pulp usage, reduced grammage, and increased ash. The objective of this study is to explore the potential of combining fiber loading with biotreatment of thermomechanical pulps (TMP) for printing papers. Handsheet evaluations of pulps produced by fiber loading are presented. The data suggest that fiber loading the chemical reinforcing portion of printing paper fiber furnishes combined with biopulped TMP pulps can allow the papermaker to reduce the expensive chemical portion of printing papers and lower grammage while maintaining bulk. In addition, the energy savings of biopulping combined with fiber loading will further reduce the cost of manufacturing printing papers. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Klungness, JH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU FINISH PULP PAPER RES INST OY KESKUSLABORATORIO CENTRALLA PI ESPOO PA INFORMAT SERV PO BOX 70, FIN-02151 ESPOO, FINLAND BN 951-97513-7-8 PY 2001 BP 95 EP 101 PG 7 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BY91K UT WOS:000189493900011 ER PT B AU Green, DW Evans, JW AF Green, DW Evans, JW BE Tichy, RJ Wolcott, MP TI Flexural properties of structural lumber products after long-term exposure to 150 degrees F and 75% relative humidity SO 35TH INTERNATIONAL PARTICLEBOARD/COMPOSITE MATERIALS SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th International Particleboard/Composite Materials Symposium CY APR 03-05, 2001 CL WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, PULLMAN, WA HO WASHINGTON STATE UNIV AB Wood strength decreases when heated. Design guidelines indicate that for limited exposure of temperatures up to 150degreesF, this immediate effect of temperature is reversible; that is, the member will recover essentially all lost strength when the temperature is returned to normal. Prolonged heating at temperatures over 150degreesF can cause a permanent loss in strength. Virtually all research on permanent loss in strength is based on heat exposure of small, clear specimens of solid wood for limited periods of time. This paper presents results on permanent loss in flexural properties for solid-sawn and structural composite 2- by 4-ft. lumber, heated in air at 150degreesF and 75 percent relative humidity (RH), for periods of up to 6 years. The results presented here will show that for 2 to 3 years of continuous exposure, the reduction in bending strength of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) is similar to that of solid-sawn spruce, pine, and fir (SPF) lumber. After 3 years of exposure, the bending strength of LVL decreased faster than that of solid-sawn SPF lumber. The bending strength of laminated strand lumber was found to be more sensitive to duration of temperature exposure than was bending strength of solid-sawn SPF lumber or LVL. C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Green, DW (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PRESS PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 641067, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA PY 2001 BP 3 EP 15 PG 13 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BV90P UT WOS:000180356600001 ER PT J AU Van Loan, MD AF Van Loan, MD TI Do you restrict your food intake? The implications of food restriction on bone health SO ACSMS HEALTH & FITNESS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID EVERYDAY EATING BEHAVIOR; DIETARY RESTRAINT; YOUNG-WOMEN; 3-FACTOR C1 USDA, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, San Francisco, CA USA. RP Van Loan, MD (reprint author), USDA, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, San Francisco, CA USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1091-5397 J9 ACSMS HEALTH FIT J JI ACSMS Health Fit. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 5 IS 1 BP 11 EP + PG 6 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA 448CL UT WOS:000169609600003 ER PT S AU Graham, RD Welch, RM Bouis, HE AF Graham, RD Welch, RM Bouis, HE BE Sparks, DL TI Addressing micronutrient malnutrition through enhancing the nutritional quality of staple foods: Principles, perspectives and knowledge gaps SO ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY, VOL 70 SE Advances in Agronomy LA English DT Review ID NONHEME-IRON-ABSORPTION; PHYTIC ACID; TRACE-ELEMENTS; BETA-CAROTENE; ASCORBIC-ACID; ZINC STATUS; VITAMIN-A; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; MANGANESE CONTENT; CORN KERNELS C1 Univ Adelaide, Dept Plant Sci, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia. USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Int Food Policy Res Inst, Washington, DC 20006 USA. RP Graham, RD (reprint author), Univ Adelaide, Dept Plant Sci, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia. RI Welch, Ross/B-9697-2011; OI Bouis, Howarth/0000-0001-5432-9192 NR 145 TC 206 Z9 239 U1 10 U2 52 PU ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0065-2113 BN 0-12-000770-3 J9 ADV AGRON JI Adv. Agron. PY 2001 VL 70 BP 77 EP 142 DI 10.1016/S0065-2113(01)70004-1 PG 66 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BR44J UT WOS:000166426800002 ER PT J AU Martens, DA AF Martens, DA TI Nitrogen cycling under different soil management systems SO ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY, VOL 70 SE ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY LA English DT Review ID NO-TILL CORN; LONG-TERM TILLAGE; WINTER-WHEAT PRODUCTION; MICROBIAL BIOMASS DYNAMICS; DRYLAND CROPPING SYSTEMS; ORGANIC-MATTER DYNAMICS; CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE; CONSERVATION TILLAGE; SPRING WHEAT; PLOWED SOILS C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Martens, DA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Rd, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Yang, Yang/C-7464-2012 NR 205 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 5 U2 27 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0065-2113 J9 ADV AGRON PY 2001 VL 70 BP 143 EP 192 DI 10.1016/S0065-2113(01)70005-3 PG 50 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BR44J UT WOS:000166426800003 ER PT S AU Ma, L Ahuja, LR Ascough, JC Shaffer, MJ Rojas, KW Malone, RW Cameira, MR AF Ma, L Ahuja, LR Ascough, JC Shaffer, MJ Rojas, KW Malone, RW Cameira, MR BE Sparks, DL TI Integrating system modeling with field research in agriculture: Applications of the root zone water quality model (RZWQM) SO ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY, VOL 71 SE Advances in Agronomy LA English DT Review ID SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE WATER; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; MACROPORE TRANSPORT; ATRAZINE TRANSPORT; NITRATE MOVEMENT; NO3-N TRANSPORT; FLOW COMPONENT; IOWA SOIL; RZWQM; MANAGEMENT C1 ARS, USDA, Great Plains Syst Res, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. ARS, USDA, No Appalachian Expt Watershed, Coshocton, OH 43812 USA. Univ Tecn Lisboa, Inst Super Agron, Dept Agr Engn, P-1349017 Lisbon, Portugal. RP Ma, L (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Great Plains Syst Res, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RI Cameira, Maria/F-8982-2010 OI Cameira, Maria/0000-0002-2186-5172 NR 103 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0065-2113 BN 0-12-000771-1 J9 ADV AGRON JI Adv. Agron. PY 2001 VL 71 BP 233 EP 292 DI 10.1016/S0065-2113(01)71016-4 PG 60 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BQ99A UT WOS:000165288800006 ER PT J AU den Biggelaar, C Lal, R Wiebe, K Breneman, V AF den Biggelaar, C Lal, R Wiebe, K Breneman, V TI Impact of soil erosion on crop yields in North America SO ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY, VOL 72 SE ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY LA English DT Review ID CORN GRAIN-YIELD; TOPSOIL REMOVAL; PRODUCTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS; RESTORING PRODUCTIVITY; WHEAT YIELDS; LANDSCAPE POSITION; SIMULATED EROSION; LAND DEGRADATION; PIEDMONT SOILS; SOYBEAN YIELD C1 Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP den Biggelaar, C (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RI Lal, Rattan/D-2505-2013 NR 201 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 4 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0065-2113 J9 ADV AGRON PY 2001 VL 72 BP 1 EP 52 DI 10.1016/S0065-2113(01)72010-X PG 52 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BS01X UT WOS:000168329700001 ER PT S AU Sylvia, DM Chellemi, DO AF Sylvia, DM Chellemi, DO BE Sparks, DL TI Interactions among root-inhabiting fungi and their implications for biological control of root pathogens SO ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY, VOL 73 SE Advances in Agronomy LA English DT Review ID ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; NONPATHOGENIC FUSARIUM-OXYSPORUM; NICOTIANAE VAR PARASITICA; SP RADICIS-LYCOPERSICI; ZEA-MAYS L; GLOMUS-MOSSEAE; TOMATO ROOTS; PHYTOPHTHORA-PARASITICA; PLANT-GROWTH; TRICHODERMA-HARZIANUM C1 Univ Florida, Dept Soil & Water Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA ARS, Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. RP Sylvia, DM (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Soil & Water Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 201 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0065-2113 BN 0-12-000773-8 J9 ADV AGRON JI Adv. Agron. PY 2001 VL 73 BP 1 EP 33 DI 10.1016/S0065-2113(01)73003-9 PG 33 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BS26V UT WOS:000169286000001 ER PT J AU Karlen, DL Andrews, SS Doran, JW AF Karlen, DL Andrews, SS Doran, JW TI Soil quality: Current concepts and applications SO ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY, VOL 74 SE ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY LA English DT Review ID LONG-TERM TILLAGE; RESOURCE-MANAGEMENT; ENZYME-ACTIVITIES; ORGANIC-MATTER; INDICATORS; ILLINOIS; SYSTEMS; IMPACT; FRAMEWORK; HEALTH C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Nebraska, Soil & Water Res Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Karlen, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 98 TC 119 Z9 132 U1 7 U2 55 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0065-2113 J9 ADV AGRON PY 2001 VL 74 BP 1 EP 40 DI 10.1016/S0065-2113(01)74029-1 PG 40 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BT06D UT WOS:000171843300001 ER PT J AU Basky, Z Hopper, KR Jordaan, J Saayman, T AF Basky, Z Hopper, KR Jordaan, J Saayman, T TI Biotypic differences in Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) between South African and Hungarian agro-ecosystems SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Russian wheat aphid; Diuraphis noxia; plant weight; leaf area; biotypic variation; South Africa; Hungary ID HOMOPTERA; RESISTANCE; DAMAGE; BARLEY AB The effect of Russian wheat aphid Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) from South Africa and Hungary was measured on susceptible and resistant South African wheat cultivars and a susceptible Hungarian barley cultivar. For the three cultivars ('SST 333', 'Betta', and 'Isis') tested in both countries, Hungarian D. noxia reduced plant weight and leaf area more than South African D. noxia and this difference increased over time. Hungarian D, noxia reduced plant weight and leaf area of the resistant wheat SST 333 more than the susceptible wheat Betta. Hungarian D. noxia also reduced plant weight of the resistant wheat 'PI 262660' more than the susceptible wheat Betta (although the opposite was true for leaf area). In Hungary the resistant SST 333 and PI 262660 showed similar severe symptoms of yellowing and leaf rolling as susceptible Betta In addition, Hungarian D. noxia caused visible water imbalance in resistant wheats SST 333 and PI 262660. The differences in damage did not result from higher growth rate of Hungarian D. noxia colonies because aphid numbers did not differ consistently between countries or match the differences in damage. Differences between Hungarian and South African D. noxia suggest genetic differences between these populations. These results support the idea that resistant plant germplasm has geographical Limits because of variation in agro-ecosystems. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Hungarian Acad Sci, Inst Plant Protect, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. Univ Delaware, USDA ARS, Beneficial Insects Introduct Res Unit, Newark, DE USA. Sensaco Cooperat Ltd, ZA-9700 Bethlehem, South Africa. Plant Protect Res Inst, Agr Res Council, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa. RP Basky, Z (reprint author), Hungarian Acad Sci, Inst Plant Protect, POB 102, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. NR 25 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 83 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 121 EP 128 DI 10.1016/S0167-8809(00)00245-0 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 393GQ UT WOS:000166461200011 ER PT J AU Feldhake, CM AF Feldhake, CM TI Microclimate of a natural pasture under planted Robinia pseudoacacia in central Appalachia, West Virginia SO AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th Biennial North American Agroforestry Conference CY 1999 CL HOT SPRINS, ARKANSAS SP N Amer Agroforest DE photosynthetically active radiation; red far-red ratio; soil water; surface soil temperature ID RADIATION-USE EFFICIENCY; BLACK LOCUST; GRASSES; SHADE; RESPONSES; INCREASES; NITROGEN; QUALITY; GROWTH; TREE AB The conditions under which forages yield more under tree canopies than in open fields are not well understood. This study was conducted to determine how microclimate experienced by forages in central Appalachia is modified by black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) tree canopies. The effect of tree row location relative to forage growing point was evaluated for its impact on soil water, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), red/far-red ratio, and surface soil temperature. There was no consistent spatial dependency relating tree rows to soil water levels. While daily PAR decreased as the time under shade increased, the level of PAR under tree canopies nearly doubled as cloud cover increased from 0 to 25%. The red/far-red ratio decreased from 1.16 to 0.2 over forage growing between tree rows compared to forage within tree rows. Surface soil temperature remained nearly constant (1.5-2 degreesC increase) during sunny days under tree canopies but increased 8-12 degreesC by mid afternoon at unshaded sites depending on soil water levels. Forages under black locust trees experienced less extreme variation in both daily PAR and temperature than unshaded forages, thus reducing the metabolic cost of adaptation to extreme conditions. C1 ARS, USDA, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Feldhake, CM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, 1224 Airport Rd, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. NR 24 TC 24 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4366 J9 AGROFOREST SYST JI Agrofor. Syst. PY 2001 VL 53 IS 3 BP 297 EP 303 DI 10.1023/A:1013331628494 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Forestry SC Agriculture; Forestry GA 504LW UT WOS:000172859000007 ER PT J AU Mattice, JD Dilday, RH Gbur, EE Skulman, BW AF Mattice, JD Dilday, RH Gbur, EE Skulman, BW TI Barnyardgrass growth inhibition with rice using high-performance liquid chromatography to identify rice accession activity SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Congress on Allelopathy CY AUG 09-13, 1999 CL LAKEHEAD UNIV, THUNDER BAY, CANADA HO LAKEHEAD UNIV AB Some accessions of rice (Oryza sativa L.) have been shown to inhibit the growth of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L,) Beauv,), Our objective was to determine if high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chromatograms from leaf extracts of different accessions of rice correlated with weed control activity. Chromatograms of extracts consisting of 10 mg of fresh leaf tissue per milliliter of methanol (CH,OH) were obtained from 40 accessions of rice. Cluster analysis was performed using 20 peaks from the chromatograms, Three clusters were found, with one cluster being distinctly separated from the other two, Although weed control data are not available for all the accessions, the isolated cluster contains all of the accessions that have been shown to inhibit growth of barnyardgrass and none that do not. This indicates that the assay could be used gear-round to screen accessions of rife for weed control potential to determine which accessions should be further tested in the field, This could be done in a relatively short time using a small amount of space in the greenhouse, Because the assay requires only 10 mg of tissue per milliliter of methanol, it may potentially be used to test individual plants within an accession for weed control potential in a nondestructive manner. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Crop Soil & Environ Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72704 USA. ARS, USDA, Dale Bumpers Natl Rice Res Cent, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. Univ Arkansas, Agr Stat Lab, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Mattice, JD (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Crop Soil & Environ Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72704 USA. NR 7 TC 21 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 93 IS 1 BP 8 EP 11 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 409JG UT WOS:000167380100003 ER PT J AU Ebana, K Yan, WG Dilday, RH Namai, H Okuno, K AF Ebana, K Yan, WG Dilday, RH Namai, H Okuno, K TI Variation in the allelopathic effect of rice with water soluble extracts SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Congress on Allelopathy CY AUG 09-13, 1999 CL LAKEHEAD UNIV, THUNDER BAY, CANADA HO LAKEHEAD UNIV AB The allelopathic effect of rice (Oryza sativa L,) on lettuce (Lactuca saliva L,) and ducksalad [Heteranthera limosa (Sw,) Willd,] was investigated with water soluble extracts. Ducksalad is a major weed in southern USA rice Gelds, 'PI312777' and 'Rexmont', which are suppressive and nonsuppressive to ducksalad in the Geld, were used to establish the bioassay of allelopathic activity in rice. Water soluble compounds, which were extracted from rice seedlings and adult plants, were applied to lettuce seeds, Leaf extract of PI312777 inhibited the root growth of lettuce more strongly than those of Rexmont. Extracts from the leaves of rice seedlings at the six-leaf stage inhibited the growth of ducksalad and lettuce, and a close relationship existed between the inhibitory effect and the two test plants. A wide range of variation in allelopathic activity among rice cultivars was assessed using water soluble extracts from their leaves and lettuce as a test plant. C1 Univ Tsukuba, Inst Agr & Forestry, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058572, Japan. ARS, USDA, Dale Bumpers Natl Rice Res Cent, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. Natl Inst Agrobiol Resources, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058602, Japan. RP Okuno, K (reprint author), Hokkaido Natl Agr Expt Stn, Hitsujigaoka 1, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0628555, Japan. NR 14 TC 42 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 93 IS 1 BP 12 EP 16 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 409JG UT WOS:000167380100004 ER PT J AU Rimando, AM Olofsdotter, M Dayan, FE Duke, SO AF Rimando, AM Olofsdotter, M Dayan, FE Duke, SO TI Searching for rice allelochemicals: An example of bioassay-guided isolation SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Congress on Allelopathy CY AUG 09-13, 1999 CL LAKEHEAD UNIV, THUNDER BAY, CANADA HO LAKEHEAD UNIV AB A bioactivity-guided isolation method was developed with the objective of isolating the allelochemicals in rice (Oryza sativa L.), Roots of the allelopathic rice cultivar Taichung Native 1, grown hydroponically, were extracted and fractionated, with the activity of the fractions followed using a 24-well culture plate microbioassay, Some of the fractions obtained consisted of pure compounds, but none inhibited the growth of barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv,] at the lower concentration at which they were tested, Identified compounds were azelaic acid; p-coumaric acid; 1H-indole-3-carboxaldehyde; 1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid; 1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid; and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid bis(2-ethylhexyl)ester. rho -Coumaric acid, a known allelochemical, inhibited the germination of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings at 1 mM, However, rho -coumaric acid was active against barnyardgrass only at concentrations higher than 3 mM, The two most active fractions obtained from the bioassay-guided isolation were still a mixture of compounds as analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Further fractionation is being done to isolate and identify the allelochemical(s) in these active fractions. This work has demonstrated the use of bioassay-guided isolation in identifying allelochemicals in rice and has correlated observed field activity with laboratory experiments. C1 ARS, USDA, NPURU, Natl Ctr Nat Prod Res, University, MS 38677 USA. IRRI KVL, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. RP Rimando, AM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NPURU, Natl Ctr Nat Prod Res, POB 8048, University, MS 38677 USA. RI Dayan, Franck/A-7592-2009 OI Dayan, Franck/0000-0001-6964-2499 NR 16 TC 92 Z9 122 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 93 IS 1 BP 16 EP 20 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 409JG UT WOS:000167380100005 ER PT J AU Sheaffer, CC Orf, JH Devine, TE Jewett, JG AF Sheaffer, CC Orf, JH Devine, TE Jewett, JG TI Yield and quality of forage soybean SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MAX L MERRILL; REGISTRATION; STAGE AB Tall forage soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr,] cultivars in maturity groups V, VI, and VII have been developed to supply forage, Our objective was to determine the effect of harvest date and row spacing on the forage yield and quality of these new soybean cultivars. We grew forage and standard grain soybean in Minnesota with harvests in early and late September. Average maturity of tall forage soybean was R3 (early harvest) to R4 or R5 (late harvest) and average maturity of grain soybean was R6 (early harvest) to R7 (late harvest). Herbage of forage soybean was mostly leaves and stems at both harvests, whereas herbage of grain soybean contained an average of 400 and 595 g kg(-1) pods at the early and late harvests, respectively. There was no harvest date x soybean entry interaction for forage yield or forage quality. forage and grain soybean had similar forage yields (similar to8.8 Mg ha(-1)), Because adapted grain soybean was more mature and had a greater pod proportion than forage soybean, grain soybean had greater crude protein (CP) and lower fiber concentration than forage soybean. Average forage CP for forage and grain types was 146 and 218 g kg(-1), respectively, while neutral-detergent fiber (NDF) concentration was 523 and 400 g kg(-1), respectively. Decreasing row width from 76 to 25 cm increased forage yield 0.8 Mg ha(-1) but had no effect on total herbage quality. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. ARS, USDA, Weed Sci Lab, BARC, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Sheaffer, CC (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 21 TC 29 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 93 IS 1 BP 99 EP 106 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 409JG UT WOS:000167380100018 ER PT J AU Gates, RN Mislevy, P Martin, FG AF Gates, RN Mislevy, P Martin, FG TI Herbage accumulation of three bahiagrass populations during the cool season SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PENSACOLA BAHIAGRASS; FORAGE YIELDS; PHOSPHORUS AB Fall and winter are periods of critical forage shortage in subtropical regions of the world, including the extreme southeastern USA. Cool-season herbage accumulation has not been documented for bahiagrass [Paspalum notatum Flugge var. saurae Parodi] that has been selected using recurrent restricted phenotypic selection (RRPS) for increased warm-season yield, Regrowth of 'Pensacola', 'Tifton 9', and RRPS Cycle 18 that accumulated for 15 or 30 d was harvested from mid-September through mid-April at Tifton, GA and Ona, FL for 2 yr, Herbage accumulation was essentially parallel for the three populations; minimums were coincident in midwinter, and maxima generally occurred at the first autumn harvest or last spring harvest. Fall and spring yields of Tifton 9 and RRPS Cycle 18 were generally higher than those of Pensacola and often more than double. This advantage was more pronounced at Ona than Tifton. Digestibility (600 g kg(-1)) and crude protein (CP) concentration (150 g kg(-1)) at Ona remained high throughout the cool season. However, forage quality of bahiagrass at Tifton tended to decrease with increased frosts, Cool-season growth of three bahiagrass populations was slow, but RRPS selection has led to populations with greater growth potential, except when cold temperatures prohibit growth entirely. C1 ARS, USDA, Crop Genet & Breeding Res Unit, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Florida, Inst Food & Agr Sci, Range Cattle Res & Educ Ctr, Ona, FL 33865 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Stat, Inst Food & Agr Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Gates, RN (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Crop Genet & Breeding Res Unit, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 15 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 93 IS 1 BP 112 EP 117 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 409JG UT WOS:000167380100020 ER PT J AU Mitchell, R Fritz, J Moore, K Moser, L Vogel, K Redfearn, D Wester, D AF Mitchell, R Fritz, J Moore, K Moser, L Vogel, K Redfearn, D Wester, D TI Predicting forage quality in switchgrass and big bluestem SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID DEVELOPMENTAL MORPHOLOGY; ALFALFA HERBAGE; GRASSES; LEAF AB Predicting forage quality would help producers schedule hay harvesting to obtain desired hay quality. Our objective was to determine if growing degree day (GDD), day of the year (DOY), mean stage count (MSC), and mean stage weight (MSW) could be used to predict in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM), crude protein (CP), and neutral-detergent fiber (NDF) of 'Trailblazer' switchgrass (Panicum virgatum.) and 'Pawnee' big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman) grown in Nebraska and Kansas. This field study was conducted from 1990 to 1993 at Mead, NE on Typic Argiudoll soils and from 1992 to 1993 at Manhattan, KS on Aquic Argiudoll soils. Plants were sampled at l-wk intervals in 1990 and 1991 and at 2-wk intervals in 1992 and 1993. They were morphologically classified as MSC and MSW and analyzed for IVDDM, CP, and NDF. Switchgrass IVDDM and CP were best predicted by GDD models, which accounted for 86 and 91% of the variation, respectively, whereas NDF was best predicted by MSC and MSW, Big bluestem IVDDM was best predicted by MSW and CP was best predicted by GDD, which both accounted for 90% of the variation. Mean stage weight accounted for 74% of the variability in big bluestem NDF, The DOY model adequately predicted forage quality due primarily to the determinate growth habit of these species, Morphological development accurately predicted forage quality in many instances. Although no universal parameter adequately predicted concentrations of IVDDM, CP, and NDF, it was possible to accurately predict quality with readily available environmental data and measures of plant maturity. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries Management, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, SE Res Stn, Franklinton, LA 70438 USA. RP Mitchell, R (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries Management, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. NR 21 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 93 IS 1 BP 118 EP 124 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 409JG UT WOS:000167380100021 ER PT J AU Daughtry, CST AF Daughtry, CST TI Discriminating crop residues from soil by shortwave infrared reflectance SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID COVER; FLUORESCENCE; VEGETATION; LITTER; LEAF AB Quantifying crop residue cover on the soil surface is important for evaluating the effectiveness of conservation tillage practices. Current methods of measuring residue cover are inadequate in characterizing the spatial variability of residue cover over large fields. The objectives of this research were to determine the spectral reflectance of crop residues and soils as a function of water content and to evaluate the limits of discrimination that can be expected. Spectral reflectances of corn (Zea mays L.), soybean [Glycine mar (L.) Merr.], and wheat (Triticum aestivum L,) residues plus five diverse soils were measured over the 400- to 2400-nm wavelength region at a wide range of moisture conditions in the laboratory. Reflectance factors for scenes with varying proportions of crop residues and soils were simulated. The spectra of dry crop residues displayed a broad absorption feature near 2100 nm, associated with lignin and cellulase, that was absent in spectra of soils. The relative depth of the cellulose-lignin absorption feature, defined as the cellulose absorption index (CAI), was positive for all crop residues, except those saturated with water. In contrast, all soils had negative CAI values. Water significantly altered reflectance spectra of wet crop residues, but it did not prevent the discrimination of crop residues from the soils using the CAI. The wide range of CAI values expected for dry and moist conditions makes quantification of crop residue cover feasible. This reflectance technique appears promising for field- and regional-scale surveys of crop residue cover and conservation tillage practices. C1 ARS, USDA, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Daughtry, CST (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, Bldg 007,Room 116,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 22 TC 126 Z9 132 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 93 IS 1 BP 125 EP 131 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 409JG UT WOS:000167380100022 ER PT J AU Raun, WR Solie, JB Johnson, GV Stone, ML Lukina, EV Thomason, WE Schepers, JS AF Raun, WR Solie, JB Johnson, GV Stone, ML Lukina, EV Thomason, WE Schepers, JS TI In-season prediction of potential grain yield in winter wheat using canopy reflectance SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN AVAILABILITY; SPECTRAL RADIANCE; SOIL; MANAGEMENT; FERTILIZER; TESTS; CORN; ENVIRONMENT; NDVI AB Nitrogen fertilization rates in cereal production systems are generally determined by subtracting soil test N from a specified N requirement based on the grain yield goal, which represents the best achievable grain yield in the last 4 to 5 yr. If grain yield could be predicted in season, topdress N rates could be adjusted based on projected N removal. Our study was conducted to determine if the potential grain yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) could be predicted using in-season spectral measurements collected between January and March. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was determined from reflectance measurements under daytime lighting in the red and near-infrared (NIR) regions of the spectra. In-season estimated yield (EY) was computed using the sum of two postdormancy NDVI measurements (Jan. and Mar.) divided by the cumulative growing degree days (GDD) from the first to second reading. A significant relationship between grain yield and EY was observed (R-2 = 0.50, P > 0.0001) when combining all nine locations across a 2-yr period. Our estimates of potential grain yield (made in early Mar.) differed from measured grain yield (mid-July) at three sites where yield-altering factors (e.g., late summer rains delayed harvest and increased grain yield loss due to lodging and shattering) were encountered after the final sensing. Evaluating data from six of the nine locations across a 2-yr period, EY values explained 83% of the variability in measured grain yield. Use of EY may assist in refining in-season application of fertilizer N based on predicted potential grain yield. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. ARS, USDA, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Raun, WR (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RI Raun, William/A-3075-2017 OI Raun, William/0000-0002-1206-1105 NR 30 TC 171 Z9 182 U1 7 U2 45 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 93 IS 1 BP 131 EP 138 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 409JG UT WOS:000167380100023 ER PT J AU Wesley, RA Elmore, CD Spurlock, SR AF Wesley, RA Elmore, CD Spurlock, SR TI Deep tillage and crop rotation effects on cotton, soybean, and grain sorghum on clayey soils SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID NET RETURNS; IRRIGATION; SYSTEMS; YIELD; CORN; SEQUENCES; NITROGEN; REGIMES; GROWTH AB Deep tillage (subsoiling) of clayey soils in the fall when the profile is dry is a new concept that results in increased yields and net returns from soybean [Glycine mar (L). Merr.] grown without irrigation. Crop rotation may also result in increased crop yields. Field studies mere conducted on Tunica clay (clayey over loamy, smectitic, nonacid, thermic, Vertic Haplaquept) near Stoneville, MS (33 degrees 26' N lat) to determine the individual and combined effects of fall deep tillage and crop rotations on crop yields and net returns. Treatments included monocrop cotton [Gossypium hirsutum (L.)], soybean, and grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], and biennial rotations of cotton with grain sorghum and soybean with grain sorghum grown without irrigation and in either a conventional-till (CT) or deep-till (DT) production system. Yields from all cotton and soybean crop sequences grown in the DT respectively averaged 541 kg ha(-1) and 525 kg ha(-1) greater than comparable cotton (2184 kg ha(-1)) and soybean (2983 kg ha(-1)) crop sequences grown in the CT. Net returns from monocrop cotton ($552 ha(-1)) and soybean ($462 ha(-1)) in the DT respectively averaged $392 ha(-1) and $121 ha(-1) more than similar crop sequences in the CT. Rotations increased cotton and soybean yields but not net returns because of the low value of the grain sorghum component. These data indicate that fall deep tillage should be incorporated into monocrop cotton and soybean crop sequences to maximize and stabilize net returns from these crops on Tunica clay. C1 ARS, USDA, Applicat & Prod Tech Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Agr Econ, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Wesley, RA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Applicat & Prod Tech Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 36 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 93 IS 1 BP 170 EP 178 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 409JG UT WOS:000167380100029 ER PT J AU Unger, PW AF Unger, PW TI Alternative and opportunity dryland crops and related soil conditions in the southern Great Plains SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SORGHUM; YIELD; WHEAT AB Dryland winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] yield favorably when rotated or grown continually in the southern Great Plains, but improved water conservation practices make other systems possible for these crops. Also, farmers ran now produce other crops without losing government payments. Winter wheat, grain sorghum, and opportunity crop performance; alternative crop adaptability; and system effects on soil properties were determined. Wheat yielded 1.82 Mg ha(-1) when rotated with grain sorghum or fall canola (Brassica napus L.) and 1.21 Mg ha(-1) when grown continually or rotated with spring canola. Soil water contents at planting resulted in the differences. Grain sorghum yielded 2.89 and 3.02 Mg ha(-1) when rotated with wheat or grown continually and 2.24 Mg ha(-1) when rotated with kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), although water contents at planting mere similar. Kenaf produced only 2.3 Mg ha(-1) plant material, but contained 327 g kg(-1) protein at 32 d after planting and 195 g kg(-1) when killed by frost. Canola crops failed. Triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) produced more forage, but less grain than wheat. Soil water contents at planting and precipitation strongly influenced opportunity crop yields. Mean soil C contents increased from 5.52 to 5.94 g kg(-1) during the study. Aggregate diameters and percentages <0.25 mm in diameter showed no definite trends. Few bulk density and no aggregate water stability results differed. Some alternative and opportunity crops produced favorably, but generally no better than wheat or grain sorghum. C1 ARS, USDA, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RP Unger, PW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. NR 20 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 93 IS 1 BP 216 EP 226 PG 11 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 409JG UT WOS:000167380100034 ER PT J AU Payne, WA Rasmussen, PE Chen, CC Ramig, RE AF Payne, WA Rasmussen, PE Chen, CC Ramig, RE TI Assessing simple wheat and pea models using data from a long-term tillage experiment SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ROTATION; YIELD; GROWTH AB Fresh green pea (Pisum sativum L.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are grown in rotation with intensive tillage in northeast Oregon. We evaluated simple yield models for both crops using data from a long-term experiment that included four tillage treatments and soil water content measurements. Yields were affected by tillage for some of the 21 yr of study, but there was no consistent ranking among tillage treatments from year to year and no effect when data were pooled. Standardizing pea yields to a tenderometer reading of 100 failed to improve detection of treatment effect. Tillage affected wheat water use (ET) for three of the study years and water use efficiency (WUEET) for one. Conservation tillage reduced pea ET for seven of the study years. For combined years, however, there was no tillage effect on yield, ET, or WUEET of either crop. Wheat yield was better predicted from ET (R-2 = 0.41) than by the Leggett model, which uses March soil water storage and spring rain (R-2 = 0.12). Yield prediction was improved when ET was divided by seasonal mean daily water vapor pressure deficit ((VPD) over bar) (R-2 = 0.53). Multiple-regression equations using monthly rain predicted wheat yield well (R-2 = 0.62), but coefficients differed among data sets. A model using monthly rain and heat degree day sum (HDDS) predicted pea yield much better (R-2 = 0.65) than ET-based equations (R-2 = 0.30), suggesting that pea yield is limited by factors other than water. For wheat, ET/ (VPD) over bar -based models should replace the Leggett model. However, for pea, multiple regression models predict yield better than ET-based models. C1 Texas A&M Univ Syst, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. ARS, USDA, Columbia Plateau Conserv Res Cent, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. Oregon State Univ, Columbia Basin Agr Res Cent, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. RP Payne, WA (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ Syst, Texas Agr Expt Stn, 2301 Exp Stn Rd, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. NR 27 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 93 IS 1 BP 250 EP 260 PG 11 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 409JG UT WOS:000167380100038 ER PT B AU Wang, XD AF Wang, XD BE Agarwal, DP Seitz, HK TI Retinoids and alcoholic liver disease SO ALCOHOL IN HEALTH AND DISEASE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Titisee Symposium on Health Effects of Alcohol Intake CY DEC 09-12, 1999 CL TITISEE, GERMANY SP Volkswagen Stif, Falk Fdn, Merck AG ID ACID RECEPTOR-BETA; FAT-STORING CELLS; CHRONIC ETHANOL-CONSUMPTION; OMEGA-HYDROXYFATTY ACIDS; 2ND PRIMARY TUMORS; RAT-LIVER; HEPATOCELLULAR-CARCINOMA; TISSUE TRANSGLUTAMINASE; VITAMIN-A; C-JUN C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Gastrointestinal Nutr Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Wang, XD (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Gastrointestinal Nutr Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 103 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA BN 0-8247-0533-5 PY 2001 BP 427 EP 452 PG 26 WC Substance Abuse SC Substance Abuse GA BS40Y UT WOS:000169762700021 ER PT B AU Dean-Nystrom, EA Bartels-Morozov, D AF Dean-Nystrom, EA Bartels-Morozov, D GP AASP AASP AASP TI Edema disease: a re-emerging problem? SO AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF SWINE VETERINARIANS 2001, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 32nd Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Swine-Veterinarians CY FEB 24-27, 2001 CL NASHVILLE, TN SP Amer Assoc Swine Vet ID ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA-COLI; POSTWEANING DIARRHEA; FIMBRIAE F-18; PIGS; IMMUNIZATION; F18AB C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Dean-Nystrom, EA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC SWINE VETERINARIANS PI PERRY PA 902 1ST AVE, PERRY, IA 50220 USA PY 2001 BP 223 EP 224 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Veterinary Sciences SC Agriculture; Veterinary Sciences GA BV95W UT WOS:000180522100052 ER PT B AU Hurd, HS McKean, JD Gailey, JK Rostagno, MH Griffith, R AF Hurd, HS McKean, JD Gailey, JK Rostagno, MH Griffith, R GP AASP AASP AASP TI Acute gastrointestinal infection in market weight hogs occurs rapidly following exposure to environmental Salmonella SO AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF SWINE VETERINARIANS 2001, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 32nd Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Swine-Veterinarians CY FEB 24-27, 2001 CL NASHVILLE, TN SP Amer Assoc Swine Vet C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Hurd, HS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC SWINE VETERINARIANS PI PERRY PA 902 1ST AVE, PERRY, IA 50220 USA PY 2001 BP 553 EP 553 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Veterinary Sciences SC Agriculture; Veterinary Sciences GA BV95W UT WOS:000180522100109 ER PT S AU Rotz, CA Soder, KJ Roth, GW AF Rotz, CA Soder, KJ Roth, GW BE Terrill, T TI Environmental and economic impacts of a corn and rye double crop system on a Pennsylvania dairy farm SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 10, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Forage and Grassland Council Conference CY APR 22-25, 2001 CL SPRINGDALE, AR SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Arkansas Forage & Grassland Council C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Rotz, CA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, Bldg 3702,Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2001 VL 10 BP 18 EP 18 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80X UT WOS:000183252100018 ER PT S AU Soder, KJ Rotz, CA AF Soder, KJ Rotz, CA BE Terrill, T TI Economic and environmental implications of four levels of concentrate supplementation in grazing dairy herds SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 10, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Forage and Grassland Council Conference CY APR 22-25, 2001 CL SPRINGDALE, AR SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Arkansas Forage & Grassland Council C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Soder, KJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, Bldg 3702,Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2001 VL 10 BP 19 EP 19 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80X UT WOS:000183252100019 ER PT S AU Belesky, DP Ruckle, JM AF Belesky, DP Ruckle, JM BE Terrill, T TI Cool- and warm-season grass mixtures for pasture in the central Appalachian highlands SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 10, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Forage and Grassland Council Conference CY APR 22-25, 2001 CL SPRINGDALE, AR SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Arkansas Forage & Grassland Council C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Belesky, DP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, 1224 Airport Rd, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2001 VL 10 BP 21 EP 21 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80X UT WOS:000183252100021 ER PT S AU Belesky, DP Feldhake, CM Neel, JPS AF Belesky, DP Feldhake, CM Neel, JPS BE Terrill, T TI Production and botanical composition of a grass-legume sward as a function of conifer tree canopy density SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 10, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Forage and Grassland Council Conference CY APR 22-25, 2001 CL SPRINGDALE, AR SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Arkansas Forage & Grassland Council C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Belesky, DP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, 1224 Airport Rd, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2001 VL 10 BP 22 EP 22 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80X UT WOS:000183252100022 ER PT S AU Sanderson, MA Labreveux, M Hall, MH AF Sanderson, MA Labreveux, M Hall, MH BE Terrill, T TI Forage yield and persistence of chicory and plantain SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 10, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Forage and Grassland Council Conference CY APR 22-25, 2001 CL SPRINGDALE, AR SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Arkansas Forage & Grassland Council C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Sanderson, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2001 VL 10 BP 32 EP 32 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80X UT WOS:000183252100032 ER PT S AU Cropper, JB AF Cropper, JB BE Terrill, T TI Updated dry-weight-rank method for introduced pasture botanical composition estimation SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 10, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Forage and Grassland Council Conference CY APR 22-25, 2001 CL SPRINGDALE, AR SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Arkansas Forage & Grassland Council C1 USDA, NRCS, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Cropper, JB (reprint author), USDA, NRCS, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2001 VL 10 BP 40 EP 40 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80X UT WOS:000183252100039 ER PT S AU Aiken, GE Piper, EL Miesner, CR AF Aiken, GE Piper, EL Miesner, CR BE Terrill, T TI Preconditioning of fescue calves prior to transporting to the feedlot SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 10, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Forage and Grassland Council Conference CY APR 22-25, 2001 CL SPRINGDALE, AR SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Arkansas Forage & Grassland Council C1 USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. RP Aiken, GE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2001 VL 10 BP 48 EP 48 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80X UT WOS:000183252100047 ER PT S AU Coleman, SW AF Coleman, SW BE Terrill, T TI Developing prediction equations with noisy data SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 10, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Forage and Grassland Council Conference CY APR 22-25, 2001 CL SPRINGDALE, AR SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Arkansas Forage & Grassland Council C1 USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Stn, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. RP Coleman, SW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Stn, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2001 VL 10 BP 49 EP 49 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80X UT WOS:000183252100048 ER PT S AU Foster, JG Robertson, JW Bligh, DP Belesky, DP Clapham, WM AF Foster, JG Robertson, JW Bligh, DP Belesky, DP Clapham, WM BE Terrill, T TI Variations in the chemical composition of commercial cultivars of forage chicory SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 10, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Forage and Grassland Council Conference CY APR 22-25, 2001 CL SPRINGDALE, AR SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Arkansas Forage & Grassland Council C1 USDA ARS, AFSRC, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Foster, JG (reprint author), USDA ARS, AFSRC, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2001 VL 10 BP 50 EP 50 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80X UT WOS:000183252100049 ER PT S AU Neel, JPS Feldhake, CM Belesky, DP AF Neel, JPS Feldhake, CM Belesky, DP BE Terrill, T TI Nutritive value of cool season forages over time in a conifer woodlot with varying levels of light intensity SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 10, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Forage and Grassland Council Conference CY APR 22-25, 2001 CL SPRINGDALE, AR SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Arkansas Forage & Grassland Council C1 ARS, USDA, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Neel, JPS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, 1224 Airport Rd, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2001 VL 10 BP 56 EP 56 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80X UT WOS:000183252100055 ER PT S AU Turner, KE Neel, JPS AF Turner, KE Neel, JPS BE Terrill, T TI Blood urea nitrogen concentrations when lambs were offered hay diets supplemented with Quebracho tannin SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 10, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Forage and Grassland Council Conference CY APR 22-25, 2001 CL SPRINGDALE, AR SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Arkansas Forage & Grassland Council C1 ARS, USDA, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Turner, KE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2001 VL 10 BP 59 EP 59 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80X UT WOS:000183252100058 ER PT S AU Williams, MJ Andrew, WM Allison, MJ Coleman, SW Chase, CC Chambliss, CG Kalmbacher, RS Kunkle, WE AF Williams, MJ Andrew, WM Allison, MJ Coleman, SW Chase, CC Chambliss, CG Kalmbacher, RS Kunkle, WE BE Terrill, T TI Enhancement of media sensitivity for the recovery of Synergistes jonesii from rumen fluid and fecal material SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 10, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Forage and Grassland Council Conference CY APR 22-25, 2001 CL SPRINGDALE, AR SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Arkansas Forage & Grassland Council C1 ARS, USDA, Subtrop Agr Res Stn, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. RP Williams, MJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Subtrop Agr Res Stn, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2001 VL 10 BP 63 EP 63 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80X UT WOS:000183252100062 ER PT S AU Martin, NP Mertens, DR Muck, RE AF Martin, NP Mertens, DR Muck, RE BE Terrill, T TI Forage sampling techniques SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 10, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Forage and Grassland Council Conference CY APR 22-25, 2001 CL SPRINGDALE, AR SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Arkansas Forage & Grassland Council AB Hay is the third major crop behind corn and soybeans in commodity value in the U. S. Hay, hay-crop silage and corn silage are major sources of protein, fiber and energy for the dairy, beef, and sheep production industries. Proper sampling of hay or silage is necessary to obtain accurate forage analysis required for fair purchase of forages and for formulation of accurate animal diets. A definition of a hay lot is needed to determine representativesness of the lot to be tested. A lot of forage is defined as forage that is harvested alike from the same field within a 24-hour period. A representative sample of a narrowly defined lot is obtained by taking 20 randomly probed cores samples from a lot of small rectangular bales or at least 12 probed cores from mid-size rectangular or large round bales. Use probes that have 3/8 to 5/8-inch internal diameter and a length of 14 to 24 inches. Probes must penetrate bales at 90-degree angles to the shaft. Place the entire probed sample in a plastic bag, seal the bag, and mail to a certified forage-testing laboratory. C1 USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Martin, NP (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, 1925 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2001 VL 10 BP 100 EP 107 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80X UT WOS:000183252100076 ER PT S AU Rotz, CA Soder, KJ Roth, GW AF Rotz, CA Soder, KJ Roth, GW BE Terrill, T TI Environmental and economic impacts of a corn and rye double crop system on a Pennsylvania dairy farm SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 10, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Forage and Grassland Council Conference CY APR 22-25, 2001 CL SPRINGDALE, AR SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Arkansas Forage & Grassland Council ID COVER CROP AB Double cropping corn after winter rye is becoming a popular option on dairy farms in the mid Atlantic region. The rye crop reduces erosion and it takes up soil nitrate to reduce N leaching loss through the winter and early spring months. When harvested as silage in the spring at an early boot stage of development, the crop provides high quality forage. The crop can also be killed with herbicide and used as a mulch and green manure, increasing the yield of the following corn crop. A dairy farm in southern Pennsylvania was simulated with a whole-farm model (DAFOSYM) to evaluate the long-term production, environmental, and economic benefits of these double-cropping strategies. Averaged over 25 years of weather, double cropping corn after rye silage reduced N leaching loss from the whole farm by 25% (8 lb N/ac/yr), increased total feed production by 6%, and increased annual farm profit by $50/ac of rye compared to a corn and alfalfa rotation. Using the rye as mulch provided a similar reduction in N leaching loss, increased feed production up to 3%, but reduced farm profit by $32/ac of rye. Therefore, double cropping corn with winter rye provides a good strategy for reducing N leaching losses from dairy farms, and farm profit can be improved when the rye is harvested as silage. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Rotz, CA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, Bldg 3702,Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2001 VL 10 BP 166 EP 170 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80X UT WOS:000183252100093 ER PT S AU Soder, KJ Rotz, CA AF Soder, KJ Rotz, CA BE Terrill, T TI Economic and environmental implications of four levels of concentrate supplementation in grazing dairy herds SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 10, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Forage and Grassland Council Conference CY APR 22-25, 2001 CL SPRINGDALE, AR SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Arkansas Forage & Grassland Council ID PERFORMANCE; PASTURE AB Low cost pasture based forage systems are a viable management alternative for dairy producers. A whole-farm analysis was conducted to evaluate the potential long-term environmental impact and economic benefit of varying the level of concentrate supplementation on spring-calving, grazing dairy farms using a whole-farm model (DAFOSYM). A representative grazing farm in central Pennsylvania was simulated with four levels of concentrate supplementation. These farms were then compared to a confinement farm producing corn and alfalfa on the same land base where total mixed rations were fed. Stocking rate was set on each farm so forage consumed equaled forage production on the farm. Profitability increased as supplementation level increased in the grazing systems, but at a decreasing rate with each successive level of supplementation. At the highest levels of supplementation, the grazing dairy farms showed greater profitability than the confinement farm. Nitrogen leaching remained relatively unchanged as supplementation increased, but soil P accumulation increased. Concentrate supplementation of grazing lactating dairy cows provided an increase in profitability and a mixed impact on nutrient balance of the farm. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Soder, KJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, Bldg 3702,Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2001 VL 10 BP 171 EP 175 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80X UT WOS:000183252100094 ER PT S AU Cropper, JB AF Cropper, JB BE Terrill, T TI Updated dry-weight-rank method for introduced pasture botanical composition estimation SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 10, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Forage and Grassland Council Conference CY APR 22-25, 2001 CL SPRINGDALE, AR SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Arkansas Forage & Grassland Council AB Most permanent, introduced forage pastures are mixed plant species communities. Yet, rarely are they looked at to ascertain their botanical composition. The tedium of clipping, sorting, and weighing several forage samples is too much of a deterrent. This leads to erroneous yield estimates and little sense of where a pasture is going as a plant community, toward a better forage stand or a worsening one. The Dry-Weight-Rank Method easily estimates pasture plant composition as a percent by weight. It does this without resorting to clipping, sorting, and weighing. It, instead, uses to a simple ranking of the top two to three plant species found within a standard-sized clipping frame or quadrat. Twenty to thirty randomly placed quadrats provide a good sample. The field procedure combined with a programmed entry Excel (TM) spreadsheet keeps the method simple by eliminating tedious, error-prone hand calculations. This data when collected over time can be used to watch trends in loss and gain of plant species, help explain changes in grazable forage yield and livestock performance, and make management adjustments. C1 USDA, NRCS, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Cropper, JB (reprint author), USDA, NRCS, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2001 VL 10 BP 197 EP 201 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80X UT WOS:000183252100102 ER PT S AU Aiken, GE Piper, EL Miesner, CR AF Aiken, GE Piper, EL Miesner, CR BE Terrill, T TI Preconditioning of fescue calves prior to transporting to the feedlot SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 10, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Forage and Grassland Council Conference CY APR 22-25, 2001 CL SPRINGDALE, AR SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Arkansas Forage & Grassland Council ID ACREMONIUM AB Heat stress can be a major problem in transporting stocker calves with symptoms of fescue toxicosis. It is possible to precondition calves grazed on tall fescue for transport to the feedlot by removing them from tall fescue and offering diets that are devoid of endophyte-infested tall fescue. An experiment was conducted that used a pasture phase to condition yearling steers to grazing tall fescue and induce symptoms of toxicosis, and a pen phase followed that determined the effects of previous implanting and level of nutrition (hay only versus hay plus concentrate feed) on short changes in rectal temperature and serum prolactin. Changes in rectal temperature and serum prolactin during the pen phase were not influenced by either implanting or level of nutrition. Rectal temperature declined linearly and were below a normal temperature by 82 h. Serum prolactin gradually increased and stabilized by 82 h. Results indicated that neither concentrate feeding or estrogenic implantation influenced recovery from fescue toxicosis, whereas removing calves from fescue pastures and excluding tall fescue from the diet for 3 to 4 d may alleviate symptoms of toxicosis. C1 USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. RP Aiken, GE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2001 VL 10 BP 229 EP 232 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80X UT WOS:000183252100109 ER PT S AU Coleman, SW AF Coleman, SW BE Terrill, T TI Developing prediction equations with noisy data SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 10, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Forage and Grassland Council Conference CY APR 22-25, 2001 CL SPRINGDALE, AR SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Arkansas Forage & Grassland Council AB When attempting to develop equations to predict nutritive value or intake, variability is often quite high among animals. This is especially true when animals are grazing at pasture and indirect methods are used to 'measure' intake and digestibility. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has shown potential as a method to estimate intake and digestibility from scans of either the feed or feces and would be an effective 'quick' method to use in a double sampling scheme. However, if the reference data are highly variable, but on the average, accurate, then selection criteria usually suggest the data and resulting equations are unreliable. Random noise was added to values in a data set with rigid structure (treatment, maturity, and replicates). The relationship between reference laboratory values and values predicted by an equation developed from the laboratory values or laboratory values with added noise (I or 2 standard deviations [Sd]) was: r(2) = 0.98, 0.93, 0.92, and standard error of prediction (SEP) = 0.6, 1.2, and 1.3, respectively. While the goodness of fit statistics are relatively good, an analysis of the structure within the data set (cultivar and harvest date) indicated systematic bias. While truly random noise should not cause such bias if sufficient numbers of samples were in each subcell, systematic noise may be observed when subcell sizes are small. Use of noisy data is not advised unless the calibration data set is sufficiently large to overcome biases due to non-random distribution of the noise. C1 USDA ARS, SubTrop Agr Res Stn, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. RP Coleman, SW (reprint author), USDA ARS, SubTrop Agr Res Stn, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2001 VL 10 BP 233 EP 237 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80X UT WOS:000183252100110 ER PT S AU Aiken, GE Paschall, JC AF Aiken, GE Paschall, JC BE Terrill, T TI Relationship of carcass retail product with real-time ultrasound measures of calves entering the feedlot SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 10, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Forage and Grassland Council Conference CY APR 22-25, 2001 CL SPRINGDALE, AR SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Arkansas Forage & Grassland Council ID BEEF-CATTLE AB Real-time ultrasound has potential in predicting the carcass retail product of feedlot cattle in a late-stage of finish, but it could also have potential use as a management tool for calves entering the feedlot. A study was conducted to determine if relationships can be detected between carcass retail product and ultrasound and body weight measures taken at entrance in the feedlot. Two pens of Santa Cruz steers and one pen of Santa Gertrudis were weighed and ultrasonically scanned on the eighth day after being placed in the feedyard. Carcass data were used to estimate percent and pounds of retail product. Percent retail product was correlated with ultrasound measures of ribeye area (UREA), backfat thickness (UBFT), and rump fat thickness (URFT). Pounds of retail product was correlated with UREA, URF, and bodyweight(BW). A multiple regression showed relationships between percent and pounds of retail product and UREA, URFT, and BW, but the associations were low. Results of the study indicate a potential for using ultrasound measurements of stocker and feeder calves to determine carcass yield potential, but more data and information are needed to improve accuracy. C1 USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. RP Aiken, GE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2001 VL 10 BP 269 EP 273 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80X UT WOS:000183252100119 ER PT S AU Belesky, DP Ruckle, JM AF Belesky, DP Ruckle, JM BE Terrill, T TI Cool- and warm-season grass mixtures for pasture in the central Appalachian highlands SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 10, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Forage and Grassland Council Conference CY APR 22-25, 2001 CL SPRINGDALE, AR SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Arkansas Forage & Grassland Council AB Cool-season grasses dominate pastures of Appalachia and reach peak productivity in spring. In contrast, warm-season grasses reach peak production during mid summer with little or no growth in spring and fall. Including cool- and warm-season grass components in grazing systems should improve forage distribution. The benefits of warm-season grasses in hill-land pastures may be unappreciated, in part, because we lack information on suitable plant materials and the influence of defoliation on seasonal distribution of herbage. We evaluated the warm-season grasses 'Caucasian' bluestem (Bothriochloa caucasica (Trin.) C. E. Hubb. and 'Red River' crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. along with the cool-season forages 'Marshall' annual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and 'Linn' perennial ryegrass (L. perenne L.) as a function of harvest interval. We found that despite applying recommended management practices, crabgrass did not reseed. White clover (Trifolium repens L.) volunteered in bluestem and perennial ryegrass plots and comprised as much as 50% of the standing herbage when growing with perennial ryegrass. Bluestem and perennial ryegrass produced about the same amount of herbage when clipped at 2-wk intervals in both years with bluestem productive for 80 and ryegrass for 135 days. Bluestem produced 6200 lb/acre in about 80 d when clipped at 4-wk intervals throughout the 2000 growing season. Bluestem clipped weekly in 2000 produced slightly more herbage than canopies clipped every 2-wk and offers a means to supplement mid season forage production under intensive herbage use situations. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Belesky, DP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, 1224 Airport Rd, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2001 VL 10 BP 280 EP 284 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80X UT WOS:000183252100122 ER PT S AU Belesky, DP Feldhake, CM Neel, JPS AF Belesky, DP Feldhake, CM Neel, JPS BE Terrill, T TI Production and botanical composition of a grass-legume sward as a function of conifer tree canopy density SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 10, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Forage and Grassland Council Conference CY APR 22-25, 2001 CL SPRINGDALE, AR SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Arkansas Forage & Grassland Council ID SHADE AB Small-scale farms in the Appalachian Region are a mosaic of traditional pasture and wooded sites. Topography along with temperature and moisture extremes influences the quantity and seasonal distribution of herbage in pasture. Tree canopies modify the microclimate and could buffer periods of weather extremes and influence the distribution and nutritive value of forage grown as an understory crop. A grass-legume mixture was grown in a light gradient created by a 35-yr old, mixed-species conifer stand. Herbage production, seasonal distribution and botanical composition of the sward were quantified as a function of light intensity. The site was limed and treated with phosphorus fertilizer. Mature wether sheep were used to control existing understory vegetation and to tread in surface broadcast seed. Accumulated herbage was grazed at three-week intervals. Herbage yield was greatest at 80% of full light at 2 tons/acre, while cumulative yields at 50 and 20% light reached 1.5 tons/acre. The presence of white clover and perennial ryegrass was greatest at 80% full light and increased over the growing season, while the proportion of bare ground, orchardgrass and other grasses declined. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Belesky, DP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, 1224 Airport Rd, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2001 VL 10 BP 285 EP 289 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80X UT WOS:000183252100123 ER PT S AU Foster, JG Robertson, JW Bligh, DP Belesky, DP Clapham, WM AF Foster, JG Robertson, JW Bligh, DP Belesky, DP Clapham, WM BE Terrill, T TI Variations in the chemical composition of commercial cultivars of forage chicory SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 10, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Forage and Grassland Council Conference CY APR 22-25, 2001 CL SPRINGDALE, AR SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Arkansas Forage & Grassland Council ID SESQUITERPENE LACTONES; NUTRITIVE-VALUE; PRODUCTIVITY; PLANTS AB Forage chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) is a perennial forb whose positive contribution to pasture systems in some parts of the world resulted in its evaluation in hill-land pastures in the northeastern U.S. Reluctance of sheep to consume herbage of New Zealand 'Grasslands Puna' chicory led to a comparative study of secondary metabolites in the commercial cultivars, Puna, 'INIA Le Lacerta' from Uruguay, and 'Forage Feast' from France, all grown on an upland site in southern WV. Analyses of nitrogenous constituents (amino acids, nitrate, polyamines, and alkaloids) did not provide explanations for observed cultivar discrimination by sheep which preferred Lacerta and Puna to Forage Feast. The tendency of Forage Feast to have higher concentrations of sesquiterpene lactones and several other specific organic compounds suggests that these constituents may function to deter predation by ruminants. C1 USDA ARS, AFSRC, Beaverton, WV 25813 USA. RP Foster, JG (reprint author), USDA ARS, AFSRC, Beaverton, WV 25813 USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2001 VL 10 BP 326 EP 330 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80X UT WOS:000183252100134 ER PT S AU Neel, JPS Feldhake, CM Belesky, DP AF Neel, JPS Feldhake, CM Belesky, DP BE Terrill, T TI Nutritive value of cool season forages over time in a conifer woodlot with varying levels of light intensity SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 10, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Forage and Grassland Council Conference CY APR 22-25, 2001 CL SPRINGDALE, AR SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Arkansas Forage & Grassland Council ID SHADE AB The Appalachian region contains numerous small farms made up of both open pasture and woodlots. A common problem is the loss of forage quality and quantity during the summer period due to high temperature and low rainfall. Introduction of forage species within woodlots offers promise of improved forage availability, higher forage quality and increased farm income. Nutritional value of herbage grown under a conifer tree canopy was evaluated in relation to percent available light and season. Forage crude protein was influenced by available light (P<0.05) and was highest within the 50% available light areas (27.06 %) and lowest within the 80% available light areas (24.07). Forage metabolisable energy was not affected by light level (P>0.50). Forage nitrate was also affected (P<0.05) by available light and mirrored crude protein values. Nitrate content reached toxic levels within the 20 and 50% light areas (0.25 and 0.35% respectively). Total nonstructural carbohydrates were highest (P<0.05) within the 80% light area (5.33%). Harvest date also affected (P<0.05) nutritional parameters. Forage nutritive value estimates suggest that low light conditions may negatively impact nutritive value, especially concerning forage nitrate content. More research is needed to improve our understanding of the plant-soil-animal interactions in silvopastoral systems. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Neel, JPS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, 1224 Airport Rd, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2001 VL 10 BP 351 EP 355 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80X UT WOS:000183252100139 ER PT S AU Turner, KE Neel, JPS AF Turner, KE Neel, JPS BE Terrill, T TI Blood urea nitrogen concentrations when lambs were offered hay diets supplemented with Quebracho tannin SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 10, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Forage and Grassland Council Conference CY APR 22-25, 2001 CL SPRINGDALE, AR SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Arkansas Forage & Grassland Council ID SHEEP AB Fifteen crossbred lambs (avg wt 105 lb) were randomly assigned to a replicated study to evaluate the influence of condensed tannin (CT) on protein-use in ruminants. After 14 d, lambs offered the sericea lespedeza [Lespedeza cuneata (Dum.-Cours.) G. Don; LESP] hay diet had lower (P < 0.01) blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations (13.5 mg/dl) when compared to lambs offered alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.; ALF) hay diets supplemented with quebracho tannin which were all similar (mean 21.5 mg/dl). For all lambs, BUN concentrations was quadratically related to the total N: total phenolics ratio in the diet (BUN, mg/dl = -0.43x(2) + 4.27x +13.77; R-2 = 0.68). Further research is needed to identify grass and tannin-source combinations for ruminants that maximizes condensed tannin tolerances by ruminants yet optimizes nitrogen-use and production efficiencies. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Turner, KE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2001 VL 10 BP 358 EP 362 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80X UT WOS:000183252100142 ER PT S AU Williams, MJ Andrew, WM Allison, MJ Coleman, SW Chase, CC Chambliss, CG Kalmbacher, RS Kunkle, WE AF Williams, MJ Andrew, WM Allison, MJ Coleman, SW Chase, CC Chambliss, CG Kalmbacher, RS Kunkle, WE BE Terrill, T TI Enhancement of media sensitivity for the recovery of Synergistes jonesii from rumen fluid and fecal material SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 10, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Forage and Grassland Council Conference CY APR 22-25, 2001 CL SPRINGDALE, AR SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Arkansas Forage & Grassland Council C1 USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Stn, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. RP Williams, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Stn, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2001 VL 10 BP 372 EP 372 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80X UT WOS:000183252100145 ER PT J AU Spooner, DM Van den Berg, RG Miller, JT AF Spooner, DM Van den Berg, RG Miller, JT TI Species and series boundaries of Solanum series Longipedicellata (Solanaceae) and phenetically similar species in ser. Demissa and ser. Tuberosa: implications for a practical taxonomy of Section Petota SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE phenetics; potato; sect. Petota; Solanaceae; Solanum series Longipedicellata; species concepts; taxonomy ID GERMPLASM COLLECTING EXPEDITION; BREVICAULE COMPLEX SOLANACEAE; RESTRICTION SITE VARIATION; WILD POTATOES; MORPHOLOGICAL DATA; S-CARDIOPHYLLUM; MOLECULAR-DATA; HYBRIDIZATION; REEXAMINATION; MEGISTACROLOBUM AB Species boundaries were assessed by phenetic analyses of morphological data for all species of wild potatoes (Solanum section Petota) assigned to ser. Longipedicellata: S. fendleri, S. hjertingii, S. matehualae, S. papita, S. polytrichon, and S. stoloniferum. These six tetraploid species grow in the southeastern United States (S. fendleri) and Mexico (all six species). We also analyzed morphologically similar species in ser. Demissa (S. demissum) and ser. Tuberosa (S. avilesii, S. gourlayi, S, verrucosum). We chose S. verrucosum and S. demissum as Mexican representatives, and S. avilesii and S. gourlayi as South American representatives of other series that are difficult to distinguish from ser. Longipedicellata. We also analyzed morphologically more dissimilar species in ser. Tuberosa (S. berthaultii) and ser. Yungasensia (S. chacoense). The results support only three species in ser. Longipedicellata: (1) S. polytrichon, (2) S. hjertingii + S. matehualae, (3) S. fendleri + S. papita + S. stoloniferum. Solanum avilesii, S. gourlayi, and to a lesser extent S. demissum and S. verrucosum are very similar to members of ser. Longipedicellata and are difficult to distinguish practically from them, despite differences in chromosome numbers and crossability relationships. These data help document and explain the extensive taxonomic difficulty in sect. Petota, highlight conflicts between biological and morphological species concepts, and add to a growing body of evidence that too many wild potato species are recognized. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Dept Plant Taxon, NL-6700 ED Wageningen, Netherlands. CSIRO Plant Ind, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. RP Spooner, DM (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Miller, Joe/D-2729-2009; Miller, Joe/M-2693-2016 OI Miller, Joe/0000-0002-5788-9010 NR 49 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY, 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 88 IS 1 BP 113 EP 130 DI 10.2307/2657132 PG 18 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 394BG UT WOS:000166503700012 ER PT J AU Jacques, PF Tucker, KL AF Jacques, PF Tucker, KL TI Are dietary patterns useful for understanding the role of diet in chronic disease? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Editorial Material ID CLUSTER-ANALYSIS; CLINICAL-TRIAL; CANCER; RISK C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Jacques, PF (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010; OI Tucker, Katherine/0000-0001-7640-662X NR 14 TC 288 Z9 301 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 73 IS 1 BP 1 EP 2 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 385HE UT WOS:000165997400001 PM 11124739 ER PT J AU Hunt, JR AF Hunt, JR TI How important is dietary iron bioavailability? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Editorial Material ID CALCIUM INTAKE; ABSORPTION C1 Univ N Dakota, USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Hunt, JR (reprint author), Univ N Dakota, USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, POB 9034, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 10 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 73 IS 1 BP 3 EP 4 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 385HE UT WOS:000165997400002 PM 11124740 ER PT J AU Mendoza, C Viteri, FE Lonnerdal, B Raboy, V Young, KA Brown, KH AF Mendoza, C Viteri, FE Lonnerdal, B Raboy, V Young, KA Brown, KH TI Absorption of iron from unmodified maize and genetically altered, low-phytate maize fortified with ferrous sulfate or sodium iron EDTA SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE iron absorption; iron deficiency; anemia; phytate; phytic acid; food fortification; ferrous sulfate; sodium iron EDTA; maize; corn; genetically modified food ID FE(III)-EDTA COMPLEX; FORTIFICATION; FOODS; FIBER AB Background: Reducing the phytate content in grains by genetic manipulation is a novel approach to increasing nonheme-iron absorption from mixed diets. Fractional iron absorption from a genetically modified strain of low-phytate maize (LPM) increased significantly, by 50%. Objective: We assessed iron absorption from porridges prepared from the same LPM (lpa-1-1 mutant) and unmodified wild-type maize (WTM), both of which were fortified with either ferrous sulfate or sodium iron EDTA. Design: Porridges providing 3.4 mg Fe were fortified with either ferrous sulfate or sodium iron EDTA to provide an additional 1 mg Fe/serving. In 14 nonanemic women, iron absorption was measured as the amount of radioiron incorporated into red blood cells (extrinsic tag method) 12 d after consumption of the study diets. Results: No significant effect of phytate content on iron absorption was found when porridge was fortified with either sodium iron EDTA or ferrous sulfate. Fractional absorption of iron from WTM porridge fortified with sodium iron EDTA (5.73%) was 3.39 times greater than that from the same porridge fortified with ferrous sulfate (1.69%). Fractional absorption of iron from the sodium iron EDTA-fortified LPM porridge (5.40%) was 2.82 times greater than that from LPM porridge fortified with ferrous sulfate (1.91%) (P < 0.0001 for both comparisons, repeated-measures analysis of variance). Thus, the previously identified benefit of LPM was no longer detectable when maize porridge was fortified with additional iron. Conclusion: Iron was absorbed more efficiently when the fortificant was sodium iron EDTA rather than ferrous sulfate, regardless of the type of maize. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Inst Nutr Cent Amer & Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala. Univ Calif Davis, Program Int Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Nutr Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Small Grains Germplasm Res Facil, Aberdeen, ID USA. RP Mendoza, C (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM cmendoza@ucdavis.edu NR 39 TC 46 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 73 IS 1 BP 80 EP 85 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 385HE UT WOS:000165997400016 PM 11124754 ER PT J AU Linderman, RG Davis, EA AF Linderman, RG Davis, EA TI Comparative response of selected grapevine rootstocks and cultivars to inoculation with different mycorrhizal fungi SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ENOLOGY AND VITICULTURE LA English DT Article DE grape; endomycorrhizae; phosphorus deficiency; growth enhancement; fumigation ID GROWTH; COLONIZATION; INFECTION; GLOMUS AB The need to replant vineyards due to the impact of phylloxera and other root disease problems has led to practices of soil fumigation that generally eliminate beneficial microbes like vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi. Replanting is done with cultivars grafted on nematode- and phylloxera-resistant rootstocks or with own-rooted cultivars. The question of the relative responsiveness of a selection of these rootstocks or cultivars to several VAM fungal species prompted this study, The tests, conducted under low phosphate (14 mg kg(-1) available) conditions, revealed that all rootstocks and cultivars exhibited significantly increased growth in response to inoculation with VAM fungi. The degree of responsiveness varied, depending on the plant genotype and fungal species used. Noninoculated plants were clearly stunted and showed foliar symptoms of undetermined nutrient deficiencies, thus confirming the high dependence of grapevines on VAM. Based on these results, it would be expected that vines planted in soils lacking VAM fungi, due to fumigation or terracing that exposes poor soils, would be highly responsive to VAM colonization. C1 ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Linderman, RG (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, 3420 NW Orchard Ave, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 17 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMER SOC ENOLOGY VITICULTURE PI DAVIS PA PO BOX 1855, DAVIS, CA 95617-1855 USA SN 0002-9254 J9 AM J ENOL VITICULT JI Am. J. Enol. Vitic. PY 2001 VL 52 IS 1 BP 8 EP 11 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Agriculture GA 458EX UT WOS:000170181200002 ER PT J AU Gabler, FM Smilanick, JL AF Gabler, FM Smilanick, JL TI Postharvest control of table grape gray mold on detached berries with carbonate and bicarbonate salts and disinfectants SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ENOLOGY AND VITICULTURE LA English DT Article ID SODIUM-BICARBONATE; POWDERY MILDEW; DIP TREATMENTS; OZONE; ETHANOL; DECAY; ROT; ACETALDEHYDE; EFFICACY; DIOXIDE AB The control of postharvest gray mold on detached table grape berries by treatment with carbonate and bicarbonate salt solutions, alone or with chlorine, ozone, or ethanol, was evaluated. Sodium carbonate (SC), potassium carbonate (PC), sodium bicarbonate (SBC), potassium bicarbonate (PBC), and ammonium bicarbonate (ABC) were tested without control of pH for their toxicity to spores of Botrytis cinerea in vitro, and the concentrations that stopped germination of 95% (EC95) of the spores were 16, 17, 36, 58, and 163 mM, respectively. When bicarbonate solutions were adjusted to pH 7.2 (+/-0.2), the mean EC95 concentrations for two B. cinerea strains of ABC, SBC, and PBC were 48,102, and 112 mM, respectively. In 1.5 mug/ml of ozone in water, 50% and 95% mortality of spores of B. cinerea occurred after 21.3 and 35.6 sec, respectively. In tests to control gray mold on grapes, among the bicarbonates, each applied at 500 mM, ABC was significantly more effective than SBC and PBC. It was also superior to PC (100 mM) and chlorine (200 mug/ml) and equal in effectiveness to SC (100 mM) and ethanol (70% wt/vol). The addition of 200 mug/ml chlorine to the bicarbonate salts significantly decreased gray mold incidence. Ozone in water at 10 mug/ml significantly controlled gray mold, although its efficacy was irregular and dependent on grape condition. Among all the treatments, berry condition was an important factor; for example, there was significant decrease in control when wounded berries were treated compared to unwounded berries. The quality of grapes after treatment with ABC, SBC, ethanol, and chlorine was acceptable; ozone in water caused minor rachis injury; while severe injuries, mostly brown spots on berries, occurred after SC, PC, and PBC treatments. C1 ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. Inst Adriat Crops, Split 21000, Croatia. RP Smilanick, JL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 45 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC ENOLOGY VITICULTURE PI DAVIS PA PO BOX 1855, DAVIS, CA 95617-1855 USA SN 0002-9254 J9 AM J ENOL VITICULT JI Am. J. Enol. Vitic. PY 2001 VL 52 IS 1 BP 12 EP 20 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Agriculture GA 458EX UT WOS:000170181200003 ER PT J AU Hall, TW Mahaffee, WF AF Hall, TW Mahaffee, WF TI Impact of vine shelter use on development of grape powdery mildew SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ENOLOGY AND VITICULTURE LA English DT Article DE Uncinula necator; powdery mildew; Vitis vinifera; grapes; vine shelter; temperature ID UNCINULA-NECATOR; DISPERSAL AB Heavy infection of powdery mildew, Uncinula necator, on grapevines was observed in conjunction with vine shelter use during the 1997 growing season in the Oregon Willamette Valley. The influence of vine shelter use on the development of powdery mildew was investigated in the field during the 1998 and 1999 growing seasons. Installations of vine shelters were examined for both incidence and severity of U. necator infection. Five brands and four installation types were examined. There were no significant differences among brands of vine shelters. The industry standard installation of 76 cm high tubes, hilled with 7.6 cm of soil at the bottom to prevent airflow, resulted in significantly lower incidence of powdery mildew in both field seasons. Significantly increased disease incidence was observed in installations designed to increase airflow in the shelters. Reduction in incidence of disease on leaves was significantly correlated with prolonged temperatures above 36 degreesC within the vine shelters. Vine length was significantly increased depending on shelter brand and installation type in both years. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Mahaffee, WF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, 3420 NW Orchard Ave, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ENOLOGY VITICULTURE PI DAVIS PA PO BOX 1855, DAVIS, CA 95617-1855 USA SN 0002-9254 J9 AM J ENOL VITICULT JI Am. J. Enol. Vitic. PY 2001 VL 52 IS 3 BP 204 EP 209 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Agriculture GA 506PC UT WOS:000172980100006 ER PT J AU Tarara, JM Ferguson, JC AF Tarara, JM Ferguson, JC TI Device for simulating high rates of sap flow in grapevines SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ENOLOGY AND VITICULTURE LA English DT Article DE Vitis; heat-balance method; sap gauge; water use; transpiration; measurement; stem flow; woody species; methodology ID HEAT-BALANCE METHOD; VINEYARD IRRIGATION; HERBACEOUS PLANTS; WATER-FLOW; MASS-FLOW; TRANSPIRATION; STEMS; GAUGE; WOODY; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AB Sap-flow gauges typically are tested by comparing their output to gravimetric measurements of water loss from a potted plant. However, a mature vine of Vitis labrusca cv. Concord, when potted, could not achieve the high rates of sap flow that were observed in similar vines in the field. This limited the range in which the sap-flow gauges could be tested and confidence in their accuracy at high flow rates. Consequently, a laboratory device was constructed to reproduce the high rates of sap flow that were observed in the vineyard on mature grapevines. The device allows gauge testing on a severed vine stem, thereby reproducing the thermal regime of a sap-flow measurement in the field. The design of the device is simple, and its component parts are low-cost and easily obtained from commercial sources. The device permits empirical determination of limiting factors in gauge performance as they vary with flow rate. It also permits the establishment of "zero-flow set" or gauge conductance on hydrated stem tissue. Evaluation of the heat-balance method under high rates of sap flow (> 1500 g h(-1)) showed that gauges made from designs that are standard in the literature consistently underestimated gravimetric measurements. Evidence suggests that gauges should be redesigned to accommodate thermal heterogeneity across the vine stem that occurs under high flow. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Unit, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. RP Tarara, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Unit, 24106 N Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 35 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ENOLOGY VITICULTURE PI DAVIS PA PO BOX 1855, DAVIS, CA 95617-1855 USA SN 0002-9254 J9 AM J ENOL VITICULT JI Am. J. Enol. Vitic. PY 2001 VL 52 IS 3 BP 260 EP 265 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Agriculture GA 506PC UT WOS:000172980100015 ER PT J AU Olmstead, MA Wample, RL Greene, SL Tarara, JM AF Olmstead, MA Wample, RL Greene, SL Tarara, JM TI Evaluation of potential cover crops for inland Pacific Northwest vineyards SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ENOLOGY AND VITICULTURE LA English DT Article DE cover crops; Vitis vinifera L.; evaluation techniques; vineyards ID IMAGE-ANALYSIS; LEGUMES; YIELD AB Numerous cover crops for orchards and vineyards have been evaluated, but many selections do not necessarily perform well in the cold, arid environment of the inland Northwest. A cover crop between vine rows can mitigate wind erosion and subsequent damage to young vines. However, low rainfall, gusty winds, and sandy soils that cause significant wind erosion problems can exacerbate cover crop establishment, and cold winters can limit cover crop survival. During 1998, 175 plant accessions were screened for performance as vineyard cover crops at Prosser, Washington. Assessed attributes included percent emergence, percent vegetative cover, stand duration, and plant height. Based on that assessment, seven domestic selections and four foreign Medicago species (medics) were identified for additional evaluation in a research trial in 1999. Additionally, seven accessions and two mixes of species that met the growth criteria and had commercial availability were evaluated in a commercial, drip-irrigated vineyard near Prosser in 1999. Vine water potential and soil moisture were determined in addition to the identical growth criteria from the 1998 study. Cover crop treatments did not lead to detectable water stress in the vines (midday y = -0.84 to -1.30 MPa). However, dry soil between vine rows due to precision drip irrigation inhibited germination and establishment of legumes; therefore, grasses had better emergence rates. Of the mixed species, a grass mix (Canada) composed of crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum L.), pubescent wheatgrass (Elytrigia intermedia L.), and perennial rye (Lolium perenne L.; 40:40:20), depleted soil water the least and showed the least effect on vine water potential. Early season weeds were suppressed by most cover crop species; however, season-long suppression of weed growth was observed only for the Canada mix and crested wheatgrass cv. Fairway. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Hort & Landscape Architecture, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. Calif State Univ Fresno, Viticulture & Enol Res Ctr, Fresno, CA 93740 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Temperate Forage Legume Germplasm Resources, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Unit, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. Washington State Univ, Ctr Irrigated Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. RP Olmstead, MA (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Hort, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 30 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER SOC ENOLOGY VITICULTURE PI DAVIS PA PO BOX 1855, DAVIS, CA 95617-1855 USA SN 0002-9254 J9 AM J ENOL VITICULT JI Am. J. Enol. Vitic. PY 2001 VL 52 IS 4 BP 292 EP 303 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Agriculture GA 533QA UT WOS:000174540700002 ER PT J AU Kim, YI Baik, HW Fawaz, K Knox, T Lee, YM Norton, R Libby, E Mason, JB AF Kim, YI Baik, HW Fawaz, K Knox, T Lee, YM Norton, R Libby, E Mason, JB TI Effects of folate supplementation on two provisional molecular markers of colon cancer: A prospective, randomized trial SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 63rd Annual Scientific Meeting of American-College-of-Gastroenterology CY OCT 12-14, 1998 CL BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS SP Amer Coll Gastroenter ID DOUBLE-STRAND BREAKS; DNA METHYLATION; COLORECTAL-CANCER; ULCERATIVE-COLITIS; ALCOHOL-CONSUMPTION; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; RISK; HYPOMETHYLATION; DEFICIENCY; DAMAGE AB OBJECTIVES: Dietary folate intake is inversely associated with the risk of colorectal cancer. This study investigated the effect of folate supplementation on genomic DNA methylation and DNA strand breaks in exons 5-8 of the p53 gene of the colonic mucosa, two provisional biomarkers of colon cancer. METHODS: Twenty subjects with adenomas were randomized to receive either folate (5 mg/day) or placebo for 1 yr after polypectomy. At baseline, 6 months and 1 yr, systemic and colonic measures of folate status were determined, as were the biomarkers mentioned earlier. RESULTS: Folate supplementation increased serum, red blood cell and colonic mucosal folate concentrations (p < 0.02). Folate supplementation also increased the extent of genomic DNA methylation at 6 months and 1 yr (p = 0.001), whereas placebo administration was associated with an increase in the extent of genomic DNA methylation only at 1 yr. Similarly, folate supplementation decreased the extent of p53 strand breaks in exons 5-8 at 6 months and 1 yr (p < 0.02), whereas placebo administration was associated with a decrease in the extent of p53 strand breaks only at 1 yr. CONCLUSIONS: Both of these provisional biomarkers of colon cancer underwent accelerated improvement at 6 months with folate supplementation. However, these markers also improved with placebo at 1 yr. Therefore, potential confounding factors that seem to modulate these biomarkers need to be identified and corrected in order for these markers to serve as suitable surrogate endpoints in folate chemoprevention trials. (Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96:184-195. (C) 2001 by Am. Coll. of Gastroenterology). C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Med, Div Gastroenterol, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada. St Michaels Hosp, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada. Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr,Vitamin Bioavailabil Lab, Sch Med,Div Gastroenterol,Dept Internal Med, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr,Vitamin Bioavailabil Lab, Sch Med,Div Clin Nutr,Dept Internal Med, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Kim, YI (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Dept Med, Div Gastroenterol, Room 7258,Med Sci Bldg,1 Kings Coll Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada. FU NCI NIH HHS [1-UO1 CA63812-01]; NCRR NIH HHS [MO1 RR00054]; NIDDK NIH HHS [P30 DK34928] NR 72 TC 84 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0002-9270 J9 AM J GASTROENTEROL JI Am. J. Gastroenterol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 96 IS 1 BP 184 EP 195 PG 12 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 392WK UT WOS:000166435400031 PM 11197251 ER PT J AU Dorrance, AE Inglis, DA Helgeson, JP Brown, CR AF Dorrance, AE Inglis, DA Helgeson, JP Brown, CR TI Partial resistance to Phytophthora infestans in four Solanum crosses SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID LATE BLIGHT; POTATO CLONES; UNITED-STATES; GERMPLASM RELEASE; FIELD-RESISTANCE; SOMATIC HYBRIDS; COLUMBIA BASIN; POPULATIONS; COMPONENTS; WASHINGTON AB Thirty progeny from each of four Solanum crosses were evaluated in the field at Mount Vernon, WA, in 1996 and 1997 for partial resistance to Phytophthora infestans. Of the four parents, three have high levels of partial resistance to P. infestans; one derived from somatic hybridization of S. bolbocastanum, the other two from traditional breeding efforts for multiple disease resistance. Data were collected from each cross to estimate area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), days to 5% disease severity threshold (DT5), and sporangia production (SP). AU of these variables differed significantly among the progeny within each cross in each year. Correlation analysis indicated that DT5 was highly correlated with AUDPC for all four populations for both years. Log-transformed SP was significantly (P<0.001) correlated to AUDPC values for one population in both years, but the significance of the correlation was variable between years for the remaining three crosses. The variable DT5, which is composed of three components (infection efficiency, latent period, and lesion growth rate), was the most important in identifying progeny with partial resistance to late blight in all four crosses in this study. C1 Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Washington State Univ, Mt Vernon REU, Mt Vernon, WA 98273 USA. Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA ARS, IAREC, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. RP Dorrance, AE (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. NR 43 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU POTATO ASSOC AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE, 5715 COBURN HALL, RM 6, ORONO, ME 04469-5715 USA SN 0003-0589 J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 78 IS 1 BP 9 EP 17 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 405KA UT WOS:000167157500002 ER PT J AU Sowokinos, JR AF Sowokinos, JR TI Allele and isozyme patterns of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase as a marker for cold-sweetening resistance in potatoes SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SUCROSE-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE; TUBERS; PURIFICATION; EXPRESSION; CLONING; ENZYME AB Uridine-5-'diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase (UTP alpha -D-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, E.C. 2.7.7.9) (UGPase) was cloned from 16 potato cultivars (Solanum tuberosum L.) that differed in their ability to accumulate reducing sugars in cold storage (3 C) using RT-PCR. Two UGPase-alleles designated as UgpA (minus a BamH1 site) and UgpB (containing one BamH1 site), were present in most cultivars. Cultivars that were cold-resistant (CR) to sweetening demonstrated an UgpA:UgpB ratio favoring the UgpA allele (4:0 or 3:1), while cultivars that were cold-sensitive CCS) exhibited a predominance for the UgpB allele (1:3 or 0:4). Following cold-storage at 3 C for two months, the CR and CS clones accumulated 10.3 +/- 2.1 and 31.2 +/- 2.2 mu mol glucose/g Fm: respectively. The glucose content and chip color between the CR and CS clones were significantly different at the 99% level of confidence. Staining for UGPase activity in nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels of proteins extracted hom CS potatoes revealed up to three acidic isozymes of UGPase (i.e., UGP1, UGP2, UGP3) with UGP3 being the most abundant. Activity staining using CR cultivars demonstrated two additional isozymes of UGPase with greater electrophoretic mobility (more basic in charge) which mere designated UGP4 and UGP5. The potential for using UGPase allelic ratios and/or UGPase isozymic patterns as a selective tool to screen segregating progeny in a potato breeding program for cold-sweetening-resistant germplasm is discussed. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Hort Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP USDA ARS, 311 5th Ave NE, E Grand Forks, MN 56721 USA. EM sowok001@tc.umn.edu NR 17 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1099-209X EI 1874-9380 J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 78 IS 1 BP 57 EP 64 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 405KA UT WOS:000167157500007 ER PT J AU Haynes, KG AF Haynes, KG TI Variance components for yield and specific gravity in a diploid potato population after two cycles of recurrent selection SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID RESISTANCE; CROSSES; HERITABILITY; TETRAPLOIDS; QUALITY; SOLIDS; TUBER AB The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) processing industry needs cultivars with high tuber specific gravity and acceptable color of processed product. All of the cultivars with high specific gravity currently grown in the U.S. are very closely related, which increases their genetic vulnerability and results in inbreeding as efforts are made to improve these traits. The use of diploid Solanum sp. in breeding may resolve these problems. The purposes of this study were (1) to estimate narrow-sense heritability for yield and specific gravity in random-mating diploid hybrid potato populations of S. phureja - S. stenotomum (PHU-STN) following two cycles of recurrent selection, (2) to examine phenotypic variances for yield and specific gravity following two cycles of recurrent selection within PHU-STN, (3) to compare the yield and specific gravity of individual PHU-STN clones with Atlantic, and (4) to screen these PHU-STN clones for the presence of 2n pollen. Four clones horn each of 72 maternal half-sib families were evaluated for yield and specific gravity in replicated field tests in 1990 and 1991. A second selection cycle, using a randomly mated population obtained from the highest specific gravity clone in each maternal half-sib family, was similarly evaluated for yield and specific gravity in replicated field tests in 1995 and 1996. Narrow-sense heritability for specific gravity was estimated as 0.37 +/- 0.25 and 0.43 +/- 0.27, in the first and second selection cycles, respectively, with a 27% decrease in phenotypic variance. Narrow-sense heritability for yield was estimated as 0.60 +/- 0.26 and 0.06 +/- 0.24, in the first and second selection cycles, respectively, with a 73% decrease in phenotypic variance. There were significant correlations between yield and specific gravity in 1990 (r=0.32) and 1996 (r=0.37), but not 1991 (r=0.08) and 1995 (r=0.05). These results indicate that additional breeding efforts in this PHU-STN population could result in improvements in specific gravity. However, the amount of variation for yield in this population is decreasing and may indicate that the yield potential of this population is rapidly approaching its limit. In the second selection cycle, many of the 288 clones were significantly higher in specific gravity than the high-specific-gravity cultivar Atlantic, but none were higher yielding. Fifty-eight clones from the second selection cycle produced at least 5% 2n pollen. When used in tetraploid x diploid hybridizations, this diploid population could furnish new genetic material to the tetraploid potato,germplasm base for simultaneously increasing specific gravity and yield. C1 USDA ARS, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Haynes, KG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Vegetable Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave,Bldg 010A,Room 312, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 34 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU POTATO ASSOC AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE, 5715 COBURN HALL, RM 6, ORONO, ME 04469-5715 USA SN 0003-0589 J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 78 IS 1 BP 69 EP 75 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 405KA UT WOS:000167157500009 ER PT J AU Radi, ZA Caverly, JM Dixon, RA Brogden, KA Ackermann, MR AF Radi, ZA Caverly, JM Dixon, RA Brogden, KA Ackermann, MR TI Effects of the synthetic selectin inhibitor TBC1269 on tissue damage during acute Mannheimia haemolytica-induced pneumonia in neonatal calves SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE; ACUTE LUNG INJURY; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; CELL-DEATH; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; BOVINE NEUTROPHILS; AGING NEUTROPHILS; P-SELECTIN; IN-VITRO; EXPRESSION AB Objective-To determine effects of the selectin inhibitor TBC1269 on neutrophil-mediated pulmonary damage during acute Mannheimia haemolytica-induced pneumonia in newborn calves. Animals-Eighteen 1- to 3-day-old colostrum-deprived calves. Procedure-Mannheimia haemolytica or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution was inoculated in both cranial lung lobes of 12 and 6 calves, respectively. Calves were euthanatized 2 (saline, n = 3; M haemolytica, n = 4) or 6 hours (saline, n = 3; M haemolytica, n = 8) after inoculation. Four M haemolytica-inoculated calves euthanatized at 6 hours also received TBC1269 (25 mg/kg, IV) 30 minutes before and 2 hours after inoculation. Conjugated diene (CD) concentrations, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, and apoptotic cell counts were determined in lung specimens collected during necropsy. Results-Conjugated diene concentrations were significantly increased in all M haemolytica-inoculated groups, compared with saline-inoculated groups. Carves treated with TBC1269 had decreased concentrations of CD, compared with untreated calves, although the difference was not significant. Number of apoptotic neutrophils and macrophages increased significantly in TBC1269-treated carves, compared with untreated calves, Inducible nitric oxide synthase was expressed by epithelial cells and leukocytes. However, iNOS was less abundant in airway epithelial cells associated with inflammatory exudates. Degree of iNOS expression was similar between TBC1269-treated and untreated calves. Conclusions-Mannheimia haemolytica infection in neonatal calves resulted in pulmonary tissue damage and decreased epithelial cell iNOS expression. The selectin inhibitor TCB1269 altered, but did not completely inhibit, neutrophil-mediated pulmonary damage. C1 Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Texas Biotechnol Corp, Houston, TX 77030 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ruminant & Resp Dis Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Radi, ZA (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 56 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 62 IS 1 BP 17 EP 22 DI 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.17 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 392KG UT WOS:000166409800003 PM 11197553 ER PT J AU Moore, AL Williams, CE Martin, TH Moriarity, WJ AF Moore, AL Williams, CE Martin, TH Moriarity, WJ TI Influence of season, geomorphic surface and cover item on capture, size and weight of Desmognathus ochrophaeus and Plethodon cinereus in Allegheny plateau riparian forests SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID TERRESTRIAL SALAMANDER; WESTERN OREGON; TERRITORIALITY; BEHAVIOR AB We examined the influence of cover item type (rock, down wood, leaf litter) on capture, size (snout-vent length) and weight of two plethodontid salamander species, Desmognathus ochrophaeus Cope (Allegheny Mountain dusky salamander) and Plethodon cinereus (Green) (red-backed salamander), common in riparian forests of northwestern Pennsylvania. We wanted to determine if cover item use differed seasonally and/or by geomorphic surface within stream valleys and if cover item type and/or geomorphic surface influenced size and weight of salamanders. We also tested the hypothesis that larger salamanders are associated with larger cover items. Captures of D. ochrophaeus and P. cinereus differed significantly by season and were inversely related: captures of D. ochrophaeus peaked in the spring and midsummer; captures of P. cinereus peaked in the fall. Capture rates did not differ by geomorphic surface. Col er item use was similar for D. ochrophaeus and P. cinereus with most captures associated with rock or down wood. Size and weight of D. ochrophaeus did not differ significantly by cover item type but individuals captured on floodplains weighed significantly more than those captured on hillslopes. Size and weight of P. cinereus were significantly greater for individuals captured under rock and down wood than in leaf litter. Size and weight of both species were significantly positively correlated with cover item size only during a single season: spring for D. ochrophaeus and fall for P cinereus, coincident with peak captures for each species. C1 Clarion State Univ, Dept Biol, Clarion, PA 16214 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Allegheny Natl Forest, Warren, PA 16365 USA. Penn State Univ, Sch Forest Resources, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Williams, CE (reprint author), Clarion State Univ, Dept Biol, Clarion, PA 16214 USA. NR 25 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 145 IS 1 BP 39 EP 45 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2001)145[0039:IOSGSA]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 397UE UT WOS:000166715100004 ER PT J AU Menzel, MA Carter, TC Ford, WM Chapman, BR AF Menzel, MA Carter, TC Ford, WM Chapman, BR TI Tree-roost characteristics of subadult and female adult evening bats (Nycticeius humeralis) in the Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE habitat use; roosting; nycticeius-humeralis ID MYOTIS-SODALIS; SELECTION; HABITAT; ECOLOGY AB We radio-tracked 4 solitary subadult (2 male and 2 females) and 3 adult female evening bats (Nycticeius humeralis) to 7 and 14 roost trees, respectively, during the summer of 1997 on the Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina. Roosts for both age-classes were located in cavities and under exfoliating balk in live trees and dead snags. Based on nightly exit counts, adult female evening bats roosted communally Some roosts were presumed to be active maternity colonies. Five of six subadult roosts and one adult female roost were located under exfoliating bark on dead snags in beaver (Castor canadensis) ponds. Thirteen of 14 adult female evening bat roosts were located ill cavities in live longleaf pines (Pinus palustris) in stands of relatively mature, park-like, pine plantations. One subadult roost was located under exfoliating bark in a live longleaf pine. No evening hats roosted in the more densely canopied, nearby bottomland hardwood stands, mixed pine-hardwood stands or loblolly pine (Fi taeda) stands. Roost fidelity by individual evening bats was short (2.3 roost-days per bat) and did not differ between subadults and adult females. Although average daily maximum roost temperature was higher in subadult roosts than in adult female roosts, internal average temperature, daily minimum temperature and daily temperature range did not differ significantly between the two roost categories. Overstory height surrounding roost trees, canopy density and basal area of pine in the surrounding stand were greater at roosts within longleaf pine stands than those in beaver ponds. Conversely, stand basal area, overstory tree species richness, abundance of Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides) and basal area of hardwood trees were greater at roost sites within beaver ponds than those same measures in longleaf pine stands. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. So Illinois Univ, Dept Zool, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. Sam Houston State Univ, Coll Arts & Sci, Huntsville, TX 77341 USA. W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Ford, WM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Box 404, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. NR 44 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 145 IS 1 BP 112 EP 119 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2001)145[0112:TRCOSA]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 397UE UT WOS:000166715100012 ER PT J AU Fair, JL Peters, DPC Lauenroth, WK AF Fair, JL Peters, DPC Lauenroth, WK TI Response of individual Bouteloua gracilis (Gramineae) plants and tillers to small disturbances SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL GRASSLAND REGION; SEMIARID GRASSLAND; SHORTGRASS STEPPE; PERENNIAL BUNCHGRASS; SOIL-WATER; SCHIZACHYRIUM-SCOPARIUM; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; UNITED-STATES; DYNAMICS AB We evaluated effects of small disturbances that kill parts of individual plants on plant survival by measuring tiller survival for the perennial bunchgrass, Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag ex Griffiths (blue grama). The importance of soil texture, grazing by cattle, disturbance type and severity were evaluated. Two disturbance types (covering or removing tillers) and three disturbance severities (50, 75 and 90% tiller mortality) were used to represent effects of natural disturbances in shortgrass communities (cattle fecal pats, nest sites of Western harvester ants, burrows of small animals). Tiller survival was not affected by soil texture or grazing intensity, but was affected by disturbance type and severity. Plants that were covered showed a 33% increase in tiller survival for all levels of disturbance severity from August (1991) to June (1992). No net change in tiller number was observed for removed or reference plants. Different responses between disturbance types were likely due to increases in root:shoot ratios of covered plants that increased tiller production as a result of increased soil water acquisition. The number of tillers produced was small, but statistically significant (average = 20 tillers/plant), which shows that B. gracilis plants do not produce independent tillers, but consist of integrated physiological units (IPUs). The lack of plant mortality, even with 90% tiller mortality, indicates that small disturbances must kill entire plants before gaps in resource space are produced to initiate gap dynamics that result in the recovery of an individual B. gracilis plant. Because recovery through seedling establishment by B. gracilis occurs infrequently, the ability of this species to survive after partial plant mortality is important to its continued dominance of shortgrass steppe communities in the presence of these small but frequent disturbances. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Rangeland Ecosyst Sci, Nat Resources Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Grad Degree Program Ecol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Peters, DPC (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Box 30003,MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 57 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 145 IS 1 BP 147 EP 158 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2001)145[0147:ROIBGG]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 397UE UT WOS:000166715100016 ER PT J AU Paszek, AA Wilkie, PJ Flickinger, GH Miller, LM Louis, CF Rohrer, GA Alexander, LJ Beattie, CW Schook, LB AF Paszek, AA Wilkie, PJ Flickinger, GH Miller, LM Louis, CF Rohrer, GA Alexander, LJ Beattie, CW Schook, LB TI Interval mapping of carcass and meat quality traits in a divergent swine cross SO ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WILD BOAR; LOCI; PIGS; IDENTIFICATION; MEISHAN; GROWTH; MAP AB An autosomal scan of the swine genome with 119 polymorphic microsatellite (ms) markers and data from 116 F-2 barrows of the University of Illinois Meishan x. Yorkshire Swine Resource Families identified genomic regions with effects on variance in carcass composition and meat quality at nominal significance (p-value <0.05). Marker intervals on chromosomes 1, 6, 7, 8 and 12 (SSC1, SSC6, SSC7, SSC8, SSC12) with phenotypic effects on carcass length, 10(th) rib backfat thickness, average backfat thickness, leaf fat, loin eye area and intramuscular fat content confirm QTL effects identified previously based on genome wide significance (p-value<0.05). Several marker intervals included nominally significant (p-value<0.05) dominance effects on leaf fat, Both rib backfat thickness, loin eye area, muscle pH and intramuscular fat content. C1 Univ Minnesota, Food Anim Biotechnol Ctr, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Program Comparat Genom, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Schook, LB (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Anim Sci, 1201 W Gregory Dr, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. OI Miller, Loren/0000-0002-5482-2152; Schook, Lawrence/0000-0002-6580-8364 NR 40 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1049-5398 J9 ANIM BIOTECHNOL JI Anim. Biotechnol. PY 2001 VL 12 IS 2 BP 155 EP 165 DI 10.1081/ABIO-100108342 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 509AU UT WOS:000173122600007 PM 11808631 ER PT J AU Aung, LH Leesch, JG Jenner, JF Grafton-Cardwell, EE AF Aung, LH Leesch, JG Jenner, JF Grafton-Cardwell, EE TI Effects of carbonyl sulfide, methyl iodide, and sulfuryl fluoride on fruit phytotoxicity and insect mortality SO ANNALS OF APPLIED BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbonyl sulfide; methyl iodide; sulfuryl fluoride; Citrus limon; Prunus persica; Aonidiella aurantii; Cydia pomonella ID CODLING MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; TORTRICIDAE EGGS; HEAT-TREATMENTS; BROMIDE; FUMIGATION; SCALE; FLY AB Three potential chemical fumigants: carbonyl sulfide (COS), methyl iodide (MI) and sulfuryl fluoride (SF) were tested at selected dosages on lemons against California red scale (Aonidiella aurantii) and MI and COS were tested on nectarines against codling moth (Cydia pomonella). In nectarines, COS was tested at 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 mg litre(-1), MI at 0, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mg litre(-1). Both fumigants intensified nectarine peel color, delayed fruit softening, but did not alter overall fruit quality. COS at 80 mg litre(-1) resulted in 87% codling moth mortality, but the fumigant dosage was insufficient to reach the desired probit 9 level (99.9968%). MI gave 100% codling moth mortality at 25 mg litre(-1). Lemons were treated with MI at 0, 10, 20, 40, 60 mg litre(-1), SF at 0, 10, 20, 40, 80 mg litre(-1) and COS at 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 mg litre(-1). MI gave 100% red scale mortality at greater than or equal to 40 mg litre(-1) but caused significant fruit injury. Conditioning lemons at 15 degreesC for 3 days before MI fumigation lessened lemon phytotoxicity. Forced aeration at 3.5 standard litres per minute of lemons for 24 h following MI fumigation at 20 mg litre(-1) significantly reduced phytotoxicity compared to 2 h postfumigation aeration after MI treatment. SF at greater than or equal to 40 mg litre(-1) gave 100% red scale mortality but resulted in commodity phytotoxicity. Lemons treated with the highest selected dose of 80 mg litre(-1) COS gave only 87% kill of red scale, but failed to reach the desired probit 9 level. C1 ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, USDA, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Entomol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Aung, LH (reprint author), ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, USDA, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 25 TC 9 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU ASSOC APPLIED BIOLOGISTS PI WARWICK PA C/O HORTICULTURE RESEARCH INT WELLSBOURNE, WARWICK CV35 9EF, ENGLAND SN 0003-4746 J9 ANN APPL BIOL JI Ann. Appl. Biol. PY 2001 VL 139 IS 1 BP 93 EP 100 DI 10.1111/j.1744-7348.2001.tb00133.x PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 479GN UT WOS:000171396800010 ER PT J AU Yalemar, JA Hara, AH Saul, SH Jang, EB Moy, JH AF Yalemar, JA Hara, AH Saul, SH Jang, EB Moy, JH TI Effects of gamma irradiation on the life stages of yellow flower thrips, Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom) (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) SO ANNALS OF APPLIED BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Frankliniella schultzei; yellow flower thrips; irradiation; disinfestation AB Irradiation at a minimum absorbed dose of 250 Grays (Gy) has been approved by the USDA as a quarantine treatment for certain fruits in Hawaii to control four species of tephritid fruit flies. Subsequent research must determine whether this dose is sufficient to control other quarantine pests, such as mealybugs, thrips, mites, beetles, moths, and scale insects, on other commodities with export potential that are approved for irradiation treatment for fruit flies. This study demonstrated that irradiation at 250 Gy caused non-emergence of eggs and pupae, failure of larval development, and sterility of adults of yellow flower thrips, Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom). Adults were the most resistant stage tested, with 100% mortality at 57, 36 and 30 days post-treatment for the 250, 350 and 400 Gy treatments, respectively. Untreated adults survived up to 66 days. After receiving an irradiation dose of 250 Gy, no one- to two-day old eggs hatched successfully, while 3-4-day old eggs hatched but did not develop beyond the larval stage. Of the controls, 96.0% of 1-2-day old eggs and 75.9% of the 3-4-day old eggs hatched and survived through pupation. No first or second instar larvae treated with a target dose of 250 Gy were able to pupate. When pupae were irradiated at 250 Gy, 37% emerged as adults and all were sterile compared to 88.3% emergence of controls. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Coll Trop Agr & Human Resources, Dept Entomol, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Coll Trop Agr & Human Resources, Dept Entomol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. USDA ARS, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Coll Trop Agr & Human Resources, Dept Human Nutr Food & Anim Sci, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Hara, AH (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Coll Trop Agr & Human Resources, Dept Entomol, 461 W Lanikaula, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. EM arnold@hawaii.edu NR 22 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0003-4746 J9 ANN APPL BIOL JI Ann. Appl. Biol. PY 2001 VL 138 IS 3 BP 263 EP 268 DI 10.1111/j.1744-7348.2001.tb00111.x PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 460PL UT WOS:000170317600003 ER PT S AU Birkeland, KW Mock, CJ Shinker, JJ AF Birkeland, KW Mock, CJ Shinker, JJ BE Hutter, K TI Avalanche extremes and atmospheric circulation patterns SO ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY, VOL 32, 2001 SE ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Snow, Avalanches and Impact of the Forest Cover CY MAY 22-26, 2000 CL INNSBRUCK, AUSTRIA SP Int Glaciol Soc, Fed Minist Agr & Forest, Inst Avalanche & Torrent Res, Governor & Province of Tyrol, Mayor & City of Innsbruck, Congress Innsbruck GmbH, Austrian Cableway Assoc ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; CLIMATOLOGY; SNOWPACK; MOUNTAIN; ALTA; UTAH; USA AB Avalanche forecasters can better anticipate avalanche extremes if they understand the relationships between those extremes and atmospheric circulation patterns. We investigated the relationship between extreme avalanche days and atmospheric circulation patterns at four sites in the western United States: Bridger Bowl, Montana; Jackson Hole, Wyoming; Alta, Utah; and Taos, New Mexico. For each site, we calculated a daily avalanche hazard index based on the number and size of avalanches, and we defined abnormal avalanche events as the top 10% of days with recorded avalanche activity. We assessed the influence of different variables on avalanche extremes, and found that high snow water equivalent and high snowfall correspond most closely to days of high avalanche hazard. Composite-anomaly maps of 500 hPa heights during those avalanche extremes clearly illustrate that spatial patterns of anomalous troughing prevail, though the exact positions of the troughing varies between sites. These patterns can be explained by the topography of the Western United States, and the low-elevation pathways for moisture that exist to the West of each of the sites. The methods developed for this research can be applied to other sites with long-term climate and avalanche databases to further our understanding of the spatial distribution of atmospheric patterns associated with extreme avalanche days. C1 UF Forest Serv Natl Avalanche Ctr, Bozeman, MT 59771 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Geog, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Univ Oregon, Dept Geog, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. RP Birkeland, KW (reprint author), UF Forest Serv Natl Avalanche Ctr, POB 130, Bozeman, MT 59771 USA. NR 38 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT GLACIOLOGICAL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND CB2 1ER SN 0260-3055 BN 0-946417-27-X J9 ANN GLACIOL PY 2001 VL 32 BP 135 EP 140 DI 10.3189/172756401781819030 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA BS86V UT WOS:000171277900023 ER PT S AU Marks, D Link, T Winstral, A Garen, D AF Marks, D Link, T Winstral, A Garen, D BE Hutter, K TI Simulating snowmelt processes during rain-on-snow over a semi-arid mountain basin SO ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY, VOL 32, 2001 SE Annals of Glaciology-Series LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Snow, Avalanches and Impact of the Forest Cover CY MAY 22-26, 2000 CL INNSBRUCK, AUSTRIA SP Int Glaciol Soc, Fed Minist Agr & Forest, Inst Avalanche & Torrent Res, Governor & Province of Tyrol, Mayor & City of Innsbruck, Congress Innsbruck GmbH, Austrian Cableway Assoc ID ENERGY-BALANCE; RADIATION MODEL; BOREAL FOREST; EXCHANGE; SURFACE; CLIMATE; RUNOFF; WATER AB In the Pacific Northwest of North America, significant flooding can occur during mid-winter rain-on-snow events. Warm.. wet Pacific storms caused significant floods in the Pacific Northwest in February 1996, January 1997 and January 1998. Rapid melting of the mountain snow cover substantially augmented discharge during these flood events. An energy-balance snowmelt model is used to simulate snowmelt processes during the January 1997 event over a small headwater basin within the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed located in the Owyhee Mountains of southwestern Idaho, U.S.A. This sub-basin is 34% forested (12% fir, 22% aspen and 66% mixed sagebrush (primarily mountain big sagebrush)), Data from paired open and forested experimental sites were used to drive the model. Model-forcing data were corrected for topographic and vegetation canopy effects. The event was preceded by cold, stormy conditions that developed a significant snow cover over the subbasin. The snow cover at sites protected by forest cover was slightly reduced, while at open sites significant snowmelt occurred. The warm, moist, windy conditions during the flooding event produced substantially higher melt rates in exposed areas, where sensible- and latent-heat exchanges contributed 60-90% of the energy for snowmelt. Simulated snow-cover development and ablation during the model run closely matched measured conditions at the two experimental sites. This experiment shows the sensitivity of snowmelt processes to both climate and land cover, and illustrates how the forest canopy is coupled to the hydrologic cycle in mountainous areas. C1 USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Western Climate Ctr, Portland, OR 97204 USA. RP Marks, D (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RI Link, Timothy/G-5556-2012 NR 22 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 3 U2 21 PU INT GLACIOLOGICAL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0260-3055 BN 0-946417-27-X J9 ANN GLACIOL-SER PY 2001 VL 32 BP 195 EP 202 DI 10.3189/172756401781819751 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA BS86V UT WOS:000171277900033 ER PT J AU Zeng, F Cohen, AC AF Zeng, F Cohen, AC TI Induction of elastase in a zoophytophagous heteropteran, Lygus hesperus (Hemiptera : Miridae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Lygus hesperus; digestive enzymes; plant bug; elastin; adaptation ID ENZYMES; ALLELOCHEMICALS; DETOXIFICATION; CONSUMPTION; TRANSFERASE; COLEOPTERA; DIGESTION; MIDGUT AB One potential biochemical adaptation to mired feeding habits, or zoophytophagy, is enzyme induction/enzyme repression. We investigated the potential of the highly polyphagous mirid Lygus hesperus Knight to increase its production of the specialized proteolytic enzyme. elastase (E. C. 3. 4. 31.36). Efforts to induce elastase production were made by feeding L. hesperus on an artificial diet spiked with elastin. Short-term (less than one generation) and long-term (three generations) tests were conducted to determine the effect of acute versus chronic exposure to elastin, a protein chat may be present in extra cellular matrix of prey. Elastase activity, was much greater in the salivary gland complex (SGC) of individuals fed elastin-containing diet than it was in those fed the control diet. The elevated elastase activity in the elastin treatment group indicated the inducibility of this proteolytic enzyme, especially in the SGC. The results also indicated that the SGC, rather than the gut, is the principal site of elastase production. C1 USDA ARS, Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Zeng, F (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 32 TC 15 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 94 IS 1 BP 146 EP 151 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2001)094[0146:IOEIAZ]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 397KX UT WOS:000166695800020 ER PT J AU Howard, RW AF Howard, RW TI Cuticular hydrocarbons of adult Pteromalus cerealellae (Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae) and two larval hosts, angoumois grain moth (Lepidoptera : Gelechiidae) and cowpea weevil (Coleptera : Bruchidae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Pteromalus cerealellae; Angoumois grain moth; cowpea weevil; parasitoid; chemical ecology; stored-product pest ID CHEMICAL MIMICRY; OBLIGATE PREDATOR; ANTS HYMENOPTERA; BETHYLIDAE; COLEOPTERA; FORMICIDAE AB The pteromalid parasitoid Pteromalus cerealellae (Ashmead) is nominally a host-specific ectoparasitoid of the stored-product pest the Angoumois grain moth. It is readily cultured, however, on a number of other stored-product pests, including the cowpea weevil. The parasitoids,resulting: from these different hosts are disparate in size, leading me to ask if the cuticular hydrocarbons of P. cerealellae reared on different hosts would be different. This question is of importance because many parasitoids of stored-product pests use cuticular hydrocarbons as major species- and gender-recognition cues, and moth and beetle hosts differ greatly in their hydrocarbon profiles. The parasitoid hydrocarbon profile reported here was much more complex than the profiles of either either host and showed both gender and host effects. Parasitoids reared on the larger cowpea weevils were larger than those reared on moths and contained substantially more hydrocarbon on their cuticle. Regardless of host, female wasps were always larger than males and contained more hydrocarbon than males. The hydrocarbon chemistry of wasps Feared on different hosts were qualitatively the same, but quantitatively different. Both gender and host are important in the relative abundance of individual hydrocarbons. There are four major hydrocarbons of females constituting 49% of the total female profile: 3-MeC29, 11-MeC31, 3, 7-DiMeC(31) and 11, 17-, 11, 19- and 11, 21-DiMeC(33). There is one major male-specific hydrocarbon comprising 18% of the total hydrocarbons, 3, 7- and 3, 9 -DiMeC(33). Although major gender differences occur between hydrocarbon classes, these differences are not host-related. C1 USDA ARS, US Grain Mkt Res Lab, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Howard, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Grain Mkt Res Lab, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 21 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 94 IS 1 BP 152 EP 158 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2001)094[0152:CHOAPC]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 397KX UT WOS:000166695800021 ER PT J AU Leeworthy, VR Wiley, PC English, DBK Kriesel, W AF Leeworthy, VR Wiley, PC English, DBK Kriesel, W TI Correcting response bias in tourist spending surveys SO ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE economic impact; recreation; nonresponse bias; Florida Keys ID IMPACTS AB Many studies that estimate economic impact, use onsite tourist contacts followed with mailed expenditure surveys. Typically, response rates to such surveys are under 50%. A recent study of tourism impacts in the Florida Keys (USA) had similar problems. Response bias was considered to be a significant concern. This paper documents the tests for response bias used to identify socioeconomic factors related to survey response and expenditures per tourist. These included income, age, race, and domestic residence. Corrective weights were developed from the four variables. Uncorrected expenditure means underestimated average spending slightly for the summer season, bur overestimated it For winter by almost 9%. C1 NOAA, Off Ocean Resources Conservat & Assessment, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Agr & Appl Econ, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Leeworthy, VR (reprint author), NOAA, Off Ocean Resources Conservat & Assessment, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 24 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0160-7383 J9 ANN TOURISM RES JI Ann. Touris. Res. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 28 IS 1 BP 83 EP 97 DI 10.1016/S0160-7383(00)00011-6 PG 15 WC Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism; Sociology SC Social Sciences - Other Topics; Sociology GA 356CP UT WOS:000089427000005 ER PT J AU Pickett, STA Cadenasso, ML Grove, JM Nilon, CH Pouyat, RV Zipperer, WC Costanza, R AF Pickett, STA Cadenasso, ML Grove, JM Nilon, CH Pouyat, RV Zipperer, WC Costanza, R TI Urban ecological systems: Linking terrestrial ecological, physical, and socioeconomic components of metropolitan areas SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY AND SYSTEMATICS LA English DT Review DE city; hierarchy theory; integration; patch dynamics; urban ecology ID LAND-USE GRADIENT; RURAL GRADIENT; NEW-YORK; SOIL CHARACTERISTICS; FOREST SOILS; HUMAN IMPACT; CITY; POPULATIONS; ECOSYSTEMS; DIVERSITY AB Ecological studies of terrestrial urban systems have been approached along several kinds of contrasts: ecology in as opposed to ecology of cities; biogeochemical compared to organismal perspectives, land use planning versus biological, and disciplinary versus interdisciplinary. In order to point out how urban ecological studies are poised for significant integration, we review key aspects of these disparate literatures. We emphasize an open definition of urban systems that accounts for the exchanges of material and influence between cities and surrounding landscapes, Research on ecology in urban systems highlights the nature of the physical environment, including urban climate, hydrology, and soils. Biotic research has studied flora, fauna, and vegetation, including trophic effects of wildlife and pets. Unexpected interactions among soil chemistry, leaf litter quality, and exotic invertebrates exemplify the novel kinds of interactions that can occur in urban systems. Vegetation and faunal responses suggest that the configuration of spatial heterogeneity is especially important in urban systems. This insight parallels the concern in the literature on the ecological dimensions of land use planning. The contrasting approach of ecology of cities has used a strategy of biogeochemical budgets, ecological footprints, and summaries of citywide species richness. Contemporary ecosystem approaches have begun to integrate organismal, nutrient, and energetic approaches, and to show the need for understanding the social dimensions of urban ecology. Social structure and the social allocation of natural and institutional resources are subjects that are well understood within social sciences, and that can be readily accommodated in ecosystem models of metropolitan areas. Likewise, the sophisticated understanding of spatial dimensions of social differentiation has parallels with concepts and data on patch dynamics in ecology and sets the stage for comprehensive understanding of urban ecosystems. The linkages are captured in the human ecosystem framework. C1 Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Burlington, VT USA. Univ Missouri, Columbia, MO USA. USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Syracuse, NY USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm & Estuarine Studies, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. RP Inst Ecosyst Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. EM picketts@ecostudies.org; cadenassom@ecostudies.org; jmgrove@att.net; nilonc@missouri.edu; rpouyat@aol.com; wzipperer@fs.fed.us; costza@cbl.cees.edu RI Costanza, Robert/A-4912-2008 OI Costanza, Robert/0000-0001-6348-8734 NR 139 TC 546 Z9 617 U1 89 U2 550 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0066-4162 J9 ANNU REV ECOL SYST JI Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. PY 2001 VL 32 BP 127 EP 157 DI 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114012 PG 33 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 505JC UT WOS:000172908800005 ER PT J AU Brawn, JD Robinson, SK Thompson, FR AF Brawn, JD Robinson, SK Thompson, FR TI The role of disturbance in the ecology and conservation of birds SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY AND SYSTEMATICS LA English DT Review DE flood pulse; fire; habitat selection; silviculture; successional habitats ID RED-COCKADED WOODPECKERS; UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER; MIXED-GRASS PRAIRIE; TIMBER SIZE-CLASS; BREEDING BIRDS; FLOODPLAIN FOREST; BOREAL FORESTS; HABITAT RELATIONSHIPS; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; HARDWOOD FORESTS AB Natural ecological disturbance creates habitats that are used by diverse groups of birds. In North America, these habitats or ecosystems include grasslands or prairies, shrublands, savannas, early successional forests, and floodplains. Whereas the extent of all natural habitats has diminished significantly owing to outright loss from agriculture and development, the suppression of disturbance by agents such as fire and flooding has led to further losses. Accordingly, the abundances of many bird species adapted to disturbance-mediated habitats have declined as well. In North America, these declines have been more severe and common than those of species associated with less frequently disturbed habitats such as mature or closed-canopy forests. Field studies consistently reveal the direct role of disturbance and successional processes in structuring avian habitats and communities. Conservation strategies involving the management of disturbance through some combination of flooding, application of fire, or the expression of wildfire, and use of certain types of silviculture have the potential to diversify avian habitats at the local, landscape, and regional scale. Many aspects of the disturbance ecology of birds require further research. Important questions involve associations between the intensity and frequency of disturbance and the viability of bird populations, the scale of disturbance with respect to the spatial structure of populations, and the role of natural vs. anthropogenic disturbance. The effects of disturbance and ensuing successional processes on birds are potentially long-term, and comprehensive monitoring is essential. C1 Univ Illinois, Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Anim Biol, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. Univ Missouri, USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Univ Illinois, Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. EM j-brawn@uiuc.edu; skrobins@life.uiuc.edu; frthompson@fs.fed.us NR 147 TC 201 Z9 210 U1 17 U2 140 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0066-4162 J9 ANNU REV ECOL SYST JI Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. PY 2001 VL 32 BP 251 EP 276 DI 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114031 PG 26 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 505JC UT WOS:000172908800009 ER PT J AU Martin, PH Nabuurs, GJ Aubinet, M Karjalainen, T Vine, EL Kinsman, J Heath, LS AF Martin, PH Nabuurs, GJ Aubinet, M Karjalainen, T Vine, EL Kinsman, J Heath, LS TI Carbon sinks in temperate forests SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review DE carbon dioxide; climate; climate change; emissions; greenhouse gas; Kyoto protocol; negotiation ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; EUROPEAN FORESTS; UNITED-STATES; WOOD PRODUCTS; CYCLE; ECOSYSTEMS; DIOXIDE; MODEL; VEGETATION AB In addition to being scientifically exciting, commercially important, and environmentally essential, temperate forests have also become a key diplomatic item in international climate negotiations as potential sinks for carbon. This review presents the methods used to estimate carbon sequestration, identifies the constraints and opportunities for carbon sequestration in temperate forests, addresses the issues raised by the monitoring of carbon sequestration, and analyzes uncertainties pertaining to the sequestration of carbon by temperate forests. This review serves a dual purpose: It aims at informing policy makers about carbon sequestration in temperate forests and at making forest ecologists, biogeochemists, and atmospheric scientists aware of the structure of an international agreement to reduce CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions and some of the real, still answered scientific questions that it poses. C1 Commiss European Communities, Res Directorate Gen, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, ALTERRA, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. Fac Univ Sci Agron, Unit Phys, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium. European Forest Inst, Joensuu, Finland. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Energy Anal Dept, Environm Energy Technol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Edison Elect Inst, Washington, DC USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Martin, PH (reprint author), Commiss European Communities, Res Directorate Gen, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium. NR 86 TC 20 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 15 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 1056-3466 J9 ANNU REV ENERG ENV JI Annu. Rev. Energ. Environ. PY 2001 VL 26 BP 435 EP 465 DI 10.1146/annurev.energy.26.1.435 PG 31 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Environmental SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 499BV UT WOS:000172551900015 ER PT J AU Hagler, JR Jackson, CG AF Hagler, JR Jackson, CG TI Methods for marking insects: Current techniques and future prospects SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Review DE protein marking; green fluorescent protein; mark-release-recapture; mark-capture; dispersal ID PINK-BOLLWORM LEPIDOPTERA; SUBTERRANEAN TERMITE ISOPTERA; GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; GERM-LINE TRANSFORMATION; HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS LEPIDOPTERA; SCANNING ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; AEDES-TRISERIATUS DIPTERA; CORN-EARWORM LEPIDOPTERA; MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT-FLY; STABLE-ISOTOPE RATIOS AB Tracking the movement of insects in their natural habitat is essential for understanding their basic biology, demography, and ethology. A wide variety of markers have been used to assess insect population dynamics, dispersal, territoriality, feeding behavior, trophic-level interactions, and other ecological interactions. The ideal marker should persist: without inhibiting the insect's "normal" biology. Furthermore, the marker should be environmentally safe, cost-effective, and easy to use. In this article, we review the current state of knowledge regarding insect marking, document the advantages and limitations of each marking technique, and discuss advances made in marking insects over the past decade. C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Hagler, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. EM jhagler@wcrl.ars.usda.gov NR 232 TC 244 Z9 263 U1 10 U2 112 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0066-4170 J9 ANNU REV ENTOMOL JI Annu. Rev. Entomol. PY 2001 VL 46 BP 511 EP 543 DI 10.1146/annurev.ento.46.1.511 PG 37 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 418EE UT WOS:000167877300018 PM 11112178 ER PT J AU Stephensen, CB AF Stephensen, CB TI Vitamin A, infection, and immune function SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF NUTRITION LA English DT Review DE retinoic acid; immunity; T-cells; acute phase response ID A-DEFICIENT RATS; RETINOL-BINDING PROTEIN; ACUTE-PHASE RESPONSE; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; PAPUA-NEW-GUINEA; RANDOMIZED TRIAL; ANTIBODY-RESPONSE; SERUM RETINOL; IMMUNOGLOBULIN-A; IN-VIVO AB In populations where vitamin A availability from food is low, infectious diseases can precipitate vitamin A deficiency by decreasing intake, decreasing absorption, and increasing excretion. Infectious diseases that induce the acute-phase response also impair the assessment of vitamin A status by transiently depressing serum retinol concentrations. Vitamin A deficiency impairs innate immunity by impeding normal regeneration of mucosal barriers damaged by infection, and by diminishing the function of neutrophils, macrophages, and natural killer cells. Vitamin A is also required for adaptive immunity and plays a role in the development of both T-helper (Th) cells and B-cells. In particular, vitamin A deficiency diminishes antibody-mediated responses directed by Th2 cells, although some aspects of Th1-mediated immunity are also diminished. These changes in mucosal epithelial regeneration and immune function presumably account for the increased mortality seen in vitamin A-deficient infants, young children, and pregnant women in many areas of the world today. C1 Univ Calif Davis, USDA, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Stephensen, CB (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, USDA, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 146 TC 323 Z9 346 U1 6 U2 47 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0199-9885 J9 ANNU REV NUTR JI Annu. Rev. Nutr. PY 2001 VL 21 BP 167 EP 192 DI 10.1146/annurev.nutr.21.1.167 PG 30 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 463CN UT WOS:000170459400008 PM 11375434 ER PT J AU Paulitz, TC Belanger, RR AF Paulitz, TC Belanger, RR TI Biological control in greenhouse systems SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Review DE biological control; Pythium root rot; powdery mildew; Pseudomonas; Trichoderma; Pseudozyma flocculosa ID GROWTH-PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA; CUCUMBER POWDERY MILDEW; PYTHIUM ROOT-ROT; FUSARIUM-OXYSPORUM FO47; TRANSFORMED PEA ROOTS; TRICHODERMA-HARZIANUM; AMPELOMYCES-QUISQUALIS; SPOROTHRIX-FLOCCULOSA; BOTRYTIS-CINEREA; GLIOCLADIUM-VIRENS AB The controlled environment of greenhouses, the high value of the crops, and the limited number of registered fungicides offer a unique niche for the biological control of plant diseases. During the past ten years, over 80 biocontrol products have been marketed worldwide. A large percentage of these have been developed for greenhouse crops. Products to control soilbome pathogens such as Sclerotinia, Pythium, Rhizoctonia and Fusarium include Coniothyrium minitans, species of Gliocladium, Trichoderma, Streptomyces, and Bacillus, and nonpathogenic Fusarium. Products containing Trichoderma, Ampelomyces quisqualis, Bacillus, and Ulocladium are being developed to control the primary foliar diseases, Botrytis and powdery mildew. The development of Pseudomonas for the control of Pythium diseases in hydroponics and Pseudozyma flocculosa for the control of powdery mildew by two Canadian research programs is presented. In the future, biological control of diseases in greenhouses could predominate over chemical pesticides, in the same way that biological control of greenhouse insects predominates in the United Kingdom. The limitations in formulation, registration, and commercialization are discussed, along with suggested future research priorities. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Root Dis & Biocontrol Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Laval, Dept Phytol, Ste Foy, PQ G1K 7P9, Canada. RP Paulitz, TC (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Root Dis & Biocontrol Res Unit, 363 Johnson Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM Paulitz@wsu.edu; Richard.Belanger@plg.ulaval.ca RI hayek, soukayna/E-5544-2011; OI Paulitz, Timothy/0000-0002-8885-3803 NR 164 TC 274 Z9 324 U1 6 U2 104 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0066-4286 J9 ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL JI Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. PY 2001 VL 39 BP 103 EP 133 DI 10.1146/annurev.phyto.39.1.103 PG 31 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 471JW UT WOS:000170927100006 PM 11701861 ER PT J AU Giovannoni, J AF Giovannoni, J TI Molecular biology of fruit maturation and ripening SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE cell wall metabolism; ethylene signal transduction; light signal transduction; developmental regulation; gene expression ID TOMATO LYCOPERSICON-ESCULENTUM; MADS-BOX GENES; ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOME LIBRARY; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY; MESSENGER-RNA ACCUMULATION; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCUS; ARABIDOPSIS ETR1 GENE; TRANSGENIC TOMATO; ETHYLENE RECEPTOR; POLYGALACTURONASE GENE AB The development and maturation of fruits has received considerable scientific scrutiny because of both the uniqueness of such processes to the biology of plants and the importance of fruit as a significant component of the human diet. Molecular and genetic analysis of fruit development, and especially ripening of fleshy fruits, has resulted in significant gains in knowledge over recent years. Great strides have been made in the areas of ethylene biosynthesis and response, cell wall metabolism, and environmental factors, such as light, that impact ripening. Discoveries made in Arabidopsis in terms of general mechanisms for signal transduction, in addition to specific mechanisms of carpel development, have assisted discovery in more traditional models such as tomato. This review attempts to coalesce recent findings in the areas of fruit development and ripening. C1 Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Boyce Thompson Inst Plant Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Giovannoni, J (reprint author), Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM jjg33@cornell.edu RI Barickman, Thomas/I-6993-2012 NR 163 TC 521 Z9 577 U1 16 U2 122 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 1040-2519 J9 ANNU REV PLANT PHYS JI Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Molec. Biol. PY 2001 VL 52 BP 725 EP 749 DI 10.1146/annurev.arplant.52.1.725 PG 27 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 448FE UT WOS:000169615600026 ER PT S AU Woteki, C AF Woteki, C BE SoulsbySwaffham, P Wilber, R TI Healthcare consequences of increased antimicrobial resistance in the US SO ANTIMICROBIA L RESISTANCE SE ROYAL SOCIETY OF MEDICINE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS AND SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Antimicrobial Resistance CY MAY 04-05, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Royal Soc Med, Royal Soc Med Fdn, Tufs Univ Sch Med C1 USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SOC MEDICINE PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 WIMPOLE STREET, LONDON W1M 8AE, ENGLAND SN 0142-2367 BN 1-85315-479-2 J9 ROY SOC MED INT CONG PY 2001 VL 247 BP 29 EP 34 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal; Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC General & Internal Medicine; Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA BR98H UT WOS:000168275800006 ER PT S AU Fedorka-Cray, PJ AF Fedorka-Cray, PJ BE SoulsbySwaffham, P Wilber, R TI Surveillance resistance in animals and man: current programmes and possibilities SO ANTIMICROBIA L RESISTANCE SE ROYAL SOCIETY OF MEDICINE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS AND SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Antimicrobial Resistance CY MAY 04-05, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Royal Soc Med, Royal Soc Med Fdn, Tufs Univ Sch Med C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30613 USA. RP USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30613 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SOC MEDICINE PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 WIMPOLE STREET, LONDON W1M 8AE, ENGLAND SN 0142-2367 BN 1-85315-479-2 J9 ROY SOC MED INT CONG PY 2001 VL 247 BP 177 EP 181 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal; Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC General & Internal Medicine; Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA BR98H UT WOS:000168275800027 ER PT J AU Brogden, KA Kalfa, VC Ackermann, MR Palmquist, DE McCray, PB Tack, BF AF Brogden, KA Kalfa, VC Ackermann, MR Palmquist, DE McCray, PB Tack, BF TI The ovine cathelicidin SMAP29 kills ovine respiratory pathogens in vitro and in an ovine model of pulmonary infection SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR GENE; CYSTIC-FIBROSIS; PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA; ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDE; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; SHEEP; SURFACTANT; LUNG AB Cathelicidins are antimicrobial peptides from sheep (SMAP29 and SMAP34), rabbits (CAP11 and CAP18), rodents (CRAMP), and humans (FALL39, LL37, and h/CAP18). In a broth microdilution assay against nine ovine pathogens, SMAP29, SMAP34, mouse CRAMP, CAP18, CAP18(31), CAP18(28), CAP18(22), and CAP18(21a) were the most active, with MICs as low as 0.6 mug/ml. Other cathelicidins were less active. In lambs with pneumonia, 0.5 mg of SMAP29 reduced the concentration of bacteria in both bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and consolidated pulmonary tissues. Hence, the antimicrobial activity of SMAP29 suggests that it has applications in the treatment of respiratory tract infections. C1 ARS, Resp Dis Livestock Res Unit, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Vet Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. ARS, Midwest Area, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Microbiol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Brogden, KA (reprint author), ARS, Resp Dis Livestock Res Unit, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, 2300 Dayton Ave,POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 18 TC 54 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 45 IS 1 BP 331 EP 334 DI 10.1128/AAC.45.1.331-334.2001 PG 4 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 384NV UT WOS:000165952500055 PM 11120991 ER PT J AU Kurtzman, CP AF Kurtzman, CP TI Four new Candida species from geographically diverse locations SO ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GENERAL AND MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE molecular systematics; new Candida yeasts; ribosomal DNA ID ASCOMYCETOUS YEASTS; IDENTIFICATION AB Four new species of Candida are described based on their unique nucleotide sequences in the D1/D2 domain of large subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA. Candida peoriaensis (type strain NRRL YB-1497, CBS 8800) and C. ponderosae (type strain NRRL YB-2307, CBS 8801) are members of the Pichia anomala clade and were isolated in the U.S. from, respectively, the stump of an elm tree (Ulmus sp.) and from insect frass of a Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). Candida ghanaensis (type strain NRRL YB-1486, CBS 8798) is a phylogenetically divergent species from soil in Ghana and appears related to the Dipodascus/ Geotrichum clade. Candida litsaeae (type strain NRRL YB-3246, CBS 8799) was isolated from the frass of an insect-infested Litsaea polyantha tree from India, and is a divergent species that is most closely related to Candida ontarioensis. C1 ARS, Microbial Properties Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Kurtzman, CP (reprint author), ARS, Microbial Properties Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 10 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-6072 J9 ANTON LEEUW INT J G JI Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek PY 2001 VL 79 IS 3-4 BP 353 EP 361 DI 10.1023/A:1012097023978 PG 9 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 481RK UT WOS:000171533400017 PM 11816979 ER PT S AU Kehayias, JJ AF Kehayias, JJ BE Duggan, JL Morgan, IL TI Medical applications of in vivo neutron inelastic scattering and neutron activation analysis: Technical similarities to detection of explosives and contraband SO APPLICATION OF ACCELERATORS IN RESEARCH AND INDUSTRY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th International Conference on the Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry CY NOV 01-05, 2000 CL UNIV NORTH TEXAS, DENTON, TX SP Natl Sci Fdn, US DOE, Amer Phys Soc, Div Nucl Phys HO UNIV NORTH TEXAS ID BODY-FAT; IN-VIVO; CARBON; OXYGEN AB Nutritional status of patients can be evaluated by monitoring changes in elemental body composition Fast neutron activation (for N and P) and neutron inelastic scattering (for C and O) are used in vivo to assess elements characteristic of specific body compartments. There are similarities between the body composition techniques and the detection of hidden explosives and narcotics. All samples have to be examined in depth and the ratio of elements provides a "signature" of the chemical of interest. The NIH and C/O ratios measure protein and fat content in the body. Similarly, a high C/O ratio is characteristic of narcotics and a low C/O together with a strong presence of N is a signature of some explosives. The available time for medical applications is about 20 min - compared to a few seconds for the detection of explosives - but the permitted radiation exposure is limited. In vivo neutron analysis is used to measure H, O, C, N, P, Na, Cl and Ca for the study of the mechanisms of lean tissue depletion with aging and wasting diseases, and to investigate methods of preserving function and quality of life in the elderly. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Kehayias, JJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0015-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2001 VL 576 BP 873 EP 876 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear; Spectroscopy SC Materials Science; Physics; Spectroscopy GA BT20F UT WOS:000172263600208 ER PT J AU Frana, TS Carlson, SA Griffith, RW AF Frana, TS Carlson, SA Griffith, RW TI Relative distribution and conservation of genes encoding aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes in Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium phage type DT104 SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE GENES; INTEGRONS AB PCR was used to identify genes encoding aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes in 422 veterinary isolates of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium. The identities of extra-integron genes encoding resistance to streptomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, and apramycin were evaluated. Gentamicin resistance was conferred by the aadB gene. Kanamycin resistance was encoded by either the aphA1-Iab gene or the Kn gene, Apramycin resistance was determined by the aacC4 gene, Analysis of gene distribution did not reveal significant differences with regard to phage type, host species, or region except for the Kn gene, which was found mostly in nonclinical isolates. The data from this study indicate that pentaresistant DT104 does not acquire extra-integron genes in species- or geography-related foci, which supports the hypothesis that clonal expansion is the method of spread of this organism. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Preharvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Microbiol & Prevent Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Carlson, SA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Preharvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, 2300 Dayton Rd,Box 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 13 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 67 IS 1 BP 445 EP 448 DI 10.1128/AEM.67.1.445-448.2001 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 387YU UT WOS:000166151300057 PM 11133477 ER PT J AU DeBoer, DW Monnens, MJ Kincaid, DC AF DeBoer, DW Monnens, MJ Kincaid, DC TI Measurement of sprinkler droplet size SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE droplets; sprinkler; laser; flour method; distributions; irrigation AB Droplet distributions for rotating spray-plate sprinklers were measured using a laser technology and a flour methodology. In general, both methods produced comparable results. The flour method tended to produce d(25), d(50) and d(75) values that were on the average about 0.20 mm (about 15% of the d50 value) larger than laser values. However the 0.20 mm difference is consistent with what would be expected when nozzle pressure differences used with the two methods are considered. Both methods can be used to estimate droplet distributions from rotary spray-plate irrigation sprinklers for practical field application purposes. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. ARS, USDA, Kimberly, ID USA. RP DeBoer, DW (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, POB 2120, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. EM darrell_deboer@sdstate.edu NR 4 TC 11 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 17 IS 1 BP 11 EP 15 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 426LX UT WOS:000168351600002 ER PT J AU Chao, K Chen, YR Hruschka, WR Park, B AF Chao, K Chen, YR Hruschka, WR Park, B TI Chicken heart disease characterization by multi-spectral imaging SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE chicken heart disease; food safety; machine vision; near-infrared reflectance; spectral imaging; spectroscopy ID CARCASSES AB Optical spectral reflectance and multi-spectral image analysis techniques were investigated to characterize chicken hearts for real-time disease detection. Spectral signatures of five categories of chicken hearts (airsacculitis, ascites, normal, cadaver and septicemia) were obtained from optical reflectance measurements taken with a visible/near-infrared spectroscopic system in the range 473 to 974 nm. Multivariate statistical analysis was applied to select the most significant wavelengths from the chicken heart reflectance spectra. By optimizing the selection of wavelengths of interest for different poultry diseases, four wavelengths were selected (495, 535, 585, and 605 nm). The multi-spectral imaging system utilizes four narrow-band filters to provide four spectrally discrete images on a single CCD focal-plane. Using the filters at the wavelengths selected from the reflectance spectra, it was possible to easily implement multi-spectral arithmetic operations for disease detection. Based on analysis (t-test) of spectral image data, the multi-spectral imaging method could potentially differentiate individual diseases in chicken hearts in real time. All conditions except cadaver were shown to be separable (92-100%) by discriminant algorithms involving differences of average image intensities. C1 ARS, USDA, ISL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, USDA, PPMR, Athens, GA USA. RP Chao, K (reprint author), ARS, USDA, ISL, Bldg 303,BARC E,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 10 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 17 IS 1 BP 99 EP 106 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 426LX UT WOS:000168351600013 ER PT J AU Kim, MS McMurtrey, JE Mulchi, CL Daughtry, CST Chappelle, EW Chen, YR AF Kim, MS McMurtrey, JE Mulchi, CL Daughtry, CST Chappelle, EW Chen, YR TI Steady-state multispectral fluorescence imaging system for plant leaves SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE; LEAF GAS-EXCHANGE; CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE; GREEN PLANTS; CROP RESIDUE; STRESS; CO2; OZONE; BLUE; REFLECTANCE AB We present a detailed description of a laboratory-based multispectral fluorescence imaging system (MFIS) for plant leaves. Fluorescence emissions with 360-nm excitation are captured at four spectral bands in the blue, green, red, and far-red regions of the spectrum centered at 450, 550, 680, and 740 nm, respectively. Preliminary experiments conducted with soybean leaves treated with a herbicide (DCMU) and short-term exposures to moderately elevated tropospheric ozone environment demonstrated the utilities of the newly developed MFIS. In addition, with the aid of fluorescence images of normal soybean leaves, several mechanisms governing the fluorescence emissions are discussed. Imaging results illustrate the versatility of fluorescence imaging, which provides information on the spatial variability of fluorescence patterns over leaf samples. OCIS codes: 170.0110, 170.6280, 300.2140, 300.2530, 040.1520. C1 USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Nat Resource Sci & Landscape Architecture, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Kim, MS (reprint author), USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, 10300 Baltimore AVe, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM kimm@ba.ars.usda.gov NR 30 TC 56 Z9 58 U1 5 U2 12 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD JAN 1 PY 2001 VL 40 IS 1 BP 157 EP 166 DI 10.1364/AO.40.000157 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA 388VB UT WOS:000166202800019 PM 18356987 ER PT J AU Franke-Snyder, M Douds, DD Galvez, L Phillips, JG Wagoner, P Drinkwater, L Morton, JB AF Franke-Snyder, M Douds, DD Galvez, L Phillips, JG Wagoner, P Drinkwater, L Morton, JB TI Diversity of communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi present in conventional versus low-input agricultural sites in eastern Pennsylvania, USA SO APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus spores; dominance; biovolume; sustainable agriculture ID SOIL MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES; HYACINTHOIDES NON-SCRIPTA; TRIFOLIUM-SUBTERRANEUM L; CORN-SOYBEAN ROTATION; EXTERNAL HYPHAE; CROPPING SYSTEMS; SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE; ENDOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; SPORE POPULATIONS; GLOMUS-MOSSEAE AB We compared the composition and structure of the communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi associated with maize (Zea mays L.) and soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in a conventional (CON) and two low-input (LI) farming systems to better understand the relationship among AM fungi present in different agricultural systems. One LE system utilized animal manure (LI-AM) and the other green manure (LI-GM) as the nitrogen source. Spores were extracted from rhizosphere soil samples by wet-sieving to perform microscopic identification of the species and to assess frequency of occurrence. These data were used to calculate species richness, Shannon and Wiener index of diversity, and indices of dominance among other ecological measures. The results indicated that 15 consecutive years of farming under the three management practices did not cause many differences among the fungal communities. The majority of the 15 fungal species found throughout the site were present in all treatments. Sporulation of particular fungal species differed among farming systems and/or among hosts, but the general structure of AM fungal communities (according to most ecological measures) was similar for all treatments. Trap cultures were set up for the different treatments and grown for three cycles to try to recover species with low or no sporulation in natural conditions. These results also supported our conclusion about the homogeneity of the communities in the different farming system/plant host combinations, because only one species (Glomus constrictum) that was not found in the field samples sporulated in trap culture pots. Given that differences in sporulation may reflect differential rates of growth, three undescribed species plus Glomus mosseae and Glomus etunicatum were better established, both in the held and in trap cultures, than the other 10 species present in these soils. Also, Gigaspora gigantea accounted for more than 60% of the total volume of spores produced in each treatment, with the exception of conventional plots planted with maize where spore biovolumes were spread much more evenly among several fungal species suggesting that carbon allocation relationships were much more balanced in these plots. The focus of future studies at these sites will be a comparison of the efficacy among the communities in terms of enhancement of plant growth. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Rodale Inst, Kutztown, PA 19530 USA. W Virginia Univ, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Douds, DD (reprint author), USDA ARS, ERRC, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 77 TC 76 Z9 86 U1 2 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1393 J9 APPL SOIL ECOL JI Appl. Soil Ecol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 16 IS 1 BP 35 EP 48 DI 10.1016/S0929-1393(00)00100-1 PG 14 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 391TJ UT WOS:000166371000004 ER PT J AU Pasikatan, MC Dowell, FE AF Pasikatan, MC Dowell, FE TI Sorting systems based on optical methods for detecting and removing seeds infested internally by insects or fungi: A review SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID NEAR-INFRARED REFLECTANCE; SINGLE WHEAT KERNELS; PISTACHIO NUTS; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; MOLD CONTAMINATION; SPECTROSCOPY; CORN; FLUORESCENCE; INFESTATION; AFLATOXIN AB Sorting systems based on optical methods have the potential to rapidly detect and physically remove seeds severely contaminated by fungi, or infested internally by insect larvae or pupae. Thus, the literature on sorting systems based on optical methods for detecting and sorting seeds with these attributes was reviewed. Sorting indices based on wavelengths useful for detecting these attributes were emphasized. Surface characteristics of seeds, like discoloration caused by fungi, are generally detectable in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum, whereas internal attributes are detectable in the near-infrared range. The spectral differences between sound and infested seeds are usually subtle, but full-spectrum and two-wavelength classification models have succeeded in detecting and classifying seeds based on these attributes. For high sorting accuracies, wavelength identification and proper selection of a sorting criterion are important. Color, chitin, ergosterol, or hydrolysis of triglycerides have been identified as indicators of seed fungal contamination whereas chitin, protein, phenolic compounds, or changes in starch have been useful indicators of internal insects in seeds. C1 USDA ARS, Grain Mkt Res & Prod Res Ctr, Engn Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Pasikatan, MC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grain Mkt Res & Prod Res Ctr, Engn Res Unit, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. EM choypc@gmprc.ksu.edu NR 70 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 13 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0570-4928 J9 APPL SPECTROSC REV JI Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. PY 2001 VL 36 IS 4 BP 399 EP 416 DI 10.1081/ASR-100107719 PG 18 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA 510JQ UT WOS:000173205300004 ER PT J AU Hatt, PJ Liebon, C Moriniere, M Oberlander, H Porcheron, P AF Hatt, PJ Liebon, C Moriniere, M Oberlander, H Porcheron, P TI Activity of insulin growth factors and shrimp neurosecretory organ extracts on a lepidopteran cell line SO ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Reprint DE 20-hydroxyecdysone; cell proliferation; formazan; DNA synthesis; BrdU; insulin ID LOCUSTA-MIGRATORIA INSECTA; IMAGINAL DISKS INVITRO; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; PROLIFERATION; ORTHOPTERA; CULTURES; CUTICLE; HORMONE; ASSAY; CYCLE AB Ecdysteroids, or molting hormones, have been proven to be key differentiation regulators for epidermal cells in the postembryonic development of arthropods. Regulators of cell proliferation, however, remain largely unknown. To date, no diffusible insect peptidic growth factors have been characterized. Molecules structurally related to insulin have been discovered in insects, as in other eucaryotes. We developed in vitro tests for the preliminary characterization of potential growth factors in arthropods by adapting the procedures designed to detect such factors in vertebrates to an insect cell line (IAL-PID2) established from imaginal discs of the Indian meal moth. We verified the ability of these tests to measure the proliferation of IAL-PID2 cells. We tested mammalian insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I, IGF-II). Following an arrest of cell proliferation by serum deprivation, IGF-I and IGF-II caused partial resumption of the cell cycle, evidenced by DNA synthesis. In contrast, the addition of 20-hydroxyecdysone arrested the proliferation of the IAL-PID2 cells. The cell line was then used in a test for functional characterization of potential growth factors originating from the penaeid shrimp, Penaeus vannamei. Crude extracts of neurosecretory and nervous tissues, eyestalks, and ventral neural chain compensated for serum deprivation and stimulated completion of mitosis. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Ecole Normale Super, Dept Biol, IFREMER,Lab BIochim, CNRS,UMR 5,ER,100,Lab Biochim & Physiol, F-75230 Paris 05, France. USDA ARS, Insect Attractants Behav & Basic Biol Res Lab, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Porcheron, P (reprint author), Ecole Normale Super, Dept Biol, IFREMER,Lab BIochim, CNRS,UMR 5,ER,100,Lab Biochim & Physiol, 46 Rue Ulm, F-75230 Paris 05, France. NR 49 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0739-4462 J9 ARCH INSECT BIOCHEM JI Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 46 IS 1-2 BP 36 EP 47 DI 10.1002/arch.6 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 417YK UT WOS:000167862900006 ER PT J AU Ayllon, MA Lopez, C Navas-Castillo, J Garnsey, SM Guerri, J Flores, R Moreno, P AF Ayllon, MA Lopez, C Navas-Castillo, J Garnsey, SM Guerri, J Flores, R Moreno, P TI Polymorphism of the 5 ' terminal region of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) RNA: Incidence of three sequence types in isolates of different origin and pathogenicity SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID DOUBLE-STRANDED-RNA; GENOME; STRAINS AB Sequences of the 5' terminal region of the genomic RNA from eight isolates of Cirrus tristeza virus (CTV) were previously classified into three types (I, II and III), with intragroup sequence identity higher than 88% and intergroup sequence identity as low as 44%. Sequencing of an additional 58 cDNA clones from 15 virus isolates showed that all sequences could be unequivocally assigned to one of the three types previously established. The relative frequency of each sequence type was assessed in 57 CTV isolates of different geographic origin and pathogenic characteristics by RT-PCR with sets of type-specific primers using CTV dsRNA as template. None of the isolates yielded amplification of the type I or II sequences alone, but in 19 of them type III sequences were the only amplification product detected. Within isolates containing more than one sequence type, eight had type II and III sequences, ii had type I and III sequences, and 19 had sequences of the three types. Isolates containing only type III sequences caused only mild to moderate symptoms in Mexican lime, an indicator species for most CTV isolates, whereas isolates causing stem pitting in sweet orange an/or grapefruit, generally contained sequences type II. None of the sequence types could be traced to a precise geographic area, as all types were detected in isolates from at least nine of the 12 countries from which samples were taken. C1 Inst Valenciano Invest Agr, Valencia 46113, Spain. USDA ARS, Hort Res Lab, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. Univ Politecn Valencia, CSIC, Inst Biol Mol & Celular Plantas, E-46071 Valencia, Spain. RP Moreno, P (reprint author), Inst Valenciano Invest Agr, Cra Moncada Naquera Km 4-5, Valencia 46113, Spain. RI Navas-Castillo, Jesus/G-3894-2011; Flores, Ricardo/K-2788-2014; LOPEZ, Carmelo/L-6102-2014 OI Navas-Castillo, Jesus/0000-0002-8616-6241; Flores, Ricardo/0000-0002-3033-5077; LOPEZ, Carmelo/0000-0001-7459-1315 NR 31 TC 39 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PY 2001 VL 146 IS 1 BP 27 EP 40 DI 10.1007/s007050170188 PG 14 WC Virology SC Virology GA 398NZ UT WOS:000166763700003 PM 11266215 ER PT J AU Choi, IR Hall, JS Henry, M Zhang, L Hein, GL French, R Stenger, DC AF Choi, IR Hall, JS Henry, M Zhang, L Hein, GL French, R Stenger, DC TI Contributions of genetic drift and negative selection on the evolution of three strains of wheat streak mosaic tritimovirus - Brief report SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID VIRUS CAPSID PROTEIN; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; FAMILY POTYVIRIDAE; RYMOVIRUS; GENUS; POTYVIRUSES; CLONING AB Genome sequences of three Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) strains were compared. The Type and Sidney 81 strains of WSMV from the American Great Plains were closely related, with sequence identities of 97.6% (nucleotide) and 98.7% (amino acid). In contrast, the El Batan 3 strain from central Mexico was divergent, and shared only 79.2-79.3% (nucleotide) and 90.3-90.5% (amino acid) sequence identity with Type and Sidney 81. All three WSMV strains were serologically related, however the El Batan 3 capsid protein (CP) had 15 fewer amino acid residues. Phylogenetic analysis of the CP cistron indicated that Type, Sidney 81, and nine other American isolates of WSMV were closely related and distinct from the El Batan 3 sequence. Nucleotide substitutions among the WSMV strains were not randomly distributed across the genome with more variation within P1, HC-Pro, and CP and less within P3. One 400-nucleotide region of the genome, corresponding to the 3'-end of P3, was strikingly deficient in silent substitutions. Nonetheless, the ratio of synonymous to non-synonymous substitutions throughout the genome was essentially the same for all three WSMV strains. Collectively, our data indicate that both genetic drift and negative selection have contributed to the evolution of WSMV strains. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Ctr Int Mejoramiento Maiz & Trigo, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Univ Nebraska, Panhandle Res & Extens Ctr, Dept Entomol, Scottsbluff, NE USA. RP Stenger, DC (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, 344 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 34 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PY 2001 VL 146 IS 3 BP 619 EP 628 DI 10.1007/s007050170167 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA 417YH UT WOS:000167862700015 PM 11338395 ER PT J AU Wu, P Reed, WM Lee, LF AF Wu, P Reed, WM Lee, LF TI Glycoproteins H and L of Marek's disease virus form a hetero-oligomer essential for translocation and cell surface expression SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID HERPES-SIMPLEX VIRUS; VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS; GENE-PRODUCT; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; GH; GL; IDENTIFICATION; COMPLEX; LOCALIZATION; TRAFFICKING AB Glycoproteins H and L form a hetero-oligomeric complex (gH-L) which plays an important role in virus entry to host cells and cell-to-cell infection in herpesviruses. Interaction of gH and gL is considered to be critical for the biological function of these two glycoproteins. To investigate the interaction of MDV gH and gL, both gH and gL were expressed in in vitro cell culture systems using indirect immunofluorescence assay with gH and gL antibodies. The results suggested that co-expression of gH and gL in the same cells are required and necessary for both gH and gL subcellular translocation and cell surface expression. gL expressed in recombinant fowlpox virus (rFPV) infected chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) was consistently secreted into the culture medium. The primary peptide of gL binds with that of gH in the cytosol or ER lumen. By binding with gH, gL could anchor itself on the cell surface allowing for surface expression and viral spread to uninfected cells. The binding domain of gH was mapped to the amino acids 451-659 (SacI-HindIII) fragment and was essential for gH-L complex formation. C1 ARS, USDA, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Pathol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Lee, LF (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 25 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PY 2001 VL 146 IS 5 BP 983 EP 992 DI 10.1007/s007050170130 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA 438PY UT WOS:000169063300011 PM 11448035 ER PT J AU Silbernagel, MJ Mink, GI Zhao, RL Zheng, GY AF Silbernagel, MJ Mink, GI Zhao, RL Zheng, GY TI Phenotypic recombination between bean common mosaic and bean common mosaic necrosis potyviruses in vivo SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID VIRUS; STRAINS AB The US-5 strain of bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and the NL-8 strain of bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) are both seedborne potyviruses in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L). They have contrasting and highly stable biological characteristics which are genetically controlled. BCMV strain US-5 belongs to pathogenicity group IV. BCMNV strain NL-8 belongs to pathogenicity group Ill. The two strains have contrasting serological characteristics: NL-8 is serotype A; US-5 is serotype B. When these two strains were maintained separately or as a mixture for more than three years (39 serial transfers) or in more than 100 plants of either of two susceptible hosts, we were unable to isolate a single virus strain that exhibited mutant-like or recombinant-like characteristics. However, within 28 days (during the ist passage) after these 2 strains were inoculated to opposite primary leaves of bean plants that were susceptible to one virus and resistant to the other, we were able to recover 17 strains that clearly possessed recombinations of various phenotypic characteristics from each of the two "parental" viruses. Three types of phenotypic characteristics were recombined singly or in combination during a single passage in vivo: 1) Biological characteristics known to be controlled by genes for pathogenicity; 2) Serotype; and 3) Temperature-induced hypersensitive vascular necrosis. Each of the phenotypic recombinant strains contained only pathogenicity genes or serological characteristics found in one or both parents. In no case did we isolate a strain that could be described as a random mutation or one that contained pathogenicity or serological characteristics which were not found in at least one parent strain. This is the first known demonstration of phenotypic recombinations between distinct potyviruses in vivo [ 12, 17, 18]. Implications for the evolution of new virus strains through the use of resistant cultivars and its impact on breeding programs and bean seed production are discussed. C1 ARS, USDA, Irrigated Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. Washington State Univ, Irrigated Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Dept Plant Pathol, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. Beijing Normal Univ, Dept Biol, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. RP Silbernagel, MJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Irrigated Agr Res & Extens Ctr, 24106 N Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 22 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PY 2001 VL 146 IS 5 BP 1007 EP 1020 DI 10.1007/s007050170132 PG 14 WC Virology SC Virology GA 438PY UT WOS:000169063300013 PM 11448021 ER PT J AU Lehmkuhl, HD Hobbs, LA Woods, LW AF Lehmkuhl, HD Hobbs, LA Woods, LW TI Characterization of a new adenovirus isolated from black-tailed deer in California SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID RESTRICTION-SITE PCR; HEMORRHAGIC-DISEASE; BOVINE; DNA; ADJACENT; PRIMERS AB An adenovirus associated with systemic and localized vascular damage was demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry in a newly recognized epizootic hemorrhagic disease in California black-tailed deer. In this study, we describe the cultural, physicochemical and serological characteristics of a virus isolated from lung using neonatal white-tail deer lung and turbinate cell cultures. The virus had the cultural, morphological and physicochemical characteristics of members of the Adenoviridae family. The virus would not replicate in low passage fetal bovine, caprine or ovine cells, Antiserum to the deer adenovirus, strain D94-2569. neutralized bovine adenovirus type-6 (BAdV-6), BAdV-7, and caprine adenovirus type-1 (GAdV-1). Antiserum to BAdV-6 did not neutralize the deer adenovirus but antiserum to BAdV-7 and GAdV-1 neutralized the deer adenovirus. Cross-neutralization with the other bovine, caprine and ovine adenovirus species was not observed. Restriction endonuclease patterns generated for the deer adenovirus were unique compared to those for the currently recognized bovine, caprine and ovine adenovirus types. Amino acid sequence alignments of the hexon gene from the deer adenovirus strain D93-2569 indicate that it is a member of the proposed new genus (Atadenovirus) of the Adenoviridae family. While closely related antigenically to BAdV-7 and GAdV-1, the deer adenovirus appear sufficiently distinct culturally and molecularly to justify consideration as a new adenovirus type. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Resp & Neurol Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Calif Vet Diagnost Lab Syst, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Lehmkuhl, HD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Resp & Neurol Dis Res Unit, POB 70,2300 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 22 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 8 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PY 2001 VL 146 IS 6 BP 1187 EP 1196 DI 10.1007/s007050170114 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA 448AW UT WOS:000169605500010 PM 11504424 ER PT J AU Moon, JS McCoppin, NK Domier, LL AF Moon, JS McCoppin, NK Domier, LL TI Effect of mutations in Barley yellow dwarf virus genomic RNA on the 5 ' termini of subgenomic RNAs - Brief report SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID PAV RNA; LUTEOVIRUS; DNA; TRANSLATION; POLYMERASE; INITIATION; EXPRESSION; PROMOTERS; PROTEIN; SEQUENCE AB To investigate the role in transcription initiation of sequences upstream of the promoter for subgenomic RNA2 (sgRNA2) of Barley, yellow dwarf virus PAV, deletion and insertion clones were constructed and the 5 ' termini of all three sgRNAs were determined. Deletion and insertion of sequences upstream of the transcription start site of sgRNA2 altered the position and nucleotide used to initiate transcription of sgRNA2, but not of sgRNAs 1 or 3. Since the promoter for sgRNA2 is downstream of the mutations, these results show that sequences outside of the core promoter can influence transcription start site selection from the sgRNA2 promoter. C1 Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM l-domier@uiuc.edu NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER WIEN PI WIEN PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 WIEN, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 EI 1432-8798 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PY 2001 VL 146 IS 7 BP 1399 EP 1406 DI 10.1007/s007050170100 PG 8 WC Virology SC Virology GA 461MN UT WOS:000170368200013 PM 11556715 ER PT J AU Witz, J Brown, F AF Witz, J Brown, F TI Structural dynamics, an intrinsic property of viral capsids SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Review ID YELLOW MOSAIC-VIRUS; CHLOROTIC MOTTLE VIRUS; BUSHY STUNT VIRUS; N-TERMINAL REGION; CRYOELECTRON MICROSCOPY; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; 2.9-A RESOLUTION; MOUTH-DISEASE; SWOLLEN FORMS; PLANT-VIRUS AB In this review, we emphasize that high-resolution models of the structures of small plant and animal viruses obtained by X-ray crystallography are static and insufficient to describe the behavior of these virions. Viral capsids are highly flexible and may undergo conformational changes under physiological conditions without collapse of the virions. This flexibility plays a key role in the process of infection. C1 USDA, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. CNRS, Inst Biol Mol & Cellulaire, F-67084 Strasbourg, France. RP Brown, F (reprint author), USDA, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. NR 54 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PY 2001 VL 146 IS 12 BP 2263 EP 2274 DI 10.1007/s007050170001 PG 12 WC Virology SC Virology GA 504DU UT WOS:000172842700001 PM 11811678 ER PT J AU Roundy, BA Heydari, H Watson, C Smith, SE Munda, B Pater, M AF Roundy, BA Heydari, H Watson, C Smith, SE Munda, B Pater, M TI Summer establishment of Sonoran Desert species for revegetation of abandoned farmland using line source sprinkler irrigation SO ARID LAND RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID SIMMONDSIA-CHINENSIS; STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS; GRASSES AB A line source sprinkler was used to determine water requirements of adapted species for revegetation of abandoned farmlands in the Sonoran Desert of southern Arizona. Six grass and seven woody species were seeded on a fine-sandy soil initially at field capacity water content during the summers of 1992 and 1993 in Tucson, Arizona. The line source sprinkler created a greater difference in soil water availability between irrigated and unirrigated soils than within the irrigation gradient itself. Initial irrigation was followed by periods of summer rainfall in both years. Species emergence and establishment varied with amount and timing of irrigation and summer rainfall. After the initial 14 days of irrigation in 1992 and 11 days in 1993, soil water availability was intermittent in the surface soil but was consistently high at depths greater than 18 cm. Emergence was more sensitive to the irrigation gradient than was plant survival. Most species established successfully with at least 210 mm of irrigation plus precipitation. A possible strategy for establishing many of these species on abandoned farmland would be to fill the soil profile to field capacity by irrigating on consecutive days until emergence is observed. Direct seeding without irrigation or water concentration is not recommended due to the erratic and limited nature of summer rainfall on abandoned farmland in the lower Sonoran Desert. C1 Brigham Young Univ, Dept Bot & Range Sci, Provo, UT 84602 USA. Univ Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Nat Resources Conservat Serv, USDA, Plant Mat Ctr, Tucson, AZ USA. RP Roundy, BA (reprint author), Brigham Young Univ, Dept Bot & Range Sci, 401 WIDB, Provo, UT 84602 USA. EM bruce_roundy@byu.edu NR 35 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1532-4982 J9 ARID LAND RES MANAG JI Arid Land Res. Manag. PD JAN-MAR PY 2001 VL 15 IS 1 BP 23 EP 39 DI 10.1080/153249801300000798 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA 474RB UT WOS:000171119700004 ER PT S AU Dickinson, C Fonseca, A Marcy, S Malinconico, S Russell, L Mason, P AF Dickinson, C Fonseca, A Marcy, S Malinconico, S Russell, L Mason, P BE Aversa, E Manley, C TI Knowledge management - The practitioner's view SO ASIST 2001: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 64TH ASIST ANNUAL MEETING, VOL 38, 2001 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASIST ANNUAL MEETING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 64th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-Information-Science-and-Technology CY NOV 03-08, 2001 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Amer Soc Informat Sci Technol C1 USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. World Bank, Washington, DC 20433 USA. Ernst & Young LLP, Boston, MA USA. Univ Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL USA. DynCorp Informat Syst, Washington, DC USA. USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Dickinson, C (reprint author), USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU INFORMATION TODAY INC PI MEDFORD PA 143 OLD MARLTON PIKE, MEDFORD, NJ 08055 USA SN 0044-7870 BN 1-57387-138-9 J9 P ASIST ANNU PY 2001 VL 38 BP 557 EP 557 PG 1 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library Science SC Computer Science; Information Science & Library Science GA BU37V UT WOS:000175838000052 ER PT J AU McNamara, JR Shah, PK Nakajima, K Cupples, LA Wilson, PWF Ordovas, JM Schaefer, EJ AF McNamara, JR Shah, PK Nakajima, K Cupples, LA Wilson, PWF Ordovas, JM Schaefer, EJ TI Remnant-like particle (RLP) cholesterol is an independent cardiovascular disease risk factor in women: results from the Framingham Heart Study SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS LA English DT Article DE lipoproteins; very low density lipoproteins; chylomicrons; triglycerides; apolipoprotein B; cardiovascular disease ID LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; TRIGLYCERIDE-RICH LIPOPROTEINS; APOLIPOPROTEIN-A-I; COMMERCIAL IMMUNOTURBIDIMETRIC ASSAY; SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH; IMMUNOSEPARATION METHOD; REFERENCE INTERVALS; HDL-CHOLESTEROL; BLOOD-PLASMA AB Remnants of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) of both intestinal and liver origin are considered to be atherogenic, but separation of remnant lipoproteins from other TRL is difficult. An assay has been developed that allows immunoseparation of remnant-like particles (RLP) and measurement of cholesterol (RLP-C) and triglyceride (RLP-TG). We measured RLP-C and RLP-TG in fast plasma samples obtained from 1567 women participating in cycle 4 of the Framingham heart study (FHS). When values from 83 women with cardiovascular disease (CVD) were compared with the values from 1484 women without disease, concentrations in women with CVD were found to be significantly higher for both RLP-C (0.215 +/- 0.102 vs. 0.186 +/- 0.162 mmol/l; + 15.6%; P < 0.0001) and RLP-TG (0.319 0.352 vs. 0.251 +/- 0.716 mmol/l; +27.0%; P < 0.0002). Logistic regression analysis revealed that RLP-C was significantly associated with prevalent CVD in women (P < 0.002) after adjustment with other major risk factors. In conclusion, we have documented that RLP-C is an independent risk factor for CVD in women, and provides significantly more information than do triglycerides. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 New England Med Ctr, Lipid Res Lab, Div Endocrinol Diabet Metab & Mol Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA USA. Otsuka Amer Pharmaceut Inc, Rockville, MD USA. Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Boston, MA USA. NHLBI, Framingham Heart Study, NIH, Framingham, MA USA. RP McNamara, JR (reprint author), New England Med Ctr, Lipid Res Lab, Div Endocrinol Diabet Metab & Mol Med, 750 Washington St,Box 216, Boston, MA 02111 USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [N01-HC-38038] NR 62 TC 177 Z9 180 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0021-9150 J9 ATHEROSCLEROSIS JI Atherosclerosis PD JAN PY 2001 VL 154 IS 1 BP 229 EP 236 DI 10.1016/S0021-9150(00)00484-6 PG 8 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 387GZ UT WOS:000166116000028 PM 11137104 ER PT J AU Padgett, PE Bytnerowicz, A AF Padgett, PE Bytnerowicz, A TI Deposition and adsorption of the air pollutant HNO3 vapor to soil surfaces SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE nitrogen deposition; semi-arid ecosystems; clay; sand; silt ID SAN-BERNARDINO MOUNTAINS; LITTER DECOMPOSITION; DRY DEPOSITION; NITROGEN DEPOSITION; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; ECOSYSTEMS; FOREST; CANOPY; DESERT; PLANT AB Deposition of nitric acid (HNO3) vapor to soils has been evaluated in three experimental settings: (1) continuously stirred tank reactors with the pollutant added to clean air, (2) open-top chambers at high ambient levels of pollution with and without filtration reducing particulate nitrate levels, (3) two field sites with high or low pollution loads in the coastal sage plant community of southern California. The results from experiment (1) indicated that the amount of extractable NO3- from isolated sand, silt and clay fractions increased with atmospheric concentration and duration of exposure. After 32 days, the highest absorption of HNO3 was determined for clay, Followed by silt and sand. While the sand and silt fractions showed a tendency to saturate, the clay samples did not after 32 days of exposure under highly polluted conditions. Absorption of HNO3 occurred mainly in the top 1 mm layer of the soil samples and the presence of water increased HNO3 absorption by about 2-fold. Experiment (2) indicated that the presence of coarse particulate NO; could effectively block absorption sites of soils for HNO3 vapor. Experiment (3) showed that soil samples collected from open sites had about 2.5 more extractable NO; as compared to samples collected from beneath shrub canopies. The difference in NO3- occurred only in the upper 1-2 cm as no significant differences in NO; concentrations were found in the 2-5 cm soil layers. Extractable NO3- from surface soils collected from a low-pollution site ranged between 1 and 8 mug NO3-N g(-1), compared to a maximum of 42 mug NO3-N g(-1) for soils collected from a highly polluted site. Highly significant relationship between HNO3 vapor doses and its accumulation in the upper layers of soils indicates that carefully prepared soil samples (especially clay fraction) may be useful as passive samplers for evaluation of ambient concentrations of HNO3 vapor. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA FS, Pacific SW Forest & Range Expt Stn, Forest Fire Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Padgett, PE (reprint author), USDA FS, Pacific SW Forest & Range Expt Stn, Forest Fire Lab, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RI Bytnerowicz, Andrzej/A-8017-2013 NR 34 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PY 2001 VL 35 IS 13 BP 2405 EP 2415 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00508-2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 428ZP UT WOS:000168491800015 ER PT J AU Conner, RN Saenz, D Rudolph, DC Ross, WG Kulhavy, DL Coulson, RN AF Conner, RN Saenz, D Rudolph, DC Ross, WG Kulhavy, DL Coulson, RN TI Does Red-cockaded Woodpecker excavation of resin wells increase risk of bark beetle infestation of cavity trees? SO AUK LA English DT Article ID RAT SNAKES; PINE C1 US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Wildlife Habitat & Silviculture Lab, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Forestry, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Stephen F Austin State Univ, Arthur Temple Coll Forestry, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Entomol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Conner, RN (reprint author), US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Wildlife Habitat & Silviculture Lab, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. NR 23 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD JAN PY 2001 VL 118 IS 1 BP 219 EP 224 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[0219:DRCWEO]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 409TU UT WOS:000167402400019 ER PT J AU Burhans, DE Thompson, FR AF Burhans, DE Thompson, FR TI Relationship of songbird nest concealment to nest fate and flushing behavior of adults SO AUK LA English DT Article ID BROWN-HEADED COWBIRDS; SITE SELECTION; BOTTOMLAND HARDWOODS; PARENTAL BEHAVIOR; HOODED WARBLERS; SOUTH-CAROLINA; PREDATION; SUCCESS; HABITAT; SIZE C1 Univ Missouri, USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Burhans, DE (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, 202 Nat Resources Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 39 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 4 U2 12 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD JAN PY 2001 VL 118 IS 1 BP 237 EP 242 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[0237:ROSNCT]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 409TU UT WOS:000167402400022 ER PT J AU Chellemi, DO Porter, IJ AF Chellemi, DO Porter, IJ TI The role of plant pathology in understanding soil health and its application to production agriculture SO AUSTRALASIAN PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Australasian Soilborne Diseases Symposium CY MAR 05-08, 2001 CL LORNE, AUSTRALIA ID MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES; SUPPRESSIVE SOIL; FUSARIUM-WILT; QUALITY; DISEASE; ROOT; MANAGEMENT; WATERMELON; PATHOGENS; DIVERSITY AB Over the last 10 years, considerable progress has been made in defining and assessing soil health and soil quality. However, problems still exist in the interpretation of soil quality indicators due to the complexity and interrelatedness of soil processes. Additionally, the crop production system selected by growers affects the potential for the adoption of practices promoting soil health. Factors influencing the selection of the crop production system include the marketing strategy adopted by the grower, the commodity value, the cultural practices and inputs used to grow the crop (e.g. fertilisers, pesticides, etc.). To date, growers have had little time to consider the impact of soil health on crop production. Plant pathology, however, and related disciplines have made major contributions to the understanding of soil health, particularly in the area of the identification and verification of disease-suppressive soils and the agents responsible for this suppression. The linkage of plant health to the functional diversity of biological communities in the soil has been far more elusive, but is rapidly becoming more important as consumers and markets push for environmental sustainability. To further progress our understanding of soil health and facilitate its application to production agriculture, plant pathologists should identify and focus on crop production systems that are amenable to showing a return on investment in soil health. C1 ARS, USDA, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. Agr Victoria, Inst Hort Dev, Hamilton, Vic 3176, Australia. RP Chellemi, DO (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 2001 S Rock Rd, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. NR 44 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 2 PU C S I R O PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 0815-3191 J9 AUSTRALAS PLANT PATH JI Austral. Plant Pathol. PY 2001 VL 30 IS 2 BP 103 EP 109 DI 10.1071/AP01008 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 444NX UT WOS:000169407200005 ER PT J AU Nobbs, JM Liu, Q Hartley, D Handoo, Z Williamson, VM Taylor, S Walker, G Curran, J AF Nobbs, JM Liu, Q Hartley, D Handoo, Z Williamson, VM Taylor, S Walker, G Curran, J TI First record of Meloidogyne fallax in Australia SO AUSTRALASIAN PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID M-CHITWOODI; HAPLA C1 Waite Res Precinct, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nematol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. CSIRO Entomol, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. ARS, Nematol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Nobbs, JM (reprint author), Waite Res Precinct, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia. RI Curran, John/B-9761-2008; Hartley, Diana/D-3556-2011 NR 5 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 1 PU C S I R O PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 0815-3191 J9 AUSTRALAS PLANT PATH JI Austral. Plant Pathol. PY 2001 VL 30 IS 4 BP 373 EP 373 DI 10.1071/AP01060 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 498AR UT WOS:000172488100016 ER PT J AU Francki, MG Ohm, HW Anderson, JM AF Francki, MG Ohm, HW Anderson, JM TI Novel germplasm providing resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus in wheat SO AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE BYDV; Thinopyrum; RFLP; repetitive DNA ID THINOPYRUM-INTERMEDIUM; ADDITION LINES; DNA-SEQUENCES; WINTER-WHEAT; CHROMATIN; AGROPYRON; CHROMOSOME; LUTEOVIRUS; GRASSES; ORGANIZATION AB The lack of suitable genes in existing wheat germplasm collections makes breeding for specific traits a difficult task. Although tolerance to barley yellow dwarf viruses (BYDV) has been reported in wheat accessions, there are no suitable levels of resistance to BYDV, so genes are sought from wild relatives. The ability for Thinopyrum species to inhibit replication of BYDV makes them attractive sources of resistance for germplasm development. Breeding programs are exploiting Thinopyrum species to develop wheat germplasm resistant to BYDV. The transfer of genes from Thinopyrum into wheat by wide crossing and selecting progeny using molecular markers identified suitable material to some strains of BYDV. The implementation of molecular marker technology has been useful for rapid selection of wheat lines with resistance to some strains of BYDV in a breeding program. However, it is now clear that Thinopyrum species contain a number of resistance genes on different genomes and homoeologous chromosomes. In order to achieve broad-spectrum resistance to the various serotypes of the BYDV complex it will be best to combine a number of these genes. Research efforts are now focussed on introgressing other genes from Thinopyrum into wheat that provide resistance to several additional strains of BYDV. Molecular markers will play an important role during selection in pyramiding genes to develop wheat germplasm with broad-spectrum BYDV resistance. C1 Univ Western Australia, Fac Agr, Nedlands, WA 6907, Australia. Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Francki, MG (reprint author), Univ Western Australia, Fac Agr, Nedlands, WA 6907, Australia. NR 45 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 7 PU C S I R O PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 0004-9409 J9 AUST J AGR RES JI Aust. J. Agric. Res. PY 2001 VL 52 IS 11-12 BP 1375 EP 1382 DI 10.1071/AR01020 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 494GN UT WOS:000172273500028 ER PT J AU Vance, CP Lamb, JFS AF Vance, CP Lamb, JFS TI Application of biochemical studies to improving nitrogen fixation SO AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE root nodules; nitrogen assimilation; carbon assimilation; molecular; plant breeding ID NADH-GLUTAMATE SYNTHASE; ALFALFA MEDICAGO-SATIVA; NODULE PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE; ROOT-NODULES; ASPARTATE-AMINOTRANSFERASE; PISUM-SATIVUM; N-2 FIXATION; INEFFECTIVE NODULATION; ASSIMILATING ENZYMES; ACETYLENE-REDUCTION AB Improvement of symbiotic nitrogen fixation requires a multidisciplinary approach with a comprehensive program ranging from microbial ecology to plant breeding and genomics. Achievement of symbiotic nitrogen fixation requires at least 100 genes from each partner interacting in a favorable environment. The more information that we obtain from applied and fundamental studies of Rhizobium-legume and Frankia-non-legume symbioses, the greater are our chances to extend nitrogen fixation to non-fixing species. Studies with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) aimed at improving symbiotic nitrogen fixation have resulted in significant advances in germplasm development, plant biochemistry, microbial ecology and the understanding of plant genes involved in nodule nitrogen and carbon metabolism. However, translation to field improvement of symbiotic nitrogen fixation has proven elusive. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA, ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Vance, CP (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA, ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, 411 Borlaug Hall,1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 75 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU C S I R O PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 0816-1089 J9 AUST J EXP AGR JI Aust. J. Exp. Agric. PY 2001 VL 41 IS 3 BP 403 EP 416 DI 10.1071/EA00007 PG 14 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 433AL UT WOS:000168733100010 ER PT J AU Kinraide, TB AF Kinraide, TB TI Ion fluxes considered in terms of membrane-surface electrical potentials SO AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE electrical potential; Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz; Gouy-Chapman-Stern; ion channels; ion transport; plasma membrane; zeta potential ID ZETA-POTENTIALS; CATION CHANNEL; ALUMINUM; WHEAT; PROTOPLASTS; CALCIUM; VESICLES; TOXICITY; ROOTS; PH AB Ions transported through plasma membranes encounter electrical charges, and associated electrical potentials, at the membrane surfaces. The ionic composition of the tissue-bathing medium influences both the surface charge density and the surface electrical potential. Changes in surface electrical potential may affect ion transport by altering two components of the chemical potential difference (Delta muj) of an ion through the membrane. First, the surface activity of the transported ion will change because of electrostatic attraction or repulsion. Second, the surface-to-surface transmembrane potential difference will change. (This is different from the bulk-phase-to-bulk-phase transmembrane potential difference measured with microelectrodes.) These changes in the components of the chemical potential may change the flux of an ion through the membrane even if the surface-to-surface Delta muj (equal to the bulk-phase-to-bulk-phase Delta muj) remains constant. The Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz (GHK) flux equation does not take into account these surface-potential effects. The equation has been modified to incorporate surface potentials computed by a Gouy-Chapman-Stern model and surface ion activities computed by Nernst equations. The modified equation (despite several additional deficiencies of the GHK model) successfully predicts many transport phenomena not predicted by the standard GHK equation. Thus electrostatic effects may account for saturation, cis- and trans-inhibition, rectification, voltage gating, shifts in voltage optima, and other phenomena also attributable to other mechanisms. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Kinraide, TB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. NR 39 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 3 U2 10 PU C S I R O PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 0310-7841 J9 AUST J PLANT PHYSIOL JI Aust. J. Plant Physiol. PY 2001 VL 28 IS 7 BP 605 EP 616 DI 10.1071/PP01019 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 456MP UT WOS:000170086500008 ER PT J AU Zhou, R Sicher, R Quebedeaux, B AF Zhou, R Sicher, R Quebedeaux, B TI Diurnal changes in carbohydrate metabolism in mature apple leaves SO AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SUCROSE-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE; SORBITOL METABOLISM; CARBON EXPORT; LEAF; PLANTS; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; ACTIVATION; EXPRESSION; ENZYMES; LIGHT AB Net photosynthesis, individual carbohydrate concentrations, and the activities of some enzymes involved in carbohydrate biosynthesis were monitored in mature apple leaves at regular intervals throughout a natural day/night cycle. Sorbitol was the major carbohydrate in mature apple leaves. Its concentration increased gradually after dawn and reached its highest level of 18.0 mg g(-1) fresh weight, and then declined to its lowest level of 9.6 mg g(-1) at the end of the dark period. Starch also showed a similar diurnal pattern with a lower maximum of 4.6 mg g(-1) fresh weight and a minimum of 1.8 mg g(-1) fresh weight. Aldose-6-phosphate reductase (A6PR) activity showed significant diurnal fluctuations, whereas sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) activity, under both saturating and limiting substrate conditions, showed no variations. The highest A6PR activity under natural light conditions appeared at 1000 h with 37.2 mu mol h(-1) g(-1) fresh weight, which was about 30% higher than that in the night. The diurnal alteration of A6PR activity was also found under controlled environmental conditions in growth chambers. Treatments of 14/10 h light/dark photoperiod, continuous light and continuous darkness, did not change the pattern of diurnal variation in A6PR activity. Significant correlation between A6PR activity, sorbitol concentration and photosynthetic rate suggested that the processes of photosynthesis and carbohydrate biosynthesis are coordinated. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Nat Resource Sci & Landscape Architecture, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. ARS, USDA, Alternate Crops & Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Quebedeaux, B (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Nat Resource Sci & Landscape Architecture, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 37 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 9 PU C S I R O PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 0310-7841 J9 AUST J PLANT PHYSIOL JI Aust. J. Plant Physiol. PY 2001 VL 28 IS 11 BP 1143 EP 1150 DI 10.1071/PP00163 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 492QC UT WOS:000172178200010 ER PT J AU Suarez, DL AF Suarez, DL TI Sodic soil reclamation: Modelling and field study SO AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE gypsum; leaching; salinity ID CARBON-DIOXIDE TRANSPORT; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; WATER; CHEMISTRY; KINETICS AB Reclamation of sodic soils has traditionally been undertaken using calculation of gypsum or Ca requirement assuming 100% exchange efficiency and neglect of the contribution of calcium carbonate in the profile. The UNSATCHEM model is reviewed and then evaluated for its ability to predict field reclamation of a sodic saline soil. The 40-ha field site was initially at an electrical conductivity (EC) of 50 dS/m and a sodium absorption ratio (SAR) of 144 in the top 30 cm. After installation of a drainage system, 24 Mg/ha of gypsum was applied to a depth of 15 cm in the soil. Subsequently, 114 cm of water was applied by almost continuous ponding for 3 months. Model simulations were made based on infiltration of 70-80 cm of water, correcting for the estimated evaporation of 41 cm of water. These infiltration estimates are consistent with the good fit between the measured Cl concentrations after reclamation and the model predicted values after 70-80 cm of infiltrated water. Model predictions of EC and SAR after reclamation gave a satisfactory fit to the measured values. The effectiveness of mixing gypsum to various depths was evaluated in terms of the predicted SAR profiles. Alternative management practices of green manuring in presence of calcite were simulated and appeared feasible. In this instance it appears likely that the field could have been reclaimed either with less water or without the addition of gypsum. C1 ARS, USDA, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Suarez, DL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 31 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 15 PU C S I R O PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 0004-9573 J9 AUST J SOIL RES JI Aust. J. Soil Res. PY 2001 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1225 EP 1246 DI 10.1071/SR00094 PG 22 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 496QC UT WOS:000172406600004 ER PT J AU Pisenti, JM Delany, ME Taylor, RL Abbott, UK Abplanalp, H Arthur, JA Bakst, MR Baxter-Jones, C Bitgood, JJ Bradley, FA Cheng, KM Dietert, RR Dodgson, JB Donoghue, AM Emsley, AB Etches, RJ Frahm, RR Gerrits, RJ Goetinck, PF Grunder, AA Harry, DE Lamont, SJ Martin, GR McGuire, PE Moberg, GP Pierro, LJ Qualset, CO Qureshi, MA Shultz, FT Wilson, BW AF Pisenti, JM Delany, ME Taylor, RL Abbott, UK Abplanalp, H Arthur, JA Bakst, MR Baxter-Jones, C Bitgood, JJ Bradley, FA Cheng, KM Dietert, RR Dodgson, JB Donoghue, AM Emsley, AB Etches, RJ Frahm, RR Gerrits, RJ Goetinck, PF Grunder, AA Harry, DE Lamont, SJ Martin, GR McGuire, PE Moberg, GP Pierro, LJ Qualset, CO Qureshi, MA Shultz, FT Wilson, BW CA Avian Genet Resources Task Force TI Avian genetic resources at risk: An assessment and proposal for conservation of genetic stocks in the USA and Canada SO AVIAN AND POULTRY BIOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; PRIMORDIAL GERM-CELLS; EARLY BLASTODERMAL CELLS; ANTERIOR SHANK SKIN; MAREKS-DISEASE; CHICKEN GENOME; CHIMERIC CHICKENS; WHITE LEGHORN; LINKAGE MAP; B-COMPLEX C1 Univ Calif Davis, Genet Resources Conservat Program, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Anim Sci, Davis, CA USA. USDA ARS, GGPL, BARC E, Beltsville, MD USA. Arbor Acres Inc, Glastonbury, CT USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Poultry Sci, Madison, WI USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Anim Sci, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Cornell Univ, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Parasitol, Ithaca, NY USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Microbiol, E Lansing, MI USA. USDA, CSREES, Washington, DC USA. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Dermatol, Cutaneous Biol Res Ctr, Charlestown, MA USA. CFAR, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Nicholas Turkey Breeding Farms, Sonoma, CA USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ames, IA USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Anat, Program Dev Biol, San Francisco, CA USA. Univ Connecticut, Storrs Agr Expt Stn, Storrs, CT USA. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Anim & Nutr Sci, Durham, NH USA. Origen Therapeut, S San Francisco, CA USA. RP Pisenti, JM (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Genet Resources Conservat Program, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 196 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 7 PU SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS PI NORTHWOOD PA PO BOX 81,, NORTHWOOD HA6 3DN, MIDDX, ENGLAND SN 1470-2061 J9 AVIAN POULT BIOL REV JI Avian Poult. Biol. Rev. PY 2001 VL 12 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP + PG 97 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 424BJ UT WOS:000168212000002 ER PT J AU Qualset, CO Frahm, RR Kappes, S AF Qualset, CO Frahm, RR Kappes, S TI Avian genetic resources at risk: An assessment and proposal for conservation of genetic stocks in the USA and Canada - Preface SO AVIAN AND POULTRY BIOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA, CSREES, Washington, DC 20250 USA. USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS PI NORTHWOOD PA PO BOX 81,, NORTHWOOD HA6 3DN, MIDDX, ENGLAND SN 1470-2061 J9 AVIAN POULT BIOL REV JI Avian Poult. Biol. Rev. PY 2001 VL 12 IS 1-2 BP III EP IV PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 424BJ UT WOS:000168212000001 ER PT J AU Miles, AM Reddy, SM Morgan, RW AF Miles, AM Reddy, SM Morgan, RW TI Coinfection of specific-pathogen-free chickens with Marek's disease virus (MDV) and chicken infectious anemia virus: Effect of MDV pathotype SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE chicken; chicken infectious anemia virus; circovirus; herpesvirus; immunosuppression; Marek's disease; Marek's disease virus; herpesvirus of turkeys ID AGENT CAA; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; TURKEY HERPESVIRUS; DUAL INFECTION; IDENTIFICATION; CIRCOVIRUS; VIRULENCE; APOPTOSIS; HOMOLOG; STRAINS AB Both Marek's disease virus (MDV) and chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) infections are prevalent in chickens throughout the world. In the past decade, MDV strains with increased virulence (very Virulent plus MDV pathotype [vv+MDV]) have been isolated. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of coinfection of chickens with CIAV and a vv+MDV isolate. Specific-pathogen-free chickens were inoculated at I day posthatch with RB1B (very virulent MDV pathotype [vvMDV]) only, 584A (vv+MDV) only, CIAV only, RB1B + CIAV, 584A + CIAV, or nothing. Samples of spleen, thymus, and bursa of Fabricius were collected at 4, 7, 10, and 13 days postinoculation (DPI). Thymic and bursal atrophy at 13 DPI and final mortality at 30 DPI were significantly greater in chickens inoculated with 584A with or without added CIAV, or with RB1B plus CIAV, compared with birds inoculated with RB1B alone. Both amounts of virus reisolated and levels of virus detected by quantitative-competitive polymerase chain reaction were greater at 4 DPI in 584A inoculates compared with RB1B inoculates. To monitor the early cytolytic ;infection, northern analysis was done with a probe for the MDV immediate early gene ICP4 (infected cell protein 4). In the absence of CIAV, ICP4 expression was more apparent in chickens inoculated with 584A than in those inoculated with RB1B. CIAV coinfection increased ICP4 expression in the spleens of chickens infected with RB1B. These results indicated that inoculation of chickens with the 584A isolate caused a more robust early cytolytic infection compared with inoculation with RB1B alone and support the classification of 584A as a vv+MDV strain. Coinfection with CIAV exacerbated vvMDV strain RB1B infection. The extent of this exacerbation was less evident when birds were coinfected with 584A and CIAV. C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Anim & Food Sci, Delaware Agr Expt Stn, Newark, DE 19717 USA. USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Morgan, RW (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Dept Anim & Food Sci, Delaware Agr Expt Stn, 040 Townsend Hall, Newark, DE 19717 USA. RI Smith, Liz/C-5867-2011 NR 40 TC 17 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JAN-MAR PY 2001 VL 45 IS 1 BP 9 EP 18 DI 10.2307/1593006 PG 10 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 416LU UT WOS:000167783000002 PM 11332504 ER PT J AU Schultz-Cherry, S King, DJ Koci, MD AF Schultz-Cherry, S King, DJ Koci, MD TI Inactivation of an astrovirus associated with poult enteritis mortality syndrome SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE astrovirus; poult enteritis mortality syndrome; PEMS; disinfectants ID TURKEY POULTS; SPIKING MORTALITY; HATCHLING TURKEYS; AVIAN ASTROVIRUS; CELL-LINE; VIRUSES; INFECTION; SEQUENCE; DISEASE; FECES AB Outbreaks of poult enteritis mortality syndrome (PEMS) continue to cause financial losses to the turkey industry Clinically, PEMS is defined by mortality profiles, diarrhea, flock unevenness, and immunosuppression. PEMS is a very difficult disease to control and prevent. Depopulation of PEMS-affected flocks and thorough cleaning of the contaminated housing have failed to prevent infection (disease) in subsequent flock placements. The relationship of PEMS to other enteric disease complexes of young turkeys is unknown, partly because the causative agent of PEMS remains unknown. Recently, we isolated a unique astrovirus strain from the thymus and intestines of PEMS-infected poults. This strain is molecularly and serologically distinct from the astrovirus that circulated in turkeys in the 1980s. Mammalian astroviruses are very resistant to inactivation. In these studies, we examined the stability of partially purified PEMS-associated astrovirus to inactivation with heat, laboratory disinfectants, and commercial disinfectants used in commercial turkey houses in an embryonated egg model system. Similar co mammalian ascroviruses, the PEMS-associated astrovirus is resistant to inactivation by heat, acidification, detergent treatment, and treatment with phenolic, quaternary ammonium, or benzalkonium chloride-based products. Only treatment with formaldehyde, beta -propriolactone, or the peroxymonosulfate-based produce Virkon S completely inactivated the astrovirus in the embryo model. These studies provide an alternate means to potentially control at least one virus associated with PEMS through the use of specific disinfectants. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Schultz-Cherry, S (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. OI Koci, Matthew/0000-0002-5766-4049 NR 35 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JAN-MAR PY 2001 VL 45 IS 1 BP 76 EP 82 DI 10.2307/1593014 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 416LU UT WOS:000167783000010 PM 11332502 ER PT J AU Johnson, HA Biondini, ME AF Johnson, HA Biondini, ME TI Root morphological plasticity and nitrogen uptake of 59 plant species from the Great Plains grasslands, USA SO BASIC AND APPLIED ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Great Plains grasslands; N uptake; root : shoot ratio; root foraging; root plasticity; root surface area ID PATCHY SOIL ENVIRONMENT; NUTRIENT ACQUISITION; PROLIFERATION; HETEROGENEITY; RESPONSES; NITRATE; GROWTH; FIELD; AVAILABILITY; RESOURCES AB We investigated 59 plant species from the Great Plains grasslands with the following objectives: (1) Determine the ability of individual plant species to: (a) redirect root surface area growth to patches with high N and P concentrations; and (b) alter their root:shoot ratio in response to a non-uniform distribution of soil N and P. (2) Determine how a patchy distribution of soil N and P within a plant's rooting zone affects biomass, total root surface area, N uptake, %N in plant tissue, and N uptake per unit of root surface area. Results showed a diversity of responses with some important common patterns. (1) Root responses (defined as total RSA, allocation of RSA, and R:S ratio) were twice as prevalent as whole plant responses (defined as total N uptake, %N in plant tissue, and plant biomass). (2) The percentage of species with the ability to allocate their RSA to nutrient rich patches was 9 times higher in forbs than in grasses, but there were proportionally more grasses than forbs that increased their R:S ratios in response to nutrient patchiness. (4) The proportions of late successional forbs that responded to nutrient patchiness was higher than that of mid successional ones, but the size of the response was substantially larger in the latter. (4) We found a very weak coupling between root plasticity and plant performance. (5) Our results tend to suggest that: (a) most plants have sufficient plasticity in root system development to track the scale of soil nutrient heterogeneity and thus show similar performance regardless of the degree of nutrient patchiness; and (b) the benefits of root plasticity may be more critical for subdominant species as a general adaptation to compete for soil nutrients in mixed plant communities regardless of the extent of soil nutrient heterogeneity. C1 N Dakota State Univ, Dept Anim & Range Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. ARS, USDA, N Great Plains Res Lab, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. RP Biondini, ME (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, Dept Anim & Range Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 35 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 4 U2 18 PU URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA BRANCH OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, D-07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 1439-1791 J9 BASIC APPL ECOL JI Basic Appl. Ecol. PY 2001 VL 2 IS 2 BP 127 EP 143 DI 10.1078/1439-1791-00044 PG 17 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 473YA UT WOS:000171075700003 ER PT J AU Pendall, E Leavitt, SW Brooks, T Kimball, BA Pinter, PJ Wall, GW LaMorte, RL Wechsung, G Wechsung, F Adamsen, F Matthias, AD Thompson, TL AF Pendall, E Leavitt, SW Brooks, T Kimball, BA Pinter, PJ Wall, GW LaMorte, RL Wechsung, G Wechsung, F Adamsen, F Matthias, AD Thompson, TL TI Elevated CO2 stimulates soil respiration in a FACE wheat field SO BASIC AND APPLIED ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE soil respiration; rhizosphere; Free-Air CO2 Enrichment; CO2 fertilization; C cycling; soil organic matter; stable isotopes; C-13/C-12 ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; ORGANIC-MATTER; ROOT; ENRICHMENT; DECOMPOSITION; TEMPERATURE; GRASSLANDS; FEEDBACK AB Understanding the response of soil carbon (C) dynamics to higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations is critical for evaluating the potential for soil C sequestration on time scales of decades to centuries. Here, we report on changes in soil respiration under Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) where spring wheat was grown in an open field at two CO2 concentrations (ambient and ambient+200 pmol mol(-1)), under natural meteorological conditions. FACE increased soil respiration rates by 40-70% during the peak of wheat growth. On the FACE plots, stable C isotopic composition Of soil CO2 was used to partition the soil CO2 flux into C from rhizosphere respiration and decomposition of pre-existing C. Decomposition contributed 100% of the soil CO2 flux before crop growth commenced, and only 35-45% of the flux at the peak of the growing season. Decomposition rates were not correlated with soil temperature, but rhizosphere respiration rates were strongly correlated with green leaf area index. C1 Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany. Univ Arizona, Dept Soil Water & Environm Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Pendall, E (reprint author), Univ Colorado, INSTAAR, Campus Box 450, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. OI Pendall, Elise/0000-0002-1651-8969 NR 39 TC 53 Z9 64 U1 4 U2 22 PU URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA BRANCH OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, D-07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 1439-1791 J9 BASIC APPL ECOL JI Basic Appl. Ecol. PY 2001 VL 2 IS 3 BP 193 EP 201 DI 10.1078/1439-1791-00053 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 473YB UT WOS:000171075800001 ER PT B AU Fenwood, L AF Fenwood, L BE Vories, KC Throgmorton, D TI Sex, lies, and videotape: My view of the evolution of federal policy and practice to conserve bats on lands managed by the forest service SO BAT CONSERVATION AND MINING: A TECHNICAL INTERACTIVE FORUM, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Technical Interactive Forum on Bat Conservation and Mining CY NOV 14-16, 2000 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP US Dept Interior, Off Surface Mining, Bat Conservat Int Inc, SO Illinois Univ Carbondale, Coal Res Ctr AB Focusing only where we can best comply with our goals for maintaining species viability through habitat protection and restoration is not always enough. We must take opportunities and develop partnerships that make use of unconventional locations and methods to meet bat conservation goals. Additionally, we must use all agency authorities and programs to meet these and other conservation goals including conservation education, outreach to private landowners, and international assistance. A key challenge will be coordination of all these efforts to evaluate their success and maintain accountability for publicly funded programs. C1 US Forest Serv, Vallejo, CA USA. RP Fenwood, L (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Vallejo, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COAL RESEARCH CTR, SOUTHERNILLINOIS UNIV PI CARBONDALE PA 315 W GRAND, CARBONDALE, IL 62901 USA BN 1-885189-07-9 PY 2001 BP 99 EP 100 PG 2 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Zoology; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology; Mining & Mineral Processing GA BV22Q UT WOS:000178264200014 ER PT J AU Hadsell, DL Abdel-Fattah, G AF Hadsell, DL Abdel-Fattah, G TI Regulation of cell apoptosis by insulin-like growth factor I SO BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS OF HUMAN MILK SE ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MAMMARY EPITHELIAL-CELLS; GLAND INVOLUTION; FACTOR RECEPTOR; PROTEIN-KINASE; BREAST-CANCER; IGF SYSTEM; EXPRESSION; DEATH; TISSUE; BCL-X(L) AB Correct temporal and spatial regulation of apoptosis is critical for normal mammary gland development and lactation. Previous work with a strain of transgenic mice that overexpress des(1-3)hIGF-I during pregnancy and lactation suggested that this growth factor inhibits apoptosis. The hypothesis tested within these studies is that overexpression of des(1-3)hIGF-I within the mammary gland inhibits apoptosis and the expression of apoptosis-associated genes that are known to be activated by the transcription factor AP-1. This inhibition of apoptosis was further posited to predispose the tissue to carcinogenesis. TUNEL analysis of mammary tissue from transgenic mice that overexpress des(1-3)hIGF-I under control of the rat whey acidic protein promoter showed only 25% (P < 0.05) of the number of apoptotic cells found in nontransgenic mice at the same stage of lactation. Northern analysis of RNA from these animals showed a 75% (P = 0.08) reduction in c-Jun mRNA abundance. Histological analysis of mammary tissue from nonlactating multiparous WAP-DES mice ranging in age from 13 to 25 months showed a variety of hyperplastic lesions. These lesions aberrantly expressed the transgene. At 23 months of age 50% of the transgenic mice within this study developed adenocarcinomas. These results support the conclusion that inhibition of apoptosis within the mammary gland by IGF-I involves decreased activity of AP-1 and predisposes the tissue to tumors. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Hadsell, DL (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK52197-02] NR 36 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2598 J9 ADV EXP MED BIOL JI Adv.Exp.Med.Biol. PY 2001 VL 501 BP 79 EP 85 PG 7 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA BU23V UT WOS:000175455800007 PM 11787734 ER PT J AU Harris, EJ Bautista, RC AF Harris, EJ Bautista, RC TI Implications of host mortality on the economics of Fopius arisanus (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) mass rearing SO BIOCONTROL LA English DT Article DE economics; life table; mass-rearing; oriental fruit fly; Braconidae; Fopius arisanus ID ORIENTAL FRUIT-FLY; PARASITOID BIOSTERES ARISANUS; FLIES DIPTERA; TEPHRITIDAE; PARASITIZATION; HAWAII; ABUNDANCE; BEHAVIOR; BIOLOGY; KAUAI AB Fopius (= Biosteres) arisanus (Sonan) (= Opius oophilus Fullaway) is an egg-pupal parasitoid of tephritid fruit flies. Our breakthrough in the development of a laboratory-adapted strain of F. arisanus facilitated insectary rearing of parasitoids in large numbers. First colonized in captivity in 1989, F. arisanus has been reared routinely on the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera (= Dacus) dorsalis (Hendel), its natural host. Parasitization by F. arisanus results in the latent death of developing hosts. Host mortality data are presented in a life table to estimate cost of parasitization on the economics of F. arisanus mass rearing. Percent kills of 10, 32, and 76% exerted by F. arisanus on the egg, larval, and pupal stages of the rearing hosts, respectively, resulted in a mean parasitoid recovery of 23.6%. The production cost was estimated by integrating life table data with the costs of rearing supplies and materials and personnel-hours requirements. Production of 1 million parasitoid adults requires the exposure of 4.2 million B. dorsalis eggs (= propagation hosts). We estimated the cost of producing 1 million parasitoids to be $2,363.30 and identified the most expensive aspects of F. arisanus rearing. Recommendations for streamlining the rearing process to reduce costs are provided. C1 ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Honolulu, HI USA. RP Harris, EJ (reprint author), ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Honolulu, HI USA. NR 35 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1386-6141 J9 BIOCONTROL JI Biocontrol PY 2001 VL 46 IS 3 BP 275 EP 287 DI 10.1023/A:1011430503470 PG 13 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 450HT UT WOS:000169736700002 ER PT J AU Buckingham, GR AF Buckingham, GR TI Quarantine host range studies with Lophyrotoma zonalis, an Australian sawfly of interest for biological control of melaleuca, Melaleuca quinquenervia, in Florida, USA SO BIOCONTROL LA English DT Article DE invasive plant; paperbark tree; South Florida ecosystem; weeds; Hymenoptera; Myrtaceae; Pergidae; Callistemon ID CONTROL AGENT; MYRTACEAE AB The Australian melaleuca tree, Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S. T. Blake (Myrtaceae), has naturalized in southern Florida, U.S.A., and is now one of that regions most important weeds. Primarily a weed of wetlands, it also infests neighboring drier areas. Current efforts to restore the South Florida ecosystem are threatened by the continuing range expansion of melaleuca and other weeds. In an effort to supplement the current chemical and cultural control methods for melaleuca, a search for potential biological control agents was begun in Australia in 1986. The sawfly, Lophyrotoma zonalis, was determined after extensive field and laboratory studies to have potential as a biological control agent. Larvae of L. zonalis eat leaves and occasionally defoliate large trees in Australia. Host range studies were conducted in a Florida quarantine facility with native and cultivated plant species. Multi-choice and no-choice oviposition tests were conducted with 36 species in the Myrtaceae and with 18 species in other families. Larvae developed to prepupae and adults from the eggs oviposited on 23 species of Myrtaceae only on 3 species of bottlebrushes, Callistemon. Medium-sized larvae were tested for feeding on bouquets of plant cuttings and on potted plants. They are the stage that might wander from defoliated trees. Noticeable feeding, but much less than on melaleuca, was restricted to the Myrtaceae, except for a few individual larvae that fed on wax myrtle, Myrica cerifera. Medium-sized larvae became prepupae only on Melaleuca decora (73%) and on wax myrtle (10%). However, neither species received eggs in the oviposition tests. These studies confirmed the narrow host range of L. zonalis as previously reported from field and laboratory studies in Australia. C1 Florida Biol Control Lab, ARS, USDA, Gainesville, FL USA. RP Buckingham, GR (reprint author), Florida Biol Control Lab, ARS, USDA, Gainesville, FL USA. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1386-6141 J9 BIOCONTROL JI Biocontrol PY 2001 VL 46 IS 3 BP 363 EP 386 DI 10.1023/A:1011402510293 PG 24 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 450HT UT WOS:000169736700008 ER PT J AU Evans, JD Wheeler, DE AF Evans, JD Wheeler, DE TI Gene expression and the evolution of insect polyphenisms SO BIOESSAYS LA English DT Review ID HONEYBEE APIS-MELLIFERA; JUVENILE-HORMONE; PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY; CASTE DETERMINATION; SOCIAL HYMENOPTERA; POLYMORPHISM; DIET; BEE; METAMORPHOSIS; CATERPILLAR AB Polyphenic differences between individuals arise not through differences at the genome level but as a result of specific cues received during development. Polyphenisms often involve entire suites of characters, as shown dramatically by the polyphenic castes found in many social insect colonies. An understanding of the genetic architecture behind polyphenisms provides a novel means of studying the interplay between genomes, gene expression and phenotypes. Here we discuss polyphenisms and molecular genetic tools now available to unravel their developmental bases in insects. We focus on several recent studies that have tracked gene-expression patterns during social insect caste determination. Published 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.(dagger). C1 USDA ARS, Bee Res Lab, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Entomol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Evans, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Bee Res Lab, BARC E, Bldg 476, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Evans, Jay/C-8408-2012 OI Evans, Jay/0000-0002-0036-4651 NR 54 TC 122 Z9 128 U1 3 U2 29 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4DL, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0265-9247 J9 BIOESSAYS JI Bioessays PD JAN PY 2001 VL 23 IS 1 BP 62 EP 68 DI 10.1002/1521-1878(200101)23:1<62::AID-BIES1008>3.0.CO;2-7 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 388JM UT WOS:000166177400009 PM 11135310 ER PT J AU Davis, CD Johnson, WT AF Davis, CD Johnson, WT TI Dietary copper and dimethylhydrazine affect protein kinase C isozyme protein and mRNA expression and the formation of aberrant crypts in colon of rats SO BIOFACTORS LA English DT Article ID PHORBOL ESTER; DOWN-REGULATION; ADMINISTERED 3,2'-DIMETHYL-4-AMINOBIPHENYL; NONINVASIVE DETECTION; PUTATIVE BIOMARKERS; MESSENGER-RNA; CANCER; CELLS; FOCI; CARCINOGENESIS AB Low dietary copper has been shown to decrease the expression of various protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes and increase the risk of colon cancer development in experimental animals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between dietary copper and carcinogen administration on PKC isozyme accumulation and aberrant crypt foci (ACF) formation in rats fed 0.9 and 7.7 mug Cu/g diet. After 24 and 31 d on the diets, the rats were injected with either dimethylhydrazine (DMH) (25 mg/kg i.p.) or saline and killed at two time points (2 wk and 8 wk after DMH). Rats fed low dietary copper bad significantly lower (p < 0.0001) hematocrits, hemoglobin, ceruloplasmin activity and plasma and liver copper concentrations than rats fed adequate dietary copper. Ingestion of low dietary copper significantly (p < 0.005) increased the formation of DMH-induced ACF (116.8 vs 59.6). Low dietary copper significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the concentration of PKC , delta, and zeta in the colon at 2 wk but not at 8 wk. Thus, changes in PKC isoform protein concentration may be related to increased susceptibility of copper-deficient animals to colon cancer. C1 ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Davis, CD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, POB 9034, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 54 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 2 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0951-6433 J9 BIOFACTORS JI Biofactors PY 2001 VL 15 IS 1 BP 11 EP 26 PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 498WK UT WOS:000172536400002 PM 11673641 ER PT J AU Finley, JW Davis, CD AF Finley, JW Davis, CD TI Selenium (Se) from high-selenium broccoli is utilized differently than selenite, selenate and selenomethionine, but is more effective in inhibiting colon carcinogenesis SO BIOFACTORS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Symposium on Selenium in Biology and Medicine (Selenium 2000) CY OCT 01-05, 2000 CL VENICE, ITALY DE selenium; food; colon cancer; broccoli; wheat ID CANCER PREVENTION; DIETARY SELENIUM; SODIUM SELENITE; DEFICIENT RATS; BIOAVAILABILITY; FORM; BEEF; MEN AB The reduction in incidence of chemically-induced colon cancer by foods high in selenium (Se) was investigated in Fisher-344 rats. The foods used were high-Se broccoli (produced in a greenhouse by addition of selenate to the media surrounding the plant roots) and a processed high-Se wheat product (made by milling high-Se wheat purchased from a seleniferous area). Weanling rats were fed diets containing different amounts of Se from these foods or from selenium salts (selenite and selenate). Early in the experiment the animals were injected with a chemical carcinogen. After 11 weeks on diets animals were killed and the colons examined for preneoplastic lesions (aberrant crypts foci, ACF). ACF were significantly reduced in animals fed supra-nutritional amounts of Se from broccoli, despite the finding that Se from broccoli was poorly bioavailable. Supra-nutritional amounts of Se from high-Se processed wheat also significantly reduced aberrant crypts (AC), although pure selenomethionine, (the predominant chemical form of Se in wheat), did not significantly reduce AC. These results emphasize the need to study Se in food forms, and not extrapolate from previous studies using pure chemical forms in cancer inhibition studies. They also demonstrate that foods with high Se bioavailability are not necessarily the most efficacious for cancer incidence reduction. C1 ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Finley, JW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, POB 9034, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 13 TC 56 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 5 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0951-6433 J9 BIOFACTORS JI Biofactors PY 2001 VL 14 IS 1-4 BP 191 EP 196 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 480RC UT WOS:000171474900024 PM 11568456 ER PT J AU Banuelos, GS AF Banuelos, GS TI The green technology of selenium phytoremediation SO BIOFACTORS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Symposium on Selenium in Biology and Medicine (Selenium 2000) CY OCT 01-05, 2000 CL VENICE, ITALY DE selenium; phytoremediation; volatilization; accumulation; assimilation ID PLANTS; ACCUMULATION; SOILS AB Selenium toxicity is encountered in and and semi-arid regions of the world with alkaline, seleniferous soils derived from marine sediments. Once present in soils and waters at high concentrations, Se is very complicated and highly expensive to remove with conventional physical and chemical techniques. Phytoremediation is a plant-based technology that is being considered for managing Se in central California soils. The technology involves the use of plants in conjunction with microbial activity associated with the plants to extract, accumulate, and volatilize Se. Once absorbed by plant roots, Se is translocated to the shoot where it may be harvested and removed from the site. Therefore, plant species used for phytoremediation of Se-laden soils may by plant uptake and volatilization minimize the Se load eventually entering agricultural effluent and the harvested crop can be carefully blended with animal forage and fed to animals in Se-deficient areas. C1 ARS, Water Management Res Lab, USDA, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RP Banuelos, GS (reprint author), ARS, Water Management Res Lab, USDA, 2021 S Peach, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 31 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 4 U2 9 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0951-6433 J9 BIOFACTORS JI Biofactors PY 2001 VL 14 IS 1-4 BP 255 EP 260 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 480RC UT WOS:000171474900031 PM 11568462 ER PT J AU McSwiney, CP McDowell, WH Keller, M AF McSwiney, CP McDowell, WH Keller, M TI Distribution of nitrous oxide and regulators of its production across a tropical rainforest catena in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ammonium; nitrate; nitrous oxide; oxygen; rainforest; redox ID ORGANIC RIPARIAN SOIL; AEROBIC DENITRIFICATION; COSTA-RICA; DYNAMICS; N2O; NITRATE; GROUNDWATER; WATERSHEDS; FLUXES; NITRIFICATION AB Understanding of N(2)O fluxes to the atmosphere is complicated by interactions between chemical and physical controls on both production and movement of the gas. To better understand how N(2)O production is controlled in the soil, we measured concentrations of N(2)O and of the proximal controllers on its production in soil water and soil air in a field study in the Rio Icacos basin of the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. A toposequence (ridge, slope-ridge break, slope, slope-riparian break, riparian, and streambank) was used that has been previously characterized for groundwater chemistry and surface N(2)O fluxes. The proximal controls on N(2)O production include NO(3)(-), NH(4)(+), DOC, and O(2). Nitrous oxide and O(2) were measured in soil air and NO(3)(-), NH(4)(+), and DO were measured in soil water. Nitrate and DOC disappeared from soil solution at the slope-riparian interface, where soil N(2)O concentrations increased dramatically. Soil N(2)O concentrations continued to increase through the flood plain and the streambank. Nitrous oxide concentrations were highest in soil air probes that had intermediate O(2) concentrations. Changes in N(2)O concentrations in groundwater and soil air in different environments along the catena appear to be controlled by O(2) concentrations. In general, N processing in the unsaturated and saturated zones differs within each topographic position apparently due to differences in redox status. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Dept Nat Resources, Durham, NH 03824 USA. US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. RP McSwiney, CP (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Kellogg Biol Stn, 3700 E Gull Lake Dr, Hickory Corners, MI 49060 USA. RI McDowell, William/E-9767-2010; Keller, Michael/A-8976-2012 OI McDowell, William/0000-0002-8739-9047; Keller, Michael/0000-0002-0253-3359 NR 53 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PY 2001 VL 56 IS 3 BP 265 EP 286 DI 10.1023/A:1013191010244 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 499VN UT WOS:000172591200002 ER PT J AU Russo, VM Russo, BM Cartwright, B AF Russo, VM Russo, BM Cartwright, B TI Culture conditions affect colonization of watermelon by Colletotrichum orbiculare SO BIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE age; Citrullus lanatus; culture; length of incubation; medium; potato dextrose agar ID GRAMINICOLA; FUNGI; CONIDIA AB Area of lesions produced by Colletotrichum orbiculare on watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) seedlings was not affected by amount of culture medium on which the fungus was grown, and decreased as length of time the fungus was in culture increased. Internal integrity of C. orbiculare spores appeared degraded, and this was coincident with decreases in lesion area. C1 USDA, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Wes Watkins Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Lane, OK 74555 USA. RP Russo, VM (reprint author), USDA, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-3134 J9 BIOL PLANTARUM JI Biol. Plant. PY 2001 VL 44 IS 2 BP 305 EP 307 DI 10.1023/A:1010224131447 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 435HR UT WOS:000168871800025 ER PT J AU Cassidy, KM Grue, CE Smith, MR Johnson, RE Dvornich, KM McAllister, KR Mattocks, PW Cassady, JE Aubry, KB AF Cassidy, KM Grue, CE Smith, MR Johnson, RE Dvornich, KM McAllister, KR Mattocks, PW Cassady, JE Aubry, KB TI Using current protection status to assess conservation priorities SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article ID GAP ANALYSIS; WASHINGTON; VEGETATION AB Several recent studies base assessment of conservation priorities primarily on the current protection status of vertebrate species and vegetation communities. Our objective was to compare prioritization using current protection status alone with prioritization using more traditional methods. We mapped land cover of Washington State at a 100 ha minimum mapping unit using 1991 Landsat satellite thematic mapper imagery, and modeled the distributions of all breeding terrestrial vertebrates in the State using the land cover map. We determined the level of protection for each vertebrate species based on its current modeled distribution and for vegetation communities based on their current mapped distribution. We also compiled subjective lists of vertebrate species most at risk from human activities and vertebrate species most well-adapted to human activities, and we used information about potential vegetation and historic conditions to determine past anthropogenic conversion of vegetation communities. We concluded that, while knowledge of current protection status is critical for assessing conservation priorities, use of such information without ecological context (potential vegetation and historic conditions for vegetation and habitat requirements, population trends, and historic distribution for vertebrates) can give results that would direct scarce conservation resources to species and communities unlikely to need protection in the foreseeable future. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Washington, Washington Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Zool, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Dept Fish & Wildlife, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. Cent Washington Univ, Dept Biol, Ellensburg, WA 98926 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. RP Cassidy, KM (reprint author), Univ Washington, Washington Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Mail Stop 355020, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 45 TC 8 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 97 IS 1 BP 1 EP 20 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00083-5 PG 20 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 380PC UT WOS:000165709400001 ER PT J AU Unruh, TR Lacey, LA AF Unruh, TR Lacey, LA TI Control of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae), with Steinernema carpocapsae: Effects of supplemental wetting and pupation site on infection rate SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE entomopathogenic nematodes; Steinernema carpocapsae; Cydia pomonella; codling moth; biological control; orchards ID ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES; TEMPERATURE; SURVIVAL; REPRODUCTION; DESICCATION; ADAPTATION; FELTIAE AB Infection of cocooned codling moth (cydia pomonella) larvae by the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae was studied in three held experiments. Factors that varied within or between experiments included method of application, type of substrate containing cocooned larvae, time when nematodes were applied, seasonal effects, and supplemental wetting before or after nematode application. Conventional air-blast sprayer applications of 0.5-5.0 million infective juveniles (IJs)/tree in fall resulted in ca. 30% mortality of larvae in cardboard trap bands, whereas hand-gun application (2 million IJs/tree) produced mortality of ca. 70%. Application in the evening caused higher larval mortality than application in the morning when no supplemental wetting was used after treatments. Morning and evening applications caused equivalent larval mortality when a postwetting treatment was included. In a trial conducted in midsummer, supplemental wetting, either before or after hand-gun application of 1 million IJs/tree, enhanced nematode-produced mortality. Mortality approached 100% if both pre- and postwetting was used. Larvae in exposed cocoons on apple wood were infected at a higher rate (86%) than those on wood in less exposed positions (73%) or in nonperforated cardboard (72%). Mortality rates for larvae in perforated cardboard were intermediate (77%). Application volumes used to deliver nematodes slightly enhanced infection rate of larvae in some substrates but not others. In one trial, parasitism of codling moth by the wasp Mastrus ridibundus (Ichneumonidae) was negatively correlated with nematode infection of codling moth larvae. Dissections showed that ca. 10% of larvae infected by nematodes had been attacked by the wasp. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Unruh, TR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 41 TC 40 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD JAN PY 2001 VL 20 IS 1 BP 48 EP 56 DI 10.1006/bcon.2000.0873 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 393YU UT WOS:000166497900007 ER PT S AU Holden, JM Beecher, GR Patterson, KY Bhagwat, SA AF Holden, JM Beecher, GR Patterson, KY Bhagwat, SA BE Pfannhauser, W Fenwick, GR Khokhar, S TI Development of databases for phytochemicals in foods: Evaluation of data quality SO BIOLOGICALLY-ACTIVE PHYTOCHEMICALS IN FOOD SE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th Eurofoodchem Meeting on Biologically-Active Phytochemicals in Food CY SEP 26-28, 2001 CL NORWICH, ENGLAND SP Brook Bond Tea Co, Syngenta, SmithKlineBeecham C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Holden, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, 10300 Baltimore Ave,Bldg 005,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0260-6291 BN 0-85404-806-5 J9 ROY SOC CH PY 2001 IS 269 BP 595 EP 597 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA BT53H UT WOS:000173272200147 ER PT J AU Nagaoka, K Sakai, A Nojima, H Christenson, RK Imakawa, K Sakai, S AF Nagaoka, K Sakai, A Nojima, H Christenson, RK Imakawa, K Sakai, S TI Expression of interferon gamma-inducible protein 10 KDa in the uterine endometrium of pregant ewes. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Nagaoka, Kentaro/C-2019-2013 OI Nagaoka, Kentaro/0000-0003-1038-1380 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2001 VL 64 SU 1 BP 187 EP 188 PG 2 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 447KR UT WOS:000169570900260 ER PT J AU Xu, NC Matsuda, F Christenson, RK Imakawa, K Sakai, S AF Xu, NC Matsuda, F Christenson, RK Imakawa, K Sakai, S TI Expression of interferon tau is regulated is regulated by protooncogene c-jun and co-activator CBP. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Tokyo, Dept Anim Breeding, Tokyo, Japan. USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2001 VL 64 SU 1 BP 187 EP 187 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 447KR UT WOS:000169570900259 ER PT J AU Moran, FM Ford, JJ Conley, AJ AF Moran, FM Ford, JJ Conley, AJ TI Effects of SB75, a gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonist, on testis growth and key enzymes of the steroidogenic pathway in the neonatal pig. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2001 VL 64 SU 1 BP 207 EP 207 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 447KR UT WOS:000169570900309 ER PT J AU Ford, JJ Wise, TH Lunstra, DD Rohrer, GA AF Ford, JJ Wise, TH Lunstra, DD Rohrer, GA TI Interrelationships of porcine X and Y chromosomes with plasma gonadotropin concentrations. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2001 VL 64 SU 1 BP 252 EP 252 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 447KR UT WOS:000169570900423 ER PT J AU Sherman, GB Heilman, DF Stocco, DM Ford, JJ Bohmfalk, JF AF Sherman, GB Heilman, DF Stocco, DM Ford, JJ Bohmfalk, JF TI Production and partial purification of recombinant white rhinoceros luteinizing hormone. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Vet & Biomed Sci, Clay Ctr, NE USA. Texas Tech Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Cell Biol & Biochem, Lubbock, TX USA. USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Hastings Coll, Dept Biol Sci, Hastings, NE USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2001 VL 64 SU 1 BP 254 EP 254 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 447KR UT WOS:000169570900428 ER PT J AU Kim, JG Vallet, JL Christenson, RK AF Kim, JG Vallet, JL Christenson, RK TI Characterization of the porcine amphiregulin gene. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2001 VL 64 SU 1 BP 269 EP 269 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 447KR UT WOS:000169570900467 ER PT J AU Vallet, JL Klemcke, HG Christenson, RK AF Vallet, JL Klemcke, HG Christenson, RK TI Progesterone treatment on days 2 and 3 of pregnancy degreases uterine capacity and increases placental efficiency in swine. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2001 VL 64 SU 1 BP 284 EP 284 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 447KR UT WOS:000169570900505 ER PT J AU Burke, JM Rorie, RW Perry, GA Keisler, DH AF Burke, JM Rorie, RW Perry, GA Keisler, DH TI Changes in ovarian function in mature beef cows grazing endophyte-infected (E+) tall fescue. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Anim Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. USDA, ARS, Booneville, AR USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Anim Sci, Columbia, MO USA. RI Keisler, Duane/C-2746-2011 OI Keisler, Duane/0000-0002-8792-7030 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2001 VL 64 SU 1 BP 344 EP 344 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 447KR UT WOS:000169570900657 ER PT J AU Hallam, A Anderson, IC Buxton, DR AF Hallam, A Anderson, IC Buxton, DR TI Comparative economic analysis of perennial, annual, and intercrops for biomass production SO BIOMASS & BIOENERGY LA English DT Article DE energy crops; production costs; annual; perennial; intercrops; switchgrass; big bluestem; sorghum ID ETHANOL; SORGHUM; GRASSES; GROWTH; SWEET; FUEL AB Herbaceous crops may be an important source of renewable energy. Production costs can be more competitive by increasing yields so that overhead costs are applied to more biomass. Most previous economic studies of energy crops have concentrated on the production of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). This study analyzes the biomass yield and economic potential of several high-yielding annual and perennial crops on prime and marginal, sloping land. Crops evaluated were reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) harvested twice per year; switchgrass and big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman var. gerardii); alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.); and sweet sorghum, forage sorghum [both Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], and maize (Zea mays L.). The intercropping of the two sorghum species into reed canarygrass and alfalfa was also analyzed. All crops but alfalfa were fertilized with 0, 70, 140, or 280 kg N ha(-1), with economic analysis performed assuming 140 ka N ha(-1). Sorghums were most productive, with more than 16 t of dry matter ha(-1). Switchgrass was the highest-yielding perennial crop, Costs per ton of biomass produced were lowest for sorghum, somewhat higher for switchgrass, higher still for big bluestem, and highest for alfalfa and reed canarygrass. Yields per ton for intercropped species were higher than for perennial species but lower than for monocrop sorghum. Costs per ton for intercropped species were less than for either alfalfa or reed canarygrass, but were higher than costs per ton of monocrop sorghum. Although the sorghums had the highest yields, high potential for erosion on sloping soils may preclude their use on these soils. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Econ, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. ARS, USDA, NPS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hallam, A (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Econ, Heady Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 28 TC 79 Z9 83 U1 3 U2 38 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0961-9534 J9 BIOMASS BIOENERG JI Biomass Bioenerg. PY 2001 VL 21 IS 6 BP 407 EP 424 DI 10.1016/S0961-9534(01)00051-4 PG 18 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels GA 495WZ UT WOS:000172364500003 ER PT J AU Qi, PX Unruh, JJ Wickham, ED Farrell, HM AF Qi, PX Unruh, JJ Wickham, ED Farrell, HM TI Structure of bovine beta-casein studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and computer modeling SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 80 IS 1 MA 1686 BP 399A EP 399A PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 397JH UT WOS:000166692201818 ER PT J AU Chong, PLG Kanichay, R Khan, TK Cooke, PH AF Chong, PLG Kanichay, R Khan, TK Cooke, PH TI Calcium induced aggregation of archaeal bipolar tetraether liposomes SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Temple Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Sch Med, Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA. USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 80 IS 1 MA 2318 BP 515A EP 515A PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 397JH UT WOS:000166692202343 ER PT B AU Hunter, WJ AF Hunter, WJ BE Leeson, A Peyton, BM Means, JL Magar, VS TI Nitrite may accumulate in denitrifying walls when phosphate is limiting SO BIOREMEDIATION OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY JUN 04-07, 2001 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Geomatrix Consultants Inc, IT Grp Inc, Parsons, Regenesis, USAF, Ctr Environm Excellence, USN, Fac Engn Command ID NITRATE REMOVAL; DENITRIFICATION; GROUNDWATER AB Permeable in situ denitrifying walls or barriers have been investigated as a means of removing nitrate from flowing groundwater. Denitrifying walls function by providing a microbial energy source in a highly permeable matrix. They usually are constructed by back-filling a trench or excavated area with a mixture of sand and fine gravel, which provide a porous matrix, and a substrate that serves as an energy source or electron donor for microbial denitrifiers. The present laboratory scale study demonstrates a need for adding phosphate when remediating some natural waters and shows that nitrite may accumulate in large amounts when phosphate is limiting. Denitrifying columns, 2.5 x 30 cm. sand filled glass tubes infused with a vegetable oil substrate, were used as a scale model of a denitrifying wall. The water used was a natural groundwater that contained 16 to 18 mg/L nitrate-N and similar to 0.010 mg/L phosphate-P. When this low phosphate groundwater was pumped through the denitrifying columns little denitrification was observed and nitrite accumulated. When supplemental phosphate at 0.040 and 0.080 mg/L-P was used denitrification was still retarded and nitrite still accumulated. Increasing phosphate to 0.160 mg/L-P (N/P = 100) resulted in a rapid decrease in nitrate and only a brief accumulation of nitrite in the column effluents. The addition of solid rock phosphate or Biofos(TM) to the denitrifying columns at the time of packing provided adequate phosphate for denitrification over an extended period of time. These results illustrate the importance of assuring that adequate phosphate is available in denitrifying walls. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Hunter, WJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-119-1 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 2001 VL 6 IS 9 BP 209 EP 213 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BU13C UT WOS:000175098600026 ER PT B AU Hunter, WJ AF Hunter, WJ BE Leeson, A Peyton, BM Means, JL Magar, VS TI In situ removal of perchlorate from groundwater SO BIOREMEDIATION OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY JUN 04-07, 2001 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Geomatrix Consultants Inc, IT Grp Inc, Parsons, Regenesis, USAF, Ctr Environm Excellence, USN, Fac Engn Command ID WATER AB Laboratory column studies suggest that in situ barriers might be used to remove perchlorate from groundwater. Water containing 20 mg/L (0.2 mM) perchlorate was pumped through 1.5 by 30 cm columns containing sand. At the start of the study all columns were inoculated with bacteria from a soil extract and, after 14 days operation 0.47 mg of soybean oil was injected onto one group of columns, the treatment group, while a second group of columns, the control group, received no oil. Water containing perchlorate was pumped through both groups of columns and samples of the effluent water were collected at intervals and analyzed for chloride and perchlorate. In the control columns, perchlorate was present in the column effluents throughout the study. In the treatment columns, perchlorate in the effluent decreased by similar to99% (similar to0.2 mM) and the concentration of chloride increased by similar to0.2 mM after the addition of the vegetable oil. In the control columns perchlorate levels remained high and chloride levels low throughout the study. Permeable barriers containing innocuous vegetable oils, other carbon substrates, or other electron donors might be used in situ to remove perchlorate from contaminated groundwater. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Hunter, WJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-119-1 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 2001 VL 6 IS 9 BP 309 EP 314 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BU13C UT WOS:000175098600039 ER PT J AU Fiedler, CE Arno, SF Keegan, CE Blatner, KA AF Fiedler, CE Arno, SF Keegan, CE Blatner, KA TI Overcoming America's wood deficit: An overlooked option SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PONDEROSA PINE; RESTORATION; FORESTS C1 Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Sect, Fire Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59801 USA. Univ Montana, Sch Business Adm, Bur Business & Econ Res, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Fiedler, CE (reprint author), Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. NR 32 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD JAN PY 2001 VL 51 IS 1 BP 53 EP 58 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0053:OASWDA]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 409VJ UT WOS:000167406100010 ER PT J AU Frana, TS Carlson, SA AF Frana, TS Carlson, SA TI Development and use of a plasmid encoding green fluorescent protein in multiple antibiotic-resistant Salmonella SO BIOTECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID GFP C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Ames, IA USA. RP Carlson, SA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Box 70,2300 Dayton Rd, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 7 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU EATON PUBLISHING CO PI NATICK PA 154 E. CENTRAL ST, NATICK, MA 01760 USA SN 0736-6205 J9 BIOTECHNIQUES JI Biotechniques PD JAN PY 2001 VL 30 IS 1 BP 28 EP + PG 3 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 392GW UT WOS:000166404200003 PM 11196315 ER PT J AU Mulock, BS Chandler, LD AF Mulock, BS Chandler, LD TI Beauveria bassiana transmission in western corn rootworm (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) SO CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID SUPPRESSION C1 USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. USDA ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. RP Chandler, LD (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA 393 WINSTON AVE, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2A 1Y8, CANADA SN 0008-347X J9 CAN ENTOMOL JI Can. Entomol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 133 IS 1 BP 105 EP 107 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 405YA UT WOS:000167187100005 ER PT J AU Horton, DR Lewis, TM Hinojosa, T AF Horton, DR Lewis, TM Hinojosa, T TI Copulation duration and probability of insemination in Anthocoris whitei (Hemiptera : Anthocoridae) as a function of male body size SO CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID YELLOW DUNG FLY; MATING SUCCESS; STERCORARIA; COLEOPTERA; CERAMBYCIDAE; SELECTION; DIPTERA; FLIES; BORER AB The influence of male and female body size on copulation duration and probability of insemination was determined for Anthocoris whitei Reuter allowed to mate at two temperatures. Copulation duration decreased significantly with increasing male length or increasing relative size (male length divided by female length). Female length had no effect on copulation duration. We interrupted copulation at 20 or 40 min at both 25 and 15 degreesC to determine the interacting effects of male size, temperature, and copulation duration on probability of insemination. Insemination probabilities increased with increasing male size, increasing temperature, and increased duration of copulation. Large males were more successful than small males at inseminating females at cool temperatures and for severely shortened copulations. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that males of this species experience physical difficulties either in achieving intromission or in forcing sperm through the aedeagus, and that larger body size in males lessens these difficulties. C1 USDA ARS, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Horton, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 20 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA 393 WINSTON AVE, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2A 1Y8, CANADA SN 0008-347X J9 CAN ENTOMOL JI Can. Entomol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 133 IS 1 BP 109 EP 117 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 405YA UT WOS:000167187100006 ER PT J AU Lukaski, HC AF Lukaski, HC TI Magnesium, zinc, and chromium nutrition and athletic performance SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE PHYSIOLOGIE APPLIQUEE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Congress on Nutrition and Athletic Performance CY AUG 08-11, 2001 CL EDMONTON, CANADA DE fatigue; physical training; recovery; minerals ID BODY-COMPOSITION; PICOLINATE SUPPLEMENTATION; FOOTBALL PLAYERS; SERUM ZINC; STRENGTH; EXERCISE; MEN; MUSCLE AB Magnesium, zinc and chromium are mineral elements required in modest amounts for health and optimal performance. Accumulating evidence supports the hypothesis that magnesium and zinc play significant roles in promoting strength and cardiorespiratory function in healthy persons and athletes. Differences in study designs, however limit conclusions about recommendations for intakes of magnesium and zinc needed for optimal performance and function. The role of chromium in supporting performance is not well established. There is a compelling need to confirm and extend findings of beneficial effects of magnesium and zinc function and performance of humans. Suggestions for an experimental model and specific topics for research to advance knowledge of mineral nutrition to promote attainment of genetic potential for optimal performance are provided. C1 ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Lukaski, HC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 34 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 16 PU HUMAN KINETICS PUBL INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1607 N MARKET ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820-2200 USA SN 1066-7814 J9 CAN J APPL PHYSIOL JI Can. J. Appl. Physiol.-Rev. Can. Physiol. Appl. PY 2001 VL 26 SU S BP S13 EP S22 PG 10 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA 516NM UT WOS:000173559400003 PM 11897879 ER PT J AU Lefsky, MA Cohen, WB Spies, TA AF Lefsky, MA Cohen, WB Spies, TA TI An evaluation of alternate remote sensing products for forest inventory, monitoring, and mapping of Douglas-fir forests in western Oregon SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID AIRBORNE LIDAR; IMAGERY AB This research evaluates the utility of several remote sensing data types for the purpose of mapping forest structure and related attributes at a regional scale. Several sensors were evaluated, including (i) single date Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM); (ii) multitemporal Landsat TM; (iii) Airborne Data Acquisition and Registration (ADAR), a sensor with high spatial resolution; (iv) Airborne Visible-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS), a sensor with high spectral resolution; and (v) Scanning Lidar Imager Of Canopies By Echo Recovery (SLICER), a lidar sensor that directly measures the height and canopy structure of forest vegetation. To evaluate the ability of each of the sensors to predict stand structure attributes, we assembled a data set consisting of 92 field plots within the Willamette National Forest in the vicinity of the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest. Stand structure attributes included age, basal area, aboveground biomass, mean diameter at breast height (DBH) of dominant and codominant stems, mean and standard deviation of the DBH of all stems, maximum height, and the density of stems with DBH greater than 100 cm. SLICER performed better than any other remote sensing system in its predictions of forest structural attributes. The performance of the imaging sensors (TM, multitemporal TM, ADAR, and AVIRIS) varied with respect to which forest structural variables were being examined. For one group of variables there was little difference in the ability of the these sensors to predict forest structural attributes. For the remaining variables, we found that multitemporal TM was as or more effective than either ADAR or AVIRIS. These results indicate that multitemporal TM should be investigated as an alternative to either hyperspectral or hyperspatial sensors, which are more expensive and more difficult to process than multitemporal Landsat TM. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Lefsky, MA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM lefsky@fsl.orst.edu RI Lefsky, Michael/A-7224-2009 NR 26 TC 111 Z9 124 U1 1 U2 29 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 31 IS 1 BP 78 EP 87 DI 10.1139/cjfr-31-1-78 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 395TN UT WOS:000166597500009 ER PT J AU Liao, CH Cooke, PH AF Liao, CH Cooke, PH TI Response to trisodium phosphate treatment of Salmonella Chester attached to fresh-cut green pepper slices SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Salmonella; attachment; detachment; plant tissue; sanitizer treatment ID POULTRY SKIN; CHICKEN SKIN; TYPHIMURIUM; MONTEVIDEO; TOMATOES; MICROORGANISMS; CONTAMINATION; VEGETABLES; VIABILITY; SURFACES AB A laboratory model using green pepper disks was developed to investigate the attachment of Salmonella Chester on plant tissue and to evaluate the effectiveness of sanitizer agents in inactivating attached bacteria on fruits. Pepper disks (14 mm in diam, and 3-4 mm in thickness) were immersed in a bacterial suspension containing 1.5 x 10(7) cfu.mL(1) of S. Chester for 30 s and subsequently air- dried at room temperature for 10 min. Approximately 30% of the bacteria retained on the disk after immersion were firmly attached and could not be removed by two washes and agitation. A positive correlation was observed between the number of bacteria attached and the concentration of bacteria in the suspension. Population studies and scanning electron microscopic examinations revealed that attachment of S. Chester on pepper disks occurred mainly on the surfaces of injured (cut) tissue but rarely on the unbroken skin. When inoculated disks were treated with 3% to 12% (w/v) of trisodium phosphate (TSP) at pH 12.3 for 5 min, the population of bacteria on the disk was reduced by 10- to 100-fold. A small portion (0.7% to 7.1%) of bacteria attached to the disk were either resistant to or protected from the TSP treatment. When the pH of TSP solution was reduced from 12.3 to 4.5, the effectiveness of TSP in inactivating S. Chester on pepper disks was reduced by 26%. This study shows that surfaces of injured fruit tissue are the principal sites for bacterial attachment, and a small portion of the bacteria attached to the tissue are resistant to the sanitizer treatment. Avoiding mechanical injuries to fresh fruits during and after harvest would reduce the chance of pathogen attachment and contamination on green pepper and fruits of similar nature. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Liao, CH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 24 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4166 J9 CAN J MICROBIOL JI Can. J. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 47 IS 1 BP 25 EP 32 DI 10.1139/cjm-47-1-25 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology GA 395UQ UT WOS:000166600000004 PM 15049446 ER PT J AU Qurollo, BA Bishop, PE Hassan, HM AF Qurollo, BA Bishop, PE Hassan, HM TI Characterization of the iron superoxide dismutase gene of Azotobacter vinelandii: sodB may be essential for viability SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN-FIXING BACTERIA; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; LEGIONELLA-PNEUMOPHILA; OXYGEN-TOXICITY; MANGANESE; CLONING; COPPER; METABOLISM; EXPRESSION; DEFENSES AB Azotobacter vinelandii contains two superoxide dismutases (SODs), a cytoplasmic iron-containing enzyme (FeSOD), and a periplasmic copper/zinc-containing enzyme (CuZnSOD). In this study, the FeSOD was found to be constitutive, while the activity of CuZnSOD increased as the culture entered the stationary phase. Total SOD (units/mg protein) in stationary phase cells grown under nitrogen-fixing conditions was not significantly different from those grown under non-nitrogen-fixing conditions. The gene encoding FeSOD (sodB) was isolated from an A. vinelandii cosmid library. A 1-kb fragment containing the coding region and 400 base pairs of upstream sequence was cloned and sequenced. The nucleotide sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence had a high degree of homology with other bacterial FeSODs, particularly with P. aeruginosa. Attempts to construct a sodB mutant by recombination of a sodB::kan insertion mutation into the multicopy chromosome of A. vinelandii were unsuccessful even in the presence of SOD mimics or nutritional supplements. These results suggest that FeSOD may be essential for the growth and survival of A. vinelandii, and that the periplasmic CuZnSOD cannot replace the function of FeSOD. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Hassan, HM (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 55 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4166 J9 CAN J MICROBIOL JI Can. J. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 47 IS 1 BP 63 EP 71 DI 10.1139/cjm-47-1-63 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology GA 395UQ UT WOS:000166600000009 PM 15049451 ER PT J AU Seguin, P Graham, PH Sheaffer, CC Ehlke, NJ Russelle, MP AF Seguin, P Graham, PH Sheaffer, CC Ehlke, NJ Russelle, MP TI Genetic diversity of rhizobia nodulating Trifolium ambiguum in North America SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE genetic diversity; rhizobia; Kura clover; BOX-PCR ID CLOVER; ESTABLISHMENT; STRAINS; GROWTH AB Kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum M.B.) is a persistent rhizomatous forage legume, whose use in the U.S.A. is limited by establishment difficulties in part attributable to nodulation problems. In this study, soil was collected from established stands of Kura clover growing in 9 diverse North American environments. Rhizobia were plant-trapped using Kura clover cv. Endura as host, then rhizobia from nodules fingerprinted using BOX-PCR. The diversity of isolates from North America was then contrasted to that of rhizobia from a single Caucasian environment (Russia), the center of origin for this species. Populations were characterized using clustering methods, and genetic diversity estimated using the Shannon-Weaver diversity index. The genetic diversity of the North American populations was extremely limited, all isolates being closely related to two of the strains found in a locally available commercial inoculant. In contrast, Russian isolates formed a distinct cluster with significant internal genetic diversity. Genetic diversity indices for the North American and Russian populations were 3.5 and 10.76, respectively. The implication of this and other studies is that Kura clover is highly specific in Rhizobium requirement. If the performance of this legume in the U.S.A. is to be improved, either by modifying current establishment practices or plant breeding, it is essential that these studies be paralleled by more collections and evaluation of rhizobia from its center of origin, given the extremely limited diversity of rhizobia found in North America. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. ARS, USDA, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, MN Cluster, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Graham, PH (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, 1991 Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 15 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 9 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4166 J9 CAN J MICROBIOL JI Can. J. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 47 IS 1 BP 81 EP 85 DI 10.1139/cjm-47-1-81 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology GA 395UQ UT WOS:000166600000012 PM 15049454 ER PT J AU Asay, KH Horton, WH Jensen, KB Palazzo, AJ AF Asay, KH Horton, WH Jensen, KB Palazzo, AJ TI Merits of native and introduced Triticeae grasses on semiarid rangelands SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE grass breeding; revegetation; introduced grasses; Triticeae; cheatgrass; seedling vigor; plant persistence ID CRESTED-WHEATGRASS; REGISTRATION; PERFORMANCE; KNAPWEED; CANADA AB Experiments were conducted on four semiarid range sites to compare stand establishment, productivity, and persistence of several introduced perennial Triticeae grasses with that of their native counterparts. On Intermountain sites with severe water limitations (< 300 mm), native grasses were more difficult to establish, less productive, and less persistent than the introduced grasses. Stands of native grasses declined most rapidly under defoliation. At locations where moisture conditions were more favorable, particularly where more summer precipitation occurred, native Triticeae grasses established and persisted relatively well compared with the introduced entries. Although difficult to establish, stands of the rhizomatous native, western wheatgrass [Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Love] increased during the seasons after establishment. Choice of plant materials to be used in range seeding programs should be based on objective criteria. To do otherwise will perpetuate degradation of soil resources, especially on sites that are dominated by weedy annual species such as cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) and medusahead rye (taeniatherum asperum). It is proposed that adapted introduced grasses be equally considered along with native grasses as a component of seed mixtures on environmentally harsh sites that have been burned, infested with competitive weedy species, or otherwise degraded. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. RP Asay, KH (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 30 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 11 PU AGR INST CANADA PI OTTAWA PA SUITE 907 151 SLATER ST, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1P 5H4, CANADA SN 0008-4220 J9 CAN J PLANT SCI JI Can. J. Plant Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 81 IS 1 BP 45 EP 52 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 416FB UT WOS:000167768700005 ER PT J AU Woods, RD AF Woods, RD TI Efficacy of a transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus with an altered ORF-3 gene SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE LA English DT Article ID VIRUS; VIRULENT; SWINE AB Serial passage of virulent transmissible gastroenteritis virus through cell culture reduced its virulence in 5-day-old piglets. Intramuscular inoculation of pregnant gilts with 2 doses of this modified-live virus elicited a level of lactogenic immunity that protected their nursing piglets against a lethal dose of challenge virus. Sequence analysis of a 637-bp fragment of the spike gene containing most of the aminopeptidase receptor and the 4 major antigenic sites from the original and the serially passed viruses were nearly identical. Gel analysis revealed that the fragment from the ORF-3 gene of virulent virus was smaller than the corresponding fragment from the serially passed virus. Sequence analysis of the fragment from the passed virus revealed that the sequence between nt 5310 and nt 5434 was replaced by a 636-bp fragment from the polymerase 1A gene. This replacement resulted in the loss of the CTAAACTT leader RNA-binding site and ATG start codon for the ORF-3A gene but it did not affect the ORF-3B gene. C1 ARS, Virus & Prion Dis Livestock Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA,VPDL Unit B15, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Woods, RD (reprint author), ARS, Virus & Prion Dis Livestock Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA,VPDL Unit B15, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 16 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 2 PU CANADIAN VET MED ASSOC PI OTTAWA PA 339 BOOTH ST ATTN: KIMBERLY ALLEN-MCGILL, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1R 7K1, CANADA SN 0830-9000 J9 CAN J VET RES JI Can. J. Vet. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. Vet. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 65 IS 1 BP 28 EP 32 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 398XQ UT WOS:000166782100005 PM 11227191 ER PT J AU Weinstein, SJ Ziegler, RG Selhub, J Fears, TR Strickler, HD Brinton, LA Hamman, RF Levine, RS Mallin, K Stolley, PD AF Weinstein, SJ Ziegler, RG Selhub, J Fears, TR Strickler, HD Brinton, LA Hamman, RF Levine, RS Mallin, K Stolley, PD TI Elevated serum homocysteine levels and increased risk of invasive cervical cancer in US women SO CANCER CAUSES & CONTROL LA English DT Article DE cervix neoplasms; homocysteine; nutrition ID UNITED-STATES; FOLIC-ACID; HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS; INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA; FOLATE-DEFICIENCY; INTEGRATION SITES; VITAMIN STATUS; PLASMA FOLATE; FRAGILE SITES; WHITE WOMEN AB Objectives: To explore the relationship between serum homocysteine, a sensitive biomarker for folate inadequacy and problems in one-carbon metabolism, and invasive cervical cancer. Methods: A large case-control study was conducted in five US areas with up to two community controls, obtained by random-digit dialing, individually matched to each case. Cervical cancer risk factors were assessed through at-home interview. Blood was drawn at least 6 months after completion of cancer treatment from 51% and 68% of interviewed cases and controls. Serum homocysteine was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, and exposure to human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16, the most prevalent oncogenic type, was assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cases with advanced cancer and/or receiving chemotherapy were excluded, leaving 183 cases and 540 controls. Results: Invasive cervical cancer risk was substantially elevated for women in the upper three homocysteine quartiles (>6.31 mu mol/L); multivariate-adjusted odds ratios ranged from 2.4 to 3.2 (all 95% CIs excluded 1.0). A trend was apparent and significant (p = 0.01). When cases were compared with HPV-16 seropositive controls only, odds ratios were comparable. Conclusions: Serum homocysteine was strongly and significantly predictive of invasive cervical cancer risk. This association could reflect folate, B-12 and/or B-6 inadequacy, or genetic polymorphisms affecting one-carbon metabolism. C1 NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Epidemiol & Social Med, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. Univ Colorado, Sch Med, Dept Prevent Med & Biometr, Denver, CO USA. Meharry Med Coll, Sch Med Occupat & Prevent Med, Nashville, TN 37208 USA. Univ Illinois, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Epidemiol & Biostat, Chicago, IL USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Prevent Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. RP Ziegler, RG (reprint author), NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, NIH, 6120 Execut Blvd,MSC 7246, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RI Brinton, Louise/G-7486-2015 OI Brinton, Louise/0000-0003-3853-8562 NR 50 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0957-5243 J9 CANCER CAUSE CONTROL JI Cancer Causes Control PY 2001 VL 12 IS 4 BP 317 EP 324 DI 10.1023/A:1011290103779 PG 8 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 441AL UT WOS:000169208800004 PM 11456227 ER PT J AU Woodson, K Mason, J Choi, SW Hartman, T Tangrea, J Virtamo, J Taylor, PR Albanes, D AF Woodson, K Mason, J Choi, SW Hartman, T Tangrea, J Virtamo, J Taylor, PR Albanes, D TI Hypomethylation of p53 in peripheral blood DNA is associated with the development of lung cancer SO CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID FOLATE/METHYL-DEFICIENT RATS; TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENE; NESTED CASE-CONTROL; COLORECTAL-CANCER; METHYL-DEFICIENT; S-ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE; FOLATE-DEFICIENCY; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; BETA-CAROTENE; STRAND BREAKS AB Alterations in DNA methylation have been associated with cancers at almost all tumor sites and represent one of the most consistent changes in neoplastic cells. The underlying etiological mechanisms for alteration of DNA methylation patterns are not understood, but experimental studies in animals suggest potential environmental and genetic influences. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether DNA hypomethylation in peripheral blood DNA (potentially representing status at the lung) was associated with increased risk for the development of lung cancer. We evaluated genome-wide and p53 gene-specific hypomethylation in 100 lung cancer cases and controls selected from a large clinical trial of male smokers, the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. Genome-wide methylation status was assessed using the in vitro methyl acceptance capacity assay and p53 gene-specific methylation status using the HgaII quantitative PCR assay. Hypomethylation was evaluated as a risk factor using multivariate conditional logistic regression analyses. Genome-wide methylation status was unrelated to lung cancer risk; the odds ratio was 1.25 and the 95% confidence interval was 0.48-3.21 for those in the highest versus lowest quartile of hypomethylation status. Hypomethylation of the p53 gene in exons 5-8, the hypermutable region, was associated with a 2-fold increased risk for lung cancer (odds ratio, 2.20; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-4.65), whereas there was no risk increase for hypomethylation at exons 2-4, a region of the gene not known for its mutability or functional significance in cancer. Our results indicate that hypomethylation status within exons 5-8 of p53 from peripheral lymphocyte DNA may be a relevant predictor of lung cancer among male smokers. C1 NCI, Canc Prevent Studies Branch, Div Clin Sci, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Natl Publ Hlth Inst, SF-00300 Helsinki, Finland. RP Woodson, K (reprint author), NCI, Canc Prevent Studies Branch, Div Clin Sci, 6006 Execut Blvd,MSC 7058, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RI Albanes, Demetrius/B-9749-2015 NR 40 TC 42 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 11806, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35202 USA SN 1055-9965 J9 CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR JI Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 10 IS 1 BP 69 EP 74 PG 6 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 396TA UT WOS:000166651600011 PM 11205492 ER PT J AU Gonzalez, OMR AF Gonzalez, OMR TI Assessing vegetation and land cover changes in northeastern Puerto Rico: 1978-1995 SO CARIBBEAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB The purpose of this study was to explore the use of geospatial tools for monitoring and assessing vegetation resources in Puerto Rico. Using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System techniques, vegetation and other land-cover changes were examined over a 70,527 ha area in northeastern Puerto Rico between 1978 and 1995. Land use/land cover in 1978 was obtained from an existing digital map, while data for 1995 were derived through classification of a SPOT multispectral satellite image. Patterns indicated that the northeastern landscape has changed considerably in 17 years. A third of the study area experienced transformation. Pasture/Agriculture areas were reduced by approximately 50 % while 7071 ha of natural vegetation were regenerated. In elevations above 100 m, vegetation regrowth was predominant, while in the coastal plain this pattern inverted leaning more towards conversion mostly as urban development. By 1995, 5072 ha of new built-up land were found and 88 % of these were at elevations below 100 m. Ninety percent of these land-cover transformations occurred within a 0-10 degrees slope class. In addition, changes in the vicinity of three protected areas (Luquillo Experimental Forest, Pinones State Forest, Fajardo section of the Ceiba State Forest) showed an increase in built-up lands close to their boundaries, specially for coastal plain areas. This suggests the need to further monitor land-cover transitions around protected areas to investigate potential ecological impacts arising from urban encroachment and forest degradation. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. RP Gonzalez, OMR (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, POB 25000, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. NR 22 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV PUERTO RICO, PI MAYAGUEZ PA COLLEGE ARTS SCIENCES, MAYAGUEZ, PUERTO RICO 00680 USA SN 0008-6452 J9 CARIBB J SCI JI Caribb. J. Sci. PY 2001 VL 37 IS 1-2 BP 95 EP 106 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 439XM UT WOS:000169142900009 ER PT J AU Haney, PM AF Haney, PM TI Localization of the GLUT1 glucose transporter to Brefeldin A-sensitive vesicles of differentiated CIT3 mouse mammary epithelial cells SO CELL BIOLOGY INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE GLUT1; glucose transport; protein targeting; Brefeldin A; Golgi; mammary gland ID GOLGI-APPARATUS; ORGANELLE STRUCTURE; PROTEINS; INSULIN; GLAND; RAT; ENDOSOMES AB Glucose is a precursor of lactose, the major carbohydrate and osmotic constituent of human milk, which is synthesized in the Golgi. The GLUT1 glucose transporter is the only glucose transporter isoform expressed in the mammary gland. The hypothesis that lactogenic hormones induce GLUT1 and cause its localization to the Golgi of mammary epithelial cells was tested in CIT3 mouse mammary epithelial cells, Treatment with prolactin and hydrocortisone caused a 15-fold induction of GLUT1 by Western blotting, but 2-deoxyglucose uptake decreased, Subcellular fractionation and density gradient centrifugation demonstrated enrichment of Golgi fractions with GLUT1. Lactogenic hormones enhanced GLUT1 glycosylation, but did not determine whether GLUT1 was targeted to plasma membrane or to Golgi, Confocal microscopy revealed that lactogenic hormones alter CLUT1 targeting from a plasma membrane pattern to a predominant perinuclear distribution with punctate scattering through the cytoplasm, GLUT1 is targeted to a compartment which is more sensitive to Brefeldin A than the compartments in which GM 130 and beta -COP reside, Targeting of GLUT1 to endosomes was specifically excluded. We conclude that prolactin and hydrocortisone induce GLUT1, enhance GLUT1 glycosylation, and cause glycosylation-independent targeting of GLUT1 to Brefeldin A-sensitive vesicles which may represent a subcompartment of cis-Golgi. These results demonstrate a hormonally-regulated targeting mechanism for GLUT1 and are consistent with an important role for GLUT1 in the provision of substrate for lactose synthesis. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Sect Neonatol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Haney, PM (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, 1100 Bates St,1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [1R29HD/DK34701] NR 29 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1065-6995 J9 CELL BIOL INT JI Cell Biol. Int. PY 2001 VL 25 IS 4 BP 277 EP 288 DI 10.1006/cbir.2000.0649 PG 12 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 432GM UT WOS:000168683900001 PM 11319835 ER PT J AU Singh, V Moreau, RA Hicks, KB Eckhoff, SR AF Singh, V Moreau, RA Hicks, KB Eckhoff, SR TI Effect of alternative milling techniques on the yield and composition of corn germ oil and corn fiber oil SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID LACTIC-ACID; RECOVERY; ALKALI AB The effects of alternative corn wet-milling (intermittent milling and dynamic steeping (IMDS), gaseous SO2 and alkali wet-milling) and dry grind ethanol (quick germ and quick fiber with chemicals) production technologies were evaluated on the yield and phytosterol composition (ferulate phytosterol esters, free phytosterols, and fatty acyl phytosterol esters) of corn germ and fiber oil and compared with the conventional wet-milling process. Small but statistically significant effects were observed on the yield and composition of corn germ and fiber oil with these alternative milling technologies. The results showed that the germ and fiber fractions from two of the alternative wet-milling technologies (the gaseous SO2 and the IMDS) bad, for almost all of the individual phytosterol compounds, either comparable or significantly higher yields compared with the conventional wet-milling process. Also, both of the modified dry grind ethanol processes (the quick germ and quick fiber) with chemicals (SO2 and lactic acid) can be used as a new source of corn germ and fiber and can produce oils with high yields of phytosterols. The alkali wet-milling process showed significantly lower yields of phytosterols compounds in germ but showed significantly higher yield of free phytosterols, fatty acyl phytosterol esters and total phytosterols in the fiber fraction. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Agr Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Singh, V (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Agr Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. OI Moreau, Robert/0000-0002-8166-8322 NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 78 IS 1 BP 46 EP 49 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2001.78.1.46 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 393TY UT WOS:000166486800009 ER PT J AU Mikola, M Brinck, O Jones, BL AF Mikola, M Brinck, O Jones, BL TI Characterization of oat endoproteinases that hydrolyze oat avenins SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; MALTING QUALITY; BARLEY; PURIFICATION; PROTEINASE; ALEURONE; HORDEIN AB During oat seed germination, the insoluble storage proteins must be solubilized and transported to the embryo for use by the developing plantlet. We showed earlier that pH 6.2 active serine and metalloproteinases were the predominant gelatin-hydrolyzing enzymes of oats, while the oat globulins were degraded by pH 3.8 active cysteine proteases. The pH of the endosperms of germinating oats is 6.2. We have continued our characterization of the germinated oat proteinases by determining which hydrolyze avenins, the oat storage prolamins. Avenins of resting seeds were purified and hydrolyzed with proteinases that were extracted from oat seeds that were germinated for various periods. The peptides released were analyzed using SDS-PAGE. The alpha -avenins were hydrolyzed at pH 3.8 by cysteine proteinases from four-day germinated seeds and the beta -avenins were hydrolyzed by similar enzymes from eight-day germinated seeds. At pH 6.2 or pH 5.0, the avenins were not degraded by any of the germinated oats endoproteinases. It is probable that some kind of pH compartmentalization occurs within germinating oat seed. After four days of germination, either new proteinases form or some preexisting proteinases are activated. The cysteine proteinases are apparently responsible for the majority of the storage protein hydrolysis that occurs during oat germination. C1 Univ Helsinki, Dept Food Technol, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. USDA ARS, Cereal Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI USA. RP Mikola, M (reprint author), Univ Helsinki, Dept Food Technol, POB 27, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. NR 13 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 78 IS 1 BP 55 EP 58 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2001.78.1.55 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 393TY UT WOS:000166486800011 ER PT J AU Willett, JL AF Willett, JL TI Packing characteristics of starch granules SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; BIODEGRADATION; SUSPENSIONS; COMPOSITES; RHEOLOGY; BLENDS AB The rheological properties of granular materials and dispersions of solid particles in fluids are dependent on the packing characteristics of the particles. Maximum packing fractions (phi (m)) have been measured for corn, wheat, rice, potato, and amaranth starches, in the dry state and dispersed in either ethanol or hexane, using a tapping method. The observed maximum packing fraction increases with tapping time to a constant value. Values measured for dry starches were lower than those measured in liquids and reflect the effects of granule shape and intergranular friction. Values measured in fluids for potato, corn, and wheat starches were all similar in magnitude, and in the range of values (0.58-0.63) for random loose packing and random close packing of monodisperse spheres. Values for amaranth and rice starches were significantly lower due to agglomeration and clumping of individual granules. Blends of corn and potato starches show a slight enhancement of packing. with some phi (m) values greater than potato starch, consistent with data for bimodal blends of spheres. Blends of rice and potato starches displayed enhanced packing above ideal mixing but did not exceed the packing fraction of the potato starch. Knowledge of starch pricking fractions is required for fundamental understanding of the rheological properties of granular starch-filled materials and important for predicting processing characteristics. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Willett, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 29 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 78 IS 1 BP 64 EP 68 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2001.78.1.64 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 393TY UT WOS:000166486800013 ER PT J AU Bean, SR Hicks, C Tuinstra, M Lookhart, GL AF Bean, SR Hicks, C Tuinstra, M Lookhart, GL TI Use of SDS to extract sorghum and maize proteins for free zone capillary electrophoresis (FZCE) analysis SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ZEINS AB Two different extraction methods for extracting sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.) storage proteins for free zone capillary electrophoresis (FZCE) analysis were compared. A traditional solvent based on 60% t-butanol was compared with a pH 10 berate buffer containing the anionic detergent SDS followed by precipitation of nonkafirins using 60% t-butanol. FZCE analysis of both types of extracts showed identical patterns, despite the fact that the SDS should have given all proteins equal charge-to-mass ratios. This methodology was also successfully applied to maize proteins. The use of t-butanol to precipitate nonkafirins, combined with electrophoresis at low pH, is thought to have removed the SDS from the storage proteins. The SDS extraction procedure produced more stable extracts for FZCE analysis. These extracts could also be used directly for SDS capillary electrophoresis (SDS-CE) separations. Kafirins from 15 genotypes were extracted with this procedure and analyzed by FZCE and SDS-CE. Resolution of the kafirins by FZCE was much higher than the SDS-CE, demonstrating that the kafirin proteins possessed a high level of charge density variability within a relatively small molecular size distribution. Two distinct groups of alpha -kafirins could be seen in the FZCE electropherograms. C1 USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Lookhart, GL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. OI Bean, Scott/0000-0001-8678-8094 NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 78 IS 1 BP 84 EP 87 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2001.78.1.84 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 393TY UT WOS:000166486800017 ER PT J AU Neef, WE Byrdwell, WC List, GR AF Neef, WE Byrdwell, WC List, GR TI A new method to analyze triacylglycerol composition of vegetable oils SO CEREAL FOODS WORLD LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY C1 USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Oil Chem Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Florida Atlantic Univ, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA. RP Neef, WE (reprint author), USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Oil Chem Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. OI Byrdwell, William/0000-0001-8241-428X NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0146-6283 J9 CEREAL FOOD WORLD JI Cereal Foods World PD JAN PY 2001 VL 46 IS 1 BP 6 EP 10 PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 397MX UT WOS:000166700400003 ER PT J AU Hill-Ambroz, KL Weeks, JT Baenziger, PS Graybosch, RA AF Hill-Ambroz, KL Weeks, JT Baenziger, PS Graybosch, RA TI Constitutive promoter expression of transgenes in wheat (Triticum aestivum) SO CEREAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE wheat; promoter-intron; transformation ID MICROPROJECTILE BOMBARDMENT; IMMATURE EMBRYOS; RAPID PRODUCTION; GENE-EXPRESSION; MARKER GENES; PLANTS; GUS; TRANSFORMATION; VECTORS AB Particle bombardment is a routine method of transformation for wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Particle bombardment parameters, explant tissue and culture, and the choices of DNA constructs are factors that affect successful transformation. This study focuses on the DNA construct. The DNA construct must have a promoter that will function properly in the plant genome for gene expression to occur. Constitutive promoters were evaluated for gene expression in a population of stably transformed wheat callus lines and plants. The promoters were fused to the beta -glucuronidase gene and evaluated for expression by histochemical and chemiluminescent assays. The maize ubiquitin promoter caused significantly higher levels of beta -glucuronidase expression in populations of callus lines and plants than the other promoters evaluated. C1 Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, PSERU, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Weeks, JT (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, PSERU, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RI Baenziger, Peter/C-6490-2014 OI Baenziger, Peter/0000-0002-9109-6954 NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU CEREAL RES INST PI SZEGED PA POB 391, 6701 SZEGED, HUNGARY SN 0133-3720 J9 CEREAL RES COMMUN JI Cereal Res. Commun. PY 2001 VL 29 IS 1-2 BP 9 EP 16 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 445DC UT WOS:000169442000001 ER PT J AU Hill-Ambroz, KL Weeks, JT AF Hill-Ambroz, KL Weeks, JT TI Comparison of constitutive promoters for sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] transformation SO CEREAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID TRANSIENT GENE-EXPRESSION; MICROPROJECTILE BOMBARDMENT; PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; UBIQUITIN PROMOTER; IMMATURE EMBRYOS; RAPID PRODUCTION; REPORTER GENE; PLANTS; CELLS; MAIZE AB Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] transformation using microprojectile bombardment was achieved in 1993. Since then there have been very few additional reports on the topic. To develop a reliable method for foreign gene introduction, a promoter sequence capable of expression in the recipient cells is a critical requirement. Transient expression of the dual 35S cauliflower mosaic virus, rice actin-1, maize alcohol dehydrogenase-1, and maize ubiquitin-1 promoters driving the GUS (beta -glucuronidase) gene in sorghum were compared. Transient beta -glucuronidase activity in embryonic tissue was very low. It was concluded that there would be a significant benefit in investigating and isolating new constitutive promoter sequences potentially resulting in a higher level of transient expression in sorghum. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Weeks, JT (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, 334 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 27 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU CEREAL RES INST PI SZEGED PA POB 391, 6701 SZEGED, HUNGARY SN 0133-3720 J9 CEREAL RES COMMUN JI Cereal Res. Commun. PY 2001 VL 29 IS 1-2 BP 17 EP 24 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 445DC UT WOS:000169442000002 ER PT J AU Dahleen, LS McCormick, SP AF Dahleen, LS McCormick, SP TI Trichothecene toxin effects on barley callus and seedling growth SO CEREAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Hordeum vulgare; Fusarium head blight; deoxynivalenol; diacetoxyscirpenol ID REDUCED VIRULENCE; GIBBERELLA-ZEAE; MYCOTOXINS AB Fusarium head blight (FHB) has caused devastating losses to barley growers in ND, MN and SD since 1993. A major component of these losses has been the formation of protein synthesis inhibitor trichothecene toxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON) by the Fusarium species that cause FHB. Genetic transformation of barley with genes that chemically inactivate or transport the toxins out of cells has potential for reducing DON levels. The ability to directly select for callus cells transformed with these genes would simplify production of transgenic plants and avoid the introduction of a second selectable gene. Differences in seedling germination and growth on medium containing toxin would help identify transgenic plants expressing the antitoxin genes. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of DON and the related toxin diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) on barley callus growth and seedling germination, root and shoot growth. The effects of the toxins on callus growth were small. Although statistically significant differences were seen at the higher toxin levels after eight weeks, the differences were not large enough for selection between toxin resistant and toxin susceptible calli. Neither toxin had an effect on seed germination. DON at 5 and 10 mg/L significantly reduced root growth by day 7, and 10 mg/L significantly reduced shoot growth by day 4. The effects of DAS were greater, with all toxin levels significantly reducing root growth by day 2 and shoot growth by day 4. The results indicate that DAS may be usable for screening progeny of transgenic plants for expression and segregation of anti-toxin genes. C1 USDA ARS, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Dahleen, LS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 10 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU CEREAL RES INST PI SZEGED PA POB 391, 6701 SZEGED, HUNGARY SN 0133-3720 J9 CEREAL RES COMMUN JI Cereal Res. Commun. PY 2001 VL 29 IS 1-2 BP 115 EP 120 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 445DC UT WOS:000169442000015 ER PT J AU Grieve, CM Francois, LE Poss, JA AF Grieve, CM Francois, LE Poss, JA TI Effect of salt stress during early seedling growth on phenology and yield of spring wheat SO CEREAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE double ridge stage; primordium initiation; terminal spikelet formation; tillering AB Grain yield potential of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) can be markedly affected by environmental stresses that occur early in the life cycle of the crop. This study was conducted in greenhouse sand cultures to determine the effects of salinity either applied or withdrawn at three different stages of wheat shoot organogenesis: (l)late in the leaf primordium initiation phase (LLPI), (2) double ridge stage DRS), or (3) terminal spikelet formation(TSF). Plant response to changes in salinity was evaluated in terms of mainstem phenology, timing of tiller appearance, yield, and yield components. Leaf primordium initiation was more sensitive to changes in salinity than was spikelet primordium initiation. For changes in salinity at LLPI, final mainstem leaf number was controlled by the new, rather than the original, stress level, whereas when salinity was changed at DRS, final spikelet number was controlled by the original salinity level. Changes in salinity level did not inhibit tiller bud initiation, but affected the timing of tiller emergence. Grain yields were reduced by relatively brief periods of salinity, but losses were minimized if stress was withdrawn at LLPI or DRS or if stress application was delayed until TSF. C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Grieve, CM (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 10 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU CEREAL RES INST PI SZEGED PA POB 391, 6701 SZEGED, HUNGARY SN 0133-3720 J9 CEREAL RES COMMUN JI Cereal Res. Commun. PY 2001 VL 29 IS 1-2 BP 167 EP 174 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 445DC UT WOS:000169442000022 ER PT B AU Colby, H Diao, XS Tuan, F AF Colby, H Diao, XS Tuan, F GP OECD OECD TI China's WTO accession: Conflicts with domestic agricultural policies and institutions SO CHINA'S AGRICULTURE IN THE INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEM SE OECD PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Chinas Integration into the International Trading System CY NOV 16-17, 2000 CL PARIS, FRANCE AB This analysis examines the implications of WTO accession for China's domestic agricultural policies and institutions. China's agricultural trade policies, especially non-tariff barriers, are part of an agricultural policy structure geared towards protecting agriculture in order to maintain self-sufficiency in agricultural supply, especially in food grain production. However, China's domestic agricultural policy environment, as well as its current system of agricultural institutions, may not be compatible with the rules and trade policy changes required by WTO accession. This study focuses on identifying some of the agricultural policies and institutional arrangements in China that may generate conflicts with WTO requirements, and will analyse the nature and extent of the conflict that may be introduced by WTO accession. C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Market & Trade Econ Div, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Colby, H (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, Market & Trade Econ Div, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ORGANIZATION ECONOMIC COOPERATION & DEVELOPMENT PI PARIS PA 2, RUE ANDRE PASCAL, CEDEX 16, 75775 PARIS, FRANCE BN 92-64-18682-4 J9 OECD PROC PY 2001 BP 167 EP 183 PG 17 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA BS75B UT WOS:000171046300010 ER PT J AU Smith, DJ AF Smith, DJ TI Untitled SO CHIRALITY LA English DT Letter ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; BETA-AGONIST; CLENBUTEROL; ENANTIOMERS; PROTEIN; MUSCLE; GROWTH; RACTOPAMINE; URINE C1 USDA, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Smith, DJ (reprint author), USDA, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0899-0042 J9 CHIRALITY JI Chirality PY 2001 VL 13 IS 6 BP 279 EP 280 DI 10.1002/chir.1031 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Organic; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry GA 436MV UT WOS:000168940400001 PM 11370015 ER PT J AU Klindworth, DL Williams, ND AF Klindworth, DL Williams, ND TI Characterization of a mitotic mutant of durum wheat SO CHROMOSOME RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE cytokinesis; microtubules; mitosis; mutant; phragmoplast; preprophase band; unreduced gametes ID ROOT-TIP CELLS; MICROTUBULES; DIVISION; CAFFEINE; ORGANIZATION; MEIOSIS; LEAF; GENE AB An ethyl methanesulfonate-induced mitotic mutant of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum; 2n = 4x = 28) was found. We have characterized the mutant to determine the mechanism of abnormal cell division and to test for temperature effects on abnormal cell division. Stained root-tip meristems and pollen mother cells were studied with brightfield, phase contrast, and immunofluorescence microscopy. Abnormal cells included metaphase cells with a multiple of the normal complement (8x = 56, or 16x = 112), multinucleate cells, 4C, 8C, or 16C mononucleate cells, and cells exhibiting incomplete cytokinesis. The mutant had three classes of pollen mother cells: euploid with normal bivalent pairing, multiploid with bivalent pairing, and multiploid with multivalent pairing. Preprophase bands and spindles were normal in mononucleate cells. Some cells had asymmetrical phragmoplasts and phragmoplast dismantling that produced incomplete cytokinesis. Failure of cytokinesis followed by nuclear fusion were the mechanisms of abnormal cell division. To test for temperature sensitivity of the mutant, seedlings were germinated under six different temperature regimes. As germination temperature increased, the frequency of abnormal cells increased. When the mutant was crossed as the female with durum wheat, 3% of hybrids were hexaploid, indicating that functional-unreduced gametes had formed in megaspores. C1 USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Klindworth, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, POB 5677,State Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0967-3849 J9 CHROMOSOME RES JI Chromosome Res. PY 2001 VL 9 IS 5 BP 377 EP 386 DI 10.1023/A:1016731517604 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 441AR UT WOS:000169209300003 PM 11448039 ER PT J AU Ozyoruk, F Cheevers, WP Hullinger, GA McGuire, TC Hutton, M Knowles, DP AF Ozyoruk, F Cheevers, WP Hullinger, GA McGuire, TC Hutton, M Knowles, DP TI Monoclonal antibodies to conformational epitopes of the surface glycoprotein of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus: Potential application to competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting antibodies in goat sera SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; SYNOVIAL-MEMBRANE CELLS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; VISNA VIRUS; ENVELOPE GLYCOPROTEIN; IMMUNODIFFUSION SEROLOGY; PROGRESSIVE ARTHRITIS; BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES; ANTIGENIC VARIANTS; GP120 GLYCOPROTEIN AB Four immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the gp135 surface envelope glycoprotein (SU) of the 79-63 isolate of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV), referred to as CAEV-63, were characterized and evaluated for their ability to compete with antibody from CAEV-infected goats. Three murine MAbs (MAbs GPB16A, 29A and 74A) and one caprine MAb (MAb F7-299) were examined, All MAbs reacted in nitrocellulose dot blots with native CAEV-63 SU purified by MAb F7-299 affinity chromatography, whereas none reacted with denatured and reduced SU, All MAbs reacted in Western blots with purified CAEV-63 SU or the SU component of whole-virus lysate following denaturation in the absence of reducing agent, indicating that intramolecular disulfide bonding was essential for epitope integrity. Peptide-N-glycosidase F digestion of SU abolished the reactivities of MAbs 74A and F7-299, whereas treatment of SU with N-acetylneuraminate glycohydrolase (sialidase A) under nonreducing conditions enhanced the reactivities of all MAbs as well as polyclonal goat sera, MAbs 29A and F7-299 were cross-reactive with the SU of an independent strain of CAEV (CAEV-Co), By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the reactivities of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated MAbs 16A and 29A with homologous CAEV-63 SU were <10% of that of HRP-conjugated MAb 74A The reactivity of HRP-conjugated MAb 74A was blocked by sera from goats immunized with CAEV-63 SU or infected with CAEV-63, The reactivity of MAb 74A was also blocked by sera from goats infected with a CAEV-Co molecular clone, although MAb 74A did not react with CAEV-Co SU in Western blots. Thus, goats infected with either CAEV-63 or CAEV-Co make antibodies that inhibit binding of MAb 74A to CAEV-63 SU, A competitive-inhibition ELISA based on displacement of MAb 74A reactivity has potential applicability for the serologic diagnosis of CAEV infection. C1 Washington State Univ, Anim Dis Res Unit, ARS, USDA, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Knowles, DP (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Anim Dis Res Unit, ARS, USDA, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [R21 AI42690]; NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR43710] NR 53 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 8 IS 1 BP 44 EP 51 DI 10.1128/CDLI.8.1.44-51.2001 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 389YG UT WOS:000166265800007 PM 11139194 ER PT J AU Mullins, GL Reeves, DW Schwab, RL AF Mullins, GL Reeves, DW Schwab, RL TI Effect of seed phosphorus concentration, soil pH, and soil phosphorus status on the yield of white lupin SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article ID ALBUS L; ROOTS; ACQUISITION AB Previous research has suggested that successful establishment of narrow-leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) in the field may be limited by low phosphorus (P) content of the seed. This relationship has not been evaluated for white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) and thus the primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of seed P concentration on the growth of a winter-hardy white lupin (cultivar, "Tifwhite-78"). A large pot study was conducted to evaluate the effects of lupin seed P concentration, soil pH and P fertilizer rate on the growth of white lupin. The study was conducted using an inherently acidic (pH 4.5), P infertile Troup loamy sand (loamy, siliceous, thermic, Grossarenic Kandiudult). Treatments included three lupin seed P concentrations (0.25, 0.43, and 0.91% P), two initial soil pH levels (4.5 and 6.5) and three rates of P fertilizer (0, 50, and 100 mg P kg(-1) soil). The test was conducted outside using pots having an inside diameter of 25.4 cm and a length of 67 cm and the plants were allowed to grow until physiological maturity. As expected, addition of P to this P deficient soil increased lupin seed yield, total dry matter production of shoots and roots, and the concentration of P in the various plant parts of the lupin plant. Results of this study show that lupin seed yields may be affected by the concentration of P in the planted seed, but only under high or optimum P fertility conditions. Soil pH had only minor effects on lupin seed and dry matter production. At the highest rate of applied P ( 100 mg P kg(-1)), slightly higher yields were observed at the lowest pH. Results of this study suggest that low seed P concentrations should have minimal effects on the growth and production of winter-hardy white lupin. C1 Virginia Tech, Dept Crop & Soil Environm Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, Auburn, AL 36832 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Agron & Soils, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Mullins, GL (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Dept Crop & Soil Environm Sci, 424 Smyth Hall 0403, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 3 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 1-2 BP 127 EP 137 DI 10.1081/CSS-100102998 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 455TF UT WOS:000170043300010 ER PT J AU Mathews, BW Carpenter, JR Sollenberger, LE Hisashima, KD AF Mathews, BW Carpenter, JR Sollenberger, LE Hisashima, KD TI Macronutrient, soil organic carbon, and earthworm distribution in subtropical pastures on an andisol with and without long-term fertilization SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; NEW-ZEALAND; PHOSPHORUS; FRACTIONS; FIXATION; TROPICS; MATTER; FOREST AB Pasture fertilization affects plant growth and animal production, and it may influence the redistribution and cycling of nutrients excreted in dung and urine. Kikuyugrass (Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov.) pastures on a high organic carbon (C) Typic Hydrudand soil with and without (control) annual nitrogen (N) and periodic phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizations were stocked with Hereford and crossbred cattle (Bos taurus) for 33 years. The pastures were divided into 1.2-ha paddocks for rotational stocking after the 15th year. Selected fertilized paddocks that were uniformly managed over the years were paired with control paddocks to determine management effects on soil organic C: soil and plant N, P, and K; and earthworm distribution. Responses were assessed using a zonal sampling procedure based on distance from the waterer because the paddocks lacked shade. Soil organic C, organic N, and organic P did not statistically differ between managements or zones in any horizon. Relative to the control, however, an apparent recovery of 25% of the total N applied to the fertilized paddocks was obtained as soil organic N within the 80 cm profile depth examined. Inorganic N (NH(4)-N + NO(3)-N) was greater in the Ap1 and Bw1 horizons of fertilized paddocks, and there was a trend in the Apl horizon toward greater concentrations within 15 m of the waterer. Additionally, substantial inorganic P accumulated within 30 m of the waterers in the Ap1 anti Bw1 horizons of fertilized paddocks while minimal P accumulation occurred within 15 m of the waterer in control paddocks. The magnitude of K accumulation near waterers was also considerably greater in the Ap1 horizon of fertilized paddocks. It is suggested that fertilization increases the magnitude of P and K accumulation near waterers due to the combination of increased forage P and K concentrations and pasture carrying capacity. Management and zone effects for forage N, P, and K tended to follow patterns relatively similar to the soil Ap1 horizon data for the inorganic fi,rms of these nutrients. Earthworm populations did not differ among zones, but populations in fertilized paddocks were double those of control paddocks. C1 Univ Hawaii, Coll Agr Forestry & Nat Resource Management, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Anim Sci, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Agron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA, NRCS, Hilo, HI 96721 USA. RP Mathews, BW (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Coll Agr Forestry & Nat Resource Management, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. EM bmathews@hawaii.edu NR 52 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 1-2 BP 209 EP 230 DI 10.1081/CSS-100103003 PG 22 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 455TF UT WOS:000170043300015 ER PT J AU Alloush, GA Clark, RB AF Alloush, GA Clark, RB TI Maize response to phosphate rock and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in acidic soil SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article ID ZEA-MAYS L; NUTRIENT-UPTAKE; MINERAL ACQUISITION; ROOT COLONIZATION; PANICUM-VIRGATUM; ALKALINE SOIL; PLANT-GROWTH; PHOSPHORUS; PH; INOCULATION AB Plants grown in acidic soils often have reduced productivity because of limited mineral nutrients. For plants to obtain adequate nutrients under these conditions, some source of fertilizer is commonly added or a method to make nutrients more available to plants, such as mycorrhiza, is needed. Maize (Zea mays L.) was grown in acidic soil (pH, 4.7, soilwater, 1:1) with added phosphate rock (PR) and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus clarum to determine the effectiveness of AMF and PR for supplying nutrients, especially P. Plants were grown in a growth chamber and harvested when plants had grown in treated soil 15, 22, 29, and 36 d. Plant dry matter (DM) was greatly enhanced by PR, and even more at each harvest when roots were colonized with AMF (AMF+PR). Shoot DM increased more than root DM with PR (PR and AMF+PR) treatments. Total root length (RL) was greater for plants grown with PR and AMF+PR compared to the Control (no added P or AMF) and AMF plants. Colonization of roots by AMF was higher for AMF+PR than for AMF plants. Acquisition of P followed the sequence of AMF+PR > PR much greater than AMF > Control. Other nutrients commonly limiting in acidic soil [e.g., calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K)] were greatly enhanced in AMF compared to nonmycorrhizal (nonAMF) plants. The AMF plants had 2-3-fold greater inflow rates [inflow = mug nutrient m(-1) RL day(-1)] of Ca, Mg, copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and boron (B) than nonAMF plants. The application of PR and/or AMF colonization decreased the concentrations of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and aluminum (Al) in the shoots. The lower specific accumulation rate [SAcR= mug nutrient g(-1) shoot DM day(-1)] of Fe, Mn, and Al in the shoots indicated a possible precipitation or/and formation of metal-organic complexes in the roots. Application of PR to this acidic soil did not inhibit maize response to AMF, and both PR and AMF were important for optimal growth of maize in this acidic soil. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Alloush, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, 1224 Airport Rd, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. EM galloush@afsrc.ars-usda.gov NR 49 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 1-2 BP 231 EP 254 DI 10.1081/CSS-100103004 PG 24 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 455TF UT WOS:000170043300016 ER PT J AU Seybold, C Mersie, W Delorem, D AF Seybold, C Mersie, W Delorem, D TI Removal and degradation of atrazine and metolachlor by vegetative filter strips on clay loam soil SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article ID AGRICULTURAL FIELDS; TILTED BEDS; RUNOFF; LOSSES; FLOW; SYSTEMS; TILLAGE; MACROPOROSITY; INFILTRATION; MANAGEMENT AB The effectiveness of filter strips, with and without vegetation, in removing dissolved atrazine and metolachlor in runoff was investigated using aluminum tilted beds set at 1% slope on Cullen clay loam soil. Runon containing atrazine and metolachlor was applied on the up-slope end of the simulated filter strips. Water samples from surface runoff, lateral subsurface movement, and leachates as well as filter strip soil samples were: collected and herbicide concentrations determined. The filter strips reduced the amount of dissolved atrazine and metolachlor in runoff by about 6% of the amount applied. The absence or presence of switchgrass did not affect the amount of herbicide filtered. About: 56 to 82% of the runon volume leached through the 30-cm soil depth of the filter strips. In the leachate, about 72 to 88% of the amount of applied herbicide was filtered or adsorbed to the soil. The presence of switchgrass reduced the amount of runoff volume and increased the amount of leachate volume. In total, about 53 to 73% of the amount of herbicide applied was removed by the filter strips. The primary mode of dissolved herbicide removal in applied runon was by infiltration and soil adsorption mechanisms. Soil herbicide con centrations were greatest at the 0 to 10 cm depth, decreased to less than 50 mug kg(-1) over a 7-week period. In the filter strip soil, the presence of switchgrass significantly increased the degradation rate of metolachlor, but not atrazine. Infiltration of runoff into the filter strips is key to reducing dissolved herbicides from moving offsite. The presence of surface connected macropores is important in facilitating this process on heavier textured soils. C1 Oregon State Univ, USDA, NRCS, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Virginia State Univ, Agr Res Stn, Petersburg, VA 23806 USA. Virginia Dept Agr & Consumer Serv, Richmond, VA 23218 USA. RP Seybold, C (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, USDA, NRCS, ALS Bldg,Rm 3017, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 47 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 5-6 BP 723 EP 737 DI 10.1081/CSS-100103904 PG 15 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 455TK UT WOS:000170043700010 ER PT J AU Dolan, MS Dowdy, RH Lamb, JA AF Dolan, MS Dowdy, RH Lamb, JA TI Redirection of precipitation by a corn canopy and related soil water status SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article ID SANDY SOIL; RAINFALL; THROUGHFALL; QUALITY; TILLAGE; CROP AB Redirection of precipitation by a crop canopy significantly affects the distribution of water entering soil. This knowledge can be used to improve crop management practices for protecting ground water. Over a 4-y period, rain and/or irrigation water was collected at: 8 equidistant positions between corn (Zen mays L.) rows. Soil water status was measured to a 0.3-m depth in the same relative positions. Wind direction and speed, and crop canopy development influenced the location where throughfall entered the soil surface and resultant soil water content. Stem-dow increased to > 60% of incoming precipitation with canopy closure in most years. These large amounts of water entering the soil as stemflow increased percolation in the row and soil water content below the row, the zone of greatest depletion of plant available water. Associated with canopy closure, reduced throughfall reached the soil surface within 0.2 m of the row; hence, a reduced potential for leaching of agrichemicals applied in this area. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Dolan, MS (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Dept Soil Water & Climate, 439 Borlaug Hall, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 5-6 BP 739 EP 750 DI 10.1081/CSS-100103905 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 455TK UT WOS:000170043700011 ER PT J AU Baligar, VC Fageria, NK He, ZL AF Baligar, VC Fageria, NK He, ZL TI Nutrient use efficiency in plants SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society CY AUG 08-11, 1999 CL BILOXI, MS SP Soil & Water Conservat Soc ID PHOSPHORUS-USE EFFICIENCY; SOIL PROPERTIES; ROOT-GROWTH; CROPPING SYSTEMS; MINERAL UPTAKE; GRAIN-YIELD; CORN; RICE; GENOTYPES; TILLAGE AB Invariably, many agricultural soils of the world are deficient in one or more of the essential nutrients needed to support healthy plants. Acidity, alkalinity, salinity, anthropogenic processes, nature of farming, and erosion can lead to soil degradation. Additions of fertilizers and/or amendments are essential for a proper nutrient supply and maximum yields. Estimates of overall efficiency of applied fertilizer have been reported to be about or lower than 50% for N, less than 10% for P, and about 40% for K. Plants that are efficient in absorption and utilization of nutrients greatly enhance the efficiency of applied fertilizers, reducing cost of inputs, and preventing, losses of nutrients to ecosystems. Inter- and intra-specific variation for plant growth and mineral nutrient use efficiency (NUE) are known to be under genetic and physiological control and are modified by plant interactions with environmental variables. There is need for breeding programs to focus on developing cultivars with high NUE. Identification of traits such as nutrient absorption, transport, utilization, and mobilization in plant cultivars should greatly enhance fertilizer use efficiency. The development of new cultivars with higher NUE, coupled with best management practices (BMPs) will contribute to sustainable agricultural systems that protect and promote soil, water and air quality. C1 USDA ARS, AFSRC Beaver, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. EMBRAPA, CNPAF, BR-74001970 Goania, Go, Brazil. Zhejiang Univ, Dept Nat Resource, Hangzhou 310029, Peoples R China. RP Baligar, VC (reprint author), USDA ARS, AFSRC Beaver, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RI He, Zhenli/R-1494-2016 OI He, Zhenli/0000-0001-7761-2070 NR 115 TC 253 Z9 300 U1 14 U2 103 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 7-8 BP 921 EP 950 DI 10.1081/CSS-100104098 PG 30 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 456UZ UT WOS:000170101800002 ER PT J AU Follett, RF AF Follett, RF TI Innovative (15)N microplot research techniques to study nitrogen use efficiency under different ecosystems SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society CY AUG 08-11, 1999 CL BILOXI, MS SP Soil & Water Conservat Soc ID FERTILIZER NITROGEN; N-15-LABELED FERTILIZER; ANHYDROUS AMMONIA; FURROW IRRIGATION; SIZE REQUIREMENTS; FIELD CONDITIONS; PLOT SIZE; RECOVERY; CORN; SOIL AB Use of labeled (15)N techniques can help improve and refine knowledge required to understand the dynamics of the N cycle under agricultural systerns. The examples reported in this paper illustrate that, with creativity and careful planning, use of (15)N-eariched or depleted fertilizers can be used in many types of N experiments with various crops, cropping systems, and in many types of agroecosysterns. The objective is to report examples of a wide range of field studies that researchers can hopefully draw upon to design and utilize N isotope techniques that accomplish the objectives for their own research. Examples of microplot studies with and without physical barriers are discussed along with some of the strengths and limitations of each approach. Even though (15)N technology offers considerable opportunity to understand N cycling, it too has limitations to its use. Types of fertilizer (15)N materials and methods for applying (15)N materials are discussed including some discussion about the use of ammonium versus nitrate forms; literature sources are provided for additional reading about the use of (15)N techniques. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Follett, RF (reprint author), USDA ARS, POB E, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 44 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 7-8 BP 951 EP 979 DI 10.1081/CSS-100104099 PG 29 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 456UZ UT WOS:000170101800003 ER PT J AU Lehrsch, GA Sojka, RE Westermann, DT AF Lehrsch, GA Sojka, RE Westermann, DT TI Furrow irrigation and N management strategies to protect water quality SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society CY AUG 08-11, 1999 CL BILOXI, MISSISSIPPI SP Soil & Water Conservat Soc ID NITRATE-NITROGEN; MAIZE PRODUCTION; CORN PRODUCTION; SOIL NITRATE; FERTILIZER; GROUNDWATER; MOVEMENT; EROSION; SYSTEMS; ALFALFA AB N management under furrow irrigation is difficult because nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) is frequently leached to groundwater. Banding and sidedressing N fertilizer on a non-irrigated side of a row of corn (Zea mays L.) might increase N uptake and minimize nitrate leaching potential by reducing the NO3-N in soil profiles at harvest, thereby protecting water quality. For two years in the field, we evaluated two N placements (broadcast vs. banded), two row spacings (0.76-m vs. a modified 0.56-m), and two ways of positioning irrigation water (applying water to the same side or alternating sides of the row with successive irrigations) for their effects on N uptake in corn silage and soil profile NO3-N (to the 0.9-m depth). In southern Idaho, we grew field corn in Portneuf silt loam (coarse silty, mixed superactive, mesic Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid) by irrigating every second furrow nine times in 1988 and seven times in 1989. We measured N uptake by harvesting whole plants at physiological maturity and NO3-N in soil samples taken at two in-row locations in selected plots after each irrigation. Where irrigating alternating sides of the row, two-year average N uptake from 0.76-m rows was 131 kg ha(-1), 15% greater (P <0.001) than from 0.56-m rows. Where irrigating the same furrow all season, N uptake from banding equaled that from broadcasting the first year but was 21% greater (P <0.001) the second. Applying water to the same furrow decreased profile N by about 170 kg ha(-1) under 0.76-m rows by season's end in 1988. In 1989, irrigating the same furrow and banding N into an adjacent, never-irrigated furrow produced season-average profile N of a) 303 kg ha(-1) the least under all fertilized 0.76-m rows, and b) 152 kg ha(-1) under 0.56-m rows, half that under similarly treated 0.76-m rows. Our findings suggest that corn in 0.76-m rows should be fertilized by banding N into every second furrow and irrigated season-long using the remaining, non-fertilized furrows because those practices maintained or increased N uptake in silage and minimized residual NO3-N in 0.9-m soil profiles at season's end. C1 USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Lehrsch, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, 3793 N 3600 E, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 47 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 8 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 7-8 BP 1029 EP 1050 DI 10.1081/CSS-100104102 PG 22 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 456UZ UT WOS:000170101800006 ER PT J AU Shoji, S Delgado, J Mosier, A Miura, Y AF Shoji, S Delgado, J Mosier, A Miura, Y TI Use of controlled release fertilizers and nitrification inhibitors to increase nitrogen use efficiency and to conserve air and water quality SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society CY AUG 08-11, 1999 CL BILOXI, MISSISSIPPI SP Soil & Water Conservat Soc DE barley; controlled release fertilizer; corn; DCD; nitrogen use efficiency; nitrous oxide; polyolefin coated urea; potato; water quality ID OXIDE EMISSIONS; MITIGATION; PLANTS; SOILS AB Field trials on controlled release fertilizers (CRF) and a nitrification inhibitor (NI) were conducted in order to show their potential to increase N use efficiency (NUE) and to conserve air and water quality. For this purpose, flood irrigated barley grown on a clay soil (Colorado, USA), center-pivot irrigated potato grown in a sandy field (Colorado, USA), and corn grown on a loamy soil at a large scale lysimeter (Fukushima, Japan) were selected. NI (dicyandiamide) and CRF (polyolefin coated urea) were capable of reducing N2O emissions from urea applied to the barley field by 81 % and 35 %, respectively. Total N fertilizer losses averaged 15 and 10 % in the NI and urea treatments, respectively. On the other hand, those from the CRF treatment averaged only 1.9 %, indicating that CRF showed the highest potential to increase N use efficiency. The trials in the potato field demonstrated that CRF could markedly increase NUE and tuber yields. A single basal application of CRF at planting (N rate, 112 kg ha(-1)) produced tuber yields comparable lwith those of traditional fertilizer applications (112 kg N ha(-1) by basal dressing, 90 ka N ha(-1) by topdressing and 67 kg N ha(-1) by 8 fertilizations). The urea and CRF plots in the corn fields showed similar N2O emission patterns, having two high emission periods following the basal and topdressed N applications in the urea plots and the enhanced N release from a short linear formulation and a long sigmoidal formulation in the CRF plots, respectively. However, the total N2O emission value of the CRF plots was almost one third of that of the urea plots. The plant recovery of CRF N was almost two times of that of urea N. Finally, the authors discussed that contributions of CRF and NI to conserve air and water quality are basically due to maximizing NUE and reducing the N fertilization rate. C1 Tohoku Univ, Sendai, Miyagi 980, Japan. USDA ARS, Soil Plant Nutrient Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Fukushima Prefecture Agr Coll, Yabuki, Fukushima, Japan. RP Shoji, S (reprint author), Tohoku Univ, Sendai, Miyagi 980, Japan. NR 33 TC 114 Z9 142 U1 10 U2 70 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 7-8 BP 1051 EP 1070 DI 10.1081/CSS-100104103 PG 20 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 456UZ UT WOS:000170101800007 ER PT J AU Sharpley, AN Kleinman, P McDowell, R AF Sharpley, AN Kleinman, P McDowell, R TI Innovative management of agricultural phosphorus to protect soil and water resources SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society CY AUG 08-11, 1999 CL BILOXI, MISSISSIPPI SP Soil & Water Conservat Soc ID POULTRY LITTER; NONPOINT POLLUTION; LAKE-OKEECHOBEE; RUNOFF; LOSSES; NITROGEN; NUTRIENT; QUALITY; TILLAGE; MANURE AB Agriculture, particularly livestock agriculture, is receiving increasing public scrutiny due to non-point source phosphorus (P) pollution and eutrophication. Much of today's situation may be attributed to system level trends in specialization and intensification that result in excess P entering livestock farms. Balancing P at the farm gate represents a necessary step for long-term soil and water quality protection. Remedial P management combines source and transport control that confront critical areas of P export in surface and subsurface runoff from agricultural landscapes. Source management seeks to immobilize P in the environment through such strategies as reducing soluble P in manure, targeting P application to soils with high retention capacities, and managing soil P. Transport controls employ an understanding of loss or transfer mechanisms to avoid P application on areas with a high transport potential. Also, the potential for P transport can be reduced by implementation of conservation practices such as reduced tillage, terracing, and stream buffers. However, implementation of agricultural management strategies that minimize P export must consider the cost effectiveness of alternative measures, as low practice adoption may limit or impede water quality benefits. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management, Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Sharpley, AN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management, Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. OI McDowell, Richard/0000-0003-3911-4825 NR 67 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 19 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 7-8 BP 1071 EP 1100 DI 10.1081/CSS-100104104 PG 30 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 456UZ UT WOS:000170101800008 ER PT J AU Lentz, RD Sojka, RE Robbins, CW Kincaid, DC Westermann, DT AF Lentz, RD Sojka, RE Robbins, CW Kincaid, DC Westermann, DT TI Polyacrylamide for surface irrigation to increase nutrient-use efficiency and protect water quality SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society CY AUG 08-11, 1999 CL BILOXI, MISSISSIPPI SP Soil & Water Conservat Soc ID FURROW EROSION; INFILTRATION; SOIL; POLYMERS; ADSORPTION AB Furrow irrigation systems have a greater application capacity, are less costly, and use less energy than sprinkler systems but furrow irrigation produces greater runoff, erosion, and deep percolation losses. Phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) losses are associated with runoff sediment, and can be minimized by eliminating irrigation-induced erosion. Excessive leaching of inorganic and organic solutes commonly occurs at the inflow region of furrow irrigated fields where infiltration opportunity times are longer. In one conservation practice, a high molecular weight, anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) is applied to advancing furrow stream flows at a concentration of 10 mg L-1. Because PAM stabilizes furrow soil and flocculates suspended sediment, we hypothesized that this treatment would reduce runoff losses of sediment, molybdate reactive P (MRP), total P, NO3-N, and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Polyacrylamide treatment may increase furrow infiltration in some soils. However, we hypothesized that because it permits higher initial inflows, PAM would not increase NO3-N or Cl leaching relafive to conventional, constant inflow irrigation. To test the first hypothesis, all treatments had the same inflow regime. For hypothesis two, control inflows were a constant 15 L min(-1); PAM treated inflows were cut back from 45 to 15 L min(-1) after furrow advance. Irrigation runoff and percolation waters were sampled and analyzed. Polyacrylamide increased infiltration and decreased runoff, particularly early in the irrigations. Mean cumulative runoff sediment loss over 12 h was 11.86 kg for each control furrow vs 1.15 kg for PAM-treated furrows. The PAM reduced 12-h cumulative sediment losses in runoff by 90%, MRP by 87%, total P by 92%, and COD by 85%, relative to control furrows. Polyacrylamide had no field-wide, season-long effect on cumulative amounts of water, NO3-N or Cl leached. The PAM-technology effectively prevented soil nutrient losses, increased nutrient-use efficiency, and decreased N and P loads in irrigation return flows and receiving surface waters. C1 USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Lentz, RD (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 47 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 9 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 7-8 BP 1203 EP 1220 DI 10.1081/CSS-100104109 PG 18 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 456UZ UT WOS:000170101800013 ER PT J AU Dabney, SM Delgado, JA Reeves, DW AF Dabney, SM Delgado, JA Reeves, DW TI Using winter cover crops to improve soil and water quality SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society CY AUG 08-11, 1999 CL BILOXI, MISSISSIPPI SP Soil & Water Conservat Soc ID NO-TILL CORN; LEGUME GREEN MANURE; PLANT BUG HEMIPTERA; VETCH-RYE MIXTURE; SUBTERRANEAN-CLOVER; CRIMSON CLOVER; GRAIN-SORGHUM; HAIRY VETCH; WEED MANAGEMENT; KILL DATE AB This article reviews literature about the impacts of cover crops in cropping systems that affect soil and water quality and presents limited new information to help fill knowledge gaps. Cover crops reduce sedimentation production from cropland by , grow during periods when the soil might otherwise be fallow. While actively growing, cover crops increase solar energy harvest and carbon flux into the soil, providing food for soil macro and microrganisms, while simultaneously increasing evapotranspiration from the soil. Cover crops reduce sediment production from cropland by intercepting the kinetic energy of rainfall and by reducing the amount and velocity of runoff. Cover crops increase soil quality by improving biological, chemical and physical properties including: organic carbon content, cation exchange capacity, aggregate stability, and water infiltrability. Legume cover crops contribute a nitrogen (N) to subsequent crops. Other cover crops, especially grasses and brassicas, are better at scavenging residual N before it can leach. Because growth of these scavenging cover crops is usually N limited, growing grass/legume mixtures often increases total carbon inputs without sacrificing N scavenging efficiency. Cover crops are best adapted to warm areas with abundant precipitation. Water use by cover crops can adversely impact yields of subsequent dryland crops in semiarid areas. Similarly, cooler soil temperatures under cover crop residues can retard early growth of subsequent crops grown near the cold end of their range of adaptation. Development of systems that reduce the costs of cover crop establishment and overcome subsequent crop establishment problems will increase cover crop utilization and improve soil and water quality. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. USDA ARS, Soil Plant Nutrient Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, Auburn, AL 36831 USA. RP Dabney, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, POB 1157, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 173 TC 217 Z9 225 U1 23 U2 161 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 7-8 BP 1221 EP 1250 DI 10.1081/CSS-100104110 PG 30 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 456UZ UT WOS:000170101800014 ER PT J AU He, ZL Yang, X Baligar, VC AF He, ZL Yang, X Baligar, VC TI Increasing nutrient utilization and crop production in the red soil regions of China SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society CY AUG 08-11, 1999 CL BILOXI, MS SP Soil & Water Conservat Soc AB Red soils belong to Oxisols, Ultisols, and some of the Alfisols in the soil order of the United States soil taxonomy. These soils had and continue to play an important role in the economic development of China. Non-judicious use of red soil resources, particularly deforestation, has caused severe soil erosion, resulting in the degradation of the environment and reduced agricultural production in the red soil regions. Various approaches have been developed to restore the fertility of degraded red soils. These include: 1) reclamation of the surface and subsurface soil by a mixture of lime, manures, and chemical fertilizers; 2) improvement of the entire rooting depth of citrus and other deeply-rooting crops using trench-planting and soil chiseling techniques; 3) increased input of organic materials applied alone or together with chemical fertilizers or Iii-ne; 4) integrated utilization of red soil resources to minimize soil erosion and water losses; and 5) diversified crop production systems to increase economic return. These efforts have proved to be effective in sustaining agricultural production and further improving nutrient utilization efficiency and environmental quality in the red soil regions of China. C1 Zhejiang Univ, Dept Soil Sci & Agr Chem, Hangzhou 310027, Peoples R China. USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Lab, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP He, ZL (reprint author), Zhejiang Univ, Dept Soil Sci & Agr Chem, Huajiachi Campus, Hangzhou 310027, Peoples R China. RI He, Zhenli/R-1494-2016 OI He, Zhenli/0000-0001-7761-2070 NR 16 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 7-8 BP 1251 EP 1263 DI 10.1081/CSS-100104111 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 456UZ UT WOS:000170101800015 ER PT J AU Castellanos, JZ Villalobos, S Delgado, JA Munoz-Ramos, J Sosa, A Vargas, P Lazcano, I Alvarez-Sanchez, E Enriquez, SA AF Castellanos, JZ Villalobos, S Delgado, JA Munoz-Ramos, J Sosa, A Vargas, P Lazcano, I Alvarez-Sanchez, E Enriquez, SA TI Use of best management practices to increase nitrogen use efficiency and protect environmental quality in a broccoli-corn rotation of Central Mexico SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society CY AUG 08-11, 1999 CL BILOXI, MISSISSIPPI SP Soil & Water Conservat Soc ID TRICKLE-IRRIGATED TOMATOES; WATER INTERACTIONS; LEAF LETTUCE; SUBSURFACE; NITRATE; RATES; FERTILIZATION; SPRINKLER; YIELD AB Underground water reserves in Central Mexico have been declining and NO3--N concentrations of some irrigation wells have been found to exceed 10 ppm. There is the need to develop best management practices (BMPs) that can increase N and water use efficiency by vegetables such as broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Italica Group) in this region. Three field experiments were conducted during 1996 through 1998 at the Experimental Station of INIFAP in Celaya, Gto., Mexico to develop BMPs for the region. To determine the N sufficiency levels in the most recently fully expanded leaf (MRFEL), dry midrib and press sap were analyzed for total N and NO3--N. Maximum marketable yields of 24.5 to 27.0 ton ha(-1) were attained with rates of 400 to 425 kg N ha(-1). Sufficiency levels for N in the MRFEL were in the ran-e of 5.5 to 6.59o at the be-inning of the season, and then it was reduced to 5.5 to 6.0% at heading and then to 4.0-5.0% during the preharvest stage. The critical NO3--N concentration in the midrib ranged from 15,000 to 20,000 mg kg(-1) at the beginning of the season to 3,500-5,000 mg kg(-1) for the pre-harvest stage of development. The adequate levels of NO3--N in press sap ranged from 1,600-2,000 mg L-1 at the beginning of the season to 500-800 mg L-1 during pre-harvest growth stage. Broccoli fertilized with 400 ka N ha(-1) provided residual effects in the following crop of maize (Zea mays L.), equivalent to 60% of that produced with N fertilizer. This study shows that drip irrigation, spoon feeding of N, monitoring of N status during the growing season and crop rotations with grains has the potential to increase the N fertilizer use efficiency for vegetables-grain cropping systems and contribute to protecting environmental quality in Central Mexico. C1 Inst Nacl Invest Forestales & Agropecuarias, Celaya 38000, Gto, Mexico. USDA ARS, Soil Plant Nutrient Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. PPI PPIC, Off Mexico & Cent Amer, Queretaro 76000, Qro, Mexico. Univ Autonoma Chapingo, Chapingo, Edo, Mexico. Inst Tecnol Monterrery, Queretaro, Qro, Mexico. RP Castellanos, JZ (reprint author), Inst Nacl Invest Forestales & Agropecuarias, Ap Postal 112, Celaya 38000, Gto, Mexico. NR 55 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 9 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 7-8 BP 1265 EP 1292 DI 10.1081/CSS-100104112 PG 28 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 456UZ UT WOS:000170101800016 ER PT J AU Fageria, NK Baligar, VC AF Fageria, NK Baligar, VC TI Improving nutrient use efficiency of annual crops in Brazilian acid soils for sustainable crop production SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society CY AUG 08-11, 1999 CL BILOXI, MISSISSIPPI SP Soil & Water Conservat Soc ID LOWLAND RICE; FERTILIZATION; FERTILITY; CORN AB In tropical acid soils, acidity is an important constraint for availability and uptake of nutrients by annual crops, and this leads to lower crop yields. Factors that contribute to low nutrient uptake efficiencies in these soils are low natural levels of most essential plant nutrients and unfavorable soil and plant environments. High P fixation capacity, Al, Mn and H toxicity, low activities of beneficial microorganisms, soil compaction, infestation of weeds, diseases and insects, drought and intensive monoculture are some of the major factors that contribute to the unfavorable soil and plant environments. Improving nutrient use efficiency in these soils demand adoption of special management practices. These practices include timely application of adequate levels of lime, gypsum and fertilizers to meet crop demand, use of proper crop rotation, improvement of organic matter content, control of soil erosion and use of acid tolerant crop species and cultivars within species. C1 Natl Rice & Bean Res Ctr Embrapa, BR-75375000 Santo Antonio Goias, Go, Brazil. USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Fageria, NK (reprint author), Natl Rice & Bean Res Ctr Embrapa, Caixa Postal 179, BR-75375000 Santo Antonio Goias, Go, Brazil. NR 21 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 3 U2 12 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 7-8 BP 1303 EP 1319 DI 10.1081/CSS-100104114 PG 17 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 456UZ UT WOS:000170101800018 ER PT J AU Delgado, JA Ristau, RJ Dillon, MA Duke, HR Stuebe, A Follett, RF Shaffer, MJ Riggenbach, RR Sparks, RT Thompson, A Kawanabe, LM Kunugi, A Thompson, K AF Delgado, JA Ristau, RJ Dillon, MA Duke, HR Stuebe, A Follett, RF Shaffer, MJ Riggenbach, RR Sparks, RT Thompson, A Kawanabe, LM Kunugi, A Thompson, K TI Use of innovative tools to increase nitrogen use efficiency and protect environmental quality in crop rotations SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society CY AUG 08-11, 1999 CL BILOXI, MISSISSIPPI SP Soil & Water Conservat Soc ID PETIOLE SAP NITRATE; WINTER COVER CROPS; FERTILIZER USE EFFICIENCY; IRRIGATED LEAF LETTUCE; RESIDUAL SOIL NITRATE; SILT LOAM SOIL; NO-TILL CORN; SHORTGRASS STEPPE; WATER INTERACTIONS; CHLOROPHYLL METER AB Cropping systems grown over sandy coarse soils are susceptible to nutrient leaching, due to local thunderstorms and irrigation. Additionally, erosion can contribute to removal of nutrients, soil organic matter, and fine particles. Balancing nutrients for these systems while protecting water and soil quality requires best management practices (BMPs). Crop rotations with deeper rooted small grains and winter cover crops reduced potential losses of fine particles, soil organic matter, nitrogen, and other nutrients due to wind erosion and protected soil and water quality. The cropping system N status can be monitored by assessing chlorophyll, sap NO3--N concentrations and N indexes of the canopy. The Nitrogen Leaching Economic Analysis Package (NLEAP) model simulated residual soil NO3--N and soil water and showed that there is potential to use precision farming to improve NUE. Simulations of the system showed that BMPs increased NUE and that NO3--N can potentially be removed from the shallow underground water table protecting water quality. These results show that with the application of models, and tools to monitor the N status of the aboveground canopy, such as chlorophyl readings, sap NO3--N concentrations, N indices, and other new technologies such as precision farming and remote sensing, nutrient use efficiency in the new millennium will be significantly increased, environmental quality will be conserved, and product quality will be improved at the farm level for the benefit of producers, processors and consumers. C1 USDA ARS, Soil Plant Nutrient Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Colorado Dept Publ Hlth & Environm, Denver, CO 80246 USA. CSU, SLVRC, Center, CO 81125 USA. USDA ARS, WMR, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA, NRCS, San Luis, CO 81152 USA. USDA ARS, GPRS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. USDA, NRCS, Canon City, CO 81212 USA. USDA, NRCS, Alamosa, CO 81101 USA. AGRO Engn, Alamosa, CO 81101 USA. RP Delgado, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soil Plant Nutrient Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 148 TC 29 Z9 37 U1 3 U2 15 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 7-8 BP 1321 EP 1354 DI 10.1081/CSS-100104115 PG 34 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 456UZ UT WOS:000170101800019 ER PT J AU Masek, TJ Schepers, JS Mason, SC Francis, DD AF Masek, TJ Schepers, JS Mason, SC Francis, DD TI Use of precision farming to improve applications of feedlot waste to increase nutrient use efficiency and protect water quality SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society CY AUG 08-11, 1999 CL BILOXI, MISSISSIPPI SP Soil & Water Conservat Soc ID MANURE; SOILS; NITROGEN; FERTILIZER; RATES AB Spatial variability in crop yields can be caused by many factors, which makes it difficult to determine the most limiting factors. Application of animal wastes to relatively infertile areas offers the potential to supply needed nutrients and improve soil physical properties. The objectives of this study were to test a manure application strategy to reduce spatial variability in corn (Zea mays L) yield and to identify the most limiting nutrients in relatively low yielding areas in a field. Fresh solid beef feedlot manure was applied in 1997 to a strip across areas with variable fertility status. No fertilizer was applied with the manure in 1997. Uniform N fertilizer, but no manure, was applied in 1998. Leaf tissue samples and chlorophyll meter readings were collected along the strips during the growing season and from adjacent strips without manure application. Grain yield was determined at plant maturity. In 1997, chlorophyll meter readings indicated season long N deficiency (< 95% sufficiency index) in no-manure plots with sufficiency indices of 93, 88, 85, and 88% for the V10, V17, R2, and R3 growth stages, respectively. Only an early season N deficiency was detected in a few of the no-manure plots in 1998. Leaf tissue analyses indicated N and P were growth limiting factors in 1997, with leaf N concentrations of 25, 26, and 27 mg g(-1) for non-manure plots and 30, 33, and 31 irig g(-1) for manure plots at V12, R1, and R3 growth stages, respectively. Leaf P concentrations were 2.0, 2.0, and 1.9 mg g(-1) for no-manure plots versus 2.5, 2.7, and 2.3 mg g(-1) for manure plots, respectively. In 1998, neither N or P were identified as limiting factors. Grain yields in 1997 were 10.2 and 12.2 Mg ha(-1), which increased to 11.9 and 12.8 Mg ha(-1) in 1998 for no-manure and manure plots, respectively. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA, Agr Res Serv, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Schepers, JS (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA, Agr Res Serv, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 3 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 7-8 BP 1355 EP 1369 DI 10.1081/CSS-100104116 PG 15 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 456UZ UT WOS:000170101800020 ER PT J AU Bausch, WC Diker, K AF Bausch, WC Diker, K TI Innovative remote sensing techniques to increase nitrogen use efficiency of corn SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society CY AUG 08-11, 1999 CL BILOXI, MISSISSIPPI SP Soil & Water Conservat Soc ID CHLOROPHYLL METER AB Nitrogen (N) fertilizer recommendations made without adequate knowledge of the N supply capability of a soil can lead to inefficient use of N. Proper crediting of N from manure and legumes as well as mineralization of N from organic matter is difficult. Remote sensing techniques that use the crop to indicate its N status show considerable promise for improving N management. Objectives of this paper were twofold: 1) to compare the N Reflectance Index (NRI) calculated from ground-based radiometer measurements acquired over irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) at a nadir view (0 degrees) and an oblique view (75 degrees) with measured plant N and 2) to evaluate the NRI obtained from both view angles for correcting in-season N deficiencies in a commercial corn field. The NRI calculated from canopy reflectance was not representative of plant N at the sixth leaf growth stage (V6) for either view angle because of the soil background influence on canopy reflectance. However, the oblique view NRI was a good predictor of plant N at V9 and V12 as was the nadir view NR1 at V12. The nadir view NR1 was not as sensitive as the oblique view NR1 at the V9 growth stage because soil was still visible through the canopy. Consequently, the nadir view NR1 provides a conservative estimate of plant N prior to complete canopy cover. Use of the nadir view NRI to detect in-season corn N deficiencies for the 1999 growing season reduced N application during the growing season by 39.2 kg N ha(-1) without reducing reducing grain yield. If the oblique view NRI would have been used to assess the plant N status, the first fertigation would not have been recommended which would have saved additional N. C1 USDA ARS, Water Management Res Unit, AERC CSU, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Cukurova Univ, Fac Agr, Dept Agr Engn, Adana, Turkey. RP Bausch, WC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Water Management Res Unit, AERC CSU, Foothills, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 22 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 6 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 7-8 BP 1371 EP 1390 DI 10.1081/CSS-100104117 PG 20 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 456UZ UT WOS:000170101800021 ER PT J AU Fageria, NK Baligar, VC AF Fageria, NK Baligar, VC TI Lowland rice response to nitrogen fertilization SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article ID BIOLOGICAL YIELD; USE EFFICIENCY; HARVEST INDEX; SOIL; N-15; ACCUMULATION; DURATION; RECOVERY; FALLOW; GROWTH AB Nitrogen deficiency is one of the most important nutritional disorders in lowland rice producing areas around the world. Nitrogen fertilizer recommendations for lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties grown on Inceptisols are limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of lowland rice (cv. Metica 1) to added N and to determine N use efficiency and nutrient accumulation during the crop growth cycle. A field experiment was conducted during 3 consecutive years in the central part of Brazil on a Haplaquept Inceptisol. Nitrogen levels used were 0, 30, 60, 90, 120,150, 180, and 210 kg N ha(-1). Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased dry matter and grain yield. Ninty percent of the maximum grain yield (6400 kg ha(-1)) was obtained with the application of 120 kg N ha(-1) in the first year of experimentation. In the second and third years, 90% of the maximum yields (6345 and 5203 kg ha(-1)) were obtained at 90 and 78 kg N ha(-1), respectively. Yield components were also significantly affected by N treatments. Among yield components, panicle length and panicle number m(-2) had highest correlations with grain yield (r = 0.70** and 0.78**); maximum grain yield across the 3 years was achieved at about 583 panicles m(-2). Dry matter production and grain yield at the highest N level (210 kg N ha(-1)) across the 3 years were 9423 and 6389 kg ha (1), respectively. At this grain + straw yield, the rice crop accumulated 139 kg N, 26 kg P, 218 kg K, 36 kg Ca, 24 kg Mg, 850 g Zn, 5971 g Mn, 125 g Cu, 4629 g Fe, and 104 g B. Nitrogen use efficiency defined in several ways, decreased with increasing N rates. Agronomic efficiency across 3 yeras averaged over N rates, was 23 kg of grain produced per kg of N applied. Physiological efficiency was 146 kg biological yield (grain + straw) produced per kg of N accumulated across the 3 year and N rates. Average agrophysiological efficiency was 63 kg grain produced per kg of N accumulated in the grains plus + straw. Apparent N recovery efficiency was 39% across the 3 years and N rates. Average nitrogen utilization efficiency was 58 kg of grain produced per kg N utilized by the rice crop. Soil pH and calcium concentration in the soil decreased significantly at higher N rates, whereas, soil Al3+ level was significantly increased after the harvest of the third rice crop. C1 EMBRAPA, Natl Rice & Bean Res Ctr, BR-75375000 Santo Antonio De Goias, Go, Brazil. USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaverton, WV 25813 USA. RP Fageria, NK (reprint author), EMBRAPA, Natl Rice & Bean Res Ctr, Caixa Postal 179, BR-75375000 Santo Antonio De Goias, Go, Brazil. NR 41 TC 56 Z9 64 U1 3 U2 21 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 9-10 BP 1405 EP 1429 DI 10.1081/CSS-100104202 PG 25 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 456VA UT WOS:000170101900002 ER PT J AU Clark, RB Zeto, SK Ritchey, KD Baligar, VC AF Clark, RB Zeto, SK Ritchey, KD Baligar, VC TI Mineral acquisition by maize grown in acidic soil amended with coal combustion products SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article ID DESULFURIZATION BY-PRODUCTS; MAGNESIUM AB Large amounts of coal combustion products (CCPs) are produced when coal is burned for generation of electricity. Some of these CCPs could potentially be used as soil amendments, and information about their effects on plant mineral nutrition is needed. Glasshouse experiments were conducted to test the effects of different levels of 15 CCPs and chemical grade CaCO3, CaSO4, and CaSO3 added to acidic soil (Umbric Dystrochrept) on shoot calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and aluminum (Al) concentrations of maize (Zea mays L.). The CCPs consisted of two fly ashes (FAs), one CaO material, three fluidized bed combustion products (FBCs), three "non-stabilized" flue gas desulfurization products (FGDs), three "stabilized" FGDs, and three "oxidized" (FGD gypsum) FGDs. Level of CCP added to soil ranged from beneficial to detrimental effects on plants. Differences in shoot mineral element concentrations were related to kind and amount of CCP added and soil pH. Plants grown in unamended (pH 4) soil had symptoms of P and Mg deficiencies and A1 toxicity. High concentrations of Ca, S, Mg, and Mn accumulated when plants were grown with sonic CCPs, but most mineral nutrients were at concentrations considered normal for maize. Shoot concentrations of P, K, Zn, Mn, Fe, and A1 decreased when soil pH became high (>7). Even though detrimental mineral element acquisition effects were imposed on plants at high levels of CCP application, shoot element concentrations were usually normal when applied at levels near those commonly used as soil amendments. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Clark, RB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, 1224 Airport Rd, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. NR 42 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 9 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 11-12 BP 1861 EP 1884 DI 10.1081/CSS-120000255 PG 24 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 478UB UT WOS:000171362800014 ER PT J AU Bronson, KF Onken, AB Booker, JD Lascano, RJ Provin, TL Torbert, HA AF Bronson, KF Onken, AB Booker, JD Lascano, RJ Provin, TL Torbert, HA TI Irrigated cotton lint yields as affected by phosphorus fertilizer and landscape position SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article ID WINTER-WHEAT AB Phosphorus (P) is the second most limiting nutrient in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production after nitrogen. Response to P fertilizer, however, is often hard to predict in the Southern High Plains, even with soil test-based applications. Landscape position has a strong influence on yields and perhaps on fertilizer response as well. The objective of this 5-year study (1994-1998) was to determine P fertilizer response in irrigated cotton in different landscape positions. We used an 825-m transect of end to end 15-m plots across a broad swale in an Amarillo fine sandy loam in Lamesa, TX that included three landscape positions, sideslope, bottomslope and drainageway. A randomized complete block design was used with 11 replicates and 5 P rates (0, 22.4, 33.6, 44.8, and 56 kg P ha(-1)). Analysis of variance showed a linear or quadratic response to P fertilizer in 3 of 5 years, and an effect of landscape position in 4 of 5 years. Four-year lint yield averages, excluding 1997, were 1355 kg ha(-1) in the bottomslope position in the landscape, and 1210 and 1226 kg ha(-1) on the sideslopes and in the narrow drainageway, respectively. Cross-correlation using the 55 plots as a tran sect revealed few effects of soil properties on lint yield, but negative correlation between yield and elevation. In 1997, the one year without a landscape effect on yield, more rain fell during the growing season than in the other 4 years. This suggests that yield potential is higher in lower landscape positions because of more favorable soil water relations. Cotton lint response to P fertilizer was evident only in the bottomslopes and in the drainageway, and was absent in the sideslopes, meaning that variable rate fertilizer applications could be linked to management zones based on landscape position. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Extens Serv, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RP Bronson, KF (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA. NR 17 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 11-12 BP 1959 EP 1967 DI 10.1081/CSS-120000261 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 478UB UT WOS:000171362800020 ER PT J AU Burt, R Fillmore, M Wilson, MA Gross, ER Langridge, RW Lammers, DA AF Burt, R Fillmore, M Wilson, MA Gross, ER Langridge, RW Lammers, DA TI Soil properties of selected pedons on ultramafic rocks in Klamath Mountains, Oregon SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article ID SERPENTINE SOILS; PLANT ECOLOGY; CALIFORNIA; PERIDOTITE; IRON; CLASSIFICATION; MARYLAND; SMECTITE; CALCIUM; NICKEL AB Ultramafic (serpentinized) rocks are parent materials for some soils in the Klamath Mountains in southwestern Oregon. Two map units in Curry County Soil Survey (e.g., Serpentano and Snowcamp) have typical vegetation and characteristics of serpentine soils, with low productivity and sparse stands of trees and slope stability problems related to the highly faulted and sheared bedrock. Using standard methods for x-ray diffraction (XRD) and optical analysis, representative pedons selected from Serpentano and Snowcamp map units were not initially classified into the U.S. Soil Taxonomy as magnesic (soil mineralogy dominated by magnesium-silicate minerals). This inconsistency between field observations and laboratory data initiated our investigation. We subsequently examined other laboratory properties and developed alternative quantification procedures that may be useful in classification of these soils. In this study, some distinguishable chemical properties of serpentine soils are low extractable calcium/magnesium (Ca/Mg) ratios (generally < 1.0 in both Serpentano and Snowcamp) and relatively higher Fe(2)O(3), MgO, nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), and lower SiO(2), Al(2)O(3), CaO. Na(2)O, K(2)O than typically found in non-mafic rocks. Amounts of serpentine (quantitative) were quantified by two different laboratory methods (total analysis and thermogravimetric analysis, TGA). These data confirm initial field observations and soil mapping that Snowcamp classifies as clayey-skeletal, magnesic, frigid Andic Hapudalfs, whereas Serpentano fails the taxonomic criteria for magnesic mineralogy and classifies as clayey-skeletal, isotic, mesic Andic Eutrudepts. C1 USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Soil Survey Lab, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. Oregon State Univ, USDA, NRCS, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, Brookings, OR 97201 USA. USFS, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Burt, R (reprint author), USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Soil Survey Lab, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. NR 61 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 13-14 BP 2145 EP 2175 DI 10.1081/CSS-120000275 PG 31 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 481RM UT WOS:000171533700012 ER PT J AU Sistani, KR Rowe, DE Miles, DM May, JD AF Sistani, KR Rowe, DE Miles, DM May, JD TI Effects of drying method and rearing temperature on broiler manure nutrient content SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; ANIMAL WASTES; POULTRY; LITTER AB There is no universally accepted method for preparing poultry manure samples prior to chemical analysis for nutrient content. Proper sample preparation and optimization of the techniques for manure chemical analyses are the keys to the determination of precise rates for land application to crops and pastures. This study was conducted to determine the effect of bird-rearing temperature (RT) and pre-analysis drying methods on broiler manure nutrient content. Four drying methods, air drying (AD), freeze drying (FD), oven drying at 65 degreesC (OD65), and oven drying at 105 degreesC (OD105) were evaluated on manure of birds grown at 16, 21, and 26 degreesC. The results were compared with analysis of the fresh broiler manure with no drying (ND), All drying treatments resulted in highly significant nitrogen (N) loss (21%-27%) compared to ND at all rearing temperatures. However, there were no significant differences in total N loss among the four drying methods examined in this experiment. There was significant loss of NH4-N with OD105 for all RT, but no pattern was observed among other drying methods and RT with regard to NH4-N and organic N. The effect of drying methods on broiler manure nutrient content followed the same trend for all the rearing temperatures. The greatest loss of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) were observed with freeze drying. We recommend fresh broiler manure analysis for the determination of total N and NH4-N after a proper mixing to obtain a homogeneous paste. For analyses of P, Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Mn. and Zn in the broiler manure, ND. AD, and OD65 generally resulted in lower reduction of these nutrients. C1 USDA ARS, Waste Management & Forage Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. USDA ARS, Poultry Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Sistani, KR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Waste Management & Forage Res Unit, POB 39762 HWY 12 E, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 19 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 13-14 BP 2307 EP 2316 DI 10.1081/CSS-120000285 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 481RM UT WOS:000171533700022 ER PT J AU Kleinman, PJA Sharpley, AN Gartley, K Jarrell, WM Kuo, S Menon, RG Myers, R Reddy, KR Skogley, EO AF Kleinman, PJA Sharpley, AN Gartley, K Jarrell, WM Kuo, S Menon, RG Myers, R Reddy, KR Skogley, EO TI Interlaboratory comparison of soil phosphorus extracted by various soil test methods SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article ID ESTIMATE BIOAVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS; IMPREGNATED FILTER-PAPER; MEMBRANES; MEHLICH-3; OLSEN AB The widespread use of soil phosphorus (P) data, either in the context of agronomic or environmental management, requires an explicit understanding of potential errors related to soil P testing. This study compares a variety of soil P extraction methods, each performed by 9 separate laboratories on 24 soils from across the United States. Soil clay content ranged from 0 to 47% pH from 4.2 to 8.6, and Mehlich-3 P concentration from 2 to 205 mg kg(-1). Average interlaboratory coefficients of variation (CVs) ranged from 0.11 to 0.22 for solution extracts (Bray-1 P, Fe-strip P, Mehlich-3 P. and Olsen P) and from 0.11 to 0.70 for saturated paste extracts (resin capsules and resin membranes. incubated for 2, 4, and 7 days). For soil tests based upon solution extracts, Olsen P exhibited the greatest variability among laboratories (CV = 0.22), despite its reputed suitability for a wider range of soils than Bray-1 and Mehlich-3. Soil test data were highly correlated, with the lowest correlations occurring between Olsen and Bray-1 P or Olsen and Mehlich-3 P (r = 0.77 and 0.84, respectively) and the highest correlations occurring between Olsen P and Fe-strip P or Mehlich-3 and Bray-1 P (r = 0.94 for both correlations). Results indicate that some common soil test P protocols, when carefully conducted, yield data that may be reliably compared. such as in the compilation of regional and national soil databases. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Plant Sci, Newark, DE 19717 USA. Oregon Grad Inst, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Puyallup, WA 98371 USA. Int Fertilizer Dev Ctr, Agr Econ Div, Muscle Shoals, AL 35662 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, Throckmorton Soil & Plant Sci Ctr 2004, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Soil & Water Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. UNIBEST Inc, Bozeman, MT 59718 USA. RP Kleinman, PJA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 32 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 4 U2 14 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 15-16 BP 2325 EP 2345 DI 10.1081/CSS-120000376 PG 21 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 486DV UT WOS:000171803900001 ER PT J AU Stout, WL Weaver, SR AF Stout, WL Weaver, SR TI Effect of early season nitrogen on nitrogen fixation and fertilizer-use efficiency in grass-clover pastures SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article ID WHITE CLOVER; MICROBIAL IMMOBILIZATION; PLANT UPTAKE; SOIL; CULTIVARS; SWARDS; LEGUME; N-15 AB Grass-legume pastures rely on biologically fixed nitrogen (N) and thus are often N deficient in the spring. To overcome this period of N deficiency, researchers in the United Kingdom (UK), New Zealand (NZ), and recently the United States (US). have developed programs of early season N applications to clover/grass pastures. However, the effect of such early season N application on clover N fixation and N fertilizer N use efficiency of clover/grass swards is not known in the climate of the northeast US. A three-year study was conducted in Pennsylvania on a white clover (Trifolium repens)/orchardgrass (Dactyls glomerata) sward, fertilized with three rates of N-15 (22.4. 44.8, and 89.6 kg N ha(-1)) and cut at three target sward harvest heights (TSHH) (15, 22.5, and 30 cm). The objective of the study was to determine the effects of N fertilization and TSHH on the fraction of clover N derived from fixation (FNDF), the total clover N derived from fixation (TNDF), and fertilizer N use efficiency (FNUE) of the combined sward. Over the three years of the study, full season FNDF in the clover was about 0.90 and the TNDF was about 135 kg N ha(-1). The TSHH decreased TNDF during April and May, but this effect disappeared by the end of September. Nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency at the two lowest fertilization rates was greater than 0.50, but decreased to 0.36 at the highest N fertilization rate. The data indicates that, at a 44.6-kg N ha(-1) rate and a 15-cm TSHH, the TNDF and the FNUE will be maximized. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Stout, WL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 4 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 15-16 BP 2425 EP 2437 DI 10.1081/CSS-120000382 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 486DV UT WOS:000171803900007 ER PT J AU McDowell, R Condron, L AF McDowell, R Condron, L TI Influence of soil constituents on soil phosphorus sorption and desorption SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-MATTER; PHOSPHATE SORPTION; ANION-ADSORPTION; IRON-OXIDES; BRAZIL; AVAILABILITY; MINERALOGY; ALUMINUM AB A study was conducted to examine phosphorus (P) sorption and immediate desorption in 0.01 M CaCl2 in unmanured and manured grassland and arable soils after chemical treatment designed to remove organic matter [sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)], aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) oxides [dithionite-citrate], and acid soluble materials [hydrochloric acid (HCl)], either in combination or individually. Removal of Al and Fe oxides had the greatest effect in decreasing P sorption and increasing P desorption relative to the fraction of P previously sorbed. Sorption of P was approximately 2 to 5 times greater in soils extracted with HCl than in dithionite-citrate treated soils, while P desorption as a fraction of P sorbed was approximately one-seventh that in dithionite-citrate treated soils. The effect of HCl pretreatment was more pronounced in arable soils compared to grassland soils, which reflected the influence of Ca on P solubility. Following pretreatment with NaOCl. P sorption was similar in manured and unmanured arable soils. This was not the case in the corresponding grassland soils which was attributed to either physical occlusion of sorption sites by organic matter and/or differences in the chemical nature and stability of soil organic matter in the grassland compared to arable soils. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Geog, Cambridge CB2 3EN, England. Lincoln Univ, Soil Plant & Ecol Sci Div, Canterbury, New Zealand. RP McDowell, R (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res lab, Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. OI McDowell, Richard/0000-0003-3911-4825 NR 33 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 19 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 15-16 BP 2531 EP 2547 DI 10.1081/CSS-120000389 PG 17 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 486DV UT WOS:000171803900014 ER PT J AU Sistani, KR Miles, DM Rowe, DE Brink, GE McGowen, SL AF Sistani, KR Miles, DM Rowe, DE Brink, GE McGowen, SL TI Impact of drying method, dietary phosphorus levels, and methodology on phosphorus chemistry of broiler manure SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article ID REACTIVE PHOSPHORUS; WATER AB Areas of intensive poultry production are prone to high phosphorus (P) losses due to excessive manure application. Historically, manure application rate has been calculated based on nitrogen (N) needs of the crops and N content of the manure with no attention to the quantity of phosphorus (P) loading. In many instances, a gradual buildup of P in soil has resulted from longterm manure application. Therefore, P input from animal manure via runoff is acknowledged as the primary factor for the eutrophication of surface water bodies. This study was conducted to evaluate (i), the impact of dietary P concentration on the broiler manure P content and the pre-analysis drying methods on the broiler manure nutrient composition with emphasis on phosphorus and (ii), to compare the use of Ion Chromatography and the Murphy-Riley method for the determination of inorganic phosphorus in the broiler manure water extract. Four drying methods were used to dry the fresh broiler manure as follows: air drying (AD). freeze drying (FD), oven drying at 65 degreesC (OD65), and oven drying at 105 degreesC (OD105). The results were compared with analysis of the fresh broiler manure with no drying (ND). The diet P concentration did not affect the broiler manure total N content. However, a significant decrease in total N occurred at all P levels due to drying when compared with fresh manure analysis. The diet P level had significant effect on total P and water-extractable P. Freeze drying followed by OD105 caused the most reduction in manure total P content. Drying also had a significant effect on the metal nutrient content of the broiler manure. However, the effect was inconsistent. C1 USDA ARS, Water Management & Forage Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. USDA ARS, Poultry Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Sistani, KR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Water Management & Forage Res Unit, POB 5367 Hwy 12 E, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 17-18 BP 2783 EP 2793 DI 10.1081/CSS-120000961 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 493WR UT WOS:000172246900008 ER PT J AU Arnold, SL Parkin, TB Doran, JW Eghball, B Mosier, AR AF Arnold, SL Parkin, TB Doran, JW Eghball, B Mosier, AR TI Automated gas sampling system for laboratory analysis of CH4 and N2O SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article AB Analyzing the flux of CH4 and N2O from soil is labor intensive when conventional hand injection techniques are utilized in gas chromatography. An automated gas sampling system was designed and assembled from a prototype developed at the National Soil Tilth Laboratory in Ames, IA. The sampler was evaluated for accuracy and precision when attached to a Varian(1) 3700 gas chromatograph configured with flame ionization and electron capture detectors. The automated gas sampling system is easy to operate and provides acceptable results (standards ranging from 1.0-5.0 ppmv CH4 and 0.342-2.0 ppmv N2O had coefficients of variation ranging from 1.7-5.6%) while providing an economical approach for analyzing large numbers of gas samples with minimal labor and equipment cost. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, SWCRU, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, NPA, SP&NR, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Arnold, SL (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, SWCRU, 119 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 9 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 8 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 17-18 BP 2795 EP 2807 DI 10.1081/CSS-120000962 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 493WR UT WOS:000172246900009 ER PT J AU Gaston, LA Locke, MA AF Gaston, LA Locke, MA TI Comparison of methodologies for extraction of acifluorfen from soil SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article ID SUPERCRITICAL-FLUID EXTRACTION; COMPLEX MATRICES; HERBICIDE; ADSORPTION; SORPTION; CHROMATOGRAPHY; DEGRADATION AB Efficient methods for extraction of pesticides from soil are necessary for environmental fate studies. This study examined efficiencies of methanol:water solvent systems for recovery of the herbicide acifluorfen [5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]2-nitrobenzoic acid] from soils of different properties. The applicability of supercritical fluid CO2 extraction (SFE) for recovery of acifluorfen was also examined. High recovery (> 95%) was obtained over wide range of methanol (40 to 80%) to water compositions. Adding acid, base, EDTA or cation-exchange resin to a 80:20, methanol: water solution offered no improvement. However, EDTA or exchange resin gave slightly higher recoveries of acifluorfen and/or degradation products with incubated soil. Recovery of acifluorfen by SFE required addition of a modifier. Extraction efficiencies equal to the highest obtained with liquid extractions were possible using 40:60, methanol: 1 N HCl as a modifier. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Agron, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Gaston, LA (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Agron, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 17-18 BP 2953 EP 2964 DI 10.1081/CSS-120000974 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 493WR UT WOS:000172246900021 ER PT J AU Clay, DE Chang, J Malo, DD Carlson, CG Reese, C Clay, SA Ellsbury, M Berg, B AF Clay, DE Chang, J Malo, DD Carlson, CG Reese, C Clay, SA Ellsbury, M Berg, B TI Factors influencing spatial variability of soil apparent electrical conductivity SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article ID ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION; WATER CONTENT; SALINITY AB Soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) can be used as a precision farming diagnostic tool more efficiently if the factors influencing ECa spatial variability are understood. The objective of this study was to ascertain the causes of ECa spatial variability in soils developed in an environment with between 50 and 65 cm of annual rainfall. Soils at the research sites were formed on calcareous glacial till parent materials deposited approximately 10,000 years ago. Soil samples (0 - 15 cm) collected from at least a 60 by 60 m grid in four fields were analyzed for Olsen phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Elevation was measured by a carrier phase single frequency DGPS and ECa was measured with an EM 38 (Geonics Ltd., ON, Canada) multiple times between 1995 and 1999. Apparent electrical conductivity contained spatial structure in all fields. Generally, the well drained soils in the summit areas and the poorly drained soil in the toeslope areas had low and high ECa values, respectively. The landscape differences in EC,, were attributed to: (i) water leaching salts out of summit areas and capillary flow combined with seepage transporting water and salts from subsurface to surface soils in toeslope areas; (ii) lower water contents in summit than toeslope soils; and (iii) water erosion which transported surface soil from summit/shoulder areas to lower backslope/footslope areas. A conceptual model based on these findings was developed. In this model, topography followed a sine curve and ECa followed a cosine curve. Field areas that did not fit the conceptual model were: (i) areas containing old animal confinement areas; (ii) areas where high manure rates had been applied; and (iii) areas where soils were outside the boundary conditions of the model, i.e., soils not developed under relatively low rainfall conditions in calcareous glacial till with temperatures ranging between mesic and frigid. This research showed that the soil forming processes as well as agricultural management influenced ECa and that by understanding how landscape position influences salt loss and accumulation, water redistributions following precipitation, and erosion areas that do not fit the conceptual model can be identified. This information can be used to improve soil sampling strategies. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. USDA ARS, No Grain Insect Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. SE S Dakota Expt Farm, Beresford, SD 57004 USA. RP Clay, DE (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. NR 26 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 5 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 19-20 BP 2993 EP 3008 DI 10.1081/CSS-120001102 PG 16 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 503VH UT WOS:000172821800001 ER PT J AU Davenport, JR Jabro, JD AF Davenport, JR Jabro, JD TI Assessment of hand held ion selective electrode technology for direct measurement of soil chemical properties SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article ID SAP NITRATE TEST; PETIOLE SAP AB Access to real-time information on soil chemistry would assist farmers in making decisions about nutrient management. Hand held Ion Selective Electrodes (ISE) are commercially available for testing pH, sodium (Na), potassium (K), and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N). To date, there has been some success in adapting hand held ISE devices for testing plant sap nutrient levels. The objective of our study was to determine if these devices could be used to directly measure ion content in soils. Two different soils, a Quincy sand and a Warden silt loam, made into slurries by adding water to achieve 50, 40, 30, 27.5, 25, 22.5, 20, 17.5, or 15% soil water content by volume. The slurries were directly applied to the hand held ISE (Cardy meter) five times for each soil texture and moisture content. In addition, soil solution was also sorbed onto absorbent paper and the paper placed directly on the Cardy meter surface. The results were compared to soil NO3-N, K, Na. and pH determined by conventional methods. The hand held soil pH meter worked exceptionally well on soil slurries and did not fail in making measurements even after over 500 readings, For K, the Cardy meter readings were consistent with conventional measurements in both soils between 20-25% water content using direct measurement of a soil slurry. For Na, the Cardy meter worked reliably between 20-30% soil water content on the Warden silt loam, but did not perform well on the Quincy sand. However, Cardy meter values for soil NO3-N greatly exceeded conventional measurements and was not suitable for use regardless of soil moisture content. C1 Washington State Univ, Ctr Irrigated Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. USDA ARS, Vegetable & Forage Crop Res Unit, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. RP Davenport, JR (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Ctr Irrigated Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 11 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 12 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 19-20 BP 3077 EP 3085 DI 10.1081/CSS-120001108 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 503VH UT WOS:000172821800007 ER PT J AU Elrashidi, MA Alva, AK Huang, YF Calvert, DV Obreza, TA He, ZL AF Elrashidi, MA Alva, AK Huang, YF Calvert, DV Obreza, TA He, ZL TI Accumulation and downward transport of phosphorus in Florida soils and relationship to water quality SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article ID CITRUS PRODUCTION; EXTRACTION; MEHLICH-3; PHOSPHATE; GIBBSITE; ALUMINUM; SULFATE; IRON AB Accumulation of phosphorus (P) for Florida soils under citrus production may have an impact on groundwater and nearby streams and lakes. Six extracting solutions including Mehlich3, Bray1, double-acid, ammonium bicarbonate-DTPA (ABDTPA), neutral NH4OAc, and water were used to investigate P accumulation for 44 surface soils. The samples have been collected from old groves in 7 major citrus production counties in Florida. The results indicated P accumulation in most soils investigated. Either Mehlich3, Bray1, or double-acid was a good test to evaluate P accumulation. The average amount of P extracted was 121, 97, and 101 mg kg(-1) soil for Mehlich3, Bray 1, and double-acid, respectively. The high correlation between P and aluminum (Al) removed by these extracts suggested that Al-phosphates were the main forms accumulated in these soils. Vertical distribution of P in soil profile was investigated in three sites (Myakka, Zolfo, and Adamsville) where accumulation was observed in the top soil. The results showed downward movement of P through the soil profile into the saturated zone at a depth of 210 cm for Myakka, 180 cm for Zolfo, and 240 cm for Adamsville. Mehlich3-extractable P for saturated zone soils was 467, 997, and 37 mg kg(-1) soil, respectively. However, the concentration of P in groundwater was very low at 0.09 mg L-1 for Myakka, 1.34 mg L-1 for Zolfo, and 0.21 nig L-1 for Adamsville. With high rainfall averaging 1400 nim year(-1), colloidal Al-phosphates formed in the top soil could move down with water through the sandy soil profile and reach the saturated zone. The low P concentration in the groundwater might be related to the low solubility of At-phosphates in the strong acidic environment observed (pH was 4.38, 4.88, and 4.31 for Myakka, Zolfo, arid Adamsville, respectively) for soils in the saturated zone. The relatively high pH values for surface water/sediment systems might explain the high P concentrations detected in some streams, and lakes. C1 USDA, NRCS, NSSC, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. USDA ARS, PWA, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. Univ Florida, CREC, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. UF, Indian River IRREC, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. UF, SFREC, Immokalee, FL 34142 USA. RP Elrashidi, MA (reprint author), USDA, NRCS, NSSC, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. RI He, Zhenli/R-1494-2016 OI He, Zhenli/0000-0001-7761-2070 NR 35 TC 17 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 7 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 19-20 BP 3099 EP 3119 DI 10.1081/CSS-120001110 PG 21 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 503VH UT WOS:000172821800009 ER EF