FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Bede, JC Teal, PEA Goodman, WG Tobe, SS AF Bede, JC Teal, PEA Goodman, WG Tobe, SS TI Biosynthetic pathway of insect juvenile hormone III in cell suspension cultures of the sedge Cyperus iria SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MEVALONATE-INDEPENDENT PATHWAY; COA REDUCTASE-ACTIVITY; ISOPRENOID BIOSYNTHESIS; CORPORA ALLATA; METHYL FARNESOATE; 1-DEOXY-D-XYLULOSE-5-PHOSPHATE PATHWAY; CORPUS ALLATUM; MANDUCA-SEXTA; ESSENTIAL OIL; PLANTS AB In most insect species, juvenile hormones regulate critical physiological processes such as metamorphosis and reproduction. In insects, these sesquiterpenoids are synthesized by retrocerebral endocrine organs, the corpora allata, via the classical mevalonate (MVA) pathway. One of these compounds, juvenile hormone III (JH 111), has also been identified in the sedge Cyperus iria. In higher plants, biosynthesis of the sesquiterpenoid backbone may proceed through two distinct pathways: the MVA pathway or the 2C-methyl erythritol 4-phosphate pathway or through a combination of both pathways. Cell suspension cultures of C. iria were used to elucidate the biosynthetic pathway of JH III in the plant. Enzyme inhibition and labeling studies conclusively demonstrated that the biosynthesis Of the sesquiterpenoid backbone of JH III proceeds via the MVA pathway. Inhibitor and precursor feeding studies also suggest that later steps of JH III biosynthesis in C. iria are similar to the insect pathway and that the final enzymatic reaction in JH III biosynthesis is catalyzed by a cytochrome P(450) monooxygenase. C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Zool, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada. ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Entomol, Russell Labs, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Tobe, SS (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Dept Zool, 25 Harbord St, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada. EM stephen.tobe@utoronto.ca NR 64 TC 14 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 127 IS 2 BP 584 EP 593 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 492AY UT WOS:000172144500023 PM 11598232 ER PT J AU Miller, SS Liu, JQ Allan, DL Menzhuber, CJ Fedorova, M Vance, CP AF Miller, SS Liu, JQ Allan, DL Menzhuber, CJ Fedorova, M Vance, CP TI Molecular control of acid phosphatase secretion into the rhizosphere of proteoid roots from phosphorus-stressed white lupin SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; STARVATION; CELLS; PURIFICATION; METABOLISM; EXPRESSION; DEFICIENCY; TOMATO; PLANTS; ALBUS AB White lupin (Lupinus albus) grown under P deficiency displays a suite of highly coordinated adaptive responses. Included among these is secretion of copious amounts of acid phosphatase (APase). Although numerous reports document that plants secrete APases in response to P deficiency, little is known of the biochemical and molecular events involved in this process. Here we characterize the secreted APase protein, cDNA, and gene from white lupin. The secreted APase enzyme is a glycoprotein with broad substrate specificity. It is synthesized as a preprotein with a deduced M-r of 52,000 containing a 31-amino acid presequence. Analysis of the presequence predicts that the protein is targeted to outside the cell. The processed protein has a predicted M-r of 49,000 but migrates as a protein with M-r of 70,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels. This is likely due to glycosylation. Enhanced expression is fairly specific to proteoid roots of P-stressed plants and involves enhanced synthesis of both enzyme protein and mRNA. Secreted APase appears to be encoded by a single gene containing seven exons interrupted by six introns. The 5'-upstream putative promoter of the white lupin-secreted APase contains a 50-base pair region having 72% identity to an Arabidopsis APase promoter that is responsive to P deficiency. The white lupin-secreted APase promoter and targeting sequence may be useful tools for genetically engineering important proteins from plant roots. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ St Thomas, St Paul, MN 55105 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. ARS, USDA, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Miller, SS (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 45 TC 103 Z9 124 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 127 IS 2 BP 594 EP 606 DI 10.1104/pp.010097 PG 13 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 492AY UT WOS:000172144500024 PM 11598233 ER PT J AU Jennings, JC Apel-Birkhold, PC Mock, NM Baker, CJ Anderson, JD Bailey, BA AF Jennings, JC Apel-Birkhold, PC Mock, NM Baker, CJ Anderson, JD Bailey, BA TI Induction of defense responses in tobacco by the protein Nep1 from Fusarium oxysporum SO PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE active oxygen; elicitor; ethylene; Fusarium oxysporum; hypersensitive response; ion flux; Nep1; Nicotiana tabacum; toxin ID BIOSYNTHESIS-INDUCING ENDOXYLANASE; ACTIVE OXYGEN PRODUCTION; PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH; ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHESIS; NICOTIANA-TABACUM; PLANT DEFENSE; HYPERSENSITIVE RESPONSE; OXIDATIVE BURST; CV XANTHI; ACQUIRED-RESISTANCE AB Fusarium oxysporum produces a 24-kDa protein, Nep1, which induces necrosis and ethylene production in leaves of many dicot plant species. Detached Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthi leaves respond with concentration-dependent necrosis after infiltration with Nep1 or when Nep1 is taken up by the vascular tissue. This response follows the induction of ethylene biosynthesis and accumulation of ACC synthase and ACC oxidase transcripts. Pretreating the leaves with 100 mul/l ethylene prior to elicitation enhanced Nep1-induced ethylene production. Nep1 (208 nM) causes extensive necrosis of mature tobacco leaf tissue when applied to Xanthi tobacco as a foliar spray (129 ml/m(2)). Tobacco cell cultures respond to Nep1 by alkalization of the culture media, the accumulation of potassium in the media, oxygen uptake, induction of active oxygen species, and eventual cell death. The response of cultured tobacco cells to Nep1 is time- and concentration-dependent. Cell death was the same at 300 min for 5 ng/ml and higher concentrations, while 0.5 ng/ml had no effect on cell death. In the case of O(2) uptake, cells responded to 0.5 ng/ml within minutes of treatment, but at a rate lower than 5 ng/ml. The lower concentration of Nep1 did not induce an increase in pH, K(+) efflux, or increasing H(2)O(2) accumulation in the culture media. Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Weed Sci Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bailey, BA (reprint author), Alternate Crops & Syst Lab, BARC W, Room 116,Bldg 007, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM baileyb@ba.ars.usda.gov NR 62 TC 30 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 0168-9452 J9 PLANT SCI JI Plant Sci. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 161 IS 5 BP 891 EP 899 DI 10.1016/S0168-9452(01)00483-6 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 485DH UT WOS:000171737900007 ER PT J AU Reeves, JB AF Reeves, JB TI Near- versus mid-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for determination of minerals in dried poultry manure SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE near-infrared; mid-infrared; mineral; poultry; manure AB The objective of this study was to determine if accurate calibrations for mineral content in dried poultry manures could be developed using near- or midinfrared spectra. Samples (n = 124) were obtained from a commercial testing laboratory along with conventionally determined values for Ca, Cu, K, Mg, Mn, P, S, and Zn. Samples were blended in a food blender, dried at 60 C, ground to 20 mesh, and scanned in the near-infrared (rotating sample cup) on a scanning monochromator. Samples were also scanned in the mid-infrared on a Fourier transform spectrometer using a custom-made sample transport. Results showed that calibrations based on near- or mid-infrared spectra were not satisfactory for the accurate determination of Ca, Cu, K, Mg, Mn, P, S, or Zn in dried poultry manures. At best, most of the calibrations would be suitable for only gross estimates, although the mid-infrared calibration for P might be suitable for some needs in which only a limited degree of accuracy was needed. Either spectral range could be used to separate dried poultry manure samples into those containing less than 3% an greater than 8% Ca but not to accurately differentiate samples within those two groupings. Finally, although the mid-infrared calibrations were the more accurate for five of the eight minerals studied, the differences between the two sets of calibrations were so varied that it would be difficult to say that one region is better for mineral content measurement. C1 ARS, AMBPL, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Reeves, JB (reprint author), ARS, AMBPL, USDA, Bldg 163-F,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 80 IS 10 BP 1437 EP 1443 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 479XF UT WOS:000171428600007 PM 11599702 ER PT J AU Johnson, JA Grissell, EE Gokhman, VE Valero, KA AF Johnson, JA Grissell, EE Gokhman, VE Valero, KA TI Description, biology, and karyotype of a new Psilochalcis kieffer (Hymenoptera : Chalcididae) from indianmeal moth pupae (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) associated with culled figs SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Hymenoptera; Chalcididae; Psilochalcis brevialata; new species; Pyralidae; pupae AB Psilochalcis brevialata Grissell and Johnson, new species, is described and illustrated based on specimens from a laboratory culture reared on Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) pupae. This species, isolated from laboratory-reared P. interpunctella placed at a culled fig warehouse in central California, is the first Psilochalcis associated with stored product pyralids. In the laboratory, P. brevialata also sucessfully parasitized Cadra figulilella (Gregson), C cautella (Walker), Ephestia elutella (Hubner) and Amyelois transitella (Walker). The karyotype of P. brevialata showed a haploid chromosome number (n) of 6, the highest n value known for the family Chalcididae. Female P. brevialata had relatively long reproductive lives of 39.3 days, producing an average of 3.3 progeny/day for a total of 128.7 progeny per female. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RP Johnson, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RI Gokhman, Vladimir/A-4153-2009 OI Gokhman, Vladimir/0000-0001-9909-7559 NR 16 TC 2 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 103 IS 4 BP 777 EP 787 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 482MC UT WOS:000171579100001 ER PT J AU Pogue, MG AF Pogue, MG TI Revised status of Rolandylis gibeaux (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae : Cochylini), with descriptions of two new species from North America SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE revision; North America; goldenrod; Solidago; Asteraceae AB The genus Rolandylis Gibeaux is considered a valid genus (revised status) with three species based on the following autapomorphies: 1) maxillary palpus absent, 2) valve broad at base with an erect proximal costal process with spiculations, and 3) base of aedoeagus with winglike lateral projections. Two new species of Rolandylis from eastern United States are described, R. fusca and R. virilia. The type species of Rolandylis, R. catalonica Gibeaux, is a new synonym of R. maiana (Kearfott). The head and wing venation are illustrated, as well as the habitus and genitalia of all species. The genus is known from the United States, (Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Mississippi, Pennsylvania, New Hampshire, and Maine), Canada (Nova Scotia), and France. The phylogenetic relationships of Rolandylis within Nearctic Cochylini are discussed. C1 USDA ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Pogue, MG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 103 IS 4 BP 788 EP 796 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 482MC UT WOS:000171579100002 ER PT J AU Thomas, DB AF Thomas, DB TI A new, ocellate species in the genus Lojus McDonald (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE stink bug; brachyptery; ocelli; Ecuador AB A new species, Lojus ocellatus, from Ecuador is described. It is the first known species of Lojus with hind wings and ocelli, though both are reduced in size compared to pentatomid species capable of flight. C1 USDA ARS, Kika de La Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Thomas, DB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Kika de La Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, 2413 E Hwy 83,Bldg 200, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 103 IS 4 BP 854 EP 857 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 482MC UT WOS:000171579100008 ER PT J AU Smith, DR Schiff, NM AF Smith, DR Schiff, NM TI A new species of Xiphydria Latreille (Hymenoptera : Xiphydriidae) reared from river birch, Betula nigra L., in North America SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Symphyta; woodborer; woodwasp; hardwood; birch; Illinois AB Xiphydria decem, n. sp., is described and separated from other North American species. It was reared from branches of river birch, Betula nigra, L. (Betulaceae) in Illinois. C1 Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, USDA ARS, PSI,Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Smith, DR (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, USDA ARS, PSI,Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 1 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 103 IS 4 BP 962 EP 967 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 482MC UT WOS:000171579100018 ER PT J AU Araya, M McGoldrick, MC Klevay, LM Strain, JJ Robson, P Nielsen, F Olivares, M Pizarro, F Johnson, L Poirier, KA AF Araya, M McGoldrick, MC Klevay, LM Strain, JJ Robson, P Nielsen, F Olivares, M Pizarro, F Johnson, L Poirier, KA TI Determination of an acute no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for copper in water SO REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE copper; NOAEL; drinking water; nausea; risk assessment; dose response; acute exposure; upper safe limit ID DRINKING-WATER; DEPLETION; MEN AB A prospective, double-blind controlled study was designed to determine the acute no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of nausea in an apparently healthy population of 179 individuals who drank copper-containing water as the sulfate salt. Subjects were recruited at three different international sites and given a blind, randomly selected dose (0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 mg Cu/L) in a bolus of 200 ml (final total copper dose was equivalent to 0, 0.4,0.8,1.2, and 1.6 mg) once weekly over a consecutive 5-week period. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms of nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, or diarrhea were screened for a period of up to 24 h. Nausea was the most frequently reported effect and was reported within the first 15 min of ingestion. For the combined trisite population (n=179),8,9,14,25, and 44 subjects responded positively to one or more GI symptoms at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mg Cu/L, respectively. Analysis of the data demonstrated a clear dose response to the combined positive GI effects and to nausea alone. Statistically significant greater reporting of effects occurred at 6 and 8 mg Cu/L. Therefore, an acute NOAEL and lowest-observed-adverse-effect level of 4 and 6 mg Cu/L (0.8 and 1.2 mg Cu), respectively, were determined in drinking water for a combined international human population. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Univ Chile, Inst Nutr & Tecnol Alimentos, Santiago 11, Chile. Univ Ulster, No Ireland Ctr Diet & Hlth, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Londonderry, North Ireland. ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. Toxicol Excellence Risk Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45223 USA. RP Araya, M (reprint author), Univ Chile, Inst Nutr & Tecnol Alimentos, Macul 5540,Casilla 138 11, Santiago 11, Chile. RI Olivares, Manuel/I-1876-2013; Pizarro, Fernando/K-5266-2012 OI Olivares, Manuel/0000-0002-1716-7697; Pizarro, Fernando/0000-0001-6088-1119 NR 32 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0273-2300 J9 REGUL TOXICOL PHARM JI Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 34 IS 2 BP 137 EP 145 DI 10.1006/rtph.2001.1492 PG 9 WC Medicine, Legal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Legal Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 486XV UT WOS:000171843500003 PM 11603956 ER PT J AU Moran, MS Bryant, R Thome, K Ni, W Nouvellon, Y Gonzalez-Dugo, MP Qi, J AF Moran, MS Bryant, R Thome, K Ni, W Nouvellon, Y Gonzalez-Dugo, MP Qi, J TI A refined empirical line approach for reflectance factor retrieval from Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-7 ETM+ SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION; SURFACE REFLECTANCE; SOLAR SPECTRUM; SOIL; NORMALIZATION; CALIBRATION; VEGETATION; SENSORS AB The recent launch of Landsat-7 ETM+ extends the uninterrupted stream of TM and ETM+ images to a potential span of 32 years. This exceptional image set will allow long-term studies of natural resources, but will require an operational method for converting image digital number (dn) to the temporally comparable surface reflectance factor (rho (s lambda)). A refinement to the empirical line (EL) approach for reflectance factor retrieval (RFR) from the Landsat-5 and -7 TM and ETM+ has been proposed. The refined empirical line (REL) approach requires only one within-scene calibration target, minimal field measurements of that target, and a reasonable estimate of dn for rho (s lambda) = 0 using a radiative transfer model or values provided by this analysis. This study showed that the REL approach worked well for a 10-year Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-7 ETM+ image set in Arizona and rho (s lambda) was retrieved with an estimated accuracy of 0.01. A quantitative approach was proposed to determine the suitability of a within-scene target for the REL approach, and based on historical measurements, a variety of targets met the size and brightness requirements for the REL approach. This operational approach for RFR should encourage long-term investigations of natural resources to answer critical questions regarding resource management and effects of climate changes. (C) Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Univ Arizona, Ctr Opt Sci, Remote Sensing Grp, Tucson, AZ USA. Univ Cordoba, Dept Agr Engn, Cordoba, Spain. Michigan State Univ, Dept Geog, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. USDA ARS, Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ USA. RP Moran, MS (reprint author), USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RI Thome, Kurtis/D-7251-2012; Gonzalez-Dugo, Maria P./J-4157-2012; Nouvellon, Yann/C-9295-2016 OI Gonzalez-Dugo, Maria P./0000-0003-0423-8246; Nouvellon, Yann/0000-0003-1920-3847 NR 32 TC 86 Z9 87 U1 3 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 78 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 71 EP 82 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00250-4 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 481NE UT WOS:000171525000007 ER PT J AU Nouvellon, Y Moran, MS Lo Seen, D Bryant, R Rambal, S Ni, WM Begue, A Chehbouni, A Emmerich, WE Heilman, P Qi, JG AF Nouvellon, Y Moran, MS Lo Seen, D Bryant, R Rambal, S Ni, WM Begue, A Chehbouni, A Emmerich, WE Heilman, P Qi, JG TI Coupling a grassland ecosystem model with Landsat imagery for a 10-year simulation of carbon and water budgets SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; REMOTELY-SENSED DATA; SATELLITE DATA; SHORTGRASS STEPPE; CANOPY REFLECTANCE; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; PLANT-COMMUNITIES; SOIL-WATER; HETEROGENEOUS TERRAIN; SEMIARID GRASSLAND AB In this study, high-spatial, low-temporal scale visible remote sensing data were used to calibrate an ecosystem model (EM) for semiarid perennial grasslands. The model was driven by daily meteorological data and simulated plant growth and water budget on the same time step. The model was coupled with a canopy reflectance model to yield the time course of shortwave radiometric profiles. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced TM Plus (ETM+) images from 10 consecutive years were used to refine the model on a spatially distributed basis. A calibration procedure, which minimized the difference between the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) simulated from the coupled model and measured by the TM and ETM+ sensors, yielded the spatial distribution of an unknown parameter and initial condition. Accuracy of model products, such as daily aboveground biomass, leaf area index (LAI) and soil water content, was assessed by comparing them with field measurements. The promising results suggest that this approach could provide spatially distributed information about both vegetation and soil conditions for day-to-day grassland management. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 CIRAD, FORET, Programme Arbres & Plantat, AMIS, F-34398 Montpellier 5, France. USDA ARS, SWRC, Tucson, AZ USA. CEFE, CNRS, DREAM Unit, Montpellier, France. CESBIO, CNES, CNRS, UPS,IRD, Toulouse, France. Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Nouvellon, Y (reprint author), CIRAD, FORET, Programme Arbres & Plantat, AMIS, TA 10-C, F-34398 Montpellier 5, France. RI Lo Seen, Danny/C-2679-2008; begue, agnes/A-5718-2011; Nouvellon, Yann/C-9295-2016; OI Lo Seen, Danny/0000-0002-7773-2109; begue, agnes/0000-0002-9289-1052; Nouvellon, Yann/0000-0003-1920-3847; rambal, serge/0000-0001-5869-8382 NR 106 TC 49 Z9 55 U1 4 U2 27 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 78 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 131 EP 149 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00255-3 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 481NE UT WOS:000171525000012 ER PT J AU Woodcock, CE Macomber, SA Pax-Lenney, M Cohen, WB AF Woodcock, CE Macomber, SA Pax-Lenney, M Cohen, WB TI Monitoring large areas for forest change using Landsat: Generalization across space, time and Landsat sensors SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID DIGITAL CHANGE DETECTION; NEURAL-NETWORK METHOD; VEGETATION; IMAGERY; CLASSIFICATION; EFFICIENT; DAMAGE; COVER; TM AB Landsat 7 ETM+ provides an opportunity to extend the area and frequency with which we are able to monitor the Earth's surface with fine spatial resolution data. To take advantage of this opportunity it is necessary to move beyond the traditional image-by-image approach to data analysis. A new approach to monitoring large areas is to extend the application of a trained image classifier to data beyond its original temporal, spatial, and sensor domains. A map of forest change in the Cascade Range of Oregon developed with methods based on such generalization shows accuracies comparable to a map produced with current state-of-the-art methods. A test of generalization across sensors to monitor forest change in the Rocky Mountains indicates that Landsat 7 ETM+ data can be combined with earlier Landsat 5 TM data without retraining the classifier. Methods based on generalization require less time and effort than conventional methods and as a result may allow monitoring of larger areas or more frequent monitoring at reduced cost. One key component to achieving this goal is the improved availability and affordability of Landsat 7 imagery. These results highlight the value of the existing Landsat archive and the importance for continuity in the Landsat Program. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Boston Univ, Dept Geog, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Boston Univ, Ctr Remote Sensing, Boston, MA 02215 USA. USDA Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Woodcock, CE (reprint author), Boston Univ, Dept Geog, 675 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA. NR 29 TC 130 Z9 140 U1 2 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 78 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 194 EP 203 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00259-0 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 481NE UT WOS:000171525000016 ER PT J AU Ordovas, JM AF Ordovas, JM TI Cholesterol and tobacco: Classics that withstand the past of time SO REVISTA ESPANOLA DE CARDIOLOGIA LA Spanish DT Editorial Material C1 Tufts Univ, JM USDA HNRCA, Nutr & Genom Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Ordovas, JM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, JM USDA HNRCA, Nutr & Genom Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 NR 5 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU EDICIONES DOYMA S/L PI BARCELONA PA TRAV DE GRACIA 17-21, 08021 BARCELONA, SPAIN SN 0300-8932 J9 REV ESP CARDIOL JI Rev. Esp. Cardiol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 54 IS 10 BP 1143 EP 1145 PG 3 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 486XT UT WOS:000171843200004 PM 11591293 ER PT J AU Vaske, JJ Donnelly, MP Williams, DR Jonker, S AF Vaske, JJ Donnelly, MP Williams, DR Jonker, S TI Demographic influences on environmental value orientations and normative beliefs about national forest management SO SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE cognitive hierarchy; demographics; normative beliefs; value orientation ID PUBLICS; MODELS AB Using the cognitive hierarchy as the theoretical foundation, this article examines the predictive influence of individuals' demographic characteristics on environmental value orientations and normative beliefs about national forest management. Data for this investigation were obtained from a random sample of Colorado residents (n=960). As predicted by theory, a structural equation analysis demonstrated that the biocentric/anthropocentric value orientation continuum predicted respondents' norms toward national forest management, and the value orientation mediated the relationship between the demographic predictors and the normative belief. Individuals who had lived longer in the state and those with more income tended to be more anthropocentric. Females and those with higher education levels, on the other hand, were closer to the biocentric end of the conceptual continuum. Overall, this article provides empirical support for expanding the cognitive hierarchy to include other predictor constructs when attempting to understand constituents' positions on natural resource issues. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Recreat & Tourism, Human Dimens Nat Resources Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Vaske, JJ (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Recreat & Tourism, Human Dimens Nat Resources Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RI Williams, Daniel/D-8114-2011 OI Williams, Daniel/0000-0003-2428-0345 NR 47 TC 98 Z9 100 U1 1 U2 21 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0894-1920 J9 SOC NATUR RESOUR JI Soc. Nat. Resour. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 14 IS 9 BP 761 EP 776 DI 10.1080/089419201753210585 PG 16 WC Environmental Studies; Planning & Development; Sociology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Sociology GA 489AM UT WOS:000171969800002 ER PT J AU Busse, MD Ratcliff, AW Shestak, CJ Powers, RF AF Busse, MD Ratcliff, AW Shestak, CJ Powers, RF TI Glyphosate toxicity and the effects of long-term vegetation control on soil microbial communities SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ponderosa pined; roundup; microbial biomass; substrate-induced respiration; metabolic diversity ID LOBLOLLY-PINE PLANTATION; HERBICIDE-GLYPHOSATE; NITROGEN AVAILABILITY; BIOMASS; DEGRADATION; CARBON; MINERALIZATION; ADSORPTION; PATTERNS; FOREST AB We assessed the direct and indirect effect of the herbicide glyphosate on soil microbial communities from ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) plantations of varying site quality. Direct, toxic effects were tested using culture media and soil bioassays at glyphosate concentrations up to 100-fold greater than expected following a single field application. Indirect effects on microbial biomass, respiration, and metabolic diversity (Biolog and catabolic response profile) were compared seasonally after 9-13 years of vegetation control using repeated glyphosate applications in a replicated field study. Three pine plantations were selected to provide a range of soil characteristics associated with glyphosate binding (clay, Fe and Al oxide content) and site growing potential from the lowest to the highest in northern California. Glyphosate was toxic to bacteria and fungi from each plantation when grown in soil-free media. Culturable populations were reduced, as was the growth rate and metabolic diversity of surviving bacteria, by increasing concentrations of glyphosate. This toxicity was not expressed when glyphosate was added directly to soil, however. Microbial respiration was unchanged at expected field concentrations (5-50 mug g(-1)), regardless of soil, and was stimulated by concentrations up to 100-fold greater. Increased microbial activity resulted from utilization of glyphosate as an available carbon substrate. Estimated N and P inputs from glyphosate were inconsequential to microbial activity. Long-term, repeated applications of glyphosate had minimal affect on seasonal microbial characteristics despite substantial chances in vegetation composition and growth. Instead, variation in microbial characteristics was a function of time of year and site quality. Community size, activity, and metabolic diversity generally were greatest in the spring and increased as site quality improved, regardless of herbicide treatment. Our findings suggest that artificial media assays are of limited relevance in predicting glyphosate toxicity to soil organisms and that field rate applications of glyphosate should have little or no affect on soil microbial communities in ponderosa pine plantations. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Redding, CA 96001 USA. RP Busse, MD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, 2400 Washington Ave, Redding, CA 96001 USA. NR 51 TC 143 Z9 164 U1 15 U2 71 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 33 IS 12-13 BP 1777 EP 1789 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00103-1 PG 13 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 479QR UT WOS:000171415500021 ER PT J AU Mastihubova, M Mastihuba, V Kremnicky, L Willet, JL Cote, GL AF Mastihubova, M Mastihuba, V Kremnicky, L Willet, JL Cote, GL TI Chemoenzymatic preparation of novel substrates for feruloyl esterases SO SYNLETT LA English DT Article DE chemoselectivity; esters; enzymatic deprotection; feruloyl esterase; ferulic esters ID ACID; HYDROLYSIS; ACETATES; LIPASE AB Four novel active esters of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid as substrates for feruloyl esterases were prepared in a four-step procedure including chemoselective enzymatic deprotection of acetylated compounds by Lipase PS. C1 Slovak Acad Sci, Inst Chem, Bratislava 84238, Slovakia. Slovak Univ Technol Bratislava, Fac Chem Technol, Dept Milk Fats & Food Hyg, Bratislava 81237, Slovakia. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Mastihubova, M (reprint author), Slovak Acad Sci, Inst Chem, Dubravska Cesta 9, Bratislava 84238, Slovakia. EM chemjama@savba.sk NR 13 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU GEORG THIEME VERLAG KG PI STUTTGART PA RUDIGERSTR 14, D-70469 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0936-5214 J9 SYNLETT JI Synlett PD OCT PY 2001 IS 10 BP 1559 EP 1560 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 480GE UT WOS:000171453000017 ER PT J AU Spooner, DM Van den Berg, RG Rivera-Pena, A Velguth, P Del Rio, A Salas-Lopez, A AF Spooner, DM Van den Berg, RG Rivera-Pena, A Velguth, P Del Rio, A Salas-Lopez, A TI Taxonomy of Mexican and Central American members of Solanum series Conicibaccata (sect. Petota) SO SYSTEMATIC BOTANY LA English DT Article ID SPECIES BOUNDARIES; MOLECULAR-DATA; WILD POTATOES; SOLANACEAE; REEXAMINATION; RESOURCES AB Members of Solanum series Conicibaccata in Mexico and Central America are very similar. All are tetraploids (2n = 4x = 48). Recent authors have recognized three or four species: S. agrimonifolium, S. woodsonii, S, longiconicum (sometimes included in the next), and S. oxycarpum. We had difficulty distinguishing these species in the herbarium, and needed to resolve species boundaries for ongoing floristic studies. We studied this group in the field throughout Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Panama, grew collections in the greenhouse, studied herbarium specimens, determined ploidy levels through flow cytometry, and generated molecular data using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA. Molecular data distinguish S, agrimonifolium, S. longiconicum, and S. oxycarpum. Solanum woodsonii was not available for molecular analysis. All four species can be distinguished morphologically, but only by leaf character states that overlap in range, by pubescence differences that are best observed in living specimens, and by a seed spot character that is only evident on living or recently gathered specimens. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Plant Taxon Grp, NL-6700 ED Wageningen, Netherlands. INIFAP, Program Nacl Papa, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. CIP, Lima 12, Peru. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Spooner, DM (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, Dept Hort, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. OI Del Rio, Alfonso/0000-0001-8780-747X NR 27 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PLANT TAXONOMISTS PI BRONX PA NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN, BRONX, NY 10458-5126 USA SN 0363-6445 J9 SYST BOT JI Syst. Bot. PD OCT-DEC PY 2001 VL 26 IS 4 BP 743 EP 756 PG 14 WC Plant Sciences; Evolutionary Biology SC Plant Sciences; Evolutionary Biology GA 501JL UT WOS:000172681500006 ER PT J AU Epps, HH Akin, DE Foulk, JA Dodd, RB AF Epps, HH Akin, DE Foulk, JA Dodd, RB TI Color of enzyme-retted flax fibers affected by processing, cleaning, and cottonizing SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Twenty-seven samples representing variations of retted flax fibers are analyzed using a color spectrophotometer and CIELAB models. Variables included enzyme or dew retting, fiber or seed flax, enzyme and chelator concentrations, and sequential cleaning steps. In addition to differences in color with enzyme or dew retting, the variables involved in enzyme retting also contribute to differences in the lightness, redness-greenness, and yellowness-blueness of the resulting fibers. Dew retted fiber flax, as well as seed flax that has weathered during storage prior to enzyme retting, is significantly darker than non-weathered, enzyme retted fiber flax. Pairwise comparisons show that lower enzyme concentrations (0.05% v/v as commercially supplied) produce redder and yellower fiber samples than those retted with higher (0.3% v/v) enzyme levels. Higher chelator levels, (i.e., 50 versus 25 mmol ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) produce redder fibers. Fiber lightness significantly increases with additional cleaning steps. Results indicate that objective color measurements and color standards can define important fiber properties in order to tailor raw materials for specific industrial applications. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Text Merchandising & Interiors, Athens, GA 30602 USA. ARS, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. ARS, USDA, Cotton Qual Res Stn, Clemson, SC 29633 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Epps, HH (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Text Merchandising & Interiors, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 9 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 USA SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 71 IS 10 BP 916 EP 921 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA 500EX UT WOS:000172614000011 ER PT J AU Lee, JM Grant, D Vallejos, CE Shoemaker, RC AF Lee, JM Grant, D Vallejos, CE Shoemaker, RC TI Genome organization in dicots. II. Arabidopsis as a 'bridging species' to resolve genome evolution events among legumes SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE soybean; arabidopsis; Phaseolus; Vigna; evolution; paleopolyploid; genome duplication ID SOYBEAN GENOME; LINKAGE MAP; DUPLICATION; CHROMOSOME; SEQUENCES; THALIANA; SYNTENY; MAIZE; GENE AB Analysis of molecular linkage groups within the soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) genome reveals many homologous regions, reflecting the ancient polyploidy of soybean. The fragmented arrangement of the duplicated regions suggests that extensive rearrangements, as well as additional duplications, have occurred since the initial polyploidization event. In this study we used comparisons between homoeologous regions in soybean, and the homologous regions in the related diploids Phaseolus vulgaris and Vigna radiata, to elucidate the evolutionary history of the three legume genomes. Our results show that there is not only conservation of large regions of the genomes but that these conserved linkage blocks are also represented twice in the soybean genome. To gain a better understanding of the process of genome evolution in dicots, molecular comparisons have been extended to another well-studied species, Arabidopsis thaliana. Interestingly, the conserved regions we identified in the legume species are also relatively conserved in Arabidopsis. Our results suggest that there is conservation of blocks of DNA between species as distantly related as legumes and brassicas, representing 90 million years of divergence. We also present evidence for an additional, presumably earlier, genome duplication in soybean. These duplicated regions were only recognized by using Arabidopsis as a 'bridging' species in the genome comparisons. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Corn Insect & Crop Genet Res Grp, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Hort Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Plant Mol & Cellular Biol Program, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Shoemaker, RC (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 26 TC 61 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 103 IS 5 BP 765 EP 773 DI 10.1007/s001220100658 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 486WK UT WOS:000171839800014 ER PT J AU Maier, CA AF Maier, CA TI Stem growth and respiration in loblolly pine plantations differing in soil resource availability SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon allocation; carbon balance; forest ecosystem; growth respiration; maintenance respiration; stem respiration ID MAINTENANCE RESPIRATION; CONSTRUCTION COST; ROOT RESPIRATION; SEASONAL COURSE; WOODY-TISSUE; SUB-ALPINE; FINE-ROOT; NITROGEN; TAEDA; FOREST AB Stem respiration and growth in 10-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations were measured monthly during the third year of fertilization and irrigation treatments to determine whether soil resource availability differentially altered growth and respiration in stem tissue. Fertilized trees had significantly greater stem biomass, stem nitrogen concentration ([N]) and growth rate than unfertilized trees. Stem respiration (R-t) was significantly greater in fertilized trees when expressed on a per unit surface area (R-t,R-a mu mol CO2 m(-2) s(-1)), sapwood volume (R-t,R-v, mu mol CO2 m(-3) s(-1)), or mass (R-t,R-w, nmol CO2 g(-1) s(-1)) basis; however, there was no difference between treatments when expressed as a function of stem N content (R-t,R-n mu mol CO2 (mol N)(-1) s(-1)). Irrigation had no significant effect on R-t or annual stem growth. Daily total respiration (R-d, mol CO2 m(-2) day(-1)) and stem diameter growth both had a seasonal bimodal pattern with peaks in early spring and midsummer. Stem [N] declined significantly during the growing season. Stem growth rate and [N] explained 75% of the seasonal variation in temperature-normalized R-t,R-a. The mature tissue method was used to partition total stem respiration (R-t) into maintenance (R-m) and growth (R-g) components. There was a linear correlation between winter R-t,R-v, a measure of basal R-m, and sapwood N content; however, R-t,R-v per unit N was greater in January before diameter growth started than in the following December after growth ceased, indicating that R-t,R-v declined as stem diameter increased. Consequently, estimates of annual maintenance respiration (R-M) based on January data were 44% higher than estimates based on December data. Growth respiration was correlated with stem growth rate (r(2) = 0.55). The growth respiration coefficient (r(g))-the slope of the relationship between R-g and stem growth rate-was 0.24. Respiration accounted for 37% of annual stem carbon budget. Stem carbon-use efficiency (CUE)-the ratio of stem growth to stem growth plus respiration-averaged 0.63 and was unaffected by fertilization. C1 US Forest Serv, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Maier, CA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, 3041 Cornwallis Rd, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 50 TC 35 Z9 51 U1 3 U2 14 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 21 IS 16 BP 1183 EP 1193 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 488QZ UT WOS:000171948300003 PM 11600340 ER PT J AU Raboy, V AF Raboy, V TI Seeds for a better future: 'low phytate', grains help to overcome malnutrition and reduce pollution SO TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID PHYTIC ACID; INOSITOL HEXAKISPHOSPHATE; PHOSPHORUS; BIOAVAILABILITY; METABOLISM; MAIZE; CORN; PIGS AB myo-inositol(1,2,3,4,5,6)hexakisphosphate (InsP(6) or 'phytic acid') was first known as the storage form of phosphorus in seeds. Seed-derived dietary lnsP(6) can contribute to iron and zinc deficiency in human populations. Excretion of phytic acid phosphorus' by non-ruminants such as poultry, swine and fish can contribute to water pollution. Sustainable solutions to these important problems might depend on progress in the molecular biology and genetics of lnsP(6) accumulation during seed development. The development of 'low phytate' grain and legume genotypes could help advance our understanding of this biology, and when used in foods and feeds might help to reduce human malnutrition and reduce animal waste phosphorus. C1 USDA ARS, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. RP Raboy, V (reprint author), USDA ARS, 1691 So 2700W,POB 307, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. NR 31 TC 146 Z9 177 U1 3 U2 33 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 1360-1385 J9 TRENDS PLANT SCI JI Trends Plant Sci. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 6 IS 10 BP 458 EP 462 DI 10.1016/S1360-1385(01)02104-5 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 484XK UT WOS:000171714700011 PM 11590064 ER PT J AU Brenneman, RA Chase, CC Coleman, SW AF Brenneman, RA Chase, CC Coleman, SW TI Detection of origin between two bloodlines of Romosinuano cattle using microsatellite screening SO TROPICAL AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE cattle breeds; genetic distance; diversity; genetic markers ID GENETIC-LINKAGE MAP; POLYMORPHIC BOVINE MICROSATELLITE; DINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT POLYMORPHISMS; RAPID COMMUNICATION; CHAIN-REACTION; BOS-INDICUS; MARKERS; GENOME; LOCI; POPULATIONS AB Two primary bloodlines of Romosinuano cattle exist [a Costa Rican (COR) and a Colombian (COL) bloodline] and have been imported for evaluation at the SubTropical Agricultural Research Station (STARS) near Brooksville, Florida, U.S.A. Individuals from the two bloodlines are phenotypically indistinguishable from each other. The objectives of this study were to determine: (1) the presence of detectable genetic variation between the two bloodlines; and, if so, (2) the level of accuracy with which an individual's bloodline of origin could be determined based on genetic markers. Forty-six individuals from each bloodline were screened across 50 microsatellite loci selected by proximity to published quantitative trait loci (QTL), usefulness in previously published genetic distance studies, or chromosomal location maximizing genomic coverage. Unique alleles (n = 67, COR and n = 50, COL) were detected in 46 of the microsatellite systems. Polymorphism information content values (both maximum and average) and average heterozygosities for the 50 systems were: COR, 0.891, 0.752, 0.571; and COL, 0.918, 0.705, 0.579, respectively. The informative nature of these genetic markers facilitated the correct bloodline assignments. C1 USDA ARS, STARS, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Anim Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Chase, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS, STARS, 22271 Chinsegut Hill Rd, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. NR 46 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TROPICAL AGRICULTURE PI ST AUGUSTINE PA UNIV WEST INDIES, FAC OF AGRICULTURE,, ST AUGUSTINE, TRINID & TOBAGO SN 0041-3216 J9 TROP AGR JI Trop. Agric. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 78 IS 4 BP 255 EP 262 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 581EB UT WOS:000177277200008 ER PT J AU Panter, KE Mayland, HF Gardner, DR Shewmaker, G AF Panter, KE Mayland, HF Gardner, DR Shewmaker, G TI Beef cattle losses after grazing Lupinus argenteus (silvery lupine) SO VETERINARY AND HUMAN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CROOKED CALF DISEASE; NICOTIANA; ALKALOIDS; FORMOSUS; GOATS AB Ten yearling steers weighing 270-360 kg died acutely after eating early seed pod stage Lupinus argenteus (silvery lupine) containing high levels of piperidine alkaloids, including ammodendrine and N-methylammodendrine. Reduced availability of quality feed from range moderately depleted of quality grasses appeared a major factor in causing the cattle to graze lupine. Proximate analysis of whole plant, seed pods and seed showed high levels of crude protein ranging from 16.4 to 48 % for whole plant and seed. Alkaloid ana sis of the whole plant and individual plant parts such as seed and seed pods (30-40 % seed shatter) showed total alkaloid levels ranging from 0.70 to 2.5 % (0.70-2.5 mg/100 mg plant) dry weight. Ammodendrine levels ranged from 0.24% in seed pods with > 70% seed loss to 1.35 % in early growth plant with no seed. N-methylammodendrine levels ranged from 0.38 % in seed pods with > 70 % seed shatter to 1.04 % in pure seed. Other minor alkaloids totaled 0.08 % in seed pods with > 70 % seed shatter to 0.60 % in early growth plant before seed pod formation. These cattle ate an estimated 1.8 g/kg dry weight (486 g to 648 g) of lupine in 24 h. This appears the first report of acute death in cattle associated with piperidine alkaloid-containing Lupinus argenteus. C1 USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID USA. RP Panter, KE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, 1150 E 1400 N, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 23 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU COMPARATIVE TOXICOLOGY LAB PI MANHATTAN PA KANSAS STATE UNIV, MANHATTAN, KS 66506-5606 USA SN 0145-6296 J9 VET HUM TOXICOL JI Vet. Human Toxicol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 43 IS 5 BP 279 EP 282 PG 4 WC Toxicology; Veterinary Sciences SC Toxicology; Veterinary Sciences GA 475GW UT WOS:000171155100006 PM 11577932 ER PT J AU Stegelmeier, BL James, LF Hall, JO Mattix, MT AF Stegelmeier, BL James, LF Hall, JO Mattix, MT TI Neurologic disease in range goats associated with Oxytropis sericea (locoweed) poisoning and water deprivation SO VETERINARY AND HUMAN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INTOXICATION; CATTLE; ASTRAGALUS AB About 200/2500 Spanish goats foraging on mountain rangelands of western Montana developed neurologic disease with severe rear limb weakness, knuckling of the rear fetlocks, and a hopping gait. Sick goats were of all ages and in good flesh, though they often had dull, shaggy coats. Some mildly affected animals recovered after being moved to feed lots, but others progressed to recumbency. seizures and death. At necropsy both moribund and clinically affected animals had few gross lesions; I animal had contusions and puncture wounds on rear legs and perineum, suggestive of predator bites. Histologic lesions included mild vacuolation of neurons and visceral epithelial cells, mild diffuse cerebral edema with minimal neuronal pyknosis, and random, multifocal Wallarian degeneration of spinal cord axons, Affected animals had elevated serum sodium, potassium and chloride levels: other mineral analyses and serum biochemistries were within normal limits. Locoweed-induced depression and inhibition of neuromuscular function coupled with water deprivation due to predation pressure allowed development of neurologic disease and hypernatremia. C1 USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. RP Stegelmeier, BL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, 1150 E 1400 N, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU COMPARATIVE TOXICOLOGY LAB PI MANHATTAN PA KANSAS STATE UNIV, MANHATTAN, KS 66506-5606 USA SN 0145-6296 J9 VET HUM TOXICOL JI Vet. Human Toxicol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 43 IS 5 BP 302 EP 304 PG 3 WC Toxicology; Veterinary Sciences SC Toxicology; Veterinary Sciences GA 475GW UT WOS:000171155100014 PM 11577940 ER PT J AU Li, GX Lillehoj, HS Min, WG AF Li, GX Lillehoj, HS Min, WG TI Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies reactive with the chicken interleukin-15 receptor alpha chain SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE IL-15 receptor; monoclonal antibody; chickens ID ACTIVATED KILLER-CELLS; NATURAL-KILLER; IL-2 RECEPTOR; GROWTH-FACTOR; BETA-CHAIN; IN-VIVO; RHEUMATOID-ARTHRITIS; PROLIFERATION; CYTOKINE; EXPRESSION AB We recently cloned the genes encoding chicken IL-15 and IL-15 receptor (R) or. proteins. In this study, 12 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against recombinant chicken IL-15R alpha were produced and characterized. By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), all mAbs showed binding specificity for IL-15R alpha, but not IL-2 or interferon-gamma, and identified a 25.0 kDa protein by immunoblot analysis. Flow cytometric analysis revealed negligible expression of IL-15Ra on nonactivated lymphocytes from the spleen, thymus or bursa, low but detectable expression on macrophages and high expression on concanavalin A-activated spleen lymphoblasts. Established chicken T cell (RP13) and macrophage (HD11) cell lines expressed substantially higher levels of IL-15R alpha compared with a B cell line Two mAbs inhibited IL-15 dependent proliferation of T cells suggesting that the tertiary structure of the protein domain of native IL-15R alpha that binds to IL-15 is preserved in the recombinant receptor molecule. These mAbs will be useful reagents for further in vitro and in vivo studies of the biological functions of chicken IL-15 and its receptor. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Anim & Nat Resource Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lillehoj, HS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Anim & Nat Resource Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM hlilleho@anri.barc.usda.gov OI Min, Wongi/0000-0003-2437-7366 NR 41 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 82 IS 3-4 BP 215 EP 227 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(01)00359-2 PG 13 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA 488AR UT WOS:000171912300007 PM 11587736 ER PT J AU Lillehoj, HS Min, WG Choi, KD Babu, US Bumside, J Miyamoto, T Rosenthal, BM Lillehoj, EP AF Lillehoj, HS Min, WG Choi, KD Babu, US Bumside, J Miyamoto, T Rosenthal, BM Lillehoj, EP TI Molecular, cellular, and functional characterization of chicken cytokines homologous to mammalian IL-15 and IL-2 SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chickens; cytokine; interleukin-15; interleukin-2; T-cell growth factor ID DELTA T-CELLS; ACTIVATED KILLER-CELLS; MESSENGER-RNA; INTERLEUKIN (IL)-15; GROWTH-FACTOR; BETA-CHAIN; RECEPTOR; EXPRESSION; INDUCTION; LYMPHOKINE AB DNA sequence analysis of a chicken interleukin (IL)-15 cDNA identified a 187 amino acid open reading frame encoding a protein with a predicted molecular weight of 21,964 Da, two potential N-linked glycosylation sites, four highly conserved Cys residues, two out-of-frame AUG initiation codons in the 5' untranslated region, and an unusually long (66 amino acid) signal peptide such that the expected size of the mature protein is 14,462 Da. Chicken IL-15 and IL-2 were compared with regard to their molecular,, cellular, and functional characteristics. The predicted amino acid sequences of both chicken cytokines showed greater homologies with mammalian IL-15s compared with mammalian IL-2s. Nor-them hybridization and RT-PCR demonstrated chicken IL-15 gene transcripts in a wide variety of tissues and cell types while the chicken IL-2 gene was expressed only in concanavalin A (con A)-activated spleen cells. Both recombinant cytokines stimulated the growth of spleen T-cells and enhanced the activity of natural killer (NK) cells in vitro. Subcutaneous injection with an expression plasmid encoding IL-15 increased the percentage of CD3(+) spleen T-lymphocytes whereas injection of an IL-2 cDNA augmented CD3+, CD4(+), CD8(+), T-cell receptor (TCR)1(+), and TCR2(+) T-cells. Collectively, these results indicate that chicken IL-15 and IL-2 are T-cell growth factors potentially capable of enhancing cell-mediated immunity in vivo. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA, Anim & Nat Resource Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. US FDA, Div Sci & Appl Technol, Off Special Nutr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Anim Sci & Agr Biotechnol, Newark, DE 19717 USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Pharm, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. RP Lillehoj, HS (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Nat Resource Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Rosenthal, Benjamin/0000-0002-0224-3773; Min, Wongi/0000-0003-2437-7366 NR 39 TC 62 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 82 IS 3-4 BP 229 EP 244 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(01)00360-9 PG 16 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA 488AR UT WOS:000171912300008 PM 11587737 ER PT J AU Vrugt, JA van Wijk, MT Hopmans, JW Simunek, J AF Vrugt, JA van Wijk, MT Hopmans, JW Simunek, J TI One-, two-, and three-dimensional root water uptake functions for transient modeling SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELS; SOIL-WATER; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; UNSATURATED FLOW; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; EXTRACTION; IRRIGATION; EQUATION; GROWTH; PLANTS AB Although solutions of multidimensional transient water flow can be obtained by numerical modeling, their application may be limited as root water uptake is generally considered to be one- or two-dimensional only. This is especially the case for trees. The first objective of this paper is to test the suitability of a three-dimensional root water uptake model for the simultaneous simulation of transient soil water flow around an almond tree. The soil hydraulic and root water uptake parameters were optimized by minimizing the residuals between measured and simulated water content data. Water content was measured in a three-dimensional grid around a sprinkler-irrigated almond tree for a 16 day period, following irrigation. A second objective was to compare the performance and results of the three-dimensional flow model with one- and two-dimensional root water uptake models. For this purpose, measured water contents were aggregated in the x and y direction in the one-dimensional case and in the radial direction for the two-dimensional uptake model. For the estimation of root water uptake model parameters a genetic algorithm was used to estimate the approximate global minimum of the parameter space, whereas final parameters were determined using the Simplex optimization algorithm. With the optimized root water uptake parameters, simulated and measured water contents during the 16-day period were in excellent agreement for all root water uptake models. Most significantly, the spatial variation in flux density below the rooting zone decreased when reducing multidimensional root water uptake to fewer dimensions, thereby justifying the proposed multidimensional approach. C1 Univ Amsterdam, Inst Biodivers & Ecosyst Dynam, NL-1018 WV Amsterdam, Netherlands. Univ Calif Davis, Hydrol Program, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Hydrol Dept, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, USDA, Salin Lab, Riverside, CA USA. RP Vrugt, JA (reprint author), Univ Amsterdam, Inst Biodivers & Ecosyst Dynam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, NL-1018 WV Amsterdam, Netherlands. RI Vrugt, Jasper/C-3660-2008; Simunek, Jiri/F-3196-2011; OI van Wijk, Mark/0000-0003-0728-8839 NR 47 TC 130 Z9 141 U1 8 U2 43 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 37 IS 10 BP 2457 EP 2470 DI 10.1029/2000WR000027 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 476DQ UT WOS:000171211300002 ER PT J AU Reddy, KN AF Reddy, KN TI Effects of cereal and legume cover crop residues on weeds, yield, and net return in soybean (Glycine max) SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE allelopathy; conventional tillage; herbicide; integrated weed management; mulch; net return; no-tillage; weed emergence; weed biomass ID CORN ZEA-MAYS; SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS; RYE SECALE-CEREALE; SOIL-MOISTURE; HAIRY VETCH; TILLAGE; MANAGEMENT; COTTON; MULCH AB A 2-yr field study was conducted during 1998 and 1999 at Stoneville, MS, on a Dundee silt loam to determine weed control, yield, and net return associated with winter cover crops in soybean. Cover crop systems included Italian ryegrass, oat, rye, wheat, hairy vetch, crimson clover, subterranean clover, no-cover crop conventional tillage (CT), and no-cover crop no-tillage (NT), all with standard preemergence (PRE), postemergence (POST), PRE + POST, and no-herbicide weed management. Oat (11.1 Mg/ha) had highest dry biomass compared to all other cover crops (6.0 to 7.6 Mg/ha) at soybean planting. Biomass decreased 9 wk after planting (WAP) compared to the respective biomass at soybean planting in all cover crops. Italian ryegrass and rye biomass decay was slow and about two-thirds of plant residue persisted at 9 WAR Cover crops had no effect on densities of barnyardgrass, prickly sida, and yellow nutsedge, but altered the density of browntop, millet. Total weed biomass was higher in rye, wheat, and subterranean clover than in Italian ryegrass cover crop systems, and higher with the PRE-only vs. POST-only or PRE + POST programs at 10 WAP soybean. Soybean yield decreased in the order of no-cover crop NT greater than or equal to no-cover crop CT greater than or equal to hairy vetch greater than or equal to crimson clover greater than or equal to rye greater than or equal to oat greater than or equal to wheat greater than or equal to subterranean clover > Italian ryegrass. None of the cover crop systems gave soybean yield higher than the no-cover crop CT system in the absence of herbicides. Under a PRE-only program, all cover crop systems had lower yield compared to the no-cover crop CT system. When late-emerged weeds were controlled with POST applications (POST-only or PRE + POST programs), all cover crops, except Italian ryegrass, had no detrimental effect on soybean yields, which were not different from no-cover crop CT plots. In cover crops., input costs were high due to additional cost of seeds, planting, and desiccation. Net return was highest in no-cover crop NT ($105/ha) followed by no-cover crop CT ($76/ha) system. Net returns were negative for all cover crops and losses were highest in crimson clover (-$62/ha) and subterranean clover (-$161/ha). C1 ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, USDA, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Reddy, KN (reprint author), ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, USDA, POB 350, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 23 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 3 U2 25 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD OCT-DEC PY 2001 VL 15 IS 4 BP 660 EP 668 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2001)015[0660:EOCALC]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 545WT UT WOS:000175241100009 ER PT J AU Sellers, BA Hickman, MV AF Sellers, BA Hickman, MV TI Effects of soil amendments on herbicide efficacy and leaching SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Zea mays ID NO-TILLAGE; ATRAZINE; EROSION; INFILTRATION; METOLACHLOR; GROUNDWATER; ALACHLOR; RUNOFF AB Field experiments were conducted in 1997 and 1998 to evaluate the effects of gypsum (GYP), anionic polyacrylamide (PAM), and dolomitic lime (DL) on atrazine and acetochlor efficacy and leaching. Surface-applied treatments of PAM (20 kg/ha), GYP (1,000 kg/ha), PAM + GYP (20 + 1,000 kg/ha), and DL (1,000 kg/ha), plus an unamended control, were evaluated at two locations, i.e., West Lafayette, IN (sites A and B) and Bourbon, IN (sites C and D). Sites A and C were evaluated in 1997 and 1998, while sites B and D were evaluated only in 1998. West Lafayette experiments were on a Raub silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, mesic, aquic Arguidolls) soil, and Bourbon experiments were on a Rensselaer silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, mesic, Typic Arguidolls) soil. Atrazine and acetochlor efficacy was reduced on GYP-amended plots at site A in 1997 where the total weed density was significantly higher (P = 0.10) compared with all other treatments. The results were not significant at this site in 1998; however, weed density tended to be higher with the GYP treatment. Weed density was significantly higher with DL amendments than with the other treatments at site B in 1998. Weed control was not reduced with any treatment at site C or site D in 1997 and 1998. The very strong weed pressures at these sites may have hidden potential differences. Rainfall within hours of amendment and herbicide application resulted in increased atrazine and acetochlor leaching below 15 cm under GYP-amended plots compared with all the treatments at site C in 1997. Atrazine and acetochlor concentrations in the soil were similar among treatments at all other sites, sampling times, and in both years. The application of GYP increased herbicide leaching only when heavy rainfall occurred immediately after application. C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Sellers, BA (reprint author), Univ Missouri, 200A Waters Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 25 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 4 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD OCT-DEC PY 2001 VL 15 IS 4 BP 686 EP 696 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2001)015[0686:EOSAOH]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 545WT UT WOS:000175241100012 ER PT J AU Story, JM Smith, L Good, WR AF Story, JM Smith, L Good, WR TI Relationship among growth attributes of spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) in Western Montana SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ANCOVA, analysis of covariance; growth-attribute relationships ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; COMPETITION; DIFFUSA AB Spotted knapweed is an important weed of rangeland in the northwestern United States. A study was conducted near Corvallis, MT, during 1992 to 1994 in order to assess the relationship among the growth attributes of spotted knapweed to identify a minimum set of measurable plant characteristics that are representative of spotted knapweed vigor. Spotted knapweed growth attributes that were examined included plant age, root diameter, plant height, number of stems per plant, aboveground biomass, number of capitula (seed heads) per plant, and number of capitula per stem. Spotted knapweed age was positively correlated with root diameter, number of stems per plant, aboveground biomass, and proportion of bolted plants. Most spotted knapweed plants did not bolt until the third or fourth year. Although plant age is not measured easily in the field, it may be useful as a covariate in an analysis of experiments involving plant competition or nonlethal biological control agents. Root diameter can be used as a nondestructive measure of approximate plant age, especially for the first 5 yr of growth. Root diameter was also highly correlated with many growth measurements, including number of capitula per plant and aboveground biomass, which are most relevant to assessing overall plant vigor. Plant height was positively correlated with aboveground biomass, number of capitula per plant, and mean number of capitula per stem. Number of stems per plant was positively correlated with plant height, aboveground biomass, and number of capitula per plant. Aboveground biomass was positively correlated to number of capitula per plant and mean number of capitula per stem. Measurements of root diameter, plant height, and number of stems are easy to perform and should provide a good indication of plant vigor. C1 Montana State Univ, Western Agr Res Ctr, Corvallis, MT 59828 USA. ARS, USDA, No Plains Agr Res Lab, Sidney, MT 59270 USA. RP Story, JM (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Western Agr Res Ctr, Corvallis, MT 59828 USA. NR 20 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 8 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD OCT-DEC PY 2001 VL 15 IS 4 BP 750 EP 761 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2001)015[0750:RAGAOS]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 545WT UT WOS:000175241100020 ER PT J AU Pan, WL Young, FL Bolton, RP AF Pan, WL Young, FL Bolton, RP TI Monitoring Russian thistle (Salsola iberica) root growth using a scanner-based, portable mesorhizotron SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE root development in situ ID MINIRHIZOTRON TECHNIQUE; RHIZOTRON; CORE AB A mesorhizotron and scanning system was modified to study the development of Russian thistle root systems during the 1996 and 1997 growing seasons at Lind, WA. Our imaging equipment combined the full profile images afforded by conventional rhizotrons with the portability of cylinder-based minirhizotron systems at a fraction of the cost of either system. Root development of Russian thistle in early spring was rapid and extensive compared with shoot growth. In 1996, 30 d after planting (DAP) Russian thistle roots were at least five times as long as the corresponding plant's shoots. During the next 20 d, shoots grew a maximum of 20 cm, whereas roots grew a maximum of 120-cm deep. Maximum root elongation rate reached 2 to 3 mm/cm(2) /d at the 70- to 120-cm depths 30 to 50 DAP in 1996 and 55 to 70 DAP in 1997. More than one (multiaxial grouping) Russian thistle root was often observed growing through the same soil channels. After the rapid early season growth, roots began to shrink or die back until shoots were clipped to simulate wheat harvest. Within 7 d after harvest, roots regenerated in old root channels. Our mesorhizotron system is a promising inexpensive tool for monitoring root morphological development of Russian thistle under field conditions. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Young, FL (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 28 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 7 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD OCT-DEC PY 2001 VL 15 IS 4 BP 762 EP 766 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2001)015[0762:MRTSIR]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 545WT UT WOS:000175241100021 ER PT J AU Webster, TM MacDonald, GE AF Webster, TM MacDonald, GE TI A survey of weeds in various crops in Georgia SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE economically important weeds; weed distributions; weed population shifts; weed survey ID PEANUT ARACHIS-HYPOGAEA AB A survey of county extension agents was conducted in 1998 to determine the most troublesome weeds in corn, cotton, forages and pastures, peanut, small grains, soybean, tobacco, and vegetables in Georgia. The most troublesome weed statewide averaged over all crops was sicklepod. It was the most troublesome weed in cotton and soybean and among the four most troublesome weeds in corn, peanut, tobacco, and vegetables. Sicklepod was found in each of the nine climatological districts and in all the crops surveyed. Perennial nutsedge species were the second most troublesome weeds in Georgia. They ranked as the most troublesome weeds in tobacco and vegetables and were among the top five most troublesome weeds in corn, cotton, peanut, and soybean. Pigweed species were ranked third averaged over all the crops surveyed and were the second most troublesome weeds in cotton and vegetables and among the top five most troublesome species in corn, soybean, and tobacco. Morningglory species were listed as troublesome in six of the eight crops surveyed and ranked fourth overall. Similarly, Texas panicum was found in all districts and was the fifth most troublesome weed species. Texas panicum was the most troublesome weed in corn and among the top five most troublesome weeds in peanut, soybean, and tobacco. Florida beggarweed was the most troublesome weed in peanut, the second most troublesome weed in tobacco, and a top-10 weed species in corn, cotton, soybean, and vegetables, resulting in a ranking of sixth overall. Wild radish, large crabgrass, and tropic croton were the seventh through the ninth most troublesome weeds. Wild radish was the most troublesome weed of small grains and the sixth most troublesome weed of vegetables. Large crabgrass was the second most troublesome weed of forages and pastures and was reported in six other crops. Tropic croton was a troublesome weed in seven of the eight crops surveyed and was among the top five most troublesome weeds of cotton and peanut. The 10th most troublesome weed overall was bahiagrass, the most troublesome weed of forages and pastures. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Webster, TM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, POB 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RI Webster, Theodore/A-4468-2009 OI Webster, Theodore/0000-0002-8259-2059 NR 28 TC 64 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 4 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD OCT-DEC PY 2001 VL 15 IS 4 BP 771 EP 790 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2001)015[0771:ASOWIV]2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 545WT UT WOS:000175241100023 ER PT J AU Czarnota, MA Paul, RN Dayan, FE Nimbal, CI Weston, LA AF Czarnota, MA Paul, RN Dayan, FE Nimbal, CI Weston, LA TI Mode of action, localization of production, chemical nature, and activity of sorgoleone: A potent PSII inhibitor in Sorghum spp. root exudates SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium of the Weed-Science-Society-of-America CY FEB 09, 2000 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP Weed Sci Soc Amer DE sorgoleone; root hairs; SORVU; SORHA ID PHYTOTOXICITY; WEEDS AB The root exudates produced by sorghums contain a biologically active constituent known as sorgoleone. Seven sorghum accessions were evaluated for their exudate components. Except for johnsongrass, which yielded 14.8 mg root exudate/g, fresh root wt, sorghum accessions consistently yielded approximately 2 mg root exudate/g fresh root wt. Exudates contained four to six major components, with sorgoleone being the major component (> 85%). Three-dimensional structure analysis was performed to further characterize sorgoleone's mode of action. These studies indicated that sorgoleone required about half the amount of free energy (493.8 kcal/mol) compared to plastoquinone (895.3 kcal/mol) to dock into the Q(8)-binding site of the photosystem II complex of higher plants. Light, cryo-scanning, and transmission electron microscopy were utilized in an attempt to identify the cellular location of root exudate production. From the ultrastructure analysis, it is clear that exudate is being produced in the root hairs and being deposited between the plasmalemma and cell wall. The exact manufacturing and transport mechanism of the root exudate is still unclear. Studies were also conducted on sorgoleone's soil persistence and soil activity. Soil impregnated with sorgoleone had activity against a number of plant species. Recovery rates of sorgoleone-impregnated soil ranged from 85% after 1 h to 45% after 24 h. Growth reduction of 9 14-d-old weed species was observed with foliar applications of sorgoleone. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Hort, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. USDA ARS, SWSRU, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. USDA, ARS, NPURU, University, MS 38667 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Hort, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Czarnota, MA (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Hort, 1109 Expt St, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. RI Weston, Leslie/M-4557-2015; Dayan, Franck/A-7592-2009 OI Weston, Leslie/0000-0002-1029-7982; Dayan, Franck/0000-0001-6964-2499 NR 18 TC 99 Z9 108 U1 3 U2 14 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD OCT-DEC PY 2001 VL 15 IS 4 BP 813 EP 825 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2001)015[0813:MOALOP]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 545WT UT WOS:000175241100028 ER PT J AU Duke, SO Scheffler, BE Dayan, FE Weston, LA Ota, E AF Duke, SO Scheffler, BE Dayan, FE Weston, LA Ota, E TI Strategies for using transgenes to produce allelopathic crops SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium of the Weed-Science-Society-of-America CY FEB 09, 2000 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP Weed Sci Soc Amer DE allelochemical; genetic engineering; phytotoxin; transgene ID SORGHUM-BICOLOR; STRICTOSIDINE SYNTHASE; REGULATORY GENE; STRIGA-ASIATICA; ROOT EXUDATE; EXPRESSION; SORGOLEONE; DEFENSE; PLANTS; MAIZE AB Crop allelopathy has seldom been used effectively by farmers in weed management. Traditional breeding methods have not been successful in producing highly allelopathic crops with good yields. Genetic engineering may have the potential for overcoming this impasse. Crops have been made resistant to insects, pathogens, and herbicides with transgenes, but biotechnology has not produced crops that control weeds with allelochemicals. The strategies for producing allelopathic crops by biotechnology are relatively complex, usually involving multiple genes. One can choose to enhance production of allelochemicals already present in a crop or to impart the production of new compounds. The first strategy involves identification of the allelochemical(s), determination of the enzymes and genes encoding them, and the use of genetic engineering to enhance their production. The latter strategy employs altering existing biochemical pathways by insertions of transgenes to produce new allelochemicals. With either strategy, there are potential problems with tissue-specific promoters, autotoxicity, metabolic imbalances, and proper movement of the allelopathic compound to the rhizosphere. C1 ARS, USDA, University, MS 38677 USA. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Kubota Corp, Ryugasaki, Japan. RP Duke, SO (reprint author), ARS, USDA, POB 8048, University, MS 38677 USA. RI Weston, Leslie/M-4557-2015; Dayan, Franck/A-7592-2009 OI Weston, Leslie/0000-0002-1029-7982; Dayan, Franck/0000-0001-6964-2499 NR 51 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 8 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD OCT-DEC PY 2001 VL 15 IS 4 BP 826 EP 834 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2001)015[0826:SFUTTP]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 545WT UT WOS:000175241100029 ER PT J AU Hoagland, RE AF Hoagland, RE TI Microbial allelochemicals and pathogens as bioherbicidal agents SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium of the Weed-Science-Society-of-America CY FEB 08-09, 2000 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP Weed Sci Soc Amer DE mode of action; rhizobacteria; mycoherbicide; phytopathogen; allelopathy; phytotoxin; natural product; enzyme inhibitor ID JOHNSONGRASS SORGHUM-HALEPENSE; ROUND-LEAVED MALLOW; F-SP MALVAE; VELVETLEAF ABUTILON-THEOPHRASTI; SICKLEPOD CASSIA-OBTUSIFOLIA; JIMSONWEED DATURA-STRAMONIUM; N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE GENE; HOST-SPECIFIC PHYTOTOXIN; BIOLOGICAL WEED-CONTROL; COENZYME-A REDUCTASE AB The initiative to use plant pathogens and allelochemicals from pathogens and other microorganisms as biological weed control agents (bioherbicides) began about 30 yr ago. Since then, numerous plant pathogens (bacteria and fungi) and microbial allelochemicals have been isolated, identified, and tested for their bioherbicidal potential. Pathogens (and in some cases microbial phytotoxins) may be used directly on target weed species, or such allelochemicals may provide unique chemical templates for the synthesis of new herbicide classes with novel molecular modes of action. To date, the most successful microbial products that have led to the development of commercial herbicides are bialaphos (commercially available in Japan) and glufosinate (marketed worldwide). Glufosinate is the ammonium salt of phosphinothricin, which is the active ingredient of bialaphos derived from a nonphytopathogenic Streptomyces species. This overview will examine selected advances in the isolation and identification of novel plant pathogens that have weed hosts, and some microbial allelochemicals with phytotoxic properties. Perspectives on the use of these bioherbicides in weed control, relative to their allelopathic interactions with plants will be discussed. C1 USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Hoagland, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, POB 350, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 289 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 9 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X EI 1550-2740 J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD OCT-DEC PY 2001 VL 15 IS 4 BP 835 EP 857 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2001)015[0835:MAAPAB]2.0.CO;2 PG 23 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 545WT UT WOS:000175241100030 ER PT J AU Smith, JP Hoffman, JT AF Smith, JP Hoffman, JT TI Site and stand characteristics related to white pine blister rust in high-elevation forests of southern Idaho and western Wyoming SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Biennial Scientific Conference on the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem CY OCT, 1999 CL YELLOWSTONE NATL PK, WYOMING DE white pine; whitebark pine; limber pine; white pine blister rust; Cronartium ribicola; tree diseases; Rocky Mountain forests; subalpine forests AB Successful infection of white pine species by white pine blister rust (WPBR) is contingent upon environmental conditions that are favorable to the spread and development of Cronartium ribicola. Site and stand factors related to this process have been studied elsewhere within the distribution of the disease, but few studies have concentrated on the high-elevation white pine forests of southern Idaho and western Wyoming. We found that mean summer precipitation, average tree diameter, and elevation were the most important variables in 3 logistic regression models of WPBR presence and intensity. The models were tested on a randomly chosen portion of our data set. The model with 9 variables correctly predicted categories of low-, moderate-, and high-disease incidence in 79% of cases. The 2 models with fewer variables had lower predictive efficiencies but were more parsimonious and generally easy to measure. The ability to use easily measured or remotely sensed site and stand characteristics to predict WPBR spread or intensification could be an important asset to land managers who need to decide where to focus disease mitigation efforts and predict disease effects on water quality, wildlife habitat, recreation potential, and other land-management activities. C1 No Arizona Univ, Sch Forestry, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Hlth Protect, Boise, ID 83709 USA. RP Smith, JP (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, Sch Forestry, POB 15018, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. NR 33 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 11 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD OCT PY 2001 VL 61 IS 4 BP 409 EP 416 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 497DD UT WOS:000172436700004 ER PT J AU Rowland, DL Beals, L Chaudhry, AA Evans, AS Grodeska, LS AF Rowland, DL Beals, L Chaudhry, AA Evans, AS Grodeska, LS TI Physiological, morphological, and environmental variation among geographically isolated cottonwood (Populus Deltoides) populations in New Mexico SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Rio Grande; Populus deltoides; ecophysiology; soil salinity; groundwater; cottonwood ID SPATIAL GENETIC-STRUCTURE; WATER-USE EFFICIENCY; DECIDUOUS FOREST; GAS-EXCHANGE; GROWTH; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; DECLINE; CLONES; POPLAR; RESPONSES AB The ability of a plant population to respond and eventually adapt to environmental stress ultimately determines that population's survival. This becomes especially significant in environments where important plant resource levels have radically decreased. Southwestern riparian areas have numerous plant species that are experiencing radical changes in water availability due to construction of dams, and thus their ability to respond to such changes is critical. One such species likely to be greatly affected by these hydrological changes is Populus deltoides var. wislizenii (cottonwood) because it relies heavily on both groundwater and river surface volume as primary water sources. Both water sources have been extremely impacted by impoundments along Southwestern rivers. To understand how New Mexico populations of cottonwood may respond to environmental changes, we quantified environmental differences and characterized physiological and morphological variation among 4 cottonwood populations. Significant differences among study sites in water availability were indicated by both soil and groundwater salinity. The northernmost site, at Abiquiu, had the highest salinity levels in both soil and groundwater, followed by Bernardo, while San Antonio and Corrales sites had the lowest soil salinity. As expected, variation in physiological and leaf morphological characters existed among and within the tree populations, most likely in response to environmental factors. Midday xylem pressure potentials indicated that Abiquiu individuals suffered the greatest water stress and they also had the highest transpiration levels. Because of high specific leaf weights and high photosynthetic levels. cottonwoods at Corrales may better mitigate lower water availability. Such physiological and morphological trait variability among populations is ecologically important and may be of use in present reclamation and conservation efforts in these areas. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Peanut Res Lab, Dawson, GA 31742 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Rowland, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Peanut Res Lab, 1011 Forester Dr SE, Dawson, GA 31742 USA. NR 43 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 12 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD OCT PY 2001 VL 61 IS 4 BP 452 EP 462 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 497DD UT WOS:000172436700009 ER PT J AU Wang, XP Ross, RJ McClellan, M Barbour, RJ Erickson, JR Forsman, JW McGinnis, GD AF Wang, XP Ross, RJ McClellan, M Barbour, RJ Erickson, JR Forsman, JW McGinnis, GD TI Nondestructive evaluation of standing trees with a stress wave method SO WOOD AND FIBER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE nondestructive evaluation; trees; stress wave; modulus of elasticity; modulus of rupture ID BIOLOGICALLY DEGRADED WOOD; HIGHER NATURAL FREQUENCY; STRENGTH PROPERTIES; AKITA PREFECTURE; ELASTICITY MOE; RUPTURE MOR; LUMBER; LOGS; MODULUS; PILE AB The primary objective of this study was to investigate the usefulness of a stress wave technique for evaluating wood strength and stiffness of young-growth western hemlock and Sitka spruce in standing trees. A secondary objective was to determine if the effects of silvicultural practices on wood quality can be identified using this technique, Stress wave measurements were conducted on 168 young-growth western hemlock and Sitka spruce trees. After in situ measurements. a 0.61-m-long bole section in the test span was taken from 56 felled trees to obtain small, clear wood specimens. Stress wave and static bending tests were then performed on these specimens to determine strength and stiffness. Results of this study indicate that in situ stress wave measurements could provide relatively accurate and reliable information that would enable nondestructive evaluation of wood properties in standing trees. The mean values of stress wave speed and dynamic modulus of elasticity for trees agreed with those determined from small, clear wood specimens, Statistical regression analyses revealed good correlations between stress wave properties of trees and static bending properties of small, clear wood specimens obtained from the trees. Regression models showed statistical significance at the 0.01 confidence level. Results of this study also demonstrate that the effect of silvicultural practices on wood properties can be identified with the stress wave properties of trees. This indicates that this nondestructive stress wave technique can be used to track property changes in trees and help determine how forests could be managed to meet desired wood and fiber qualities. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, PNW Res Stn, Juneau Forestry Sci Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. US Forest Serv, PNW Res Stn, USDA, Portland Forestry Sci Lab, Portland, OR 97208 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Illinois State Univ, Grad Sch, Normal, IL 61790 USA. RP Wang, XP (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 17 TC 69 Z9 80 U1 4 U2 10 PU SOC WOOD SCI TECHNOL PI MADISON PA ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 USA SN 0735-6161 J9 WOOD FIBER SCI JI Wood Fiber Sci. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 33 IS 4 BP 522 EP 533 PG 12 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Textiles SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 481JT UT WOS:000171516700002 ER PT J AU Williams, RS Miller, R Gangstad, J AF Williams, RS Miller, R Gangstad, J TI Characteristics of ten tropical hardwoods from certified forests in Bolivia part I weathering characteristics and dimensional change SO WOOD AND FIBER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE wood properties; weathering; density; growth rate; erosion rate; flat-grain; vertical-grain; durability; natural durability ID WOOD AB Ten tropical hardwoods from Bolivia were evaluated for weathering performance (erosion rate, dimensional stability, warping, surface checking, and splitting). The wood species were Amburana cearensis (roble), Anadenanthera macrocarpa (curupau), Aspidosperma cylindrocarpon (jichituriqui), Astronium urundeuva (cuchi), Caesalpinia cf. pluviosa (momoqui), Diplotropis purpurea (sucupira), Guibourtia chodatiana (sirari). Phyllostylon rhamnoides (cuta). Schinopsis cf. quebracho-colorado (soto), and Tabebuia spp. (lapacho group) (tajibo or ipe). Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah) from Australia and Tectona grandis (teak), both naturally grown from Burma and plantation-grown from Central America. were included in the study for comparison. The dimensional change for the species from Bolivia. commensurate with a change in relative humidity (RH) from 30% to 90%, varied from about 1.6% and 2.0% (radial and tangential directions) for Amburana cearensis to 2.2% and 4.1% (radial and tangential) for Anadenanthera macrocarpa. The dimensional change for teak was 1.3% and 2.5% (radial and tangential) for the same change in relative humidity. None of the Bolivian species was completely free of warp or surface checks; however, Anadenanthera macrocarpa, Aspidosperma crlindrocarpon. and Schinopsis cf. quebracho-colorado performed almost as well as teak. The erosion rate of several of the wood species was considerably slower than that of teak, and there was little correlation between wood density and erosion rate. Part 2 of this report will include information on the decay resistance (natural durability) of these species. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Williams, RS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 17 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC WOOD SCI TECHNOL PI MADISON PA ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 USA SN 0735-6161 J9 WOOD FIBER SCI JI Wood Fiber Sci. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 33 IS 4 BP 618 EP 626 PG 9 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Textiles SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 481JT UT WOS:000171516700009 ER PT J AU Miller-Ihli, NJ AF Miller-Ihli, NJ TI Walter Slavin: scientist, mentor and friend SO SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART B-ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 ARS, USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Miller-Ihli, NJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0584-8547 J9 SPECTROCHIM ACTA B JI Spectroc. Acta Pt. B-Atom. Spectr. PD SEP 30 PY 2001 VL 56 IS 9 SI SI BP 1501 EP 1502 DI 10.1016/S0584-8547(01)00271-3 PG 2 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 482HY UT WOS:000171571800009 ER PT J AU Miller-Ihli, NJ Baker, SA AF Miller-Ihli, NJ Baker, SA TI Microhomogeneity assessments using ultrasonic slurry sampling coupled with electrothermal vaporization isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry SO SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART B-ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE ultrasonic slurry sampling; electrothermal vaporization; inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; USS-ETV-ICP-MS; homogeneity; isotope dilution ID ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; GEOLOGICAL-MATERIALS; ANALYTE TRANSPORT; ICP-MS; HOMOGENEITY; COPPER; GFAAS AB Ultrasonic slurry sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (USS-ETV-ICP-MS) is a very powerful technique for the direct analysis of solid materials prepared as slurries. The use of isotope dilution USS-ETV-ICP-MS (USS-ETV-ID-ICP-MS) for micro-homogeneity characterization studies of powdered reference materials based on elemental analyses, was investigated. Slurry analysis conditions were optimized taking into consideration density, particle size, analyte extraction, slurry mixing, analyte transport and sampling depth. Slurries were prepared using 1-20 mg of material and adding 1.0 ml of 5% nitric acid diluent containing 0.005% Triton X-100((R)). Three reference materials were analyzed (RM 8431a Mixed Diet, SRM 1548a Typical Diet and SRM 2709 San Joaquin Soil). Cu and Ni were determined in each material and Fe was also determined in RM 8431a Mixed Diet. ETV conditions were optimized and the benefit of using Pd as a carrier to enhance transport, combined with oxygen ashing was demonstrated. The accuracy of the method was verified by comparing analytical results with certified values. The precision of the method was demonstrated by comparing R.S.D.'s for slurry samples and aqueous standards and elemental 'homogeneity' was quantified based on the slurry sampling variability. The representative sample mass analyzed was calculated taking into consideration extraction of analyte into the liquid phase of the slurry. Representative sample masses of approximately 4 mg of RM 8431a. provided slurry sampling variabilities of 10% or less for Cu, Fe and Ni. Representative sample masses of approximately 10 mg of SRM 1548a provided slurry sampling variabilities of approximately 10% for Cu and Ni. Representative sample masses of approximately 0.3 mg of SRM 2709 resulted in total analytical variabilities of less than 7%, highlighting the fact that the San Joaquin Soil is clearly the most homogeneous of the materials characterized. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Agr Res Serv, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Miller-Ihli, NJ (reprint author), USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Agr Res Serv, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 31 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0584-8547 J9 SPECTROCHIM ACTA B JI Spectroc. Acta Pt. B-Atom. Spectr. PD SEP 30 PY 2001 VL 56 IS 9 SI SI BP 1673 EP 1686 DI 10.1016/S0584-8547(01)00273-7 PG 14 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 482HY UT WOS:000171571800019 ER PT J AU Medina, MB AF Medina, MB TI Binding of collagen I to Escherichia coli O157 : H7 and inhibition by carrageenans SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Escherichia coli O157 : H7; SPR biosensor attachment; inhibition; collagen I; carrageenan ID SURFACE-PLASMON RESONANCE; STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS; FIBRONECTIN BINDING; LAMININ; STRAINS; DISEASE; BIACORE; ADHESIN AB Research at USDA attempts to eliminate or reduce Escherichia coli contamination in meat and poultry foods by understanding the attachment mechanisms. This study utilizes a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor to determine the interactions of the immobilized E. coli O157:H7 surface with collagen I and selected polysaccharides. The binding and dissociation kinetics of collagen I with E. coli surface molecules had a mean affinity constant (K) of 3 x 10(8) (M-1) while the dissociation rate was 4.4 x 10(-5) (s(-1)). Using the SPR biosensor, carrageenan, sodium alginate and pectin were evaluated for their interactions with collagen I and the E. coli surface. Results showed 89% to 100% inhibition by carrageenans and about 50% by sodium alginate and less than 10% by pectin. The biosensor binding studies were augmented by the scanning electron microscopy studies, which also showed the attachment of E. coli to the collagen fibrils of the bovine tissues. These studies serve as the basis for developing new strategies to block bacterial attachment or detach pathogens from animal carcasses. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Medina, MB (reprint author), ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 29 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1605 J9 INT J FOOD MICROBIOL JI Int. J. Food Microbiol. PD SEP 28 PY 2001 VL 69 IS 3 BP 199 EP 208 DI 10.1016/S0168-1605(01)00497-4 PG 10 WC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA 479DC UT WOS:000171387800004 PM 11603857 ER PT J AU Powell, M Ebel, E Schlosser, W AF Powell, M Ebel, E Schlosser, W TI Considering uncertainty in comparing the burden of illness due to foodborne microbial pathogens SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE comparative risk assessment; uncertainty; E. coli O157 : H7 AB The uncertainty attendant to burden-of-illness estimates should be taken into account in comparing the public health impact of different foodborne pathogens. In this paper, decision analysis concepts are applied to the comparisons of pathogen-specific burden-of-illness estimates. In situations wherein the magnitude of uncertainty varies, the rank order of pathogen-specific burden-of-illness estimates is sensitive to the decisional criteria applied. To illustrate the magnitude of attendant uncertainty in pathogen-specific foodborne-illness estimates, probabilistic risk assessment methods are used to characterize the uncertainty regarding the burden of illness due to Escherichia coli O157:H7. The magnitude of uncertainty about the burden of food-related illness due to E. coli O157:H7 is substantial, ranging from less than 50,000 to more than 120,000 cases/year. This example underscores the importance of considering the uncertainty attendant to burden-of-illness estimates in comparing the public health impacts of different pathogens. Although some would argue that the expected value of the number of illnesses provides the "best estimate" for decision-making, this merely reflects a decision-making rule of convention and not a scientific truism. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA, Off Risk Assessment & Cost Benefit Anal, Washington, DC 20250 USA. US Food Safety & Inspect Serv, USDA, Ft Collins, CO USA. US Food Safety & Inspect Serv, USDA, College Stn, TX USA. RP Powell, M (reprint author), USDA, Off Risk Assessment & Cost Benefit Anal, SW 5248 S Ag Bldg,1400 Independence Ave, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 13 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1605 J9 INT J FOOD MICROBIOL JI Int. J. Food Microbiol. PD SEP 28 PY 2001 VL 69 IS 3 BP 209 EP 215 DI 10.1016/S0168-1605(01)00495-0 PG 7 WC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA 479DC UT WOS:000171387800005 PM 11603858 ER PT J AU Taormina, PJ Niemira, BA Beuchat, LR AF Taormina, PJ Niemira, BA Beuchat, LR TI Inhibitory activity of honey against foodborne pathogens as influenced by the presence of hydrogen peroxide and level of antioxidant power SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE honey; foodborne pathogens; antioxidant power; hydrogen peroxide ID NEW-ZEALAND HONEYS; ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; MANUKA HONEY; ORIGIN; COMPONENTS AB Antimicrobial activity of honey has been attributed to hydrogen peroxide, which is produced by naturally occurring glucose oxidase, and phenolic compounds, although lethality of and inhibition by these and other components against microorganisms vary greatly, depending on the floral source of nectar. This study was undertaken to compare honeys from six floral sources for their inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella sonnei, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus. A disc assay revealed that development of zones of inhibition of growth depends on the type and concentration of honey, as well as the test pathogen. Growth of B. cereus was least affected. The inhibition of growth of S. sonnei, L. monocytogenes, and S. aureus in 25% solutions of honeys was reduced by treating solutions with catalase, indicating that hydrogen peroxide contributes to antimicrobial activity. Darker colored honeys were generally more inhibitory than light colored honeys. Darker honeys also contained higher antioxidant power. Since antimicrobial activity of the darker colored test honeys was not eliminated by catalase treatment, non-peroxide components such as antioxidants. may contribute to controlling the growth of some foodborne pathogens. The antibacterial properties of honeys containing hydrogen peroxide and characterized by a range of antioxidant power need to be validated using model food systems. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Georgia, Ctr Food SAfety & Qual Enhancement, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. ARS, Food Safety Unit, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Beuchat, LR (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Ctr Food SAfety & Qual Enhancement, Dept Food Sci & Technol, 1109 Expt St, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. NR 27 TC 112 Z9 122 U1 5 U2 33 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1605 J9 INT J FOOD MICROBIOL JI Int. J. Food Microbiol. PD SEP 28 PY 2001 VL 69 IS 3 BP 217 EP 225 DI 10.1016/S0168-1605(01)00505-0 PG 9 WC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA 479DC UT WOS:000171387800006 PM 11603859 ER PT J AU Lee, H Stabel, JR Kehrli, ME AF Lee, H Stabel, JR Kehrli, ME TI Cytokine gene expression in ileal tissues of cattle infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mycobacterium paratuberculosis; cytokine genes; cattle ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; GAMMA-INTERFERON; JOHNES-DISEASE; FACTOR-ALPHA; TUBERCULOSIS; INTERLEUKIN-6; MACROPHAGES; CELLS; LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES AB Cytokine gene expression in ileal tissues of cattle infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was evaluated. The effects of infection with M. paratuberculosis on cytokine production may influence immune regulation at the site of colonization, resulting in the chronic inflammatory state associated with the latter stages of this disease. Ileal samples were obtained at necropsy from noninfected control cows (n = 8) and clinically infected cows (n = 7) and processed for immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Cows infected with M. paratuberculosis were in the latter stages of disease with clinical signs such as weight loss, watery diarrhea, and inappetence. Among cytokines we studied, interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), IL-1 beta, IL-6, and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were expressed significantly more in infected animals than in noninfected control animals. The expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), however, was not different between the two groups of cattle. In addition, immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that the number of resident macrophages in the ileum of infected animals was three times greater than that of noninfected cows. In contrast to this, ileal tissues from noninfected control animals contained 1.5 times more neutrophils than the ileal tissues from cows infected with M. paratuberculosis. These data demonstrate that localized Heal cytokine production is different between cows chronically infected with M. paratuberculosis and noninfected control cows. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Periparturient Dis Cattle Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Pfizer Inc, Terre Haute, IN 47808 USA. RP Stabel, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 26 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD SEP 28 PY 2001 VL 82 IS 1-2 BP 73 EP 85 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(01)00340-3 PG 13 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA 477GE UT WOS:000171274300006 PM 11557295 ER PT J AU McDonald, M Mavrodi, DV Thomashow, LS Floss, HG AF McDonald, M Mavrodi, DV Thomashow, LS Floss, HG TI Phenazine biosynthesis in Pseudomonas fluorescens: Branchpoint from the primary shikimate biosynthetic pathway and role of phenazine-1,6-dicarboxylic acid SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ANTHRANILATE; GENES C1 Univ Washington, Dept Chem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Root Dis & Biol Control Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Thomashow, LS (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Chem, Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RI Mavrodi, Dmitri/J-2745-2013 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI20264] NR 27 TC 71 Z9 74 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 26 PY 2001 VL 123 IS 38 BP 9459 EP 9460 DI 10.1021/ja011243+ PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 475NC UT WOS:000171169700036 PM 11562236 ER PT J AU King, TJ Dobrinsky, JR Bracken, J McCorquodale, C Wilmut, I AF King, TJ Dobrinsky, JR Bracken, J McCorquodale, C Wilmut, I TI Ovulated pig oocyte production using transcutaneous ultrasonography to determine ovulation time SO VETERINARY RECORD LA English DT Article C1 Roslin Inst Edinburgh, Dept Gene Express & Dev, Roslin EH25 9PS, Midlothian, Scotland. ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP King, TJ (reprint author), Roslin Inst Edinburgh, Dept Gene Express & Dev, Roslin EH25 9PS, Midlothian, Scotland. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU BRITISH VETERINARY ASSOC PI LONDON PA 7 MANSFIELD ST, LONDON W1M 0AT, ENGLAND SN 0042-4900 J9 VET REC JI Vet. Rec. PD SEP 22 PY 2001 VL 149 IS 12 BP 362 EP 363 PG 2 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 484FF UT WOS:000171679000009 PM 11594383 ER PT J AU Hudak, AT Wessman, CA AF Hudak, AT Wessman, CA TI Textural analysis of high resolution imagery to quantify bush encroachment in Madikwe Game Reserve, South Africa, 1955-1996 SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID SAVANNA; VEGETATION; DYNAMICS; KENYA; TREE AB Fire suppression associated with decades of cattle grazing can result in bush encroachment in savannas. Textural analyses of historical, high resolution gh images was used to characterize bush densities across a South African study landscape. A control site, where vegetation was assumed to have changed minimally for the duration of the image record (1955-1996), was used to standardize textural values between multidate images. Standardized textural values were then converted to estimates of percent woody canopy cover using a simple linear regression model. Results indicate a 30% relative increase in percent woody cover between 1955 and 1996. C1 Univ Colorado, Ctr Study Earth Space, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Environm Populat & Organism Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Hudak, AT (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 20 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 11 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD SEP 20 PY 2001 VL 22 IS 14 BP 2731 EP 2740 DI 10.1080/01431160119030 PG 10 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 473DC UT WOS:000171023800004 ER PT J AU Hake, S AF Hake, S TI Plant biology - Mobile protein signals cell fate SO NATURE LA English DT Editorial Material ID ARABIDOPSIS ROOT; RADIAL ORGANIZATION C1 ARS, Plant Gene Express Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Hake, S (reprint author), ARS, Plant Gene Express Ctr, USDA, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD SEP 20 PY 2001 VL 413 IS 6853 BP 261 EP 264 DI 10.1038/35095143 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 473KB UT WOS:000171040500021 PM 11565012 ER PT J AU Torrence, ME AF Torrence, ME TI Activities to address antimicrobial resistance in the United States SO PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the Society-for-Veterinary-Epidemiology-and-Preventive-Medicine CY MAR 29-31, 2000 CL UNIV EDINBURGH, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND SP Univ Edinburgh, Off Int Epizooties, Lothian Enterprise Ltd, Edinburgh Enterprise Ltd HO UNIV EDINBURGH DE antibiotic resistance; agriculture; surveillance; veterinary medicine; drug use ID STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS; EMERGENCE AB Antimicrobials are essential for the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Subtherapeutic antimicrobials have been used as growth promoters for >40 years. The subject of antimicrobial resistance is not new but has gained increasing attention due to public-health concerns about multi-resistant pathogenic organisms. Numerous United States' activities do exist to address antimicrobial resistance. A surveillance system thc National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System) was established in 1996 to monitor changes over time in resistance for 17 antibiotics in humans and animals. Educational campaigns have been created to promote the judicious therapeutic use of antimicrobials. Producer groups are developing guidelines for judicious therapeutic antimicrobial use for their prospective species. Basic and applied research programs are being expanded to answer many of the unsolved questions regarding development, persistence, and transmission of antimicrobial resistance. This paper focuses on a federal inter-agency public-health action plan to combat antimicrobial resistance; the plan was released for public comment in 2000. This plan addresses goals and actions to combat antimicrobial resistance in humans and agriculture in four areas: surveillance; research; prevention and control; product development. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA, CSREES, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Torrence, ME (reprint author), USDA, CSREES, AgBox 2220,1400 Independence Ave SW, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 16 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-5877 J9 PREV VET MED JI Prev. Vet. Med. PD SEP 20 PY 2001 VL 51 IS 1-2 BP 37 EP 49 DI 10.1016/S0167-5877(01)00205-7 PG 13 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 472GF UT WOS:000170974800004 PM 11530193 ER PT J AU Shireley, L Dwelle, T Streitz, D Schuler, L AF Shireley, L Dwelle, T Streitz, D Schuler, L CA CDC TI Human anthrax associated with an epizootic among livestock - North Dakota, 2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 50, pg 677-680, 2001) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 N Dakota Dept Hlth, Bismarck, ND 58505 USA. N Dakota Dept Agr, Bismarck, ND USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Washington, DC USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Br, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Shireley, L (reprint author), N Dakota Dept Hlth, Bismarck, ND 58505 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD SEP 19 PY 2001 VL 286 IS 11 BP 1307 EP 1308 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 473DJ UT WOS:000171024500009 ER PT J AU Weimer, PJ Abrams, SM AF Weimer, PJ Abrams, SM TI In vitro fermentation of polydextrose by bovine ruminal microorganisms SO ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fermentation; gas production; polydextrose; rumen; starch; VFA ID CALORIC UTILIZATION; ENERGY VALUE; GAS; DISPOSITION; DEGRADATION; DIGESTION; CELLULOSE; INVITRO; RATS AB Polydextrose (PD) is a synthetic additive to human foods that has many physical properties of fat, but is poorly metabolized by nonruminant animals. PD was fermented in vitro by mixed ruminal microorganisms, but the kinetics of the fermentation were complex and varied with different ruminal inocula. Gas production during digestion of PD was described by a two-pool digestion model. One pool, which contained 20-47% of the substrate, was fermented without a lag period and at rates similar to that of purified potato starch or corn starch. The second pool was fermented considerably more slowly than was cellulose. The acetate/propionate ratio in products of PD fermentation ranged from 2.7 to 3.5. Growth rate of Selenomonas ruminantium D was higher on PD than on starches, while the reverse was true for Streptococcus bovis JB1, Prevotella ruminicola B(1)4, and butyrivibrio fibrisolvens H17c. For all four strains, the low final culture densities obtained suggest that only a fraction of PD was utilized. The fermentation properties of PD suggest that this material. even if available at competitive prices, is a not an effective substitute for starch in ruminant feeds. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bacteriol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Nutr Professionals Inc, Hortonville, WI 54944 USA. RP Weimer, PJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, 1925 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-8401 J9 ANIM FEED SCI TECH JI Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. PD SEP 17 PY 2001 VL 93 IS 1-2 BP 115 EP 123 DI 10.1016/S0377-8401(01)00256-5 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 473RP UT WOS:000171062100009 ER PT J AU Wang, S Panter, KE Evans, RC Bunch, TD AF Wang, S Panter, KE Evans, RC Bunch, TD TI The effects of pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) on bovine oocyte maturation and embryo development in vitro SO ANIMAL REPRODUCTION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bovine; embryo development; in vitro maturation; phytohemagglutinin; pokeweed mitogen ID BLASTOCYSTS; EXPRESSION; SELECTION; CULTURE AB The effects of two commonly used cell culture mitogens, pokeweed (PWM) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) on bovine oocyte maturation in vitro (IVM) and preimplantation embryo development in vitro were evaluated by randomized complete block experimental design with three treatments, Effects were measured by quantifying subsequent embryo development. Oocyte maturation was adversely affected by PWM-containing medium as indicated by a decrease in cleavage rate and subsequent embryo development to morula and blastocyst stages. Embryo developmental competence was also adversely affected by PWM. Development in PHA-containing medium was significantly better (P < 0.05) than in the PWM treatment. although there was no difference (P > 0.05) when compared to Control. We conclude that there are no beneficial effects in adding mitogenic agents to culture medium to enhance in vitro embryo production and development. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Anim Dairy & Vet Sci, Logan, UT 84322 USA. USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. RP Wang, S (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Anim Dairy & Vet Sci, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 17 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4320 J9 ANIM REPROD SCI JI Anim. Reprod. Sci. PD SEP 15 PY 2001 VL 67 IS 3-4 BP 215 EP 220 DI 10.1016/S0378-4320(01)00122-1 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Reproductive Biology SC Agriculture; Reproductive Biology GA 473RM UT WOS:000171061900008 PM 11530267 ER PT J AU Winslow, JC Hunt, ER Piper, SC AF Winslow, JC Hunt, ER Piper, SC TI A globally applicable model of daily solar irradiance estimated from air temperature and precipitation data SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE solar irradiance; atmospheric transmittance; relative humidity; atmospheric vapor pressure; daily temperature range; photosynthetically active radiation; Bristow-Campbell equation ID FOREST EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; MINIMUM TEMPERATURE; RADIATION; CLIMATE; GROWTH; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; ALGORITHM; HUMIDITY; TERRAIN; SCALE AB Although not measured at many ground stations, the total daily solar irradiance (R.) received at the earth's surface is a critical component of ecosystem carbon, water and energy processes. Methods of estimating R, from other meteorological data, particularly daily temperatures, have not worked as well in tropical and maritime areas. At Luquillo, Puerto Rico, the daily atmospheric transmittance for solar radiation was approximately equal to one minus the daily-average relative humidity (1 - rh(ave)). From these observations, we developed a model (VP-RAD) for estimation of R, with inputs of daily maximum and minimum air temperature. daily total precipitation, mean annual temperature, mean annual temperature range, site latitude, and site elevation. VP-RAD performed well over large areas; it showed a good agreement with the site data used for model development and for seven other warm, humid locations in the southeastern United States. Comparisons with a similar model revealed that predictions using VP-RAD had lower average errors and improved day-to-day correlation to measured solar irradiance. In a global comparison for the year 1987, VP-RAD-estimated and satellite-derived photosynthetically active radiation converged to within 1.0 MJ m(-2) day(-1) at 72% of the 13072 1 degrees latitude by 1 degrees longitude vegetated grid cells. Although these comparisons revealed areas where VP-RAD may need improvement, VP-RAD should be a useful tool for applications globally. In addition, VP-RAD's similarity in form to the Bristow-Campbell equation provides a convenient method to calculate the site-specific coefficients for this model that is widely used when solar irradiance data are not available. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Bot, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Hunt, ER (reprint author), USDA ARS, BARC W, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Bldg 007,Room 104,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 44 TC 73 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD SEP 15 PY 2001 VL 143 IS 3 BP 227 EP 243 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00341-6 PG 17 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 481DY UT WOS:000171505700006 ER PT J AU Lundquist, JE Klopfenstein, NB AF Lundquist, JE Klopfenstein, NB TI Integrating concepts of landscape ecology with the molecular biology of forest pathogens SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE forest diseases; molecular markers; metapopulations ID RUSTS CRONARTIUM-FLACCIDUM; COMPETITIVE-PRIMING PCR; INTERGROUP GENE FLOW; PINE BLISTER RUST; F SP FUSIFORME; HETEROBASIDION-ANNOSUM; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; INTERSTERILITY GROUPS; PERIDERMIUM-PINI; RFLP ANALYSIS AB Increasingly more research has focused on characterizing diversity within forest pathogen populations using molecular markers but few studies have characterized features of the landscape that help created or maintain this diversity. Forest diseases commonly occur in patchy distributions across natural landscapes which can be reflected in the genetic composition of the fragmented pathogen populations. This metapopulation structure has seldom been, examined by forest pathologists but we believe it offers a potential means to understand the genetic ecology of pathogens in natural landscapes. Molecular markers can be used to detect, identify, and measure detailed differences among subpopulations of forest pathogens. Geographical information systems, spatial analysis and modeling, digital imagery of remotely sensed images, and other tools of landscape ecology provide the means to detect and interpret patterns associated with genotypic asymmetry. Integrating the tools and concepts of molecular biology and landscape ecology by focusing on metapopulation disease phenomena offers a way of conceptually linking molecules and ecosystems. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Forest Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Lundquist, JE (reprint author), USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Forest Serv, 240 Prospect Rd, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 56 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD SEP 15 PY 2001 VL 150 IS 3 BP 213 EP 222 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00566-1 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 465FF UT WOS:000170578400002 ER PT J AU Blaylock, RB Overstreet, RM Klich, MA AF Blaylock, RB Overstreet, RM Klich, MA TI Mycoses in red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) caused by two deuteromycete fungi (Penicillium corylophilum and Cladosporium sphaerospermum) SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Penicillium corylophilum; Cladosporium sphaerospermum; Lutjanus campechanus; Fundulus grandis; mycoses; aquaculture; swim bladder; kidney; histopathology ID INFECTION; FISH; ATLANTIC; SALMON AB We report two species of deuteromycete fungi (Penicillium corylophilum and Cladosporium sphaerospermum) concurrently infecting the swim bladder and posterior kidney and causing erratic behavior in two specimens of wild-caught, tank-held red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus). Lesions produced by both species infiltrated the immediately surrounding tissue and produced severe pathological changes; however, the infection apparently was not systemic. Only P. corylophilum? grew in the initial culture from the swim bladder and only C. sphaerospermum grew in the initial culture from the kidney. Infection may have occurred upon penetration of a syringe to deflate the swim bladder. There was no horizontal transmission to 13 other specimens of red snapper held in the same tank. This suggests that these fungi are not primary pathogens. Injection of each species into various sites in the Gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis, failed to produce infections within 1 month, suggesting differences in susceptibility among species. C1 Univ So Mississippi, Coll Marine Sci, Gulf Coast Res Lab, Ocean Springs, MS 39566 USA. ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Blaylock, RB (reprint author), Univ So Mississippi, Coll Marine Sci, Gulf Coast Res Lab, Ocean Springs, MS 39566 USA. NR 24 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD SEP 15 PY 2001 VL 460 BP 221 EP 228 DI 10.1023/A:1013124214166 PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 511DJ UT WOS:000173249100021 ER PT J AU Eckhardt, K Arnold, JG AF Eckhardt, K Arnold, JG TI Automatic calibration of a distributed catchment model SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE distributed models; calibration; parameter estimation; SWAT; SCE-UA ID RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELS; GLOBAL OPTIMIZATION AB Parameters of hydrologic models often are not exactly known and therefore have to be determined by calibration. A manual calibration depends on the subjective assessment of the modeler and can be very time-consuming though. Methods of automatic calibration can improve these shortcomings. Yet, the high number of parameters in distributed models makes special demands on the optimization. In this paper a strategy of imposing constraints on the parameters to limit the number of independently calibrated values is outlined. Subsequently, an automatic calibration of the version SWAT-G of the model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) with a stochastic global optimization algorithm, the Shuffled Complex Evolution algorithm. is presented for a mesoscale catchment. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Giessen, Inst Landeskultur, D-35392 Giessen, Germany. USDA ARS, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RP Eckhardt, K (reprint author), Univ Giessen, Inst Landeskultur, Heinrich Buff Ring 26-32, D-35392 Giessen, Germany. NR 17 TC 169 Z9 192 U1 1 U2 33 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD SEP 15 PY 2001 VL 251 IS 1-2 BP 103 EP 109 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00429-2 PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 461HM UT WOS:000170358900007 ER PT J AU Porth, LS Boes, DC Davis, RA Troendle, CA King, RM AF Porth, LS Boes, DC Davis, RA Troendle, CA King, RM TI Development of a technique to determine adequate sample size using subsampling and return interval estimation SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE streamflow; recurrence interval; flood frequency; sampling; prediction; sample size AB To better manage aquatic and riparian ecosystems, knowledge of streamflow return intervals is essential. This leads hydrologists and planners to often question how many years of record are necessary to adequately estimate streamflow characteristics. We propose a nonparametric technique that uses subsampling and return interval estimation to help determine adequate sample size, in order to help answer this question. This technique was applied to 51 years of streamflow record from an untreated catchment known as East St. Louis Creek in the Fraser Experimental Forest. Subsamples of consecutive streamflow record ranging in size from 5 to 25 years were used to empirically estimate the 1.5-, 5-, and 15-year return intervals. These subsample estimates were compared to the 'true' return intervals, which were calculated using the entire period of record. Results showed that an ability to estimate these return intervals within 50% of the true return interval levels required only 5-10 years of data. Increasing the sample size to 15 years provided estimates with up to a 25% error rate, and 25 or more years of data were required to provide estimates with less than a 20% error. These are simply the results of a case study, and could be applied to similar catchments. However, the methodology can be applied to any stream. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Forest Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Stat, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. MATCOM Corp, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Porth, LS (reprint author), USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Forest Serv, 240 W Prospect, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD SEP 15 PY 2001 VL 251 IS 1-2 BP 110 EP 116 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00442-5 PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 461HM UT WOS:000170358900008 ER PT J AU Faber, BCG Cleutjens, KBJM Niessen, RLJ Aarts, PLJW Boon, W Greenberg, AS Kitslaar, PJEHM Tordoir, JHM Daemen, MJAP AF Faber, BCG Cleutjens, KBJM Niessen, RLJ Aarts, PLJW Boon, W Greenberg, AS Kitslaar, PJEHM Tordoir, JHM Daemen, MJAP TI Identification of genes potentially involved in rupture of human atherosclerotic plaques SO CIRCULATION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE atherosclerosis; plaque rupture; gene expression; humans ID DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES; SUPPRESSION SUBTRACTIVE HYBRIDIZATION; SMOOTH-MUSCLE-CELLS; RAT ADIPOCYTES; DNA-SEQUENCE; PERILIPIN; LESIONS; CLASSIFICATION; ATHEROGENESIS; LIPOLYSIS AB Although rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque is the major cause of acute vascular occlusion, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying this process are still poorly understood. In this study, we used suppression subtractive hybridization to make an inventory of genes that are differentially expressed in whole-mount human stable and ruptured plaques. Two libraries were generated, one containing 3000 clones upregulated and one containing 2000 clones downregulated in ruptured plaques. Macroarray analysis of 500 randomly chosen clones showed differential expression of 45 clones. Among the 25 clones that showed at least a 2-fold difference in expression was the gene of perilipin, upregulated in ruptured plaques, and the genes coding for fibronectin and immunoglobutin lambda chain, which were downregulated in ruptured plaques. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis on 10 individual ruptured and 10 individual stable plaques showed a striking consistency of expression for the clones SSH6, present in 8 ruptured and 2 stable plaques, and perilipin, expressed in 8 ruptured plaques and completely absent in stable plaques. Localization studies of both perilipin mRNA and protein revealed expression in cells surrounding the cholesterol clefts and in foam cells of ruptured atherosclerotic plaques. No expression was observed in nondiseased artery, and only a few cells in the shoulder region of stable plaques tested positive for perilipin. In conclusion, this study shows that it is possible to identify genes that are differentially expressed in whole-mount stable or ruptured atherosclerotic plaques. This approach may yield several potential regulators of plaque destabilization. C1 Univ Maastricht, Dept Pathol, NL-6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands. Univ Maastricht, Dept Gen Surg, NL-6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands. Univ Maastricht, Cardiovasc Res Inst, NL-6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Daemen, MJAP (reprint author), Univ Maastricht, Dept Pathol, POB 616, NL-6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands. EM MDA@lpat.azm.nl FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK-50647] NR 30 TC 101 Z9 108 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7330 J9 CIRC RES JI Circ.Res. PD SEP 14 PY 2001 VL 89 IS 6 BP 547 EP 554 DI 10.1161/hh1801.096340 PG 8 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology; Hematology GA 472ZZ UT WOS:000171016000015 PM 11557743 ER PT J AU Roubenoff, R Castaneda, C AF Roubenoff, R Castaneda, C TI Sarcopenia - Understanding the dynamics of aging muscle SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material ID PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; MEXICO; WOMEN; YOUNG; MASS; MEN C1 Tufts Univ, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Roubenoff, R (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 13 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD SEP 12 PY 2001 VL 286 IS 10 BP 1230 EP 1231 DI 10.1001/jama.286.10.1230 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 471CR UT WOS:000170910400035 PM 11559270 ER PT J AU French, AD Johnson, GP Kelterer, AM Dowd, MK Cramer, CJ AF French, AD Johnson, GP Kelterer, AM Dowd, MK Cramer, CJ TI QM/MM distortion energies in di- and oligosaccharides complexed with proteins SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International-Society-of-Quantum-Biology-and-Pharmacology Symposium CY AUG 17-19, 2000 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Int Soc Quantum Biol & Pharmacol DE maltose; cellobiose; carbohydrate; enzyme; molecular mechanics; quantum mechanics; Boltzmann distribution; conformational analysis; lactose ID CYCLODEXTRIN GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASE; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; ALPHA-AMYLASE; FORCE-FIELD; CONFORMATIONS; RESOLUTION AB To investigate whether linkages between monosaccharide residues are unusually distorted by their interactions with proteins, phi and psi values for fragments of cellulose and starch were taken from the Protein Data Bank. These experimental conformations were then plotted on energy surfaces that were calculated with a hybrid of HF/6-31G* and MM3(96) energies. Energy values corresponding to each crystallographic conformation were then pooled. Nearly 70% of the 210 structures had energies of 1 kcal mol(-1) or less. A cumulative frequency analysis showed that most points fell on a curve that had an exponential decrease in the number of observed structures as the energy increased. This is analogous to a Boltzmann distribution but at higher temperature. This analysis showed that more than 90% of the linkages were not unusually distorted, and the distribution was similar to that found for small-molecule crystals of carbohydrates. However, above 2 kcal mol-1, the observed points deviated from the curve. Most of these high-energy observations were from linkages being broken by enzymatic attack, but others were not, and some scissile linkages were not unusually distorted. (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Graz Univ Technol, Inst Phys & Theoret Chem, A-8010 Graz, Austria. Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Minnesota, Inst Supercomp, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP French, AD (reprint author), USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. EM afrench@srrc.ars.usda.gov RI Cramer, Christopher/B-6179-2011; OI Cramer, Christopher/0000-0001-5048-1859; Kelterer, Anne-Marie/0000-0001-8178-2670 NR 30 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0020-7608 EI 1097-461X J9 INT J QUANTUM CHEM JI Int. J. Quantum Chem. PD SEP 5 PY 2001 VL 84 IS 4 BP 416 EP 425 DI 10.1002/qua.1111 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Mathematics; Physics GA 460KX UT WOS:000170307700004 ER PT J AU Rakotoarisoa, MA Shapouri, S AF Rakotoarisoa, MA Shapouri, S TI Market power and the pricing of commodities imported from developing countries: the case of US vanilla bean imports SO AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th Triennial Congress of the International-Association-of-Agricultural-Economists CY AUG 13-18, 2000 CL BERLIN, GERMANY SP Int Assoc Agr Economists DE exchange rates; exports; imports; market structure; prices; vanilla beans ID RATE PASS-THROUGH; UNITED-STATES; PRICES AB A declining trend in the prices of vanilla beans reduce export earnings of developing country exporters. At the same time, currencies for these developing countries have depreciated. The 'new' trade theories suggest that market structure plays an important role in relating exchange rate devaluations to price declines. This paper investigates the market structure and estimates the impact of exchange rate movements on prices for vanilla beans imported by the USA from five producers of vanilla beans in developing countries. Unlike other studies, the estimation is based on a 'fixed-effects' econometric model derived from the importer's profit equation and the 'Pricing to Market' (PTM) hypothesis. Data are a pooled cross-section and time series covering the period 1967-1997. The results reveal some evidence that US importers of vanilla beans have the market power to apply price discrimination and to adjust import prices in reaction to exchange rate movement vis-a-vis exporters. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Agr Econ, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Rakotoarisoa, MA (reprint author), 1800 M St,NW Suite 5152, Washington, DC 20036 USA. EM manitrar@ers.usda.gov; shapouri@ers.usda.gov NR 31 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0169-5150 EI 1574-0862 J9 AGR ECON-BLACKWELL JI Agric. Econ. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 25 IS 2-3 BP 285 EP 294 DI 10.1111/j.1574-0862.2001.tb00208.x PG 10 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 494DV UT WOS:000172267200015 ER PT J AU Wilson, RF AF Wilson, RF TI Developing agronomic high-protein soybeans SO AGRO FOOD INDUSTRY HI-TECH LA English DT Article AB The Better Bean Initiative (BBI) is the highest research priority of the United Soybean Board (USB). One BBI goal is to improve soybean meal quality. This may be achieved by developing soybean germplasm and agronomic varieties with superior meal attributes that include increased total metabolizable energy, improved essential amino acid balance, enhanced digestibility for feed applications, and exceptional functional properties to improve protein concentrates for food applications. Toward these objectives, improved breeding methods have overcome the typically negative genetic correlation between protein oil and yielding ability. The efficiency of variety development also has been enhanced by discovery of genetic markers that facilitate rapid gene detection in segregating populations. In addition, the digestibility of soy-meal is being improved by a new genetic trait that lowers phytic acid concentration. A better amino acid balance for feeds may be achieved through molecular approaches to amend levels of specific amino acids, or by increasing total protein. In the latter case, soybean meal with greater than 48% crude protein elevates total metabolizable energy in broiler diets. However protein composition often is influenced by genotype x environmental (G x E) interactions, such as growth temperature and plant For example, nitrogen nutrition may alter expression of genes in the protein and oil synthetic pathways in a manner that influences the composition and functional properties of storage proteins. G x E effects extend to traits such as isoflavone concentration, which is negatively correlated with protein. Understanding the biochemical and genetic mechanisms that regulate protein quality will lead to strategies that enable geneticists to stabilize protein and oil concentration in a manner that is independent of environmental factors. At this time, the USB research team charged with improving soybean protein quality consists of 15 cooperating scientists in U.S. states. This group expects to develop widely adapted high- protein low-phytic acid soybean varieties for commercial production by year 2003. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 3 PU TEKNOSCIENZE PUBL PI MILAN PA VIA AURELIO SAFFI 23, 20123 MILAN, ITALY SN 1120-6012 J9 AGRO FOOD IND HI TEC JI Agro Food Ind. Hi-Tech PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 12 IS 5 BP 17 EP 22 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 495MX UT WOS:000172345900003 ER PT J AU Serraj, R Vadez, V Sinclair, TR AF Serraj, R Vadez, V Sinclair, TR TI Feedback regulation of symbiotic N-2 fixation under drought stress SO AGRONOMIE LA English DT Review DE N-2 fixation; drought stress; feedback; ureides; soybean ID SEASON FOOD LEGUMES; NITROGEN-FIXATION; DINITROGEN FIXATION; OXYGEN PERMEABILITY; REDUCTION ACTIVITY; WATER DEFICITS; WHITE CLOVER; ACCUMULATION; NODULES; INHIBITION AB Although drought inhibition of N-2 fixation is general among rhizobium-legume symbioses, a large genetic variation has been found among legume species and cultivars in the N-2 fixation sensitivity to water deficits. Legume species that transport ureides from the nodules were found to be much more drought-sensitive than those that transport amides. It was concluded that a feedback mechanism involving ureide level may control N-2 fixation under drought. Consistent with this observation, the drought tolerance of N-2 fixation in soybean was associated with low concentrations of ureides in plant tissues. Experimental evidence for a direct inhibition of nitrogenase activity by ureides application supported the feedback hypothesis, although the exact nature of the chemical compound involved in the signal is still unknown. The basis for ureide accumulation is hypothesized to result from decreased ureide catabolism in the leaf. We showed recently that Asparagine (Asn) chelates Mn ions, which are the co-factor of the enzyme allantoate amidohydrolase, and as a result may cause an inhibition of ureide breakdown in the shoot. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that Asn would be a signal for the feedback inhibition of N-2 fixation. C1 Fac Sci Semlalia, Dept Biol, Marrakech, Morocco. Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Agron Physiol Lab, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Serraj, R (reprint author), Int Crops Res Inst Semi Arid Trop, Genet Resources & Enhancement Program, Patancheru 502324, Andhra Pradesh, India. RI Vadez, Vincent/C-5310-2014 OI Vadez, Vincent/0000-0003-2014-0281 NR 31 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 13 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEXA PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE SN 0249-5627 J9 AGRONOMIE JI Agronomie PD SEP-NOV PY 2001 VL 21 IS 6-7 BP 621 EP 626 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 498GT UT WOS:000172502000015 ER PT J AU Sinclair, TR Purcell, LC Vadez, V Serraj, R AF Sinclair, TR Purcell, LC Vadez, V Serraj, R TI Selection of soybean (Glycine max) lines for increased tolerance of N-2 fixation to drying soil SO AGRONOMIE LA English DT Article DE Glycine max; nitrogen fixation; drought; plant breeding; soybean ID NITROGEN-FIXATION; DROUGHT; SENSITIVITY; NUTRITION; UREIDES AB Our research offers strong evidence that N-2 fixation activity of soybean can be sustained under soil-drying conditions. The genetic resources to exploit this possibility were obtained by developing a unique screening approach to search for a germplasm source for a complex, physiological trait. From our physiological studies, we identified petiole ureide concentration as a trait associated with N-2 fixation tolerance, although the relationship was weak. Nevertheless, this specific trait was used as the initial, broad screen. Those lines identified in the initial stage were screened further in two screens of increasing intensity and greater focus on the N-2 fixation process. We have now successfully identified eight plant introductions that have demonstrated tolerance in N-2 fixation. We are now using these eight plant introductions to study in detail the physiology of the tolerance trait and to extend our efforts to breed commercial lines for increased yields under rainfed conditions. C1 Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Agron Physiol & Genet Lab, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Agron, Fayetteville, AR 72704 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Agron, Agron Physiol & Genet Lab, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Fac Sci Semlalia, Dept Biol, Lab Physiol Vegetale, Marrakech, Morocco. RP Sinclair, TR (reprint author), Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Agron Physiol & Genet Lab, IFAS Bldg 350,2005 SW 23rd St,POB 110965, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RI Vadez, Vincent/C-5310-2014 OI Vadez, Vincent/0000-0003-2014-0281 NR 20 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEXA PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE SN 0249-5627 J9 AGRONOMIE JI Agronomie PD SEP-NOV PY 2001 VL 21 IS 6-7 BP 653 EP 657 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 498GT UT WOS:000172502000019 ER PT J AU Stout, WL Weaver, SR Elwinger, GF AF Stout, WL Weaver, SR Elwinger, GF TI Effects of early season nitrogen on grass-clover swards in the northeastern USA SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID WHITE CLOVER; FERTILIZER NITROGEN; PERENNIAL RYEGRASS; MICROBIAL IMMOBILIZATION; PLANT UPTAKE; PRODUCTIVITY; CULTIVARS; FIXATION; PASTURE; LEGUME AB Grass-legume pastures that rely on biologically fixed N are often N deficient in the spring. Early season N applications to grass-clover pasture, can help overcome this deficiency. Our objective was to test the effects of early season N application and harvest height on total dry matter (DM) yield and clover fraction of a grass-clover sward in the northeast USA. The study was conducted for 3 yr (1996-1998) at the Russell Larson Agricultural Research Center in Rock Spring, PA (40 degrees 48'N, 77 degrees 52W; 330 m above sea level). The soil on the site is a Hagerstown silt loam (Typic Hapludalf, fine, mixed, mesic). The effect of early season N fertilization (0, 22.4, 44.8, and 89.6 kg ha(-1)) was measured on an orchardgrass (Dactyls glomerata L. cv. Pennlate)white clover (Trifolium repens L. cv. Will) sward harvested at three sward heights (15, 22.5, and 30 cm). Increasing N fertilization and target sward harvest height (TSHH) generally increased the early season total DM yield and reduced the clover fraction in the sward. However, by the end of the growing season, the clover fraction from the fertilized treatments was identical to that of the unfertilized treatments. Total early season DM yields on mixed grass-clover swards were increased by 20% with an application of 45 kg N ha(-1). Also, maintaining a 15-cm TSHH along with 45 kg N ha(-1) would maximize the clover fraction in the sward. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Manage Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Stout, WL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Manage Res Lab, Curtin Rd,Bldg 3702, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 26 TC 5 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 93 IS 5 BP 1000 EP 1005 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 471UX UT WOS:000170948000007 ER PT J AU Steiner, JJ Brewer, TG Griffith, SM AF Steiner, JJ Brewer, TG Griffith, SM TI Temperature effects on interspecific interference among two native wetland grasses and tall fescue SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FLUORESCENCE FOLLOWING ILLUMINATION; THERMAL-DEPENDENCE; SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT; REAPPEARANCE AB Successful reintroduction of native species into landscapes requires an understanding of how introduced species invaded and became established. This study was conducted to determine the effect of temperature on interspecific seedling interference of two wetland grasses [sloughgrass (Beckmannia syzigachne Steud.) and tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia caespitosa L.)] native to the Pacific Northwest and tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae Schreb. cv. Titan), a non-native grass species. The relationships of species interference to the thermal response of Photosystem II (PS II) fluorescence reappearance ratio (FRR) and glutathione reductase (GR) thermal stability were also investigated using the Mantel product moment correlation (r(m)). Three combinations of two-species replacement series experiments (sloughgrass-hairgrass mixture, sloughgrass-tall fescue mixture, and hairgrass-tall fescue mixture) were conduced in growth chambers, planted in five proportions (0.0:1.0, 0.25:0.75, 0.5:0.5, 0.75:0.25, and 1.0:0.0), and grown at four temperatures (5, 10, 20, and 30 degreesC). The FRR and GR were measured at eight temperatures ranging from 5 to 40 degreesC. Tall fescue aggressiveness, relative to sloughgrass and hairgrass, increased with increasing temperature. Sloughgrass and hairgrass ranked second and third, respectively, and were only more aggressive than tall fescue at 5 degreesC. Peak FRR occurred at 15, 20, and 22.5 degreesC for sloughgrass, hairgrass, and tall fescue, respectively. Seedling dry mass of species was correlated with the stability of GR and the average efficiency of the PS II apparatus over the range of growing temperatures (r(m) = -1.00 and 0.96, respectively). Tall fescue had greater PS II efficiency and GR stability under elevated temperatures than sloughgrass and hairgrass, which may explain why tall fescue has been able to dominate some wetland landscapes of the temperate Pacific Northwest. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Steiner, JJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, 3450 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM steinerj@ucs.orst.edu NR 28 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 93 IS 5 BP 1020 EP 1027 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 471UX UT WOS:000170948000010 ER PT J AU Darmosarkoro, W Harbur, MM Buxton, DR Moore, KJ Devine, TE Anderson, IC AF Darmosarkoro, W Harbur, MM Buxton, DR Moore, KJ Devine, TE Anderson, IC TI Growth, development, and yield of soybean lines developed for forage SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID REGISTRATION; QUALITY; HAY AB Recently, soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars have been developed specifically for use as a forage crop. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of maturity group on and compare the agronomic performance of forage and grain soybean cultivars in Iowa. In 1994, 13 forage- and five grain-type cultivars were studied. In 1995, one additional forage cultivar and grain cultivar were each evaluated. Node number, plant height, lodging, and dry matter accumulation were measured biweekly during the growing season. By 135 days after planting (DAP), forage cultivars yielded 5 to 19% more dry matter than 'Sherman', which had the greatest yield among grain cultivars. Forage cultivars were 37 to 69% taller than 'Biloxi', the tallest grain cultivar, which may partially explain the greater lodging of the forage cultivars compared with the grain cultivars. Forage cultivars initiated reproductive growth 60 to 88 DAP, whereas the locally adapted Sherman cultivar initiated reproductive growth 55 DAP. Forage cultivars produced more dry matter than grain cultivars, but had a lower leaf/stem ratio and leaf + pod/stem ratio in August and September, respectively, which may reduce forage quality. Forage cultivars developed in Pennsylvania generally accumulated more dry, matter than forage cultivars developed in Virginia by late August, but initiated reproductive growth sooner and produced less dry matter by late September. The significant productivity differences observed between forage and grain cultivars suggest the potential of breeding to improve the forage potential of soybean. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Moore, KJ (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Agron, 2101 Agron Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 23 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 93 IS 5 BP 1028 EP 1034 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 471UX UT WOS:000170948000011 ER PT J AU Torbert, HA Potter, KN Morrison, JE AF Torbert, HA Potter, KN Morrison, JE TI Tillage system, fertilizer nitrogen rate, and timing effect on corn yields in the Texas Blackland Prairie SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CLAY SOILS; LOSSES; MANAGEMENT; VERTISOL; RESIDUE; INTENSITY; RUNOFF; CARBON AB New N management and conservation tillage systems are needed to improve agricultural sustainability on the Blackland Prairie of Texas. In 1994, an experiment was established to determine plant response to N fertilizer rate and timing within three different tillage systems. A split plot experiment with four replications was established on a Houston Black clay (fine, smectitic, thermic Udic Haplusterts) soil. The main plots were chisel tillage system without beds (conventional for the area), chisel tillage system with raised wide beds, and no-tillage system with raised wide beds. The subplots were seven fertility treatments: four fertility rates (0, 56, 112, and 168 kg N ha(-1) applied at planting) and three timing treatments (N applied in the fall, at planting, and split between at planting and 30 d later). The crop rotation was wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), corn (Zea mays L.), and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. The experimental treatments were imposed on corn each year for 4 yr. Plant samples were collected for grain yield, biomass production, and N uptake. Grain yield ranged from 150 to 8435 kg ha (1). In wet years, grain yields and N uptake increased with N fertilizer up to 168 kg N ha(-1), and fall application reduced yields 30% when compared with fertilizer application at planting. The highest yields were observed with the no-tillage. Results from this study indicate that application of fertilizer in the fall may result in lost yield potential and that conservation tillage systems may be the most reliable in the Texas Blackland Prairie. C1 ARS, USDA, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RP Torbert, HA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, 411 S Donahue Dr, Auburn, AL 36822 USA. NR 22 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 20 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 93 IS 5 BP 1119 EP 1124 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 471UX UT WOS:000170948000023 ER PT J AU Halvorson, AD Wienhold, BJ Black, AL AF Halvorson, AD Wienhold, BJ Black, AL TI Tillage and nitrogen fertilization influences on grain and soil nitrogen in a spring wheat-fallow system SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; WATER STORAGE; NITRATE; EFFICIENCY AB Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is generally produced in the northern Great Plains using tillage and a crop-fallow system. This study evaluated the influence of tillage system [conventional-till (CT), minimum-till (MT), and no-till (NT)] and N fertilizer rate (0, 22, and 45 kg N ha(-1)) on grain N, grain N removal from cropping system, and changes in residual postharvest soil NO3-N during six rotation cycles of a dryland spring wheat-fallow (SW-F) cropping system. Grain N concentration increased vith increasing N rate and was higher with CT (33-3 g kg(-1)) than with NT (32.3 g kg-1) at 45 kg ha(-1) N rate. Grain N removal per crop was greater with CT (70 kg N ha (1)) and MT (68 kg N ha(-1)) than with NT (66 kg N ha (1)) and tended to increase with increasing N rate, but varied with rotation cycle. Total grain N removal in six rotation cycles was in the order: CT > MT > NT. Total grain N removal by six SW crops was increased by N fertilization, with only 21 and 17% of the applied N removed in the grain for the 22 and 45 kg ha(-1) N rates, respectively. Postharvest soil NO3-N levels in the 150-cm profile varied with N rate and rotation cycle, with residual NO3-N increasing during consecutive dry crop cycles. In contrast, some leaching of NO3-N below the SW root zone may have occurred during wetter crop cycles. Soil profile NO3-N levels tended to be greater with CT and MT than with NT. Variation in precipitation during rotation cycles and N fertilization impacted grain N removal and residual soil NO3-N levels more than tillage system within this SW-F cropping system. C1 ARS, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. ARS, USDA, Canon City, CO 81212 USA. RP Halvorson, AD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, POB E, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RI Yang, Yang/C-7464-2012 NR 27 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 93 IS 5 BP 1130 EP 1135 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 471UX UT WOS:000170948000025 ER PT J AU Xie, Y Kiniry, JR Nedbalek, V Rosenthal, WD AF Xie, Y Kiniry, JR Nedbalek, V Rosenthal, WD TI Maize and sorghum simulations with CERES-maize, SORKAM, and ALMANAC under water-limiting conditions SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT; MODEL; CORN; REGRESSION; LOCATIONS; YIELD AB While crop models often are tested against long-term mean grain yields, models for aiding decision making must accurately simulate grain yields in extreme climatic conditions. In this study, we evaluated the ability of a general crop model (ALMANAC) and two crop-specific models (CERES-Maize and SORKAM) to simulate maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] grain yields in a dry growing season at several sites in Texas. The root mean square deviation values were 0.36 Mg ha(-1) for sorghum with ALMANAC, 0.71 for sorghum with SORKAM, 0.56 for maize with ALMANAC, and 0.83 for maize with CERES-Maize. For maize, values for coefficient of determination (r(2)) between measured and simulated grain yields were 0.95 for ALMANAC and 0.88 for CERES-Maize. For sorghum, r(2) values were 0.86 for ALMANAC and 0.45 for SORKAM. ALMANAC and SORKAM should be useful tools to simulate dr land sorghum in drought, as indicated by their root mean square deviation values of <0.8 Mg ha(-1). The mean errors for irrigated maize were 2.0% for CERES and 6.2% for ALMANAC. For dr land maize, mean errors were 6.2% for ALMANAC and -2.2% for CERES. In CERES, simulated leaf area index (LAI) and kernel weight appeared to be overly sensitive to drought stress. Further study on the response of LAI and kernel weight to drought in CERES would be valuable. The soil, weather, and crop parameter data sets developed for this study could be useful guidelines for model applications in similar climatic regions and on similar soils. C1 ARS, USDA, Temple, TX 76502 USA. Change & Nat Disaster State Educ Commiss, Beijing, Peoples R China. Garst Seed Co, Sinton, TX 78387 USA. Texas Agr Exptl Stn, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RP Kiniry, JR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 808 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX 76502 USA. NR 34 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 93 IS 5 BP 1148 EP 1155 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 471UX UT WOS:000170948000028 ER PT J AU Schelhas, J AF Schelhas, J TI Peasants against globalization: Rural social movements in Costa Rica. SO AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST LA English DT Book Review C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Schelhas, J (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOC PI ARLINGTON PA 4350 NORTH FAIRFAX DRIVE SUITE 640, ARLINGTON, VA 22203 USA SN 0002-7294 J9 AM ANTHROPOL JI Am. Anthropol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 103 IS 3 BP 862 EP 863 DI 10.1525/aa.2001.103.3.862 PG 2 WC Anthropology SC Anthropology GA 546DU UT WOS:000175257300054 ER PT J AU DeGrandi-Hoffman, G AF DeGrandi-Hoffman, G TI The pollination of almonds SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID POLLEN TRANSFER; APPLE AB Of all the crops grown commercially in the U.S. that require honey bee pollination, perhaps the most important, in terms of the number of colonies that are needed, is almonds. C1 ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, USDA, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP DeGrandi-Hoffman, G (reprint author), ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, USDA, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 USA SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 141 IS 9 BP 655 EP 657 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 464QJ UT WOS:000170543000019 ER PT J AU Rinderer, TE De Guzman, LI Delatte, GT Stelzer, JA Williams, JL Beaman, LD Kuznetsov, V Bigalk, M Bernard, SJ Tubbs, H AF Rinderer, TE De Guzman, LI Delatte, GT Stelzer, JA Williams, JL Beaman, LD Kuznetsov, V Bigalk, M Bernard, SJ Tubbs, H TI Multi-state field trials of ARS Russian honey bees - 1. Responses to Varroa destructor 1999, 2000 SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FAR-EASTERN RUSSIA; JACOBSONI; RESISTANCE AB Field trials of Russian honey bees (ARS Primorsky stock) propagated as queen lines from queens imported from the far-eastern province of Primorsky were conducted in 1999 and 2000 in Iowa, Louisiana, and Mississippi. Varroa destructor populations in Primorsky colonies grew more slowly and hence, had fewer numbers than they did in domestic colonies. Colonies of six Primorsky queen-lines evaluated in 1999 averaged about half the number of mites found in domestic control colonies. In 2000, colonies of 10 Primorsky queen lines in Louisiana supported an average V destructor population growth of 2.5 fold increase across 91 days, far less than the 17.3 fold increase predicted from growth models derived for domestic colonies. Most colonies of the same 10 Primorsky queen-lines in Iowa and Mississippi bad no (150 colonies) to very few (48 colonies) detectable V destructor three months after being inoculated with about 100 mites. Hence, in all trials, ARS Primorsky honey bees showed strong resistance to V destructor. Variance within and between queen lines indicates good potential to further increase this resistance through selective breeding. C1 USDA ARS, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Res Lab, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. RP Rinderer, TE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Res Lab, 1157 Ben Hur Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. NR 7 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 USA SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 141 IS 9 BP 658 EP 661 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 464QJ UT WOS:000170543000020 ER PT J AU Sun, ZY Welty, FK Dolnikowski, GG Lichtenstein, AH Schaefer, EJ AF Sun, ZY Welty, FK Dolnikowski, GG Lichtenstein, AH Schaefer, EJ TI Effects of a National Cholesterol Education Program Step II Diet on apolipoprotein A-IV metabolism within triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins and plasma SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE apolipoprotein A-IV; kinetics; National Cholesterol Education Program Step II Diet; NCEP; metabolism; stable-isotope tracer; triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins ID HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEINS; MESENTERIC LYMPH; STABLE ISOTOPES; AMINO-ACIDS; TRIGLYCERIDE; KINETICS; TRANSPORT; SERUM; FAT; RAT AB Background: Apolipoprotein (apo) A-IV is a major component of triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein (TRL) apolipoproteins. Objective: We investigated the effects of dietary saturated fat and cholesterol restriction on the metabolism of TRL and plasma apo A-IV. Design: We assessed TRL and plasma apo A-IV kinetics in 16 and 4 subjects, respectively, consuming an average US (baseline) diet for 6 wk and a National Cholesterol Education Pro-ram Step II diet for 24 wk, respectively. At the end of each diet period, all subjects received a primed, constant infusion of deuterated leucine for 15 h with hourly feeding. Ratios of stable-isotope tracer to tracee were measured by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and kinetic data were modeled by using SAAM II. Results: Mean apo A-IV concentrations during the isotope infusion period were 6.9 +/-2.6 mg/L in TRL and 2.2 +/-3.2 mg/L in plasma with the baseline diet; these values were 37.7% (P<0.001) and 19.4% (P<0.01) lower with the Step II diet. Similar changes were observed in the fasting state between the 2 diets. The mean apo A-IV secretion rate decreased significantly from baseline by 59.6% in TRLs and by 40.2% in plasma. Significant correlations were observed between TRL apo A-IV concentrations and the secretion rate (r=0.94, P<0.001) and between TRL apo A-IV pool size and TRL-cholesterol concentrations (r = 0.48, P<0.01). Conclusions: Our data indicate that the National Cholesterol Education Program Step II diet significantly decreases TRL and plasma apo A-IV concentrations compared with the average US diet and that this decrease is due to a decreased secretion rate. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Mass Spectrometry Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Schaefer, EJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL 39326] NR 49 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 74 IS 3 BP 308 EP 314 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 467GB UT WOS:000170693100008 PM 11522553 ER PT J AU Bamberg, JB Kiru, SD del Rio, AH AF Bamberg, JB Kiru, SD del Rio, AH TI Comparison of reputed duplicate populations in the Russian and US potato genebanks using RAPD markers SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE germplasm; Solanum; NRSP-6 ID GENETIC DIVERSITY; DNA AB The Association of Potato Intergenebank Collaborators (APIC) produced a global inventory of wild potato genetic resources that is available on the Internet (www.potgenebank.org/ipd). This database shows that, in many cases, several genebanks have samples of the progeny from a single original germplasm collection. The assumption has been that these samples are genetically equivalent, so all the characterization and evaluation data gathered on a seedlot from one genebank can be applied to all the other "duplicate" seedlots in other genebanks. This assumption was tested by comparing 25 pairs of reputed duplicates in the VIR (St. Petersburg, Russia) and US (Sturgeon Bay, USA) potato genebanks using RAPDs. In 23 of 25 populations, reputed duplicates among genebanks had significantly less similarity than replicate samples taken from a single population. The average genetic similarity of reputed duplicates was 93%, and the lowest was 81%. Thus, users of germplasm should be aware that reputed duplicate populations from these genebanks may not be genetically identical. C1 USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, Interreg Potato Introduct Stn, Sturgeon Bay, WI 54235 USA. NI Vavilov Inst Potato Genebank, St Petersburg 190000, Russia. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Bamberg, JB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, Interreg Potato Introduct Stn, 4312 Hwy 42, Sturgeon Bay, WI 54235 USA. OI Kiru, Stepan/0000-0002-8648-3837; Del Rio, Alfonso/0000-0001-8780-747X NR 13 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU POTATO ASSOC AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE, 5715 COBURN HALL, RM 6, ORONO, ME 04469-5715 USA SN 0003-0589 J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 78 IS 5 BP 365 EP 369 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 486CG UT WOS:000171800400006 ER PT J AU Mosley, AR Rykbost, KA James, SR Hane, DC Shock, CC Charlton, BA Pavek, JJ Love, SL Corsini, DL Thornton, RE AF Mosley, AR Rykbost, KA James, SR Hane, DC Shock, CC Charlton, BA Pavek, JJ Love, SL Corsini, DL Thornton, RE TI Klamath Russet: A full season, fresh market, long Russet SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Solanum tuberosum; cultivar; high yield; Verticillium AB Klamath Russet, a late-maturing cultivar for fresh market use, was jointly released by the Agricultural Experiment Stations of Oregon, Idaho, and Washington and the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 2000. Klamath Russet was tested in irrigated trials in Oregon from 1990 to 1999 and in Western Regional Trials from 1994 to 1996. Klamath Russet yields of U.S. #1s have exceeded those for Russet Burbank and Russet Norkotah by more than 30%, averaged across all trials. Klamath Russet is moderately resistant to Verticillium wilt and highly resistant to common scab. Specific gravity for Klamath Russet has averaged 1.076 across all trials compared with 1.070 and 1.081 for Russet Norkotah and Russet Burbank, respectively. Klamath Russet is not considered suitable for french fry production because of high sugar and low starch contents. C1 Oregon State Univ, Klamath Expt Stn, Klamath Falls, OR 97603 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Cent Oregon Agr Res Ctr, Madras, OR 97741 USA. Oregon State Univ, Hermiston Agr R&E Ctr, Hermiston, OR 97838 USA. Univ Idaho, USDA ARS, Aberdeen R&E Ctr, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. Washington State Univ, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Oregon State Univ, Malheur Expt Stn, Ontario, OR 97914 USA. RP Rykbost, KA (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Klamath Expt Stn, 6941 Washburn Way, Klamath Falls, OR 97603 USA. NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU POTATO ASSOC AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE, 5715 COBURN HALL, RM 6, ORONO, ME 04469-5715 USA SN 0003-0589 J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 78 IS 5 BP 377 EP 381 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 486CG UT WOS:000171800400008 ER PT J AU Purdy, CW Straus, DC Parker, DB Williams, BR Clark, RN AF Purdy, CW Straus, DC Parker, DB Williams, BR Clark, RN TI Water quality in cattle feedyard playas in winter and summer SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ENDOTOXIN EXPOSURE; PIG FARMERS; DUST; BACTERIA; INDUSTRY; HEALTH AB Objective-To determine the impact of feedyards on endotoxin concentration, fecal coliform count, and other water quality measurements during winter and summer in feedyard playas (shallow lakes). Sample Population-Water samples obtained from 7 feedyard playas and 3 nonfeedyard control playas. Procedure-Surface water samples were collected from each playa and at various depths from 3 feedyard playas. Endotoxin concentrations, 22 water quality variables, and fecal coliform counts were determined in samples collected in summer and winter from various combinations of playas. Results-Cattle numbers per feedyard ranged from 40,000 to 175,000 head/y. Mean endotoxin concentrations were significantly lower in control playas than in feedyard playas in winter and summer. Endotoxin concentration appeared to be homogenous at various water depths. Values for 20 of 22 water quality variables were higher in the feedyard playas than in control playas in winter and summer. In winter only, mean total fecal coliform concentration in feedyard playas was significantly greater than in control playas. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Results indicated that feedyards have the potential to impact water quality in playas, and cattle should not be allowed access to them. Feedyard playa water should not be used under high pressure to settle dust in pens with cattle or to cool cattle, because aerosols containing pathogens and high concentrations of endotoxin are a health hazard for humans and cattle. C1 USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA. W Texas State Univ, Div Agr, Canyon, TX 79016 USA. IBT Reference Lab, Lenexa, KS 66214 USA. RP Purdy, CW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. NR 39 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 62 IS 9 BP 1402 EP 1407 DI 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1402 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 468JY UT WOS:000170755400013 PM 11560268 ER PT J AU Talbot, NC Garrett, WM AF Talbot, NC Garrett, WM TI Ultrastructure of the embryonic stem cells of the 8-day pig blastocyst before and after in vitro manipulation: Development of junctional apparatus and the lethal effects of PBS mediated cell-cell dissociation SO ANATOMICAL RECORD LA English DT Article DE pig; blastocyst; epiblast; microscopy; ultrastructure ID INTERMEDIATE-FILAMENTS; PREIMPLANTATION EMBRYOS; EXTRACELLULAR CALCIUM; EPIBLAST CELLS; MDCK CELLS; CYTOSKELETON; MOUSE; ESTABLISHMENT; DIFFERENTIATION; ORGANIZATION AB Ultrastructural examination of 8-day hatched pig blastocysts (large and small), their cultured inner cell mass (ICM), and cultured epiblast tissue (embryonic stem cells) was undertaken to assess the development of epiblast cell junctions and cytoskeletal elements. In small blastocysts, epiblast cells had no desmosomes or tight junction (TJ) connections and few organized microfilament bundles, whereas in large blastocysts the epiblast cells were connected by TJ and desmosomes with associated microfilaments. ICM isolation by immunodissection damaged the endoderm. cells beneath the trophectoderm cells but did not appear to damage the epiblast cells or their associated endoderm cells. Epiblast cells in cultured ICMs were similar in character to those in the intact large blastocyst except that perinuclear microfilaments were observed. Isolated pig epiblasts, cultured for similar to 36 hr on STO feeder layers, formed a monolayer whose cells were connected by TJ, adherens junctions and desmosomes with prominent microfilament bundles running parallel to the apical cytoplasmic membranes. Perinuclear microfilaments were a consistent feature in the similar to 36 hr cultured epiblast cells. A feature characteristic of differentiation into notochordal cells, i.e., a solitary cilium, was also observed in the cultured epiblast. Exposure of the cultured epiblast cells to Ca++ -Mg++-free phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for 5-10 min resulted in extensive cell blebbing and lysis. The results may indicate that pig epiblast cells could be more easily dissociated from early blastocysts (similar to 400 mum in diameter) if immunodissection damage to the ICM can be avoided. It may be difficult, however, to establish them as embryonic stem cell lines because the cultured pig epiblast cells were easily lysed by standard cell-cell dissociation methods. Anat Rec 264:101-113, 2001. (C) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 ARS, USDA, LPSI, GEML,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Talbot, NC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, LPSI, GEML,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Bldg 200,Rm 13,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM NTalbot@lpsi.bare.usda.gov NR 52 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0003-276X J9 ANAT REC JI Anat. Rec. PD SEP 1 PY 2001 VL 264 IS 1 BP 101 EP 113 DI 10.1002/ar.1141 PG 13 WC Anatomy & Morphology SC Anatomy & Morphology GA 465RN UT WOS:000170603900011 PM 11505376 ER PT J AU Hagen, LJ AF Hagen, LJ TI Processes of soil erosion by wind SO ANNALS OF ARID ZONE LA English DT Article DE wind erosion; erosion processes; particulate; dust; soil; PM10; PM2.5 ID CRUSHING-ENERGY METER; ROUGH SURFACES; AERODYNAMIC ROUGHNESS; SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; UNITED-STATES; AGGREGATE; SALTATION; PREDICTION; ENTRAINMENT; DEPOSITION AB In the past, wind erosion has often been modeled as a series of lumped factors, with each factor embodying a number of individual erosion processes. During the last decade considerable progress has been made in formulating process equations that represent the individual sources and sinks for eroding soil. The objective of this report is to provide an overview of some of the wind erosion processes on agricultural lands. By considering two soil states (crusted and aggregated) along with the erosion processes, one can define the temporal soil properties of dry soils that control soil erodibility. These temporal properties include the dry stabilities, mass fractions and size distributions of mobile and immobile soil components, as well as surface roughness. The threshold friction velocities of bare soils also depend upon surface roughness and cover of immobile clods and crusts. The transport capacity of the suspension-size soil is several times larger than the limited transport capacity for the saltation and creep-size component of horizontal soil discharge. Thus, on large fields suspension discharge often exceeds saltation/creep discharge, Sources of saltation/creep discharge include entrainment of loose aggregates and abrasion of immobile clods and crust. Sinks for saltation/creep discharge include trapping by surface roughness, interception by standing biomass and breakage to suspension-size. Similarly, sources for suspension discharge include entrainment of,loose aggregates, abrasion of clods and crust, and breakage of saltation/creep aggregates. Sinks for suspension include interception by standing biomass and deposition on downwind immobile surfaces. Wind tunnels hake been used to directly measure the parameters,for the individual wind erosion processes. Moreover, the individual processes can be assembled into physically-based wind erosion models that are applicable to a wide range of surface conditions. C1 USDA ARS, Wind Eros Res Unit, GMPRC, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Hagen, LJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Wind Eros Res Unit, GMPRC, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 58 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 11 PU ARID ZONE RESEARCH ASSOC INDIA PI JODHPUR PA C.A.Z.R.I. CAMPUS, JODHPUR 342 003, INDIA SN 0570-1791 J9 ANN ARID ZONE JI Ann. Arid. Zone PD SEP PY 2001 VL 40 IS 3 BP 233 EP 250 PG 18 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 687AD UT WOS:000183352900002 ER PT J AU Tatarko, J AF Tatarko, J TI Soil aggregation and wind erosion: Processes and measurements SO ANNALS OF ARID ZONE LA English DT Article DE aggregate stability; aggregate size distribution; aggregation processes; erodibility ID CRUSHING-ENERGY METER; ROTARY SIEVE; STABILITY; MANAGEMENT; ABRASION AB The size distribution and stability of soil aggregates have a major influence on the wind erodibility of soils. From field and laboratory studies, we know that aggregate status is the result of external forces acting on the soil such as tillage, wetting and drying, freezing and thawing, and freeze drying. The effect of these forces varies with soil properties, cropping management, and the severity of the processes. As a result of these forces, soil aggregates may either increase or decrease in size as well as stability. The effects of moisture and temperature can cause significant changes in the aggregates and thus, the erodibility of a soil. In order L to relate the forces acting on soils to different properties and to wind erodibility, standardized methods are needed to measure the aggregate size distribution and aggregate stability. Standardizing these methods would allow comparison of the effects of various treatments and soil types on the aggregate status. This paper reviews the processes and measurement of soil aggregation as it affects wind erosion. C1 USDA ARS, N Cent Reg, Wind Eros Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Tatarko, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Cent Reg, Wind Eros Res Unit, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 58 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 9 PU ARID ZONE RESEARCH ASSOC INDIA PI JODHPUR PA C.A.Z.R.I. CAMPUS, JODHPUR 342 003, INDIA SN 0570-1791 J9 ANN ARID ZONE JI Ann. Arid. Zone PD SEP PY 2001 VL 40 IS 3 BP 251 EP 263 PG 13 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 687AD UT WOS:000183352900003 ER PT J AU Fryrear, DW Chen, WN Lester, C AF Fryrear, DW Chen, WN Lester, C TI Revised wind erosion equation SO ANNALS OF ARID ZONE LA English DT Article DE wind erosion model; soil erosion; measured erosion; erosion prediction technology ID SOIL ROUGHNESS; FIELD; PREDICTION; RWEQ AB The Revised Wind Erosion Equation (RWEQ) was developed at the request of the Natural Resource Conservation Service to replace the Wind Erosion Equation (WEQ). RWEQ incorporates new technology developed since WEQ was published in 1965, While the basic inputs are the same for the two equations, the form of the input data is considerably different. RWEQ can estimate erosion each day or for 365 days. Multi-year crop rotation systems can be input into RWEQ and modifications to the management system can be made to evaluate the most desirable farming system for each land manager. RWEQ is based on the assumption that the wind has a limited capacity to transport eroded material. As clean wind blows over an erodible surface, soil material will be emitted from the surface. The emission process will accelerate due to abrasive soil material accumulation as wind passes over the erodible soil. Initially the ability of the soil to emit eroded material will limit the increase in material being transported by the wind. As the wind approaches its maximum transport capacity, it is the ability of the wind to carry additional material that will limit increases in transport. This process has been observed, measured and is modeled in RWEQ. The technology in RWEQ emphasizes that to effectively control wind erosion and minimize land damage efficient wind erosion control practices must be in place over the entire field. When erosion does occur, soil losses are greatest within a few tens of meters of the upwind boundary. Measured annual soil losses at Crown Point, Indiana, were 31.21 kg m(-2), WEQ technology estimated 0.00 kg m(-2) erosion, and RWEQ estimated 25.24 kg m(-2) erosion. With the RWEQ technology, land managers can be confident that they can plan erosion control systems for their farmlands that will be effective. In addition, the wind barrier routine, hill effects, and field length equations will estimate erosion within the field and the quantity of material that will be leaving the downwind field boundary. C1 Res Engineer Custom Prod, Big Spring, TX USA. ALON Refinery, Big Spring, TX USA. USDA ARS, Big Spring, TX USA. RP Fryrear, DW (reprint author), Res Engineer Custom Prod, 7204 S Serv Rd, Big Spring, TX USA. NR 38 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 9 PU ARID ZONE RESEARCH ASSOC INDIA PI JODHPUR PA C.A.Z.R.I. CAMPUS, JODHPUR 342 003, INDIA SN 0570-1791 J9 ANN ARID ZONE JI Ann. Arid. Zone PD SEP PY 2001 VL 40 IS 3 BP 265 EP 279 PG 15 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 687AD UT WOS:000183352900004 ER PT J AU van Donk, SJ Skidmore, EL AF van Donk, SJ Skidmore, EL TI Field experiments for evaluating wind erosion models SO ANNALS OF ARID ZONE LA English DT Article DE airborne sediment flux; BSNE; Sensit; soil moisture; albedo ID MEASURING SOIL ROUGHNESS; CRUSHING-ENERGY METER; AEOLIAN SAND TRAPS; CHAIN METHOD; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; WATER-CONTENT; SEDIMENT; ENTRAINMENT; TUNNEL; CS-137 AB Erosion of soil by wind is a serious problem in many and regions throughout the world. Agricultural producers, as well as managers of non-agricultural lands, need to know how different management practices impact wind erosion. For this purpose, several wind erosion models have been developed. Models, however, need to be tested using experimental data. This paper reviews wind erosion field research, emphasizing recent contributions, and describes experiments and measurements required to evaluate wind erosion models. Three types of data are needed to evaluate wind erosion models: airborne sediment flux, meteorological data and data describing the condition of the field surface. The Big Spring. Number Eight (BSNE) and the Modified Wilson and Cooke (MWAC) samplers are the most widely used collectors of airborne sediment. The Sensit and the Saltiphone do not collect sediment, but continuously record the occurrence and intensity of saltating particles. Additional work is needed to investigate their use for the actual quantification of sediment flux. Several researchers have developed some type of continuously weighing sampler: a sampler and an electronic scale combined in one apparatus. These devices are not yet fully operational and are expensive. Their cost has to decrease if they are to be used more widely. More research is also needed on methods to continuously measure soil moisture at the soil surface. Radiation data such as surface albedo may be useful in this regard. C1 USDA ARS, Wind Eros Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP van Donk, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Wind Eros Res Unit, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 73 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU ARID ZONE RESEARCH ASSOC INDIA PI JODHPUR PA C.A.Z.R.I. CAMPUS, JODHPUR 342 003, INDIA SN 0570-1791 J9 ANN ARID ZONE JI Ann. Arid. Zone PD SEP PY 2001 VL 40 IS 3 BP 281 EP 302 PG 22 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 687AD UT WOS:000183352900005 ER PT J AU Lindstrom, MJ Lobb, DA Schumacher, TE AF Lindstrom, MJ Lobb, DA Schumacher, TE TI Tillage erosion: An overview SO ANNALS OF ARID ZONE LA English DT Article DE erosion; soil translocation; soil variability; sustainability ID SOIL REDISTRIBUTION; WATER EROSION; TRANSLOCATION; RATES; MOVEMENT; TERRACES; STRIPS; LAND AB Soil redistribution by tillage is becoming a recognized soil erosion process. Landscapes subject to tillage erosion are topographically complex or have a high number-of field boundaries. Tillage erosion contributes to the evolution of landscape heterogeneity through creation of distinct landforms and the relatively rapid redistribution of soils from upland positions to depressions. The resultant variability in soil properties has an important effect on crop production. Our objective is to provide a basic understanding of tillage erosion by describing the tillage erosion process and to discuss the effect of tillage erosion on soil properties, and soil productivity, and interaction with water erosion. A brief discussion is included on the subject of future research needs. A soil transport coefficient (k). has been determined as k = -Drhobbeta; where D is tillage depth (m), rhob is the soil bulk density (kg m(-3)), and beta is the slope of the linear regression equation of the relationship between soil displacement and slope gradient. This k-value effectively describes soil transport as a function of slope gradient for a variety of tillage operations; however, the gain or loss in soil mass at any point on the landscape is proportional to hillslope curvature. That is, soil loss from tillage operation will take place on convexities and upper field boundaries, while soil deposition occurs on concavities and lower field boundaries. Soil loss from tillage operations can commonly be greater than what is considered sustainable. As soil is,removed from upslope field boundaries or convex slope positions, subsurface soil horizons become exposed. The exposure and subsequent dispersion of this subsoil material, in addition to soil accumulation at lower slope positions, alters soil properties and introduces greater variation in soil properties over the landscape. The recognition of soil translocation by tillage and its subsequent effect on soil properties and variability presents considerable challenges. Soil conservation strategies must be broadened to include tillage erosion to be fully effective. C1 USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN USA. Univ Manitoba, Dept Soil Sci, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. S Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Lindstrom, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN USA. NR 31 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 6 PU ARID ZONE RESEARCH ASSOC INDIA PI JODHPUR PA C.A.Z.R.I. CAMPUS, JODHPUR 342 003, INDIA SN 0570-1791 J9 ANN ARID ZONE JI Ann. Arid. Zone PD SEP PY 2001 VL 40 IS 3 BP 337 EP 349 PG 13 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 687AD UT WOS:000183352900008 ER PT J AU Scheffer, SJ Lewis, ML AF Scheffer, SJ Lewis, ML TI Two nuclear genes confirm mitochondrial evidence of cryptic species within Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera : Agromyzidae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Liriomyza huidobrensis; Liriomyza langei; pea leafminer; phylogeography; invasive species; elongation factor-1 alpha ID ELONGATION FACTOR-1-ALPHA; INFERRING PHYLOGENIES; MTDNA VARIATION; TREES; MORPHOLOGY; SEQUENCES; LIMITS; DNA AB Phylogenetic analysis using DNA sequence data from two nuclear genes was undertaken to investigate phylogeographic structure within the widespread leafmining pest Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard). Parsimony analysis of 171 bp from beta -tubulin (including an intron) and 921 bp from elongation factor-1 alpha confirms previous findings from mitochondrial sequence data of deep phylogeographic structure indicative of cryptic species within L. huidobrensis. We resurrect the name L. langei Frick for the North American cryptic species and restrict the name L. huidobrensis to the South and Central American cryptic species. Results from nuclear genes also confirm previous results suggesting that recent invasions of this leafminer in many areas of the world are due to the spread of L. huidobrensis from South or Central America. C1 USDA ARS, PSI, Syst Entomol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Scheffer, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, PSI, Syst Entomol Lab, Bldg 005,Room 137,BARC W,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM sscheffe@sel.barc.usda.gov NR 34 TC 48 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 6 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0013-8746 EI 1938-2901 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 94 IS 5 BP 648 EP 653 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2001)094[0648:TNGCME]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 476CD UT WOS:000171207900002 ER PT J AU Leopold, RA Wang, WB Berkebile, DR Freeman, TP AF Leopold, RA Wang, WB Berkebile, DR Freeman, TP TI Cryopreservation of embryos of the new world screwworm Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera : Calliphoridae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Cochliomyia hominivorax; cryopreservation; screwworm; long-term storage ID DROSOPHILA EMBRYOS; CHILLING INJURY; MUSCA-DOMESTICA; MELANOGASTER; FROZEN AB A method for cryopreserving embryos of the screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), was developed for the long-term storage of strains used in research projects and for colonies maintained as back-up to production strains that are mass-reared for sterile insect release programs. This protocol, when combined with a previous procedure that was designed to render screwworm embryos permeable to water loss and the influx of cryoprotectants. yields rates of approximate to 53% hatching, 22% pupation, and 75% adult emergence. These yields are all lower than control levels. but by the next generation the progeny of the cryopreserved flies are near or equal to control levels and are available in sufficient numbers to reestablish laboratory colonies. Important to the success of this study was identifying the optimum embryonic stage for treatment, formulating an incubation regime, which allowed consistent retrieval of embryos at the optimum stage, establishing the correct dehydration time for the previtrification step, and developing a recovery system after liquid nitrogen storage of the embryos. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. USDA ARS, Midwest Livestock Insects Res Lab, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Leopold, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Box 5674, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 27 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 94 IS 5 BP 695 EP 701 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2001)094[0695:COEOTN]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 476CD UT WOS:000171207900009 ER PT J AU Chang, CL Albrecht, C El-Shall, SSA Kurashima, R AF Chang, CL Albrecht, C El-Shall, SSA Kurashima, R TI Adult reproductive capacity of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera : Tephritidae) on a chemically defined diet SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Ceratitis capitata; diet; fruit fly; defined diet; reproductive capacity; development ID AMINO-ACIDS; DACUS-OLEAE; SURVIVAL AB A chemically defined diet (Ceratitis capitata #2 diet) for rearing adult Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), the Mediterranean fruit fly, was developed by adding vitamin B-12 0.024 mg, ascorbic acid phosphate (vitamin C) 3.68 mg, vitamin D 12 mg, vitamin E 8.16 mg, inositol 243 mg, choline chloride 120 mg, cholesterol 40 mg, nicotinic acid 1.64 mg, sugar 6 g, agar 400 mg, and water 7, ml to each 50 g meridic larval diet (C. capitata #1). The C. capitata #2 diet was prepared in two forms, agar and liquid and both showed comparable performance to the standard diet but the agar diet is considered to be the best diet tested. Adults reared on the agar diet produced more eggs than those on a protein hydrolysate-sugar (1:3) diet. Flies fed on diets lacking nutrient groups, such as the 10 essential amino acids. eight nonessential amino acids or the combination of cholesterol, inositol, and choline, produced fewer eggs. Those fed on the diet without the 14 vitamins, cholesterol, inositol, or choline produced a normal number of eggs. Increasing the sugar content in the diet did not affect egg production or hatch. Sugar concentration in the diet influenced fly survival. C1 USDA ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Atom Energy Author, Biol Applicat Dept Nucl Res Ctr, Cairo, Egypt. RP Chang, CL (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, 2727 Woodlawn Dr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 18 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 94 IS 5 BP 702 EP 706 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2001)094[0702:ARCOCC]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 476CD UT WOS:000171207900010 ER PT J AU Howard, RW Perez-Lachaud, G Lachaud, JP AF Howard, RW Perez-Lachaud, G Lachaud, JP TI Cuticular hydrocarbons of Kapala sulcifacies (Hymenoptera : Eucharitidae) and its host, the ponerine ant Ectatomma ruidum (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Kapala sulcifacies; Ectatomma ruidum; species recognition; parasite; mass spectrometry; semiochemicals ID CHEMICAL MIMICRY; NESTMATE RECOGNITION; OBLIGATE PREDATOR; BEHAVIOR; RHINOTERMITIDAE; CAMOUFLAGE; PROFILES; ISOPTERA; ECOLOGY; WORKERS AB Cuticular hydrocarbons from the ponerine ant Ectatomma ruidum, Roger and a highly integrated euchuritid myrmecophile, Kapala sulcifacies (Cameron), associated with it, have been characterized. Ninety hydrocarbons were identified from the ant, 55 hydrocarbons from the female wasp and 54 hydrocarbons from the male wasp. The wasps and ants share 40 hydrocarbons. These shared 40 hydrocarbons represent 92.6% of their hydrocarbon composition for female Kapala, 84.3% for male Kapala and 67.7% for the ants. The wasps have a carbon number range of C(27) to C(35); the ants have a range Of C(23) to C(35). Both species possess n-alkanes, C(27) to C(33) for the wasps, C(23) to C(34) for the ants. Both species also possess major quantities of Z-7- and Z-9 alkenes; C(29) to C(33) for the wasps; C(23) to C(35) for the ants. The female wasps possess a low amount of a conjugated C(31) diene (neither the ants nor the male wasps possess this hydrocarbon), and the ants, but not the wasps, contain low quantities of nonconjugated dienes (carbon numbers of C(23) to C(29)) with double bonds at Delta (9), and Delta (14). Both wasps and ants share homologous series of 3-, 5-, 10-, 11-, 12-, 13-, 15- and 17-methyl branched alkanes. Ants and wasps also share a homologous series of 3,7-dimethylalkanes. Other intern-ally branched dimethyl alkanes are found in both ants and wasps, but only 11, 15-DiMeC(29), is shared. Wasps have 7,15- and 10,14-dimethyl alkanes while the ants have 15,19-dimethyl alkanes. Kapala sulcifacies and E. ruidum both possess hydrocarbons of the 5, X-, 11, X-, 12, X- and 13, X-DiMe series, but the compounds involved are not shared because they represent different compounds, Behavioral observations indicate that the ants accept the newly emerged adult parasitoids with no evidence of agonistic behavior for a period of time after adult eclosion. Nevertheless, the chemical deception is not completely efficient because young adult Kapala are soon ejected from the nest by transportation by their host. These transportations frequently occur after seizure at the base of the wasps' characteristic scutellar spines, such structures allowing for easy transportation without injury for the parasite. Moreover, if no method of escaping the colony is provided, the ants ultimately attack the parasitoids. The substantial chemical overlap of the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of the ants and wasps are discussed in the context of the social life of the colony. C1 USDA ARS, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. El Colegio Frontera Sur, Tapachula 30700, Chiapas, Mexico. Univ Toulouse 3, CNRS, Lab Ethol & Cognit Anim, FRE 2382, F-31062 Toulouse, France. RP Howard, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. EM howard@usgmrl.ksu.edu NR 57 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 11 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 94 IS 5 BP 707 EP 716 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2001)094[0707:CHOKSH]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 476CD UT WOS:000171207900011 ER PT J AU Chu, CC Freeman, TP Buckner, JS Henneberry, TJ Nelson, DR Natwick, ET AF Chu, CC Freeman, TP Buckner, JS Henneberry, TJ Nelson, DR Natwick, ET TI Susceptibility of upland cotton cultivars to Bemisia tabaci biotype B (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) in relation to leaf age and trichome density SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Bemisia tabaci biotype B; Bemisia argentifolii; leaf age; stellate trichome; capitate trichome; small veins ID ARGENTIFOLII HOMOPTERA; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; SAMPLING PLANS; COLONIZATION; OVIPOSITION; MORPHOLOGY; ADULT AB The relationships between leaf trichome densities, leaf age, and sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B, infestations of 13 upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., cultivars were investigated in 1990 and 2000. Stoneville 474 supported higher numbers of B. tabaci biotype B eggs, nymphs and adults, and also had higher numbers of stellate trichomes on abaxial leaf surfaces compared with other cotton cultivars. Siokra L-23. in general, had fewer stellate trichomes and also fewer whiteflies. However, the positive trichome-whitefly density relationships were affected by the ages of leaves from different main stern cotton nodes. The youngest leaves on main stern node I below the terminal for all cultivars had higher numbers of stellate trichomes but fewer whiteflies compared with older leaves. C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Chu, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 23 TC 31 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 94 IS 5 BP 743 EP 749 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2001)094[0743:SOUCCT]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 476CD UT WOS:000171207900015 ER PT J AU Freeman, TP Buckner, JS Nelson, DR Chu, CC Henneberry, TJ AF Freeman, TP Buckner, JS Nelson, DR Chu, CC Henneberry, TJ TI Stylet penetration by Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) into host leaf tissue SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Bemisia argentifolii; whitefly; stylet; nymph; feeding ID TABACI GENNADIUS HOMOPTERA; FEEDING-BEHAVIOR; ULTRASTRUCTURE; OVIPOSITION; LEMON; AGE AB Silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring, adults and nymphs feed on the phloem tissue of host plant leaves. Infested leaves were rapidly fixed to prevent the insects from withdrawing their mouthparts. The adult stylet bundle enters the labial groove of the labium between the first and second segments and is completely contained within the labium except during feeding. Stylet length is equal to the combined length of labial segments 2, 3, and 4. Stylet penetration can be determined by examining the position that the stylet enters the labial groove. The physical force necessary for adult stylet penetration is derived from changes in the position of the whitefly head during feeding. The head is bent over the labium, which is attached to the leaf surface, forcing the stylet bundle down the labial groove and into the host tissue. Nymphal stylet lengths were found to be longer than previously reported, and of sufficient length to reach the phloem tissue in cotton and hibiscus leaves from essentially any position on the abaxial leaf surface. C1 N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Electron Microscopy Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Freeman, TP (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Electron Microscopy Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 32 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 11 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 94 IS 5 BP 761 EP 768 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2001)094[0761:SPBBAH]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 476CD UT WOS:000171207900018 ER PT J AU Barkocy-Gallagher, GA Arthur, TM Siragusa, GR Keen, JE Elder, RO Laegreid, WW Koohmaraie, M AF Barkocy-Gallagher, GA Arthur, TM Siragusa, GR Keen, JE Elder, RO Laegreid, WW Koohmaraie, M TI Genotypic analyses of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 and O157 nonmotile isolates recovered from beef cattle and carcasses at processing plants in the midwestern states of the United States SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; GENE-TRANSFER; HYGIENIC CHARACTERISTICS; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS; HORIZONTAL TRANSFER; DRESSING PROCESS; CLONAL TURNOVER; IN-VIVO; INFECTIONS AB Escherichia coli O157:H7 and O157 nonmotile isolates (E. coli O157) previously were recovered from feces, hides, and carcasses at four large Midwestern beef processing plants (R. O. Elder, J. E. Keen, G. R. Siragusa, G. A. Barkocy-Gallagher, M. Koohmaraie, and W. W. Laegreid, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:2999-3003, 2000). The study implied relationships between cattle infection and carcass contamination within single-source lots as well as between preevisceration and postprocessing carcass contamination, based on prevalence. These relationships now have been verified based on identification of isolates by genomic fingerprinting. E. coli O157 isolates from all positive samples were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of genomic DNA after digestion with XbaI. Seventy-seven individual subtypes (fingerprint patterns) grouping into 47 types were discerned among 343 isolates. Comparison of the fingerprint patterns revealed three clusters of isolates, two of which were closely related to each other. Remarkably, isolates carrying both Shiga toxin genes and nonmotile isolates largely fell into specific clusters. Within lots analyzed, 68.2% of the postharvest (carcass) isolates matched preharvest (animal) isolates. For individual carcasses, 65.3 and 66.7% of the isolates recovered post-evisceration and in the cooler, respectively, matched those recovered preevisceration. Multiple isolates were analyzed from some carcass samples and were found to include strains with different genotypes. This study suggests that most E. coli O157 carcass contamination originates from animals within the same lot and not from cross-contamination between lots. In addition, the data demonstrate that most carcass contamination occurs very early during processing. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Barkocy-Gallagher, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166,Spur 18D, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 51 TC 77 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 67 IS 9 BP 3810 EP 3818 DI 10.1128/AEM.67.9.3810-3818.2001 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 468FH UT WOS:000170747100006 PM 11525971 ER PT J AU Kingsley, DH Richards, GP AF Kingsley, DH Richards, GP TI Rapid and efficient extraction method for reverse transcript ion-PCR detection of hepatitis A and Norwalk-like viruses in shellfish SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ROUND-STRUCTURED VIRUSES; VIRION CONCENTRATION METHOD; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; HUMAN ENTERIC VIRUSES; A VIRUS; RT-PCR; MERCENARIA-MERCENARIA; ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS; CONTAMINATED OYSTERS; UNITED-STATES AB As part of an effort to develop a broadly applicable test for Norwalk-like viruses and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in shellfish, a rapid extraction method that is suitable for use with one-step reverse transcription (RT)-PCR-based detection methods was developed. The method involves virus extraction using a pH 9.5 glycine buffer, polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, Tri-reagent, and purification of viral poly(A) RNA by using magnetic poly(dT) beads. This glycine-PEG-Tri-reagent-poly(dT) method can be performed in less than 8 h on hardshell clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) and Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and, when coupled with RT-PCR-based detection, can yield results within 24 h. Observed sensitivities for seeded shellfish extracts are as low as 0.015 PFU of HAV and 22.4 RT-PCR50 units for Norwalk virus. Detection of HAV in live oysters experimentally exposed to contaminated seawater is also demonstrated. An adaptation of this method was used to identify HAV in imported clams (tentatively identified as Ruditapes philippinarum) implicated in an outbreak of food-borne viral illness. All of the required reagents are commercially available. This method should facilitate the implementation of RT-PCR testing of commercial shellfish. C1 Delaware State Univ, USDA ARS, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, WW Baker Ctr, Dover, DE 19901 USA. RP Kingsley, DH (reprint author), Delaware State Univ, USDA ARS, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, WW Baker Ctr, 1200 N Dupont Hwy, Dover, DE 19901 USA. NR 38 TC 91 Z9 100 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 67 IS 9 BP 4152 EP 4157 DI 10.1128/AEM.67.9.4152-4157.2001 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 468FH UT WOS:000170747100053 PM 11526018 ER PT J AU Hendrix, DL Henneberry, TJ Chu, CC Coates, WE AF Hendrix, DL Henneberry, TJ Chu, CC Coates, WE TI Enzyme treatment of honeydew-contaminated cotton fiber SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE cotton module; enzyme; seed cotton; whitefly ID BEMISIA-ARGENTIFOLII HOMOPTERA; SILVERLEAF WHITEFLY HONEYDEW; ALEYRODIDAE HONEYDEW; STICKY COTTON; STICKINESS; SUGARS; LINT AB Cotton fiber contaminated with insect honeydew causes serious processing problems in cotton gins and textile mills. The use of a carbohydrate-degrading enzyme to reduce the stickiness of honeydew-contaminated cotton was tested in a system designed to simulate cotton modules. Miniature cotton modules consisting of 1.8-m(3) plastic-lined wooden boxes were packed with seed cotton contaminated with sweetpotato whitefly; Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), honeydew. Treatments were a factorial arrangement of 0-, 295-, and 824-enzyme units/kg seed cotton at 8, 10 and 12% seed cotton moisture. As the seed cotton was packed into the boxes each kg was sprayed with carbohydrate-degrading enzyme in water at rates of between 0.08- and 0.26-L/kg seed cotton. The cotton in these boxes was compressed to a density of 146 to 216 kg/m(3). The thermal behavior and stickiness of the seed cotton in the simulated modules, and the length, strength, and color of the cotton fiber were measured during a six-week storage period. Sprays containing medium or high enzyme rates and 8% lint moisture content did reduce the stickiness and extractable sugar content of the fiber but at higher rates of enzyme application moduled cotton became discolored after extended module storage. C1 ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, USDA, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Univ Arizona, Off Arid Lands Studies, Tucson, AZ USA. RP Hendrix, DL (reprint author), ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, USDA, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 27 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 17 IS 5 BP 571 EP 576 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 523YH UT WOS:000173984800002 ER PT J AU Vogel, JR Garbrecht, JD Brown, GO AF Vogel, JR Garbrecht, JD Brown, GO TI Variability of selected soil properties in winter wheat and native grass watersheds SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE variability; soil properties; land use; field scale ID SPATIAL VARIABILITY; INFILTRATION; RUNOFF; SCALE AB The spatial and temporal transferability of saturated infiltration, surface bulk density, and surface soil composition on afield scale was investigated by a comprehensive analysis of a large data set from eight research watersheds at the ARS Grazinglands Research Station near El Reno, Oklahoma. The watersheds represented two land uses: dryland winter wheat and native warm season grasses. Variability was compared on adjacent watersheds with different land uses and on adjacent watersheds with similar land uses. Regression analysis indicated no direct relationship among the soil properties. From analysis of variance tests, grass watersheds exhibited greater saturated infiltration, lower surface bulk density, and different surface soil composition than the dryland winter wheat watersheds. Within watersheds of the two land uses, the soil properties are equivalent on all watersheds for some properties, while other properties are equivalent on only two or three of four watersheds. Saturated infiltration and surface bulk density were found to be independent of hillslope position, whereas surface soil composition was correlated with hillslope position. A limited study also indicated that saturated infiltration does not vary significantly, through the growing season on the wheat watersheds. Overall, the results indicate that caution should be exercised when treating the watersheds within a single land use as equivalent units or replicates. Ultimately, this decision should be based on the specific use of the data to be collected. Study objectives that focus on. the finer details of runoff production or soil-water processes may require treating each field scale watershed as a separate unit. However, if study objectives focus on seasonal water balance issues or comparisons between land uses, the field scale watersheds within each land use can be considered equivalent units. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. ARS, USDA, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK USA. RP Vogel, JR (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, 114 Ag Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RI Brown, Glenn/H-4354-2012 NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 17 IS 5 BP 611 EP 623 PG 13 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 523YH UT WOS:000173984800008 ER PT J AU Foulk, JA Bunn, JM AF Foulk, JA Bunn, JM TI Physical and barrier properties of developed bilayer protein films SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE edible films; bilayer films; biopolymer films; tensile strength; permeability; protein films ID WATER-VAPOR PERMEABILITY; POTASSIUM SORBATE PERMEABILITY; HYDROPHILIC EDIBLE FILMS; CELLULOSE ETHERS; SOY PROTEIN; FATTY-ACID; COATINGS; METHYLCELLULOSE; LIPIDS AB The effects of three bilayer forming methods (liquid protein spread on dry film, heat pressing dry films, and solvent laminating dry films) on physical and barrier properties were investigated. These bilayer films were generated using soy protein isolate, wheat gluten protein., and corn zein protein. Bilayer films were evaluated for enhanced properties (tensile strength, percent elongation, water vapor, and oxygen permeability) over single layer films. Using X-ray crystallography, these films showed no changes in degree of crystallinity. Depending upon film type in this study, protein bilayer films exhibited reduced, similar, and enhanced properties. Hydration properties, solvent and protein interactions, film thickness, surface properties, or heat and pH differences influenced the formation of these films. Water vapor permeability for these films ranged from 1.3 x 10(-9) g m(-1) s(-1) Pa-1 for soy sprayed on corn film to 3.5 x 10(-9) g m(-1) s(-1) Pa-1 for solvent laminating wheat and soy films. Oxygen permeability ranged from 2.67 x 10(-17) moles m m(-2)s(-1) Pa-1 for spraying soy on corn films to 8.81 x 10(-19) moles m m(-2)s(-1) Pa-1 for pouring soy on wheat film. Tensile strength ranged from 1.57 MPa for spraying corn on wheat films to 9.10 MPa for heat pressing wheat and corn films. Elongation ranged from 5.36% for pouring soy on corn films to 204.12% for pouring soy on wheat films. Bilayer films appear to exhibit reduced tensile strength, similar oxygen permeability, enhanced percent elongation, and greatly increased water vapor permeability. C1 Clemson Univ, USDA ARS, CQRS, Ravenel Ctr,Cotton Qual Res Stn, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Foulk, JA (reprint author), Clemson Univ, USDA ARS, CQRS, Ravenel Ctr,Cotton Qual Res Stn, RM 10 McGregor Rd, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 32 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 17 IS 5 BP 635 EP 641 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 523YH UT WOS:000173984800010 ER PT J AU Lefcourt, AM AF Lefcourt, AM TI Large environmental chamber: Ammonia recovery calibration SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE ammonia volatilization; dairy cattle; livestock buildings ID LIVESTOCK BUILDINGS; CUBICLE HOUSES; EMISSION; CATTLE; RATES AB The ability to accurately, measure ammonia emissions from farms is an important issue both in terms of establishing emissions regulations and for effective evaluation of mitigation techniques. To address this issue, experimental trials were carried out to determine the ability to quantitatively recover ammonia released within a large environmental chamber designed to house six dairy cows or manure processing technologies. Ammonia was released over 30 min periods at a range of values (0.1 to 0.7 g/min) from three positions within the chamber. Chamber temperature was maintained at 22.2 degreesC. Airflow was maintained at one of three setpoints; 10.5, 14.0, or 21.0 air exchanges per h. The amount of ammonia recovered from each release was determined by calculating the average increase in ammonia concentration during the release and stabilization periods, and multiplying by the measured volumetric airflow. Over 86 trials, the recoveries averaged 105.1 +/- 0.8% of the amounts released as determined by the weight change of the release cylinder. Small increases in measured recoveries were associated with increased air flow and increased amounts of ammonia released. Results from this study indicate that increases in ammonia within the chamber, including short-term increases, can be quantitatively recovered. C1 USDA, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lefcourt, AM (reprint author), USDA, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Bldg 303 Powder Mill Rd, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 17 IS 5 BP 683 EP 689 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 523YH UT WOS:000173984800017 ER PT J AU Lefcourt, AM Buell, B Tasch, U AF Lefcourt, AM Buell, B Tasch, U TI Large environmental chamber: Design and operating characteristics SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE environmental chamber; ammonia emissions; livestock buildings; dairy cattle ID INDIRECT CALORIMETER AB Environmental chambers are important tools for probing the influence of the environment on biological systems. This article describes the design and operating characteristics of a large environmental chamber (7.4 x 10.5 x 3.4 m). The impetus for constructing the chamber was to investigate how environmental conditions affect gaseous emissions, including ammonia and odorous compounds, from animal housing facilities and from manure processing technologies. The chamber is currently configured to house six dairy cows in tie-stalls. Mass airflow for the chamber can be set in the range of 5.6 to 28.8 air exchanges per hour and, with some limitations, can be measured and controlled to within 1 % of the setpoint. Exhaust air temperature can be controlled to within 0.2 degreesC of the setpoint. Light intensity, can be set to simulate diurnal variations due to solar radiation. Discussed is the chamber design and operating characteristics, how to avoid costly mistakes, and tradeoffs that can be made to decrease construction and operating costs. C1 USDA, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Mech Engn, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. RP Lefcourt, AM (reprint author), USDA, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Bldg 303 Powder Mill Rd, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 12 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 17 IS 5 BP 691 EP 701 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 523YH UT WOS:000173984800018 ER PT J AU Pearson, TC Doster, MA Michailides, TJ AF Pearson, TC Doster, MA Michailides, TJ TI Automated detection of pistachio defects by machine vision SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE Aspergillus flavus; Aspergillus parasiticus; classification; image processing; sorting ID X-RAY IMAGES; NUTS; CLASSIFICATION; AFLATOXIN; SYSTEM AB Pistachio (Pistacia vera) nuts with shell and kernel defects detract from consumer acceptance and, in some cases, may be more prone to insect damage, mold decay, and/or aflatoxin contamination. The objective of this study was to develop imaging algorithms to improve sorting of nuts with the following shell defects: oily stains, dark stains, adhering hull, and the following kernel defects: navel orangeworm (NOW) damage, fungal decay, and Aspergillus molds, all of which indicate risk of aflatoxin contamination. Imaging algorithms were developed to distinguish normal nuts from those nuts with oily stains, dark stains, and adhering hull as well as nuts having kernel defects. Image algorithm testing on a validation data set showed that nuts having oily stain, dark stain, or adhering hull could be distinguished from normal nuts with an accuracy of 98%. Removing nuts with oily stain, dark stain, and adhering hull will also remove 89.7% of nuts with kernel decay, 93.8% of nuts with Aspergillus molds present, and 98.7% of NOW positive nuts. C1 ARS, USDA, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Univ Calif, DAvis Kearney Agr Ctr, Dept Plant Pathol, Parlier, CA USA. RP Pearson, TC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 10 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 17 IS 5 BP 729 EP 732 PG 4 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 523YH UT WOS:000173984800022 ER PT J AU Solaiman, DKY Ashby, RD Foglia, TA AF Solaiman, DKY Ashby, RD Foglia, TA TI Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates from intact triacylglycerols by genetically engineered Pseudomonas SO APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHAIN FATTY-ACIDS; PUTIDA KT2442; MCL-PHAS; OLEOVORANS; POLY(3-HYDROXYALKANOATES); POLY(HYDROXYALKANOATES); POLY(BETA-HYDROXYALKANOATES); TRANSFORMATION; BIOSYNTHESIS; POLYESTERS AB Pseudomonas putida and P. oleovorans have been extensively studied for their production of medium-chain-length (mcl)-polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). These bacteria are incapable of metabolizing triacylglycerols (TAGs). We have constructed recombinant P. putida and P. oleovorans that can utilize TAGs as substrates for growth and mcl-PHA synthesis. A recombinant plasmid, pCN51lip-1, carrying Pseudomonas lipase genes was used to electrotransform these organisms. The transformants expressed TAG-hydrolyzing activity as shown by a rhodamine B fluorescence plate assay. The genetically modified organisms grew in TAG-containing medium to a cell dry weight of 2-4 g/l. The recombinant P. putida produced mcl-PHA at a crude yield of 0.9-1.6 g/l with lard or coconut oil (Co) as substrate. While P oleovorans transformant did not produce mcl-PHA, a mixed-culture fermentation approach with the wild-type and recombinant strains afforded polymer production from Co at a crude yield of 0.5 g/l. Compositional analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry showed that beta -hydroxyoctanoate (31-45 mol %) and beta -hydroxydecanoate (28-35 mol %) were the dominant repeat units of the TAG-based PHA. The number-average and weight-average molecular masses of the PHAs as determined by gel permeation chromatography were 82-170x 10(3) g/mol and 464-693x10(3) g/mol, respectively. The recombinant approach can greatly increase the number of organisms that can be used to produce PHA from fat and oil substrates. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Solaiman, DKY (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mem Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 31 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0175-7598 J9 APPL MICROBIOL BIOT JI Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 56 IS 5-6 BP 664 EP 669 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 477FX UT WOS:000171273500009 PM 11601611 ER PT J AU Saha, BC AF Saha, BC TI Xylanase from a newly isolated Fusarium verticillioides capable of utilizing corn fiber xylan SO APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MAIZE BRAN; PURIFICATION; OXYSPORUM; HETEROXYLANS AB A fungus. Fusarium verticillioides (NRRL 26518), was isolated by screening soil samples using corn fiber xylan as carbon source. The extracellular xylanase from this fungal strain was purified to apparent homogeneity from the culture supernatant by ultrafiltration using a 30,000 cut-off membrane. octyl-Sepharose chromatography and Bio gel A-0.5 in gel filtration. The purified xylanase (specific activity 492 U/mg protein: MW 24,000. pI 8.6) displayed an optimum temperature at 50 degreesC and optimum pH at 5.5, a pH stability range from 4.0 to 9.5 and thermal stability up to 50 degreesC. It hydrolyzed a variety of xylan substrates mainly to xylobiose and higher short-chain xylooligosaccharides. No xylose was formed. The enzyme did not require metal ions for activity and stability. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Saha, BC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 18 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0175-7598 J9 APPL MICROBIOL BIOT JI Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 56 IS 5-6 BP 762 EP 766 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 477FX UT WOS:000171273500025 PM 11601627 ER PT J AU Huang, JZ Hardin, SC Huber, SC AF Huang, JZ Hardin, SC Huber, SC TI Identification of a novel phosphorylation motif for CDPKs: Phosphorylation of synthetic peptides lacking basic residues at P-3/P-4 SO ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE calcium-dependent protein kinase; phosphorylation motif; synthetic peptide phosphorylation; Ca2+-ATPase; aquaporin ID SUCROSE-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE; DEPENDENT PROTEIN-KINASE; LEAF NITRATE REDUCTASE; ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM; CA2+; AQUAPORINS; CHANNEL; DEPHOSPHORYLATION; ACTIVATION; MECHANISM AB The Ca2+-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are members of a large subfamily of protein kinases in plants that have been implicated in the control of numerous aspects of plant growth and development. One known substrate of the CDPKs is the ER-located ACA2 calcium pump, which is regulated by phosphorylation of Ser(45). In the present study, a synthetic peptide based on the known regulatory phosphorylation site (RRFRFTANLS(45)KRYEA) was efficiently phosphorylated in vitro by CDPKs but not a plant SNF1-related protein kinase. Phosphorylation of the Ser(45)-ACA2 peptide was surprising because the sequence lacks basic residues at P-3/P-4 (relative to the phosphorylated Ser at position P) that are considered to be essential recognition elements for CDPKs. We demonstrate that phosphorylation of the Ser(45)-ACA2 peptide is dependent on the cluster of basic residues found N-terminal (P-6 to P-9) as well as C-terminal (P + 1/P + 2) to the phosphorylated Ser. The results establish a new general phosphorylation motif for CDPKs: [Basic-Basic-X-Basic]-phi -X(4)S/T-X-Basic (where phi is a hydrophobic residue). The motif predicts a number of new phosphorylation sites in plant proteins. Evidence is presented that the novel motif may explain the phosphorylation by CDPKs of Ser271 in the aquaporin PM28A. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Bot, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Zhejiang Univ, Dept Sci Biol, Hangzhou 310029, Zhejiang, Peoples R China. RP Huber, SC (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Box 7631, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 24 TC 31 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-9861 J9 ARCH BIOCHEM BIOPHYS JI Arch. Biochem. Biophys. PD SEP 1 PY 2001 VL 393 IS 1 BP 61 EP 66 DI 10.1006/abbi.2001.2476 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 470LD UT WOS:000170872700006 PM 11516161 ER PT J AU Torfs, H Oonk, HB Broeck, JV Poels, J Van Poyer, W De Loof, A Guerrero, F Meloen, RH Akerman, K Nachman, RJ AF Torfs, H Oonk, HB Broeck, JV Poels, J Van Poyer, W De Loof, A Guerrero, F Meloen, RH Akerman, K Nachman, RJ TI Pharmacological characterization of STKR, an insect G protein-coupled receptor for tachykinin-like peptides SO ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Congress of Entomology CY AUG 20-26, 2000 CL IGUASSU FALLS, BRAZIL DE antagonist; insect; ligand; neurokinin; spantide; tachykinin ID LIGAND-BINDING SITE; NEUROKININ-1 RECEPTOR; DROSOPHILA RECEPTOR; URECHIS-UNICINCTUS; MYOTROPIC PEPTIDES; ECHIUROID WORM; SUBSTANCE-P; EXPRESSION; HOMOLOGY; FAMILY AB STKR is a G protein-coupled receptor that was cloned from the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans. Multiple sequence comparisons show that the amino acid sequence of this insect receptor displays several features that are typical for tachykinin (or neurokinin, NK) receptors. Insect tachykinin-related peptides, also referred to as "insectatachykinins," produce dose-dependent calcium responses in Drosophila melanogaster Schneider 2 cells, which are stably transfected with this receptor (S2-STKR). These responses do not depend on the presence of extracellular Ca2+-ions. A rapid agonist-induced increase of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) is observed. This indicates that the agonist-induced cytosolic Ca2+-rise is caused by a release of Ca(2+)ions from intracellular calcium stores. The pharmacology of STKR is analyzed by studying the effects of the most important antagonists for mammalian NK-receptors on STKR-expressing insect cells. The results show that spantide II, a potent substance P antagonist, is a real antagonist of insectatachykinins on STKR. We have also tested the activity of a variety of natural insectatachykinin analogs by microscopic image analysis of calcium responses in S2-STKR cells. At a concentration of 1 muM, almost all natural analogs produce a significant calcium rise in stable S2-STKR cells. Interestingly, Ste-TK, an insectatachykinin that was recently discovered in the stable fly (S. calcitrans), also proved to be an STKR-agonist. Stc-TK, a potential physiological ligand for STKR, contains an Ala-residue (or A) instead of a highly conserved Gly-residue (or G). Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 48:39-49, 2001. (C) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Katholieke Univ Leuven, Inst Zool, Lab Dev Physiol & Mol Biol, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. ID DLO, Dept Mol Recognit, Lelystad, Netherlands. ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res Lab, USDA, Kerrville, TX USA. Uppsala Univ, Ctr Biomed, Dept Physiol, Uppsala, Sweden. ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, USDA, College Stn, TX USA. RP Broeck, JV (reprint author), Katholieke Univ Leuven, Inst Zool, Lab Dev Physiol & Mol Biol, Naamsestr 59, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. NR 38 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0739-4462 J9 ARCH INSECT BIOCHEM JI Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 48 IS 1 BP 39 EP 49 DI 10.1002/arch.1056 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 468TD UT WOS:000170773500004 PM 11519074 ER PT J AU Russo, GT Meigs, JB Cupples, LA Demissie, S Otvos, JD Wilson, PWF Lahoz, C Cucinotta, D Couture, P Mallory, T Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM AF Russo, GT Meigs, JB Cupples, LA Demissie, S Otvos, JD Wilson, PWF Lahoz, C Cucinotta, D Couture, P Mallory, T Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM TI Association of the Sst-I polymorphism at the APOC3 gene locus with variations in lipid levels, lipoprotein subclass profiles and coronary heart disease risk: the Framingham offspring study SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS LA English DT Article DE apoC3; triglycerides; polymorphisms; lipoprotein particle size; insulin resistance ID APOLIPOPROTEIN-C-III; HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; FAMILIAL COMBINED HYPERLIPIDEMIA; INSULIN-RESPONSE ELEMENT; CIII GENE; A-I; DNA POLYMORPHISMS; ARTERY DISEASE; PLASMA-LIPOPROTEINS; JAPANESE POPULATION AB Apolipoprotein (apo) CIII participates in the regulation of the metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and it is a major component of chylomicrons and VLDL. The APOC3 gene is on chromosome 11q23 and is highly polymorphic. The less common allele (S2) of the SstI polymorphism on the 3' untranslated region of the APOC3 gene has been previously associated with increased triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC), and apoCIII levels and cardiovascular risk on several, but not all, studies. The aim of this study was to examine the association of this polymorphism with plasma lipid levels, lipoprotein subfractions and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in a population-based study: The Framingham Offspring Study. The frequency of the S2 allele was 0.086, consistent with previous reports in Caucasian populations. In men, the S2 allele was associated with lower concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; P < 0.04) and HDL2-C (P < 0.02) and a significant increase in apoCIII non-HDL (P < 0.05). TG levels were higher in men carriers of the S2 allele, but this association did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.30). Conversely, in women, the S2 allele was associated with increased TC (P < 0.03), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; P < 0.03), and ApoB levels (P < 0.04). Lipoproteins subfractions were also examined using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. S2 male carriers had significantly lower concentrations of large LDL and a significant reduction in LDL particle size (P < 0.04). In women, there was a significant increase in intermediate LDL particles (P < 0.05) with no significant effect on lipoprotein diameters. We also examined the associations between the S2 allele and biochemical markers of glucose metabolism. In men, the S2 allele was associated with elevated fasting insulin concentrations (P < 0.04), whereas no significant associations were observed in women. Despite the described associations with lipid and glucose metabolism related risk factors, we did not find any significant increase in CHD risk associated with the S2 allele in this population. ((C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Boston, MA 02114 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Biochem, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NHLBI, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701 USA. Univ Messina, Dept Internal Med, Messina, Italy. Wako Diagnost, Richmond, VA USA. RP Ordovas, JM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI cucinotta, domenico/F-4832-2014; OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL54776, N01 HL38038, HL35243] NR 67 TC 86 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0021-9150 J9 ATHEROSCLEROSIS JI Atherosclerosis PD SEP PY 2001 VL 158 IS 1 BP 173 EP 181 DI 10.1016/S0021-9150(01)00409-9 PG 9 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 466YK UT WOS:000170673600022 PM 11500189 ER PT J AU Pedro-Botet, J Schaefer, EJ Bakker-Arkema, RG Black, DM Stein, EM Corella, D Ordovas, JM AF Pedro-Botet, J Schaefer, EJ Bakker-Arkema, RG Black, DM Stein, EM Corella, D Ordovas, JM TI Apolipoprotein E genotype affects plasma lipid response to atorvastatin in a gender specific manner SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS LA English DT Article DE apolipoprotein E; HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor; pharmacogenetics; lipoproteins, LDL cholesterol; lipoproteins, HDL cholesterol; triglycerides; genetic polymorphism ID HETEROZYGOUS FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; COA REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; E POLYMORPHISM; E PHENOTYPE; CHOLESTEROL ABSORPTION; LIPOPROTEIN RESPONSE; LOVASTATIN TREATMENT; SIMVASTATIN; EFFICACY; SAFETY AB The response to therapy with hypolipidemic agents shows considerable individual variation. These differences may be due to the interaction of environmental and genetic factors that affect drug bioavailability, receptor function or ligand structure. Our objective was to assess the effect of apolipoprotein (apo) E genotype and gender on lipid-lowering response to the HMG CoA reductase inhibitor, atorvastatin. Genotyping was carried out on DNA from 328 male and female subjects who participated in a multicentric, double-blind clinical trial, and received 10 mg/day of atorvastatin. Our data demonstrate no significant gender differences for LDL cholesterol levels at baseline. Moreover, mean LDL-C lowering was similar in men (- 36.2%, range - 2.7 to - 57.8%) and in women (-38.1%, range 9.5 to -58.5%) as compared to baseline. However, men carrying the epsilon2 allele had a significantly higher mean LDL-C response (-44%) than epsilon3 homozygotes (-37%) and epsilon4 carriers (-34%); P = 0.01 for apoE group by treatment interaction. No such gene/treatment interactions were noted in women, with those carrying the epsilon2 allele showing a similar mean response (-34%) as epsilon3 homozygotes (-39%) and epsilon4 carriers ( -34%). Mean plasma triglyceride lowering with atorvastatin was 17%. A significant apoE group by treatment interaction (P = 0.010) was also observed in men, with e2 carriers being more responsive (-27%) than epsilon3/3 ( -13%) and epsilon4 (-22%). This interaction was not observed in women. In summary, atorvastatin treatment had similar effects on plasma lipid levels in both men and women; however, the apoE gene locus was a significant predictor of LDL-C and TG responses to atorvastatin therapy in men, but not in women. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Div Endocrinol Metab & Mol Biol, Lipid Res Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Parke Davis Pharmaceut Res, Ann Arbor, MI USA. Med Res Labs, Highland Hts, KY USA. RP Pedro-Botet, J (reprint author), Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Div Endocrinol Metab & Mol Biol, Lipid Res Lab, 750 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL54776] NR 37 TC 113 Z9 129 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0021-9150 J9 ATHEROSCLEROSIS JI Atherosclerosis PD SEP PY 2001 VL 158 IS 1 BP 183 EP 193 DI 10.1016/S0021-9150(01)00410-5 PG 11 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 466YK UT WOS:000170673600023 PM 11500190 ER PT J AU McKean, JD Hurd, HS Larsen, S Rostagno, M Griffith, R Wesley, I AF McKean, JD Hurd, HS Larsen, S Rostagno, M Griffith, R Wesley, I TI Impact of commercial pre-harvest processes on the prevalence of Salmonella enterica in cull sows SO BERLINER UND MUNCHENER TIERARZTLICHE WOCHENSCHRIFT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on Epidemiology and Control of Salmonella and Other Food Borne Pathogens in Pork CY SEP 02-05, 2001 CL LEIPZIG, GERMANY DE food safety; marketing; swine; abattoir; consumer AB This study examined the impact of transport and lairage on Salmonella enterica prevalence in cull sows held under commercial conditions. Five sampling periods over 10 weeks yielded 181 selected culls. Fecal sample positives at the farm and collection point were 2 % and 3 %, respectively. After transport and lairage 41 % of cull sows yielded S. enterica in one or more sampled tissues. A significant increase in cecal isolations was observed. The two S. enterica serotypes found at the production site and collection point were found at the abattoir, as were 13 other serotypes. Transport and lairage practices may contribute to an increased S. enterica contamination immediately prior to slaughter. C1 Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Ames, IA 50010 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Fed Univ Lavras, Dept Vet Med, BR-31200000 Lavras, MG, Brazil. RP McKean, JD (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 7 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0005-9366 J9 BERL MUNCH TIERARZTL JI Berliner Munchener Tierarztl. Wochenschr. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 114 IS 9-10 BP 353 EP 355 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 478KL UT WOS:000171345300010 PM 11570176 ER PT J AU Gray, JT Fedorka-Cray, PJ AF Gray, JT Fedorka-Cray, PJ TI Long term survival and infectivity of Salmonella Choleraesuis SO BERLINER UND MUNCHENER TIERARZTLICHE WOCHENSCHRIFT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on Epidemiology and Control of Salmonella and Other Food Borne Pathogens in Pork CY SEP 02-05, 2001 CL LEIPZIG, GERMANY DE Salmonella; Choleraesius; infectivity; survival; swine environment ID SWINE; TYPHIMURIUM; TRANSMISSION; STATE AB It is believed that Salmonella Choleraesuis, the host-adapted serotype of swine, does not survive well outside the host. We examined the survival capability as well as the presence of latent DNA of S. Choleraesuis in swine feces. Pigs were infected with S. Choleraesuis and feces was collected and pooled on days 2, 4, 7, and 10 post inoculation (PI). Feces was stored in a wet and a dry form and survival was measured over 13 months. Salmonella Choleraesuis was recovered from wet feces through 3 months of storage. In a desiccated (dry) form, S. Choleraesuis was recovered from at least 13 months. Direct PCR analysis did not detect S. Choleraesuis subsequent to the final culture recovery for any stored sample. We also examined the infectivity of S. Choleraesuis resident in dry feces. Six or 13 week old pigs were inoculated with dry feces that had been stored either 2 months or 4 months, respectively. Pigs were inoculated either intranasally or by mixing dry feces with the swine ration, Although clinical signs were mild, S. Choleraesuis was widely disseminated among the tissues of all the pigs inoculated. This study demonstrates that S. Choleraesuis remains viable and infective in the environment. Therefore, contaminated fecal matter can serve as a reservoir for S. Choleraesuis as well as other Salmonella spp. Control measures must consider this environmental reservoir as a source of new infections. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Gray, JT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, 2300 Dayton Rd, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 24 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0005-9366 J9 BERL MUNCH TIERARZTL JI Berliner Munchener Tierarztl. Wochenschr. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 114 IS 9-10 BP 370 EP 374 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 478KL UT WOS:000171345300015 PM 11570181 ER PT J AU Hurd, HS Gailey, JK McKean, JD Rostagno, MH AF Hurd, HS Gailey, JK McKean, JD Rostagno, MH TI Experimental rapid infection in market swine following exposure to a Salmonella contaminated environment SO BERLINER UND MUNCHENER TIERARZTLICHE WOCHENSCHRIFT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on Epidemiology and Control of Salmonella and Other Food Borne Pathogens in Pork CY SEP 02-05, 2001 CL LEIPZIG, GERMANY DE abattoir; feces; holding pens; pork safety; critical control point ID TYPHIMURIUM AB The objective of these experiments was to evaluate the possibility of swine becoming infected with Salmonella Typhimurium after a short time interval in a contaminated environment. Two experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 consisted of five trials with eight market weight swine. Pigs were necropsied at 2 (n = 10), 3 (n = 10) and 6 (n = 5) hours after continuous exposure to an environment contaminated with feces shed by swine intranasally inoculated with nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium (chi 4232). In Experiment 2, pigs were necropsied after 30 minutes (n = 6), 60 minutes (n = 6), 2 hours (n = 6), and 6 hours (n = 3). In addition, control animals with no exposure were also necropsied in both experiments. At necropsy, the superficial inguinal, ileocecal. and mandibular lymph nodes, as well as cecal contents, distal ileum portion, and feces were evaluated. All samples were cultured for the presence of the nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella. Feces deposited on the floor by intranasally inoculated swine were mixed with water to form slurry with a resulting load of 10(3)-10(5) Salmonella Typhimurium CFU per gram. In Experiment 1, 80% percent of animals with a 2-hour, 60% of animals with a 3-hour, and 100% of animals with a 6-hour exposure to this slurry had at least one sample test positive for the marked Salmonella Typhimurium strain. In Experiment 2, 50% of the 30 minute. 50% of the 60 minute, and 33% of the 2-hour exposed pigs had at least one sample test positive. These experiments show that market swine can become infected during routine resting or holding periods when exposed to relatively low levels (10(3) CFU) of Salmonella in the simulated pre-slaughter environment, and that exposure times as short as 30 minutes are sufficient to produce contaminated gastrointestinal tracts. They also demonstrate the high risk of holding pigs longer than six hours. Intervention at this step in the swine production process may have a significant impact on the safety of pork products. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Pre Harvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Diagnost & Prod Anim Med, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Fed Univ Lavras, Dept Vet Med, BR-37200000 Lavras, MG, Brazil. RP Hurd, HS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Pre Harvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 8 TC 21 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0005-9366 J9 BERL MUNCH TIERARZTL JI Berliner Munchener Tierarztl. Wochenschr. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 114 IS 9-10 BP 382 EP 384 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 478KL UT WOS:000171345300018 PM 11570184 ER PT J AU Hajek, AE Wheeler, MM Eastburn, CC Bauer, LS AF Hajek, AE Wheeler, MM Eastburn, CC Bauer, LS TI Storage of resting spores of the gypsy moth fungal pathogen, Entomophaga maimaiga SO BIOCONTROL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE resting spore; Entomophaga maimaiga; biological control; cold storage ID GERMINATION; EPIZOOTIOLOGY AB The fungal pathogen, Entomophaga maimaiga causes epizootics in populations of the important North American forest defoliator gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar). Increasing use of this fungus for biological control is dependent on our ability to produce and manipulate the long-lived overwintering resting spores (azygospores). E. maimaiga resting spores undergo obligate dormancy before germination so we investigated conditions required for survival during dormancy as well as the dynamics of subsequent germination. After formation in the Weld during summer, resting spores were stored under various moisture levels, temperatures, and with and without soil in the laboratory and Weld. The following spring, for samples maintained in the Weld, germination was greatest among resting spores stored in plastic bags containing either moistened paper towels or sterile soil. Resting spores did not require light during storage to subsequently germinate. In the laboratory, only resting spores maintained with either sterile or unsterilized soil at 4 degreesC (but not at 20 or -20 degreesC) germinated the following spring, but at a much lower percentage than most Weld treatments. To further investigate the effects of relative humidity (RH) during storage, field-collected resting spores were placed at a range of humidities at 4 degreesC. After 9.5 months, resting spore germination was highest at 58% RH and no resting spores stored at 88 or 100% RH germinated. To evaluate the dynamics of infections initiated by resting spores after storage, gypsy moth larvae were exposed to soil containing resting spores that had been collected in the Weld and stored at 4 degreesC for varying lengths of time. No differences in infection occurred among larvae exposed to fall-collected soil samples stored at 4 degreesC over the winter, versus soil samples collected from the same location the following spring. Spring-collected resting spores stored at 4 degreesC did not go into secondary dormancy. At the time that cold storage of soil containing resting spores began in spring, infection among exposed larvae was initiated within a few days after bringing the soil to 15 degreesC. This same pattern was also found for spring-collected resting spore-bearing soil that was assayed after cold storage for 2-7 months. However, after 31-32 months in cold storage, infections started 14-18 days after soil was brought to 15 degreesC, indicating a delay in resting spore activity after prolonged cold storage. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Entomol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, Ctr Integrated Plant Syst, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Entomol, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Hajek, AE (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Entomol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0958-3157 J9 BIOCONTROL SCI TECHN JI Biocontrol Sci. Technol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 11 IS 5 BP 637 EP 647 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 473JT UT WOS:000171038500007 ER PT J AU Mulock, BS Chandler, LD AF Mulock, BS Chandler, LD TI Effect of Beauveria bassiana on the fecundity of western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Beauveria bassiana; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera; fecundity; egg viability ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; OVIPOSITION; LONGEVITY; INFECTION; SUPPRESSION; POPULATIONS; LEPIDOPTERA; LARVAE AB The effect of the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana, on the reproductive potential of female survivors, egg viability, and total egg production within cohorts of adult western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, was investigated. Newly emerged female beetles were mated and then treated with a suspension of B. bassiana (5 X 10(7) conidia/ml) 5, 10, or 15 days later. Egg production and percentage hatch were monitored over a 6-week period. Females surviving treatment at 10 days postemergence produced on average 30% fewer eggs during the initial 2 weeks of the oviposition period compared with other treatment schedules or untreated beetles. Overall reproductive capacity (mean No. eggs/female) was significantly lower in cohorts treated with B. bassiana compared with untreated cohorts, primarily clue to differential mortality. Early treatment of beetles (5 days postemergence) resulted in a greater reduction in total egg production within the cohort compared with later treatments (10 and 15 days postemergence). Egg viability declined significantly over time for all treatments with no difference in percentage hatchability of eggs between treated and untreated females. A properly timed application of B. bassiana causing 75% beetle mortality could potentially reduce oviposition within adult populations of D. virgifera virgifera by approximately 70%. C1 USDA ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. RP Mulock, BS (reprint author), Agr & Agri Food Canada, Cereal Res Ctr, 195 Dafoe Rd, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. NR 27 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD SEP PY 2001 VL 22 IS 1 BP 16 EP 21 DI 10.1006/bcon.2001.0952 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 469MV UT WOS:000170820200003 ER PT J AU Rayachhetry, MB Van, TK Center, TD Elliott, ML AF Rayachhetry, MB Van, TK Center, TD Elliott, ML TI Host range of Puccinia psidii, a potential biological control agent of Melaleuca quinquenervia in Florida SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE rust fungus; biological control; exotic weed; invasive weed; augmentation; melaleuca; paperbark tree; coevolution ID RUST; SPECIFICITY; INFECTION AB The rust fungus Puccinia psidii infects the foliage and causes dieback of actively growing tips on several myrtaceous plants in South and Central America. It has recently been discovered in south Florida causing a similar disease on Metaleuca quinquenervia. We therefore evaluated P. psidii as a potential biological control agent of this invasive tree. Typical disease symptoms on M. quinquenervia included distortion and abscission of young foliage and dieback of severely infected tips. Young stems with living bark developed lesions and localized swellings. The stems became brittle and prone to breakage at the point of these swellings. Often, flowers and young seed capsules also developed eruptive pustules. Host range tests were performed on IS species in 11 genera of Myrtaceae by inoculating expanding leaves with uredospores of two P. psidii isolates: MISOL, obtained from M. quinquenervia, and PISOL, obtained from Pimenta dioica. Results showed Callistemon vintinalis, Eugenia reinwardtiana, M. decora, M. quinquenervia, Myrcianthes fragrans, Alyrciaria cauliflora, P. dioica, and Psidium guajava to be susceptible to both Isolates. Eucalyptus grandis, Eugenia paniculatum, and Syzygium cumini manifested chlorotic halos that developed into brown leaf spots but had no sporulation and were therefore considered resistant. The remaining seven species (Calyptranthes pallens, Eugenia confusa, Eugenia foetida, Eugenia uniflora, Feijoa sellowiana Psidium cattleianum, and S. jambos) exhibited no symptoms and were considered immune to both isolates. The ability of these isolates to initiate pustules on susceptible hosts differed significantly. Overall, both isolates induced more pustules on M. quinquenervia, E. reinwardtiana, and P. dioica than on other susceptible species. Based on host range, both Florida isolates of P. psidii appear similar to one that infects Pimenta spp. in Jamaica. Our studies included a limited number of plant species grown under optimal conditions for disease expression. Field tests will be needed to ascertain their susceptibility under more natural conditions. The P. psidii and M. quinquenervia pathosystem probably represents a "new association," because of the disparate origins of the two species involved and their adventive status in Florida. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Univ Florida, Ft Lauderdale Res & Educ Ctr, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. USDA ARS, Invas Weed Res Lab, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. RP Rayachhetry, MB (reprint author), Univ Florida, Ft Lauderdale Res & Educ Ctr, 3205 Coll Ave, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. NR 27 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD SEP PY 2001 VL 22 IS 1 BP 38 EP 45 DI 10.1006/bcon.2001.0949 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 469MV UT WOS:000170820200006 ER PT J AU Mesquita, ALM Lacey, LA AF Mesquita, ALM Lacey, LA TI Interactions among the entomopathogenic fungus, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Deuteromycotina : Hyphomycetes), the parasitoid, Aphelinus asychis (Hymenoptera : Aphelinidae), and their aphid host SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Paecilomyces fumosoroseus; Diuraphis noxia; Aphelinus asychis; Russian wheat aphid; microbial control; interaction ID RUSSIAN WHEAT APHID; ASCHERSONIA-ALEYRODIS; BEAUVERIA-BASSIANA; ENCARSIA-FORMOSA; L HYM; SURVIVAL; OVIPOSITION; BIOASSAY; LARVAE AB The interactions among the hyphomycete, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia, and its common parasitoid, Aphelinus asychis, were investigated under laboratory conditions to determine if fungal infection of the aphid host had an effect on oviposition and feeding behavior of the female parasitoid and on development of parasitoid progeny. Aphids were first treated with 2 times the LD95 of P. fumosoroseus for D. noxia third instars (5.2 X 10(4) conidia/cm(2)). At various intervals afterward they were exposed to 4- to 5-day-old mated parasitoid females for I h. Various combinations of treatments were examined: exposure to P. fumosoroseus and parasitization simultaneously; exposure to parasitoids 24-96 h after treatment with fungus; exposure to the parasitoid alone; and fungal treatment alone. The average number of aphids probed by the parasitoids was not significantly influenced by host infection with P. fumosoroseus, but duration of ovipositor insertion was influenced by the length of the time interval between exposure to P. fumosoroseus and subsequent exposure to the parasitoid. Parasitoid females spent considerably less time with their ovipositor inserted in dead aphids and in aphids that had been exposed to P. fumosoroseus 72 h prior to contact with the parasitoids. The number of dead aphids fed upon by parasitoids was significantly less than in the other treatment groups. The percentage of successfully parasitized D. noxia was significantly reduced as a function of the time between treatment with P. fumosoroseus and parasitoid oviposition. The effect of previous parasitization on the ability of the fungus to infect aphids and interfere with parasitoid development within host aphids was also investigated. The number of mummies produced by two female A. asychis during 24 h of exposure varied from 20.3 to 23.0 and was not significantly different when the aphids were first exposed to the parasitoids and then treated with P. fumosoroseus 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after exposure. No difference in time between oviposition and emergence of the F1 generation, of the parasitoid for groups treated with the fungus and the untreated groups was noted, but the percentage of emergence of the F1 generation of A. asychis was significantly lower among the aphids exposed to the parasitoid and treated with the fungus 24 h afterward than for the untreated aphids. Various findings of this study demonstrate the potential of synergistic interaction of P. fumosoroseus and A asychis for the biological control of D. noxia. C1 USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. EMBRAPA, CNPAT, BR-60511110 Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil. USDA ARS, European Biol Control Lab, F-34980 St Gely Du Fesc, France. RP Lacey, LA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 42 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 20 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD SEP PY 2001 VL 22 IS 1 BP 51 EP 59 DI 10.1006/bcon.2001.0950 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 469MV UT WOS:000170820200008 ER PT J AU Takasu, K Nordlund, DA AF Takasu, K Nordlund, DA TI Host recognition kairomones for Anaphes iole Girault, an egg parasitoid of the western tarnished plant bug SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Anaphes iole; Lygus hesperus; host selection; Kairomone; insect rearing; biological control ID LYGUS-HESPERUS KNIGHT; TELENOMUS-HELIOTHIDIS; HYMENOPTERA; MIRIDAE; MYMARIDAE; HEMIPTERA; HETEROPTERA; HOMOPTERA; BEHAVIOR AB Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine if chemicals derived from host adults or eggs influence the host location/recognition behavior of Anaphes iole Girault (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) females. Females often probed with their ovipositor, in or near punctures made by Lygus hesperus Knight (Hemiptera:Miridae) females on Gelcarin oviposition packs, in a way that was similar to the probing of protruding host eggs. When the surface Parafilm, of the Gelcarin packs that L. hesperus females had oviposited was replaced with clean punctured Parafilm, fe. males also responded to the punctures, suggesting that the internal contents of the Gelcarin packs cause the probing behavior. Females probed punctures on a piece of Parafilm covering the abdominal contents of host females and males, but they did not respond to punctures in Parafilm covering distilled water or Rinaldini solution. Females also probed glass cylinders coated with host hemolymph, contents of host females or males, or seminal depository. These results suggest that A. iole females use chemicals derived from host eggs or adults in host recognition. Because females responded to mature ovarian eggs embedded in Gelcarin packs, a possible source of this stimulant may be the ovaries of the L. hesperus females. Punctured Parafilm removed from Gelcarin packs which host nymphs had probed with their mouthparts stimulated antennation by A iole females, but not ovipositor probing. Punctures on Gelcarin packs that had never been exposed to hosts sometimes stimulated ovipositor probing by female A iole. Because the probing response was not elicited from A. iole females by punctured Parafilm covering nothing, distilled water, or liquid from Gelcarin packs, the presence of the gel underneath punctured Parafilm may elicit an ovipositor probing response from A. iole females. Host-derived chemicals play an important role with physical properties of host eggs and the substrate in which host eggs are embedded, on host recognition and acceptance by A. iole females. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Kobe Univ, Fac Agr, Kobe, Hyogo 6578501, Japan. USDA ARS, REE, MSA, Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS USA. RP Takasu, K (reprint author), Kobe Univ, Fac Agr, Kobe, Hyogo 6578501, Japan. RI U-ID, Kyushu/C-5291-2016 NR 22 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD SEP PY 2001 VL 22 IS 1 BP 60 EP 65 DI 10.1006/bcon.2001.0945 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 469MV UT WOS:000170820200009 ER PT J AU Hawkes, WC Kelley, DS Taylor, PC AF Hawkes, WC Kelley, DS Taylor, PC TI The effects of dietary selenium on the immune system in healthy men SO BIOLOGICAL TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE selenium; secondary immune response; leukocytes; lymphocytes; white blood cells; granulocytes; blastogenesis; antibody titers; mitogens ID RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SODIUM SELENITE; SERUM SELENIUM; GLUTATHIONE-PEROXIDASE; CELL FUNCTIONS; SUPPLEMENTATION; ACID; IMMUNOCOMPETENCE; MACROPHAGES; DEFICIENCY AB Eleven men were fed foods naturally high or low in selenium for 120 d. Selenium intake was stabilized at 47 mug/d for 21 d, then changed to either 13 or 297 mug/d for 99 d, leading to significantly different blood selenium and glutathione peroxidase concentrations. Serum immunoglobulins, complement components, and primary antibody responses to influenza vaccine were unchanged. Antibody titers against diphtheria vaccine were 2.5-fold greater after reinoculation in the high selenium group. White blood cell counts decreased in the high-selenium group and increased in the low-selenium group, resulting primarily from changes in granulocytes. Apparent increases in cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and activated T-cells in the high-selenium group only approached statistical significance. Lymphocyte counts increased on d 45 in the high-selenium group. In vitro proliferation of peripheral lymphocytes in autologous serum in response to pokeweed mitogen was stimulated in the high-selenium group by d 45 and remained elevated throughout the study, whereas proliferation in the low selenium group did not increase until d 100. This study indicates that the immune-enhancing properties of selenium in humans are the result, at least in part, of improved activation and proliferation of B-lymphocytes and perhaps enhanced T-cell function. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Agr Res Serv, USDA, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Hawkes, WC (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Agr Res Serv, USDA, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 51 TC 53 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 13 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 0163-4984 J9 BIOL TRACE ELEM RES JI Biol. Trace Elem. Res. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 81 IS 3 BP 189 EP 213 DI 10.1385/BTER:81:3:189 PG 25 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 472CQ UT WOS:000170966000001 PM 11575678 ER PT J AU Wang, CY Chang, TY Walfield, AM Ye, J Shen, M Zhang, ML Lubroth, J Chen, SP Li, MC Lin, YL Jong, MH Yang, PC Chyr, N Kramer, E Brown, F AF Wang, CY Chang, TY Walfield, AM Ye, J Shen, M Zhang, ML Lubroth, J Chen, SP Li, MC Lin, YL Jong, MH Yang, PC Chyr, N Kramer, E Brown, F TI Synthetic peptide-based vaccine and diagnostic system for effective control of FMD SO BIOLOGICALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposius on Immunological Applications of Synthetic Peptides CY MAY 09-11, 2001 CL LYON, FRANCE SP Merieux Fdn, Int Assoc Biol DE FMDV; peptides; vaccine; diagnostics; system; control ID MOUTH-DISEASE; T-CELL; IDENTIFICATION AB We have designed synthetic peptides corresponding to two different regions of the genome of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) that are effective as (a) a vaccine or (b) a diagnostic reagent which differentiates convalescent from vaccinated animals, respectively. The peptide vaccine is based on a sequence from the prominent G-H loop of VP1, one of the four capsid proteins. The sequence was optimized by the inclusion of a cyclic constraint and adjoining sequences, and broader immunogenicity was obtained by the incorporation of consensus residues at hypervariable positions. The peptide also included a promiscuous T-helper epitope for effective immunogenicity in outbred populations of large animals. The diagnostic reagent, a peptide based on non-structural (NS) protein 3B, is used in immuno-assays for the detection of antibodies. Antibodies to this NS protein are present in the sera of infected animals but not in the sera of vaccinated animals. The VP1 peptide can be used in complementary immuno-assays for confirmation of NS test results and to monitor for vaccination. This system for differential diagnosis is important to establish the disease-free status of a country. (C) 2001 The International Association for Biologicals. C1 United Biomed Inc, Hauppauge, NY 11788 USA. United Biomed Inc Asia, Shijr City, Taiwan. USDA, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY USA. Pig Res Inst Taiwan, Chunan, Miaoli, Taiwan. Natl Inst Anim Hlth Taiwan, Tanshui, Taiwan. RP Wang, CY (reprint author), United Biomed Inc, 25 Davids Dr, Hauppauge, NY 11788 USA. NR 14 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1045-1056 J9 BIOLOGICALS JI Biologicals PD SEP-DEC PY 2001 VL 29 IS 3-4 BP 221 EP 228 DI 10.1006/biol.2001.0302 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 512ZA UT WOS:000173352400011 PM 11851319 ER PT J AU Ford, JJ Wise, TH Lunstra, DD Rohrer, GA AF Ford, JJ Wise, TH Lunstra, DD Rohrer, GA TI Interrelationships of porcine X and Y chromosomes with pituitary gonadotropins and testicular size SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE follicle-stimulating hormone; luteinizing hormone; pituitary; sperm; testis ID FOLLICLE-STIMULATING-HORMONE; NEONATAL HEMI-CASTRATION; DAILY SPERM PRODUCTION; SERTOLI-CELL; TESTIS SIZE; BOARS; PIG; SECRETION; FEEDBACK; NUMBER AB Endocrine and testicular responses to unilateral castration on 1, 10, 56, or 112 days of age were characterized in 132 Chinese Meishan (MS) x White composite (WC) crossbred boars in which testicular size associates with a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on X chromosome. At 220 days of age, testicles of boars unilaterally castrated on Day I or 10 weighed more and had greater total daily sperm production (DSP) than one testicle of bilaterally intact boars (P < 0.05); compensation did not double these two responses. Boars with MS alleles at the X chromosome QTL had smaller testicles, darker colored parenchyma, and lower total DSP than boars with WC alleles (P < 0.05). The MS alleles engendered greater (P < 0.05) plasma FSH and LH during puberty than WC alleles. Plasma FSH increased (P < 0.05) within 48 h of unilateral castration on Days 1, 10, and 56. Subsequent increases occurred earlier during puberty (P < 0.05) after unilateral castration at younger ages than after unilateral castration at older ages. Pubertal increases in plasma FSH and LH were greater (P < 0.05) in boars with MS alleles than in those with WC alleles for the X chromosome QTL. Breed of Y chromosome had no effect on testicular traits, FSH, testosterone, or estrone. For LH, boars with an MS Y chromosome had greater (P < 0.01) plasma LH across all ages than boars with a WC Y chromosome. We conclude that a gene or groups of genes that reside on the porcine X chromosome regulate testicular development and pubertal gonadotropin concentrations. C1 USDA ARS, RLH US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Ford, JJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, RLH US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, POB 166,State Spur 18D, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 44 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 7 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 65 IS 3 BP 906 EP 912 DI 10.1095/biolreprod65.3.906 PG 7 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 464YG UT WOS:000170560500037 PM 11514357 ER PT J AU Chiellini, E Cinelli, P Imam, SH Mao, L AF Chiellini, E Cinelli, P Imam, SH Mao, L TI Composite films based on biorelated agro-industrial waste and poly(vinyl alcohol). preparation and mechanical properties characterization SO BIOMACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID AGRICULTURAL MULCH; BLENDS AB As a part of an ongoing project on the production of composite materials based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and polymeric materials from renewable resources, the present paper reports on the incorporation of agricultural waste materials as organic fillers in a film matrix based on PVA as continuous phase. In this study lignocellulosic fibers byproducts, derived from sugar cane (SC) and apple (AP) and orange (OR) fruit juice extraction, were cast from PVA aqueous solutions. The effect of fiber type and composition on the relative properties of cast films was evaluated and compared. OR resulted to be suitable for blending in higher amounts by weight than SC and AP. Glycerol and urea were added as plasticizing agents and were observed to be effective in giving flexible films. Additionally, cornstarch was added to further increase the composition of polymers from renewable resources in cost-effective and ecoefficient composite film formulations. The prepared films resulted sensitive to moisture and water. To reduce water sensitivity, hexamethoxymethymelamine (HMMM) was tested as a cross-linking agent for the present composite formulations. Cross-linked films exhibited significant improvement in water-resistance that can be taken as a tuneable structural feature for customized applications. The mechanical properties of the prepared composite films (elongation at break, tensile strength, Young modulus) were found to be dependent upon the nature and content of the filler and on environmental conditions. C1 Univ Pisa, Dept Chem & Ind Chem, I-56126 Pisa, Italy. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Chiellini, E (reprint author), Univ Pisa, Dept Chem & Ind Chem, Via Risorgimento 35, I-56126 Pisa, Italy. OI Cinelli, Patrizia/0000-0003-2401-133X NR 28 TC 79 Z9 79 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1525-7797 J9 BIOMACROMOLECULES JI Biomacromolecules PD FAL PY 2001 VL 2 IS 3 BP 1029 EP 1037 DI 10.1021/bm010084j PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Organic; Polymer Science SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Polymer Science GA 528RG UT WOS:000174256300054 PM 11710006 ER PT J AU McNulty, SG Aber, JD AF McNulty, SG Aber, JD TI US national climate change assessment on forest ecosystems: An introduction SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Nat Resources, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP McNulty, SG (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. NR 6 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD SEP PY 2001 VL 51 IS 9 BP 720 EP 722 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0720:UNCCAO]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 473ND UT WOS:000171049700008 ER PT J AU Dale, VH Joyce, LA McNulty, S Neilson, RP Ayres, MP Flannigan, MD Hanson, PJ Irland, LC Lugo, AE Peterson, CJ Simberloff, D Swanson, FJ Stocks, BJ Wotton, BM AF Dale, VH Joyce, LA McNulty, S Neilson, RP Ayres, MP Flannigan, MD Hanson, PJ Irland, LC Lugo, AE Peterson, CJ Simberloff, D Swanson, FJ Stocks, BJ Wotton, BM TI Climate change and forest disturbances SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES FORESTS; GLOBAL CHANGE; TROPICAL CYCLONES; TREE MORTALITY; IMPACTS; ECOSYSTEMS; HURRICANES; VEGETATION; FREQUENCY; INVASIONS C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Dept Biol Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. Canadian Forest Serv, Edmonton, AB T6H 3S5, Canada. Irland Grp, Winthrop, ME 04364 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Bot, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Canadian Forest Serv, Sault St Marie, ON P6A 5M7, Canada. RP Dale, VH (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Neilson, Ronald/A-8588-2009; Dale, Virginia/B-6023-2009; Hanson, Paul J./D-8069-2011; Peterson, A. Townsend/I-5697-2013; Flannigan, Michael/G-6996-2015 OI Hanson, Paul J./0000-0001-7293-3561; Peterson, A. Townsend/0000-0003-0243-2379; Flannigan, Michael/0000-0002-9970-5363 NR 71 TC 728 Z9 776 U1 41 U2 289 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD SEP PY 2001 VL 51 IS 9 BP 723 EP 734 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0723:CCAFD]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 473ND UT WOS:000171049700009 ER PT J AU Aber, J Neilson, RP McNulty, S Lenihan, JM Bachelet, D Drapek, RJ AF Aber, J Neilson, RP McNulty, S Lenihan, JM Bachelet, D Drapek, RJ TI Forest processes and global environmental change: Predicting the effects of individual and multiple stressors SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Review ID ATMOSPHERIC CO2 CONCENTRATION; TERRESTRIAL BIOSPHERE MODEL; NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; ELEVATED CO2; CARBON-DIOXIDE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; RESOURCE AVAILABILITY; NITROGEN SATURATION; UNITED-STATES; LOBLOLLY-PINE C1 Univ New Hampshire, Comp Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, So Global Change Program, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Aber, J (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Comp Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RI Neilson, Ronald/A-8588-2009 NR 102 TC 125 Z9 134 U1 3 U2 42 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD SEP PY 2001 VL 51 IS 9 BP 735 EP 751 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0735:FPAGEC]2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 473ND UT WOS:000171049700010 ER PT J AU Irland, LC Adams, D Alig, R Betz, CJ Chen, CC Hutchins, M McCarl, BA Skog, K Sohngen, BL AF Irland, LC Adams, D Alig, R Betz, CJ Chen, CC Hutchins, M McCarl, BA Skog, K Sohngen, BL TI Assessing socioeconomic impacts of climate change on US forests, wood-product markets, and forest recreation SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CARBON SEQUESTRATION; AGRICULTURAL LAND; TIMBER; FLUXES; COST C1 Irland Grp, Winthrop, ME 04364 USA. Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Natl Chung Hsing Univ, Taichung 40227, Taiwan. Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Sno Engn Inc, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Irland, LC (reprint author), Irland Grp, Winthrop, ME 04364 USA. RI McCarl, Bruce/E-9445-2011 NR 60 TC 34 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD SEP PY 2001 VL 51 IS 9 BP 753 EP 764 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0753:ASIOCC]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 473ND UT WOS:000171049700011 ER PT J AU Hansen, AJ Neilson, RR Dale, VH Flather, CH Iverson, LR Currie, DJ Shafer, S Cook, R Bartlein, PJ AF Hansen, AJ Neilson, RR Dale, VH Flather, CH Iverson, LR Currie, DJ Shafer, S Cook, R Bartlein, PJ TI Global change in forests: Responses of species, communities, and biomes SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID EASTERN UNITED-STATES; LAND-USE CHANGE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; POTENTIAL CHANGES; FUTURE CLIMATE; TREE; MODEL; VEGETATION; RICHNESS; DISTRIBUTIONS C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Delaware, OH 43066 USA. Univ Ottawa, Dept Biol, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada. Univ Oregon, Dept Geog, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Hansen, AJ (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. EM hansen@montana.edu RI Dale, Virginia/B-6023-2009; Bartlein, Patrick/E-4643-2011; Flather, Curtis/G-3577-2012; OI Bartlein, Patrick/0000-0001-7657-5685; Flather, Curtis/0000-0002-0623-3126; Currie, David J./0000-0002-4906-2363 NR 64 TC 202 Z9 218 U1 8 U2 73 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD SEP PY 2001 VL 51 IS 9 BP 765 EP 779 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0765:GCIFRO]2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 473ND UT WOS:000171049700012 ER PT J AU Saha, BC Hayashi, K AF Saha, BC Hayashi, K TI Debittering of protein hydrolyzates SO BIOTECHNOLOGY ADVANCES LA English DT Review DE protein hydrolyzate; bitter peptides; debittering; protease; aminopeptidase; carboxypeptidase; Lactobacillus; bitterness masking ID AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE; BITTER PEPTIDES; LACTOCOCCUS-LACTIS; CHEDDAR CHEESE; BETA-CASEIN; FLAVORED PEPTIDES; ENZYMATIC-HYDROLYSIS; BACTERIAL PROTEINASE; PROTEOLYTIC-ENZYMES; TRYPTIC HYDROLYSATE AB Enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins frequently results in bitter taste, which is due to the formation of low molecular weight peptides composed of mainly hydrophobic amino acids. Methods for debittering of protein hydrolyzates include selective separation such as treatment with activated carbon, extraction with alcohol, isoelectric precipitation,, chromatography on silica gel, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and masking of bitter taste. Bio-based methods include further hydrolysis of bitter peptides with enzymes such as aminopeptidase, alkaline/neutral protease and carboxypeptidase, condensation reactions of bitter peptides using protease, and use of Lactobacillus as a debittering starter adjunct. The causes for the production of bitter peptides in various food protein hydrolyzates and the development of methods for the prevention, reduction, and elimination of bitterness as well as masking of bitter taste in enzymatic protein hydrolyzates are presented. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Minist Agr Forestry & Fisheries, Natl Food Res Inst, Enzyme Applicat Lab, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. RP Saha, BC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 93 TC 69 Z9 75 U1 6 U2 55 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0734-9750 J9 BIOTECHNOL ADV JI Biotechnol. Adv. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 19 IS 5 BP 355 EP 370 DI 10.1016/S0734-9750(01)00070-2 PG 16 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 472YD UT WOS:000171011800001 PM 14538072 ER PT J AU Francis, JK Knowles, OH AF Francis, JK Knowles, OH TI Age of A2 horizon charcoal and forest structure near Porto Trombetas, Para, Brazil SO BIOTROPICA LA English DT Article DE Amazon; fire; old-growth forest; radiocarbon; slash-and-burn agriculture; succession ID AMAZON; FIRES AB To study the structure and composition of old-growth forest in the Saraci-Taquera National Forest near Porto Trombetas, Brazil, we established 36 0.25 ha plots and described the vegetation. We collected charcoal from the A2 sod horizon of each plot for radiocarbon dating. Although fires have been very rare in this forest during historic times' the presence of charcoal in these soils indicates fire at some earlier period. The ages (conventional radiocarbon age adjusted to 1997) of the charcoal ranged from 177 to 1547 years. These ages, however, did not correlate significantly with any of several measures of biodiversity or stand characteristics. The relative uniformity of the current old-growth forest indicates that either the prehistoric fires were of such low intensity that they had little long-term effect on the vegetation or that the present stands have progressed to near steady state. C1 US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. RP Francis, JK (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, POB 25000, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. NR 25 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0006-3606 J9 BIOTROPICA JI Biotropica PD SEP PY 2001 VL 33 IS 3 BP 385 EP 392 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 484VG UT WOS:000171709800002 ER PT J AU Dawson-Hughes, B AF Dawson-Hughes, B TI Dietary calcium and vitamin D and bone health SO BONE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 8756-3282 J9 BONE JI Bone PD SEP PY 2001 VL 29 IS 3 BP 296 EP 296 DI 10.1016/S8756-3282(01)00513-0 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 475AR UT WOS:000171139900020 ER PT J AU Dawson-Hughes, B AF Dawson-Hughes, B TI Epidemiology of osteoporotic fractures in the United States SO BONE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 8756-3282 J9 BONE JI Bone PD SEP PY 2001 VL 29 IS 3 BP 298 EP 299 DI 10.1016/S8756-3282(01)00524-5 PG 2 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 475AR UT WOS:000171139900031 ER PT J AU Thysell, DR Carey, AB AF Thysell, DR Carey, AB TI Manipulation of density of Pseudotsuga menziesii canopies: preliminary effects on understory vegetation SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID PLANT-SPECIES DIVERSITY; NORTHERN SPOTTED OWLS; OLD-GROWTH FORESTS; DOUGLAS-FIR; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; OLYMPIC PENINSULA; MANAGED FORESTS; CONIFEROUS FORESTS; STAND DENSITY; SMALL MAMMALS AB Managing second-growth forests to conserve biodiversity has been proposed by both foresters and conservation biologists. Management, however, can have unintended consequences, including reduction in native species diversity and increased invasion by exotic species. Our goal was to determine if inducing heterogeneity in managed forest canopies could promote a diversity of native species without contributing markedly to invasion by exotic species. We examined 1- and 3-year responses of understory plants to variable-density thinning of 55- to 65-year-old stands of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. Our study stands had been managed either with retention of old-growth legacies (large live trees, dead trees, and fallen trees) and no thinning or with removal of legacies and twice-repeated conventional thinning. Variable-density thinning initially resulted in decreased understory cover but increased importance of 20 native species, including 2 species of trees. Two native species, however, decreased in importance, and 11 exotic species increased in importance. Within 3 years, understory cover recovered, species richness increased by > 150%, only four exotic species persisted with increased importance, eight native species (including four graminoids) increased in importance, and seven native species decreased in importance. Variable-density thinning shows promise as part of holistic silvicultural systems applied across landscapes throughout stand rotations and as a technique to restore vegetative complexity to closed-canopy second-growth forests. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. RP Carey, AB (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, 3625 93rd Ave SW, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. NR 74 TC 59 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 9 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 31 IS 9 BP 1513 EP 1525 DI 10.1139/cjfr-31-9-1513 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 472XU UT WOS:000171010900004 ER PT J AU Donnegan, JA Veblen, TT Sibold, JS AF Donnegan, JA Veblen, TT Sibold, JS TI Climatic and human influences on fire history in Pike National Forest, central Colorado SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID PONDEROSA PINE FOREST; AMERICAN SOUTHWEST; FRONT RANGE; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; ROCKY-MOUNTAINS; DISTURBANCE; VARIABILITY; FREQUENCY; REGIMES; PAST AB We investigated interannual and multidecadal variability in fire regimes, as related to climate and human land-use in Pike National Forest, central Colorado. Short and long-term trends in fire-scar records were related to tree-ring proxy records of moisture availability and to variability in El Nino - Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Fire occurrence is strongly tied to interannual drought conditions and is associated with cycles of ENSO. Fire events tend to occur in years of reduced moisture availability (La Nina years) and are often preceded by 2-4 years of increased moisture availability (El Nino years). A period of reduced variability in the tree-ring record from 1760 to 1820 AD, roughly corresponds to a period of reduced fire occurrence from approximately 1792 to 1842. Coincident with increased fire occurrence, variability in the climate proxies was high in the middle to late 1800s until the early 1900s. Multidecadal impacts through land use are also evident in the fire record with sharp increases during Euro-American settlement in ca. 1850 and abrupt declines with the start of active fire suppression after ca. 1920. Both humans and climatic variation appear to have interacted synergistically to create long-term trends in fire occurrence over the past two centuries. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Portland Forestry Sci Lab, Portland, OR 97205 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geog, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Donnegan, JA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Portland Forestry Sci Lab, 1221 SW Yamhill,Suite 200, Portland, OR 97205 USA. NR 64 TC 45 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 10 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 31 IS 9 BP 1526 EP 1539 DI 10.1139/cjfr-31-9-1526 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 472XU UT WOS:000171010900005 ER PT J AU Diaz-Avalos, C Peterson, DL Alvarado, E Ferguson, SA Besag, JE AF Diaz-Avalos, C Peterson, DL Alvarado, E Ferguson, SA Besag, JE TI Space-time modelling of lightning-caused ignitions in the Blue Mountains, Oregon SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID GENERALIZED LINEAR-MODELS; FIRE HISTORY; SPATIAL STATISTICS; BAYESIAN-ANALYSIS; FOREST; DISTURBANCES; LANDSCAPES; FREQUENCY; SYSTEMS AB Generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) were used to study the effect of vegetation cover, elevation, slope, and precipitation on the probability of ignition in the Blue Mountains, Oregon, and to estimate the probability of ignition occurrence at different locations in space and in time. Data on starting location of lightning-caused ignitions in the Blue Mountains between April 1986 and September 1993 constituted the base for the analysis. The study area was divided into a pixel-time array. For each pixel-time location we associated a value of 1 if at least one ignition occurred and 0 otherwise. Covariate information for each pixel was obtained using a geographic information system. The GLMMs were fitted in a Bayesian framework. Higher ignition probabilities were associated with the following cover types: subalpine herbaceous, alpine tundra, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.), whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.), Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.), subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.), and grand fir (Abies grandis (Dougl.) Lindl.). Within each vegetation type, higher ignition probabilities occurred at lower elevations. Additionally, ignition probabilities are lower in the northern and southern extremes of the Blue Mountains. The GLMM procedure used here is suitable for analysing ignition occurrence in other forested regions where probabilities of ignition are highly variable because of a spatially complex biophysical environment. C1 Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Invest Matemat Aplicadas & Sistemas, Mexico City 0100, DF, Mexico. US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Cascadia Field Stn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Stat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Diaz-Avalos, C (reprint author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Invest Matemat Aplicadas & Sistemas, Apartado Postal 20-726 Del Alvaro Obregon, Mexico City 0100, DF, Mexico. OI Diaz-Avalos, Carlos/0000-0002-1455-8676 NR 66 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 31 IS 9 BP 1579 EP 1593 DI 10.1139/cjfr-31-9-1579 PG 15 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 472XU UT WOS:000171010900010 ER PT J AU Zhang, LJ Gove, JH Liu, CM Leak, WB AF Zhang, LJ Gove, JH Liu, CM Leak, WB TI A finite mixture of two Weibull distributions for modeling the diameter distributions of rotated-sigmoid, uneven-aged stands SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID FOREST AB The rotated-sigmoid form is a characteristic of old-growth, uneven-aged forest stands caused by past disturbances such as cutting, fire, disease, and insect attacks. The diameter frequency distribution of the rotated-sigmoid form is bimodal with the second rounded peak in the midsized classes, rather than a smooth, steeply descending, monotonic curve. In this study a finite mixture of two Weibull distributions is used to describe the diameter distributions of the rotated-sigmoid, uneven-aged forest stands. Four example stands are selected to demonstrate model fitting and comparison. Compared with a single Weibull or negative exponential function, the finite finite mixture model is the only one that fits the diameter distributions well and produces root mean square error at least four times smaller than the other two. The results show that the finite mixture distribution is a better alternative method for modeling the diameter distribution of the rotated-sigmoid, uneven-aged forest stands. C1 SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Fac Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Zhang, LJ (reprint author), SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Fac Forestry, 1 Forestry Dr, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. NR 27 TC 27 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 8 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 31 IS 9 BP 1654 EP 1659 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 472XU UT WOS:000171010900017 ER PT J AU Fuller, TK York, EC Powell, SM Decker, TA DeGraaf, RM AF Fuller, TK York, EC Powell, SM Decker, TA DeGraaf, RM TI An evaluation of territory mapping to estimate fisher density SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID HOME-RANGE CHARACTERISTICS; POPULATION; MAINE AB We evaluated winter-territory mapping as a method for estimating fisher (Martes pennanti) density in a 210-km(2) survey area in north-central Massachusetts in 1994 and 1995 by comparing estimates with simultaneous camera mark-resight estimates. Assuming intrasexual territoriality and accounting for all occupied habitat, territories of resident radio-marked fishers were mapped (mean = 54% of all territories in the study area), and those of unmarked resident fishers were identified from tracks and photographs. The total number indicated a population of 40 (19/100 km(2)) and 49 (23/100 km(2)) residents for 1994 and 1995, respectively. Results from replicated automatic-camera capture-mark-resight surveys suggested slightly higher total numbers and densities of fishers in 1994 (44.5; 21/100 km(2)) and 1995 (52.9; 25/100 km(2)), but these estimates likely also included nonresident juveniles. Territory mapping and automatic-camera mark-resight methods resulted in very similar population estimates, but both require large numbers of radio-marked fishers to effectively detect small population changes (e.g., such as the 20% observed in this study). Individually marking animals would enhance mark-recapture estimates. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Massachusetts Div Fisheries & Wildlife, Field Headquarters, Westboro, MA 01581 USA. Univ Massachusetts, US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Fuller, TK (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 36 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 9 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 79 IS 9 BP 1691 EP 1696 DI 10.1139/cjz-79-9-1691 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 472ZE UT WOS:000171014200019 ER PT J AU Fanta, GF Felker, FC Shogren, RL Knutson, CA AF Fanta, GF Felker, FC Shogren, RL Knutson, CA TI Starch-paraffin wax compositions prepared by steam jet cooking. Examination of starch adsorbed at the paraffin-water interface SO CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS LA English DT Article DE starch-oil composites; oil-water interface; steam jet cooking ID CEREAL STARCHES; AMYLOSE; LIPIDS; FILMS; MAIZE AB Starch-paraffin wax compositions were prepared by passing aqueous two-phase mixtures of cornstarch and paraffin wax through a steam jet cooker under excess steam conditions. Jet cooking converts the paraffin wax to micron-sized droplets that remain suspended in the aqueous dispersion and do not coalesce, due to an adsorbed layer of interfacial starch that surrounds each droplet. Solidified droplets of starch-coated paraffin wax were isolated by dilution of jet cooked dispersions with excess water followed by centrifugation. Wax droplets, having specific gravity lower than that of water, were collected from the dispersion surface, washed with water, and dried. Weight percent interfacial starch in isolated wax droplets was calculated from the weight of residual starch remaining after removal of paraffin wax by extraction with cyclohexane. Starch percentages varied from about 3-8%, depending upon whether waxy, normal, or high amylose starch was used, and whether jet cooked dispersions were diluted with hot or cold water prior to centrifugation. The effect of small amounts of lipid material (normally present in cereal starches) on weight percent interfacial starch was determined by examining products prepared from starch that was solvent-extracted to remove the lipid component (i.e. defatted). Although defatted normal cornstarch produced a product having a lower percentage of interfacial starch than a comparable product prepared from starch that still contained native lipid, defatting had little effect when waxy starch was used. The morphology of the starch layer, as observed by SEM, was affected by the presence or absence of lipid in the starting starch. Amylose was preferentially adsorbed at the paraffin-water interface when native lipid was present in the starting starch, suggesting that lipid enhances the adsorption of amylose through the formation of helical inclusion complexes. X-ray diffraction patterns of interfacial starch were consistent with this interpretation and showed the Vh-pattern commonly attributed to amylose-lipid complexes. Nitrogen analyses suggested that proteins, present in cornstarch in small amounts, may also adsorb along with starch at the paraffin-water interface. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Fanta, GF (reprint author), USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 17 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0144-8617 J9 CARBOHYD POLYM JI Carbohydr. Polym. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 46 IS 1 BP 29 EP 38 DI 10.1016/S0144-8617(00)00279-4 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic; Polymer Science SC Chemistry; Polymer Science GA 444HZ UT WOS:000169395200004 ER PT J AU Laroche, H Sain, M Houtman, C Daneault, C AF Laroche, H Sain, M Houtman, C Daneault, C TI Pom-assisted electrochemical delignification and bleaching of chemical pulp SO CELLULOSE CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE delignification; bleaching; chemical pulp; electrochemistry; wood pulp ID ELECTRON AB A polyoxometalate-catalyzed electrochemical process has shown good selectivity in delignifying pulp. This breakthrough in redox catalysis shows promise for the development of a new environmentally benign technology for, pulp bleaching. The electrochemical process, applied with a mildly alkaline electrolyte solution containing trace amounts of a vanadium-based polyoxometalate, K-5[SiVW11O40], decreased the kappa number of a softwood Kraft pulp by about 40% without significant change in the viscosity of the pulp. In a similar electrochemical process, a. softwood semi-bleached Kraft pulp was further bleached to a high brightness pulp, above 85% ISO, by electrolysing a borax-based electtblyte activated with tetraacetylethylenediamine in a pulp suspension. C1 Univ Quebec, Pulp & Paper Res Ctr, Trois Rivieres, PQ G9A 5H7, Canada. Univ New Brunswick, Pulp & Paper Res Ctr, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada. Univ Wisconsin, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI USA. RP Laroche, H (reprint author), Univ Quebec, Pulp & Paper Res Ctr, Trois Rivieres, PQ G9A 5H7, Canada. RI Houtman, Carl/I-4469-2012 NR 5 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU EDITURA ACADEMIEI ROMANE PI BUCHAREST PA CALEA 13 SEPTEMBRIE NR 13, SECTOR 5, BUCHAREST RO-76117, ROMANIA SN 0576-9787 J9 CELL CHEM TECHNOL JI Cell Chem. Technol. PD SEP-DEC PY 2001 VL 35 IS 5-6 BP 503 EP 511 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA 700YL UT WOS:000184138700010 ER PT J AU Bean, SR Lookhart, GL AF Bean, SR Lookhart, GL TI Optimizing quantitative reproducibility in high-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) separations of cereal proteins SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID WHEAT-FLOUR PROTEINS; STORAGE PROTEINS; CULTIVAR DIFFERENTIATION; VARIETAL IDENTIFICATION; ZONE-ELECTROPHORESIS; CE SEPARATION; PARAMETERS; GLIADIN; BUFFERS; SPOIL AB High-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) is capable of producing high-resolution, rapid separations of cereal proteins. Furthermore, HPCE is highly reproducible in terms of migration time. However, little work has focused on the quantitative reproducibility of cereal protein separations. Several factors such as sample matrix, sample evaporation, voltage ramp-up time, sample injection time, and capillary end-cut were evaluated for involvement in quantitative reproducibility. These experiments showed that preventing sample evaporation, using optimum injection times, and ensuring a clean, square cut on the capillary all improved the reproducibility of peak areas. Combining these factors into an optimized procedure produced reproducibility with peak areas varying by 1.76% relative standard deviation (RSD). Migration time was also excellent under these conditions, varying by only 0.45% RSD. Other variables such as peak area percent, peak height, and peak height percent also showed good reproducibility with RSD < 4%. Increasing the voltage ramp-up time from 0.17 to 0.68 increased peak efficiency by 150%. This factor had no effect on quantitative reproducibility, however. The gradual buildup of contaminants on the capillary walls occurred over time and decreased both separation efficiency and reproducibility. Rinsing capillaries periodically with appropriate solvents delayed this effect. Peak efficiency was a good marker for capillary performance and lifetime. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. ARS, USDA, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Kansas State Univ, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Bean, SR (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. OI Bean, Scott/0000-0001-8678-8094 NR 39 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 78 IS 5 BP 530 EP 537 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2001.78.5.530 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 470TM UT WOS:000170887300006 ER PT J AU Robertson, GH Cao, TK AF Robertson, GH Cao, TK TI Farinograph responses for wheat flour dough fortified with wheat gluten produced by cold-ethanol or water displacement of starch SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID DIFFERENT MOISTURE CONTENTS; COMMERCIAL GLUTEN; SOLUBILITY; PROTEIN; FRACTIONATION; SEPARATION; VITALITY; HEAT AB The objective of this research was to identify and define mixing characteristics of gluten-fortified flours attributable to differences in the method for producing the gluten. In these studies, a wheat gluten concentrate (W-gluten) was produced using a conventional process model. This model applied physical water displacement of starch (dispersion and screening steps), freeze-drying, and milling. W-gluten was the reference or "vital" gluten in this report. An experimental W-concentrate was produced using a new process model. The new model applied cold-ethanol (CE) displacement of starch (dispersion and screening steps), freeze-drying, and milling. Freeze-drying was used to eliminate thermal denaturation and thereby focus on functional changes due only to the separation method. The dry gluten concentrates were blended with a weak, low-protein (9.2%), soft wheat flour and developed with water in a microfarinograph. We found that both water and cold-ethanol processed gluten successfully increased the stability (St) and improved mixing tolerance index (MTI) to create in the blended flour the appearance of a breadbaking flour, Notably, in the tested range of 9-15% protein, the St for CE-gluten was always higher then the St for W-gluten. Furthermore, the marginal increase in St (slope of the linear St vs. protein concentration) for the CE-gluten was approximate to 57% greater than that for the W-gluten. The slope of the MTI vs. protein data was lower for the CE-gluten by 24%. Flour fortified with CE-gluten exhibited higher water absorption (up to 1.8% units at 13.5% P) than flour fortified with W-gluten. C1 ARS, Proc Chem & Engn Res Unit, Western Reg Res Ctr, Pacific W Area,USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Robertson, GH (reprint author), ARS, Proc Chem & Engn Res Unit, Western Reg Res Ctr, Pacific W Area,USDA, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 29 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 78 IS 5 BP 538 EP 542 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2001.78.5.538 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 470TM UT WOS:000170887300007 ER PT J AU Bett-Garber, KL Champagne, ET McClung, AM Moldenhauer, KA Linscombe, SD McKenzie, KS AF Bett-Garber, KL Champagne, ET McClung, AM Moldenhauer, KA Linscombe, SD McKenzie, KS TI Categorizing rice cultivars based on cluster analysis of amylose content, protein content and sensory attributes SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID COOKED RICE; REGISTRATION; TEXTURE AB Presently, rice cultivars are categorized according to grain dimensions, amylose content, and alkali spreading value (gelatinization temperature type). Categorization of rice cultivars based on total sensory impact is needed. This work endeavors to divide world rices into groups based on amylose, protein, flavor, and texture properties. Ninety-one rice samples representing 79 different cultivars and seven growing locations were separated into seven groups with Ward's Cluster Analysis. Cluster 1 included a third of the rice samples and had cultivars with a large diversity of grain shapes and amylose contents. Mean attribute scores for this cluster were near the grand mean for the collective rice samples for nearly every sensory attribute. Cluster 2 included conventional U.S. short- and medium-grain cultivars. Cluster 3 included conventional U.S. medium cultivars that were produced in Louisiana. Mean sensory scores for this cluster characterized these cultivars; as having relatively undesirable flavor and texture attributes. Cluster 4 included Japanese premium quality cultivars and U.S. medium-grain cultivars developed for the Japanese market. Ouster 5 included high-amylose, indica types that had relatively firm textural properties. Cluster 6 included relatively soft cooking, aromatic cultivars. Cluster 7 included waxy cultivars and other soft cooking grains. In several cases, the production environment (location, weather effects, etc.) influenced flavor and texture characteristics and resulted in the cultivar falling into an unexpected cluster. This categorization serves as a catalyst for indexing rice cultivars for cooking and processing qualities. C1 ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. ARS, USDA, Rice Res Unit, Beaumont, TX USA. Univ Arkansas, Rice Res & Extens Ctr, Stuttgart, AR USA. Louisiana State Univ, Rice Res Stn, Crowley, LA USA. Calif Cooperat Rice Res Fdn, Biggs, CA USA. RP Bett-Garber, KL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. OI Bett-Garber, Karen/0000-0002-1453-2759 NR 25 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 78 IS 5 BP 551 EP 558 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2001.78.5.551 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 470TM UT WOS:000170887300009 ER PT J AU Grant, LA Vignaux, N Doehlert, DC McMullen, MS Elias, EM Kianian, S AF Grant, LA Vignaux, N Doehlert, DC McMullen, MS Elias, EM Kianian, S TI Starch characteristics of waxy and nonwaxy tetraploid (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) wheats SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY; PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES; ENDOSPERM CHARACTER; PASTING PROPERTIES; AMYLOSE CONTENT; ALPHA-AMYLASE; AESTIVUM L.; GELATINIZATION; RETROGRADATION; CEREAL AB Manufacture of pasta products is paramount for durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum). The recent development of waxy durum wheat containing starch with essentially 100% amylopectin may provide new food processing applications and present opportunities for value-added crop production. This investigation was conducted to determine differences in some chemical and functional properties of waxy durum starch. Starch was isolated from two waxy endosperm lines and four nonwaxy cultivars of durum wheat. One of the waxy lines (WX-1) was a full waxy durum wheat whereas the other line (WX-0) was heterogeneous, producing both waxy and nonwaxy seed. Effects on starch swelling, solubility, pasting, gelatinization, and retrogradation were examined. The full waxy starch had four times more swelling power than the nonwaxy durum starches at 95 degreesC, and was also more soluble at three of the four temperatures used. Starch pasting occurred earlier and peak viscosities were greater for starches from both waxy lines than for the nonwaxy starches, but their slurries were less stable with continued stirring and heating. Greater energy was required to melt gelatinized waxy starch gels, but no differences were found in either refrigerated storage or freeze-thaw retrogradation, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The results of this investigation showed some significant differences in the starch properties of the waxy durum wheat lines compared to the nonwaxy durum wheats. C1 N Dakota State Univ, USDA ARS, Hard Red Spring & Durum Wheat Qual Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Grant, LA (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, USDA ARS, Hard Red Spring & Durum Wheat Qual Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 40 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 78 IS 5 BP 590 EP 595 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2001.78.5.590 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 470TM UT WOS:000170887300015 ER PT J AU Bean, SR Lookhart, GL AF Bean, SR Lookhart, GL TI Factors influencing the characterization of gluten proteins by size-exclusion chromatography and multiangle laser light scattering (SEC-MALLS) SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SODIUM DODECYL-SULFATE; SILICA-GEL CHROMATOGRAPHY; WHEAT-FLOUR PROTEINS; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; REFRACTIVE-INDEX; BREAD WHEATS; QUALITY; ELECTROPHORESIS; CONFIRMATION AB The use of multiangle laser light scattering (MALLS) in conjunction with size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was investigated for characterizing wheat proteins. Four solvent systems including 50% acetonitrile and 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, 50 mM sodium phosphate (NaPhos) pH 2.5, 500 mM acetic acid, and 50 mM NaPhos pH 7.0 + 1% SDS were evaluated for protein extraction as well as for use as SEC mobile phases for MALLS analysis. The dn/dc values for wheat proteins were measured in each solvent. Except for the SDS-based mobile phase, gluten proteins showed dn/dc values of 0.16-0.20 that were similar to values reported for other proteins. When analyzed in the SDS solvent, gluten proteins showed dn/dc values of 0.32, similar to that found for other SDS-protein complexes. While all solvents showed similar resolution when used as mobile phases in SEC analysis, the SDS solvent extracted the most protein (approximate to 82%) in the unreduced form. This solvent system also displayed no concentration-dependent or electrostatic effects during MALLS analysis. SDS-soluble and insoluble protein complexes were characterized by MALLS. M-w distributions of 8.1 x 10(7) Da were found for the SDS-insoluble protein complexes. The effect of the column void volume was also examined as was data analysis parameters such as fitting method and peak placement. C1 ARS, USDA, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Lookhart, GL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20250 USA. OI Bean, Scott/0000-0001-8678-8094 NR 53 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 78 IS 5 BP 608 EP 618 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2001.78.5.608 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 470TM UT WOS:000170887300018 ER PT J AU Lent, PJ Grant, LA AF Lent, PJ Grant, LA TI Effects of additives and storage temperature on staling properties of bagels SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID BREAD CRUMB; STARCH; RETROGRADATION; WATER AB The effects of xanthan gum, Novamyl (a type II alpha -amylase), Instant Tender-Jel C starch (a modified starch), and GMS-90-SSK (a hydrated monoglyceride) on the staling properties of bagels stored at 4 and 22 degreesC from 0-7 days were studied. Texture analysis and moisture determination were conducted on the bagels before lyophilization. Analysis of percent soluble starch, crumb pasting (Rapid Visco Analyser) and degree of amylopectin recrystallization (differential scanning calorimeter) were conducted on lyophilized bagel crumb. Novamyl-treated bagels appeared to be the most resistant to staling over time at both storage temperatures in relation to the enthalpy of gelatinization (DeltaH). Bagels containing xanthan gum, Instant Tender-Jel C starch, and GMS-90-SSK showed some improvements over the control bagels, although the effects of the additives on the characteristics of the bagels varied. Bagels made with xanthan gum or monoglyceride retained slightly higher crumb moisture percentages over most days of storage. The monoglyceride-treated bagels had higher enthalpy values, lower percentages of soluble starch, and a higher pasting profile but had the softest texture. The apparent onset of increased staling of the monoglyceride-treated bagels was attributed to complexes formed with the starch fractions. C1 ARS, USDA, Hard Red Spring Durum Wheat Qual Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Cereal Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Grant, LA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hard Red Spring Durum Wheat Qual Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 40 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 78 IS 5 BP 619 EP 624 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2001.78.5.619 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 470TM UT WOS:000170887300019 ER PT J AU Wang, D Dowell, FE Chung, DS AF Wang, D Dowell, FE Chung, DS TI Assessment of heat-damaged wheat kernels using near-infrared spectroscopy SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID COLOR CLASSIFICATION; REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY; PROTEIN-CONTENT; SINGLE KERNELS; SPECTRA; TRANSMITTANCE; WEEVILS; GRAIN AB Heat damage is a serious problem frequently associated with wet harvests because of improper storage of damp grain or artificial drying of moist grain at high temperatures. Heat damage causes protein denaturation and reduces processing quality. The current visual method for assessing heat damage is subjective and based on color change. Denatured protein related to heat damage does not always cause a color change in kernels. The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of near-infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy to identify heat-damaged wheat kernels. A diode-array NIR spectrometer, which measured reflectance spectra (log (1/R)) from 400 to 1,700 nm, was used to differentiate single kernels of heat-damaged and undamaged wheats. Results showed that light scattering was the major contributor to the spectral characteristics of heat-damaged kernels. For partial least squares (PLS) models, the NIR wavelength region of 750-1,700 nm provided the highest classification accuracy (100%) for both cross-validation of the calibration sample set and prediction of the test sample set. The visible wavelength region (400-750 run) gave the lowest classification accuracy. For two-wavelength models, the average of correct classification for the classification sample set was >97%. The average of correct classification for the test sample set was generally >96% using two-wavelength models. Although the classification accuracies of two-wavelength models were lower than those of the PLS models, they may meet the requirements for industry and grain inspection applications. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, USDA, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Wang, D (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 28 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 78 IS 5 BP 625 EP 628 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2001.78.5.625 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 470TM UT WOS:000170887300020 ER PT J AU Kleingartner, L Warner, K AF Kleingartner, L Warner, K TI A look at a new sunflower oil SO CEREAL FOODS WORLD LA English DT Article C1 Natl Sunflower Assoc, Bismarck, ND USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Kleingartner, L (reprint author), Natl Sunflower Assoc, Bismarck, ND USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0146-6283 J9 CEREAL FOOD WORLD JI Cereal Foods World PD SEP PY 2001 VL 46 IS 9 BP 399 EP 404 PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 477AZ UT WOS:000171262100002 ER PT J AU Liu, B McConnell, LL Torrents, A AF Liu, B McConnell, LL Torrents, A TI Hydrolysis of chlorpyrifos in natural waters of the Chesapeake Bay SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE organophosphate pesticide; degradation; metal catalysis; chlorpyrifos; hydrolysis ID PESTICIDES; DEGRADATION; DEPOSITION; TOXICITY; AIR AB Chlorpyrifos is the most widely used insecticide in the Chesapeake Bay region. Recent studies show that this organophospate chemical is consistently present in the air, rain and surface waters of the Chesapeake Bay region, suggesting a long environmental half-life. Hydrolytic degradation of chlorpyrifos is likely a dominant removal process, but existing hydrolysis data do not reflect conditions in the Chesapeake Bay. In this project, hydrolysis rates of chlorpyrifos were measured in sterilized, ambient water from the mouth of four Chesapeake Bay tributaries ranging in salinity from 0 to 17 ppt. The measured hydrolysis half-lives varied from 24 d in the Patuxent River to 126 d in the Susquehanna River. These results indicate that pH alone cannot be used as a single parameter to predict hydrolysis under field conditions. The influence of copper concentration, and other water constituents, need to be further evaluated as they may emerge as independent predictors to assess the fate of pesticides in natural systems. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Torrents, A (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI McConnell, Laura/H-1519-2011 NR 32 TC 61 Z9 83 U1 3 U2 22 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD SEP PY 2001 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1315 EP 1323 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00506-3 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 461UF UT WOS:000170381300003 PM 11513107 ER PT J AU Peters, M House, R Lewandrowski, J McDowell, H AF Peters, M House, R Lewandrowski, J McDowell, H TI Economic impacts of carbon charges on US agriculture SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; DEMAND AB We evaluate the farm sector impacts that would result from implementing a system of carbon based charges on energy intensive inputs. Our emphasis is on production costs, crop acreage, commodity prices, input use, farm income, and farm welfare. The charges considered - $14, $100, and $200 per metric ton of carbon - were developed from the literature and are consistent with reducing U.S. GHG emissions to a 1990 minus 7% level by 2010 under different levels of carbon trading and developing country participation. Impacts are relatively modest for a charge of $14 per mt. Relative to baseline conditions, producer and consumer surplus decline 0.02 and 0.03 percent, respectively. Across crop and livestock commodities, price increases and production declines are all less than 1.0%. As the carbon charge increases, farm sector impacts become more pronounced and determination of whether the aggregate effect is significant or not becomes more subjective. C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Lewandrowski, J (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, 1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 43 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD SEP PY 2001 VL 50 IS 4 BP 445 EP 473 DI 10.1023/A:1010684106573 PG 29 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 455YP UT WOS:000170055600005 ER PT J AU Wilson, TM Gregg, DA King, DJ Noah, DL Perkins, LEL Swayne, DE Inskeep, W AF Wilson, TM Gregg, DA King, DJ Noah, DL Perkins, LEL Swayne, DE Inskeep, W TI Agroterrorism, biological crimes, and biowarfare targeting animal agriculture - The clinical, pathologic, diagnostic, and epidemiologic features of some important animal diseases SO CLINICS IN LABORATORY MEDICINE LA English DT Review ID CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER; AVIAN INFLUENZA-VIRUSES; VELOGENIC NEWCASTLE-DISEASE; HOG-CHOLERA VIRUS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; A VIRUSES; VIROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS; RAPID DETECTION; GREAT-BRITAIN; UNITED-STATES AB As a critical component of our national infrastructure, American agriculture is a broad-based, massive economic juggernaut with complex activities extending from the farm to the fork. Animal agriculture in the United States is highly vulnerable to intentional disease introduction. This article examines the clinical, pathologic, diagnostic, and epidemiologic features of foot-and-mouth disease, avian influenza, classic swine fever, and Newcastle disease. C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Emergency Programs, Vet Serv, USDA,Armed Forces Med Intelligence Ctr, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Foreign Anim Dis Diagnost Lab, Vet Serv, USDA, Greenport, NY USA. ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, USDA, Athens, GA USA. Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Dept Vet Pathol, Washington, DC 20306 USA. USAF, Bolling AFB, Washington, DC 20330 USA. RP Wilson, TM (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Emergency Programs, Vet Serv, USDA,Armed Forces Med Intelligence Ctr, Bldg 1607, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. NR 125 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 10 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0272-2712 J9 CLIN LAB MED JI Clin. Lab. Med. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 21 IS 3 BP 549 EP + PG 44 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 474NL UT WOS:000171113300010 PM 11572141 ER PT J AU Rath, NC Huff, WE Huff, GR Balog, JM Xie, H AF Rath, NC Huff, WE Huff, GR Balog, JM Xie, H TI Matrix metalloproteinase activities of turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) bile SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-TOXICOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bile; collagenase; gelatinase; matrix metalloproteinase; thimerosal; turkeys; zymography ID COLLAGENASE; EXPRESSION; GELATINASE; INHIBITORS; FIBROSIS; TISSUE; CELLS; PURIFICATION; INVASION; CHICKEN AB The bile from turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) gall bladders was found to contain substantial matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activities using gelatin, collagen, and casein substrate zymography, [H-3]labeled collagen degradation assays, and gelatin-agarose affinity purification. Five major bands corresponding to approximate M-w of 64, 60, 46, 40 and 36 kDa showed gelatinolytic activities. On incubation with p-aminophenylmercuric acetate or thimerosal, the densities of both the 64- and 46-kDa bands decreased with increasing intensities of the 60- and 40-kDa bands. Both the 64- and 60-kDa bands showed collagenolytic activities whereas the caseinolytic activities appeared as diffuse bands corresponding to M-w of approximately 60, 40 and 36 kDa. Using [H-3]collagen as substrate, the bile enzymes showed both a time and concentration-de pendent degradation, which could be inhibited by the MMP inhibitors such as EDTA, phenanthroline, and N-[(2R)-2-(hydroxyamido carbonylmethyl)-4-methylpentanonyl]-L-tryptophan methylamide, but not by serine and cysteine protease inhibitors like trans-epoxysuccinyt-L-leucylamido-(4-guanidino)butane, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride or leupeptin. Both 60- and the 40-kDa. gelatinolytic bands showed affinity adsorption to a gelatin-agarose matrix. The physiological roles of bile MMPs are not clear, but their involvement in the digestive functions of birds are likely. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Arkansas, Poultry Sci Ctr, USDA ARS, PPPSRU, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Rath, NC (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Poultry Sci Ctr, USDA ARS, PPPSRU, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 41 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1532-0456 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS C JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C-Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 130 IS 1 BP 97 EP 105 DI 10.1016/S1532-0456(01)00223-X PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology GA 471LA UT WOS:000170929800012 PM 11544146 ER PT J AU Hulting, AG Wax, LM Nelson, RL Simmons, FW AF Hulting, AG Wax, LM Nelson, RL Simmons, FW TI Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar tolerance to sulfentrazone SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE soybean; herbicide tolerance; protoporphyrinogen oxidase; plant breeding AB Sulfentrazone has excellent soil activity on many small-seeded broadleaf weeds, however, soybean injury in field experiments has been noted under certain environmental conditions. Injury levels in these field experiments have appeared to differ in severity among soybean cultivars. Growth chamber studies were initiated with the objective of examining the suspected differences in tolerance among soybean cultivars. Over 40 soybean cultivars, selected from the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection, were tested for tolerance to sulfentrazone. The soybean cultivars were grown under constant conditions in a growth chamber in a soil mix treated with sulfentrazone at 0.28 kg ai ha (-1) preemergence. Ratings of plant injury and measurement of height and biomass reduction were made 14 days after treatment and compared to the respective untreated check plants of each cultivar. Notable differences in tolerance to sulfentrazone across the cultivars were observed. The cultivars were divided into three groups based on plant response and classified as having either high, medium, or low tolerance to sulfentrazone. Results of this study suggest that cultivar selection may lower the risk of early season injury to soybean and potential yield reductions. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61081 USA. USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61081 USA. RP Simmons, FW (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, W-503 Turner Hall,1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61081 USA. NR 18 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 20 IS 8 BP 679 EP 683 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(01)00035-7 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 479KT UT WOS:000171404100005 ER PT J AU Lewis, LC Bruck, DJ Gunnarson, RD Bidne, KG AF Lewis, LC Bruck, DJ Gunnarson, RD Bidne, KG TI Assessment of plant pathogenicity of endophytic Beauveria bassiana in Bt transgenic and non-transgenic corn SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID OSTRINIA-NUBILALIS LEP; ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGUS; ZEA-MAYS; PYRALIDAE; BORER AB Field and greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the proclivity of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) (Berliner)-transgenic corn (Zea mays L.) to form an endophytic relationship with Beauveria bassiana, and to evaluate the corn for possible plant pathological effects associated with this relationship. Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin was applied as a granular formulation to two separate lines of corn, expressing Bt events MON802 and MON810, and their corresponding isolines. There were no significant differences in levels of endophytism between transgenic events or their near-isolines. In greenhouse studies, B. bassiana was applied as a liquid seed treatment to Bt transgenic corn hybrids Pioneer 34R06 (event MON810) and Ciba Max 454 (event 176) and their near isolines at a rate of 2 X 10(10) conidia per ml. There were no significant differences in seed germination or presence of root pathogens in transgenic or isoline seeds soaked in a B. bassiana suspension. The same lines of corn were used in field experiments with treatments of seeds soaked in a suspension of B. bassiana, a foliar application of a granular formulation of B. bassiana, and corresponding untreated checks. Plants were sampled throughout the growing season and evaluated for growth of individual plant components, including sheaths, leaves, stem, husk, ear, plant leaf-to-stern ratio and overall plant growth. There were no significant differences in overall plant growth between the B. bassiana treatments or in the growth of each plant component. The results of this study indicate that B. bassiana readily forms an endophytic relationship with transgenic and non-transgenic corn and causes no plant pathology. C1 USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Lewis, LC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 16 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 14 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 41 IS 5 BP 1395 EP 1400 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 563CK UT WOS:000176236800003 ER PT J AU Gardner, ME Hymowitz, T Xu, SJ Hartman, GL AF Gardner, ME Hymowitz, T Xu, SJ Hartman, GL TI Physical map location of the Rps1-k allele in soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GENETIC-LINKAGE; PRIMARY TRISOMICS; PHYTOPHTHORA ROT; MOLECULAR MAP; GLYCINE-MAX; RESISTANCE; MARKERS; INTEGRATION; RPS2; RJ2 AB Several genetic maps of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] have been developed during the past decade. Different markers have been used to construct these maps including restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), simple sequence repeat (SSR), and classical markers. However, virtually none of the maps and linkage groups developed has been associated with specific soybean chromosomes. For example, there are 13 single dominant resistance genes at 7 different loci that control Phytophthora sojae. These resistance genes (Rps genes) have not been located on any chromosomes, but several have been associated on classical and molecular maps. For example, the Rps1 locus is associated with molecular linkage group N. The objective of this study was to locate the Rps1 locus on a specific soybean chromosome using primary trisomic analysis. Crosses were made between 10 soybean trisomic lines and cv. Resnik (containing Rps1-k). The F2 populations from trisomic parents were inoculated with race 3 of P. sojae to determine the ratio of resistant to susceptible plants. Nine of the F2 populations tested segregated in a normal 3:1 ratio. The F2 population of triplo 3 segregated in a 2:1 ratio, the expected segregation ratio for a single dominant gene if the gene is located on the extra chromosome, suggesting that the Rps1 locus is on chromosome 3. Thus, chromosome 3 corresponds to molecular linkage group N of the integrated genetic linkage map. C1 Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Hartman, GL (reprint author), Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, 1101 W Peabody, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 31 TC 9 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 41 IS 5 BP 1435 EP 1438 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 563CK UT WOS:000176236800010 ER PT J AU Casler, MD Vogel, KP Balasko, JA Berdahl, JD Miller, DA Hansen, JL Fritz, JO AF Casler, MD Vogel, KP Balasko, JA Berdahl, JD Miller, DA Hansen, JL Fritz, JO TI Latitudinal and longitudinal adaptation of smooth bromegrass populations SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Breeding progress has been slow in smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss) since its introduction to North America. Much of the variability among cultivars appears to have arisen by natural selection and adaptive responses. The objective of this study was to determine if smooth bromegrass cultivars differ in latitudinal or longitudinal adaptation, as measured by forage yield, and if that variability relates to their breeding or selection history. The target region was defined as the Great Plains to the East Coast of the USA, from 38 to 47degreesN latitude. Twenty-nine cultivars and experimental populations were evaluated for forage yield at up to seven locations ranging from central to eastern USA. Populations were classified according to pooled population main effect and population X location interaction effect (G + GL deviations). Cluster analysis resulted in eight clusters that explained 90% of the variation among G + GL deviations. One cluster consisted of populations average in adaptation, four clusters consisted of populations that were largely unadapted across the entire region, and three clusters consisted of populations that were specifically adapted to the entire region or a large part thereof. Much of the grouping and adaptation characteristics could be explained by similar pedigrees, selection history, and selection location. However, the phenotypic similarity of some superior, but divergent-pedigree populations suggested that alleles for high and stable forage yield in smooth bromegrass probably exist in numerous germplasm sources. Despite a history of little to no gains in forage yield, these results suggest unrealized potential for future improvement of forage yield of smooth bromegrass across a broad geographic region. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. W Virginia Univ, Div Plant & Soil Sci, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, Mandan, ND 58544 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Breeding & Biometry, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Casler, MD (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 41 IS 5 BP 1456 EP 1460 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 563CK UT WOS:000176236800014 ER PT J AU Asay, KH Mayland, HF Jefferson, PG Berdahl, JD Karn, JF Waldron, BL AF Asay, KH Mayland, HF Jefferson, PG Berdahl, JD Karn, JF Waldron, BL TI Parent-progeny relationships and genotype X environment effects for factors associated with grass tetany and forage quality in Russian wildrye SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CRESTED WHEATGRASS; GENETIC-VARIABILITY; OVERCOME AB Grass tetany (hypomagnesemia) has caused severe economic losses in ruminant animals grazing cool-season grasses, including Russian wildrye [Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski]. The malady has been associated with deficiencies in Mg, Ca, and carbohydrates, and high levels of K. The K/(Ca + Mg) ratio (KRAT), expressed as moles of charge, is often used to express the grass tetany potential of forage. Development and use of new cultivars with an improved balance of the associated minerals would be an economical approach to reduce the incidence of grass tetany. Objectives of this study were to characterize the genetic variability, genotype by environment interactions, and intercharacter relationships for P, K, Ca, Mg, KRAT, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), among 21 clonal lines of Russian wildrye and their polycross progenies. Evaluations were made for 2 yr at three diverse locations in the USA and Canada. The clonal lines were derived from cultivars and plant introductions. Although the clone X location interaction was usually significant, differences among the clonal lines were significant for K, Ca, Mg, and KRAT, and three forage quality estimates of CP, NDF, and true IVDMD. Although the magnitude of the genetic variability among the progenies was substantially less than that found among the clonal lines, we conclude that the grass tetany potential, CP, NDF, IVDMD, and P concentration of this breeding population can be altered through breeding. Opportunities for genetic improvement in forage quality were particularly favorable for CP. Genetic correlations among the clonal lines suggested that selection for higher levels of CP would be accompanied by increased K, Ca, Mg, and IVDMD and reduced KRAT and NDF. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. Agr & Agri Food Canada, Semiarid Prairie Agr Res Ctr, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada. USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. RP Asay, KH (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 35 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 41 IS 5 BP 1478 EP 1484 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 563CK UT WOS:000176236800017 ER PT J AU Villagarcia, MR Carter, TE Rufty, TW Niewoehner, AS Jennette, MW Arrellano, C AF Villagarcia, MR Carter, TE Rufty, TW Niewoehner, AS Jennette, MW Arrellano, C TI Genotypic rankings for aluminum tolerance of soybean roots grown in hydroponics and sand culture SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ACID SOIL TOLERANCE; MAX L MERR; GLYCINE-MAX; PI 416937; PLANTS; REGISTRATION; ELONGATION; GERMPLASM; MAIZE; CULTIVARS AB Screening methodology remains a practical barrier in the breeding of Al-tolerant soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Our objectives were to (i) develop a repeatable sand-media culture method for Al tolerance screening of plants, (ii) compare Al response of genotypes in sand culture to a standard hydroponics-based seedling culture, and (iii) establish a practical guide for the use of hydroponics and sand-culture screening methods in the selection of Al-tolerant soybean. We developed a sand-media culture method and imposed 0 and 450 muM Al3+ activity treatments upon 10 diverse soybean genotypes. The experiment employed a randomized complete block design with nine replications. Root weight and relative root surface area (RRSA) were determined at 18 d after transplanting (DAT). In hydroponics, the genotypes were compared for taproot elongation after 3 d of exposure to 0, 2, and 5 muM Al3+ activity treatments in a split plot design with six replications. Aluminum stress was imposed successfully (approximately 57% of the growth in control) in hydroponics and sand culture, but discrepancies between methods were apparent. The hydroponics-based seedling screen produced an inflated range of genotypic response and altered Al tolerance rankings in comparison with sand culture. 'Perry', which was tolerant to Al in sand culture, was remarkably sensitive to Al in hydroponics. Despite the discrepancies, seedling-based screening successfully identified three (PI 417021, PI 416937, and Biloxi) of the four genotypes that were most tolerant to Al in sand culture. Results suggested that seedling screens can play a practical role in breeding. However, their application to a specific breeding population should be validated with older plants and solid media. The RRSA appeared to be a promising measure of Al tolerance for soybean roots. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Stat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Carter, TE (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM tommy_carter@ncsu.edu NR 55 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 11 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 41 IS 5 BP 1499 EP 1507 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 563CK UT WOS:000176236800020 ER PT J AU Martinez-Reyna, JM Vogel, KP Caha, C Lee, DJ AF Martinez-Reyna, JM Vogel, KP Caha, C Lee, DJ TI Meiotic stability, chloroplast DNA polymorphisms, and morphological traits of upland x lowland switchgrass reciprocal hybrids SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID POPULATIONS AB Switchgrass (Panieum virgatum L.) has two cytotypes or cytoplasm types, L and U, that are associated with the lowland and upland ecotypes, respectively. The L cytotypes are tetraploids while the U cytotypes can be either tetraploids or octaploids. The objective of this research was to characterize meiotic stability of reciprocal crosses of U and L plants as indicated by chromosome pairing at meiosis and to determine the mode of inheritance of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) in the hybrids of these cytotypes. Morphological markers that characterize the parents and hybrids also were investigated to confirm that progeny were true hybrids. Reciprocal crosses were made between Kanlow (L tetraploid) and Summer (U tetraploid) plants. Pubescence on the upper surface of the leaf blade, foliage color, and seed size were evaluated as markers to verify hybridization. Meiotic pairing of some of the hybrids was analyzed at the diakinesis stage of meiosis by means of immature anthers. The clone pRR12 from a spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) cpDNA library was used as a chloroplast hybridization probe to determine chloroplast inheritance. For all the morphological traits evaluated, the hybrids were intermediate in comparison to the parents except for seed width. Chromosome pairing was primarily bivalent in all hybrids. The viability of the hybrid seed and the normal meiotic chromosome pairing of the hybrids indicate a high degree of similarity between upland and lowland genomes. In the cpDNA analysis, all verified hybrids examined carried a fragment identical in size to the fragment of the female parent, indicating predominance of maternal inheritance of the cpDNA in switchgrass. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. Univ Autonoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Vogel, KP (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, 344 Keim Hall,POB 830937, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. NR 23 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 41 IS 5 BP 1579 EP 1583 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 563CK UT WOS:000176236800032 ER PT J AU Saunders, JA Pedroni, MJ Penrose, LDJ Fist, AJ AF Saunders, JA Pedroni, MJ Penrose, LDJ Fist, AJ TI AFLP analysis of opium poppy SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM; MARKERS; DIVERSITY AB Amplified restriction fragment length polymorphic (AFLP) DNA analysis was performed on leaf samples of 40 accessions of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) and two other control genera (Papaver bracteatum Lindley and Papaver setigerum DC.) from a commercial breeding collection held in Tasmania, Australia. A similarity dendrogram was produced on the basis of the analysis of all AFLP bands that ranged between 66 and 367 base pairs (bp) seen on an autoradiogram from denaturing polyacrylamide sequencing electrophoretic gels with three different primer pairs. It was necessary to combine the analysis of all three primer pairs into a single dendrogram to ensure that replicate analyses of related populations were grouped together. It was necessary to use more than one primer pair to resolve clearly the genetic relationship between the closely related plants described in this study; however, even a single primer pair could easily distinguish between populations of different poppy species. The application of AFLP DNA analysis for cultivar identification represents an efficient, reliable procedure for identifying opium poppy breeding lines in a definitive manner. This procedure required only a small amount of leaf material for analysis and the degree of the genetic relatedness was performed on autoradiographic banding patterns with commercially available software. These data were used to generate a similarity dendrogram depicting the predicted genetic relationship of the opium poppy cultivars. Opium poppy accessions sharing common parental lines could be distinguished unambiguously from poppy accessions of more distant genetic background. The banding patterns were reproducible, consistent within a genotype, and the DNA polymorphisms were frequent enough to be useful in characterizing genetic diversity in even closely related breeding lines. C1 USDA ARS, Alternate Crops & Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Alkaloids Pty Ltd, Westbury, Tas 7303, Australia. RP Saunders, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Alternate Crops & Syst Lab, Bldg 50 Rm 100, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 19 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 41 IS 5 BP 1596 EP 1601 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 563CK UT WOS:000176236800035 ER PT J AU Zhang, YP Stommel, JR AF Zhang, YP Stommel, JR TI Development of SCAR and CAPS markers linked to the Beta gene in tomato SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA; PCR-BASED MARKERS; EPIDEMIOLOGIC EVIDENCE; RESISTANCE GENE; LYCOPERSICON-ESCULENTUM; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; DOWNY MILDEW; CAROTENE; CANCER; RAPD AB Two previously identified random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, OPAR18(1100) and UBC792(830), linked to the Beta (B) locus in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were cloned and sequenced. Their end sequences were used to design allele specific sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) primer pairs, SCAR18Df/r and SCBC792f/r. Each of these primer pairs amplified a single product of the same size as their respective progenitor RAPID markers, but did not differentiate the two parental genotypes under a variety of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) conditions. Sequence analysis of cloned RAPD and SCAR products revealed an RsaI site mutation in the allele of the high beta-carotene parent in the SCAR18f/r amplified DNA product which was used to develop the codominant SCAR18(1067), cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) marker. Similarly, a Hinf1 site mutation in the allele of the high beta-carotene parent in SCBC792f/r amplified DNA product was used to develop the codominant SCBC792(779) CAPS marker. Sequences from SCBC792f/r amplified DNA products revealed additional single nucleotide polymorphisms between the two parental genotypes. Three such polymorphisms were used to design the nested primer SCBC792f1 located 97 bp internal to the SCBC792f sequence. The SCBC792f1/r primer pair amplified the dominant SCB792(682) SCAR marker present only in the high beta-carotene parent. Linkage of the CAPS and SCAR markers to B was confirmed by means of a population of 144 F-2 individuals segregating for B. Using introgression line analysis, we mapped the two CAPS and the SCAR markers to the long arm of chromosome 6, consistent with the location of B on the classical linkage map of tomato. C1 USDA ARS, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Stommel, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Vegetable Lab, Bldg 010-A,BARC West 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM stommelj@ba.ars.usda.gov NR 35 TC 20 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 41 IS 5 BP 1602 EP 1608 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 563CK UT WOS:000176236800036 ER PT J AU Massa, AN Larson, SR Jensen, KB Hole, DJ AF Massa, AN Larson, SR Jensen, KB Hole, DJ TI AFLP variation in Bromus section Ceratochloa germplasm of patagonia SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN PATAGONIA; WESTERN CANADA; DNA; POACEAE; RESOLUTION; MARKERS; BROMEAE AB Bromus sect. Ceratochloa includes cultivated and native grasses of South and North America. This study examines amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) variation among 30 hexaploid and two octoploid accessions of South American B. catharticus Vahl., B. coloratus Stead., B. lithobius Trin., B. mango Desv., B. stamineus Desv., and B. tunicatus Phil. and one accession representing octoploid North American B. carinatus Hook & Arn. The proportion of shared AFLP fragments among accessions ranged from 0.67 to 0.99. Although 65% of all fragments (including rare phenotypes) were present in hexaploids and octoploids, the South and North American octoploids displayed more fragments per plant and a common set of additional AFLP fragments not present in the hexaploid accessions. The hexaploid B. coloratus, B. lithobius, and B. stamineus accessions form one well-defined group, evident by the proportion of shared AFLPs, whereas B. mango and B. tunicatus accessions formed another well-defined hexaploid group. However, taxa within these two hexaploid groups were poorly resolved and subtend the highly diverse group of hexaploid B. catharticus accessions. Excluding octoploids. 94% of the AFLP diversity was partitioned among accessions but only 53% of the variation was distributed among taxa. Moreover, variation within hexaploid B. catharticus alone reflected 97% of the total diversity among hexaploid accessions. The overall correlation between geographical distances and genetic similarities among hexaploid accessions, irrespective of taxa, is low (r = -0.243) but significant (P less than or equal to 0.01). Although recognizable forms of genetic variation certainly exist, it may be difficult practically to identify more than one genetically distinct species in the hexaploid Ceratochloa germplasm of Patagonia. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Plants Soils & Biometeorol Dep, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Larson, SR (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RI Hole, David/A-7173-2008 OI Hole, David/0000-0003-1325-3181 NR 43 TC 10 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 41 IS 5 BP 1609 EP 1616 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 563CK UT WOS:000176236800037 ER PT J AU Tuna, M Vogel, KP Arumuganathan, K Gill, KS AF Tuna, M Vogel, KP Arumuganathan, K Gill, KS TI DNA content and ploidy determination of bromegrass germplasm accessions by flow cytometry SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR-DNA; ANGIOSPERMS AB Species of the genus Bromus represent ploidy states from diploid to decaploid. Ploidy determination of Bromus germplasm is necessary before it can be effectively used in breeding or genetic studies. The objective of this study was to characterize the ploidy of 322 accessions of four Bromus species [Bromus inermis Leyss, B. riparius Rehm, B. biebersteinii Roem and Schult., and B. inermis ssp. pumpellianus (Scribn) Wagnon] that are in the USDA National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS). Flow cytometry was used to determine DNA content of 10 plants of each accession. Mean DNA contents were correlated to ploidy level with root tip chromosome counts on selected accessions whose DNA content indicated that they represented different ploidy levels. On the basis of DNA content (pg 2C(-1) = DNA content of a diploid somatic nucleus) and chromosome counts, mean DNA content and chromosome number was 22.62 pg 2C(-1) for octaplold B. biebersteinii (2n = 8x = 56), 26.07 pg 2C(-1) for decaploid B. biebersteinii (2n = 10x 70), 11.74 pg 2C(-1) for tetraploid B. inermis (2n = 4x = 28), 22.28 pg 2C(-1) for octaploid B. inerm is (2n = 8x 56). 22.72 pg 2C(-1) for octaploid B. inermis ssp. pumpellianus (2n 8x = 56). 26.5 pg 2C(-1) for decaploid B. inermis ssp.pumpellianus (2n = 10x = 70), 6.14 pg 2C(-1) for diploid B. riparius (2n = 2x = 14), 22.15 pg 2C(-1) for octaploid B. riparius (2n = 8x = 56), and 26.64 pg 2C(-1) for decaploid B. riparius (2n = 10x = 70). Standard deviations of the mean values were 0.88 pg 2C(-1) or less. Most B. inermis and B. inermis ssp. pumpellianus accessions were octaploid (93.75%), while the majority of the B. riparius and B. biebersteinii were decaploid (92.30%). The B. inermis and related species in the USDA NPGS were collected primarily from areas in the former USSR. The NPGS bromegrass germplasm could be enhanced by collections from western and central Europe, the Middle East, and China. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Wheat Sorghum & Forage Res Unit, Lincoln, NE 68507 USA. Univ Trakya, Tekirdag Agr Fac, Dept Agr, Tekirdag, Turkey. Univ Nebraska, Ctr Biotechnol, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Vogel, KP (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Wheat Sorghum & Forage Res Unit, POB 830937,344 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68507 USA. NR 38 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 5 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 41 IS 5 BP 1629 EP 1634 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 563CK UT WOS:000176236800040 ER PT J AU Campbell, KAG Lafever, HN Finney, P Gooding, RL Herald, L Johnston, A Lipps, P Minyo, R AF Campbell, KAG Lafever, HN Finney, P Gooding, RL Herald, L Johnston, A Lipps, P Minyo, R TI Registration of 'Hopewell' wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CULTIVARS; OHIO C1 USDA ARS, Wheat Genet Qual Physiol & Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA ARS, Soft Wheat Qual Lab, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Hort & Crop Sci, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Plant Pathol, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. RP Campbell, KAG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Wheat Genet Qual Physiol & Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 9 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 41 IS 5 BP 1638 EP 1639 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 563CK UT WOS:000176236800041 ER PT J AU Kelly, JD Hosfield, GL Varner, GV Uebersax, MA Taylor, J AF Kelly, JD Hosfield, GL Varner, GV Uebersax, MA Taylor, J TI Registration of 'Jaguar' black bean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. USDA ARS, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Mich Dry Bean Prod Res Advisory Board, Saginaw, MI 48603 USA. RP Kelly, JD (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 2 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 41 IS 5 BP 1647 EP 1648 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 563CK UT WOS:000176236800051 ER PT J AU Abel, CA Pollak, LM Salhuana, W Widrlechner, MP Wilson, RL AF Abel, CA Pollak, LM Salhuana, W Widrlechner, MP Wilson, RL TI Registration of GEMS-0001 maize germplasm resistant to leaf blade, leaf sheath, and collar feeding by European corn borer SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, So Insect Management Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS Germplam Enhancement Maize, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Pioneer HiBred Int Inc, Dept Plant Breeding, Miami, FL 33186 USA. Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, N Cent Reg Plant Introduct Stn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Abel, CA (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Insect Management Res Unit, POB 346, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 4 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 41 IS 5 BP 1651 EP 1652 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 563CK UT WOS:000176236800056 ER PT J AU Tischler, CR Elberson, HW Hussey, MA Ocumpaugh, WR Reed, RL Sanderson, MA AF Tischler, CR Elberson, HW Hussey, MA Ocumpaugh, WR Reed, RL Sanderson, MA TI Registration of TEM-SLC and TEM-SEC switchgrass germplasms SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CROWN NODE ELEVATION C1 USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. DLO, ATO, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas Ag Exp Sta, Beeville, TX 78102 USA. Angelo State Univ, ASU Stn, San Angelo, TX 76909 USA. USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Manage Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Tischler, CR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, 808 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX 76502 USA. NR 4 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 41 IS 5 BP 1654 EP 1655 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 563CK UT WOS:000176236800059 ER PT J AU Lilly, JW Bartoszewski, G Malepszy, S Havey, MJ AF Lilly, JW Bartoszewski, G Malepszy, S Havey, MJ TI A major deletion in the cucumber mitochondrial genome sorts with the MSC phenotype SO CURRENT GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Cucumis sativus; mitochondrial DNA; heteroplasmy ID POLLEN FERTILITY RESTORATION; CYTOPLASMIC MALE-STERILITY; ABNORMAL GROWTH MUTANT; NUCLEAR GENE FR; MAIZE; DNA; PLANT; ORGANIZATION; TRANSMISSION; EXPRESSION AB The cucumber mitochondrial genome is unique because of its large size, paternal transmission, and the existence of a paternally transmitted mosaic (MSC) phenotype spontaneously appearing after independent tissue culture experiments. Transmission studies eliminated paternal imprinting as the genetic basis for the MSC phenotype. We identified a 13 kb region (JLV5-DEL) in the wild-type mitochondrial genome that was absent from three MSC lines. This deleted region was paternally transmitted with the MSC phenotype through the F-3 and test-cross generations. Southern hybridizations and PCR amplifications using primers within the JLV5 region revealed that rare wild-type sorters possessed the wild-type region. MSC plants possess the wild-type region at levels (approximately 0.002) below detection by standard PCR reactions and Southern hybridizations, using genomic DNA. Sequence analysis of the wild-type contig revealed no homologies to mitochondrial genes and no open reading frames within JLV5-DEL. PCR amplifications across JLV5-DEL using MSC mtDNA revealed that the loss of this region was not a simple deletion and may be associated with a rearrangement. Because no genic regions were identified within the wild-type JLV5 region, the specific lesion conditioning the MSC phenotype may be associated with the putative rearrangement or another mutation that occurred during tissue culture or exists substoichiometrically in the parental line and is transmitted together with JLV5 within the same mitochondrion. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Agr Univ Warsaw, Fac Hort, Dept Plant Genet Breeding & Biotechnol, PL-02787 Warsaw, Poland. RP Havey, MJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Unit, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Bartoszewski, Grzegorz/B-2211-2012; Bartoszewski, Grzegorz/M-8458-2016 OI Bartoszewski, Grzegorz/0000-0002-6197-770X NR 35 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0172-8083 J9 CURR GENET JI Curr. Genet. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 40 IS 2 BP 144 EP 151 DI 10.1007/s002940100238 PG 8 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 483ZB UT WOS:000171664800006 PM 11680824 ER PT J AU Qin, XT Hartung, JS AF Qin, XT Hartung, JS TI Construction of a shuttle vector and transformation of Xylella fastidiosa with plasmid DNA SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CITRUS VARIEGATED CHLOROSIS; IDENTIFICATION; REPLICATION; BACTERIUM; PATHOGEN; SEQUENCE; CULTURE; STRAINS AB We have isolated, cloned, and sequenced a 5823-bp cryptic plasmid from a strain of;Xylella fastidiosa. This plasmid encodes five open reading frames (ORF) greater than 400 nucleotides each. ORF 2 encodes a protein with 37% amino acid identity to the replication initiator protein of plasmid pECB2 from Pseudomonas alcaligenes. This RepA protein from X. fastidiosa contains both a leucine zipper and helix turn helix motif characteristic of proteins involved in DNA replication. The sequence 5' of ORF 2 has all of the features characteristic of plasmid origins of replication as well as regulatory elements required for transcription of ORF 2. Open reading frame 2, along with the upstream origin of replication, was cloned as an EcoRI fragment into pUC19 to create a shuttle vector. This construct was introduced into Xyllella fastidiosa by electroporation, with selection for carbenicillin resistance. Transformation was verified by both PCR and Southern hybridization experiments. Frequency of transformation was low, but increased ten-fold when the plasmid was grown in X. fastidiosa rather than Escherichia coli prior to transformation. This work represents the first step towards the development of a system for genetic analysis of this important plant pathogen of citrus, grapevines, and other horticultural crops. C1 ARS, USDA, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hartung, JS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Fruit Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 23 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 43 IS 3 BP 158 EP 162 DI 10.1007/s002840010280 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 446ZK UT WOS:000169543900003 PM 11400063 ER PT J AU Kremer, RJ Souissi, T AF Kremer, RJ Souissi, T TI Cyanide production by rhizobacteria and potential for suppression of weed seedling growth SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DELETERIOUS RHIZOBACTERIA; ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHESIS; RHIZOSPHERE; PATHOGENS; REAGENTS; BACTERIA AB Rhizobacteria strains were characterized for ability to synthesize hydrogen cyanide and for effects on seedling root growth of various plants. Approximately 32% of bacteria from a collection of over 2000 isolates were cyanogenic, evolving HCN from trace concentrations to >30 nmoles/mg cellular protein. Cyanogenesis was predominantly associated with pseudomonads and was enhanced when glycine was provided in the culture medium. Concentrations of HCN produced by rhizobacteria were similar to exogenous concentrations inhibiting seedling growth in bioassays, suggesting that cyanogenesis by rhizobacteria in the rhizosphere can adversely affect plant growth. Growth inhibition of lettuce and barnyardgrass by volatile metabolites of the cyanogenic rhizobacteria confirmed that HCN was the major inhibitory compound produced. Our results suggest that HCN produced in the rhizospheres of seedlings by selected rhizobacteria is a potential and environmentally compatible mechanism for biological control of weeds. C1 Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Dept Soil & Atmospher Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Inst Natl Agron Tunisie, Tunis, Tunisia. RP Kremer, RJ (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Dept Soil & Atmospher Sci, 302 Anheuser Busch Nat Resources Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. EM KremerR@missouri.edu NR 25 TC 72 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0343-8651 EI 1432-0991 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 43 IS 3 BP 182 EP 186 DI 10.1007/s002840010284 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 446ZK UT WOS:000169543900007 PM 11400067 ER PT J AU Kuo, TM Kim, H Hou, CT AF Kuo, TM Kim, H Hou, CT TI Production of a novel compound, 7,10,12-trihydroxy-8(E)octadecenoic acid from ricinoleic acid by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PR3 SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID C-18 FATTY-ACIDS; RICE BLAST DISEASE; OLEIC-ACID; 7,10-DIHYDROXY-8(E)-OCTADECENOIC ACID; LINOLEIC-ACID; TRIHYDROXY; DIHYDROXY; IDENTIFICATION; INTERMEDIATE; CONVERSION AB The production and its potential use of a novel trihydroxy unsaturated fatty acid, 7,10,12-trihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid (TOD), were investigated. TOD was formed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PR3 (NRRL B-18602) in a culture supplied with exogenous ricinoleic acid. The yield of TOD production was always higher in a rich culture medium than in minimal screening medium. Extending the conversion time from 48 to 72 h prior to lipid extraction led to a 65% reduction in yield, indicating that TOD was further metabolized by strain PR3 and that control of reaction time is important to achieving a maximum yield. The optimum culture density, reaction time, pH, temperature, and substrate concentration for the production of TOD were: 20-24 h culture growth, 48 h, 7.0, 25 degreesC, and 1% (vol/vol), respectively. Under optimum conditions, the yield of TOD production was greater than 45%. TOD was found to be an antifungal agent most active against the fungus that causes blast disease in rice plants, the most important fungal disease affecting rice production worldwide. C1 ARS, Microbial Properties Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Kuo, TM (reprint author), ARS, Microbial Properties Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 28 TC 45 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 43 IS 3 BP 198 EP 203 DI 10.1007/s002840010287 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 446ZK UT WOS:000169543900010 PM 11400070 ER PT J AU Jarvis, GN Russell, JB AF Jarvis, GN Russell, JB TI Differences in Escherichia coli culture conditions can have a large impact on the induction of extreme acid resistance SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CATTLE; O157-H7; TOLERANCE; GROWTH; GENES; K-12; RPOS; PH AB A recently isolated Escherichia coli strain (3TF4) survived an acid shock that mimicked the low pH of the human gastric stomach (pH 2, 1 h), but this survival was highly influenced by prior growth conditions. Only 0.01% of the stationary phase cells that had been grown anaerobically in a carbonate medium (2 mg glucose and 0.25 mg yeast extract per mi, 40 mM sodium carbonate, final pH 6.5) survived the acid shock, and the survival of exponential phase cultures was even lower (0.0001%). Small amounts of Trypticase (1.5 mg/ml) increased the survival as much as 5000-fold, but cultures that were provided with higher concentrations of Trypticase (7.5 mg/ml) did not reach the stationary phase in 24 h and were more acid sensitive. Sodium acetate (50 mM) also increased acid resistance, and the increased acid shock survival was greater for the cells that had reached the stationary phase (100 versus 1000-fold, respectively). E. coli 3TF4 cultures that had been grown aerobically in Luria broth were already so acid resistant (survivals greater than 40%) that they did not respond to sodium acetate. E. coli 3TF4 cultures that were refrigerated (5 degreesC, 7 days) were nearly as acid resistant as those that were immediately subjected to acid shock (pH 2.0, 1 h). C1 Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. ARS, USDA, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Russell, JB (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Wing Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 26 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 43 IS 3 BP 215 EP 219 DI 10.1007/s002840010290 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 446ZK UT WOS:000169543900013 PM 11400073 ER PT J AU Arthurs, CE Jarvis, GN Russell, JB AF Arthurs, CE Jarvis, GN Russell, JB TI The effect of various carbonate sources on the survival of Escherichia coli in dairy cattle manure SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Manure slurries (n = 3) prepared from the feces and urine of lactating dairy cattle (1 part urine, 2.2 parts feces, and 6.8 parts distilled water) had an initial pH of 8.6 +/- 0.1; dissolved carbonate concentrations of 48 +/- 4 mM, and Escherichia coli counts of 5.9 +/- 0.7 logs per mi slurry. The pH of untreated slurries declined to pH 7.0 +/- 0.1 by the 10th day of incubation, and the E. coli count increased approximately 10-fold (P < 0.05). When slurries were treated with Na2CO3, K2CO3, NaHCO3 or Na2CO3NaHCO3 (0 to 16 g/kg slurry), the dissolved carbonates increased in a linear fashion, but only Na2CO3 and K2CO3 (8 g/kg or greater) or Na2CO3. NaHCO3 (16 g/kg) ensured an alkaline pH. Even relatively low concentrations of Na2CO3 of K2CO3 (8 or 12 g/kg) caused a decrease in E. coli viability (P ( 0.05), and E. coli could not be detected if 16 g/kg was added (day 5 or 10 of incubation). Na2CO3. NaHCO3 also caused a decrease in E, coli viability, (P < 0.05), but some E. coli (approximately 10(4) cells per g) were detected on day 10 even if the concentration was 16 g/kg. NaHCO3 did not prevent the decrease in pH or cause a decrease in E. coli numbers (P > 0.05). Calculations based on the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation (pH and dissolved carbonates) indicated that little E. coli killing was noted until the dissolved carbonate anion concentrations (CO3-2) were greater than 1 mM, but bicarbonate anion (HCO3-) concentrations as high as 180 mM did not affect E. coli viability. These results are consistent with the idea that carbonate anion has antimicrobial properties and can kill E. coli in dairy cattle manure. C1 Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. ARS, USDA, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Russell, JB (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Wing Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 12 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 43 IS 3 BP 220 EP 224 DI 10.1007/s002840010291 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 446ZK UT WOS:000169543900014 PM 11400074 ER PT J AU Kogut, MH Genovese, KJ Nisbet, DJ AF Kogut, MH Genovese, KJ Nisbet, DJ TI Signal transduction pathways activated by engaging immunoglobulin Fc receptors on chicken heterophils SO DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PROTEIN-KINASE-C; MEDIATED PHAGOCYTOSIS; HUMAN NEUTROPHILS; PHOSPHOLIPASE-D; IN-VIVO; DEGRANULATION; ACCUMULATION; COMPLEMENT; RELEASE; BURST AB In the present studies, we initiated experiments to identify the signal transduction factors involved in activating phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and degranulation following the binding of IgG-opsonized SE to Fe receptors on the surface of avian heterophils. Peripheral blood heterophils were isolated and exposed to known inhibitors of signal transduction pathways for either 20 min (chelerythine, genistein, or verapamil) or 120 min (pertussis toxin) at 39 degreesC. The cells were then stimulated for 30 min at 39 degreesC with SE opsonized with IgG purified from SE-immune chickens. Phagocytosis, luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (LDCL), and beta -D-glucuronidase release were then evaluated in vitro. The G-protein inhibitor, pertussis toxin, the protein kinase C inhibitor, chelerythine, and the Ca++ channel blocker, verapamil, markedly reduced phagocytosis in a dose responsive manner. Genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, had no effect on the phagocytosis of the opsonized SE. Both pertussis toxin (66-98%) and verapamil (47-76%) had marked inhibitory effect on LDCL. Chelerythine (13-25%) and genistein (5-25%) had far less biologically significant effects on LDCL. Neither chelerythine nor genistein had a significant effect on degranulation. Verapamil (2-28%) and pertussis toxin (25-29%) had a moderate inhibitory effect on degranulation stimulated by IgG-opsonized SE. As was found with complement receptor mediated activation of heterophils, the binding of Fc receptors by the IgG-SE complex activated distinct signaling pathways that regulate the functional activities of avian heterophils. Pertussis toxin-sensitive, Ca++-dependent, G-proteins and protein kinase C-dependent protein phosphorylation play a major role in the phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized SE. Pertussis toxin-sensitive, Ca++-dependent, G-proteins appear to regulate LDCL following Fc receptor binding. The signal transduction inhibitors used in these studies did not affect Fc receptor mediated degranulation by avian heterophils. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, USDA, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Kogut, MH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, 2882 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 31 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0145-305X J9 DEV COMP IMMUNOL JI Dev. Comp. Immunol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 25 IS 7 BP 639 EP 646 DI 10.1016/S0145-305X(01)00026-X PG 8 WC Immunology; Zoology SC Immunology; Zoology GA 462EH UT WOS:000170407400011 PM 11472785 ER PT J AU Schwartz, MW Iverson, LR Prasad, AM AF Schwartz, MW Iverson, LR Prasad, AM TI Predicting the potential future distribution of four tree species in ohio using current habitat availability and climatic forcing SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE migration; climate change; trees; oak; pine; distribution; habitat loss ID EASTERN UNITED-STATES; SEED DISPERSAL; CHANGE SCENARIO; INCREASING CO2; WIND DISPERSAL; FORESTS; RESPONSES; MIGRATION; MODEL; NITROGEN AB We investigated the effect of habitat loss on the ability of trees to shift in distribution across a landscape dominated by agriculture. The potential distribution shifts of four tree species (Diospyros virginiana, Oxydendron arboreum, Pinus virginiana, Quercus falcata var. falcata) whose northern distribution limits fall in the southern third of Ohio were used to assess possible distribution shift scenarios as a result of global warming. Our predictions derive from the results of simulations using (a) forest inventory based estimates of current distribution and abundance of target species; (b) a satellite-based estimate of forest habitat availability; and (c) a tree migration model (SHIFT). The current distribution and abundance of trees was estimated using USDA Forest Service's Forest Inventory Analysis data and distribution maps from the late 1960s; pre-European settlement forest-nonforest maps were used to represent the fully forested condition for calibration and comparison. Habitat-availability estimates in Ohio were estimated using classified Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data from 1994. Tree abundance, forest availability and migration were modeled using a 1-km(2) pixel size. Forest availability was estimated as the proportion of forested TM pixels within each cell. The probability of a migrating species colonizing an unoccupied cell is modeled as a function of forest availability and distance to occupied cells. The results of the migration models suggest that the species studied are capable of colonizing virtually any forested location within Ohio over the next 100 years if climatic controls over the current distribution that may currently inhibit northward movement are relaxed. The contiguous distribution of these species, however, is not likely to shift more than 10 km during the next century regardless of the magnitude of the climate change. Examining the sensitivity of our simulations by varying critical model attributes, we found that whereas the variables controlling the amount of long-distance dispersal have strong effects on migration rates in the fully forested 1800 situation, they have significantly lesser effects on projections of future migration into highly fragmented forests. The low forest availability that characterizes much of the current Ohio landscape, along with the low likelihood of long distance dispersal, result in potential distribution shifts that are concentrated within the principally forested corridors in southeastern Ohio. We propose that in contrast to the past, future tree migrations are likely to be spatially and temporally correlated as a result of large climatic forcing and channelization through limited regions of available habitat. With respect to the management of biodiversity, this result suggests that it may be very difficult to discern plant migrations of native forest species owing to exceedingly slow rates of movement. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. RP Schwartz, MW (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RI Schwartz, Mark/G-1066-2011; Iverson, Louis/C-7554-2009 OI Schwartz, Mark/0000-0002-3739-6542; Iverson, Louis/0000-0001-9501-471X NR 61 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 3 U2 28 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD SEP PY 2001 VL 4 IS 6 BP 568 EP 581 DI 10.1007/s10021-001-0030-3 PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 483EH UT WOS:000171620400008 ER PT J AU Rhodes, MW Kator, H Kotob, S van Berkum, P Kaattari, I Vogelbein, W Floyd, MM Butler, WR Quinn, FD Ottinger, C Shotts, E AF Rhodes, MW Kator, H Kotob, S van Berkum, P Kaattari, I Vogelbein, W Floyd, MM Butler, WR Quinn, FD Ottinger, C Shotts, E TI A unique Mycobacterium species isolated from an epizootic of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID RIBOSOMAL-RNA GENE; ULCERANS; IDENTIFICATION; TUBERCULOSIS; SEQUENCE; PCR; INFECTION; DISEASES; MARINUM AB We isolated a Mycobacterium sp. resembling Mycobacterium marinum and M. ulcerans from diseased striped bass (Morone saxatilis) during an epizootic of mycobacteriosis in the Chesapeake Bay. This isolate may represent an undescribed Mycobacterium species, based on phenotypic characteristics and comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence. C1 Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Dept Environm Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Kearneysville, WV USA. RP Rhodes, MW (reprint author), Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Dept Environm Sci, POB 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. OI Ottinger, Christopher/0000-0003-2551-1985 NR 25 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 7 IS 5 BP 896 EP 899 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 489EQ UT WOS:000171979400023 PM 11747708 ER PT J AU Haas, MJ Scott, KM Alleman, TL McCormick, RL AF Haas, MJ Scott, KM Alleman, TL McCormick, RL TI Engine performance of biodiesel fuel prepared from soybean soapstock: A high quality renewable fuel produced from a waste feedstock SO ENERGY & FUELS LA English DT Article ID DIESEL-ENGINES; ESTERS AB A previously-developed bench-scale method for the production of fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) from soybean soapstock (Haas, M. J.; Bloomer, S.; Scott, K. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2000, 77, 373-379) was taken to the small pilot scale, producing approximately 2.5 L of material per run. By multiple successive reactions, 25 L of product was accumulated. The fatty acid composition of the ester product (wt %) was palmitic: 16.2, stearic: 4.7, oleic: 16.2, linoleic: 54.4, and linolenic: 6.9. This mirrors the fatty acid composition of soy soapstock and is quite similar to that of commercial biodiesel produced from refined soybean oil. The ester product met the provisional biodiesel specifications of the American Society for Testing and Materials with regard to all variables examined: flash point, water and sediment, carbon residue, sulfated ash, density, kinematic viscosity, sulfur, cetane number, cloud point, copper corrosion, acid number, free glycerin, and total glycerin, and had density and iodine number values comparable to those of commercial soy-based biodiesel. Emissions data for both the neat fuel and a 20 vol % blend in low-sulfur petroleum diesel were collected according to the Environmental Protection Agency heavy-duty transient cycle protocol using a DDC Series 60 engine on an engine test stand. The emissions profile of biodiesel from soapstock was quite similar to that of biodiesel produced from refined soy oil. Compared with petroleum diesel fuel, emissions,of total hydrocarbons, particulates, and carbon monoxide were reduced 55%, 53%, and 48%, respectively, with neat soapstock biodiesel. Total nitrogen oxides increased 9%. Operation on a 20 vol % blend of soapstock biodiesel in petroleum diesel gave reductions of 27.7%, 19.7%, and 2.4%, respectively, in total hydrocarbons, particulate matter, and carbon monoxide, relative to petroleum diesel. Nitrogen oxide emissions increased 1.3%. In the context of engine emissions, these data suggest the suitability of the methyl esters of soy soapstock as a diesel fuel. C1 USDA ARS, ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Colorado Inst Fuels & Engine Res, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Haas, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, ERRC, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RI Alleman, Teresa/F-6281-2011; McCormick, Robert/B-7928-2011 NR 17 TC 103 Z9 104 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0887-0624 J9 ENERG FUEL JI Energy Fuels PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 15 IS 5 BP 1207 EP 1212 DI 10.1021/ef010051x PG 6 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 477TH UT WOS:000171300000029 ER PT J AU Blackmer, JL Cross, D AF Blackmer, JL Cross, D TI Response of Eretmocerus eremicus to skylight and plant cues in a vertical flight chamber SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE night behavior; visual cues; parasitoid; whiteflies; Eretmocerus sp nr. californicus ID BEMISIA-ARGENTIFOLII HOMOPTERA; AUGMENTATIVE BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; NR-CALIFORNICUS HYMENOPTERA; TABACI COMPLEX HOMOPTERA; ENCARSIA-FORMOSA; APHELINIDAE; ALEYRODIDAE; BEHAVIOR; COTTON; POPULATIONS AB In the southwestern United States, Eretmocerus eremicus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) is a native parasitoid of the Bemisia complex (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). However, little information currently exists on its potential as a biological control agent of whiteflies or on the factors that influence its tendencies to disperse. In this study, we examined the flight behavior of male and female E. eremicus in response to skylight (here simulated by a mercury-vapor lamp) and plant cues (a 550-nm filtered light) in a vertical flight chamber. Approximately 90% of the parasitoids took off in response to the skylight cue, Both sexes were capable of sustained flights in excess of 60 min; however, males had higher rates of climb than females (3.31 +/- 0.17 and 2.63 +/- 0.19 cm s(-1), respectively). When a plant cue was presented during the parasitoid's phototactic flight, four relatively distinct responses were observed. Fifty-one percent of the individuals responded to the plant cue throughout their flight by flying toward or by landing on the cue, The majority of these parasitoids were females. Approximately 12% of the wasps exhibited an intermittent, positive response to the plant Cue. Twenty percent exhibited a 'migratory' response. These parasitoids, which were predominantly males, failed to respond to the plant cue until they had flown for a considerable period. Finally, 17% failed to respond to the target during their flight. Approximately 37% of the individuals that showed a positive response to the plant cue actually landed on it and the majority of these were female, The differential response to the plant cue by male and female parasitoids could be, in part, because females are driven to locate hosts in which to oviposit. and males are driven to find mates. C1 ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, USDA, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Entomol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Blackmer, JL (reprint author), ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, USDA, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 28 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0013-8703 EI 1570-7458 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 100 IS 3 BP 295 EP 300 DI 10.1046/j.1570-7458.2001.00876.x PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 498XN UT WOS:000172539000003 ER PT J AU Brennan, EB Weinbaum, SA AF Brennan, EB Weinbaum, SA TI Stylet penetration and survival of three psyllid species on adult leaves and 'waxy' and 'de-waxed' juvenile leaves of Eucalyptus globulus SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE Ctenarytaina eucalypti; Ctenarytaina spatulata; Glycaspis brimblecombei; salivary sheath; stylet tracks; probing; oil glands; heteroblasty; epicuticular wax; herbivory ID FORM PEAR PSYLLA; FEEDING-BEHAVIOR; HOMOPTERA; RESISTANCE; HERBIVORY; GROWTH; HETEROBLASTY; CALIFORNIA; TERPENOIDS; COMPONENTS AB The stylet probing behavior and survival of Ctenarytaina eucalypti Maskell, C. spatulata Taylor and Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Homoptera, Psyllidae) on adult leaves and 'waxy' (untreated) and 'de-waxed' (rubbed) juvenile leaves of the heteroblastic plant Eucalyptus globulus Labillardiere were compared. Psyllids were confined within clip-on cages and after 15 days the leaf tissue under each cage was sectioned and stained to characterize and quantify stylet tracks. Across all leaf treatments and psyllid species 1438 stylet tracks were observed in 7239 leaf sections and 571 of these stylet tracks reached the vascular tissue. Survival and the number of stylet tracks of C eucalypti on the different leaf types did not differ, In contrast, C. spatulata survived significantly longer and produced significantly more stylet tracks on adult leaves and 'de-waxed' juvenile leaves than on 'waxy' juvenile leaves. Although G. brimblecombei survived equally on all treatments. it produced more stylet tracks on adult leaves and 'de-waxed' juvenile leaves than on 'waxy' juvenile leaves. For all three psyllid species. there was a positive correlation between survival and number of stylet tracks reaching the vascular tissue. Stylet tracks of all species were generally intercellular from the leaf epidermis to the vascular tissue. Oil glands were avoided by all species, as indicated by the repeated branching and formation of stylet tracks at the periphery of the glands. In 'de-waxed' juvenile leaves, C. spatulata and G. brimblecombei produced stylet tracks that entered the leaf at the adaxial surface and exited at the abaxial surface. This pattern was rarely observed on adult leaves, and never occurred with C. eucalypti in any leaf type. We conclude that ( I) the epicuticular wax on juvenile leaves reduced stylet probing by C. spatulata and G. brimblecombei, (2) there were apparently no internal physical barriers in either juvenile or adult leaves to prevent the stylets of any of the psyllid species from reaching the vascular tissue, (3) the psyllids avoided oil glands in both leaf types, and (4) C. spatulata and G. brimblecombei may lack cues to orient their stylets towards the vascular tissue in the juvenile leaves. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Pomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Brennan, EB (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Stn, 1636 E Alisal St, Salinas, CA 90905 USA. NR 58 TC 20 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 20 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 100 IS 3 BP 355 EP 363 DI 10.1046/j.1570-7458.2001.00883.x PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 498XN UT WOS:000172539000010 ER PT J AU Wieber, AM Webb, RE Reardon, RC Tatman, KM AF Wieber, AM Webb, RE Reardon, RC Tatman, KM TI Characterization of the hyperparasitoid complex of Cotesia melanoscelus (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) at three Maryland locations SO ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LA English DT Article ID GYPSY-MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; LYMANTRIIDAE; PATTERNS; PARASITE; RELEASE AB The hyperparasitoid complex of Cotesia melanoscelus, a primary parasitoid of the gypsy moth, was characterized over one yearly cycle (March 1986 through March 1987) in the three geographic provinces of Maryland: the coastal plain, the Piedmont Plateau, and the Appalachian Mountains. Aspects of this study have been previously reported. The present paper presents additional biological information derived from this data set, including the preferences of the hyperparasitoid species for height in tree, for attacking hidden versus exposed cocoons, observed sex ratios and, for the gregarious species, the numbers of individuals emerging per cocoon. Additionally, we compare and contrast the relative abundance and periodicity of the specific hyperparasitoids at the three Maryland locations with results reported in previously published studies from regions farther north. C1 Maryland Dept Agr, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. USDA ARS, Chem Affecting Insect Behav Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. US Forest Serv, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Wieber, AM (reprint author), Maryland Dept Agr, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. NR 27 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ENTOMOL SOC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1900 BENJ FRANKLIN PARKWAY, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-1195 USA SN 0013-872X J9 ENTOMOL NEWS JI Entomol. News PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 112 IS 4 BP 241 EP 254 PG 14 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 488QQ UT WOS:000171947500005 ER PT J AU Hesler, LS Kieckhefer, RW Beck, DA AF Hesler, LS Kieckhefer, RW Beck, DA TI First record of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) in South Dakota and notes on its activity there and in Minnesota SO ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LA English DT Article ID LADY BEETLES COLEOPTERA; PALLAS COLEOPTERA; UNITED-STATES; NORTH-AMERICA; ESTABLISHMENT; LANDSCAPE; PREDATOR; WESTERN; CANADA; OREGON AB The first specimen of the exotic coccinellid, Harmonia axyridis, from South Dakota was collected in Brookings County in October 1996. Twenty-eight more specimens of H. axyridis were collected in Brookings County through April 2000, but none was found at other collecting sites in the state. Specimens were also collected from Minnesota, but subsequent to previous reports of H. axyridis there. All of our specimens were adults of the succinea color form. Most were collected outdoors and associated with autumn aggregations. Some H. axyridis were active in low numbers at a residence in South Dakota throughout winter 1999-2000. Implications of our findings are discussed regarding the behavior and origin of H. axyridis in South Dakota and Minnesota, and its possible impact on resident arthropod communities. C1 USDA ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. RP Hesler, LS (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, 2923 Medary Ave, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. NR 32 TC 17 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER ENTOMOL SOC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1900 BENJ FRANKLIN PARKWAY, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-1195 USA SN 0013-872X J9 ENTOMOL NEWS JI Entomol. News PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 112 IS 4 BP 264 EP 270 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 488QQ UT WOS:000171947500008 ER PT J AU Engeman, RM Constantin, B Nelson, M Woolard, J Bourassa, J AF Engeman, RM Constantin, B Nelson, M Woolard, J Bourassa, J TI Monitoring changes in feral swine abundance and spatial distribution SO ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE alien species; exotic species; feral hogs; feral pigs; Florida; index of pervasiveness; invasive species; passive tracking index; population index ID MONTE-CARLO SIMULATION AB Swine (Sus scrofa) have been introduced in many places throughout the world, and in many places they adversely affect the environment, economically impact agriculture, and/or harbour diseases transmittable to domestic livestock or humans. An easily applied method to assess their abundance is an important need for their management. To monitor efficacy of a swine control programme in Florida, data from passive tracking plots provide an index of feral swine abundance. The same track data coupled wit plot locations to numerically describe the spatial pattern of swine activity gave an index of pervasiveness, and a simple rate of interception of damage sites to index damage was used. The assessments were conducted in January, May, and August 2000 in Jonathan Dickinson State Park, Florida, USA. Between the first two assessments a swine control programme removed 25 feral swine from the 8.3 km(2) study area, after which the value of the passive tracking index was reduced by 81% and the fresh damage index by 89%, while the index of spatial pattern (pervasiveness index) showed only a small localized concentration after control. In the three months following the second assessment, Park personnel removed three additional swine from the study area, and a follow-up assessment indicated slightly less swine activity than immediately after the post-control assessment, however the index of pervasiveness showed a similar spatial pattern of activity as the initial assessment, possibly indicating re-invasive pressure. The passive tracking plots proved to be an uncomplicated, easily applied means to gather data for assessing and comparing swine abundance and distribution. C1 Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. USDA, APHIS, WS, Gainesville, FL 32641 USA. Jonathan Dickinson State Pk, Hobe Sound, FL 33455 USA. RP Engeman, RM (reprint author), Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 36 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 24 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4221 USA SN 0376-8929 J9 ENVIRON CONSERV JI Environ. Conserv. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 28 IS 3 BP 235 EP 240 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 495JN UT WOS:000172337500006 ER PT J AU McMahon, G Gregonis, SM Waltman, SW Omernik, JM Thorson, TD Freeouf, JA Rorick, AH Keys, JE AF McMahon, G Gregonis, SM Waltman, SW Omernik, JM Thorson, TD Freeouf, JA Rorick, AH Keys, JE TI Developing a spatial framework of common ecological regions for the conterminous United States SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE ecological region; spatial framework; ecologically oriented management; land resources; ecosystem management ID SOIL SURVEY; ECOREGIONS; CLASSIFICATION; ECOSYSTEMS; SCIENCE; FOREST AB In 1996, nine federal agencies with mandates to inventory and manage the nation's land, water, and biological resources signed a memorandum of understanding entitled "Developing a Spatial Framework of Ecological Units of The United States." This spatial framework is the basis for interagency coordination and collaboration in the development of ecosystem management strategies One of the objectives in this memorandum is the development of a map of common ecological regions for the conterminous United States. The regions defined in the spatial framework will be areas within which biotic, abiotic, terrestrial, and aquatic capacities and potentials are similar. The agencies agreed to begin by exploring areas of agreement and disagreement in three federal natural-resource spatial frameworks-Major Land Resource Areas of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Hierarchy of Ecological Units of the USDA Forest Service, and Level III Ecoregions of the US Environmental Protection Agency. The explicit intention is that the framework will foster an ecological understanding of the landscape, rather than an understanding based on a single resource, single discipline, or single agency perspective. This paper describes the origin, capabilities, and limitations of three major federal agency frameworks and suggests why a common ecological framework is desirable. The scientific and programmatic benefits of common ecological regions are described, and a proposed process for development of the common framework is presented. C1 US Geol Survey, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. US Forest Serv, Golden, CO 80225 USA. Nat Resources Conservat Serv, USDA, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Nat Resources Conservat Serv, USDA, Portland, OR 97204 USA. US Forest Serv, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Forest Serv, Portland, OR 97055 USA. US Forest Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP McMahon, G (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. NR 96 TC 73 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 20 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 28 IS 3 BP 293 EP 316 DI 10.1007/s0026702429 PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 462EY UT WOS:000170408800002 PM 11531234 ER PT J AU Hundal, LS Thompson, ML Laird, DA Carmo, AM AF Hundal, LS Thompson, ML Laird, DA Carmo, AM TI Sorption of phenanthrene by reference smectities SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DISTRIBUTED REACTIVITY MODEL; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER; LAYER CHARGE; SURFACE-AREA; WATER SORPTION; SEDIMENTS; CLAYS; ADSORPTION; MONTMORILLONITE AB Fate and behavior of nonionic hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the environment is mainly controlled by their interactions with various components of soils and sediments. Due to their large surface area and abundance in many soils, smectites may greatly influence the fate and transport of HOCs in the environment. We used phenanthrene as a probe to explore the potential of reference smectites to sorb HOCs from aqueous solution. Batch experiments were used to construct phenanthrene sorption isotherms, and possible sorption mechanisms were inferred from the shape of the isotherms. Our results demonstrate that smectites can retain large amounts of phenanthrene from water. Phenanthrene sorption capacities of the reference smectites investigated in this study were comparable to those of soil clays containing a considerable amount of organic matter. Hectorite exhibited the highest sorption affinity and capacity followed by Panther Creek montmorillonite. The lack of correlation between Freundlich sorption constants (K'(f)) and indices of charge or hydrophobicity suggests that sorption of phenanthrene by smectites is primarily a physical phenomenon. Capillary condensation into a network of nano or micropores created by quasicrystals is likely to be a dominant mechanism of phenanthrene retention by smectites. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Hundal, LS (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Laird, David/E-8598-2014 NR 45 TC 107 Z9 119 U1 8 U2 46 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 1 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 17 BP 3456 EP 3461 DI 10.1021/es001982a PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 469PP UT WOS:000170824300019 PM 11563646 ER PT J AU Adlof, RO AF Adlof, RO TI Separation of conjugated linoleic acid-containing mono-, di- and triacylglycerols by silver-ion high-performance liquid chromatography SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF LIPID SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FATTY-ACID; TRANS-10,CIS-12 ISOMER; POSITIONAL ISOMERS; MILK; ACIDOLYSIS; CLA C1 USDA, NCAUR, FIO, Peoria, IL USA. RP Adlof, RO (reprint author), USDA, NCAUR, FIO, Peoria, IL USA. NR 36 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1438-7697 J9 EUR J LIPID SCI TECH JI Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 103 IS 9 BP 614 EP 617 PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 480NF UT WOS:000171467200010 ER PT J AU Kimura, T Carlson, DA Mori, K AF Kimura, T Carlson, DA Mori, K TI Synthesis of all the stereoisomers of 13,17-dimethyl-1-tritriacontene and 13,17-dimethyl-1-pentatriacontene, the contact sex pheromone components of the female tsetse fly, Glossina austeni SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE chirality; hydrocarbons; pheromones; natural products AB All of the stereoisomers of 13,17-dimethyl-1-tritriacontene (1) and 13,17-dimethyl-1-pentatriacontene (2), the contact Sex pheromone components of the female tsetse fly (Glossina austeni), were synthesized starting from the enantiomers of the protected syn- and anti-2,6-dimethylheptane-1,7-diol (3), which were prepared from the enantiomers of methyl 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate (4) and methyl phenyl sulfone (5). C1 Sci Univ Tokyo, Fac Sci, Dept Chem, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1628601, Japan. USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Mori, K (reprint author), Sci Univ Tokyo, Fac Sci, Dept Chem, Shinjuku Ku, Kagurazaka 1-3, Tokyo 1628601, Japan. NR 9 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1434-193X J9 EUR J ORG CHEM JI Eur. J. Org. Chem. PD SEP PY 2001 IS 17 BP 3385 EP 3390 DI 10.1002/1099-0690(200109)2001:17<3385::AID-EJOC3385>3.0.CO;2-P PG 6 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 470PE UT WOS:000170879700019 ER PT J AU Abbaspour, KC Kohler, A Simunek, J Fritsch, M Schulin, R AF Abbaspour, KC Kohler, A Simunek, J Fritsch, M Schulin, R TI Application of a two-dimensional model to simulate flow and transport in a macroporous agricultural soil with tile drains SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DUAL-POROSITY MODEL; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; PREFERENTIAL MOVEMENT; POROUS-MEDIA; FIELD; PARAMETERS; PESTICIDES; TRACERS; NITRATE AB It is essential that important field processes are taken into account to model water flow and chemical transport accurately in agricultural fields. Recent field studies indicate that transport through macropores can play a major role in the export of solutes and particulates from drained agricultural land into surface water. Non-ideal drain behaviour may further modify the flow and transport. We extended an existing two-dimensional flow and transport model for variably saturated soils (SWMS_2D) by adding a macropore domain and an additional Hooghoudt drain boundary condition. The Hooghoudt boundary condition accounts for an entrance head needed to initiate flow into the drains. This paper presents the application of the new model (M-2D) to an agricultural field in Switzerland. To understand interactions between macropore flow and drains better we simulated water flow and bromide transport for four different field scenarios. We considered both collector drains only with an ideal drain boundary condition (with and without macropores) and collectors and laterals with a Hooghoudt boundary condition (also with and without macropores). For each scenario, inverse modelling was used to identify model parameters using 150 days of data on observed cumulative discharge, water table depth, and tracer concentration. The models were subsequently tested against a 390-day validation data set. We found that the two additional components (macropore flow, drain entrance head) of the M-2D model were essential to describe adequately the flow regime and the tracer transport data in the field. C1 Swiss Fed Inst Environm Sci & Technol, EAWAG, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland. ETH Honggerberg, Dept Land & Water Management, Swiss Fed Inst Technol, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, USDA, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Dept Soil Protect, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland. RP Abbaspour, KC (reprint author), Swiss Fed Inst Environm Sci & Technol, EAWAG, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland. RI Simunek, Jiri/F-3196-2011 NR 32 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1351-0754 J9 EUR J SOIL SCI JI Eur. J. Soil Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 52 IS 3 BP 433 EP 447 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2389.2001.00389.x PG 15 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 471AA UT WOS:000170903600009 ER PT J AU Abner, SR Parthasarathy, G Hill, DE Mansfield, LS AF Abner, SR Parthasarathy, G Hill, DE Mansfield, LS TI Trichuris suis: Detection of antibacterial activity in excretory-secretory products from adults SO EXPERIMENTAL PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Trichuris suis; nematode; antibacterial; Campylobacter jejuni; Campylobacter coli; Escherichia coli; Staphylococcus aureus; Enterococcus faecalis; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Streptococcus pneumoniae ID RICH ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDE; NEMATODE ASCARIS-SUUM; CDNA CLONING; BOMBYX-MORI; PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES; ENTAMOEBA-HISTOLYTICA; PURIFICATION; TRANSPORT; SILKWORM; PROTEIN AB Antibacterial activity was detected in excretory-secretory products (ESP) of adult Trichuris suis cultured in vitro in serum-free media. Gram-negative bacteria (Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter call, and Escherichia colt) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) were sensitive to ESR Susceptibility was dependent on the concentration, of ESP but not on the inoculum size. Preliminary assessment of the mode of action suggests a bacteriocidal mechanism. This antibacterial activity was heat stable and resistant to digestion with pronase E and trypsin. Based on ultrafiltration experiments, the activity is less than 10,000 MW. This excreted/secreted antibacterial activity from T. suis, is likely a component of a humoral defense system for this helminth. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Natl Food Safety & Toxicol Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Abner, SR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Mansfield, Linda S./0000-0002-7523-7577 FU PHS HHS [61-0954] NR 30 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0014-4894 J9 EXP PARASITOL JI Exp. Parasitol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 99 IS 1 BP 26 EP 36 DI 10.1006/expr.2001.4643 PG 11 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 497JW UT WOS:000172452600004 PM 11708831 ER PT J AU Xue, BZ Greenberg, AG Kraemer, FB Zemel, MB AF Xue, BZ Greenberg, AG Kraemer, FB Zemel, MB TI Mechanism of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+](i)) inhibition of lipolysis in human adipocytes SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE agouti; cAMP; hormone-sensitive lipase; phosphodiesterase ID HORMONE-SENSITIVE LIPASE; CYCLIC-NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERASES; DEPENDENT PROTEIN-KINASE; RAT ADIPOCYTES; CAMP-PHOSPHODIESTERASE; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; PHOSPHORYLATION; INSULIN; ACTIVATION; IDENTIFICATION AB We investigated the mechanisms responsible for the anti-lipolytic effect of intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in human adipocytes. Increasing [Ca2+]i inhibited lipolysis induced by beta -adrenergic receptor activation, A1 adenosine receptor inhibition, adenylate cyclase activation, and phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibition, as well as by a hydrolyzable cAMP analog, but not by a nonhydrolyzable cAMP analog. This finding indicates that the anti-lipolytic effect of [Ca2+]i may be mediated by the activation of adipocyte PDE. Consistent with this theory, [Ca2+]i inhibition of isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis was reversed completely by the nonselective PDE inhibitor isobutyl methylxanthine and also by the selective PDE 3B inhibitor cilostamide, but not by selective PDE 1 and 4 inhibitors. In addition, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase inhibition with wortmannin completely prevented insulin's anti-lipolytic effect but only minimally blocked [Ca2+]i's effect, which suggests that [Ca2+]i and insulin may activate PDE 3B via different mechanisms. In contrast, the antilipolytic effect of [Ca2+]i was not affected by inhibitors of calmodulin, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase, protein phosphatase 2B, and protein kinase C. Finally, [Ca2+]i inhibited significantly isoproterenol-stimulated increases in cAMP levels and hormone-sensitive lipase phosphorylation in human adipocytes. In conclusion, increasing [Ca2+]i exerts an antilipolytic effect mainly by activation of PDE, leading to a decrease in cAMP and HSL phosphorylation and, consequently, inhibition of lipolysis. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Nutr, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Tufts Univ, JM USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Stanford Univ, Vet Affairs Palo Alto Hlth Care Syst, Dept Med, Div Endocrinol, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. RP Zemel, MB (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Nutr, 1215 W Cumberland Ave Room 229, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM mzemel@utk.edu NR 39 TC 119 Z9 123 U1 1 U2 4 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 15 IS 11 BP 2527 EP + DI 10.1096/fj.01-0278fje PG 20 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 478XE UT WOS:000171372700018 PM 11641262 ER PT J AU Thomas, DB Holler, TC Heath, RR Salinas, EJ Moses, AL AF Thomas, DB Holler, TC Heath, RR Salinas, EJ Moses, AL TI Trap-lure combinations for surveillance of Anastrepha fruit flies (Diptera : Tephritidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Anastrepha; traps; synthetic lure; fruit flies; pest detection ID SUSPENSA LOEW DIPTERA; MCPHAIL TRAPS; FLY DIPTERA; SYNTHETIC ATTRACTANT; LUDENS; ATTRACTIVENESS; HYDROLYSATE; AMMONIA; CAPTURE; FIELD AB Trap/lure combinations were tested against populations of Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) and Anastrepha ludens (Loew) as substitutes for the traditional glass McPhail trap. Open-bottom, plastic traps baited with a two component synthetic lure (ammonium acetate and putrescine) caught as many and sometimes more fruit flies than the McPhail trap baited with torula yeast. Sex ratio of flies caught with the synthetic lure was similar to that caught with torula yeast, i.e., generally female biased, but variable among seasons and locations. The synthetic lure attracted fewer non-target insects giving a substantial time savings in trap maintenance. Moreover, the synthetic lure was effective for ten weeks without replacement. Propylene glycol antifreeze increased captures significantly and improved preservation of specimens when used as the trap liquid compared to water. Dry jar traps and cardboard sticky traps were ineffective in comparison with the liquid baited traps. C1 USDA ARS, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. USDA ARS, Subtrop Hort Res Stn, Miami, FL 33158 USA. USDA APHIS PPQ, Mission, TX 78572 USA. RP Thomas, DB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, 2413 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 30 TC 55 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 7 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 84 IS 3 BP 344 EP 351 DI 10.2307/3496491 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 480HJ UT WOS:000171455700003 ER PT J AU Gould, WP Hallman, G AF Gould, WP Hallman, G TI Host status of mamey sapote to Caribbean fruit fly (Diptera : Tephritidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Pouteria sapota; Anastrepha suspensa; host status; quarantine ID ANASTREPHA-SUSPENSA; ATTRACTION AB Field trapping of Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) in groves of mamey sapote, Pouteria sapota (Jacq.), showed that fly populations were present in high numbers in all of the groves used for the experiments. Fly populations were highest at the beginning and end of the sampling period. More than 646 fruit of mamey sapote weighing a total of 459.9 kg were exposed to Caribbean fruit flies either in the laboratory or under natural conditions. In one test in the laboratory, 9 Caribbean fruit fly larvae were recovered from mamey sapote fruit. All of the control guava fruit had infestations, some as high as 70 larvae per fruit. In the field tests, no mamey sapote had infestations of Caribbean fruit flies, either naturally occurring or from caged infestation tests. Pressure measurements showed that mamey sapotes averaged -80 to -130 Newtons which is much harder than guavas which averaged -30 Newtons. Magana and Pantin mamey sapote collected in the field in Florida were not found to be hosts to the Caribbean fruit fly, but laboratory infestation was found to occur. C1 USDA ARS, CQFIR, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Gould, WP (reprint author), 10923 SW 78th Ave, Miami, FL 33156 USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 84 IS 3 BP 370 EP 375 DI 10.2307/3496494 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 480HJ UT WOS:000171455700006 ER PT J AU Hallman, GJ AF Hallman, GJ TI Ionizing irradiation quarantine treatment against sweetpotato weevil (Coleoptera : Curculionidae). SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Cylas formicarius elegantulus; boniato; disinfestation; gamma ID RADIATION AB An ionizing irradiation quarantine treatment of 165 Gy was approved by the California Department of Agriculture against sweetpotato weevil, Cylas formicarius elegantulus (Summers), infesting sweetpotatoes from Florida. The first commercial shipment was made in May, 2000. At greater than or equal to 400 Gy, Picadito' white-fleshed sweetpotatoes sometimes showed noticeable discoloration of cooked flesh. Therefore, there is not a large margin between the minimum absorbed dose required for quarantine security (165 Gy) and the minimum dose which might cause objectionable loss to commodity quality (about 400 Gy); it can be expected that the absorbed dose range absorbed by sweetpotatoes irradiated on a full pallet when the minimum target dose is 165 Gy will be 165-500 Gy. To be safe, sweetpotatoes should be irradiated in smaller units than pallet loads, which could result in higher processing costs compared with irradiation on standard pallets. This is the first instance of an irradiation quarantine treatment being approved and used against a non-fruit fly where live adults can be found by inspectors and indicates a significant advance in the transfer of this promising quarantine treatment technology. Sweetpotato weevil adults irradiated with a target absorbed dose of 150 Gy (maximum absorbed dose was 165 Gy) lived for 32 days, while at 32 days unirradiated weevils had suffered 57% mortality. C1 USDA ARS, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Hallman, GJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 5 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 84 IS 3 BP 415 EP 417 DI 10.2307/3496501 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 480HJ UT WOS:000171455700013 ER PT J AU White, WH Reagan, TE Hall, DG AF White, WH Reagan, TE Hall, DG TI Melanaphis sacchari (Homoptera : Aphididae), a sugarcane pest new to Louisiana SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Sugarcane Res Unit, Houma, LA 70361 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Entomol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Sugar Corp, Res Dept, Clewiston, FL 33440 USA. RP White, WH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Sugarcane Res Unit, POB 470, Houma, LA 70361 USA. NR 7 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 7 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 84 IS 3 BP 435 EP 436 DI 10.2307/3496505 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 480HJ UT WOS:000171455700017 ER PT J AU Gould, WP Hallman, GJ AF Gould, WP Hallman, GJ TI Laboratory and field infestation studies on Monstera to determine its host status in relation to the Caribbean fruit fly (Diptera : Tephritidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID FLIES DIPTERA C1 USDA ARS, CQFIR, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Gould, WP (reprint author), 10923 SW 78th Ave, Miami, FL 33156 USA. NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 84 IS 3 BP 437 EP 438 DI 10.2307/3496506 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 480HJ UT WOS:000171455700018 ER PT J AU Wheeler, GS Zahniser, J AF Wheeler, GS Zahniser, J TI Artificial diet and rearing methods for the Melaleuca quinquenervia (Myrtales : Myrtaceae) biological control agent Oxyops vitiosa (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Invas Plant Res Lab, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. Univ Florida, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. RP Wheeler, GS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Invas Plant Res Lab, 3205 Coll Ave, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. NR 11 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 84 IS 3 BP 439 EP 441 DI 10.2307/3496507 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 480HJ UT WOS:000171455700019 ER PT J AU Calcaterra, LA Briano, JA Williams, DF Oi, DH AF Calcaterra, LA Briano, JA Williams, DF Oi, DH TI Observations on the sexual castes of the fire ant parasite Solenopsis daguerrei (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; SOUTH-AMERICA; PSEUDACTEON; PHORIDAE; DIPTERA; ARGENTINA C1 USDA ARS, S Amer Biol Control Lab, RA-1686 Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina. USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Calcaterra, LA (reprint author), USDA ARS, S Amer Biol Control Lab, Bolivar 1559, RA-1686 Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 84 IS 3 BP 446 EP 448 DI 10.2307/3496509 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 480HJ UT WOS:000171455700021 ER PT J AU Stikeleather, LF Singleton, JA AF Stikeleather, LF Singleton, JA TI Induction heated pressure vessel system and method for the rapid extraction of lipids and trace polar micronutrients from plant material SO FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING LA English DT Article DE electromagnetic induction heating; micronutrients; bioactive compounds; lipids; rapid extraction; extractor ID SUPERCRITICAL CARBON-DIOXIDE; OXIDATIVE STABILITY; MASS-SPECTROMETRY AB A laboratory extractor has been designed and constructed that selectively extracts polar and non-polar components from oilseeds and other matrices using elevated pressure and temperature. The extractor is comprised of a 403 stainless steel pressure vessel heated by an electromagnetic induction heating coil. An induction heating control circuit, from a commercially available induction cooker, is used to drive a custom wound heating coil designed to cradle the pressure cell. The advantages of this system include low initial cost, greatly reduced solvent consumption, shorter extraction times, quantitative lipid recovery, use of multiple extraction solvents, and reduction in cost per sample. Neutral lipids were extracted from peanut and soybean meals in 50 minutes by this rapid extraction method compared to 1440 minutes required to extract the comparable amount of neutral lipids from a similar sample using the Soxhlet extraction method. Methodology and data on micronutrient extractions are also presented to verify extractor performance. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Market Qual & Handling Res, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM larry-stikeleather@ncsu.edu NR 13 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI RUGBY PA 165-189 RAILWAY TERRACE, DAVIS BLDG, RUGBY CV21 3HQ, ENGLAND SN 0960-3085 J9 FOOD BIOPROD PROCESS JI Food Bioprod. Process. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 79 IS C3 BP 169 EP 175 DI 10.1205/096030801750425262 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering, Chemical; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering; Food Science & Technology GA 476GZ UT WOS:000171219000005 ER PT J AU Mermelstein, NH AF Mermelstein, NH TI Top executives analyze food R&D in 2001 and beyond SO FOOD TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Givaudan Flavors Corp, Sci & Technol, Cincinnati, OH USA. Procter & Gamble Far E Inc, Food & Beverage R&D, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan. McCormick & Co, Res & Dev, Hunt Valley, MD USA. Univ Maryland, Joint Inst Food Safety & Appl Nutr, College Pk, MD USA. Campbell Soup Co, Global R&D & Qual Assurance, Camden, NJ USA. USDA, Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, Washington, DC USA. David Michael & Co, Davis, CA USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Foods & Nutr, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Gen Foods Corp, Greenwich, CT USA. RP Mermelstein, NH (reprint author), Gen Foods Corp, Greenwich, CT USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0015-6639 J9 FOOD TECHNOL-CHICAGO JI Food Technol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 55 IS 9 BP 36 EP + PG 14 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 472WC UT WOS:000171007100012 ER PT J AU LeVan-Green, SL Livingston, J AF LeVan-Green, SL Livingston, J TI Exploring the uses for small-diameter trees SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Mkt Unit, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP LeVan-Green, SL (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Mkt Unit, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 24 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 4 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 51 IS 9 BP 10 EP 21 PG 12 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 473PM UT WOS:000171054600001 ER PT J AU Shupe, TF Hse, CY Price, EW AF Shupe, TF Hse, CY Price, EW TI Flake orientation effects on physical and mechanical properties of sweetgum flakeboard SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ALIGNMENT; STRANDBOARD AB Research was initiated to determine the effect of flake orientation on the physical and mechanical properties of flakeboard. The panel fabrication techniques investigated were single-layer panels with random and oriented flake distribution, three-layer, five-layer, and seven-layer panels. Single-layer oriented panels had panel directional property ratios of 11.8 and 12.9 for bending strength and modulus of elasticity (MOE). In the single-layer construction, the bending strength and MOE for the random panels were slightly less than that of the average for the two directions of the oriented panel. Compared to the random panels, multi-layer panels had higher bending properties. Also, the MOE was influenced more than the bending strength by a change in fabrication pattern. Internal bond was unaltered with the panel construction variability. Multi-layered panels did not have a decrease in dimensional change proper-ties as compared with random single-layer panels. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Sta, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. Georgia Pacific Corp, Decatur, GA 30035 USA. RP Shupe, TF (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 24 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 51 IS 9 BP 38 EP 43 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 473PM UT WOS:000171054600004 ER PT J AU Dudek, EJ Shang, F Taylor, A AF Dudek, EJ Shang, F Taylor, A TI H2O2-mediated oxidative stress activates NF-kappa B in lens epithelial cells SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE oxidative stress; NF-kappa B; lens epithelial cells; free radicals ID UBIQUITIN-PROTEASOME PATHWAY; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; INDUCED CATARACT; GENE-EXPRESSION; C-JUN; ALPHA; H2O2; PHOSPHORYLATION; CRYSTALLINS; PROTEIN AB In the mammalian lens, intracellular oxidants produced by photo-oxidative processes and exposure to toxic chemicals constitute stresses that produce cellular oxidative damage, result in changes in gene expression, and are causally related to cataract formation. Currently, it is believed that H2O2 is the major oxidant to which the lens is exposed. In this report, we examine the activation and regulation of the oxidant-sensitive transcription factor, NF-kappaB, by H2O2-mediated oxidative stress in lens epithelial cells. Lens epithelial cells treated with H2O2 demonstrated at 1 h a strong activation of NF-kappaB which returned to basal levels by 2 h. Under proteasome inhibition using both MG132 and lactacystin, H2O2-mediated activation of NF-kappaB was prevented, implicating the involvement of proteasome degradation Of I kappaB proteins as being necessary for this activation. However, Western blot analysis demonstrated no degradation of I kappaB-alpha, -beta, or -epsilon associated with H2O2-mediated NF-kappaB activation. In comparison, when cells were treated with the cytokine TNF-alpha, NF-kappaB was strongly activated and degradation of both I kappaB-alpha and -beta was observed. These results clearly demonstrate that H2O2-mediated oxidative stress activates NF-kappaB in lens epithelial cells, which may subsequently lead to changes in gene expression. The results also reveal that different signaling pathways in the activation of NF-kappaB in lens epithelial cells are utilized by H2O2 and TNF-alpha. These different pathways of NF-kappaB activation may be required to effect specific NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression in response to these different stimuli. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lab Nutr & Vis Res, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Taylor, A (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lab Nutr & Vis Res, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NEI NIH HHS [EY13250, EY111717] NR 46 TC 65 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PD SEP 1 PY 2001 VL 31 IS 5 BP 651 EP 658 DI 10.1016/S0891-5849(01)00634-7 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 470XC UT WOS:000170896000010 PM 11522450 ER PT J AU Weatherly, KL Ramesh, R Strange, H Waite, KL Storrie, B Proudman, JA Wong, EA AF Weatherly, KL Ramesh, R Strange, H Waite, KL Storrie, B Proudman, JA Wong, EA TI The turkey transcription factor Pit-1/GHF-1 can activate the turkey prolactin and growth hormone gene promoters in vitro but is not detectable in lactotrophs in vivo SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE turkey; Pit-1; prolactin; growth hormone; pituitary ID PIT-1 GENE; POU-DOMAIN; CHICKEN PROLACTIN; MOLECULAR-CLONING; PITUITARY-GLAND; ENCODING GENE; EXPRESSION; PROTEIN; CELLS; THYROTROPIN AB The transcription factor Pit-1/GHF-1 plays an important role in regulating the prolactin (Prl) and growth hormone (GH) genes in mammals. In this study, the role that Pit-1 plays in regulating the prolactin and growth hormone genes in avian species was examined by cotransfection assays and immunofluorescence staining of pituitary sections. In cotransfection assays, turkey Pit-1 activated the turkey Prl, turkey GH, and rat Prl promoters 3.8-, 3.7-, and 12.5-fold, respectively. This activation was comparable to rat Pit-1 activation of these same promoters. A point mutation in the turkey Pit-1 cDNA, which changed leu-219 to ser-219, resulted in a 2-, 2-, and 10-fold reduction in the activation of the turkey Prl, turkey GH, and rat Prl promoters, respectively. Unexpectedly, coexpression of tPit-1 (leu-219) and tPit-1(ser-219) activated turkey Prl and rat Prl promoters 9.4- and 35.9-fold, respectively, but had no effect on the turkey GH promoter. Dual-label immunofluorescence analysis of turkey pituitary sections revealed that Pit-1 was not detectable in prolactin-staining cells but was detectable in GH-staining cells. Taken together, these data indicate that in the domestic turkey, Pit-1 can activate the turkey Prl promoter in vitro, but does not appear to play a role in regulating Prl gene expression in vivo. Pit-1, however, still likely plays a role in regulating GH gene expression. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Virginia Tech, Dept Anim & Poultry Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Tech, Dept Biochem, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. USDA ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Weatherly, KL (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Dept Anim & Poultry Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 41 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 123 IS 3 BP 244 EP 253 DI 10.1006/gcen.2001.7680 PG 10 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 472GR UT WOS:000170975900002 PM 11589626 ER PT J AU Lilly, JW Havey, MJ AF Lilly, JW Havey, MJ TI Small, repetitive DNAs contribute significantly to the expanded mitochondrial genome of cucumber SO GENETICS LA English DT Article ID ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; CHLOROPLAST DNA; ORGANIZATION; GENE; SEQUENCE; PLANTS; EVOLUTION; MAIZE; CUCURBITACEAE; TRANSMISSION AB Closely related cucurbit species possess eightfold differences in the sizes of their mitochondrial genomes. We cloned mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) fragments showing strong hybridization signals to cucumber mtDNA and little or no signal to watermelon mtDNA. The cucumber rn DNA clones carried short (30-53 bp), repetitive DNA motifs that were often degenerate, overlapping, and showed no homology to any sequences currently in the databases. On the basis of dot-blot hybridizations, seven repetitive DNA motifs accounted for > 13% (194 kb) of the cucumber mitochondrial genome, equaling > 50% of the size of the Arabidopsis mitochondrial genome, Sequence analysis of 136 kb of cucumber mtDNA revealed only 11.2% with significant homology to previously characterized mitochondrial sequences, 2.4% to chloroplast DNA, and 15% to the seven repetitive DNA motifs. The remaining 71.4% of the sequence was unique to the cucumber mitochondrial genome. There was <4% sequence colinearity surrounding the watermelon and cucumber atp9 coding regions, and the much smaller watermelon mitochondrial genome possessed no significant amounts of cucumber repetitive DNAs. Our results demonstrate that the expanded cucumber mitochondrial genome is in part due to extensive duplication of short repetitive sequences, possibly by recombination and/or replication slippage. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Dept Hort, Vegetable Crops Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Cornell Univ, Boyce Thompson Inst Plant Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Havey, MJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Dept Hort, Vegetable Crops Unit, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM mjhavey@facstaff.wisc.edu NR 38 TC 45 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 1 PU GENETICS PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202 USA SN 0016-6731 J9 GENETICS JI Genetics PD SEP PY 2001 VL 159 IS 1 BP 317 EP 328 PG 12 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 476WV UT WOS:000171252500026 PM 11560907 ER PT J AU Reding, ME Klein, MG AF Reding, ME Klein, MG TI Tiphia vernalis (Hymenoptera : Tiphiidae) parasitizing oriental beetle, Anomala orientalis (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae) in a nursery SO GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article C1 Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, USDA ARS, Hort Insects Res Lab, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. RP Reding, ME (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, USDA ARS, Hort Insects Res Lab, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. NR 6 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU MICH ENTOMOL SOC PI E LANSING PA MICH STATE UNIV DEPT ENTOMOL, E LANSING, MI 48823 USA SN 0090-0222 J9 GREAT LAKES ENTOMOL JI Gt. Lakes Entomol. PD FAL-WIN PY 2001 VL 34 IS 2 BP 67 EP 68 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 682UJ UT WOS:000183110500008 ER PT J AU Laymon, CA Crosson, WL Jackson, TJ Manu, A Tsegaye, TD AF Laymon, CA Crosson, WL Jackson, TJ Manu, A Tsegaye, TD TI Ground-based passive microwave remote sensing observations of soil moisture at S-band and L-band with insight into measurement accuracy SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID EMISSION; WATER; RADIOMETERS; ALGORITHM; MODEL; CORN AB A ground-based experiment in passive microwave remote sensing of soil moisture was conducted in Huntsville, AL from July 1-14, 1996. The goal of the experiment was to evaluate the overall performance of an empirically-based retrieval algorithm at S-band and L-band under a different set of conditions and to characterize the site-specific accuracy inherent within the technique. With high temporal frequency observations at S-band and L-band, we were able to observe large scale moisture changes following irrigation and rainfall events, as well as diurnal behavior of surface moisture among three plots, one bare, one covered with short grass and another covered with alfalfa. The L-band emitting depth was determined to be on the order of 0-3 or 0-5 cm below 0.30 cm(3)/cm(3) with an indication that it is less at higher moisture values. The S-band emitting depth was not readily distinguishable from L-band. The uncertainty in remotely sensed soil moisture observations due to surface heterogeneity and temporal variability in variables and parameters was characterized by imposing random errors on the most sensitive variables and parameters and computing the confidence limits on the observations. Discrepancies between remotely sensed and gravimetric soil moisture estimates appear to be larger than those we should expect from errors in variable and parameter estimation. This would suggest that a vegetation correction procedure based on more dynamic modeling may be required to improve the accuracy of remotely sensed soil moisture. C1 Univ Space Res Assoc, Global Hydrol & Climate Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. USDA ARS, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Alabama A&M Univ, Ctr Hydrol Soil Climatol & Remote Sensing, Normal, AL 35762 USA. RP Laymon, CA (reprint author), Univ Space Res Assoc, Global Hydrol & Climate Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. NR 33 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD SEP PY 2001 VL 39 IS 9 BP 1844 EP 1858 DI 10.1109/36.951075 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 473ZV UT WOS:000171080600003 ER PT J AU Nakayama, FS Vinyard, SH Chow, P Bajwa, DS Youngquist, JA Muehl, JH Krzysik, AM AF Nakayama, FS Vinyard, SH Chow, P Bajwa, DS Youngquist, JA Muehl, JH Krzysik, AM TI Guayule as a wood preservative SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE wood-rot; termite; guayule; wood composite; resin AB Conventional wood preservatives used to protect wood from insect and microbial damage are presently of major concern to human health and the environment. Finding alternative and economical preservatives has not been successful. Studies have shown that the resin material extracted from the guayale plant (Parthenium argentatum, Gray) has both insect and microbial resistant properties. Unfortunately, this finding has not been applied commercially. However, large quantities of guayule waste wood and resin material could become available with the domestication of guayule to produce hypoallergenic rubber latex. Thus, opportunities exist in using this natural source of biologically resistant resinous chemicals. The objective of this preliminary study was to determine the effects of latex-extracted wood residues or bagasse and resin extracts on termite and decay resistance properties of wood products. Two types of test materials were used. One was wood impregnated with organic solvent-extracted resin material from the plant. The other was composite board fabricated using the bagasse residue or whole plant and a plastic binder, which was used to improve the physical properties of the composite. Accelerated laboratory tests were conducted to determine the resistance of the wood products against an Eastern subterranean termite and wood fungi (brown-rot). The wood and stem of the guayule plant, wood treated with the resin extract, and particle and composite boards made from ground guayule bagasse exhibited termite and wood fungal resistance. Because the guayule plant is drought tolerant and its product can reduce the need to harvest trees for replacing wood damage, its cultivation as an alternative crop will help conserve water and forest resources world-wide. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USDA FS, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Nakayama, FS (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 12 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 14 IS 2 BP 105 EP 111 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(00)00093-5 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 471ER UT WOS:000170915800003 ER PT J AU Dowd, MK Pelitire, SM AF Dowd, MK Pelitire, SM TI Recovery of gossypol acetic acid from cottonseed soapstock SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE cottonseed; extraction; foots; gossypol; gossypol acetic acid; soapstock ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY AB Gossypol is a yellow pigment found in the cotton plant and is of scientific and medical interest because of its anti-tumor, anti-fertility, and anti-viral properties. In order to support additional studies into the medicinal activity of gossypol, methods are needed to isolate large quantities of the compound in high purity. A process is described to recover gossypol from cottonseed soapstock, a low-value co-product of crude oil refining that can contain concentrations of gossypol as high as 8%. Soapstock is refluxed in acidic methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) to hydrolyze covalently bound gossypol. Upon cooling, the mixture separates into organic and aqueous phases with the gossypol distributing between the two phases. The MEK phase is recovered, and the aqueous phase is re-extracted with additional volumes of MEK. After combining and concentrating the MEK extracts, acetic acid is added to induce gossypol crystallization, which precipitates as an equimolar crystalline complex with acetic acid (gossypol acetic acid). From a soapstock sample containing 3.7% gossypol, 63% of the gossypol was recovered as an 87% gossypol acetic acid product. A single re-crystallization of this crude material yielded a 99% gossypol acetic acid product with an overall recovery of 58%. With different soapstock samples, the yield of crude product was positively correlated with the initial gossypol concentration in the soapstock. Recovery, however, was not well correlated with soapstock gossypol concentration, possibly due to the co-extraction of other components that influence the solubility of gossypol in the crystallization solution. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Commod Utilizat Res Unit, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Dowd, MK (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Commod Utilizat Res Unit, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 28 TC 24 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 14 IS 2 BP 113 EP 123 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(00)00094-7 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 471ER UT WOS:000170915800004 ER PT J AU Glenn, GM Orts, WJ Nobes, GAR Gray, GM AF Glenn, GM Orts, WJ Nobes, GAR Gray, GM TI In situ laminating process for baked starch-based foams SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE food packaging; extruded polystyrene; starch utilization; biodegradable AB Single-use foam packaging made of extruded polystyrene (EPS) or coated paperboard (PB) is used for numerous food and beverage products. Considerable commercial interest is focused in developing new technologies for making single-use food containers that are partially or totally degradable in composting facilities. Wide interest has developed in a baking technology for making starch-based food containers with a hinged lid that appear similar to clamshell containers made of EPS. However, the starch-based food containers are brittle and moisture sensitive and must be coated after baking to provide an adequate moisture barrier. The present study describes an in situ method of baking and laminating the starch-based foams in a single step. The procedure involves a dough formulation consisting of starch, fiber and magnesium stearate that is placed in a mold-heated to 160 degreesC between two sheets of laminate. Sheets of laminate material tested included foil, tissue paper, weighing paper, polyvinyl alcohol film and polyvinyl chloride film. The laminated foams generally had a higher density, tensile strength, elongation to break and flexural strength than the non-laminated sample. All of the laminate materials decreased the water vapor permeance. Foam samples laminated with foil, polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH, processed at 130 degreesC) or polyvinyl chloride sheets had the lowest permeance values and had mechanical properties in the same range as those of commercial containers made of EPS or coated paperboard. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Glenn, GM (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 20 TC 16 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 14 IS 2 BP 125 EP 134 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(00)00095-9 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 471ER UT WOS:000170915800005 ER PT J AU Wu, YV Norton, RA AF Wu, YV Norton, RA TI Enrichment of protein, starch, fat, and sterol ferulates from corn fiber by fine grinding and air classification SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE corn fiber; protein; starch; fat; sterol ferulates; air classification ID EXTRACTION; OIL; ESTERS AB Corn fiber contains hemicellulose, starch, cellulose, protein and fat. There is commercial interest to produce sterol ferulates from corn fiber oil, which accounts for only 3% of corn fiber by weight. An inexpensive process to enrich starch, protein, and fat contents of corn fiber is desirable for increased utilization and further processing, This study was conducted to determine whether fine grinding and air classification of corn fiber into separate fractions according to particle size could enrich selected components of interest. Corn fiber was finely ground in a pin mill at high speed, and the resulting ground fiber was separated into various fractions with cutpoints of 15, 18, 24 and 30 mum, The finest fraction, with a particle size of less than 15 mum, showed enriched protein, starch, fat and sterol ferulates contents compared with the starting corn fiber. The greater than 30 mum, fraction was separated by sieves into five fractions. In general, protein, starch, fat and sterol ferulates contents of the fractions decreased and total dietary fiber increased with increasing particle size. Fine grinding and air classification of corn fiber can enrich protein, starch, fat and sterol ferulates contents in the fine fractions and can make further processing more economical. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Wu, YV (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 14 IS 2 BP 135 EP 138 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(01)00076-0 PG 4 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 471ER UT WOS:000170915800006 ER PT J AU Treuth, MS Butte, NF Herrick, R AF Treuth, MS Butte, NF Herrick, R TI Skeletal muscle energetics assessed by P-31-NMR in prepubertal girls with a familial predispodition to obesity SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY LA English DT Article DE children; exercise; ATP; magnetic resonance imaging ID MAGNETIC-RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; POSTEXERCISE OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION; ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; IN-VIVO; FIBER-TYPE; EXERCISE; METABOLISM; PHOSPHOCREATINE; INTENSITY; BIOENERGETICS AB OBJECTIVE: To determine whether skeletal muscle energetics, measured by in vivo P-31-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy during plantar flexion exercise, differ between multiethnic, prepubertal girls with or without a predisposition to obesity. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: Girls (mean age and body fat +/- s.d. = 8.6 +/- 0.3 y and 22.6 +/- 4.2%) were recruited according to parental leanness or obesity defined as follows: LN (n = 22), two lean parents, LNOB (n = 18), one lean and one obese parent; and OB (n = 15), two obese parents. MEASUREMENTS: A 3 min, rest-exercise-recovery plantar flexion protocol was completed. Work was calculated from the force data. Spectra were analyzed for inorganic intracellular phosphate (P-i), phosphocreatine (PCr), P-i/PCr (ratio of the low and high energy phosphates indicating the bioenergetic state of the cell), intracellular pH, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Magnetic resonance imaging was used to determine calf muscle volume. RESULTS: BMI was lower in the girls in the LN group (15.9 +/- 1.5 kg/m(2)) compared to the OB group (16.7 +/- 1.3 kg/m(2)) of girls (P < 0.05), with no difference with the LNOB group (16.7 +/- 1.9 kg/m(2)). Adjusted for muscle volume and cumulative work, no differences in P-i, PCr, P-i/PCr, pH, or ATP were observed among the LN, LNOB and OB groups at rest, the end of exercise, and after 60 and 300 s of recovery. From rest to the end of exercise, P-i and P-i/PCr (mean +/- s.d.: 0.2 +/- 0.1 vs 1.5 +/- 1.0) increased, whereas PCr and pH (7.04 +/- 0.06 vs 6.95 +/- 0.10) decreased (all P < 0.001). By 60 s of recovery P-i and P-i/PCr decreased, whereas PCr and pH increased (all P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Skeletal muscle energetics, specifically Pi/PCr and pH measured during plantar flexion exercise, do not differ between prepubertal girls with or without a familial predisposition to obesity. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Ctr Human Nutr, Dept Int Hlth, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Frensley Ctr Imaging Res, Div Radiol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Treuth, MS (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Ctr Human Nutr, Dept Int Hlth, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [R29 HD34029] NR 41 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0307-0565 J9 INT J OBESITY JI Int. J. Obes. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 25 IS 9 BP 1300 EP 1308 DI 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801666 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 466JQ UT WOS:000170642800006 PM 11571591 ER PT J AU Treuth, MS Butte, NF Wong, WW Ellis, KJ AF Treuth, MS Butte, NF Wong, WW Ellis, KJ TI Body composition in prepubertal girls: comparison of six methods SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY LA English DT Article DE children; isotope dilution; dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; total body potassium ID X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; FAT-FREE MASS; IMPEDANCE ANALYSIS; 4-COMPONENT MODEL; CROSS-CALIBRATION; CHILDREN; HYDRATION; FATNESS; DENSITY; ADULTS AB OBJECTIVE: To compare estimates of fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM) and percentage body fat (%fat) by six different methods in prepubertal girls. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: Normal-weight, multi-ethnic, prepubertal girls (age = 8.5 +/- 0.4 y, n = 101). MEASUREMENTS: Body composition was measured in each child by anthropometry (skinfold thickness using Slaughter equation), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), total body potassium (TBK), isotope dilution for total body water measurement (TBW), multifrequency bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS), and total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC). RESULTS: TOBEC and skinfold thickness yielded the lowest values of FM followed by DXA, TBK, TBW and BIS, with BIS giving the highest value of FM. All methods were significantly different for FFM, FM and %fat (P < 0.001), except FFM by DXA and TBK. The Bland-Altman limits of agreement among the methods reveal that they are not directly interchangeable for FM, FFM, or %fat. The largest mean difference for FM was between TOBEC and BIS (-2.90 kg), whereas the smallest mean difference was between TOBEC and skinfold thickness (-0.14 kg). For FFM, the largest mean difference was also between TOBEC and BIS (2.83 kg), but the smallest mean difference for FFM was between DXA and TBK (-0.03 kg). For %fat, the mean differences were larger, -10.5% for TOBEC and BIS and +9.7% for skinfold thickness and BIS. The closest two techniques for %fat were TOBEC and skinfold thickness (mean difference of -0.62%) and DXA and TBK (-1.81%). CONCLUSIONS: We found that estimates of body composition in prepubertal 8-y-old girls are highly method-dependent and that the six methods studied (DXA, TBK, TBW, TOBEC, BIS and anthropometry) are not directly interchangeable. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Int Hlth, Ctr Human Nutr, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Treuth, MS (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Int Hlth, Ctr Human Nutr, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [R29 HD34029] NR 25 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0307-0565 J9 INT J OBESITY JI Int. J. Obes. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 25 IS 9 BP 1352 EP 1359 DI 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801731 PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 466JQ UT WOS:000170642800014 PM 11571599 ER PT J AU Palmisano, MM Nakamura, LK Duncan, KE Istock, CA Cohan, FM AF Palmisano, MM Nakamura, LK Duncan, KE Istock, CA Cohan, FM TI Bacillus sonorensis sp nov., a close relative of Bacillus licheniformis, isolated from soil in the Sonoran Desert, Arizona SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE new species; taxonomy; Bacillus ID SEXUAL ISOLATION; DNA-SEQUENCE; DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC-ACID; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; GENETIC EXCHANGE; SUBTILIS STRAINS; TRANSFORMATION; RECOMBINATION; MOJAVENSIS; DIVERGENCE AB Eight Bacillus strains isolated from Sonoran Desert soil were shown to belong to a previously unidentified species, for which the name Bacillus sonorensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain L87-10(T) (= NRRL B-23154(T)). On the basis of phenotypic and genetic data, B. sonorensis is most closely related to Bacillus licheniformis. B. sonorensis can be distinguished from B. licheniformis by salt tolerance, pigmentation, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, reassociation of genomic DNA and sequence differences in protein-coding genes and 16S rRNA. C1 Wesleyan Univ, Dept Biol, Middletown, CT 06459 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Properties Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Dept Bot & Microbiol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Cohan, FM (reprint author), Wesleyan Univ, Dept Biol, Middletown, CT 06459 USA. NR 32 TC 68 Z9 74 U1 2 U2 12 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AE, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1466-5026 J9 INT J SYST EVOL MICR JI Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 51 BP 1671 EP 1679 PN 5 PG 9 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 475KH UT WOS:000171162800006 PM 11594594 ER PT J AU Endale, DM Fipps, G AF Endale, DM Fipps, G TI Simulation-based irrigation scheduling as a water management tool in developing countries SO IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE LA English DT Article DE irrigation scheduling; irrigation water management; irrigation decision support system; crop growth simulation AB An Irrigation District Decision Support System (IRDDESS) is described and applied to a large irrigation scheme in the Middle Awash Valley of Ethiopia. Crop yields are simulated over a 12-year period in order to determine which of 12 separate irrigation schedules in use meet certain specified objectives. IRDDESS is a crop growth and irrigation district simulation model capable of predicting biomass development and yields for fields varying in soil type and irrigation management scenarios. IRDDESS also tracks water demand in the distribution system. Results show which of the 12 schedules will meet specific objectives of maximizing yields or minimizing water use and illustrate the potential of such decision support system in evaluation and management of large irrigation schemes. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 ARS, USDA, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Agr Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Endale, DM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 1420 Expt Stn Rd, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1531-0353 J9 IRRIG DRAIN JI Irrig. Drain. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 50 IS 3 BP 249 EP 257 DI 10.1002/ird.23 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA 469RP UT WOS:000170828900007 ER PT J AU Palma-Harris, C McFeeters, RF Fleming, HP AF Palma-Harris, C McFeeters, RF Fleming, HP TI Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technique for measurement of generation of fresh cucumber flavor compounds SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Cucumis sativus; solid-phase microextraction; blanching ID PARTIAL-PURIFICATION; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; VOLATILE COMPOUNDS; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ONION; ACID AB Investigations were carried out to determine whether flavor compounds characteristic for fresh cucumbers could be rapidly determined using a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) dynamic headspace sampling method combined with gas chromatography and flame ionization detection. Cucumbers were sampled, during blending, for fresh cucumber flavor compounds (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal and (E)-2-nonenal. The GC was such that the two target compounds were separated and baseline-resolved. Relative standard deviations for analysis of both (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal and (E)-2-nonenal using this SPME sampling method were +/- 10%. Utility of the analytical method was demonstrated by determining the effect of heat treatments on the ability of cucumbers to produce these flavor impact compounds. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, N Carolina Agr Res Serv, Dept Food Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP McFeeters, RF (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 28 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 49 IS 9 BP 4203 EP 4207 DI 10.1021/jf010182w PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 476FE UT WOS:000171214900010 PM 11559111 ER PT J AU Massey, LK Palmer, RG Horner, HT AF Massey, LK Palmer, RG Horner, HT TI Oxalate content of soybean seeds (Glycine max : Leguminosae), soyfoods, and other edible legumes SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE breakfast links; calcium; crystals; Glycine; Leguminosae; lentils; magnesium; oxalate; peanut butter; phosphorus; potassium; refried beans; soy burger patty; soynuts; soybean; textured vegetable protein; tofu; tempeh; soy yogurt; soy cheese ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; CALCIUM-OXALATE; DIETARY OXALATE; FOODS; ABSORPTION; ACID AB Consumption of soybeans and food products made from them is increasing because of their desirable nutritional value. However, the oxalate content of seeds from 11 cultivars of soybean showed relatively high levels of total oxalate from 0.67 to 3.5 g/100 g of dry weight. Oxalate primarily was found as calcium oxalate crystals. Thirteen tested commercial soyfoods contained between 16 and 638 mg of total oxalate per serving. These values compare to those of three other legume foods, peanut butter, refried beans, and lentils, which contained 197, 193, and 100 mg of total oxalate per serving, respectively. After oxalate has been absorbed from the diet, it cannot be metabolized and is excreted by the kidney into urine, where it binds to calcium forming an insoluble salt that may precipitate to form kidney stones. The amounts of total oxalate in soybean seeds, soy foods, and other common legume foods exceed current recommendations for oxalate consumption by individuals who have a history of calcium oxalate kidney/urinary stones. This study serves as the basis to find soybean cultivars lower in oxalate, which will have lower risk for kidney stone formation after human consumption. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Spokane, WA 99201 USA. USDA ARS, CICCR, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, CICCR, Dept Zool Genet, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Bot, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Massey, LK (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Spokane, WA 99201 USA. NR 34 TC 46 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 49 IS 9 BP 4262 EP 4266 DI 10.1021/jf010484y PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 476FE UT WOS:000171214900019 PM 11559120 ER PT J AU Van Boven, M Leyssen, T Busson, R Holser, R Cokelaere, M Flo, G Decuypere, E AF Van Boven, M Leyssen, T Busson, R Holser, R Cokelaere, M Flo, G Decuypere, E TI Identification of 4,5-didemethyl-4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosylsimmondsin and pinitol alpha-D-galactosides in jojoba seed meal (Simmondsia chinensis) SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Simmondsia chinensis; jojoba meal; water soluble carbohydrates; pinitol alpha-D-galactosides; simmondsins ID RATS AB The isolation and identification of two pinitol alpha -D-galactosides from jojoba meal are described. The products were isolated by a combination of preparative HPLC on silica gel and TLC on amino silica gel and were identified by MS, NMR, spectroscopy, and chemical derivatization as 5-O-(alpha -D-galactopyranosyl)-3-O-methyl-D-chiro-inositol or 5-alpha -D-galactopyranosyl-D-pinitol and 2-O-(alpha -D-galactopyranosyl)-3-O-methyl-D-chiro-inositol or 2-alpha -D-galactopyranosyl-D-pinitol. The same preparative HPLC method on silica gel allowed a new simmondsin derivative to be isolated and identified as 4,5-didemethyl-4-O-alpha -D-glucopyranosylsimmondsin mainly by NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry. C1 Katholieke Univ Leuven, Lab Toxicol & Food Chem, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. Katholieke Univ Leuven, Rega Inst, Med Chem Lab, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. USDA ARS, NCAUR, New Crops & Proc Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Katholieke Univ Leuven, Interdisciplinary Res Ctr, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium. Katholieke Univ Leuven, Lab Physiol & Immunol Domest Anim, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium. RP Van Boven, M (reprint author), Katholieke Univ Leuven, Lab Toxicol & Food Chem, Van Evenstr 4, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 49 IS 9 BP 4278 EP 4283 DI 10.1021/jf010380n PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 476FE UT WOS:000171214900022 PM 11559123 ER PT J AU Buttery, RG Takeoka, GR Naim, M Rabinowitch, H Nam, Y AF Buttery, RG Takeoka, GR Naim, M Rabinowitch, H Nam, Y TI Analysis of furaneol in tomato using dynamic headspace sampling with sodium sulfate SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE tomato; furaneol; concentration; dynamic headspace; analysis ID AROMA COMPOUNDS; 2,5-DIMETHYL-4-HYDROXY-3(2H)-FURANONE AB High-flow dynamic headspace sampling with excess anhydrous sodium sulfate was found to be an effective method of isolating Furaneol from fresh tomatoes. Quantitative analysis was carried out by gas chromatography using maltol as internal standard. Furaneol was found in the highest concentrations (660-1100 ppb) in the summer crop of home-grown tomatoes and in some of the greenhouse hydroponically grown tomatoes, which are ripened on the plant before being transported to the supermarkets. Furaneol was found in the lowest concentrations (38-180 ppb) in the common ethylene-ripened, field-grown, supermarket tomatoes. C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Fac Agr Food & Environm Qual Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. RP Buttery, RG (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 9 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 49 IS 9 BP 4349 EP 4351 DI 10.1021/jf0105236 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 476FE UT WOS:000171214900035 PM 11559136 ER PT J AU Cameron, RG Manthey, JA Baker, RA Grohmann, K AF Cameron, RG Manthey, JA Baker, RA Grohmann, K TI Purification and characterization of a beta-glucosidase from Citrus sinensis var. Valencia fruit tissue SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Citrus; fruit; glucosidase; enzyme; glycosidase ID ANION-EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY; JUICE VESICLES; COMPONENTS AB A preliminary survey demonstrated activity for alpha -D-glucosidase, a-D-mannosidase, alpha -L-arabinosidase, beta -D-glucosidase, beta -D-xylosidase, and beta -D-galactosidase in orange fruit flavedo and albedo tissue. alpha -L-Rhamnosidase was not detected. Subsequently, a P-glucosidase was purified from mature fruit rag tissue (composed of intersegmental septa, squeezed juice sacs, and fruit core tissue) of Citrus sinensis var. Valencia. The P-glucosidase exhibited low levels of activity against p-nitrophenyl-beta -D-fucopyranoside (13.5%) and p-nitrophenyl-alpha -D-glucopyranoside (7.0%), compared to its activity against p-nitroplienyl-beta -D-glucopyranoside (pNPG, 100%). The enzyme was purified by a combination of ion exchange (anion and cation) and gel filtration (Superdex and Toyopearl HW-55S) chromatography. It has an apparent molecular mass of 64 kDa by denaturing electrophoresis or 55 kDa by gel filtration chromatography (BioGel P-100). Hydrolysis of pNPG demonstrated a pH optimum between 4.5 and 5.5. At pH 5.0 the temperature optimum was 40 degreesC. At pH 5.0 and 40 degreesC the KM for pNPG was 0.1146 mM and it had a V(max) of 5.2792 nkatal.mg(-1) protein (katal = 0.06 International Units = the amount of enzyme that produces, under standard conditions, one mu mol of product per min). Of the substrates tested, the enzyme was most active against the disaccharide cellobiose (1 double right arrow4), but was not active against p-nitrophenyl-beta -D-cellobioside. High levels of activity also were observed with the disaccharides laminaribiose (1 double right arrow3), gentiobiose (1 double right arrow6), and sophorose (1 double right arrow2). Activity greater than that observed with pNPG was obtained with the flavonoids hesperetin-7-glucoside and prunin (naringenin-7-glucoside), salicin, mandelonitrile-beta -D-glucoside (a cyanogenic substrate), and sinigrin (a glucosinolate). The enzyme was not active against amygdalin, coniferin, or limonin glucoside. C1 USDA ARS, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. RP Cameron, RG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, 600 Ave S NW, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. EM rcameron@citrus.usda.gov NR 21 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 49 IS 9 BP 4457 EP 4462 DI 10.1021/jf010010z PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 476FE UT WOS:000171214900053 PM 11559154 ER PT J AU Fishman, ML Chau, HK Kolpak, F Brady, J AF Fishman, ML Chau, HK Kolpak, F Brady, J TI Solvent effects on the molecular properties of pectins SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE pectin; molar mass; viscosity; radius of gyration; aggregation; solvent effects ID SIZE-EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY; ANGLE LIGHT-SCATTERING; VISCOSITY DETECTION; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; DISSOCIATION AB Measurements revealed that LiAc/HAc buffer, when compared with other solvents, gave relatively low values of turbidity for five commercial pectins with various apparent molar masses and degrees of methyl esterification (DE). Therefore, HPSEC with on-line light scattering and viscosity detection was employed to compare LiAc/HAc buffer against NaNO(3) solution, a commonly used mobile phase for measuring the molecular properties of these pectins and an additional pectin prepared by microwave extraction. Microwave-extracted pectin was included in the study for its higher molar mass and DE compared with commercial pectins. Most commercial samples were more soluble and had a higher molar mass when dissolved in NaNO3 than in LiAc/HAc buffer, whereas the microwave-extracted pectin was more soluble in LiAc/HAc buffer and had about the same molar mass. Furthermore, association fragments of pectin contained in samples were more dissociated by LiAc/HAc buffer than by NaNO3. For the samples studied, weight-average molar masses ranged from about 41000 to 307000, weight-average intrinsic viscosities from about 0.86 to 9.76 dL/g, z-average radii of gyration from about 13 to 45 nm, and Mark-Houwink constants from about 0.62 to 0.94. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Hercules Inc, Res Ctr, Wilmington, DE 19808 USA. RP Fishman, ML (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM mfishman@arserrc.gov NR 26 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 49 IS 9 BP 4494 EP 4501 DI 10.1021/jf001317l PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 476FE UT WOS:000171214900059 PM 11559160 ER PT J AU Schatzki, TF Ong, MS AF Schatzki, TF Ong, MS TI Dependence of aflatoxin in almonds on the type and amount of insect damage SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE aflatoxin distribution; sampling; lot means; risk of acceptance; insect damage; source of insect damage ID PISTACHIOS AB The aflatoxin distribution of single insect damaged Nonpareil almonds (1999 crop) has been measured. Separate distributions were obtained for pinhole, insect (feeding), and gross damage. Only a low level of aflatoxin contamination ([c] = 0.0003 ng/g) was found for pinhole-only damaged nuts. The distributions for insect and gross damage did not differ, but did differ significantly from the distribution previously obtained for gross damaged Ne Plus almonds from a different producer (Schatzki, T. F.; Ong, M. S. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2000, 48, 489-492; also 1999 crop). The Nonpareil almond distribution could be explained on the basis of a preharvest hull splitting, similar to previous results in pistachios (0-4 weeks versus 2-6 weeks preharvest). The Ne Plus distribution differs in detail from pistachio results and from the Nonpareil results found here. This may indicate additional cultural damage of Ne Plus almonds around harvest time and/or use of different sorting parameters. Aflatoxin lot averages of 31.7 and 3.47 ng/g were obtained for 100% insect damaged Ne Plus and Nonpareil almonds, respectively. (The previous Ne Plus work contained a calculation error, which is corrected here.) The distribution functions were used to compute the seller's risk of nonacceptance of lots in the European Union. To obtain a 95% acceptance rate, aflatoxin B-1 levels of 0.12 and 0.22 ng/g would be required, which would correspond to 3.8 and 1.2% (feeding and gross) insect damage in Nonpareil and Ne Plus almond lots, respectively. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Schatzki, TF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 14 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 49 IS 9 BP 4513 EP 4519 DI 10.1021/jf010585w PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 476FE UT WOS:000171214900062 PM 11559163 ER PT J AU Hawkes, WC Turek, PJ AF Hawkes, WC Turek, PJ TI Effects of dietary selenium on sperm motility in healthy men SO JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE semen volume; hypothyroidism; selenium supplementation; cancer chemoprevention ID HYDROPEROXIDE GLUTATHIONE-PEROXIDASE; THYROID-HORMONE; CONTAINING PROTEINS; CHROMOSOMAL LOCALIZATION; NEONATAL-HYPOTHYROIDISM; CIRCANNUAL RHYTHM; SEMEN SELENIUM; SERTOLI CELLS; SEMINAL FLUID; RAT AB A deficiency of dietary selenium leads to immotile, deformed sperm and infertility in rats, whereas supplementation of the diet with selenium compounds has been associated with both beneficial and deleterious effects on sperm function, depending on the chemical form of selenium. We conducted a randomized, controlled, and blinded intervention study on the effects of selenium in food on semen quality. Eleven healthy men were fed a controlled diet of foods naturally high or low in selenium for 120 days while confined in a metabolic research unit. Dietary selenium was 47 mug/d for the first 21 days, then either 13 mug/d or 297 mug/d for 99 days, resulting in significant changes in selenium concentrations in blood and semen. Seminal plasma selenium concentration increased 50% with high selenium and decreased 40% with low selenium. The fraction of motile sperm in the high-selenium group decreased by 32% by week 13 and ended 18% lower than baseline. Selenium concentrations changed in seminal plasma but not in sperm, and serum androgen concentrations were unchanged in both groups, indicating this effect was neither androgen dependent nor caused by a change in the selenium supply to the testes. Serum triiodothyronine decreased and thyroid-stimulating hormone increased in the high-selenium group, suggesting that altered thyroid hormone metabolism may have affected sperm motility. Although this decrease in sperm motility does not necessarily predict decreased fertility, the increasing frequency of selenium supplementation in the healthy population suggests the need for larger studies to more fully assess this potential side effect. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Agr Res Serv, USDA, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Sch Med, Dept Urol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. RP Hawkes, WC (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, USDA Pomol, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 65 TC 52 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC ANDROLOGY, INC PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS, INC PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0196-3635 J9 J ANDROL JI J. Androl. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 22 IS 5 BP 764 EP 772 PG 9 WC Andrology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 464RZ UT WOS:000170546700010 PM 11545288 ER PT J AU Southey, BR Rodriguez-Zas, SL Leymaster, KA AF Southey, BR Rodriguez-Zas, SL Leymaster, KA TI Survival analysis of lamb mortality in a terminal sire composite population SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE genetic models; heritability; survival ID MODELS; TRAITS; BREED; SHEEP; LIFE AB Records of mortality during the first year of life of 8,642 lambs from a composite population at the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center were studied using survival and logistic analyses. The traditional logistic approach analyzes the binary response of whether or not a lamb survived until a particular time point, thus disregarding information on the actual age at death, Survival analysis offers an alternative way to study mortality, wherein the response variable studied is the precise age at death while accounting for possible record censoring. Lamb mortality was studied across five periods based on management practices: birth to weaning, birth to 120 d of age, birth to 365 d of age, weaning to 365 d of age, and 120 to 365 d of age. Explanatory variables included in the models were sex, type of birth, age of dam, and whether or not a lamb was raised in a nursery. The survival analysis was implemented using Weibull and Cox proportional hazards models with sire as random effect. The logistic approach evaluated sire, animal, and maternal effects models. Lambs culled during any period were treated as censored in the survival analyses and were assumed alive in the logistic analyses. Similar estimates of the explanatory variables were obtained from the survival and logistic analyses, but the survival analyses had lower standard errors than the logistic analyses, suggesting a slight superiority of the former approach. Heritability estimates were generally consistent across all periods ranging from 0.15 to 0.21 in the Weibull model, 0.12 to 0.20 in the Cox model, 0.08 to 0.11 in the logistic sire model, 0.04 to 0.05 in the logistic animal model, and 0.03 to 0.07 in the maternal effects logistic model. Maternal effects were important in the early stages of lamb life, but the maternal heritability was less than 0.07 in all the stages studied with a negative correlation (-0.86 to -0.61) between direct and maternal effects. The estimates of additive genetic variance indicate that the use of survival analysis estimates in breeding schemes could allow for effective selection against mortality, thereby improving sheep productivity, welfare, and profitability. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Anim Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Southey, BR (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Anim Sci, 328 Mumford Hall, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 27 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 79 IS 9 BP 2298 EP 2306 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 476CP UT WOS:000171208900007 PM 11583416 ER PT J AU Mitlohner, FM Morrow, JL Dailey, JW Wilson, SC Galyean, ML Miller, MF McGlone, JJ AF Mitlohner, FM Morrow, JL Dailey, JW Wilson, SC Galyean, ML Miller, MF McGlone, JJ TI Shade and water misting effects on behavior, physiology, performance, and carcass traits of heat-stressed feedlot cattle SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cattle; feedlots; heat stress; shade; water ID RESPONSES AB One hundred twelve crossbred feedlot heifers were used in two experiments to assess the impact of heat stress and its relief by shade and(or) water misting on behavior, physiology, performance, and carcass traits. Treatments were 1) no shading or misting (CONT); 2) only misting (MIST); 3) only shading (SHADE); and 4) shading plus misting (SHMI). Head in the feed bunk, head in or above the waterer, walking, standing, and lying behaviors were observed. Rectal temperature, respiration rate, and carcass traits were measured, as well as DMI, ADG, and feed:gain. Dietary NEm and NEg concentrations were calculated from performance data. In Exp. 1, (32 heifers; average BW 288 kg) the CONT heifers spent more time lying down than all others (P < 0.01). In addition, CONT heifers spent less time (P < 0.01) standing than SHADE and MIST heifers. Misting decreased (P < 0.0 1) rectal temperature and MIST as well as SHADE lowered (P < 0.05) respiration rates. In Exp. 2 (80 heifers; average BW = 336 kg), lying and walking behaviors did not differ among treatments, but shade increased (P < 0.01) standing behavior in heifers. The MIST cattle performed less (P < 0.05) head-above-waterer behavior than unmisted cattle. Rectal temperatures did not differ among treatments, but respiration rate was lower in shaded than in unshaded heifers (P < 0.05). Shaded compared with unshaded heifers had greater DMI (9.46 vs 8.80 +/- 0.14 kg/d, P < 0.01) and ADG (1.6 vs 1.41 +/- 0.1 kg/d, P < 0.01). Heifers provided with shade reached their target BW 20 d earlier than the unshaded heifers and differed in final BW (547 vs 520 +/-6 kg, P < 0.01). Feed:gain and calculated NEg and NEm concentrations did not differ among treatments, and carcass traits were generally similar among treatments. In conclusion, cattle without shade had a physiological and behavioral stress response to heat that negatively affected productivity. Providing shade for beef cattle was a suitable solution to decrease heat stress and to lower the negative effects of heat on performance, whereas misting was largely ineffective. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Anim Sci & Food Technol, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. USDA ARS, Livestock Issures Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP McGlone, JJ (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Dept Anim Sci & Food Technol, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. NR 18 TC 73 Z9 86 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 79 IS 9 BP 2327 EP 2335 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 476CP UT WOS:000171208900010 PM 11583419 ER PT J AU Valencia, E Williams, MJ Chase, CC Sollenberger, LE Hammond, AC Kalmbacher, RS Kunkle, WE AF Valencia, E Williams, MJ Chase, CC Sollenberger, LE Hammond, AC Kalmbacher, RS Kunkle, WE TI Pasture management effects on diet composition and cattle performance on continuously stocked rhizoma peanut-mixed grass swards SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE fertilization; food preferences; stocking density ID BOTANICAL COMPOSITION; SELECTION; FLORIDA; GROWTH; QUALITY; SENEPOL; BREEDS; FORAGE; YIELD; ANGUS AB In Florida, rhizoma peanut (RP; Arachis glabrata Benth.), a tropical legume, combines the attributes of excellent nutritive value, competitive ability with tropical grasses, and high animal performance. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of spring N fertilization (0 vs 35 kg/ha) and summer stocking rate (1.5 and 2.5 bulls/ha) on herbage mass, nutritive value, herbage allowance, and diet botanical composition of grazed RP-grass swards and their interaction with growth and development of bulls (Senepol, and Brahman or Angus). The study was conducted in 1995 and 1996 at the USDA, ARS, Subtropical Agriculture Research Station in Brooksville, FL. Nitrogen was applied in April of each year, and all pastures were stocked with 1.5 bulls/ha until approximately July of each year, when stocking rate was increased on half the pastures to 2.5 bulls/ha. Herbage mass (HM, kg/ha), herbage allowance (HA, kg/kg BW), nutritive value (CP and in vitro organic matter digestibility [IVOMD]), and diet botanical composition (fecal microhistological) readings were determined. Animal measurements included total and seasonal (spring vs summer), ADG, hip height (cm), scrotal circumference (SC, cm), and plasma urea nitrogen (PUN, mg/dL). Herbage mass (3.0 +/- 0.12 Mg/ha and 3.4 +/- 0.13 Mg/ha in 1995 and 1996, respectively) was not affected by nitrogen fertilization or stocking rate but was affected by season (P < 0.05) due to increased plant growth rate associated with summer rainfall. Stocking rate did affect herbage availability, but it never fell below 3 kg/kg BW, indicating herbage availability was never limiting. Crude protein (200 to 140 g/kg) and IVOMD (650 to 540 g/kg) were not affected by treatment, but declined (P < 0.001) from spring until fall. Treatments also had no effect on diet botanical composition. Summer ADG averaged about 0.2 kg/d lower than spring ADG, due, in part, to seasonal declines in nutritive value. Because herbage allowance was never limiting, full-season ADG was not affected by stocking rate or N fertilization and averaged 0.61 +/- 0.03 and 0.60 +/- 0.02 kg/d in 1995 and 1996, respectively. There were season x breed interactions (P < 0.05) for ADG due to greater declines during the summer for Angus than for Senepol or Brahman. There were no differences in final BW, SC, BCS, hip height, or PUN due to treatments, but breed differences were noted (P < 0.05) for all measures except BCS. C1 USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Stn, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Williams, MJ (reprint author), 22271 Chinsegut Hill Rd, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. NR 27 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 79 IS 9 BP 2456 EP 2464 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 476CP UT WOS:000171208900025 PM 11583434 ER PT J AU Callaway, TR Anderson, RC Anderson, TJ Poole, TL Bischoff, KM Kubena, LF Nisbet, DJ AF Callaway, TR Anderson, RC Anderson, TJ Poole, TL Bischoff, KM Kubena, LF Nisbet, DJ TI Escherichia coli O157 : H7 becomes resistant to sodium chlorate in pure culture, but not in mixed culture or in vivo SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; NITRATE REDUCTASE; RUMEN CONTENTS; CATTLE; CALVES; PREVALENCE; CARCASSES; 0157-H7; MUTANTS AB Aims: Chlorate kills Escherichia coli O157:H7 and may be an effective feed additive for use in food animals. This study was designed to determine if development of chlorate-resistant E. coli O157:H7 strains was likely. Methods and Results: Escherichia coli O157:H7 was chlorate-sensitive, but became chlorate-resistant in pure batch culture and in sterilized faecal fluid; it was killed in mixed culture and did not become resistant. Addition of chlorate to continuous pure cultures caused chlorate resistance, but chlorate addition to mixed continuous culture eliminated E. coli O157:H7 and no resistance occurred. Piglets challenged with E. coli O157:H7 were treated with chlorate; populations were reduced and colonies were always chlorate-sensitive. Conclusions: Chlorate-resistant E. coli O157:H7 can be selected in pure, but not mixed culture, and results suggest that terminal chlorate feeding will not select for chlorate-resistance in vivo. Significance and Impact of the Study: Chlorate can reduce food-borne pathogens prior to harvest, but development of resistance does not appear likely in vivo. C1 USDA, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, Feed & Food Safety Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Callaway, TR (reprint author), USDA, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, Feed & Food Safety Res Unit, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. EM callaway@ffsru.tamu.edu NR 31 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1364-5072 J9 J APPL MICROBIOL JI J. Appl. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 91 IS 3 BP 427 EP 434 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01396.x PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 469CH UT WOS:000170795200006 PM 11556907 ER PT J AU Cox, NA Berrang, ME Mauldin, JM AF Cox, NA Berrang, ME Mauldin, JM TI Extent of salmonellae contamination in primary breeder hatcheries in 1998 as compared to 1991 SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE broiler breeder; chickpad; eggshell; fluff; hatchery; salmonella ID COMMERCIAL BROILER HATCHERIES; COLONIZATION; CHICKS AB Eggshell fragments, paper pads from chick boxes, and fluff samples were obtained from three commercial primary breeder hatcheries and analyzed for the presence and level of salmonellae with identical laboratory methods in 1991 and 1998. Overall, 29 of 180 samples (16.1%) from the three hatcheries in 1998 were contaminated with salmonellae, whereas in 1991, 11.1% of the overall samples were found to be salmonellae positive. Salmonellae were detected in 1.7% of eggshell fragments, 1.7% of fluff samples, and 48% of the paper pad samples in 1998, whereas 15.2, 4.5, and 12% of these type samples, respectively, were salmonellae positive in 1991. Although the percentage of positive samples was slightly higher in 1998 than 1991, from an enumeration standpoint, the salmonellae contamination in primary breeder hatcheries seems to have improved in the past 7 yr. In 1998, less than 4% of the positive samples had high levels of salmonellae, whereas in 1991 36% of the positive samples had high numbers of salmonellae. Primary broiler breeder and broiler hatcheries present critical control points in the prevention of salmonellae contamination during commercial poultry production. The cycle of salmonellae contamination will not likely be broken until contamination at these critical points is dramatically reduced or eliminated. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Georgia, Extens Poultry Sci Dept, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Cox, NA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, 950 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD FAL PY 2001 VL 10 IS 3 BP 202 EP 205 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 622RH UT WOS:000179660400002 ER PT J AU Reynnells, RD AF Reynnells, RD TI Transfer technology in the poultry system SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 89th Annual Meeting of the Poultry-Science-Association CY AUG 21, 2000 CL MONTREAL, CANADA SP Poultry Sci Assoc DE extension; Land Grant University; poultry; technology AB Our topic for this combined workshop is the transfer of technology in the poultry system. Extension is the educational arm of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and Land Grant University (LGU) system and is the traditional mechanism to transfer technology to farmers. Adoption and adaptation of technology, particularly in the areas of nutrition, disease control, and genetics, have propelled the poultry industry from the lowly status of "women's pin money" to a highly concentrated, specialized multibillion dollar industry. The poultry industry thus satisfies society's demand for a wide variety of and dependable supply of safe, inexpensive food that is of consistently high quality. C1 USDA, CSREES, PAS, Waterfront Ctr, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Reynnells, RD (reprint author), USDA, CSREES, PAS, Waterfront Ctr, 800 9th St SW,Room 3702, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD FAL PY 2001 VL 10 IS 3 BP 279 EP 284 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 622RH UT WOS:000179660400013 ER PT J AU Ellis, KJ Shypailo, RJ Hardin, DS Perez, MD Motil, KJ Wong, WW Abrams, SA AF Ellis, KJ Shypailo, RJ Hardin, DS Perez, MD Motil, KJ Wong, WW Abrams, SA TI Z score prediction model for assessment of bone mineral content in pediatric diseases SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE bone mineral; dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; children; adolescent; Z score ID X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; BODY-COMPOSITION; CYSTIC-FIBROSIS; CHILDREN; MASS; DENSITY; GIRLS; YOUNG; ADOLESCENTS; POPULATION AB The objective of this study was to develop an anthropometry-based prediction model for the assessment of bone mineral content (BMC) in, children. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to measure whole-body BMC in a heterogeneous cohort of 982 healthy children, aged 5-18 years, from three ethnic groups (407 European- American [EA], 285 black, and 290 Mexican-American [MA]). The best model was based on log transformations of BMC and height, adjusted for age, gender, and ethnicity. The mean +/- SD for the measured/predicted In ratio was 1.000 +/- 0.017 for the calibration population. The model was verified in a second independent group of 588 healthy children (measured/predicted In ratio = 1.000 +/- 0.018). For clinical use, the ratio values were converted to a standardized Z score scale. The whole-body BMC status of 106 children with various diseases (42 cystic fibrosis [CF], 29 juvenile dermatomyositis [JDM], 15 liver disease [LD], 6 Rett syndrome [RSI, and 14 human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]) was evaluated. Thirty-nine patients had Z scores less than -1.5, which suggest low bone mineral mass. Furthermore, 22 of these patients had severe abnormalities as indicated by Z scores less than -2.5. These preliminary findings indicate that the prediction model should prove useful in determining potential bone mineral deficits in individual pediatric patients. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS,Body Composit Lab, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77225 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Ellis, KJ (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS,Body Composit Lab, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. OI Abrams, Steven/0000-0003-4972-9233 NR 28 TC 77 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI WASHINGTON PA 2025 M ST, N W, STE 800, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-3309 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 16 IS 9 BP 1658 EP 1664 DI 10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.9.1658 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 465PR UT WOS:000170599600011 PM 11547835 ER PT J AU Bischoff, HA Solomon, DH Dawson-Hughes, B Wang, PS Avorn, J AF Bischoff, HA Solomon, DH Dawson-Hughes, B Wang, PS Avorn, J TI Repeat hip fractures in a population-based sample of Medicare recipients in the US: Rates, timing and gender differences. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Brigham & Womens Hosp, Robert B Brigham Multipurpose Arthritis Ctr, Div Rheumatol Immunol & Allergy, Boston, MA USA. Brigham & Womens Hosp, Div Pharmacoepidemiol, Boston, MA USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Meyer US Dept Agr, Medford, MA 02155 USA. Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Medford, MA USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI WASHINGTON PA 2025 M ST, N W, STE 800, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-3309 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 16 SU 1 BP S213 EP S213 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 467MU UT WOS:000170709000312 ER PT J AU Broe, KE McLean, RR Booth, SL Kiel, DP AF Broe, KE McLean, RR Booth, SL Kiel, DP TI Low dietary vitamin K intakes are associated with low bone mineral density in women: The Framingham Study. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Hebrew Rehabil Ctr Aged, Boston, MA 02131 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Boston, MA USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI WASHINGTON PA 2025 M ST, N W, STE 800, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-3309 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 16 SU 1 BP S512 EP S512 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 467MU UT WOS:000170709001584 ER PT J AU Fleet, JC Eksir, F Wood, RJ AF Fleet, JC Eksir, F Wood, RJ TI Differences in vitamin D-mediated gene expression and calcium transport between three Caco-2 cell lines. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Univ N Carolina, Greensboro, NC 27412 USA. Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI WASHINGTON PA 2025 M ST, N W, STE 800, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-3309 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 16 SU 1 BP S553 EP S553 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 467MU UT WOS:000170709001765 ER PT J AU Harris, SS Dawson-Hughes, B AF Harris, SS Dawson-Hughes, B TI Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D responses of young and old men to supplementation with 800 IU/day of vitamin D. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI WASHINGTON PA 2025 M ST, N W, STE 800, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-3309 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 16 SU 1 BP S313 EP S313 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 467MU UT WOS:000170709000718 ER PT J AU Martini, L Booth, S Saltzman, E Wood, RJ AF Martini, L Booth, S Saltzman, E Wood, RJ TI Vitamin K depletion and repletion in postmenopausal women does not alter biomarker of bone metabolism. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Jean Mayer USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI WASHINGTON PA 2025 M ST, N W, STE 800, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-3309 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 16 SU 1 BP S279 EP S279 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 467MU UT WOS:000170709000580 ER PT J AU Pro-Risquez, A Harris, S Ross, E Rudicel, S Barnewolt, B Dawson-Hughes, B AF Pro-Risquez, A Harris, S Ross, E Rudicel, S Barnewolt, B Dawson-Hughes, B TI Survey of calcium, vitamin D and prescription medication use in men and women with recent fractures. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Calcium & Bone Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI WASHINGTON PA 2025 M ST, N W, STE 800, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-3309 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 16 SU 1 BP S535 EP S535 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 467MU UT WOS:000170709001683 ER PT J AU Rath, NC Xie, H Huff, GR Huff, WE Balog, JM AF Rath, NC Xie, H Huff, GR Huff, WE Balog, JM TI Effects of halofuginone on chicken chondrocytes in culture. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Fayetteville, AR USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI WASHINGTON PA 2025 M ST, N W, STE 800, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-3309 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 16 SU 1 BP S444 EP S444 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 467MU UT WOS:000170709001287 ER PT J AU Solomon, DH Connelly, M Dawson-Hughes, B Rosen, CJ Kiel, DP Greenspan, SL Leib, E Miguel, AH Finkelstein, JS AF Solomon, DH Connelly, M Dawson-Hughes, B Rosen, CJ Kiel, DP Greenspan, SL Leib, E Miguel, AH Finkelstein, JS TI Why don't primary care physicians screen for osteoporosis? SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Brigham & Womens Hosp, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Nutr Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Maine Ctr Osteoporosis Res, Bangor, ME USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA. Univ Vermont, Burlington, VT USA. Procter & Gamble, Cincinnati, OH USA. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Boston, MA 02114 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI WASHINGTON PA 2025 M ST, N W, STE 800, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-3309 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 16 SU 1 BP S243 EP S243 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 467MU UT WOS:000170709000436 ER PT J AU Johnson, CA Vander Meer, RK Lavine, B AF Johnson, CA Vander Meer, RK Lavine, B TI Changes in the cuticular hydrocarbon profile of the slave-maker ant queen, Polyergus breviceps emery, after killing a Formica host queen (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cuticular hydrocarbons; Formicidae; slave-maker; Polyergus breviceps; Formica gnava; Formica occulta; colony takeover; queen killing; chemical camouflage ID NESTMATE RECOGNITION CUES; SOCIALLY PARASITIC ANT; CAMPONOTUS-VAGUS SCOP; MAKING ANT; DUFOURS GLAND; CHEMICAL DISGUISE; COLONY FOUNDATION; CATAGLYPHIS-NIGER; RUFESCENS LATR; USURPATION AB Queens of the slave-maker ant, Polyergus breviceps, take over nests of their Formica host species by fatally attacking the resident queen. As workers only begin grooming the P. breviceps queen once she has ceased her attack, we investigated whether a change in parasite queen chemistry may account for the change in worker behavior. Cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of newly mated P. breviceps queens and of queens of their two Formica host species were found to be species-specific. Profiles of newly mated P breviceps queens that had attacked a Formica queen, however, were virtually identical to the queen profile of the species killed. Mass spectral analysis revealed that the hydrocarbons on the cuticles of newly mated P. breviceps changed from primarily normal alkanes to methyl and di-methyl branched alkanes after attacks. The results suggest that cuticular compounds from the host queen were transferred to the parasite queen during their aggressive interaction. C1 Clarkson Univ, Potsdam, NY 13699 USA. USDA ARS, Med & Vet Entomol Res Lab, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. CUNY Grad Sch & Univ Ctr, Hunter Coll, New York, NY 10021 USA. RP Johnson, CA (reprint author), Univ Helsinki, Dept Systemat & Ecol, POB 17,Arkadiankatu 7, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. NR 48 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 27 IS 9 BP 1787 EP 1804 DI 10.1023/A:1010456608626 PG 18 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 466RZ UT WOS:000170660400006 PM 11545371 ER PT J AU Cosse, AA Bartelt, RJ James, DG Petroski, RJ AF Cosse, AA Bartelt, RJ James, DG Petroski, RJ TI Identification of a female-specific, antennally active volatile compound of the currant stem girdler SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Janus integer; sawfly; Hymenoptera; Cephidae; sex pheromone; (Z)-9-octadecen-4-olide; coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) ID SEX-PHEROMONE; DERIVATIVES AB We identified (Z)-9-octadecen-4-olide as a female-specific, antennally active compound from the currant stem girdler Janus integer Norton. Female specificity was demonstrated by gas chromatographic comparison of liquid chromatography fractions of male and female volatile emissions and whole body extracts. The gamma -lactone was identified by coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD), coupled gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis, microchemical reactions, and GC and MS comparison with authentic standards, GC-EAD analysis of female volatile emissions and cuticular extracts showed a single peak of activity on male antennae, which was not present in male-derived materials. Female antennae did not respond to any of the tested materials. The hydrogenation product of the natural EAD-active material was a known saturated gamma -lactone. The mass spectrum of the dimethyl disulfide derivative of the natural gamma -lactone was consistent with a double bond present in the 9 position. Comparison of the natural gamma -lactone and a synthesized racemic mixture of (Z)-9-octadecen-4-olide on a chiral GC column showed the presence of a single enantiomer in the natural material. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Washington State Univ, Ctr Irrigated Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. RP Cosse, AA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 16 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 27 IS 9 BP 1841 EP 1853 DI 10.1023/A:1010412826373 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 466RZ UT WOS:000170660400009 PM 11545374 ER PT J AU Berinstein, A Sellers, HS King, DJ Seal, BS AF Berinstein, A Sellers, HS King, DJ Seal, BS TI Use of a heteroduplex mobility assay to detect differences in the fusion protein cleavage site coding sequence among Newcastle disease virus isolates SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-PCR; ENZYMATIC AMPLIFICATION; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; STRAINS; GLYCOPROTEIN; VIRULENCE; TYPE-1; RNA; IDENTIFICATION AB Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an economically important pathogen of poultry that may cause clinical disease that ranges from a mild respiratory syndrome to a virulent form with high mortality, depending on an isolate's pathotype. Infections with virulent NDV strains are required to be reported by member nations to the Office of International Epizootes (OIE). The primary determinant for virulence among NDV isolates is the presence or absence of dibasic amino acids in the fusion (F) protein cleavage activation site. Along with biological virulence determinations as the definitive tests, OIE accepts reporting of the F protein cleavage site sequence of NDV isolates as a virulence criterion. Nucleotide sequence data for many NDV isolates recently isolated from infected chickens and other avian species worldwide have been deposited in GenBank. Consequently, viral genomic information surrounding the F protein cleavage site coding sequence was used to develop a heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA) to aid in further identification of molecular markers as predictors of NDV virulence. Using common vaccine strains as a reference, we were able to distinguish virulent viruses among NDV isolates that correlated with phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence. This technique was also used to examine NDV isolates not previously characterized. We were able to distinguish vaccine-like viruses from other isolates potentially virulent for chickens. This technique will help improve international harmonization of veterinary biologics as set forth by the OIE and the Veterinary International Cooperation on Harmonization of Technical Requirements of Veterinary Medicinal Products. Ultimately, the H-MA could be used for initial screening among a large number of isolates and rapid identification of potentially virulent NDV that continue to threaten commercial poultry worldwide. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Inst Nacl Tecnol Agropecuria, Ctr Invest Ciencias Vet, Inst Biotecnol, RA-1712 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, RA-1033 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. RP Seal, BS (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 46 TC 17 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 39 IS 9 BP 3171 EP 3178 DI 10.1128/JCM.39.9.3171-3178.2001 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 469VV UT WOS:000170837500024 PM 11526146 ER PT J AU Rivera-Betancourt, M Keen, JE AF Rivera-Betancourt, M Keen, JE TI Murine monoclonal antibodies against Escherichia coli O4 lipopolysaccharide and H5 flagellin SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VIRULENCE FACTORS; CLASS-I; STRAINS; SEROTYPES; GENES; SEROGROUPS; RESISTANCE; PREVALENCE; INFECTION; DIARRHEA AB Two murine monoclonal antibodies (MAb), 2C5-F10 and 8D1-H10, reactive with Escherichia coli O4 and H5 antigens, respectively, were generated and characterized. Enzyme immunoassays and immunoblots demonstrated that MAb 2C5-F10 reacted specifically with lipopolysaccharide O antigen of E. coli O4 isolates, while MAb 8D1-H10 reacted with E. coli strains expressing H5 flagella. C1 ARS, USDA, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Keen, JE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166,State Spur 18D, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 31 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 39 IS 9 BP 3409 EP 3413 DI 10.1128/JCM.39.9.3409-3413.2001 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 469VV UT WOS:000170837500070 PM 11526192 ER PT J AU Williams, RS Feist, WC AF Williams, RS Feist, WC TI Duration of wood preweathering: Effect on the service life of subsequently applied paint SO JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SURFACES; PERFORMANCE; PROTECTION; DURABILITY; ADHESION; STAINS AB Previous studies of the effect of preweathering of wood (weathering of wood prior to painting) on subsequent paint performance have not linked short periods of preweathering (weeks) to paint service life. To examine the link between preweathering and paint service life, we analyzed paint performance (cracking and flaking) after 14 years outside on boards that were preweathered for various amounts of time. We then compared our results with previous results from paint adhesion tests of similar boards that were also preweathered for the same amount of time. There was a direct correlation between the amount of time of siding was preweathered and the long-term performance of paint. Paint on wood preweathered for 16 weeks began to fail after just three years. Paint on wood preweathered for shorter periods lasted longer, but even those boards that were preweathered for as little as one week showed paint failure earlier than boards that were not preweathered. There was also good correlation between paint adhesive strength results from the previous study and outdoor paint performance results from this study, showing that loss of paint adhesion may be linked to paint performance in outdoor field tests. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Williams, RS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU FEDERATION SOC COATING TECH PI BLUE BELL PA 492 NORRISTOWN ROAD, BLUE BELL, PA 19422 USA SN 0361-8773 J9 J COATING TECHNOL JI J. Coat. Technol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 73 IS 920 BP 65 EP 72 DI 10.1007/BF02698377 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 470LG UT WOS:000170873000013 ER PT J AU Hoagland, PD Unruh, JJ Wickham, ED Farrell, HM AF Hoagland, PD Unruh, JJ Wickham, ED Farrell, HM TI Secondary structure of bovine alpha(S2)-casein: Theoretical and experimental approaches SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE alpha(S2)-casein; Fourier Transform infrared; circular dichroism; secondary structure ID AMINO-ACID-COMPOSITION; CASEIN MICELLES; KAPPA-CASEIN; ALPHA-S2-CASEIN; SEQUENCE; CALCIUM; MILK; POLYMORPHISM; TEMPERATURE; PREDICTION AB Circular dichroism and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of bovine alpha (S2)-casein both report a 24 to 32% content of alpha -helix. A consensus of sequence based predictions for alpha -helix suggests a Lys(77)-Gln(91) helix within the sequence (Ser(61)-Arg(125)). This motif is repeated at (Ser(143)-Leu(207)), and this region contains a longer Thr(145)-Leu(177) predicted alpha -helix. A short, seven member alpha -helix may also organize the N-terminal peptide that precedes the first phosphoserine [-Srp-](3) cluster. As was found for other caseins studied by these spectroscopic methods, a high degree of extended beta -sheet (similar to 30%) and turns (25 to 30%) are predicted for alpha (S2)-casein. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Hoagland, PD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 42 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 84 IS 9 BP 1944 EP 1949 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 473PX UT WOS:000171055500004 PM 11573772 ER PT J AU Norman, HD Edwards, JL Wright, JR AF Norman, HD Edwards, JL Wright, JR TI Accuracy of recorded birth and calving dates of dairy cattle in the United States SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE birth date; calving date; record accuracy AB Frequencies of births that were reported for specific days of the month were documented for US dairy cattle born since 1987 by birth year, herd size, and registry status and compared with calving frequencies for those dates. Because birth dates are expected to be random and uniformly distributed throughout each month, percentages of births on individual dates were expected to be equal (3.3% for d 1 to d 28, 3.2% for d 29, 3.0% for d 30, and 1.9% for d 31). However, percentages of reported birth dates for d 1, 2, 10, 15, and 20 were higher than expected. The percentage of reported births for d 1 was highest (5.3%) of all days of the month regardless of herd size or registry status. The nonuniform distribution of birth dates within month indicated that a substantial number of birth dates were unknown and that estimated birth dates had been reported. About one-third of the birth dates recorded on d 1 appeared to have been estimated, or altered to gain an advantage in cattle shows. The highest frequencies for birth dates on d 1 (5.9 to 7.4%) were found for registered cows during months that initiated age groupings for dairy shows (March, June, September, and December). Birth dates for some registered cows were intentionally misreported as confirmed by comparison of birth dates of individual cows with calving dates of their dams. Reported calving dates appeared to be more accurate than reported births; the inflated frequency of recorded calvings on d 1 was only about 30% as large as the inflated frequency of recorded births. Because cow age is determined by birth date, proper reporting of birth dates is important to ensure the accuracy of standardized yield and fitness records and the genetic evaluations that are based on those records. When animals' recorded birth dates and their dams' calving dates differ, more credence should be given to the latter to improve accuracy. C1 USDA ARS, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Norman, HD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 84 IS 9 BP 2089 EP 2096 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 473PX UT WOS:000171055500022 PM 11573790 ER PT J AU O'Connor, GA Brobst, RB Chaney, RL Kincaid, RL McDowell, LR Pierzynski, GM Rubin, A Van Riper, GG AF O'Connor, GA Brobst, RB Chaney, RL Kincaid, RL McDowell, LR Pierzynski, GM Rubin, A Van Riper, GG TI A modified risk assessment to establish molybdenum standards for land application of biosolids SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Review ID COPPER DEFICIENCY; RUMINANTS; SOILS; ADSORPTION; METABOLISM; MINERALS; TOXICITY; SULFATE; SULFUR; SHEEP AB The USEPA standards (40 CFR Part 503) for the use or disposal of sewage sludge (biosolids) derived risk-based numerical values for Mo for the biosolids --> land --> plant --> animal pathway (Pathway 6). Following legal challenge, most Mo numerical standards were withdrawn, pending additional field-generated data using modern biosolids (Mo concentrations <75 mg kg(-1)) and a reassessment of this pathway. This paper presents a reevaluation of biosolids Mo data, refinement of the risk assessment algorithms, and a reassessment of Mo-induced hypocuprosis from land application of biosolids. Forage Mo uptake coefficients (UC) are derived from field studies, many of which used modern biosolids applied to numerous soil types, with varying soil pH values, and supporting various crops. Typical cattle diet scenarios are used to calculate a diet-weighted UC value that realistically represents forage Mo exposure to cattle. Recent biosolids use data are employed to estimate the fraction of animal forage (FC) likely to be affected by biosolids applications nationally. Field data are used to estimate long-term Mo leaching and a leaching correction factor (LC) is used to adjust cumulative biosolids application limits. The modified UC and new FC and LC factors are used in a new algorithm to calculate biosolids Mo Pathway 6 risk. The resulting numerical standards for Mo are cumulative limit (RPc) = 40 kg Mo ha(-1), and alternate pollutant limit (APL) = 40 mg Mo kg(-1). We regard the modifications to algorithms and parameters and calculations as conservative, and belies e that the risk of Mo-induced hypocuprosis from biosolids Mo is small. Providing adequate Cu mineral supplements, standard procedure in proper herd management, would augment the conservatism of the new risk assessment. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Soil & Water Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Anim Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Montgomery Watson, Lakewood, CO USA. RP O'Connor, GA (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Soil & Water Sci, POB 110510, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 89 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 30 IS 5 BP 1490 EP 1507 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 539GZ UT WOS:000174863300001 PM 11577853 ER PT J AU Entry, JA Farmer, N AF Entry, JA Farmer, N TI Movement of coliform bacteria and nutrients in ground water flowing through basalt and sand aquifers SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID FORESTED WETLAND SOILS; FLORIDA EVERGLADES; NITROGEN; PHOSPHORUS; MINERALIZATION; BLACKWATER; GRADIENT; QUALITY; NITRATE; WASTE AB Large-scale deposition of animal manure can result in contamination of surface and ground water and in potential transfer of disease-causing enteric bacteria to animals or humans. We measured total coliform bacteria (TC), fecal coliform bacteria (FC), NO3, NH4, total P, and PO4 in ground water flowing from basalt and sand aquifers, in wells into basalt and sand aquifers, in irrigation water, and in river water. Samples were collected monthly for 1 yr. Total coliform and FC numbers were always higher in irrigation water than in ground water, indicating that soil and sediment filtered most of these bacteria before them entered the aquifers. Total coliform and FC numbers in ground water were generally higher in the faster flowing basalt aquifer than in the sand aquifer, indicating that the slower flow and finer grain size may filter more TC and FC bacteria from water. At least one coliform bacterium/100 mL of water was found in ground water from both basalt and sand aquifers, indicating that ground water pumped from these aquifers is not necessarily safe for human consumption according to the American Public Health Association and the USEPA. The NO3 concentrations were usually higher in water flowing from the sand aquifer than in water flowing from the basalt aquifer or in perched water tables in the basalt aquifer. The PO4 concentrations were usually higher in water flowing from the basalt aquifer than in,, ater flowing from the sand aquifer. The main concern is fecal contamination of these aquifers and health consequences that may arise from human consumption. C1 USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83443 USA. USDI Natl Pk Serv, Hagerman Fossil Beds Natl Monument, Hagerman, ID 83332 USA. RP Entry, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, 3793 N 3600 E, Kimberly, ID 83443 USA. NR 37 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 30 IS 5 BP 1533 EP 1539 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 539GZ UT WOS:000174863300006 PM 11577858 ER PT J AU McDowell, R Sharpley, A Folmar, G AF McDowell, R Sharpley, A Folmar, G TI Phosphorus export from an agricultural watershed: Linking source and transport mechanisms SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID ELOVICH EQUATION; SOIL-PHOSPHORUS; RUNOFF; KINETICS; SORPTION; RELEASE AB Many source and transport factors control P loss from agricultural landscapes, however, little information is available on how these factors are linked at a watershed scale. Thus, we investigated mechanisms controlling P release from soil and stream sediments in relation to storm and baseflow P concentrations at four flumes and in the channel of an agricultural watershed. Baseflow dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) concentrations were greater at the watershed outflow (Flame 1; 0.042 mg L-1) than uppermost flume (Flume 4, 0.028 mg L-1). Conversely, DRP concentrations were greater at Flume 4 (0.304 mg L-1) than Flume 1 (0.128 mg L-1) during stormflow. Similar trends in total phosphorus (TP) concentration were also observed. During stormflow, stream P concentrations are controlled by overland flow-generated erosion from areas of the watershed coincident with high soil P. In-channel decreases in P concentration during stormflow, were attributed to sediment deposition, resorption of P, and dilution. The increase in baseflow P concentrations downstream was controlled by channel sediments. Phosphorus sorption maximum of Flume 4 sediment (532 mg kg(-1)) was greater than at the outlet Flume 1 (227 mg kg(-1)). Indeed, the decrease in P desorption between Flumes 1 and 4 sediment (0.046 to 0.025 mg L-1) was similar to the difference in baseflow DRP between Flumes 1 and 4 (0.042 to 0.028 mg L-1). This study shows that erosion, soil P concentration, and channel sediment P sorption properties influence streamflow DRP and TP. A better understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of these processes and their connectivity over the landscape will aid targeting remedial practices. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Sharpley, A (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, Curtain Rd,Univ Pk, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. OI McDowell, Richard/0000-0003-3911-4825 NR 29 TC 118 Z9 122 U1 2 U2 31 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 30 IS 5 BP 1587 EP 1595 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 539GZ UT WOS:000174863300012 PM 11577864 ER PT J AU Mbila, MO Thompson, ML Mbagwu, JSC Laird, DA AF Mbila, MO Thompson, ML Mbagwu, JSC Laird, DA TI Distribution and movement of sludge-derived trace metals in selected Nigerian soils SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SEWAGE-SLUDGE; HEAVY-METALS; TREATED SOILS; AMENDED SOILS; ZINC; CADMIUM; COPPER; FRACTIONATION; SEDIMENTS; LEAD AB Use of metal-rich sewage sludge as soil fertilizer may result in tracemetal contamination of soils. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of long-term sludge application on trace-metal (Zn, Cu, pb, and Ni) distribution and potential bioavailability in Nigerian soils under a tropical wet-dry climate. Total metal analyses, sequential chemical fractionation, and DTPA extractions were carried out on samples of control and sludge-amended pedons in Nigeria (a Rhodic Kandiustult and two Rhodic Kandiustalfs from Nigeria, respectively). The sewage sludge applied to the soils contained higher levels of Zn and Cu than Pb and Ni. The control pedon contained low levels of all four metals. Soil enrichment factors (EF) were calculated for each metal in the sludge-amended pedons. Compared with the control soil, the sludge-amended pedons showed elevated levels of Zn and Cu, reflecting the trace-metal composition of the sewage sludge. Zinc and Cu in the sludge-amended soils were strongly enriched at all depths in the profile, indicating that they had moved below the zone of sludge application. The sequential extraction and DTPA analyses indicated that the sludge-amended soils contained more readily extractable and bioavailable metal ions than the unamended soil. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Thompson, ML (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM mlthomps@iastate.edu RI Laird, David/E-8598-2014 NR 40 TC 44 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 30 IS 5 BP 1667 EP 1674 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 539GZ UT WOS:000174863300023 PM 11577875 ER PT J AU He, ZQ Honeycutt, CW AF He, ZQ Honeycutt, CW TI Enzymatic characterization of organic phosphorus in animal manure SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; SOIL-PHOSPHORUS; RESIN EXTRACTION; GRASSLAND SOILS; FRACTIONATION; FORMS; SPECTROSCOPY; CULTIVATION; PHYTASE; RELEASE AB Information on the forms of P present in animal manure may improve our ability to manage manure P. In most investigations of manure P composition, only inorganic and total P are determined, and the difference between them is assigned as organic P. In this study, we explored the possibility of identifying and quantifying more specific organic P forms in animal manure with orthophosphate-releasing enzymes. Pig (Sus scrofa) manure and cattle (Bos taurus) manure were first sequentially fractionated into water-soluble P, NaHCO3-soluble P, NaOH-soluble P, HCl-soluble P, and residual P. The fractions were separately incubated with wheat phytase, alkaline phosphatase, nuclease P1, nucleotide pyrophosphatase, or their combinations. The released orthophosphate was determined by a molybdate blue method. Part of the organic P in those fractions could be identified by the enzymatic treatments as phytate (i.e., 39% for pig manure and 17% for cattle manure in water-soluble organic P), simple phosphomonoesters (i.e., 43% for pig manure and 15% for cattle manure in NaOH-soluble organic P), nucleotide-like phosphodiesters (2-12%), and nucleotide pyrophosphate (0-4%). Our data indicate that the enzymatic treatment is an effective approach to identify and quantify the organic P forms present in animal manures. C1 Univ Maine, USDA ARS, New England Plant Soil & Water Lab, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP He, ZQ (reprint author), Univ Maine, USDA ARS, New England Plant Soil & Water Lab, Orono, ME 04469 USA. OI He, Zhongqi/0000-0003-3507-5013 NR 24 TC 78 Z9 80 U1 3 U2 15 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 30 IS 5 BP 1685 EP 1692 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 539GZ UT WOS:000174863300025 PM 11577877 ER PT J AU Dao, TH Sikora, LJ Hamasaki, A Chaney, RL AF Dao, TH Sikora, LJ Hamasaki, A Chaney, RL TI Manure phosphorus extractability as affected by aluminum- and iron by-products and aerobic composting SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID POULTRY LITTER; SOIL-PHOSPHORUS; FEEDLOT MANURE; NITROGEN; RUNOFF; SOLUBILITY; RAINFALL; GROWTH; RICH AB Shifts in manure phosphorus (P) chemical forms and pool sizes induced by water treatment residuals and industrial mineral by-products are largely undefined. We conducted a manure P fractionation study to determine mechanisms of reduction of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) in poultry manure upon mineral by-product additions. The effects of composting on the P immobilization efficacy of the by-products were determined using laboratory self-heating composting simulators. The mineral by-products included an aluminum, water treatment residual (Al-WTR) and an iron-rich titanium-processing by-product. The noncomposted manure averaged 0.11 g g(-1) of total P as DRP forms. The by-products significantly reduced manure DRP, by an average of 39 and 48% in the Al- and the Fe-treated manure, respectively. The by-products also reduced the 0.5 M NH4F-extractable phosphorus (FEP) fraction. Shifts in P forms between FEP and 0.1 M NaOH-extractable phosphorus (SHEP) depended upon the Al and Fe contents of the by-products while the combined FEP + SHEP pool remained constant. Phosphate sorption measurements supported the observations that the Fe-rich by-product was more effective at reducing manure DRP and enhancing the formation of SHEP forms at the expense of FEP than the Al-WTR. Composting had no effect on the efficacy of either by-product to reduce DRP. Potential mechanisms of enhanced P stabilization in treated. manure upon composting included chemical shifts from the DRP and FEP fractions to the citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite extractable P fraction. Thus, the choice of P immobilization agents affected, the stability of immobilized P forms and should be taken into consideration in developing manure processing and nutrient stabilization methods. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Anim Manure & By Prod Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Co Ltd, Takasago, Hyogo, Japan. RP Dao, TH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Anim Manure & By Prod Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 31 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 30 IS 5 BP 1693 EP 1698 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 539GZ UT WOS:000174863300026 PM 11577878 ER PT J AU Pierson, ST Cabrera, ML Evanylo, GK Schroeder, PD Radcliffe, DE Kuykendall, HA Benson, VW Williams, JR Hoveland, CS McCann, MA AF Pierson, ST Cabrera, ML Evanylo, GK Schroeder, PD Radcliffe, DE Kuykendall, HA Benson, VW Williams, JR Hoveland, CS McCann, MA TI Phosphorus losses from grasslands fertilized with broiler litter: EPIC simulations SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID POULTRY LITTER; INORGANIC FERTILIZER; SIMPLIFIED SOIL; WATER-QUALITY; FESCUE PLOTS; RUNOFF; MANURE; MODEL; NITROGEN; RAINFALL AB Broiler litter, a mixture of poultry excreta and bedding material, is commonly used to fertilize grasslands in the southeastern USA. Previous work has shown that under certain situations, application of broiler (Gallus gallus domesticus) litter to grasslands may lead to elevated levels of phosphorus (P) in surface runoff. The EPIC simulation model may be a useful tool to identify those situations. This work A as conducted to evaluate EPIC's ability to simulate event and annual runoff volume and losses of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) from tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)-bermudagrass [Cynodon dacrylon (L.) Pers.] paddocks fertilized with broiler litter. The EPIC simulations of event runoff volume showed a trend toward underestimation, particularly for runoff events > 30 mm. On an annual basis, EPIC also tended to underestimate runoff, especially at runoff volumes > 100 mm. Both event and annual runoff estimations were strongly associated with observed values, indicating that model calibration could improve the simulation of surface runoff volume. The relationship between simulated and observed values of DRP loss was relatively poor on an event basis (r = 0.65), but was stronger (r = 0.75) on an annual basis. In general, EPIC tended to underestimate annual DRP losses. This underestimation was apparently caused by the lack of an explicit mechanism to model broiler litter on the soil surface. These results suggested that additional work on the EPIC P submodel would be warranted to improve its simulation of surface application of broiler litter to grasslands. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Virginia Tech, Dept Crop & Soil Environm Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Athens, GA 30601 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Agr Econ, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Blackland Res Ctr, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RP Cabrera, ML (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 31 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 30 IS 5 BP 1790 EP 1795 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 539GZ UT WOS:000174863300036 PM 11577888 ER PT J AU Rice, PJ McConnell, LL Heighton, LP Sadeghi, AM Isensee, AR Teasdale, JR Abdul-Baki, AA Harman-Fetcho, JA Hapeman, CJ AF Rice, PJ McConnell, LL Heighton, LP Sadeghi, AM Isensee, AR Teasdale, JR Abdul-Baki, AA Harman-Fetcho, JA Hapeman, CJ TI Runoff loss of pesticides and soil: A comparison between vegetative mulch and plastic mulch in vegetable production systems SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID FRESH-MARKET TOMATOES; NITROGEN RELEASE; HAIRY VETCH; COVER CROPS; SORPTION; FIELD; REQUIREMENTS; MANAGEMENT; SEDIMENT; SURVIVAL AB Current vegetable production systems use polyethylene (plastic) mulch and require multiple applications of agrochemicals. During rain events, runoff from vegetable production is enhanced because 50 to 75% of the field is covered with an impervious surface. This study was conducted to quantify off-site movement of soil and pesticides with runoff from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plots containing polyethylene mulch and a vegetative mulch, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth). Side-by-side field plots were instrumented with automated flow meters and samplers to measure and collect runoff, which was filtered, extracted, and analyzed to determine soil and pesticide loss. Seasonal losses of two to four times more water and at least three times as much sediment were observed from plots with polyethylene mulch (55.4 to 146 L m(-2) and 247 to 535 g m(-2), respectively) versus plots with hairy vetch residue (13.7 to 75.7 L m(-2) and 32.8 to 118 g m(-2), respectively). Geometric means (+/- standard deviation) of total pesticide loads for chlorothalonil (tetrachloroisophthalonitrile) and alpha- and beta-endosulfan (6,7,8,9,10,10-liexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin 3-oxide) for a runoff event ere 19, 6, and 9 times greater from polyethylene (800 +/- 4.6, 17.6 +/- 3.9, and 39.1 +/- 4.9 mug m(-2), respectively) than from hairy vetch mulch plots (42 +/- 6.0, 2.8 +/- 5.0, and 4.3 +/- 4.6 mug m(-2), respectively) due to greater concentrations and larger runoff volumes. The increased runoff volume, soil loss, and off-site loading of pesticides measured in runoff from the polyethylene mulch suggests that this management practice is less sustainable and may have a harmful effect on the environment. C1 USDA ARS, Soil & Water Management Res, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA ARS, Environm Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Sustainable Agr Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Rice, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soil & Water Management Res, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RI McConnell, Laura/H-1519-2011 NR 46 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 4 U2 15 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 30 IS 5 BP 1808 EP 1821 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 539GZ UT WOS:000174863300038 PM 11577890 ER PT J AU Bundy, LG Andraski, TW Powell, JM AF Bundy, LG Andraski, TW Powell, JM TI Management practice effects on phosphorus losses in runoff in corn production systems SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SURFACE RUNOFF; RAINFALL SIMULATOR; TILLAGE; MANURE; SOIL; EROSION; SITES AB Phosphorus losses in runoff from cropland can contribute to nonpoint-source pollution of surface waters. Management practices in corn (Zea mays L.) production systems may influence P losses. Field experiments with treatments including differing soil test P levels, tillage and manure application combinations, and manure and biosolids application histories were used to assess these management practice effects on P losses. Runoff from simulated rainfall (76 turn h(-1)) was collected from 0.83-m(2) areas for 1 h after rainfall initiation and analyzed for dissolved reactive P (DRP), bioavailable P, total P (TP), and sediment. In no-till corn, both DRP concentration and load increased as Bray P1 soil test (STP) increased from 8 to 62 mg kg(-1). A 5-yr history of manure or biosolids application greatly increased STP and DRP concentrations in runoff. The 5-yr manure treatment had higher DRP concentration but lower DRP load than the 5-yr biosolids treatment, probably due to residue accumulation and lower runoff in the manure treatment. Studies of tillage and manure application effects on P losses showed that tillage to incorporate manure generally lowered runoff DRP concentration but increased TP concentration and loads due to increased sediment loss. Management practices have a major influence on P losses in runoff in corn production systems that may overshadow the effects of STP alone. Results, from this work, showing that some practices may ha, e opposite effects on DRP is. TP losses, emphasize the need to design management recommendations to minimize losses of those P forms with the greatest pollution potential. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Bundy, LG (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, 1525 Observ Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 31 TC 83 Z9 90 U1 5 U2 22 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 30 IS 5 BP 1822 EP 1828 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 539GZ UT WOS:000174863300039 PM 11577891 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Rosenthal, BM Speer, CA AF Dubey, JP Rosenthal, BM Speer, CA TI Sarcocystis lindsayi n. sp (Protozoa : Sarcocystidae) from the South American opossum, Didelphis albiventris from Brazil SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE budgerigars; cell culture; development; molecular; sarcocysts; schizonts ID MELOPSITTACUS-UNDULATUS; PSITTACINE BIRDS; FALCATULA; NEURONA; VIRGINIANA; SPOROCYSTS; MYELOENCEPHALITIS; ULTRASTRUCTURE; TRANSMISSION; PARASITE AB A new species, Sarcocystis lindsayi n. sp., is proposed for a parasite resembling Sarcocystis falcatula. It was obtained from the lungs and muscles of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) fed sporocysts from a naturally-infected South American opossum, Didelphis albiventris, from Jaboticabal, Brazil. Sarcocysts of S. lindsayi n. sp. in budgerigars are microscopic, up to 600 mum long and up to 50 mum wide. The cyst wall is up to 2 mum thick. Ultrastructurally, the sarcocyst wall consists of numerous slender villar protrusions (up to 2.0 mum long and up to 0.3 mum wide), each with a stylet at its tip. Schizonts in cell culture divide by endopolygeny leaving a residual body. Sporocysts are similar to 12 x 7 mum. The parasite is genetically distinct from other organisms that also cycle between opossums and avian species and resemble S. falcatula. Diagnostic genetic variation has been observed in the nuclear large subunit ribosomal RNA gene, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1), and each of two other genetic loci. Although the structure of the sarcocyst wall may not provide sufficient grounds for differential diagnosis, several other attributes including schizont morphology and genetic variation at each of these genetic loci permit identification of S. lindsayi n. sp.. Natural intermediate hosts for S. lindsayi n. sp. are not known, and fuller characterization of these and other Sarcocystis species would benefit from experimental avian hosts that are more permissive to the maturation of sarcocysts. C1 ARS, USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Tennessee, Coll Agr Sci & Nat Resources, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Bldg 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Rosenthal, Benjamin/0000-0002-0224-3773 NR 30 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 48 IS 5 BP 595 EP 603 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00196.x PG 9 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 478AL UT WOS:000171320700011 PM 11596925 ER PT J AU Luginbuhl, JM Marzluff, JM Bradley, JE Raphael, MG Varland, DE AF Luginbuhl, JM Marzluff, JM Bradley, JE Raphael, MG Varland, DE TI Corvid survey techniques and the relationship between corvid relative abundance and nest predation SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FOREST FRAGMENTATION; DENSITY; SUCCESS; BIRDS AB We conducted a four-year study on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington to assess the relationship between corvid (Gray Jay [Perisoreus canadensis], Steller's Jay [Cyanocitta stelleri], American Crow [Corvus brachyrhynchos] and Common Raven [Corvus corax]) abundance and the risk of nest predation. We assessed risk of predation through the use of artificial mid-canopy nests and assessed corvid abundance using a variety of techniques including point-count surveys, transect surveys, and the broadcast of corvid territorial arid predator attraction calls. Point counts of corvid abundance had the strongest correlation with predation on artificial nests containing eggs. The relationship between nest predation rate and corvid abundance was strongest when study plots were used as replicated measures of landscape conditions rather than its independent samples. We Suggest using the maximum value for each corvid Species attained from several temporally replicated point-count surveys in each study plot. Corvid point-counts should be conducted on days with light winds (<20 kph) and no more than light precipitation. Use of attraction calls is important for gaining a meaningful measure of corvid abundance, Their use may overrepresent corvids at the local plot scale but is important in assessing the landscape scale presence of wide-ranging (American Crows) and often non-vocal (Gray Jays) corvids. C1 Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. Rayonier, Hoquiam, WA USA. RP Luginbuhl, JM (reprint author), Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 45 TC 53 Z9 56 U1 2 U2 25 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD FAL PY 2001 VL 72 IS 4 BP 556 EP 572 PG 17 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 497HQ UT WOS:000172449700008 ER PT J AU LaPatra, SE Batts, WN Overturf, K Jones, GR Shewmaker, WD Winton, JR AF LaPatra, SE Batts, WN Overturf, K Jones, GR Shewmaker, WD Winton, JR TI Negligible risk associated with the movement of processed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), from an infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) endemic area SO JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES LA English DT Article DE cell culture; detection; infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV); polymerase chain reaction (PCR); rainbow trout; risk; serology ID HEMATOPOIETIC NECROSIS; PARTICLES AB To assess the risk of transmission of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) associated with the movement of processed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, from an area where the virus is endemic, 240 freshly eviscerated fish (225-500 g) exhibiting spinal curvature or spinal compression types of deformities were tested for IHNV by virus isolation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. Commercially produced rainbow trout, approximately 1-year-old, that exhibited spinal deformities were considered to have had a high likelihood of having survived an outbreak of IHN. Serological analysis of fish exhibiting spinal curvature or spinal compression types of deformities for anti-IHNV antibodies resulted in 71 and 50% of the serum samples, respectively, with detectable neutralization activity suggesting previous infection with IHNV. A portion of the skin and muscle in the area of the deformity was collected, as well as brain tissue from each commercially processed fish. Tissue homogenates were tested for IHNV using the epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cell line pretreated with polyethylene glycol and the chinook salmon embryo (CHSE-214) cell line using standard methods. Nested, reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR for the detection of IHNV used the central 1231 by portion of the glycoprotein (G) gene. All brain and skin-muscle homogenates were negative for IHNV by virus isolation and by nested RT-PCR. To assess virus clearance experimentally, groups of 100 specific-pathogen-free (SPF) rainbow trout (mean weight, 100 g) were either intraperitoneally injected with IHNV or sham infected and held separately in 385 L aquaria in SPF water at 15 degreesC. In the first study, a total of 33% of the infected fish died. Ten days after the last mortality or 34 days after post-infection, six fish from each treatment were killed at weekly intervals for 6 weeks. Kidney and brain homogenates from individual fish were tested by virus isolation and nested RT-PCR using the nucleoprotein (N) gene. All tissue homogenates were negative for IHNV. When this study was repeated, 54% of the infected fish died and beginning 34 days post-infection, six fish from each treatment were killed at biweekly intervals for 8 weeks, and kidney and brain homogenates from individual fish were tested by virus isolation and quantitative real-time PCR utilizing primers and fluorescent labelled probes generated for the specific identification of the N and G genes of IHNV. One brain specimen from an IHN survivor obtained 34 days post-infection was positive by both virus isolation and quantitative PCR; however, all remaining tissue specimens were negative over the 8-week period. Intraperitoneal injection of supernatants from pooled kidney or brain tissue obtained from control or IHN survivor fish into SPF rainbow trout (mean weight, 10 g) also failed to establish virus infection. A strong humoral response was detected in the IHN survivors in both challenge studies and is suggested as a mechanism responsible for virus clearance. These results provide scientific information that can be used to assess the risk associated with the movement of processed rainbow trout from an IHNV endemic area. C1 Clear Springs Foods Inc, Div Res, Buhl, ID 83316 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. Agr Res Serv, USDA, Hagerman, ID USA. RP LaPatra, SE (reprint author), Clear Springs Foods Inc, Div Res, POB 712, Buhl, ID 83316 USA. NR 37 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7775 J9 J FISH DIS JI J. Fish Dis. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 24 IS 7 BP 399 EP 408 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2761.2001.00316.x PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 466VR UT WOS:000170667300004 ER PT J AU Ukuku, DO Sapers, GM AF Ukuku, DO Sapers, GM TI Effect of sanitizer treatments on Salmonella Stanley attached to the surface of cantaloupe and cell transfer to fresh-cut tissues during cutting practices SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID PRODUCE; GROWTH AB The ability of Salmonella Stanley to attach and survive on cantaloupe surfaces, its in vivo response to chlorine or hydrogen peroxide treatments, and subsequent transfer to the interior tissue during cutting was investigated. Cantaloupes were immersed in an inoculum containing Salmonella Stanley (10(8) CFU/ml) for 10 min and then stored at 4 or 20 degreesC for up to 5 days. Periodically, the inoculated melons were washed with chlorine (1,000 ppm) or hydrogen peroxide (5%), and fresh-cut tissues were prepared. The incidence of Salmonella Stanley transfer from the rinds to the fresh-cut tissues during cutting practices was determined. A population of 3.8 log(10) CFU/cm(2) of Salmonella Stanley was recovered from the inoculated rinds. No significant (P < 0.05) reduction of the attached Salmonella population was observed on cantaloupe surfaces stored at 4 or 20 degreesC for up to 5 days, and the population was not reduced after washing with water. Salmonella Stanley was recovered in fresh-cut pieces prepared from inoculated whole cantaloupes with no sanitizer treatment. Washing with chlorine or hydrogen peroxide solutions was most effective immediately after inoculation, resulting in an approximate 3.0-log(10) CFU/cm(2) reduction, and the level of recovered Salmonella population transferred to fresh-cut samples was reduced to below detection. The effectiveness of both treatments diminished when inoculated cantaloupes stored at 4 or 20 degreesC for more than 3 days were analyzed, and the fresh-cut pieces prepared from such melons were Salmonella positive. Salmonella outgrowth occurred on inoculated fresh-cut cubes stored above 4 degreesC. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Ukuku, DO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 20 TC 108 Z9 110 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 64 IS 9 BP 1286 EP 1291 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 471JJ UT WOS:000170926000002 PM 11563501 ER PT J AU Charkowski, AO Sarreal, CZ Mandrell, RE AF Charkowski, AO Sarreal, CZ Mandrell, RE TI Wrinkled alfalfa seeds harbor more aerobic bacteria and are more difficult to sanitize than smooth seeds SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; TYPHAEA-STERCOREA COLEOPTERA; CHEMICAL TREATMENTS; SALMONELLA; SPROUTS; OUTBREAK; MYCETOPHAGIDAE; INFECTIONS; EFFICACY AB At least 14 separate outbreaks of food poisoning attributed to either Salmonella enterica or Escherichia coli O157:H7 have been traced to sprouts in the past decade. Seeds contaminated with human pathogens caused most of these outbreaks, thus many sprout growers are now treating alfalfa seeds with the sanitizing agent. calcium hypochlorite (Ca[OCl](2)). prior to sprouting. The efficacy of alfalfa seed sanitation varies between seed lots and between seeds within each lot. Alfalfa seeds from different seed lots were sorted by type in an effort to determine if certain seed types carry more aerobic bacteria than other seed types. Seeds with a wrinkled type, characteristic of lygus bug damage, had significantly higher levels of culturable aerobic bacteria and were more difficult to sanitize than smooth, healthy seeds. After sanitation, wrinkled alfalfa seeds that had been inoculated with S. enterica set. Newport carried significantly higher levels of Salmonella Newport than smooth seeds. If S. enterica is present on wrinkled seeds in naturally contaminated seed lots, it may be difficult to chemically sanitize the seed lot. Removal of the wrinkled alfalfa seeds from the seed lots. perhaps by adapting color sorting equipment similar to that used to sort rice grains and other seeds, should reduce the level of aerobic bacteria in seed lots and may result in lower levels of human pathogens on contaminated alfalfa seeds. C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Food Safety & Hlth, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Charkowski, AO (reprint author), Russell Labs, Dept Plant Pathol, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 25 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 11 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 64 IS 9 BP 1292 EP 1298 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 471JJ UT WOS:000170926000003 PM 11563502 ER PT J AU Tamplin, ML Feder, I Palumbo, SA Oser, A Yoder, L Luchansky, JB AF Tamplin, ML Feder, I Palumbo, SA Oser, A Yoder, L Luchansky, JB TI Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli biotype I on swine carcasses processed under the hazard analysis and critical control point-based inspection models project SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID DELAYED SECONDARY ENRICHMENT; FECES AB The present study examined the prevalence of Salmonella spp. and the prevalence and quantity of generic (biotype I) Escherichia coli on carcasses or in pig feces at a pork processing plant operating under the hazard analysis and critical control point-based inspection models project (HIMP) program. The surfaces of carcasses were sponged on 10 separate days over a 30-day period at two processing steps: (i) immediately following exsanguination (100 carcasses), and (ii) after the carcasses were washed, eviscerated, and chilled overnight (122 carcasses). Feces were also collected from 60 of the 100 sponged, postexsanguinated pigs. Salmonella spp. were detected on 73.0% of the 100 postexsanguinated pigs, in 33.3% of the 60 fecal samples, and on 0.7% of the 122 chilled carcasses, E. coli was found on 100.0% of the postexsanguinated pigs and on 30.1% of chilled carcasses tested, The mean concentration of E. coli on carcasses was 1,700 CFU/cm(2) immediately after the exsanguination step and 1.1 CFU/cm(2) at the chilled carcass stage. Previous studies at this processing plant showed that the pre-HIMP baseline level of Salmonella spp. on the chilled carcasses was 0.8%, indicating that the present HIMP inspection system produced an equivalent level of bacteriological performance. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Hatfield Qual Meats Inc, Hatfield, PA 19440 USA. RP Tamplin, ML (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 17 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 64 IS 9 BP 1305 EP 1308 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 471JJ UT WOS:000170926000005 PM 11563504 ER PT J AU Riordan, DCR Sapers, GM Hankinson, TR MaGee, M Mattrazzo, AM Annous, BA AF Riordan, DCR Sapers, GM Hankinson, TR MaGee, M Mattrazzo, AM Annous, BA TI A study of US orchards to identify potential sources of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME; APPLE CIDER; OUTBREAK; SURVIVAL; HEALTH; FATE AB The association of unpasteurized apple cider with Escherichia coli O157:H7 foodborne illness has led to increased interest in potential reservoirs of this pathogen in the orchard. Four-teen U.S. orchards were surveyed in autumn 1999 to determine the incidence and prevalence of E. coli O157:H7. E. coli, total aerobic microflora, and yeasts and molds. Fruit samples (n = 63) (eight apple and two pear varieties) and soil, water, and fecal samples were collected. Samples were plated on (i) tryptic soy agar for total mesophilic aerobic count, (ii) E. coli and coliform Petrifilm, for total coliforms and E. coli, and (iii) yeast and mold Petrifilm. Samples positive for coliforms and E. coli were enriched and tested for E. coli O157:H7. Fruit was also tested for internalization of microflora by aseptically removing the core, stem, and calyx areas, and the individual sections were assessed for the categories of microflora listed above. E. coli was detected in soil and water and in 6% of fruit samples (three pear samples and one apple sample), generally collected from areas previously designated as high risk in this study. However, no E. coli O157:H7 was found. Coliforms were found in 74% of fruit samples and were internalized in the cores of 40% of fruit tested. Yeasts and molds were internalized in 96.7% of samples and aerobic bacteria in 89.6%. E. coli was not found to be internalized. Total aerobic counts and total coliforms were higher in dropped and damaged fruit (P < 0.05). Findings suggest that dropped or damaged fruit should not be included in fruit designated for the production of unpasteurized juice or for the fresh or fresh-cut market. In addition. orchards should be located away from potential sources of contamination, such as pastures. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Plant Sci & Technol Res Unit, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Pure Produce Inc, Shrewsbury, MA 01545 USA. RP Annous, BA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Plant Sci & Technol Res Unit, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 33 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 64 IS 9 BP 1320 EP 1327 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 471JJ UT WOS:000170926000008 PM 11563507 ER PT J AU Boyapalle, S Wesley, IV Hurd, HS Reddy, PG AF Boyapalle, S Wesley, IV Hurd, HS Reddy, PG TI Comparison of culture, multiplex, and 5 ' nuclease polymerase chain reaction assays for the rapid detection of Yersinia enterocolitica in swine and pork products SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID FLUOROGENIC PCR; SEROGROUP O-3; DNA; INFECTIONS; YADA; GENE; OLIGONUCLEOTIDES; IDENTIFICATION; AMPLIFICATION; HYBRIDIZATION AB Bacteriological culture was compared with multiplex and fluorogenic (TaqMan) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for the detection of attachment invasion locus (ail)-bearing Yersinia enterocolitica in market weight swine, chitterlings, and ground pork. The TaqMan assay detected 1 pg of purified Y. enterocolitica DNA, whereas conventional gel-based PCR detected 1 ng of the same. The presence of ail-bearing Y. enterocolitica was tested in pork and feces artificially inoculated with Y. enterocolitica strain NADC 5561. The sensitivity limits of culture. multiplex, and TaqMan PCR assays were 4 x 10(3), 4 x 10(2), and 0.4 CFU/g, respectively, for the artificially inoculated pork. The sensitivity limits were 4 x 10(2), 4 x 102, and 0.4 CFU/g, respectively, for feces after a 48-h enrichment in a Yersinia selective broth. By the culture method, Y. enterocolitica was not detected in any of the swine specimens (n = 2,403) examined. By contrast, it was detected in 48 (2%) of the swine samples screened using the multiplex PCR and in 656 (27.2%) of these samples using the TaqMan assay. Using the culture method. Y. enterocolitica was detected in 8% of chitterling samples (n = 350) and in none of the ground pork samples (n = 350). It was identified in 27% of the chitterling samples using multiplex PCR and in 79% of these samples using the TaqMan assay. Ten percent of the ground pork samples contained Y. enterocolitica, as determined by the multiplex PCR, and 38% based on the TaqMan assay, The results suggest that pork products harbor more ail-bearing Y. enterocolitica than selected organs of freshly slaughtered hogs and that the TaqMan assay is more sensitive than either the multiplex PCR or traditional culture methods. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Pre Harvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Tuskegee Univ, Tuskegee, AL 36088 USA. RP Wesley, IV (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Pre Harvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 56 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 64 IS 9 BP 1352 EP 1361 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 471JJ UT WOS:000170926000013 PM 11563512 ER PT J AU Berry, BW Bigner-George, ME AF Berry, BW Bigner-George, ME TI Postcooking temperature changes in beef patties SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID GROUND-BEEF; COOKING; COLOR; FAT AB Beef patties (86 and 143 g) formed from high-fat (20 to 29%) and low-fat (6 to 10%) ground beef obtained in eight different selections for both high and low fat content were cooked by either a gas grill or an electric griddle. Patties were cooked to either 66.1 or 68.3 degreesC as determined in the thickest section, and internal temperatures were recorded after cooking at 1-s intervals for 180 s in both thick and thin sections of patties. Time-temperature curves (after cooking) were evaluated for compliance with regulatory requirements for classifying patties as fully cooked. For patties cooked to 66.1 degreesC, the maximum highest temperature in the thickest patty section often did not reach 71.1 degreesC (recommended for cooking of beef patties by consumers). Although thin sections of patties had higher temperatures than thick sections at the termination of cooking, temperature variability was greater and declines in temperature occurred sooner in thin patty sections. Failure to meet fully cooked, time-temperature requirements was greater in thin than thick sections. Thicker (143-g) patties possessed longer postcooking times before declining in temperature than thinner (86-g) patties. Although many beef patties cooked in this study achieved regulatory time requirements for maintaining 66.1 or 68.3 degreesC (as well as attaining 71.1 degreesC), some patties did not meet these requirements. Because of the considerable temperature variability that can exist within patties at the conclusion of cooking, use of end point temperatures of less than 71.1 degreesC is not recommended for consumers. Consumers should allow several minutes of holding following cooking before consumption to maximize the increases in postcooking temperature. Further research is required to establish cooking procedures that will improve temperature uniformity and eliminate "cold spots" during cooking of beef patties. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Food Technol & Safety Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Berry, BW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Food Technol & Safety Lab, Bldg 201,BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 14 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 64 IS 9 BP 1405 EP 1411 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 471JJ UT WOS:000170926000020 PM 11563519 ER PT J AU Chardonnet, CO Sams, CE Conway, WS Mount, JR Draughon, FA AF Chardonnet, CO Sams, CE Conway, WS Mount, JR Draughon, FA TI Osmotic dehydration of apple slices using a sucrose/CaCl2 combination to control spoilage caused by Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum, and Penicillium expansum SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID GLOMERELLA-CINGULATA; CALCIUM; FIRMNESS; SURVIVAL; FRUITS AB The efficacy of sucrose combined with CaCl2 during osmotic dehydration (CID) was tested for the control of Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum, and Penicillium expansum growth on lightly processed apple slices. The objective of this work was to determine whether the addition of CaCl2 in the osmotic solutions would limit the proliferation of fungal decay organisms. Slices were submitted to OD for 1 h at 25 degreesC in solutions containing 5 to 65% sucrose. Calcium chloride was added to a similar set of sucrose solutions at 0 to 8%. Control slices were made of untreated slices, and slices were processed in water. The mass ratio of the slices did not vary when fruit pieces were processed in solutions containing 5 to 65% sucrose. These slices showed a high susceptibility to spoilage compared to the control slices not submitted to OD: a significant twofold and 60% increase in decay area caused by B. cinerea and P. expansum, respectively, was observed when slices were processed in 50% sucrose/0% CaCl2; C. acutatum showed a significant 50% increase in decay area when slices were processed in 20% sucrose/0% CaCl2. Calcium uptake was significantly increased when slices were processed in CaCl2 solutions, and the highest Ca content was observed when processed in 8% CaCl2, reaching 40 times that of the control slices processed in water. Calcium-treated slices were less susceptible to spoilage by all three pathogens, and the most effective combination in reducing apple slice spoilage was 20 to 30% sucrose combined with 2% CaCl2. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Produce Qual & Safety Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. RP Sams, CE (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 64 IS 9 BP 1425 EP 1429 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 471JJ UT WOS:000170926000023 PM 11563522 ER PT J AU Buta, JG Moline, HE AF Buta, JG Moline, HE TI Prevention of browning of potato slices using polyphenoloxidase inhibitors and organic acids SO JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SHELF-LIFE; VEGETABLES; CULTIVARS; APPLES; FRUITS AB Browning of minimally processed potato slices stored at low temperatures without active modification of the atmosphere in the storage container was inhibited by use of combinations of polyphenoloxidase inhibitors with organic acids. Slices of two cultivars 'Atlantic' and 'Russet Burbank' were dipped in solutions of various combinations of 4-hexyl resorcinol, N-acetyl-cysteine and citric acid. Treated potato slices were kept in storage at 5C without browning or decrease in firmness for up to 21 days. The limiting factor in storage became visible microbial decay. Browning of slices from potatoes stored I month longer at 10C was also inhibited, but storage was limited to 14 days because of increased susceptibility to decay and decreased firmness with most treatments. However, no differences were found in inhibition of browning or retention of firmness of slices of the two cultivars after treatment with the combination of 0.25 M citric acid, 0.25 M N-acetylcysteine and 0.01 M 4-hexylresorcinol. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Buta, JG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Qual Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave,Bldg 002, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 15 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 7 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0146-9428 J9 J FOOD QUALITY JI J. Food Qual. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 24 IS 4 BP 271 EP 282 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4557.2001.tb00608.x PG 12 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 473TV UT WOS:000171064900001 ER PT J AU Bao, JS Shu, QY Xia, YW Bergman, C McClung, A AF Bao, JS Shu, QY Xia, YW Bergman, C McClung, A TI Effects of gamma irradiation on aspects of milled rice (Oryza sativa) end-use quality SO JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY LA English DT Article ID STARCH; RADIATION AB In China, breeding efforts to create Indica-type rice cultivars with textural and functional properties similar to Japonica-type rice have not been successful. An alternative strategy is to develop a processing method to modify the end-use quality of Indica-type rice. Milled rice samples with low, intermediate and high apparent amylose content (AAC) were treated with Co-60 gamma rays. AAC was impacted only by high doses of gamma rays while gel consistency was significantly increased. Increasing levels of gamma irradiation (GIR) reduced rice flour viscosity and increased the temperature of gelatinization onset. Exposure to gamma rays caused the RVA setback (rice pasting properties) but not the instrumental texture properties of an Indica-type cultivar to become more like that of the Japonica-type rice. GIR of milled rice for human consumption would be limited to between 2 and 4 kGy because of its negative effects at higher doses on rice color and aroma. However, that level will destroy insects and some microorganism and change rice of unacceptable quality for some consumers closer to being acceptable and may also broaden the functionality of rice for industrial uses. C1 Zhejiang Univ, Inst Nucl Agr Sci, Hangzhou 310029, Peoples R China. RP Bergman, C (reprint author), USDA ARS, Rice Res Unit, 1509 Aggie Dr, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. RI Bao, Jinsong/A-7413-2008; Shu, Qing-Yao/C-4859-2008 OI Shu, Qing-Yao/0000-0002-9201-0593 NR 27 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0146-9428 J9 J FOOD QUALITY JI J. Food Qual. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 24 IS 4 BP 327 EP 336 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4557.2001.tb00612.x PG 10 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 473TV UT WOS:000171064900005 ER PT J AU Kadan, RS Robinson, MG Thibodeaux, DP Pepperman, AB AF Kadan, RS Robinson, MG Thibodeaux, DP Pepperman, AB TI Texture and other physicochemical properties of whole rice bread SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE rice bread; retrogradation; texture profile analysis; differential scanning calorimetry; x-ray diffraction; bran ID FLOUR; AMYLOSE; GLUTEN AB Samples of experimental rice breads baked in a home bread machine were evaluated by physicochemical methods and compared with a local commercial whole-wheat bread. The results showed that rice breads had less specific volume, harder texture, and were more prone to retrogradation during storage than whole wheat bread. All stored breads showed a peak at about 52 degreesC by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, which is characteristic of retrograded starch. However, the DeltaH for rice bread was about 3 times the value of whole-wheat bread, suggesting its strong tendency to retrograde. X-ray diffraction (XRD) evaluation also indicated the appearance of a strong 2 theta peak between 16.7 degreesC to 17.0 degreesC in rice bread than in whole-wheat bread, which is consistent with starch retrogradation. C1 USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Kadan, RS (reprint author), USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 24 TC 64 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 12 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 66 IS 7 BP 940 EP 944 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2001.tb08216.x PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 481FB UT WOS:000171508300006 ER PT J AU Kozempel, M Goldberg, N Radewonuk, ER Scullen, OJ AF Kozempel, M Goldberg, N Radewonuk, ER Scullen, OJ TI Modification of the VSV surface pasteurizer to treat the visceral cavity and surfaces of chicken carcasses SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE surface pasteurization; chicken; APC; Listeria; E. coli ID MEAT AB Previous research with the VSV (vacuum/steam/vacuum) surface pasteurizer revealed the visceral cavity of chicken carcasses was not treated as effectively as the outside surface. The processor was modified to specifically treat the cavity by adding a mandrel assembly. Optimum process parameters were determined. Optimum process conditions were: initial vacuum 0.1 s, final vacuum 0.5 s, vacuum absolute pressure of 4.1 to 7.1 kPa, steam time 0.1 s, and steam temperature 138 degreesC. Using carcasses inoculated with Listeria innocua and the whole bird rinse sampling procedure, bacteria kills were statistically significant at 0.7 to 0.8 log cfu/mL. Using deboned chicken breasts inoculated with L. innocua and the whole bird rinse sampling procedure, bacteria kills were statistically significant at 1.0 to 1.3 log cfu/mL. C1 ARS, USDA, ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Kozempel, M (reprint author), ARS, USDA, ERRC, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 16 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 66 IS 7 BP 954 EP 959 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2001.tb08218.x PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 481FB UT WOS:000171508300008 ER PT J AU Hong, JH Gross, KC AF Hong, JH Gross, KC TI Maintaining quality of fresh-cut tomato slices through modified atmosphere packaging and low temperature storage SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE chilling injury; ethylene; fresh-cut; minimally-processed; modified atmosphere packaging; oxygen transmission rate; postharvest quality ID CHILLING INJURY; CARBON-DIOXIDE; FRUIT; OXYGEN AB Quality of fresh-cut tomato slices was compared during cold storage undervarious modified atmosphere packaging conditions. Chilling injury of slices in containers sealed with Film A was higher than with Film B; these films had oxygen transmission rates of 87.4 and 60.0 ml.h(-1).m(-2).atm(-1) at 5 degreesC and 99% RH, respectively. While slices in containers with an initial atmospheric composition of air, 4% CO2 + 1 or 20% O-2, 8% CO2 + 1 or 20% O-2, or 12% CO2 + 20% O-2 showed fungal growth, slices in containers with 12% CO2 + 1% O-2 did not. Low ethylene in containers enhanced chilling injury. Modified atmosphere packaging provided good quality tomato slices with a shelf life of 2 w or more at 5 degreesC. C1 ARS, Produce Qual & Safety Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Gross, KC (reprint author), ARS, Produce Qual & Safety Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Bldg 002,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 22 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 66 IS 7 BP 960 EP 965 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2001.tb08219.x PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 481FB UT WOS:000171508300009 ER PT J AU Kozempel, MF Marshall, DL Radewonuk, ER Scullen, OJ Goldberg, N Bal'a, MFA AF Kozempel, MF Marshall, DL Radewonuk, ER Scullen, OJ Goldberg, N Bal'a, MFA TI A rapid surface intervention process to kill Listeria innocua on catfish using cycles of vacuum and steam SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE catfish; surface; intervention; process; Listeria ID GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; LACTIC-ACID; CHANNEL CATFISH; SHELF-LIFE; FILLETS; PASTEURIZATION; MONOCYTOGENES; CULTURE; MEAT AB The vacuum/steam/vacuum surface intervention process was applied to catfish surface inoculated with Listeria innocua. Studies were performed to determine the optimum process conditions of steam temperature, steam time, and number of cycles. Cycling the treatment significantly improved the microbiological kill. At the optimum conditions of steam time of 0.05 to 0.10 s at 143 degreesC and with 4 cycles, bacterial kill in excess of 2-log cfu/ml (colony forming units/ml) was attained.. The surface intervention process should ensure that catfish reaching the consumer have greatly reduced levels or are free of Listeria contamination. C1 ARS, Engn Sci Res Unit, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Mississippi Agr & Forestry Expt Stn, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Mississippi State, MS USA. RP Kozempel, MF (reprint author), ARS, Engn Sci Res Unit, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 25 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 66 IS 7 BP 1012 EP 1016 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2001.tb08227.x PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 481FB UT WOS:000171508300017 ER PT J AU Frost, ME AF Frost, ME TI Wanted: High-quality, diverse workforce at Forest Service SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Arlington, VA 22209 USA. RP Frost, ME (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, 1621 N Kent St, Arlington, VA 22209 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 99 IS 9 BP 20 EP 20 PG 1 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 465EZ UT WOS:000170577800007 ER PT J AU Rinne, JN AF Rinne, JN TI Effects of substrate composition on Apache trout fry emergence SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SALMONIDS AB Artificial substrates were used under laboratory conditions to assess the potential effects of fine sediment (< 2 mm) on a native southwestern (USA) salmonid. Apache trout (Oncorhynchus apache). Asynchronous, complementary field assessment of stream substrate composition was made in the White Mountains of east-central Arizona, the native range of Apache trout. Laboratory studies suggested that fry emergence was significantly reduced at 25% or greater by weight of fine sediments. Mean fine content of substrates in streams in the White Mountains ranged from 8 to 43% and averaged about 24%. Based on laboratory and field data, streams in the White Mountains region are approaching the threshold that could dramatically limit reproductive success of Apache trout. Further, a significantly greater content of optimum spawning substrate (8-32 mm) was estimated in streams emanating from the Fort Apache Indian Reservation than those in Apache Sitgreaves National Forest. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Rinne, JN (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 2500 S Pineknoll Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 26 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 16 IS 3 BP 355 EP 365 DI 10.1080/02705060.2001.9663823 PG 11 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 474JC UT WOS:000171102500005 ER PT J AU Spencer, DF Ksander, GG AF Spencer, DF Ksander, GG TI Field evaluation of degree-day based equations for predicting sprouting of hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) turions and tubers SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POTAMOGETON-PECTINATUS; GERMINATION; TEMPERATURE AB The ability to predict sprouting of aquatic macrophyte vegetative propagules is an important step in understanding their temporal distribution and abundance and in developing long-range management strategies. We examined the ability of degree-day based equations to predict monoecious hydrilla, (Hydrilla verticillata L. f. Royle) tuber and turion sprouting in Clear Lake, California using sediment and water temperatures measured in the lake. Sediment temperature data were used to calculate accumulated degree-days. Sprouting of turions and tubers was estimated using previously developed equations relating sprouting to accumulated degree-days. There was good agreement between sprouting predictions and field data on the presence of hydrilla in weed rake samples. Small differences among water temperatures at the five sites and strong relationships between water and sediment temperatures indicate that sprouting should be similar in hydrilla beds found along the western and southern shores of upper Clear Lake. These results can be used to estimate optimal timing for surveys of hydrilla abundance and the application of hydrilla management techniques. C1 USDA ARS, Exot & Invas Weeds Res Unit, Weed Sci Program, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Spencer, DF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Exot & Invas Weeds Res Unit, Weed Sci Program, Robbins Hall,1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 14 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 3 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 16 IS 3 BP 479 EP 486 DI 10.1080/02705060.2001.9663836 PG 8 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 474JC UT WOS:000171102500019 ER PT J AU Slack, JM Dougherty, EM Lawrence, SD AF Slack, JM Dougherty, EM Lawrence, SD TI A study of the Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus ODV envelope protein p74 using a GFP tag SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; OCCLUSION-DERIVED VIRUS; STRUCTURAL PROTEIN; CELLULAR-LOCALIZATION; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; CABBAGE-LOOPER; PDV ENVELOPE; BACULOVIRUS; IDENTIFICATION; TRANSCRIPTION AB The Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) protein p74 is associated with the occlusion-derived virus (ODV) envelope. p74 is essential for oral infectivity of ODV and has been proposed to play a role in midgut attachment and/or fusion. In this study, p74 protein was expressed in-frame with green fluorescent protein (GFP) to create a p74-GFP chimera. The C-terminal GFP portion of the chimera facilitated visualization of the trafficking of p74 in baculovirus-infected Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf-9) cells. p74-GFP chimeric proteins localized in the intranuclear ring zone of the nucleus and were found to co-precipitate with the microvesicle fraction of cell lysates. A series of truncations of p74 was expressed as p74-GFP chimeras in recombinant baculoviruses. When C-terminal region S580-F645 was deleted from p74, p74-GFP chimera localization became non-specific and chimeras became soluble. p74 region S580-F645 directed GFP to the intranuclear ring zone in a similar pattern to full-length p74. The hydrophobic C terminus of p74 plays a role in protein localization and possibly in transmembrane anchoring and insertion. C1 USDA ARS, Inst Plant Sci Res, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lawrence, SD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Inst Plant Sci Res, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Bldg 011A,Rm 214,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 33 TC 46 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AE, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 82 BP 2279 EP 2287 PN 9 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 467MF UT WOS:000170707800030 PM 11514740 ER PT J AU Lin, GY Slack, JM Blissard, GW AF Lin, GY Slack, JM Blissard, GW TI Expression and localization of LEF-11 in Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus-infected Sf9 cells SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; LATE GENE-EXPRESSION; SPODOPTERA-FRUGIPERDA CELLS; RNA-POLYMERASE; BACULOVIRUS; TRANSCRIPTION; IDENTIFICATION; SEQUENCE; REGION; 5'-TRIPHOSPHATASE AB The Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) lef-1 I gene was found previously to be necessary to support optimal levels of transient expression from an AcMNPV late promoter. The lef-1 1 gene is unusual in that it overlaps both upstream (orf38) and downstream (pp31) genes. In this study, the expression and cellular localization of LEF-1 1 were examined. The lef-1 1 transcripts were detected from 4 to 36h postinfection (p.i.). The 1-5 kb lef-1 1 mRNA initiates 196 nt upstream of the lef-1 1 translation initiation codon, within the upstream orf38 gene. This relatively long 5' upstream region encodes a potential small upstream open reading frame (ORF) of 58 amino acids that overlaps the lef-1 I ORF. The 3' end of the lef-1 1 mRNA was mapped as co-terminal with mRNAs from the downstream pp31 gene. Using affinity purified anti-LEF-1 1 antibodies, levels of LEF-1 1 expression were found to be maximal between approximately 8 and 24 h p.i., although LEF-1 I could be detected as late as 72 h p.i. Using immunofluorescence microscopy, it was determined that LEF-1 I localized to dense regions of infected cell nuclei, consistent with its role as a possible late transcription factor. C1 Cornell Univ, Boyce Thompson Inst, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Blissard, GW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Insect Biocontrol Lab, W,Bldg 011A,Room 214,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Blissard, Gary/H-5544-2012; OI Blissard, Gary/0000-0001-9228-567X FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI033657] NR 24 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AE, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 82 BP 2289 EP 2294 PN 9 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 467MF UT WOS:000170707800031 PM 11514741 ER PT J AU Masler, EP Kovaleva, ES Sardanelli, S AF Masler, EP Kovaleva, ES Sardanelli, S TI Aminopeptidase-like activities in Caenorhabditis elegans and the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines SO JOURNAL OF HELMINTHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HAEMONCHUS-CONTORTUS; ASCARIS-SUUM; MOLECULAR-CLONING; PROTEINASES; PURIFICATION; PROTEASE; NEUROPEPTIDES; RESISTANCE; AF1 AB Aminopeptidase-like activities in crude whole body extracts of the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the plant parasitic soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines were examined. General characteristics including pH optima, heat lability, and inactivation of enzyme by organic solvent were the same for the two species. All developmental stages of H. glycines exhibited activity. In older females, activity was present primarily in the eggs. Affinity for the substrate L-alanine-4-nitroanilide was the same regardless of the stage examined, and was similar for the two species (K-m = 2.3 +/- 0.3 mm for C. elegans and 2.9 +/- 0.2 mM for H. glycines). Nearly all (> 95%) of C. elegans aminopeptidase-like activity was present in the soluble fraction of the extract, while H. glycines activity was distributed between the soluble and membrane fractions. Specific activities of the soluble enzymes were highest in C. elegans and H. glycines juveniles. The C. elegans enzyme was susceptible to a number of aminopeptidase inhibitors, particularly to amastatin and leuhistin, each of which inhibited aminopeptidase-like activity more than 90% at 90 mum. In H. glycines, aminopeptidase-like activity was inhibited 39% by amastatin at 900 muM. The apparent molecular weight of the soluble C. elegans enzyme is 70-80 kDa. Some activity in H. glycines is present in the 70-80 kDa range, but most activity (80-90%) is associated with a very high molecular weight (> 240 kDa) component. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Entomol, Plant Nematol Lab, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Masler, EP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Nematol Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 31 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU C A B I PUBLISHING PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-149X J9 J HELMINTHOL JI J. Helminthol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 75 IS 3 BP 267 EP 272 PG 6 WC Parasitology; Zoology SC Parasitology; Zoology GA 469DD UT WOS:000170797700010 PM 11551317 ER PT J AU Panta, GR Rieger, MW Rowland, LJ AF Panta, GR Rieger, MW Rowland, LJ TI Effect of cold and drought stress on blueberry dehydrin accumulation SO JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR RESPONSES; FREEZING TOLERANCE; LOW-TEMPERATURE; SECTION CYANOCOCCUS; ABSCISIC-ACID; FLORAL BUDS; EXPRESSION; PROTEINS; GENES; DEHYDRATION AB Dehydrins are a group of plant proteins which respond to any type of stress that causes dehydration at the cellular level, such as cold and drought stress. Previously, three dehydrins of 65, 60, and 14 kDa were identified as the predominant proteins present in cold acclimated blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum Linn.) floral buds. Levels were shown to increase with cold acclimation and decrease with deacclimation and resumption of growth. In the present study, to determine if dehydrins are induced in other organs in response to low temperature treatment (4 degreesC) and in response to drought, accumulation of dehydrins was examined in leaves, stems, and roots of two cultivars and one wild selection (a V. corymbosum cultivar, a V. ashei Reade cultivar, and a V. darrowi Camp selection) of blueberry by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) followed by immunoblotting. Cold treatment involved placing plants in a cold room maintained at 4 degreesC for five weeks; drought stress was imposed by withholding water from potted, greenhouse-grown plants for 34 d. Relative water content (RWC) of shoots was determined periodically throughout the drought treatment. Dehydrins accumulated with both cold and drought stress but their molecular masses varied depending upon blueberry species. Dehydrins accumulated to higher levels in stems and roots than in leaves with cold stress and to higher levels in stems than in either roots or leaves with drought stress. Furthermore, cold treatment combined with dark treatment induced higher levels of dehydrins than cold treatment combined with a 10 h light/14 h dark photoperiod, suggesting that dehydrins may be responsive to changes in photoperiod as well. In the cold-stress experiment, the level of dehydrin accumulation was correlated with expected level of plant cold hardiness in the three genotypes. In the drought stress experiment, dehydrins accumulated prior to significant changes in RWC, and dehydrin levels did not appear to be closely correlated with RWC either among or within genotypes. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Tennessee, Coll Med, Dept Pharmacol, Memphis, TN 38163 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Hort, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Rowland, LJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 37 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 6 PU HEADLEY BROTHERS LTD PI ASHFORD PA INVICTA PRESS, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND TN24 8HH SN 0022-1589 J9 J HORTIC SCI BIOTECH JI J. Horticult. Sci. Biotechnol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 76 IS 5 BP 549 EP 556 PG 8 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 483XF UT WOS:000171660600008 ER PT J AU Ju, ZG Duan, YS Ju, ZQ Guo, AX AF Ju, ZG Duan, YS Ju, ZQ Guo, AX TI Different responses of 'Snow Giant' and 'Elegant Lady' peaches to fruit maturity and storage temperature SO JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHILLING INJURY; CELL-WALL; WOOLLY BREAKDOWN; NECTARINES; POLYGALACTURONASE; WOOLLINESS AB The susceptibility of 'Elegant Lady' and 'Snow Giant' peaches (Prunus persica Batsch) to mealiness, leatheriness, flesh browning (FB), and gel breakdown (GB) were studied using fruit harvested at different maturity and stored at 0 degrees or 5 degreesC. 'Elegant Lady' developed 10% mealiness and 4% leatheriness without developing leatheriness and GB after four weeks of storage at 0 degreesC. At 5 degreesC, however, it had 46% mealiness and 12% FB without developing leatheriness and GB after the same period of storage. Fruit from the last harvest developed more mealiness than those from the two early harvests. 'Snow Giant' developed 92% leatheriness and FB and 68% GB without developing mealiness after five weeks at 0 degreesC. All FB and GB were found in leathery fruit. Fruit from the last harvest developed less leatheriness, FB, and GB than those from the first two harvests. When stored at 5 degreesC, fruit did not develop leatheriness. A low level of mealiness (10%) was found only in fruit from the third harvest. Correlations between mealiness and FB (r(2) = 0.47), leatheriness and FB (r(2) = 0.78), and leatheriness and GB (r(2) = 0.71) were significant. Mealiness was not correlated to GB. Leathery fruit from both cultivars produced less ethylene, were firmer, and contained lower levels of polygalacturonase (PG) activity and higher levels of insoluble pectin than mealy and juicy fruit. There were no diffferences in these measurements between mealy and juicy fruit. C1 Laiyang Agr Coll, Shandong, Peoples R China. Eureka Biotechnol Co, Dept R&D, Fruit Res Lab, Shandong, Peoples R China. RP Ju, ZG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU HEADLEY BROTHERS LTD PI ASHFORD PA INVICTA PRESS, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND TN24 8HH SN 0022-1589 J9 J HORTIC SCI BIOTECH JI J. Horticult. Sci. Biotechnol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 76 IS 5 BP 575 EP 580 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 483XF UT WOS:000171660600012 ER PT J AU Yocum, GD AF Yocum, GD TI Differential expression of two HSP70 transcripts in response to cold shock, thermoperiod, and adult diapause in the Colorado potato beetle SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diapause; cold shock; heat shock; thermoperiod; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ID LEPTINOTARSA-DECEMLINEATA SAY; SARCOPHAGA-CRASSIPALPIS; LYMANTRIA-DISPAR; STRESS PROTEINS; PHARATE LARVAE; PUPAL DIAPAUSE; UP-REGULATION; GYPSY-MOTH; FLESH FLY; TOLERANCE AB Partial clones for two members of Leptinotarsa decemlineata inducible 70 kDa heat shock protein family (LdHSP70A and B) were developed using RT-PCR. LdHSP70A, but not LdHSP70B, was upregulated during adult diapause. The ability of L. decemlineata to express these two genes in response to subzero temperatures depended on the thermal history of the beetles. Chilling diapausing beetles increased the rate at which both LdHSP70A and B were expressed following a cold shock at -10 degreesC. Following cold shock at -10 degreesC, LdHSP70B expression peaked after 3 h at 15 degreesC for chilled diapausing individuals, decreasing to near background levels by the sixth hour. In contrast, nonchilled diapausing beetles expressed their highest level of LdHSP70B only after 6 h at 15 degreesC. Diapausing beetles exposed to a thermoperiod with a mean temperature of either 0 or -2.5 degreesC expressed significantly higher levels of both LdHSP70A and B than beetles exposed to constant 0 or -2.5 degreesC. These results demonstrate that the expression of LdHSP70A and B is differentially regulated in response to diapause and environmental conditioning. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Red River Valley Agr Res Ctr, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Yocum, GD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Red River Valley Agr Res Ctr, 1605 Albrecht Blvd, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 21 TC 95 Z9 107 U1 1 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-1910 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 47 IS 10 BP 1139 EP 1145 DI 10.1016/S0022-1910(01)00095-6 PG 7 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA 471JD UT WOS:000170925500006 ER PT J AU Klevay, LM AF Klevay, LM TI Letter to the editor SO JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE LA English DT Letter ID COPPER; ZINC; DIET; CHOLESTEROL; PATHOLOGY C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Klevay, LM (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0022-2143 J9 J LAB CLIN MED JI J. Lab. Clin. Med. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 138 IS 3 BP 214 EP 214 DI 10.1016/S0022-2143(01)90001-0 PG 1 WC Medical Laboratory Technology; Medicine, General & Internal; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Medical Laboratory Technology; General & Internal Medicine; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 469VK UT WOS:000170836600008 PM 11548740 ER PT J AU Hoffman, DR DeMar, JC Heird, WC Birch, DG Anderson, RE AF Hoffman, DR DeMar, JC Heird, WC Birch, DG Anderson, RE TI Impaired synthesis of DHA in patients with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa SO JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE omega-3 fatty acids; retinal degeneration; delta-5 desaturase; stable isotopes; lipid metabolism; linolenic acid ID ROD-CONE DEGENERATION; POLYUNSATURATED FATTY-ACIDS; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; 4,7,10,13,16,19-DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; ELECTRICAL RESPONSE; RHESUS-MONKEYS; VISUAL-ACUITY; TERM INFANTS; OMEGA-3-FATTY-ACIDS; METABOLISM AB Many patients with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP) have lower than normal blood levels of the long-chain polyunsaturated omega3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 omega3). This clinical trial was designed to test whether downregulation of DHA biosynthesis might be responsible for these reduced DHA levels. DHA biosynthesis was assessed in five severely affected patients with XLRP and in five age-matched controls by quantifying conversion of [U-C-13]alpha -linolenic acid (alpha -LNA) to [C-13]DHA. Following oral administration of [U-C-13]alpha -LNA, blood samples were collected at designated intervals for 21 days and isotopic enrichment of all omega3 fatty acids was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Activity of each metabolic step in the conversion of alpha -LNA to DHA was determined by comparison of the ratios of the integrated concentration of C-13-product to C-13-precursor in plasma total lipid fractions. The ratio of [C-13]DHA to [C-13]18:3 omega3 (the entire pathway) and that of [C-13]20:5 omega3 to [C-13]20:4 omega3 (Delta (5)-desaturase) were significantly lower in patients versus controls (P = 0.03 and 0.05, respectively). The estimated biosynthetic rates of [C-13]20:5 omega3, [C-13]22:5 omega3, [C-13]24:5 omega3, [C-13]24:6C omega3, and [C-13]22:6 omega3 were significantly lower in XLRP patients (42%, 43%, 31%, 18%, and 32% of control values, respectively; P < 0.04), supporting down-regulation of (5)-desaturase in XLRP. The disappearance of C-13-labeled fatty acids from plasma was not greater in XLRP patients compared with controls, suggesting that XLRP was not associated with increased rates of fatty acid oxidation or other routes of catabolism. Thus, despite individual variation among both patients and controls, the data are consistent with a lower rate of Delta (5)-desaturation, suggesting that decreased biosynthesis of DHA may contribute to lower blood levels of DHA in patients with XLRP. C1 Retina Fdn SW, Dallas, TX 75231 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dean A McGee Inst, Dept Ophthalmol, Oklahoma City, OK USA. Univ Oklahoma, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dean A McGee Inst, Dept Cell Biol, Oklahoma City, OK USA. RP Hoffman, DR (reprint author), Retina Fdn SW, 9900 N Cent Expressway, Dallas, TX 75231 USA. OI Birch, David/0000-0002-6594-2897 NR 43 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 3 PU LIPID RESEARCH INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0022-2275 J9 J LIPID RES JI J. Lipid Res. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 42 IS 9 BP 1395 EP 1401 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 468RZ UT WOS:000170773100006 PM 11518758 ER PT J AU Bannantine, JP Stabel, JR AF Bannantine, JP Stabel, JR TI Identification of two Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis gene products differentially recognised by sera from rabbits immunised with live mycobacteria but not heat-killed mycobacteria SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID JOHNES-DISEASE; TUBERCULOSIS; MACROPHAGES; ANTIBODIES; VIRULENCE; INFECTION; SEQUENCE; ANTIGENS; CLONING; COMPLEX AB The investigation of environmentally regulated proteins has led to a better understanding of host-pathogen interactions and identified novel vaccine candidate antigens for several bacterial pathogens. In an effort to identify such proteins in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis), a genomic expression library was differentially screened with sera from rabbits that had been immunised with live M. paratuberculosis (alpha -live) as well as sera from rabbits immunised with heat-killed M. paratuberculosis (alpha -killed). These experiments identified seven recombinant plaques that were uniquely recognised by the alpha -live sera. Sequence data showed that five of these clones overlapped with each other and contained a common open-reading frame encoding a 25-kDa protein, termed Csp1. The 25-kDa antigen shows weak similarity to a secreted Corynebacterium glutamicum protein. The remaining two clones overlapped with each other and contained two partial open-reading frames, both encoding proteins with strong homology to polyketide synthase from various species of mycobacteria. Antisera were produced against a peptide of the polyketide synthase gene product designated Pks7. Csp1-specific antibodies were affinity purified from the alpha -live sera. These purified antibodies demonstrated that Csp1 was present within infected macrophages. Collectively, these data identify novel M. paratuberculosis antigens that may be important in pathogenesis. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Bannantine, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. OI Bannantine, John/0000-0002-5692-7898 NR 18 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0022-2615 J9 J MED MICROBIOL JI J. Med. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 50 IS 9 BP 795 EP 804 PG 10 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 467WP UT WOS:000170727000007 PM 11549181 ER PT J AU Kacza, J Mohr, C Pannicke, T Kuhrt, H Dietzel, J Fluss, M Richt, JA Vahlenkamp, TW Stahl, T Reichenbach, A Seeger, J AF Kacza, J Mohr, C Pannicke, T Kuhrt, H Dietzel, J Fluss, M Richt, JA Vahlenkamp, TW Stahl, T Reichenbach, A Seeger, J TI Changes of the organotypic retinal organization in Borna virus-infected Lewis rats SO JOURNAL OF NEUROCYTOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MULLER GLIAL-CELLS; FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN; DISEASE VIRUS; OPTIC-NERVE; RABBIT RETINA; WALLERIAN DEGENERATION; DENTATE GYRUS; MICROGLIA; EXPRESSION; BRAIN AB Retinae of Borna disease virus (BDV)-infected Lewis rats were investigated with emphasis on long-term changes in organotypic tissue organization and glia-neuron relationship. Virus inoculation was attained via intracerebral BDV injection. Following survival times ranging between two and eight months, the retinal thickness was reduced up to one third of that of controls. Photoreceptor segments were completely extinguished and the number of neurons was dramatically reduced. The typical laminar organization of the retina was largely dissolved. Electron microscopy revealed severe spongy degeneration. Large numbers of activated microglia and macrophages were found, both cell types performing very active phagocytosis. The microglial cells expressed an extraordinary phenotype as characterized by large numbers of processes, with some of them penetrating the endfeet of Muller cells and others establishing highly complex interdigitations with vacuolized swellings and endings of neuronal processes. Muller cells were not reduced in number but displayed clear indications of gliosis such as alterations in the immunoreactivity for filament proteins and glutamine synthetase, significantly thickened stem processes, and an altered pattern of K+ currents in patch-clamp recordings. These findings demonstrate for the first time long-term neuron-glia interactions in the retina of BDV-infected rats. Moreover, the data contribute to our knowledge on structural and functional alterations accompanying persisting virus infection in the central nervous system. C1 Univ Leipzig, Fac Vet Med, Dept Anat Histol & Embryol, Leipzig, Germany. Univ Leipzig, Fac Med, Dept Neurophysiol, Paul Flechsig Inst Brain Res, Leipzig, Germany. Univ Giessen, Fac Vet Med, Inst Virol, Giessen, Germany. ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Raleigh, NC USA. RP Kacza, J (reprint author), Univ Leipzig, Fac Vet Med, Dept Anat Histol & Embryol, Leipzig, Germany. EM kacza@vetmed.uni-leipzig.de RI Kuhrt, Heidrun/A-5274-2017; Pannicke, Thomas/A-5078-2017; Reichenbach, Andreas/B-2510-2017 NR 75 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0300-4864 J9 J NEUROCYTOL JI J. Neurocytol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 30 IS 9-10 BP 801 EP 820 DI 10.1023/A:1019641404940 PG 20 WC Cell Biology; Neurosciences SC Cell Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 582AX UT WOS:000177328500004 PM 12165671 ER PT J AU Burrin, DG Stoll, B Fan, MZ Dudley, MA Donovan, SM Reeds, PJ AF Burrin, DG Stoll, B Fan, MZ Dudley, MA Donovan, SM Reeds, PJ TI Oral IGF-l alters the posttranslational processing but not the activity of lactase-phlorizin hydrolase in formula-fed neonatal pigs SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE protein degradation; cell proliferation; growth factor; protein synthesis; disaccharidase; pigs ID GROWTH-FACTOR-I; INTESTINAL DISACCHARIDASE ACTIVITY; RAT SMALL-INTESTINE; PRETERM INFANTS; NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL-TRACT; BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS; JEJUNAL LACTASE; GENE-EXPRESSION; MESSENGER-RNA AB To determine the cellular mechanism whereby oral insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) increases intestinal lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) activity, we studied 2-d-old pigs fed cow's milk formula (control, n = 5), formula + low IGF-I (0.5 mg/L; n = 6) or formula + high IGF-I (12.0 mg/L, n = 6) for 15 d. On d 15, intestinal protein synthesis and lactase processing were measured in vivo in fed pigs using a 6-h intravenous, overlapping infusion of multiple stable isotopes (H-2(3)-Leu,C-13(1)-Leu,C-13(1)-Phe, H-2(5)-Phe, C-13(6)-Phe and C-13(g)-Phe). Morphometry and cell proliferation also were measured in the jejunum and ileum. Neither dose of IGF-l affected the masses of wet tissue, protein or DNA, or the villus height, cell proliferation or LPH-specific activity. Oral IGF-I decreased the synthesis and abundance of prolactase-phlorizin hydrolase (pro-LPH), but increased brush-border (BB)-LPH synthesis in the ileum. The BB-LPH processing efficiency was twofold to threefold greater in IGF-fed than in control pigs. In all pigs, villus height and the total mucosal and specific activity of LPH activity were greater in the ileum than in the jejunum, yet the synthesis of BB-LPH were significantly lower in the ileum than in the jejunum. We conclude that oral IGF-l increases the processing efficiency of pro-LPH to BB-LPH but does not affect LPH activity. Moreover, the posttranslational processing of BB-LPH is markedly lower in the ileum than in the jejunum. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Div Physiol, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Anim Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Burrin, DG (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 31 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 131 IS 9 BP 2235 EP 2241 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 471GT UT WOS:000170921000003 PM 11533260 ER PT J AU Moser-Veillon, PB Mangels, AR Vieira, NE Yergey, AL Patterson, KY Hill, AD Veillon, C AF Moser-Veillon, PB Mangels, AR Vieira, NE Yergey, AL Patterson, KY Hill, AD Veillon, C TI Calcium fractional absorption and metabolism assessed using stable isotopes differ between postpartum and never pregnant women SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE calcium; postpartum; lactation; fractional absorption; stable isotopes; humans ID BONE-MINERAL CONTENT; LACTATING WOMEN; URINARY CALCIUM; EFFICIENCY; EXCRETION; ZINC; HOMEOSTASIS; MAGNESIUM; KINETICS; DENSITY AB Determining the fractional absorption (FA) of calcium using the incorporation into urine of stable isotopes given intravenously (IV) and orally has become a routine procedure. We investigated the FA of calcium in two groups of (2-3 mo) postpartum women lactating (LACT) (n = 6) and nonlactating (PPNL) (n = 6), and in never pregnant (NP) women (n = 7). The women consumed a controlled diet containing 30-33 mmol/d calcium (Ca) for 21 d. On d 7 of the controlled diet, the women received 0.05 mmol Of Ca-42 IV and 0.25 mmol Ca-44 orally in milk. Urine samples (24-h) were collected for the next 14 d and morning blood samples were collected from fasting subjects before dosing and at 24 and 48 h after receiving the isotopes. Milk samples from the LACT women were collected from each feeding beginning 24 h before to 72 h after dosing. There were no significant differences in the FA of calcium as measured by stable isotope incorporation into urine (23.8 +/- 2.9%), serum (24.0 +/- 3.4%) or milk (23.6 +/- 3.6%) of LACT women. The fractional calcium absorption measured in urine of the postpartum women (LACT and PPNL, 23.8 +/- 2.9% and 25.0 +/- 3.3%, respectively) did not differ but was greater (P < 0.028) than that of the NP women (17.3 +/- 1.3%). The postpartum LACT and PPNL women had a reduced urinary excretion of calcium (P < 0.01) compared with the NP women. There was a significantly greater incorporation (P < 0.001) by LACT women of the oral isotope dose into milk than into urine. Calcium FA can be determined from incorporation of stable isotopes into breast milk and serum as well as urine. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Nutr & Food Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NICHHD, Lab Cellular & Mol Biophys, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Moser-Veillon, PB (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Nutr & Food Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 30 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 131 IS 9 BP 2295 EP 2299 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 471GT UT WOS:000170921000012 PM 11533269 ER PT J AU Tucker, KL Buranapin, S AF Tucker, KL Buranapin, S TI Nutrition and aging in developing countries SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Nutrition and Aging in Developing Countries held at the Experimental Biology 2001 Meeting CY APR 03, 2001 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Soc Nutrit Sci DE nutrition aging; developing countries; diet; chronic disease; nutrition transition ID CORONARY-HEART-DISEASE; CAROTID-ARTERY STENOSIS; BODY-MASS INDEX; BIRTH-WEIGHT; FETAL-GROWTH; RISK-FACTORS; PLASMA HOMOCYSTEINE; DIABETES-MELLITUS; ELDERLY SUBJECTS; OBESITY TRENDS AB The number of individuals aged 60 y or older is projected to double as a proportion of the world's population and to more than triple in number over the next 50 y. These changes will be most dramatic in the less developed countries, where the transition from a young to old age structure will be more compressed in time than it has been for developed countries. At the same time, there is evidence of a characteristic sequence of changes in diet and declines in physical activity associated with social and economic change. Diets are becoming higher in fats, animal products, and refined foods and lower in fiber, contributing to rapidly increasing prevalences of obesity and type 2 diabetes. The number of people with diabetes in developing countries is projected to almost triple by the year 2025. Hypertension and vascular disease are also rapidly becoming more prevalent. Evidence that lower birth weights are associated with greater likelihood of adult obesity and chronic disease underscores the magnitude of risk in these countries. Few programs or institutions currently exist to address the problems of the growing elderly population. The social changes that accompany urbanization will likely increase nutritional risk for this group. Despite lower energy intakes with age, elderly have higher requirements for several micronutrients, making them vulnerable to deficiencies that further aggravate chronic conditions. To reduce the impending burden of disease and disability worldwide, urgent action is needed to understand and to address the nutritional needs of the aging population. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer US Human Nutrit Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Tucker, KL (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer US Human Nutrit Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM tucker@hnrc.tufts.edu RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010 NR 73 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER SOC NUTRITIONAL SCIENCE PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, RM L-2407A, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 131 IS 9 BP 2417S EP 2423S PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 471GT UT WOS:000170921000028 PM 11533287 ER PT J AU Reeds, PJ Burrin, DG AF Reeds, PJ Burrin, DG TI Glutamine and the bowel SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Glutamine CY OCT, 2000 CL BERMUDA DE glutamine metabolism; intestine; glutamate ID RAT SMALL-INTESTINE; NEONATAL PIGLETS; WHOLE-BODY; METABOLISM; SYNTHETASE; NUTRITION; SUPPLEMENTATION; ACID; REQUIREMENTS; ASPARTATE AB Since the pioneering work of Windmueller and Spaeth, the importance of glutamine to the support of intestinal mucosal metabolic function has become generally accepted. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying this role still remain obscure. This paper explores a number of questions: 1) Is glutamine essential for intestinal function? 2) To what extent does this relate to its intermediary metabolism? 3) What is the importance of glutamine as a biosynthetic precursor? 4) Is glutamine supplementation of the nutrient mixture presented to patients of any metabolic or clinical benefit? As a result of this exploratory exercise, the following general conclusions were reached: 1) Much suggestive biochemical and physiologic evidence exists that implies that glutamine, especially systemic glutamine, supports the function of the intestinal mucosal system. 2) Despite the extensive metabolism of this amino acid by the intestinal tissues, most evidence suggests that if glutamine does play a physiologic role in the bowel, it is not compellingly related to its intermediary metabolism. 3) There is, on the other hand, evidence that the mucosal cells not only utilize extracellular glutamine but synthesize the amino acid. Given that inhibition of glutamine synthesis inhibits both proliferation and differentiation of mucosal cell cultures, this suggests some more subtle regulatory role. This notion is supported by the demonstration that glutamine will activate a number of genes associated with cell cycle progression in the mucosa. 4) Despite the accumulated evidence, the mechanisms underlying glutamine's function and the question whether glutamine supplementation uniformly benefits mucosal health remain equivocal at best. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Anim Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Baylor Coll Med, USDA, ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Reeds, PJ (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Anim Sci, 328 Mumford Hall, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [R01-HD33920] NR 41 TC 66 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 131 IS 9 SU S BP 2505S EP 2508S PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 472MT UT WOS:000170988500011 PM 11533302 ER PT J AU Bhathena, SJ Berlin, E McClure, D Peters, RC AF Bhathena, SJ Berlin, E McClure, D Peters, RC TI Effects of dietary fats on red blood cell membrane insulin receptor in normo- and hypercholesterolemic miniature swine SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE plasma insulin; insulin binding; cholesterol; n-3 fatty acids; n-6 fatty acids; miniature swine ID DEPENDENT DIABETES-MELLITUS; ACID ETHYL-ESTER; FISH-OIL; LIPID-COMPOSITION; PREMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; GLUCOSE-METABOLISM; VITAMIN-E; BINDING; FLUIDITY; RATS AB It has been demonstrated that the type of dietary fat affects insulin receptors in various tissues in normal humans and animals by altering membrane fluidity. This study compares the effects of n-3 fatty acids from fish oil and n-6 fatty acids from corn oil on red blood cell membrane insulin receptors in normal and hypercholesterolemic minipigs. A group of minipigs were made hypercholesterolemic by feeding cholesterol and lard for 2 months; the other group served as controls and was fed stock diet. Both groups were then fed experimental diets containing either com. oil or menhaden oil or a mixture of the two for 23 additional weeks. Blood was collected at 0, 2, 12 and 23 weeks after the start of the experimental diets and membranes were prepared from the red blood cells. Insulin binding to red blood cell membranes was measured by radioreceptor assay. Plasma insulin was measured by radioimmunoassay. Insulin binding to red blood cell membrane was compared with the fluidity of the membrane measured and reported earlier. There was no significant effect of cholesterol feeding on plasma insulin concentrations. After 23 weeks on experimental diet plasma insulin was significantly higher in minipigs fed menhaden oil compared to those fed com. oil. No such effect was observed in hypercholesterolemic minipigs. No significant effect of either hypercholesterolemia or fish oil was observed on red blood cell insulin binding. A significant negative relationship was observed between insulin binding and anisotropy at 4 degreesC for all probes but at 37 degreesC significant negative relationship was observed only with polar probes. The data suggest that n-3 fatty acids from fish oil significantly increases plasma insulin in minipigs compared to n-6 fatty acids from com oil. However, the unsaturation has no significant effect on insulin receptors on erythrocytes. Similarly, prior hypercholesterolemic state also has no effect on plasma insulin levels or the insulin binding to red blood cell membranes. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Phytonutr Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Metab & Nutr Interact Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD USA. US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Div Toxicol Studies, Beltsville Res Facil,US Dept HHS, Laurel, MD USA. RP Bhathena, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Phytonutr Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 56 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0955-2863 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 12 IS 9 BP 529 EP 535 DI 10.1016/S0955-2863(01)00171-1 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 473MC UT WOS:000171047100005 ER PT J AU Shulman, RJ Heitkemper, M Smith, EO Lau, C Schanler, RJ AF Shulman, RJ Heitkemper, M Smith, EO Lau, C Schanler, RJ TI Effects of age, feeding regimen, and glucocorticoids on catecholamine and cortisol excretion in preterm infants SO JOURNAL OF PARENTERAL AND ENTERAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article ID BIRTH-WEIGHT INFANTS; URINARY-EXCRETION; PREMATURE-INFANTS; TOLERANCE; DOPAMINE; PLASMA; WOMEN; LIFE AB Background. The sympathoadrenal system is important in maintaining normal physiologic functioning in infants and increased output also can reflect stress. We sought to determine the effects of age, feeding regimen, and glucocorticoids on catecholamine and cortisol excretion in preterm infants and to assess whether a particular strategy of feeding enhanced sympathoadrenal development or was stressful. Methods: Preterm infants (26-30 wk gestation; n = 171) were assigned randomly to begin trophic feedings from day 4 through 14 (trophic group) or to start feedings at day 15 (standard group) with feedings administered either by bolus every 3 hours (bolus) or continuously over 24 hours (continuous). At 10, 28, 40, 50, and 60 days of age, urine was collected continuously for 6 hours for measurement of catecholamines (norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine), cortisol, and creatinine. Data were available for 98 infants. Results. Norepinephrine excretion increased with postnatal age. The increase with age was significantly greater in the trophic group compared with that in the standard group. Epinephrine excretion did not change with age, and there were no differences between trophic and standard groups. Dopamine excretion increased with age but was similar between trophic and standard groups (borderline significantly greater in the trophic group). Cortisol excretion increased with age and also was similar between trophic and standard groups. There was no effect on catecholamine or cortisol excretion of bolus vs continuous feedings, antenatal or postnatal corticosteroids, gestational age at birth, age at which full feedings were attained, or use of human milk compared with preterm formula. Conclusions: The greatest determinant of catecholamine and cortisol excretion is postnatal age. Feeding method, type of feeding, and glucocorticoid administration in the amounts customarily used have little significant effect on catecholamine or cortisol excretion. The apparent link between early feeding and norepinephrine (and possibly dopamine) excretion warrants further investigation. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Biobehav Nursing, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Shulman, RJ (reprint author), 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [MO1 RR-00188]; NICHD NIH HHS [R0-1-HD-28140] NR 20 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PARENTERAL & ENTERAL NUTRITION PI SILVER SPRING PA 8630 FENTON STREET SUITE 412, SILVER SPRING, MD 20910 USA SN 0148-6071 J9 JPEN-PARENTER ENTER JI J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 25 IS 5 BP 254 EP 259 DI 10.1177/0148607101025005254 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 465AE UT WOS:000170564900005 PM 11531216 ER PT J AU Yilmaz, E Tandon, KS Scott, JW Baldwin, EA Shewfelt, RL AF Yilmaz, E Tandon, KS Scott, JW Baldwin, EA Shewfelt, RL TI Absence of a clear relationship between lipid pathway enzymes and volatile compounds in fresh tomatoes SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE alcohol dehydrogenase; hydroperoxide lyase; lipid pathways; lipoxygenase; ripeness; tomato flavor ID HYDROPEROXIDE LYASE; FRUIT; FLAVOR; QUALITY; BIOCHEMISTRY; LIPOXYGENASE; GENERATION; AROMA AB Specific activities of lipoxygenase (LOX), hydroperoxide lyase (HPL), and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) were determined at green, pink, and red stages of ripeness In twelve tomato selections ripened during storage. The interrelationships among lipid-derived volatiles and the activities of these three enzymes in these twelve selections were evaluated. LOX and HPL showed highest activities at the pink stage of ripeness, whereas ADH was most active at the red stage. Variability of enzyme activity among individual fruit and of hue angle within ripeness stage was great. There were differences among the twelve lines for each of the enzyme activities, suggesting the potential for altering tomato flavor by selecting lines with different enzyme patterns. A wide difference in mean enzyme activities and concentrations of measured volatiles,was noted, Predictive models were developed for hexanal, trans-2-heptanal, pentenone, cis-3-hexenal, trans-2-hexenal, cis-3-hexenol, and methanol as a function of one or more of the enzymes studied. Enzyme activity itself was not found to be a good predictor of the amount of volatiles produced suggesting that genetic modification of a single specific enzyme is not likely to produce a beneficial effect on fresh tomato flavor. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Florida, Inst Food & Agr Sci, Gulf Coast Res & Educ Ctr, Bradenton, FL 34203 USA. USDA ARS, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, Winter Haven, FL 33880 USA. RP Shewfelt, RL (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 30 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 13 PU URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA BRANCH OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, D-07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 158 IS 9 BP 1111 EP 1116 DI 10.1078/0176-1617-00482 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 476MR UT WOS:000171231300001 ER PT J AU Wei, JZ Chatterton, NJ AF Wei, JZ Chatterton, NJ TI Fructan biosynthesis and fructosyltransferase evolution: Expression of the 6-SFT (sucrose : fructan 6-fructosyltransferase) gene in crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum) SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Agropyron; fructan; fructosyltransferase; gene-expression; invertase; phylogeny; sucrose : sucrose 6-fructosyltransferase; 6-SFT ID BARLEY LEAVES; KEY ENZYME; EXCISED LEAVES; CLONING; INVERTASES; CARBOHYDRATE; METABOLISM; OLIGOMERS; TIMOTHY; TOBACCO AB Crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum), an important cool-season grass, contains a complexity of fructans, Including levans, inulins and graminans. Fructan types are characterized by unique combinations of carbon-carbon linkages. This study established the DNA sequence for the 6-SFT gene (sucrose: fructan 6-fructosyltransferase) in A. cristatum and compared the sequence with invertases and fructosyltransferases from various species. Detachment with Illumination, as well as cool treatment of crested wheatgrass leaves induced the accumulation of fructans. All three types of fructans, beta -2,1; beta -2,6 and graminans (combination of both beta -2,1 and beta -2,6 linkages) were detected. The cDNA of 6-SFT was cloned from A. cristatum. The deduced amino acid sequences showed 85 % identity with barley (Hordeum vulgare) 6-SFT. It also exhibited high homology with other fructosyltransierases and Invertases. The expression of 6-SFT mRNA was analyzed with Northern hybridization. mRNA of the 6-SFT gene accumulated after 8 h of Illumination In detached leaves and remained at a steady state for 36 hours. Under low temperature (10 degreesC/5 degreesC, day/night), the mRNA of 6-SFT began to accumulate after 8 h and reached the highest level at 2 d and then declined after 8 days of treatment. A coincidence of fructan and 6-SFT mRNA accumulation In crested wheatgrass suggests that 6-SFT has a role in fructan biosynthesis. A cladogram comparison of the amino acid sequences of most known sequences of fructosyltransferases and 23 invertases shows separations into various clades of like genes. 6-SFT does not contain the unique NDPNG amino acid sequence characteristic of invertases. Sequence analysis Indicated that fructosyltransferases likely evolved separately in dicot and monocot species. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Chatterton, NJ (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Div Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 32 TC 43 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 5 PU URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA BRANCH OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, D-07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 158 IS 9 BP 1203 EP 1213 DI 10.1078/0176-1617-00241 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 476MR UT WOS:000171231300013 ER PT J AU Masters, RA Sheley, RL AF Masters, RA Sheley, RL TI Principles and practices for managing rangeland invasive plants SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review DE biological control; herbicides; revegetation; native plants; alien plants; restoration; renovation; adaptive management; integrated weed management; noxious weed ID SPURGE EUPHORBIA-ESULA; NATIVE CIRSIUM THISTLES; RHINOCYLLUS-CONICUS COLEOPTERA; KNAPWEED INFESTED RANGELAND; PHYTOPHAGOUS INSECT FAUNAS; WEED MANAGEMENT-SYSTEMS; SALTCEDAR TAMARIX SPP.; LEAFY SPURGE; SPOTTED KNAPWEED; BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS AB Invasive plants reduce the capacity of ecosystems to provide goods and services required by society, alter ecological processes, and can displace desirable species. They can reduce wildlife habitat quality, riparian area integrity, rangeland economic value, and enterprise net returns. The invasion process is regulated by characteristics of the invading plant and the community being invaded. The presence and spread of invasive plants is often symptomatic of underlying management problems that must be corrected before acceptable, long-term rangeland improvement can be achieved. Disturbance appears to be important early in the invasion process because it creates vacant niches that alien plants can occupy. Control of invasive plants may only open niches for establishment of other undesirable plants unless desirable plants are present to fill the vacated niches. In many instances, rangelands have deteriorated to the point that desirable species are either not present, or in such low abundance that plant community recovery is slow or will not occur without revegetation after invasive plants are controlled. Integrated weed management employs the planned, sequential use of multiple tactics (e.g. chemical, biological, cultural, and mechanical control measures) to improve ecosystem function (energy flow and nutrient cycling) and maintain invasive plant damage below economic levels, and emphasizes managing rangeland ecosystem functions to meet objectives rather than emphasizing a particular weed or control method. Sustainable, integrated invasive plant management strategies require assessing plant impacts, understanding and managing the processes influencing invasion, knowledge of invasive plant biology and ecology. and are based on ecological principles. Invasive plant management programs must be compatible with and integrated into overall rangeland resource management objectives and plans. Because of the complexity of managing invasive plants, it is imperative that relevant ecological and economic information be synthesized into user-friendly decision support systems. C1 Dow AgroSci, Lincoln, NE 68506 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Land Resources & Environm Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Masters, RA (reprint author), Dow AgroSci, 3618 S 75th St, Lincoln, NE 68506 USA. NR 238 TC 79 Z9 84 U1 14 U2 102 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 54 IS 5 BP 502 EP 517 DI 10.2307/4003579 PG 16 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 469PH UT WOS:000170823700001 ER PT J AU Jensen, ME Dibenedetto, JP Barber, JA Montagne, C Bourgeron, PS AF Jensen, ME Dibenedetto, JP Barber, JA Montagne, C Bourgeron, PS TI Spatial modeling of rangeland potential vegetation environments SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE habitat types; ecological sites; range sites; ecological classification; Geographic Information System; remote sensing; vegetation mapping; ecological units ID ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION; TERRAIN AB Potential vegetation environments (e.g., habitat types, range sites, ecological sites) are important to land managers because they provide a conceptual basis for the description of resource potentials and ecological integrity. Efficient use of potential vegetation classifications in regional or subregional scale assessments of ecosystem health has been limited to date, however, because traditional ecological unit mapping procedures often treat such classifications as ancillary information in the map unit description. Accordingly, it is difficult, if not impossible, to describe the precise location, patch size, and spatial arrangement of potential vegetation environments from most traditional ecological unit maps. Recent advances in remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), terrain modeling, and climate interpolation facilitate the direct mapping of potential vegetation through a predictive process based on gradient analysis and ecological niche theory. In this paper, we describe how a predictive vegetation mapping process was used to develop a 30 m raster-based map of 4 grassland, 5 shrubland, and 6 woodland habitat types across the Little Missouri National Grasslands, North Dakota. Discriminant analysis was used in developing this potential vegetation map based on 6 primary geographic information system themes. Geoclimatic subsections and remotely sensed vegetation lifeform maps were used in predictive model stratification. Terrain indices, LANDSAT satellite imagery, and interpolated climate information were used as independent (predictor) variables in model construction. A total of 616 field plots with known habitat type membership were used as dependent variables and assessed by a jackknife discriminant analysis procedure. Accuracy values of our map ranged from 54 to 77% in grasslands, 62 to 100% in shrublands, and 70 to 100% in woodlands dependent on geoclimatic subsection setting. Techniques are also described for generalizing the 30 in pixel resolution habitat type map to appropriate ecological unit maps (e.g., landtype associations) for use in ecosystem health assessments and land use planning. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Custer Natl Forest, Billings, MT 59105 USA. Montana State Univ, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Jensen, ME (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, No Reg, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NR 43 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 13 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 54 IS 5 BP 528 EP 536 DI 10.2307/4003581 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 469PH UT WOS:000170823700003 ER PT J AU Flenniken, M McEldowney, RR Leininger, WC Frasier, GW Trlica, MJ AF Flenniken, M McEldowney, RR Leininger, WC Frasier, GW Trlica, MJ TI Hydrologic responses of a montane riparian ecosystem following cattle use SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE runoff; stem density; microchannels; sinuosity; drainage density; rainfall simulation ID OVERLAND-FLOW; SIMULATED RAINFALL; VEGETATION; SEDIMENT; RANGELAND; EROSION; RUNOFF; SOIL; INFILTRATION; COMMUNITIES AB Riparian areas link streams with their terrestrial catchments and decrease water pollution by trapping sediments from upland sources before they reach streams or lakes. Livestock grazing in riparian areas is a controversial practice. If not properly managed, cattle can cause degradation to both the riparian zone and adjacent water body. Vegetative, soil microtopographical, microchannel and hydrograph parameters were measured in a montane riparian community in northern Colorado to quantify the effects of cattle on overland flow and runoff characteristics. Treatments were cattle grazing plus trampling. cattle trampling, mowing, and a control. Water was applied to plots (3 m x 10 in) at a rate of 100 mm hr(-1) using a rainfall simulator. Concurrently, overland flow was introduced at the upper end of the plots at an equivalent rate of 25 mm hr(-1). A high intensity-short duration grazing treatment was used for the cattle-treated plots. Reduction in vegetation stem density and aboveground biomass by cattle decreased microchannel sinuosity and drainage density. Cattle-treated plots had greater now velocities and depths in microchannels compared with mowed and control plots. Reduced stem density and aboveground biomass by grazing left fewer obstacles to divert flows, which decreased microchannel sinuosity and drainage density. Flows were concentrated into fewer microchannels with deeper flows. Microchannel characteristics were not significant factors affecting total runoff. Stem density and rainfall intensity were the most important factors in predicting runoff characteristics and total runoff. Results from this study have improved our understanding of now and runoff processes following cattle use of a riparian ecosystem. C1 Larimer Cty Pk & Open Lands Dept, Loveland, CO 80537 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Littleton, CO 80127 USA. Colorado State Univ, Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Dept, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Flenniken, M (reprint author), Larimer Cty Pk & Open Lands Dept, 1800 S County Rd 31, Loveland, CO 80537 USA. NR 47 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 12 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 54 IS 5 BP 567 EP 574 DI 10.2307/4003586 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 469PH UT WOS:000170823700008 ER PT J AU Clark, PE Seyfried, MS AF Clark, PE Seyfried, MS TI Point sampling for leaf area index in sagebrush steppe communities SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Artemisia arbuscula; Artemisia tridentata ssp vaseyana; Artemisia tridentata ssp wyomingensis; LAI; low sagebrush; mountain big sagebrush; Wyoming big sagebrush ID CANOPY AB Although point sampling has been used for more than 30 years to quantify leaf area index (LAI), this field technique has not been rigorously evaluated in sagebrush steppe plant communities. Leaf area index estimates obtained using different sampling pin inclinations or combinations of pin inclinations were evaluated in Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. wyomingensis Beetle and Young), low sagebrush (Artemisia arbuscula Nutt.), and mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. vaseyana [Rydb.] Beetle) communities within the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed near Boise, Ida. Leaf area index values determined by clipping and processing green foliage through a leaf area meter were used as evaluation standards. Pins inclined at 13 degrees from the horizontal, used alone or in combination with pins of 52 degrees and/or 90 degrees inclinations, performed poorly for estimating LAI in the Wyoming big sagebrush and low sagebrush communities. Estimating total LAI with either the combination of 52 degrees and 90 degrees angle pins or with 52 degrees or 90 degrees pins alone explained at least 96% of the variability in LAI standard values from the Wyoming big sagebrush and mountain big sagebrush communities. Using 52 degrees angle pins alone produced model fits similar to those obtained when the combination of 52 degrees and 90 degrees angle pins were used to estimate shrub, graminoid, and forb LAI across all 3 communities (P > 0.1). Collecting point data using 52 degrees angle pins often provided better or similar model fits with LAI standards compared to other pin angles but using 90 degrees angle pins offers a better compromise between practicality, efficiency, and accuracy. C1 USDA ARS, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RP Clark, PE (reprint author), USDA ARS, 800 Pk Blvd,Plaza 4,Suite 105, Boise, ID 83712 USA. OI Clark, Patrick/0000-0003-4299-1853 NR 17 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 54 IS 5 BP 589 EP 594 DI 10.2307/4003589 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 469PH UT WOS:000170823700011 ER PT J AU Wolken, PM Sieg, CH Williams, SE AF Wolken, PM Sieg, CH Williams, SE TI Quantifying suitable habitat of the threatened western prairie fringed orchid SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Platanthera praeclara; wetland; tallgrass prairie; threatened plant; edaphic factors; logistic regression; soil moisture; North Dakota ID CONSERVATION; PLANTS AB Land managers need accurate and quick techniques to identify suitable habitat of species of interest. For species protected by federal or state laws, identification of suitable habitat is critical for developing a conservation strategy that includes reestablishing populations and altering management to address this need. In this research, we quantified vegetative and edaphic habitat of the western prairie fringed orchid (Platanthera praeclara Sheviak and Bowles), a federally listed threatened plant. Lowlands (swales) that supported orchids in our southeastern North Dakota study area were characterized as having a higher soil moisture content within the top 10 cm, when compared to swales devoid of orchids. The vegetative composition of orchid-supporting swales reflected this higher moisture content. These data were then used in developing a logistic regression model to differentiate suitable habitat. The model correctly classified 84% of 38 swales as either orchid-supporting or non-orchid-supporting using 4 variables: percent canopy cover of Baltic rush (Juncus balticus Willd.) and hedge-nettle (Stachys palustris L.), soluble soil magnesium and August surface soil moisture. Land managers can use this model to rapidly assess the suitability of a site in this ecoregion for the orchid. By collecting data on the cover of just Baltic rush, which would take about 45 minutes, and entering it in the equation, a land manager could correctly classify 66% of the orchid swales as either suitable or unsuitable as orchid habitat. This approach, because it incorporates quantitative data and allows managers to rapidly and accurately identify suitable habitats, shows promise for other plant species. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Utah Field Off, Salt Lake City, UT 84115 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Wyoming, Grad Sch, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Plant Soil & Insect Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rapid City, SD USA. RP Wolken, PM (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Utah Field Off, 145 E 1300 S,Suite 404, Salt Lake City, UT 84115 USA. NR 26 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 4 U2 12 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 54 IS 5 BP 611 EP 616 DI 10.2307/4003592 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 469PH UT WOS:000170823700014 ER PT J AU Hamer, TE Hays, DL Senger, CM Forsman, ED AF Hamer, TE Hays, DL Senger, CM Forsman, ED TI Diets of Northern Barred Owls and Northern Spotted Owls in an area of sympatry SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Northern Barred Owl; Strix varia varia; Northern Spotted Owl; Strix occidentalis caurina; diet; competition; predation; Washington ID STRIX-VARIA; WILDERNESS; IDAHO AB We compared diets of Northern Barred Owls (Strix varia varia) and Northern Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) in western Washington during 1985-89. Diets of both species were dominated by nocturnal mammals, but diets' of Barred Owls included a more diverse and more even distribution of prey. Estimated dietary overlap between the two species based on the Pianka Index was 76%. Barred Owl diets included more terrestrial mammals, more birds, more diurnal prey, and more prey that were associated with riparian areas, including fish, amphibians, and snails. The snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) comprised 35% of prey biomass in the diet of Barred Owls. The diet of Spotted Owls was dominated by the northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus), which comprised 51% of prey numbers and 57% of prep biomass. We speculate that Barred Owls and Spotted Owls compete for food because their diets overlap considerably, their food appears to be limiting in many years, and Barred Owls are gradually invading territories historically occupied by Spotted Owls. C1 Hamer Environm, Mt Vernon, WA 98274 USA. Washington Dept Wildlife, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. Western Washington Univ, Dept Biol, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Hamer, TE (reprint author), Hamer Environm, 19997 Hwy 9, Mt Vernon, WA 98274 USA. NR 44 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 6 U2 26 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 35 IS 3 BP 221 EP 227 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 484BY UT WOS:000171671400006 ER PT J AU Wechsler, H Brener, ND Kuester, S Miller, C AF Wechsler, H Brener, ND Kuester, S Miller, C TI Food service and foods and beverages available at school: Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2000 SO JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID CHILDREN C1 CDCP, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. CDCP, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Food & Nutr Serv, Child Nutr Div, USDA, Alexandria, VA 22302 USA. RP Wechsler, H (reprint author), CDCP, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Mailstop K-33,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 23 TC 99 Z9 99 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SCHOOL HEALTH ASSOC PI KENT PA PO BOX 708, KENT, OH 44240 USA SN 0022-4391 J9 J SCHOOL HEALTH JI J. Sch. Health PD SEP PY 2001 VL 71 IS 7 BP 313 EP 324 PG 12 WC Education & Educational Research; Education, Scientific Disciplines; Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 476ZM UT WOS:000171258700008 PM 11586874 ER PT J AU Garcia-Siera, J Rozeboom, DW Straw, BE Thacker, BJ Granger, LM Fedorka-Cray, PJ Gray, JT AF Garcia-Siera, J Rozeboom, DW Straw, BE Thacker, BJ Granger, LM Fedorka-Cray, PJ Gray, JT TI Studies on survival of pseudorabies virus, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, and Salmonella serovar Choleraesuis in composted swine carcasses SO JOURNAL OF SWINE HEALTH AND PRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE swine; composting; pseudorabies; Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; Salmonella serovar Choleraesuis ID POPULATIONS; VACCINE AB Objective: To monitor survival of pseudorabies virus (PRV), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App), and Salmonella serovar Choleraesuis (Sc) in composted swine carcasses. Methods: In Experiment One, pigs were infected with PRV, infected 2 days later with App, and euthanized 15 to 16 hours after App infection. Carcasses were then composted for 35 days. In Experiment Two, pigs were infected with Sc and euthanized 3 days later, and carcasses were composted for 10 days. Compost piles were constructed inside buildings with concrete floors. In both experiments, temperature of the composting piles was monitored daily, and samples were obtained from the carcasses for microbiologic evaluation at intervals throughout the composting period. Results: Temperature of the composting piles ranged from 27 to 51 degreesC in Experiment One, and 27 to 62 degreesC in Experiment Two. Composted carcasses degraded rapidly. After 7 days, only bones, teeth, large muscles, and portions of the hide were physically recognizable. Muscle and bone were discolored, and bones were more easily crushed or broken. The hide was less collagenous and tore into several pieces when carcasses were extracted from piles. In Experiment One, tissue samples collected on Composting Days 7 and 14 were culture negative for PRV and App. In Experiment Two, Sc was recovered from samples collected on Composting Days 0, 1, and 3, but not from samples collected on Days 7 or 10. Implications: Under the conditions of these experiments, composting can be used to dispose of swine carcasses containing PRV, App, and Sc. C1 Indukern Corp, Miami, FL 33178 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Large Anim Clin Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Vet Diagnost & Product Anim Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Michigan Dept Agr, Div Anim Hlth, Lansing, MI USA. ARS, USDA, SAA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA USA. RP Garcia-Siera, J (reprint author), Indukern Corp, Miami, FL 33178 USA. NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC SWINE PRACTITIONERS PI PERRY PA 902 1ST AVE, PERRY, IA 50220-1703 USA SN 1066-4963 J9 J SWINE HEALTH PROD JI J. Swine. Health Prod. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 9 IS 5 BP 225 EP 231 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 464QC UT WOS:000170542400006 ER PT J AU Abusabha, R Hsieh, KH Achterberg, C AF Abusabha, R Hsieh, KH Achterberg, C TI Dietary fat reduction strategies used by a group of adults aged 50 years and older SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID WOMENS HEALTH TRIAL; REPRODUCIBILITY; MAINTENANCE; NUTRITION; PATTERNS; PROGRAM; ENERGY; HABITS AB Objective To investigate the fat-reduction strategies used by a group of older adults who successfully made and maintained positive dietary changes for 5 years or longer. Design Participants completed 2 copies of a self-administered food frequency questionnaire: The first copy assessed diet before they began making changes and the second copy assessed diet after initiation of healthful dietary changes. Positive food changes were identified from the food frequency questionnaires. During in-person interviews, participants placed food changes onto a time line according to the nearest estimated date of initiation of the change. Subjects Participants were 65 free-living older adults (aged > 50 years) who had maintained substantial changes to decrease fat intake in their diet for at, least 5 years. Statistical analyses performed Quantitative and qualitative data were used to identify the fat-reduction strategies acid to confirm and validate the fat-reduction strategy model. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to confirm the new model. The Kuder-Richardson-20 reliability coefficient (kr) was used to determine internal consistency of the scales developed for the study. Results The majority of participants decreased their fat intake gradually, at different time points in their lives, and over a long period of tune (5 to 43 years). Mean percent energy intake from fat decreased from 44.3 +/- 5.9% before dietary improvement to 25.9 +/- 7.1% at the time of the study. The final model consisted of 5 fat-reduction strategies with 63 food changes. The strategies were: increase summer fruits (4 items; kr=0.66), increase vegetables and grains (14 items; kr=0.79), decrease recreational foods (14 items; kr=0.76), decrease cooking fat (20 items; kr=0.86), and use fat-modified foods (11 items; kr=0.80). Applications/conclusions Dietetics professionals should base their advice on the dietary strategies used by consumers rather than hypothetical premises such as food or nutrient groupings. Nutrition education interventions will have better chances for success if they are based on a set of customized programs that guide appropriate consumer segments through a series of small, comfortable. and sustainable dietary changes over a prolonged period of time. C1 Penn State Univ, Schreyer Honors Coll, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Food & Nutr Serv, USDA, Alexandria, VA USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Human Dev & Family Studies, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Achterberg, C (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Schreyer Honors Coll, 10 Schreyer Honors Coll, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA-70971-01] NR 40 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 USA SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 101 IS 9 BP 1024 EP 1030 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(01)00252-8 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 499BW UT WOS:000172552000015 PM 11573753 ER PT J AU Hunt, CD Meacham, SL AF Hunt, CD Meacham, SL TI Aluminum, boron, calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and zinc: Concentrations in common Western foods and estimated daily intakes by infants; toddlers; and male and female adolescents, adults, and seniors in the United States SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID DOUBLY LABELED WATER; TOTAL DIET; ENERGY; RECALL; WOMEN C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Nursing, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. Winthrop Univ, Dept Nutr, Rock Hill, SC 29733 USA. RP Hunt, CD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 10 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 USA SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 101 IS 9 BP 1058 EP 1060 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(01)00260-7 PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 499BW UT WOS:000172552000023 PM 11573761 ER PT J AU Taylor, MM Cabeza, LF Marmer, WN Brown, EM AF Taylor, MM Cabeza, LF Marmer, WN Brown, EM TI Enzymatic modification of hydrolysis products from collagen using a microbial transglutaminase. I. Physical properties SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 96th Annual Meeting of the American-Leather-Chemists-Association CY JUN 17-21, 2000 CL WHEELING, WEST VIRGINIA SP Amer Leather Chemists Assoc ID SOYBEAN 11S GLOBULIN; FUNCTIONAL-PROPERTIES; CROSS-LINKING; FOOD PROTEINS; WHEY PROTEINS; SOY PROTEIN; CHROME SHAVINGS; LEATHER WASTE; IMPROVEMENT; GELATION AB In previously reported research from this laboratory, gelatins, both commercial and experimental of varying gel strengths, were chemically modified using glutaraldehyde, glyoxal, and carbodiimide. These classical modifications effectively changed the physical and functional properties of gelatin; however, they have drawbacks in that the crosslinking agents are potentially toxic. Transglutaminase is an enzyme capable of forming inter- or intra-molecular cross-links in many proteins. The enzyme catalyzes an acyl transfer reaction between the gamma-carboxamide group of peptide-bound glutamine residues as acyl donors and primary amines as acceptors. When the epsilon-amino group of peptide-bound lysine acts as acyl acceptor, an epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl) lysine cross-link is formed. This enzyme, now isolated by fermentation, is commercially available, relatively inexpensive, and environmentally safe. We modified gelatins of varying quality with microbial transglutaminase. Gel strengths of low bloom gelatins improved with increasing enzyme concentrations, whereas the gel strengths of higher bloom gelatins either remained the same or decreased with increasing enzyme concentrations. All gelatins gave higher melting points with increasing amounts of enzyme, some even higher than 90degreesC. Viscosities, measured at 60degreesC and at or near room temperature, increased with increasing enzyme concentrations. The temperature of gelation, as described in the literature, increased not only with the quality of the gelatin but also with increasing enzyme concentrations. Potential applications for this enzyme in by-product utilization and possibly the leather-making process are numerous. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Taylor, MM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RI Cabeza, Luisa F./B-4587-2013 OI Cabeza, Luisa F./0000-0001-5086-872X NR 52 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI LUBBOCK PA TEXAS TECH UNIV, BOX 45300, LUBBOCK, TX 79409-5300 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 96 IS 9 BP 319 EP 332 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 596DK UT WOS:000178148700001 ER PT J AU Gehring, AG Bailey, DG Cardamone, JM DiMaio, GL AF Gehring, AG Bailey, DG Cardamone, JM DiMaio, GL TI Evaluation of urea sulfate as a substitute for formic acid in the retan, color, and fatliquor process SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 96th Annual Meeting of the American-Leather-Chemists-Association CY JUN 17-21, 2000 CL WHEELING, WEST VIRGINIA SP Amer Leather Chemists Assoc ID CHROME SHAVINGS; LEATHER WASTE; PILOT-SCALE; CAKE AB Formic acid is a noxious and corrosive chemical that must be handled with extreme care by workers in the leather tanning industry. A safe alternative to formic acid in the retan, color, and fatliquor process would be highly desired if the alternative was not only demonstrated to be an equally efficient but also a cost effective replacement. Commercially prepared wet blue (bovine origin) was subjected to the retan, color, and fatliquor process utilizing either urea sulfate or formic acid during dyeing. The resultant hide pieces were further processed into crust leather. Multiple physical and chemical measurements were performed on the crust to evaluate the effects of formic acid substitution with urea sulfate. Although there were slight differences in perspiration testing and light fastness results, no remarkable difference in dye uptake and color uniformity was observed by substituting formic acid with urea sulfate. However, crust leather was remarkably lighter in coloration when dyed with select dyes in the presence of urea sulfate. Interestingly, hide pieces tended to leach relatively less chromium into dye baths containing urea sulfate. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Gehring, AG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI LUBBOCK PA TEXAS TECH UNIV, BOX 45300, LUBBOCK, TX 79409-5300 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 96 IS 9 BP 333 EP 342 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 596DK UT WOS:000178148700002 ER PT J AU Shen, N Moizuddin, S Wilson, L Duvick, S White, P Pollak, L AF Shen, N Moizuddin, S Wilson, L Duvick, S White, P Pollak, L TI Relationship of electronic nose analyses and sensory evaluation of vegetable oils during storage SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE AromaScan; correlation; electronic nose; fatty acid; oxidation; peroxide value; sensory evaluation; vegetable oils ID SOYBEAN OILS; OXIDATIVE STABILITIES AB Off-flavors associated with oxidized oils make it difficult to recruit sensory panelists to evaluate the oils. Using an instrument called the "electronic nose" to monitor the formation of volatile compounds associated with off-flavors could help to interpret oil oxidation studies in part to supplement human sensory panels. No published studies evaluate the correlation of oil oxidation sensory data and "electronic nose" analyses. Therefore, this project was designed to determine the correlation between sensory evaluation and "electronic nose" analyses. Canola, corn, and soybean oils were stored at 60 degreesC in the dark until sufficiently oxidized. On days 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12, oils were evaluated for peroxide value, for volatile compounds by "electronic nose," and for off-flavor by sensory evaluation. The results suggest that the "electronic nose" is capable of measuring changes in volatile compounds associated with oil oxidation and could be used to supplement data obtained from sensory evaluations. C1 Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Agron Dept 1405, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Pollak, L (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Agron Dept 1405, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 17 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 78 IS 9 BP 937 EP 940 DI 10.1007/s11746-001-0367-z PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 483KG UT WOS:000171634100010 ER PT J AU Anderson, AK Guraya, HS AF Anderson, AK Guraya, HS TI Extractability of protein in physically processed rice bran SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE colloid milling; homogenizing; physical processing; protein distribution; rice bran; rice protein ID STABILIZATION; FRACTIONS; FLOUR AB Commercially obtained defatted (DF), full-fat stabilized (FFS), and full-fat unstabilized (FFU) rice bran were processed by colloid milling and homogenization to affect bran breakdown and extraction of rice protein. Relative to unprocessed samples, there were moderate to slight increases in the amount of protein extracted from the various fractions of processed bran. Colloid milling and homogenizing slightly influenced the distribution of proteins in the various fractions obtained, with the FFU showing the greatest effect compared to DF and FFS protein fractions. The protein content of the supernatant fraction of FFU bran increased from 21.8 to 33.0% after colloid milling with a further increase to 38.2% after homogenizing, representing an overall increase of 75.2% in protein content. The supernatant fractions of DF bran increased from 13.9 to 14.7% after colloid milling, and to 16.5% after colloid milling and homogenizing, for an overall increase of 18.7%. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed a molecular weight distribution ranging from 6.0 to 97.4 kDa. Few detectable differences between protein bands of unprocessed and processed DF and FFU bran were observed. However, FFS bran showed breakdown in size distribution of protein after colloid milling and homogenizing, because certain high molecular weight proteins shifted to lower molecular weight units. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Food Proc & Sensory Qual Unit, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Guraya, HS (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Food Proc & Sensory Qual Unit, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 13 TC 18 Z9 26 U1 3 U2 12 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 78 IS 9 BP 969 EP 972 DI 10.1007/s11746-001-0373-1 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 483KG UT WOS:000171634100016 ER PT J AU Villanueva-Mosqueda, E Havey, MJ AF Villanueva-Mosqueda, E Havey, MJ TI Genetic analyses of seed yield in onion SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE general combining ability; heritability; hybrids; specific combining ability; Allium cepa ID ALLIUM-CEPA L; TEMPERATURE; NECTAR AB Development of two-way onion (Allium cepa L.) hybrids is difficult due to poor seed yields on inbred female parents. Seed yield of onion is affected by inbreeding depression and the seed-production environment. A standard diallel was used to estimate combining abilities for seed yield among seven inbred onion lines. Males and hybrids differed significantly (P < 0.05) for seed yields. Combinations of relatively high-by-high seed-yielding inbred parents were not always the best combinations; combinations of medium-by-medium or medium-by-high seed yielders also produced good F-1 seed yielders. For the seven inbred lines, significant correlations (P < 0.05) were observed between mean seed yield per bulb and scape height. Parent-offspring regressions revealed no significant relationship between seed yields of randomly selected, open-pollinated bulbs and their S-1 families. Results indicate that relative seed yields of individual bulbs after self-pollination cannot be used to predict seed yields of progeny families. However, the seed yield of inbred lines of onion may reflect the potential seed yield of F-1 male-sterile lines. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Havey, MJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 33 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 126 IS 5 BP 575 EP 578 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 465JN UT WOS:000170586000010 ER PT J AU Hancock, JF Finn, CA Hokanson, SC Luby, JJ Goulart, BL Demchak, K Callow, PW Serce, S Schilder, AMC Hummer, KE AF Hancock, JF Finn, CA Hokanson, SC Luby, JJ Goulart, BL Demchak, K Callow, PW Serce, S Schilder, AMC Hummer, KE TI A multistate comparison of native octoploid strawberries from North and South America SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Fragaria xananassa; F. virginiana; F. chiloensis; strawberry germplasm resources ID CULTIVARS AB An elite group of 38 strawberry accessions representing all subspecies of the beach strawberry [Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Miller] and the scarlet strawberry (F. virginiana Miller) was planted in a replicated design at five locations across the United States, and evaluated for plant vigor, flowering date, runner density, fruit set, fruit appearance, and foliar disease resistance. Considerable genotype x location interaction was observed for many of these traits. However, a few genotypes were impressive at all locations including PI 551735 (FRA 368) with its unusually large, early fruit, and Pls 612486 (NC 95-19-1),612493 (Frederick 9), and 612499 (RH 30), which were very vigorous and had unusually good fruit color. Genotypes that were superior at individual locations included Pls 551527 (FRA 110) and 551728 (Pigeon Pt.) in Maryland for their large fruit, and PI 612490 (Scotts Creek) in Oregon which had extremely large fruit, superior color, firmness, and flavor. The Pls 612495 (LH 50-4),612498 (RH 23), and 612499 (RH 30) performed well as day neutrals at multiple sites. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Hort, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. USDA ARS, NW Ctr Small Fruit Res, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. USDA ARS, Fruit Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Hort & Landscape Architecture, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Hort, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Hort, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Hancock, JF (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Hort, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RI Serce, Sedat/D-4105-2013 OI Serce, Sedat/0000-0003-4584-2028 NR 18 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 126 IS 5 BP 579 EP 586 PG 8 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 465JN UT WOS:000170586000011 ER PT J AU Stommel, JR AF Stommel, JR TI Barriers for introgression of Solanum ochranthum into tomato via somatic hybrids SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE intergeneric hybrids; Lycopersicon esculentum; plant breeding; wide hybridization ID LYCOPERSICON-ESCULENTUM; POLLEN VIABILITY; PLANTS; HYBRIDIZATION; REGENERATION; TUBEROSUM; POTATO; RICKII AB Solanum ochranthum Dunal is a nontuber bearing wild relative of the cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), and a potential source of new genes for disease and pest resistance. Because S. ochranthum is sexually isolated from tomato, somatic hybrids between tomato (PI 367942; L. esculentum Mill. var. cerasiforme (Dunal) A. Gray VFNT cherry x L. peruvianum (L.) Mill. backcrossed to VFNT cherry) and S. ochranthum (LA2117) were developed previously to overcome these crossing barriers. Attempts to backcross these hybrids to tomato have been unsuccessful. Pollen fertility and mitotic and meiotic studies in tomato + S. ochranthum somatic hybrids determined the cause of the sterility of the somatic hybrids and identified hybrids with moderate fertility. Chromosome counts of dividing root tip cells delineated tetraploid (2n = 4x = 48) and hexaploid (2n = 6x = 72) genotypes and aneuploidy in these hybrids. Meiotic analysis of developing microspores confirmed the presence of precocious division and laggard chromosomes at anaphase in both hexaploid and tetraploid hybrids. Bridges were observed in hexaploids at anaphase I and II and multivalent configurations were observed at diakinesis. Multivalents and univalents; were evident in nearly all cells examined, proving that the two genomes are homoeologous. Aberrant microsporocytes with five to six developing microspores were noted in hexaploid hybrids. The occurrence of homoeologous; pairing between chromosomes of both fusion parents is advantageous to effect recombination between these isolated species. However, the negative effects of multivalent formation and univalents likely contributed to observed sterility in these first generation fusion hybrids. Low to moderate levels of pollen fertility (0% to 52%) were found in tetraploid hybrids, while little or no viable pollen (0% to 4%) was observed in hexaploid somatic hybrids. C1 USDA ARS, Vegetable Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Stommel, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Vegetable Lab, BARC W, Bldg 010-A,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM stommelj@ba.ars.usda.gov NR 34 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 126 IS 5 BP 587 EP 592 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 465JN UT WOS:000170586000012 ER PT J AU Alt, DP Zuerner, RL Bolin, CA AF Alt, DP Zuerner, RL Bolin, CA TI Evaluation of antibiotics for treatment of cattle infected with Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID BOVINE LEPTOSPIROSIS; INTERROGANS SEROVARS; SUBTYPE HARDJOBOVIS; VACCINATION; COWS; DIHYDROSTREPTOMYCIN; SLAUGHTER; POMONA; URINE AB Objective To evaluate antibiotics for treatment of cattle with leptospirosis caused by Leptospira borg-petersenii serovar hardjo. Design-Randomized controlled trial. Animals-42 healthy mixed-breed cattle. Procedure Cattle were inoculated via conjunctival instillation with L borgpetersenii serovar hardjo. After infection and urinary shedding of L borgpetersenii were confirmed, cattle were treated with various antibiotics. To determine effectiveness of antibiotic treatment, urinary shedding of L borgpetersenii was monitored for 4 to 6 weeks after administration of antibiotics, using darkfield microscopic examination, microbial culture, immunofluorescence testing, and a polymerase chain reaction assay. Results-All inoculated cattle developed leptospirosis and shed leptospires in their urine. The following antibiotic treatments resulted in elimination of urinary shedding of leptospires: a single injection of oxytetracycline (20 mg/kg [9 mg/lb] of body weight, IM), tilmicosin (10 mg/kg [4.5 mg/lb], SC), or a combination product that contained dihydrostreptomycin-penicillin G (25 mg/kg [11.4 mg/lb], IM) or multiple injections of ceftiofur sodium (2.2 or 5 mg/kg [1 or 2.3 mg/lb], IM, once daily for 5 days, or 20 mg/kg, IM, once daily for 3 days). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Successful resolution of leptospirosis in cattle by administration of dihydrostreptomycin-penicillin G confirms results obtained by other investigators. Three other antibiotics (oxytetracycline, tilmicosin, and ceftiofur) also were effective for resolving leptospirosis and may be useful substitutes for dihydrostreptomycin, an antibiotic that is no longer available for use in food-producing animals in the United States. Cost, safety, and withdrawal times of these various treatment options need to be considered. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Anim Hlth Diagnost Lab, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Alt, DP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, 2300 N Dayton Rd, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 27 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 3 U2 13 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD SEP 1 PY 2001 VL 219 IS 5 BP 636 EP 639 DI 10.2460/javma.2001.219.636 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 467MH UT WOS:000170708000014 PM 11549093 ER PT J AU Stark, N AF Stark, N TI Influence of moisture absorption on mechanical properties of wood flour-polypropylene composites SO JOURNAL OF THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE wood; filler; reinforcement; polypropylene; composites; moisture; mechanical properties; modulus; strength AB Wood-plastic composites are being examined for a greater number of structural-type applications that may be exposed to different environments, some of them adverse. This paper discusses the influence of moisture absorption on the mechanical properties of wood flour-polypropylene composites. Composites filled with 20% or 40% wood flour (by weight) were placed in different environments, removed periodically, and tested for moisture content and mechanical properties. The composites filled with 20% wood flour (20%WF) absorbed moisture in all the environmental exposures, but no significant degradation of properties was observed. The 40%WF composites absorbed more moisture than did the 20%WF composites. The flexural properties of composites subjected to a water bath and to 90% relative humidity were lower than the flexural properties of the other composites. Tensile properties and notched impact strengths decreased only for composites placed in a water bath. Unnotched impact strengths did not change significantly with absorption of moisture. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Stark, N (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 7 TC 108 Z9 119 U1 1 U2 9 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 0892-7057 J9 J THERMOPLAST COMPOS JI J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 14 IS 5 BP 421 EP 432 DI 10.1106/UDKY-0403-626E-1H4P PG 12 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA 497ZP UT WOS:000172485600005 ER PT J AU Rhyan, JC Gidlewski, T Ewalt, DR Hennager, SG Lambourne, DM Olsen, SC AF Rhyan, JC Gidlewski, T Ewalt, DR Hennager, SG Lambourne, DM Olsen, SC TI Seroconversion and abortion in cattle experimentally infected with Brucella sp isolated from a Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi) SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID STRAIN RB51; TURSIOPS-TRUNCATUS; PREGNANT CATTLE; MARINE MAMMALS; VACCINE AB Previously unrecognized Brucella species have been isolated from a number of marine mammals, including harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi) in the Puget Sound area of the state of Washington. Because of the presence of dairy herds in proximity to the harbor seal populations, a study was conducted to determine the effects of the harbor seal Brucella isolate in experimentally inoculated cattle. Six pregnant cattle were exposed by intravenous injection (n = 3) or intraconjunctival inoculation (n = 3). Two pregnant cows were intravenously injected with saline and served as controls. All of the cows receiving the Brucella seroconverted on 1 or more tests commonly used for the detection of Brucella abortus infection. Two of the cattle receiving the intravenous inoculation aborted, and brucellae were demonstrated in the fetuses and dams immediately following abortion. The remaining 4 Brucella-inoculated animals and their fetuses were culture negative for the organism at 14 weeks postinoculation. Results of this study indicate the marine mammal Brucella is capable of producing seroconversion and abortion in cattle but is less pathogenic in that species than B. abortus. C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Marine Mammal Invest, Washington Dept Fis & Wildlife, Tacoma, WA 98498 USA. Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Agr Res Serv, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Rhyan, JC (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 21 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 13 IS 5 BP 379 EP 382 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 473PZ UT WOS:000171055700002 PM 11580057 ER PT J AU Halling, SM Koster, NA AF Halling, SM Koster, NA TI Use of detergent extracts of Brucella abortus RB51 to detect serologic responses in RB51-vaccinated cattle SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID OUTER-MEMBRANE PROTEINS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; STRAIN RB51; LIPOPROTEINS; SHEEP; ASSAY AB Serologic responses to the newly introduced rough Brucella abortus vaccine strain RB51 have been determined in a dot-blot format using gamma -irradiated RB51 cells as the antigen. Because gamma -irradiated cells are not easily prepared and the signal from cells was not always reliable, an alternative antigen was sought. Detergent extracts of B. abortus RB51 were prepared using zwittergent 3-14, Triton X-100, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and examined in a dot-blot format. Zwittergent 3-14 extracts and gamma -irradiated RB51 cells gave the same titers. Unlike gamma -irradiated RB51 cells, zwittergent 3-14 extracts produced signals consistently, and the signals were easily interpreted. Triton X-100 extracts interfered with signal development, and SDS extracts resulted in a high background signal. Western blot analyses revealed several outer membrane proteins in the zwittergent 3-14 extract. The major antigens in the extract had apparent molecular weights of < 20,000. C1 USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, ARS, Bacterial Div Livestock Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Halling, SM (reprint author), USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, ARS, Bacterial Div Livestock Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 13 IS 5 BP 408 EP 412 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 473PZ UT WOS:000171055700007 PM 11580062 ER PT J AU Mengeling, WL Vorwald, AC Cornick, NA Lager, KM Moon, HW AF Mengeling, WL Vorwald, AC Cornick, NA Lager, KM Moon, HW TI In vitro detection of Shiga toxin using porcine alveolar macrophages SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID RESPIRATORY SYNDROME VIRUS; STRAINS; PIGS AB Porcine alveolar macrophages were found to be highly susceptible to the cytolytic effects of a toxin (Shiga toxin [Stx]) produced by certain strains of Escherichia coli and sometimes associated with clinical disease in pigs and other animals. In comparison with the cells that are most commonly used for Stx detection and titration in vitro (namely, Vero cells), porcine alveolar macrophages appeared to be generally more sensitive and test results could be obtained in less time. Moreover, unlike Vero cells, porcine alveolar macrophages need not be continuously propagated to ensure immediate availability. They can simply be removed from a low-temperature repository, thawed, seeded, and shortly thereafter exposed to the sample in question. These characteristics suggest that porcine alveolar macrophages may be useful in developing a highly sensitive and timely diagnostic test for Stx. C1 USDA, ARS, Virus & Prion Dis Livestock Res Unit, VPDl Res Unit,Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Vet Med Res Inst, Ames, IA USA. RP Mengeling, WL (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Virus & Prion Dis Livestock Res Unit, VPDl Res Unit,Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Room 109,2300 Dayton Ave,POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. FU PHS HHS [A141328] NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 13 IS 5 BP 421 EP 424 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 473PZ UT WOS:000171055700011 PM 11580066 ER PT J AU Janke, BH Paul, PS Landgraf, JG Halbur, PG Huinker, CD AF Janke, BH Paul, PS Landgraf, JG Halbur, PG Huinker, CD TI Paramyxovirus infection in pigs with interstitial pneumonia and encephalitis in the United States SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID SWINE INFLUENZA-VIRUS; EXPERIMENTAL REPRODUCTION; GNOTOBIOTIC PIGS; NIPAH VIRUS; DISEASE; HUMANS AB In the last few years, newly recognized paramyxoviruses have been associated with severe disease in several animal species, including swine, as well as in human beings. Recently, a paramyxovirus was isolated from a swine herd in the northcentral United States that experienced an epizootic of respiratory and central nervous system disease. Affected pigs had interstitial pneumonia with necrotizing bronchiolitis and encephalitis characterized by lymphocytic perivasculitis and diffuse gliosis. Germ-free pigs inoculated with this isolate developed mild clinical illness and similar but less severe histopathologic lesions in lungs and brain. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Vet Diagnost Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Vet Med Res Inst, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Vet Serv, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Fairmont Vet Clin, Fairmont, MN 56031 USA. RP Janke, BH (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Vet Diagnost Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 23 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 13 IS 5 BP 428 EP 433 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 473PZ UT WOS:000171055700013 PM 11580068 ER PT J AU Schultz-Cherry, S Dybdahl-Sissoko, N Neumann, G Kawaoka, Y Hinshaw, VS AF Schultz-Cherry, S Dybdahl-Sissoko, N Neumann, G Kawaoka, Y Hinshaw, VS TI Influenza virus NS1 protein induces apoptosis in cultured cells SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID PRE-MESSENGER-RNA; A VIRUS; INFECTED-CELLS; NUCLEAR EXPORT; B VIRUSES; NUCLEOCYTOPLASMIC TRANSPORT; DEATH APOPTOSIS; GENE-EXPRESSION; ENCODING GENE; FAS ANTIGEN AB The importance of influenza viruses as worldwide pathogens in humans, domestic animals, and poultry is well recognized. Discerning how influenza viruses interact with the host at a cellular level is crucial for a better understanding of viral pathogenesis. Influenza viruses induce apoptosis through mechanisms involving the interplay of cellular and viral factors that may depend on the cell type. However, it is unclear which viral genes induce apoptosis. In these studies, we show that the expression of the nonstructural (NS) gene of influenza A virus is sufficient to induce apoptosis in MDCK and HeLa cells. Further studies showed that the multimerization domain of the NS1 protein but not the effector domain is required for apoptosis. However, this mutation is not sufficient to inhibit apoptosis using whole virus. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Schultz-Cherry, S (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 73 TC 102 Z9 110 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 75 IS 17 BP 7875 EP 7881 DI 10.1128/JVI.75.17.7875-7881.2001 PG 7 WC Virology SC Virology GA 461AZ UT WOS:000170343900011 PM 11483732 ER PT J AU Popham, HJR Bischoff, DS Slavicek, JM AF Popham, HJR Bischoff, DS Slavicek, JM TI Both Lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus Enhancin genes contribute to viral potency SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR-POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; NI GRANULOSIS-VIRUS; PSEUDALETIA-UNIPUNCTA; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; PERITROPHIC MEMBRANE; GRANULOVIRUS GENOME; SYNERGISTIC FACTOR; BACULOVIRUS; ENHANCEMENT; ARMYWORM AB Enhancins are a group of proteins first identified in granuloviruses (GV) that have the ability to enhance nuclear polyhedrosis virus potency. We had previously identified an enhancin gene (E1) in the Lymantria dispar multinucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV) (D. S. Bischoff and J. M. Slavicek, J. Virol. 71:8133-8140, 1997). Inactivation of the E1 gene product within the viral genome lowered viral potency by an average of 2.9-fold. A second enhancin gene (E2) was identified when the entire genome of LdMNPV was sequenced (Kuzio et al., Virology 253:17-34, 1999). The E2 protein exhibits approximately 30% amino acid identity to the LdMNPV El protein as well as the enhancins from Trichoplusia ni GV, Pseudaletia unipuncta GV, Helicoverpa armigera GV, and Xestia c-nigrum GV. Northern analysis of viral RNA indicated that the E2 gene transcripts are expressed at late times postinfection from a consensus baculovirus late promoter. The effect of the enhancin proteins on viral potency was investigated through bioassay using two recombinant viruses, one with a deletion in the E2 gene (E2del) and a second with deletion mutations in both enhancin genes (E1delE2del). The enhancin gene viral constructs were verified by Southern analysis and shown not to produce enhancin gene transcripts by Northern analysis. The E2del virus exhibited an average decrease in viral potency of 1.8-fold compared to wild-type virus. In the same bioassays, the recombinant virus E1cat, which does not produce an E1 gene transcript, exhibited an average decrease in viral potency of 2.3-fold compared to control virus. The E1delE2del virus exhibited an average decrease in viral potency of 12-fold compared to wild-type virus. Collectively, these results suggest that both LdMNPV enhancin genes contribute to viral potency, that each enhancin protein can partially compensate for the lack of the other protein, and that both enhancin genes are necessary for wild-type viral potency. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. RP Slavicek, JM (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 359 Main Rd, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. NR 42 TC 31 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 75 IS 18 BP 8639 EP 8648 DI 10.1128/JVI.75.18.8639-8648.2001 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA 464BL UT WOS:000170512800030 PM 11507209 ER PT J AU Silva, JCR Ogassawara, S Marvulo, MFV Ferreira-Neto, JS Dubey, JP AF Silva, JCR Ogassawara, S Marvulo, MFV Ferreira-Neto, JS Dubey, JP TI Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in exotic wild felids from Brazilian zoos SO JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE wild felids; zoological gardens; toxoplasma gondii antibodies; modified agglutination test; Brazil ID TISSUE CYSTS; CATS; INFECTIVITY; OOCYSTS; RESPONSES; DIAGNOSIS; MICE; PORK; LYNX AB Serum samples from 37 captive exotic felids in 12 zoos from six Brazilian states were assayed for antibodies to Taxoplasma gondii by the modified agglutination test using formalin-fixed whole tachyzoites, Titers greater than or equal to 1:20 were considered positive. Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 24 of 37 (64.9%) felids, including one European lynx (Lynx lynx), two jungle cats (Felis chaus), two servals (Leptailurus serval), two tigers (Panthera tigris). three leopards (Panthera pardus). and 14 of 27 lions (Panthera leo). This is the first serologic analysis for T. gondii infection in exotic wild felids front Brazilian zoos. C1 USDA, Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Agr Res Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Med Vet Prevent & Saude Anim, Fac Med Vet & Zootecn, BR-05508000 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Assoc Mata Cillar, BR-13208990 Jundiai, SP, Brazil. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA, Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Agr Res Serv, Bldg 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 19 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC ZOO VETERINARIANS PI MEDIA PA 6 NORTH PENNELL ROAD, MEDIA, PA 19063 USA SN 1042-7260 J9 J ZOO WILDLIFE MED JI J. Zoo Wildl. Med. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 32 IS 3 BP 349 EP 351 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 555JW UT WOS:000175791800008 PM 12785684 ER PT J AU Garnett, NL DeHaven, WR AF Garnett, NL DeHaven, WR TI A word from OLAW and USDA SO LAB ANIMAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NIH, Lab Anim Welfare, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. USDA, APHIS, Washington, DC USA. RP Garnett, NL (reprint author), NIH, Lab Anim Welfare, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 0093-7355 J9 LAB ANIMAL JI Lab Anim. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 30 IS 8 BP 23 EP 23 PG 1 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 468XA UT WOS:000170782400006 ER PT J AU Gobster, PH AF Gobster, PH TI Visions of nature: conflict and compatibility in urban park restoration SO LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING LA English DT Article DE urban parks; nature; restoration; landscape icons; stakeholder perceptions; Chicago AB Although various disciplines have developed "objective" principles and practices for landscape restoration in recent decades, the concept of restoration itself often rests on subjective questions of cultural value. Issues related to restoring the naturalness of urban open spaces were explored in a planning effort for an area of parkland along Chicago's lakefront. Four different "visions of nature" emerged through dialogue with stakeholders, each emphasizing a different set of characteristics related to the landscape's perceived structure and function as well as its human values and uses: (1) nature as designed landscape, where the concern was to restore the original 1938 naturalistic design for the site by a noted landscape architect; (2) nature as habitat, where individuals sought to restore a hedgerow created during the 1950s that has since become a magnet for migrating birds; (3) nature as recreation, where a variety of interests sought to balance nature restoration goals with the preservation of established recreational activities occurring on and adjacent to the site; and (4) nature as pre-European settlement landscape, where individuals sought to restore the site as a reflection of the regional landscape as it may have existed before development of Chicago in the 1830s. It became clear during the course of the effort that the landscape features some individuals sought to restore had attained an iconic status, symbolizing for them meanings and values deeper than what might be discerned by those not intimately knowledgeable of the site and its social context, and that the preservation and enhancement of these features needed to be a central part of any final plan for the site. Trying to maintain these icons in accommodating the various visions of nature did give rise to some conflicts, but stakeholder negotiations also showed how the visions were compatible and how iconic features might "nest" within each other as a result of different scales and locations of concern. Implications for landscape design and management are discussed. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, Evanston, IL 60602 USA. RP Gobster, PH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, 845 Chicago Ave,Suite 225, Evanston, IL 60602 USA. EM pgobster@fs.fed.us RI Gobster, Paul/A-2826-2013 OI Gobster, Paul/0000-0002-8576-0310 NR 15 TC 73 Z9 77 U1 3 U2 71 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-2046 J9 LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN JI Landsc. Urban Plan. PD SEP 1 PY 2001 VL 56 IS 1-2 BP 35 EP 51 DI 10.1016/S0169-2046(01)00164-5 PG 17 WC Ecology; Environmental Studies; Geography; Geography, Physical; Urban Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography; Physical Geography; Urban Studies GA 472MD UT WOS:000170987200004 ER PT J AU Jarvis, GN Fields, MW Adamovich, DA Arthurs, CE Russell, JB AF Jarvis, GN Fields, MW Adamovich, DA Arthurs, CE Russell, JB TI The mechanism of carbonate killing of Escherichia coli SO LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID O157-H7; MANURE AB Aims: To define the mechanism of carbonate killing in Escherichia coli. Methods and Results: Sodium carbonate (150 mM) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, 60 mM) both killed E. coli K-12 when the pH was 8.5, but ammonium chloride (150 mM) was ineffective. EDTA was a 5-fold more potent agent than carbonate, but some of this difference could be explained by ionization. At pH 8.5, only 1.6% of the carbonate is CO-2, but nearly 100% of the EDTA is EDTA(-2). Conclusions: As carbonate and EDTA had similar effects on viability, cellular morphology, protein release and enzymatic activities, the antibacterial activity of carbonate seems to be mediated by divalent metal binding. Significance and Impact of the Study: Cattle manure is often used as a fertilizer, and E. coli from manure can migrate through the soil into water supplies. Previous methods of eradicating E. coli were either expensive or environmentally unsound. However, cattle manure can be treated with carbonate to eliminate E. coh, and the cost of this treatment is less than $0.03 per cow per day. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Microbiol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Russell, JB (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Microbiol, Wing Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 17 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-8254 J9 LETT APPL MICROBIOL JI Lett. Appl. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 33 IS 3 BP 196 EP 200 DI 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2001.00976.x PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 469CX UT WOS:000170797000006 PM 11555203 ER PT J AU Kang, DH Siragusa, GR AF Kang, DH Siragusa, GR TI A rapid twofold dilution method for microbial enumeration and resuscitation of uninjured and sublethally injured bacteria SO LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; GROUND-BEEF; AGAR; RECOVERY; MODEL AB Aims: A rapid and simple method for enumerating uninjured and sublethally injured bacterial cells, the twofold dilution method (2FD), was developed and evaluated. Methods and Results: Following twofold serial dilution of samples in a 96 well microtiter plate, double strength selective broth or nonselective broth was added to each well. For resuscitation of heat-injured (55 degreesC for 10 min) coliforms, the selective broth was added to the wells after 3 h preresuscitation time in buffered peptone water. The results of the 2FD were compared to plating methods for total and coliform plate counts from mixed cultures and beef carcass surface tissue samples. Conclusions: The 2FD method results were not significantly different for uninjured cells (P > 0.05) from those obtained using Petrifilm and standard plating. Correlation of the scatterplot of spread plating and 2FD indicated a high level of agreement between these two methods (R-2 = 0.98 for total counts and R-2 = 0.96 for coliforms from mixed cultures; R-2 = 0.98 for total cell counts and R-2 = 0.94 for coliforms from faeces inoculated beef carcasses). Significance and Impact of the Study: The twofold dilution method recovered significantly higher numbers of heat-injured coliforms compared to conventional plating methods (P < 0.05). C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Siragusa, GR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, 950 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 18 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-8254 J9 LETT APPL MICROBIOL JI Lett. Appl. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 33 IS 3 BP 232 EP 236 DI 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2001.00988.x PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 469CX UT WOS:000170797000013 PM 11555210 ER PT J AU Lapillonne, A Carlson, SE AF Lapillonne, A Carlson, SE TI Polyunsaturated fatty acids and infant growth SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; FULL-TERM INFANTS; DIETARY FISH-OIL; FED BREAST-MILK; 1ST YEAR GROWTH; LONG-CHAIN N-3; PRETERM INFANTS; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; ARACHIDONIC-ACID; VISUAL-ACUITY AB Because of the rapid rate of growth during infancy, and the potentially deleterious effect of differences in the availability of dietary essential nutrients, growth is an important outcome variable in any study assessing a diet designed for infants. Nearly 10 yr after the first demonstration of reduced growth in preterm infants fed a fish oil-enriched formula, there is very little additional information to confirm or refute the finding that long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) intake can modulate growth in infants. To evaluate the issue of a possible relationship between PUFA intake and growth of infants, we reviewed a total of 32 randomized studies, 13 in preterm infants and 19 in term infants. From the data published to date, it seems clear that long-chain n-3 fatty acids can reduce growth achievement in preterm and term infants under some experimental conditions. However, the effect of n-3 PUFA supplementation on the growth of preterm and term infants appears to be minimal and of questionable clinical and/or physiologic relevance. Nonetheless, n-3 fatty acids have an effect on gene transcription, at least in some species, and this finding may provide important clues to the mechanism by which n-3 and n-6 fatty acids regulate growth. C1 Univ Kansas, Med Ctr, Dept Nutr & Dietet, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA. Univ Kansas, Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA. USDA ARS, Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX USA. RP Carlson, SE (reprint author), Univ Kansas, Med Ctr, Dept Nutr & Dietet, 4019 Delp,3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD-02528] NR 58 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD SEP PY 2001 VL 36 IS 9 BP 901 EP 911 DI 10.1007/s11745-001-0800-y PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 492RF UT WOS:000172180800005 PM 11724462 ER PT J AU Chakravarthy, MV Fiorotto, ML Schwartz, RJ Booth, FW AF Chakravarthy, MV Fiorotto, ML Schwartz, RJ Booth, FW TI Long-term insulin-like growth factor-I expression in skeletal muscles attenuates the enhanced in vitro proliferation ability of the resident satellite cells in transgenic mice SO MECHANISMS OF AGEING AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE aging; IGF-I; stem cells; replicative senescence; growth factors ID REPLICATIVE LIFE-SPAN; AGE-RELATED DECLINE; TUMOR SUPPRESSION; GENE-THERAPY; REGENERATION; HYPERTROPHY; MOUSE; FIBROBLASTS; RESISTANCE; P27(KIP1) AB Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) overexpression for 1-month in mouse skeletal muscle increases satellite cell proliferation potential. However, it is unknown whether this beneficial enhancement by IGF-I expression would persist over a longer-term duration in aged mice. This is an important issue to address if a prolonged course of IGF-I is to be used clinically in muscle-wasting conditions where satellite cells may become limiting. Using the IGF-I transgenic (IGF-I Tg) mouse that selectively expresses the IGF-I transgene in striated muscles, we found that 18-months of continuous IGF-I overexpression led to a loss in the enhanced in vitro proliferative capacity of satellite cells from Tg skeletal muscles. Also 18-month-old IGF-I Tg satellite cells lost the enhanced BrdU incorporation, greater pRb and Akt phosphorylations, and decreased p27(Kip1) levels initially observed in cells from 1-month-old IGF-I Tg mice. The levels of those biochemical markers reverted to similar values seen in the 18-months WT littermates. These findings, therefore, suggest that there is no further beneficial effect on enhancing satellite cell proliferation ability with persistent long-term expression of IGF-I in skeletal muscles of these transgenic mice. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Texas, Sch Med, Dept Integrat Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Cell Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Vet Biomed Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Physiol, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Dalton Cardiovasc Inst, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Booth, FW (reprint author), Univ Texas, Sch Med, Dept Integrat Biol, 6431 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RI Wilkinson, Stuart/C-2802-2013 FU NIA NIH HHS [AG18780]; NIAMS NIH HHS [AR 19393] NR 43 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0047-6374 J9 MECH AGEING DEV JI Mech. Ageing Dev. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 122 IS 12 BP 1303 EP 1320 DI 10.1016/S0047-6374(01)00263-9 PG 18 WC Cell Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Cell Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 452WE UT WOS:000169882000007 PM 11438121 ER PT J AU Cepeda-Palacios, R Monroy, A Mendoza, MA Scholl, PJ AF Cepeda-Palacios, R Monroy, A Mendoza, MA Scholl, PJ TI Testicular maturation in the sheep bot fly Oestrus ovis SO MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Oestrus ovis; Diptera; gonads; male; reproduction; spermatogenesis ID ESTRUS-OVIS; OESTRIDAE; DIPTERA AB The process of testicular maturation in relation to intrapuparial development was studied in the sheep nasal bot fly, Oestrus ovis L. (Diptera: Oestridae). After formation of the puparium. during larval-pupal apolysis and the cryptocephalic pupal stage (approximate to 24-72 h), spermatogonia had undergone mitotic divisions and sperm cysts had been formed. Five days after pupariation, spermatogonia transformed into primary spermatocytes during the phanerocephalic pupal stage, and secondary spermatocytes first appeared during the pupal-adult apolysis. Secondary spermatocytes began undergoing the second meiotic division by day 8 (transparent-eye pharate adult stage). By days 9 and 10, round spermatids were present and began to elongate by day 11. By day 12, the first bundles of tailed spermatozoa had appeared. By day 15 (the yellow-orange eye pharate adult stage), round, elongated, tailed and bundled spermatids. were predominant and by day 17 differentiating spermatids occupied nearly 35% of the testicular cavity, and 60% was occupied by free sperm, By day 21 (the red-brown eye pharate adult stage), spermatozoa colonized the seminal vesicle. At emergence (approximate to day 22), a complement of free sperm occupied the testis and the seminal vesicle, but groups of developing cells frequently remained in certain zones. Spermatogenesis was carried out after pupariation and spermiogenesis occurred during the pharate adult stage. After emergence, males possessed fully formed spermatozoa ready for ejaculation. C1 Univ Autonoma Baja Calif, Dept Zootecnia, La Paz, Mexico. ARS, USDA, MLIRU, Lincoln, NE USA. RP Cepeda-Palacios, R (reprint author), Priv Del barro 114 & Blvd Colosio,Col Las Garzas, La Paz 23070, Baja Calif Sur, Mexico. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-283X J9 MED VET ENTOMOL JI Med. Vet. Entomol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 15 IS 3 BP 275 EP 280 DI 10.1046/j.0269-283x.2001.00315.x PG 6 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 474VM UT WOS:000171127600006 PM 11583444 ER PT J AU Lawrence, SD Novak, NG AF Lawrence, SD Novak, NG TI A rapid method for the production and characterization of recombinant insecticidal proteins in plants SO MOLECULAR BREEDING LA English DT Article DE Bt endotoxin; proteinase inhibitor; PVX; wound-induced ID POTATO-VIRUS-X; BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; CONFERS RESISTANCE; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; GENE-EXPRESSION; INHIBITORS; TOBACCO; TRYPSIN AB Development and evaluation of transgenic plants containing genes that confer insecticidal activity can be a labor-intensive and time-consuming process. Transformed plants require months of growth before they can be analyzed. Transient gene expression by plant viral vectors offers an alternative. Using this approach, infected plants can be screened after only two weeks. Genes coding for the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry1Ac toxin and a wound-induced (Kunitz-type) proteinase inhibitor from poplar (WIN3) were introduced into a potato virus X (PVX) expression vector, pPC2S. Infectious full-length RNA transcripts synthesized in vitro or infectious viral particles were used to inoculate plants. Western blots demonstrate expression of the proteins in Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Rutgers and Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Fluorescence microscopy was also used to monitor EGFP expression. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the PVX expression system, N. benthamiana expressing Cry1Ac or WIN3 was used and growth of Heliothis virescens, tobacco budworm was assayed. Leaves that expressed Cry1Ac were almost completely resistant to larval feeding. Tobacco budworm fed on leaves expressing WIN3 grew to only 77% of the weight of insects fed with leaves expressing PVX alone. These results illustrate that the PVX expression system allows rapid and reliable production of recombinant plant material for characterization of insecticidal genes in insect bioassays. C1 ARS, USDA, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lawrence, SD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Insect Biocontrol Lab, BARC W,Bldg 011A,Room 214, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 23 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1380-3743 EI 1572-9788 J9 MOL BREEDING JI Mol. Breed. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 8 IS 2 BP 139 EP 146 DI 10.1023/A:1013356724295 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 506LU UT WOS:000172974700004 ER PT J AU Prusky, D McEvoy, JL Leverentz, B Conway, WS AF Prusky, D McEvoy, JL Leverentz, B Conway, WS TI Local modulation of host pH by Colletotrichum species as a mechanism to increase virulence SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article ID FUNGUS MAGNAPORTHE-GRISEA; PACC TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; AMBIENT PH; AVOCADO FRUITS; PECTATE LYASE; METARHIZIUM-ANISOPLIAE; ASPERGILLUS-NIDULANS; MAJOR DETERMINANT; CANDIDA-ALBICANS; GENE-EXPRESSION AB The phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides produces one pectate lyase (PL) that is a key virulence factor in disease development. During growth of C. gloeosporioides, Colletotrichum acutatum, and Colletotrichum coccodes in acidified yeast extract medium, the fungus secreted ammonia and increased the medium pH. Ammonia accumulation and the consequent pH change increased as a function of initial pH and buffer capacity of the medium. PL secretion by C gloeosporioides correspondingly increased as the pH of the medium increased. The C. gloeosporioides pelB gene-disrupted mutant was able to increase ammonia accumulation and pH of the media similarly to the wild-type isolate. C. gloeosporioides in avocado, C coccodes in tomato, and C acutatum in apple showed ammonia accumulation in the infected area where pH increased to 7.5 to 8 and PL activity is optima. In nonhost interactions where C gloeosporioides was inoculated in apples, the addition of ammonia-releasing compounds significantly enhanced pathogenicity to levels similar to those caused by the compatible C acutatum-apple interaction. The results therefore suggest the importance of ammonia secretion as a virulence factor, enhancing environmental pH and pathogenicity of the Colletotrichum species. C1 ARS, Produce Qual & Safety Lab, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Inst Technol & Storage Agr Prod, Dept Postharvest Sci Fresh Produce, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. RP Prusky, D (reprint author), ARS, Produce Qual & Safety Lab, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 35 TC 93 Z9 101 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 14 IS 9 BP 1105 EP 1113 DI 10.1094/MPMI.2001.14.9.1105 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 466NB UT WOS:000170650700008 PM 11551075 ER PT J AU Kilmer, DD Aitkens, SG Wright, NC McCrory, MA AF Kilmer, DD Aitkens, SG Wright, NC McCrory, MA TI Response to high-intensity eccentric muscle contractions in persons with myopathic disease SO MUSCLE & NERVE LA English DT Article DE eccentric contractions; exercise; muscular dystrophy; myopathy; neuromuscular disease ID PROGRESSIVE NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE; RESISTANCE EXERCISE PROGRAM; MUSCULAR-DYSTROPHY; LENGTHENING CONTRACTIONS; IN-VIVO; DAMAGE; DISORDERS; REHABILITATION; SPECTROSCOPY; WEAKNESS AB Although the response to intense eccentric muscle contractions is well described in normal subjects, concern exists about possible untoward effects in persons with myopathic diseases. We investigated 14 subjects with slowly progressive muscular dystrophies including myotonic muscular dystrophy (n = 9), facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (n = 2), limb-girdle syndrome (n = 2), and Becker muscular dystrophy (n = 1). Control subjects consisted of 18 able-bodied persons. Subjects performed two sets of eight maximal-effort eccentric repetitions of the elbow flexors, with measurement of maximal concentric strength, serum creatine kinase, resting and flexed arm angle, arm circumference, and soreness at days 0, 3, and 7. Although the myopathic group had less initial strength, both groups demonstrated a similar response to the protocol over 7 days. Both groups had a significant rise in serum creatine kinase, which was still elevated at 7 days (P < 0.05). The control group demonstrated a slightly greater injury response in terms of soreness, resting and flexed arm angles, and arm swelling. Both groups of subjects appeared to respond similarly to an acute bout of eccentric contractions. However, the potential long-term effects of this type of exercise in persons with myopathic diseases remains unknown. (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Sch Med, Dept Phys Med & Rehabil, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Kilmer, DD (reprint author), Dept Phys Med & Rehabil, 4860 Y St,Suite 3850, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA. EM ddkilmer@ucdavis.edu FU PHS HHS [H133B30026, H133B980008] NR 38 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0148-639X J9 MUSCLE NERVE JI Muscle Nerve PD SEP PY 2001 VL 24 IS 9 BP 1181 EP 1187 DI 10.1002/mus.1130 PG 7 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 464PG UT WOS:000170540500009 PM 11494271 ER PT J AU Plewa, MJ Berkhow, MA Vaughn, SF Woods, EJ Rundell, M Naschansky, K Bartolini, S Wagner, ED AF Plewa, MJ Berkhow, MA Vaughn, SF Woods, EJ Rundell, M Naschansky, K Bartolini, S Wagner, ED TI Isolating antigenotoxic components and cancer cell growth suppressors from agricultural by-products SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE soybean; corn (Zea mays); chemoprotectant; comet assay; single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE); phytochemical ID HAMSTER OVARY CELLS; IN-VIVO DATA; GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; TOPOISOMERASE-II; FLOW-CYTOMETRY; ANTIMUTAGENIC ACTIVITY; PHYTOESTROGENS; INDUCTION; GENISTEIN; VITRO AB Commercial processing wastes or by-products of crops were found to be sources of antimutagens and human tumor cell growth suppressors. We developed a microplate method to measure genomic DNA damage in Chinese hamster ovary cells with a modified single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay. This allowed us to measure the repression of 2-acetoxyacetylamino-fluorene (2AAAF)-induced DNA damage by very small amounts of complex mixtures, fractions or individual chemicals isolated from agricultural by-products. We previously demonstrated that PCC, an ethanol extract of a commercial soybean processing by-product, repressed induced genomic DNA damage in mammalian cells. PCC was separated into a series of chemically defined fractions and two fractions (PCC70 and PCC100) repressed mutagen-induced damage. Of the isoflavones isolated from soybean fraction PCC70, daidzein expressed antigenotoxic activity, however, genistin and genistein enhanced DNA damage. An antigenotoxic response also was observed with a fraction isolated from com distillate solids (CDS40). We developed a microplate assay to measure the suppression of the growth rate of human cancer cells in which the cytostatic/cytotoxic status at each concentration of the test sample was quantitatively determined. Genistein, genistin, daidzein and daidzin isolated from soybean fraction PCC70 expressed a wide range of growth suppression of HT-29 human colon cancer cells. The biological assays were integrated with, and directed, the separation and analytical chemistry component of this project. Compounds were purified from biologically active fractions and the structure of individual chemicals was determined with analytical HPLC and LC-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS). This research may lead to the isolation of novel chemoprotectants from agronomic commercial processing products and by-products. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Coll Agr Consumer & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Plewa, MJ (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Coll Agr Consumer & Environm Sci, 364 NSRC MC-635,1011 W Peabody Dr, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 25 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD SEP 1 PY 2001 VL 480 SI SI BP 109 EP 120 DI 10.1016/S0027-5107(01)00174-9 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 467AK UT WOS:000170678200011 PM 11506804 ER PT J AU Czederpiltz, DLL Volk, TJ Burdsall, HH AF Czederpiltz, DLL Volk, TJ Burdsall, HH TI Field observations and inoculation experiments to determine the nature of the carpophoroids associated with Entoloma abortivum and Armillaria SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Aborted Entoloma; Abortive Entoloma; agaric; basidiomycete; biological control; fungi; fungicolous; mycoparasitism AB Carpophoroids traditionally attributed to Entoloma abortivum ("Aborted Entolomas") represent malformed Armillaria fruiting bodies permeated by E. abortivum hyphae, as shown by our field observations and preliminary laboratory work. This contradicts the generally accepted hypothesis that carpophoroids are E. abortivum fruiting bodies colonized by Armillaria. Carpophoroids possess many of the structural characteristics of Armillaria fruiting bodies, including growth and development from rhizomorphs and the production of Armillaria-like spores on basidia. Our inoculation experiments demonstrate the ability of E. abortivum to abort the development of A. tabescens fruiting structures in vitro. In rare instances the introduction of E. abortivum disrupts A. tabescens fruiting structures to the point where they macroscopically resemble immature carpophoroids as observed in nature. If E. abortivum is a parasite of Armillaria species under natural conditions, E. abortivum may contribute to the regulation of Armillaria populations and could be investigated as a candidate for the biological control of destructive Armillaria species. We recommend "Abortive Entoloma" be used as the common name for E. abortivum. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, Russell Labs, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol, La Crosse, WI 54601 USA. US Forest Serv, Ctr Forest Mycol Res, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Czederpiltz, DLL (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, Russell Labs, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 43 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 93 IS 5 BP 841 EP 851 DI 10.2307/3761750 PG 11 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 479PP UT WOS:000171413000004 ER PT J AU Nielsen, C Sommer, C Eilenberg, J Hansen, KS Humber, RA AF Nielsen, C Sommer, C Eilenberg, J Hansen, KS Humber, RA TI Characterization of aphid pathogenic species in the genus Pandora by PCR techniques and digital image analysis SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Aphididae; Entomophthorales; Erynia s.l.; fungal entomopathogens; ITS; morphology; RAPD ID ERYNIA-NEOAPHIDIS; CEREAL APHIDS; RAPD-PCR; ENTOMOPHTHORALES; FUNGI; IDENTIFICATION; CLASSIFICATION AB Twenty-eight isolates of the insect pathogenic fungus genus Pandora Humber derived from various geographical locations and insect hosts were studied in order to examine both genotypic as well as phenotypic variation. We included sixteen Pandora neoaphidis, two Pandora nouryi, three Pandora kondoiensis, one Pandora bullata and six Pandora delphacis isolates in the study. The sizes of ITS bands and RAPD-PCR patterns were used to investigate the genotypic variations. For phenotypic characterization the length and width of the primary conidia were measured and the size and shape of the conidia were quantified in digital images. The size of ITS divided Pandora isolates from Aphididae into the following four groups: (i) all P. neoaphidis isolates, (ii) two isolates of P. kondoiesis including the ex-neotype, (iii) one isolate of P. nouryi and (iv) one isolate of P. kondoiesis and one isolate of P. nouryi. The analysis of RAPD data fully supported the groupings obtained for the ITS lengths. The RAPD technique was able to distinguish between all isolates except those isolated from the same epizootic. It was shown that, among the P. neoaphidis isolates, a correlation between RAPD-PCR profile and geographical origin of the isolate was present while no correlation between host species and profile was seen. The analysis of digital images was here employed for the first time for entomopathogenic fungi. The digital image analysis supported at a quantitative level the original descriptions of P. neoaphidis and P. delphacis primary conidia as ovoid to ellipsoidal whereas the primary conidia of P. nouryi and P. kondoiensis are ovoid. Within these two clusters information on host insect species is important for distinguishing fungal species. Thus, by combining digital image analysis and information on host insect species the results agreed with the genetic analysis. C1 Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Dept Ecol, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. USDA ARS, Plant Protect Res Unit, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Nielsen, C (reprint author), Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Dept Ecol, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. RI Eilenberg, Jorgen/F-7444-2014 OI Eilenberg, Jorgen/0000-0002-9273-5252 NR 33 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 11 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 93 IS 5 BP 864 EP 874 DI 10.2307/3761752 PG 11 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 479PP UT WOS:000171413000006 ER PT J AU Goodwin, SB Zismann, VL AF Goodwin, SB Zismann, VL TI Phylogenetic analyses of the ITS region of ribosomal DNA reveal that Septoria passerinii from barley is closely related to the wheat pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Dothideales; ITS1; ITS2; Pleosporales; 5.8S ribosomal DNA; Septoria tritici; speckled leaf blotch ID DOTHIDEACEOUS BLACK YEASTS; SEQUENCES; PHAEOSPHAERIA; LEPTOSPHAERIA; TAXONOMY; AVENAE; FUNGUS AB Septoria passerinii, a mitosporic ascomycete, causes speckled leaf blotch of barley. Although this fungus has been known to science for more than 120 yr, no teleomorph has been found and its phylogenetic relationships are not known. On the basis of spore morphology and growth characteristics in culture, S. passerinii appears similar to Septoria tritici, the anamorph of the wheat pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola. To test the hypothesis that S. passerinii and M. graminicola are closely related, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (ITS1, ITS2 and the intervening 5.8S rRNA gene) of both species was sequenced and compared to those of many other fungi in the Dothideales and Pleosporales of the Loculoascomycetes. Two ITS sequences were identified among seven isolates of S. passerinii. Six isolates from cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare) shared the same 569 base-pair sequence. One isolate from the wild barley H. jubatum had a 569 base-pair sequence that differed from the first sequence by seven nucleo tides. The ITS sequence of M. graminicola differed from those of both forms of S. passerinii by 10 nucleotides. These differences were large enough that all three ITS sequences could be distinguished by restriction enzyme digestion of polymerase chain reaction-amplified products. Cluster analyses revealed that both forms of S. passerinii were closely related to M. graminicola and were contained within a large, monophyletic group of Mycosphaerella species. This confirms that the teleomorph of S. passerinii, if it exists, must be a Mycosphaerella. Furthermore, the isolate from H. jubatum probably represents a new, undescribed species that is separated from S. passerinii by host specificity. Our analysis also revealed the phylogenetic relationships of the halophilic black yeasts Trimmatostroma salinum and Phaeotheca triangularis within Mycosphaerella and of Rhizopycnis vagum within the Pleosporales. The Pleosporalean genera Leptosphaeria and Phaeosphaeria were apparently polyphyletic, as were most of the anamorph genera in both the Pleosporales and Dothideales. Pathogenicity to the same host occurred in phylogenetically distinct species, indicating convergent evolution for host specificity. Large differences in size of the ITS1 region made alignment difficult; within the Dothideales and Pleosporales, the best phylogenetic analyses were obtained with ITS2 sequences. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Crop & Pest Control Res Unit, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Goodwin, SB (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Crop & Pest Control Res Unit, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, 1155 Lilly Hall, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 39 TC 22 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 7 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 93 IS 5 BP 934 EP 946 DI 10.2307/3761758 PG 13 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 479PP UT WOS:000171413000012 ER PT J AU Farr, DR Rossman, AY AF Farr, DR Rossman, AY TI Harknessia lythri, a new species on purple loosestrife SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE coelomycetes; Harknessia eucalypti; Lythraceae; Lythrum; pycnidia AB Purple loosestrife is an introduced plant that has escaped from cultivation to become a noxious weed and is spreading rapidly throughout North America. A fungus that attacks purple loosestrife and may have potential for its biological control is described and illustrated as a new species in the coelomycetous genus Harknessia. This new species, Harknessia lythri, has dark-brown, unicellular conidia with 2-7 widely spaced, narrow, longitudinal slits. Conidiogenesis in both H. eucalypti, type of the genus, and H. lythri is determined to be holoblastic with 1-2 annellides developing on each conidiogenous cell. C1 ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Farr, DR (reprint author), ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 12 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 93 IS 5 BP 997 EP 1001 DI 10.2307/3761762 PG 5 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 479PP UT WOS:000171413000016 ER PT J AU Barrow, JR Aaltonen, RE AF Barrow, JR Aaltonen, RE TI Evaluation of the internal colonization of Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. roots by dark septate fungi and the influence of host physiological activity SO MYCORRHIZA LA English DT Article DE endophyte; lipid; method; mycorrhiza; fungus stain ID ARBUSCULAR-MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; ENDOPHYTES; MICROSCOPY; INFECTION AB Dark septate (DS) fungal endophytes are the primary root colonizers of fourwing saltbush, Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt, a dominant and ecologically important shrub in southwestern USA rangelands. These fungi are characteristically identified as stained or pigmented hyphae and microsclerotia in the root cortex using conventional fungus staining methods. A. canescens roots colonized by DS fungi were stained with sudan IV and analyzed with differential interference microscopy. This method revealed substantial internal colonization of the cortex and vascular cylinder by vacuolated hyaline hyphae that were not evident when stained with trypan blue. Hyaline hyphae were internal extensions of melanized DS hyphae and microsclerotia. Sudan IV intensely stained lipids in fungal vacuoles, further enhancing visibility of internal hyaline hyphae. Melanized hyphae and microsclerotia were more abundant in roots sampled from dormant and relatively inactive plants, while hyaline hyphae and lipid accumulation were most prevalent in roots of physiologically active plants. The polymorphic nature of DS fungal endophytes, their dynamic response to metabolic activity, and their similarities and differences relative to aseptate fungal colonization in A. canescens roots are discussed. C1 New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Barrow, JR (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, POB 30003,MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 24 TC 63 Z9 72 U1 4 U2 14 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0940-6360 J9 MYCORRHIZA JI Mycorrhiza PD SEP PY 2001 VL 11 IS 4 BP 199 EP 205 PG 7 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 476WF UT WOS:000171251200004 ER PT J AU Neumann, P Pirk, CWW Hepburn, HR Solbrig, AJ Ratnieks, FLW Elzen, PJ Baxter, JR AF Neumann, P Pirk, CWW Hepburn, HR Solbrig, AJ Ratnieks, FLW Elzen, PJ Baxter, JR TI Social encapsulation of beetle parasites by Cape honeybee colonies (Apis mellifera capensis Esch.) (vol 88, pg 214, 2001) SO NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN LA English DT Correction C1 Univ Halle Wittenberg, Inst Zool Mol Okol, D-06099 Halle Saale, Germany. Rhodes Univ, Dept Zool & Entomol, ZA-6140 Grahamstown, South Africa. Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England. USDA, Kika de la Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Neumann, P (reprint author), Univ Halle Wittenberg, Inst Zool Mol Okol, Krollwitzerstr 44, D-06099 Halle Saale, Germany. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0028-1042 J9 NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN JI Naturwissenschaften PD SEP PY 2001 VL 88 IS 9 BP 400 EP 400 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 478CP UT WOS:000171325600007 ER PT J AU Jung, HG Engels, FM AF Jung, HG Engels, FM TI Alfalfa stem tissues: rate and extent of cell-wall thinning during ruminal degradation SO NETHERLANDS JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE alfalfa; cell wall; degradation; Medicago sativa L.; stem tissue ID ACCESSIBILITY; DIGESTION; FORAGE; GRASS; RUMEN; MAIZE AB Alfalfa stem internodes of advanced maturity were used to examine the variability among tissues for rate and extent of cell-wall degradation by rumen microorganisms, Thin sections (100 mum) were incubated with rumen fluid in vitro for 0, 2, 4 8, 16, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. The degradation of tissue cell walls was evaluated for each fermentation time interval against a nondegraded mirror control section by light microscopy. Cell-wall thickness of alfalfa stem tissues was measured using scanning electron microscopy for both control and fermented sections. Rate and extent of cell-wall degradation were calculated from these measurements. Non-lignified epidermis, collenchyma, chlorenchyma, cambium and primary xylem parenchyma were rapidly and completely degraded within the first 8 h of fermentation. Rates of degradation ranged from 0.04 mum h(-1) for thin-walled (0.29 mum) primary xylem parenchyma tissue to 0. 11 mum h(-1) for thick-walled (0.90 mum) collenchyma tissue. The non-lignified secondary wall (1.70 mum) of the primary phloem fibres required 24 h for complete degradation. Cell walls of some lignified tissues (e.g. pith parenchyma and secondary xylem fibres) were only partially degradable (9.1 to 65.5%) even after 96 h of fermentation. The primary and secondary xylem vessels appeared to be completely nondegradable. The observed rates of cell-wall degradation for nonlignified alfalfa stem tissues were two to five times faster than previously estimated for nonlignified grass mesophyll tissue, However, extent of degradation for the lignified tissues of alfalfa stems was less than reported for lignified grass stem sclerenchyma. These differences in cell-wall degradation characteristics among tissues within alfalfa and compared to grasses are probably related to cell-wall lignification and polysaccharide composition of individual tissues. C1 USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. US Dairy Forage Res Ctr Cluster, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Dept Plant Sci, NL-6700 AK Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Jung, HG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, 411 Borlaug Hall,1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 13 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 7 PU ROYAL NETHERLANDS SOC AGR SCI PI WAGENINGEN PA POSTBOX 79, 6700 WAGENINGEN, NETHERLANDS SN 0028-2928 J9 NETH J AGR SCI JI Neth. J. Agric. Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 49 IS 1 BP 3 EP 13 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 493RZ UT WOS:000172238400002 ER PT J AU Bayrakci, R Carey, AB Wilson, TM AF Bayrakci, R Carey, AB Wilson, TM TI Current status of the western gray squirrel population in the Puget Trough, Washington SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB The Puget Trough population of Washington's state-threatened western gray squirrel is centered in Oregon white oak ecotones adjacent to conifer forests and prairies on the Fort Lewis Military Reservation. Our goal was to determine the current status of western gray squirrels in this region. In 1998, we found five western gray squirrels in 538 hours of foot surveys in 133 oak sites. In 1999, we expanded our survey effort and included surveys on foot, surveys with simulated squirrel calls, Eve trapping, and bait stations with motion-sensitive cameras. No western gray squirrels were detected in any oak sites in 1999. One western gray squirrel was photographed in a ponderosa pine stand adjacent to oaks. The western gray squirrel population on Fort Lewis appears to have declined severely since low population numbers were reported in 1992-1993. Our ability to formulate mutually exclusive hypotheses underlying the decline of the western gray squirrel on Fort Lewis is limited by our lack of understanding of how these squirrels persist in highly-fragmented oak ecotones. Without intervention, however, the continued existence of this species in the Puget Trough may be doubtful. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. RP Wilson, TM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3625 93rd Ave SW, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. NR 23 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 4 U2 14 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD FAL PY 2001 VL 75 IS 4 BP 333 EP 341 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 505BX UT WOS:000172892300001 ER PT J AU Wilson, SM Carey, AB AF Wilson, SM Carey, AB TI Small mammals in oak woodlands in the Puget Trough, Washington SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FORT-LEWIS; POPULATION; HABITAT; FOREST; CONSERVATION; SHREWS; VOLES; SOREX; MICE AB we surveyed the 22 largest sites dominated by Oregon white oaks on the Fort Lewis Military Reservation, Washington, to determine small-mammal community structure and population abundances. Study areas were in the Puget Trough physiographic province and western hemlock vegetation zone. Most oak communities were ecotonal between prairie and Douglas-fir forest. Small mammals were sampled at each site using paired lines of live traps for four nights, July and August 1999. In order of decreasing abundance, the deer mouse, vagrant shrew, Trowbridge's shrew, and creeping vote were the most abundant and widespread species. The dusky shrew and the southern red-backed vole were infrequently captured in oak ecotones but were abundant in nearby second-growth Douglas-fir forest. The relative influences of prairie versus Douglas-fir forest on oak ecotones determined understory plant composition and occurrences of small mammal species. The combination of abundant vagrant shrews and few dusky shrews in oak ecotones suggest that soil food webs and organic matter accumulation differed between oak ecotones and Douglas-fir forest. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. RP Carey, AB (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, 3625 93rd Ave SW, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. EM acarey@fs.fed.us NR 45 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 9 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD FAL PY 2001 VL 75 IS 4 BP 342 EP 349 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 505BX UT WOS:000172892300002 ER PT J AU Haggard, M Gaines, WL AF Haggard, M Gaines, WL TI Effects of stand-replacement fire and salvage logging on a cavity-nesting bird community in eastern Cascades, Washington SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FORESTS; AVAILABILITY; POPULATIONS; SELECTION; SNAGS AB We monitored the response of cavity-nesting species to three snag density treatments (high = 37-80 snags/ha, medium = 15-35 snags/ha, and low = 0-12 snags/ha) during two breeding seasons 4-5 yr post-fire and logging in Douglas-fir-ponderosa pine. forests in the eastern Cascades, Washington. Snag surveys were used to describe habitat, and both breeding bird surveys and nest surveys were used to characterize the bird community. Stands with the medium snag density treatment had the highest abundance, species richness, and nesting population of cavity nesters. The reasons for this may be: 1) snags were not evenly distributed within a stand such that both clumped and dispersed snag density habitats were interspersed in this treatment, and 2) a greater proportion of ponderosa pine snags in medium density treatments may have attracted species that prefer ponderosa pine for nesting and foraging. Ponderosa pine was preferred for nest sites and large snags (> 48 cm dbh) provided nesting habitat for more species than smaller snags. However, smaller snags were used for nesting and foraging by some species. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Leavenworth Ranger Dist, Leavenworth, WA 98826 USA. RP Gaines, WL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Wenatchee Natl Forest, 215 Melody Lane, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 33 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 8 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD FAL PY 2001 VL 75 IS 4 BP 387 EP 396 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 505BX UT WOS:000172892300007 ER PT J AU Milne, DB Davis, CD Nielsen, FH AF Milne, DB Davis, CD Nielsen, FH TI Low dietary zinc alters indices of copper function and status in postmenopausal women SO NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Nutritional-Sciences CY APR 17-21, 1999 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Amer Soc Nutr Sci DE copper; ceruloplasmin; cytochrome c oxidase; superoxide dismutase; cholesterol; zinc; trace elements ID DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN-CHOLESTEROL; ADULT WHITE MALES; SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; STATUS INDICATORS; YOUNG MEN; SUPPLEMENTATION; BLOOD; METALLOTHIONEIN; ABSORPTION; ELEMENTS AB OBJECTIVES: To better define the relationship between dietary zinc and copper for humans so that sound recommendations for intakes of these elements can be made. METHODS: A study was conducted to ascertain the effect of moderately excessive and deficient intakes of zinc on copper metabolism and use in humans fed low and luxuriant amounts of copper. Twenty-one postmenopausal women housed in a metabolic unit completed the study as designed. After a 10-d equilibration period in which they were fed a diet providing 31.5 mu mol (2 mg) Cu and 91.8 mu mol (9 mg) Zn/8.4 MJ (2000 kcal), the women were divided into two groups. One group was fed a diet containing 15.7 mu mol (1 mg) Cu/8.4 MJ (2000 kcal), and the other group was fed a diet containing 47.2 mu mol (3 mg) Cu/8.4 MJ (2000 kcal). After equilibration, both groups were fed the basal diet providing 45.9 mu mol (3 mg) Zn/8.4 MJ (2000 kcal) for 90 d; this was followed by another 10-d equilibration period before dietary zinc was increased to 811 mu mol (53 mg)/8.4 MJ (2000 kcal) for 90 d: RESULTS: The women were in positive copper balance only when the diet provided 47.2 mu mol (3 mg) Cu and 811 mu mol (53 mg) Zn/d. Immunoreactive ceruloplasmin concentrations and platelet cytochrome-c oxidase activity on a platelet number basis were significantly lower and the ratio between enzymatic and immunoreactive ceruloplasmin was significantly higher during low dietary than during high dietary zinc intake. Serum cholesterol was higher in subjects fed 15.7 mu mol. (1 mg) Cu/d than in those fed 47.2 mu mol (3 mg) Cu/d. Total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations decreased with zinc supplementation. Whole-blood glutathione concentration and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity were lower during high than during low dietary zinc intake. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that an inadequate intake of zinc (45.9 mu mol/d; 3 mg/d) was more effective than a moderately high intake of zinc (811 mu mol/d; 53 mg/d) in inducing changes associated with a decreased copper status in postmenopausal women. Furthermore, the findings indicate that copper status indicators might be useful in evaluating changes in zinc status in humans; and an intake of 15.7 mu mol (1 mg)/d of copper may be inadequate for postmenopausal women. Nutrition 2001;17:701-708. (C) Elsevier Science Inc. 2001. C1 ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Nielsen, FH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, POB 9034, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 33 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0899-9007 J9 NUTRITION JI Nutrition PD SEP PY 2001 VL 17 IS 9 BP 701 EP 708 DI 10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00560-3 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 468JV UT WOS:000170755100001 PM 11527655 ER PT J AU Choi, SW Friso, S AF Choi, SW Friso, S TI Is it worthwhile to try different coenzymatic forms of folate in future chemoprevention trials? SO NUTRITION LA English DT Editorial Material ID METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE GENE; DNA HYPOMETHYLATION; ULCERATIVE-COLITIS; CELL-KINETICS; RECTAL MUCOSA; FOLIC-ACID; CANCER; RISK; POLYMORPHISM; COLON C1 Tufts Univ, Vitamin Metab Lab, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Choi, SW (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Vitamin Metab Lab, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0899-9007 J9 NUTRITION JI Nutrition PD SEP PY 2001 VL 17 IS 9 BP 738 EP 739 DI 10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00619-0 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 468JV UT WOS:000170755100012 PM 11527666 ER PT J AU Godwin, S McGuire, B Chambers, E McDowell, M Cleveland, L Edwards-Perry, E Ingwersen, L AF Godwin, S McGuire, B Chambers, E McDowell, M Cleveland, L Edwards-Perry, E Ingwersen, L TI Evaluation of portion size estimation aids used for meat in dietary surveys SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE meats; portion estimation; estimation error; PSEA; NHANES; CSFII ID ENERGY-INTAKE; VALIDITY; ADULTS AB In three studies, individuals used various PSEAs (bean bag, peg board, ruler, sausage diagram, and size grid) to estimate portion sizes for three different categories of meat (intact cuts of meat, ribs, and link-type sausages). For intact cuts of meat, individuals generally were able to estimate length and width accurately, but had more difficulty estimating thickness regardless of the PSEA used. For ribs, while no PSEA provided an average estimation error less than +40%, a correlation existed between the portion size and average perceived size category (r = +0.89). For link-type sausage portions, a sausage diagram provided average estimations within 15%, decreased the variability of individual errors when compared to a ruler, and was used more frequently than any other PSEA. Results indicate that using PSEAs in conjunction with other estimation strategies for portion estimation is likely to be an effective way to collect consumption data for meats in large-scale dietary surveys. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Human Nutr, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Tennessee State Univ, Dept Family & Consumer Sci, Nashville, TN 37203 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. USDA, Food Surveys Res Grp, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Godwin, S (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Human Nutr, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 21 IS 9 BP 1217 EP 1233 DI 10.1016/S0271-5317(01)00336-0 PG 17 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 489PZ UT WOS:000172001700002 ER PT J AU McDuffie, JR Calis, K Booth, S Uwaifo, GI Yanovski, JA AF McDuffie, JR Calis, K Booth, S Uwaifo, GI Yanovski, JA TI Effect of orlistat on fat-soluble vitamins in obese adolescents SO OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Medford, MA 02155 USA. NIH, Unit Growth & Obes, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIH, Drug Informat Serv, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RI Uwaifo, Gabriel/M-2361-2016 OI Uwaifo, Gabriel/0000-0002-6962-9304 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU NORTH AMER ASSOC STUDY OBESITY PI ROCHESTER PA C/O DR MICHAEL JENSEN, MAYO MEDICAL CENTER, MAYO CLIN 200 FIRST ST, SW, ROCHESTER, MN 55905 USA SN 1071-7323 J9 OBES RES JI Obes. Res. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 9 SU 3 BP 69S EP 69S PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 473YF UT WOS:000171076300067 ER PT J AU Teff, K Elliott, S Townsend, R Keim, NL Havel, PJ AF Teff, K Elliott, S Townsend, R Keim, NL Havel, PJ TI Consuming high fructose meals reduces 24 hour circulating insulin and leptin concentrations and increases subsequent fat intake in women. SO OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Penn, Monell Chem Senses Ctr, GCRC, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Berkeley, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NORTH AMER ASSOC STUDY OBESITY PI ROCHESTER PA C/O DR MICHAEL JENSEN, MAYO MEDICAL CENTER, MAYO CLIN 200 FIRST ST, SW, ROCHESTER, MN 55905 USA SN 1071-7323 J9 OBES RES JI Obes. Res. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 9 SU 3 BP 113S EP 113S PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 473YF UT WOS:000171076300240 ER PT J AU Hoffman, DJ Martins, PA McCrory, MA Roberts, SB Sawaya, AL AF Hoffman, DJ Martins, PA McCrory, MA Roberts, SB Sawaya, AL TI Use of the Body Mass Index to evaluate adiposity in stunted children. SO OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Columbia Univ, St Lukes Roosevelt Hosp Ctr, Obes Res Ctr, New York, NY 10027 USA. Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Tufts Univ, USDA, HNRCA, Medford, MA 02155 USA. RI Martins, Paula/E-7161-2011; Sawaya, Ana/D-3845-2014 OI Martins, Paula/0000-0002-3857-1656; NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NORTH AMER ASSOC STUDY OBESITY PI ROCHESTER PA C/O DR MICHAEL JENSEN, MAYO MEDICAL CENTER, MAYO CLIN 200 FIRST ST, SW, ROCHESTER, MN 55905 USA SN 1071-7323 J9 OBES RES JI Obes. Res. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 9 SU 3 BP 134S EP 134S PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 473YF UT WOS:000171076300322 ER PT J AU Das, SK Saltzman, E Hsu, GLK Wang, J Roberts, SB McCrory, MA AF Das, SK Saltzman, E Hsu, GLK Wang, J Roberts, SB McCrory, MA TI Characterization of body composition and validation of methods in extremely obese women. SO OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Energy Metab Lab, Medford, MA 02155 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU NORTH AMER ASSOC STUDY OBESITY PI ROCHESTER PA C/O DR MICHAEL JENSEN, MAYO MEDICAL CENTER, MAYO CLIN 200 FIRST ST, SW, ROCHESTER, MN 55905 USA SN 1071-7323 J9 OBES RES JI Obes. Res. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 9 SU 3 BP 155S EP 155S PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 473YF UT WOS:000171076300403 ER PT J AU Hoffman, DJ Roberts, SB Boule, NG Martins, PA da Silva, AC Sawaya, AL AF Hoffman, DJ Roberts, SB Boule, NG Martins, PA da Silva, AC Sawaya, AL TI Aerobic fitness of stunted and nonstunted boys and girls living in the shantytowns of Sao Paulo, Brazil. SO OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Columbia Univ, Obes Res Ctr, New York, NY 10027 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, HNRCA, Medford, MA 02155 USA. Univ Laval, Div Kinesiol, Quebec City, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada. Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Sao Paulo, Brazil. RI Martins, Paula/E-7161-2011; Sawaya, Ana/D-3845-2014 OI Martins, Paula/0000-0002-3857-1656; NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NORTH AMER ASSOC STUDY OBESITY PI ROCHESTER PA C/O DR MICHAEL JENSEN, MAYO MEDICAL CENTER, MAYO CLIN 200 FIRST ST, SW, ROCHESTER, MN 55905 USA SN 1071-7323 J9 OBES RES JI Obes. Res. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 9 SU 3 BP 193S EP 193S PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 473YF UT WOS:000171076300552 ER PT J AU Kehayias, JJ Sheahan, CA O'Neill, M AF Kehayias, JJ Sheahan, CA O'Neill, M TI Body composition methodology for assessing the efficacy of pharmaceutical treatments of obesity. SO OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NORTH AMER ASSOC STUDY OBESITY PI ROCHESTER PA C/O DR MICHAEL JENSEN, MAYO MEDICAL CENTER, MAYO CLIN 200 FIRST ST, SW, ROCHESTER, MN 55905 USA SN 1071-7323 J9 OBES RES JI Obes. Res. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 9 SU 3 BP 202S EP 202S PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 473YF UT WOS:000171076300590 ER PT J AU Irwin, ML Ainsworth, BE Conway, JM AF Irwin, ML Ainsworth, BE Conway, JM TI Estimation of energy expenditure from physical activity measures: Determinants of accuracy SO OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE exercise; fitness; body fat; aging; validity; body mass index; doubly labeled water ID DOUBLY LABELED WATER; INDIRECT-CALORIMETRY; RECALL; WOMEN; PARTICIPATION; EXERCISE; MEN AB Objective: To describe the determinants, specifically age, body mass index, percentage of body fat, and physical activity (PA) level, associated with over- and underestimation of energy expenditure (EE) using PA records and the Stanford Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall (7DR) compared with doubly labeled water (DLW). Research Methods and Procedures: We collected PA measures on 24 males eating a controlled diet designed to maintain body weight, and we determined EE from DLW and estimated EE from PA records and 7DR. Results. Absolute differences in the estimation of EE between DLW and PA assessment methods were greater for the 7DR (30.6 +/- 9.9%) than PA records (7.9 +/- 3.2%). In PA records, overestimation of EE was greater with older age and higher body fatness; EE was overestimated by 16.7% among men 50 years and older compared with only 5.3% among men < 40 years of age. For percentage of body fat, EE was overestimated by 19.7% among men with a percentage of body fat greater than or equal to 30% compared with only 5.6% among men with a percentage of body fat < 25%. A trend for less overestimation of EE with higher levels of PA (measured by DLW/basal metabolic rate [BMR]) also was observed in the PA records. In the 7DR, the estimates of EE varied widely and no trends were observed by age, percentage of body fat, and PA levels. Discussion: Estimation of EE from the 7DR is considerably more variable than from PA records. Factors related to age and percentage of body fat influenced the accuracy of estimated EE in the PA record. Additional studies are needed to understand factors related to accurate reporting of PA behaviors, which are used to estimate EE in free-living adults. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Diet & Human Performance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Canc Prevent Res Program, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. Univ S Carolina, Norman J Arnold Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Exercise Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Univ S Carolina, Prevent Res Ctr, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RP Conway, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Diet & Human Performance Lab, Bldg 308,Room 122, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 32 TC 73 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 7 PU NORTH AMER ASSOC STUDY OBESITY PI ROCHESTER PA C/O DR MICHAEL JENSEN, MAYO MEDICAL CENTER, MAYO CLIN 200 FIRST ST, SW, ROCHESTER, MN 55905 USA SN 1071-7323 J9 OBES RES JI Obes. Res. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 9 IS 9 BP 517 EP 525 DI 10.1038/oby.2001.68 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 473XG UT WOS:000171073800002 PM 11557832 ER PT J AU Kim, HS Hausman, GJ Hausman, DB Martin, RJ Dean, RG AF Kim, HS Hausman, GJ Hausman, DB Martin, RJ Dean, RG TI The expression of cyclin D1 during adipogenesis in pig primary stromal-vascular cultures SO OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE cyclin D1; differentiation; stromal-vascular culture; CCAAT/enhancer binding protein; fat cells ID PROTEIN C/EBP-ALPHA; RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN; CELL-CYCLE; THYMIDINE INCORPORATION; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; ECTOPIC EXPRESSION; GROWTH-HORMONE; GENE PROMOTER; BINDING; DIFFERENTIATION AB Objective: Our objective in this study was to measure the expression of cyclin D1 in pig primary stromal-vascular (S-V) cells as they differentiate into adipose cells and to identify which factors may alter cyclin D1 expression. Research Methods and Procedures: Western blot analysis was performed on cultured S-V cells using 8% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, mouse monoclonal cyclin D1 antibody, and anti-mouse IgG secondary labeled with horseradish peroxidase. For immunocytochemistry, cultures were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and incubated with anti-CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/ EBP alpha) and anti-cyclin D1 together. Cyclin D1 expression was evaluated in 105-day fetal dorsal subcutaneous tissues using paraffin sections. Results: Our results with Western blot analysis showed that cyclin D1 was found in freshly isolated S-V cells and continued to be expressed during the first 3 days of adipose cell development with a significant increase in late development at day 9. Elevated cyclin D1 levels were colocalized with C/EBP alpha beginning at day 3 and remained colocalized with C/EBP alpha through day 9. Removing insulin from cultures resulted in a reduction in differentially elevated levels of cyclin D1. Discussion: The elevated level of cyclin D1 expression colocalized with C/EBP alpha expression is unexpected because differentiated adipocytes would be expected to have reduced proliferative potential. The elevated levels of cyclin D1 expression we observed in mature adipocytes depend on insulin. In addition, cyclin D1 is absent from lipid-filled fetal adipose cells in vivo, where insulin levels are very low. The activity of cyclin D1 in differentiated adipocytes may be directed toward proteins outside of the cell cycle. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Foods & Nutr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Anim Physiol Unit, Athens, GA 30613 USA. RP Dean, RG (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD18447] NR 32 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU NORTH AMER ASSOC STUDY OBESITY PI ROCHESTER PA C/O DR MICHAEL JENSEN, MAYO MEDICAL CENTER, MAYO CLIN 200 FIRST ST, SW, ROCHESTER, MN 55905 USA SN 1071-7323 J9 OBES RES JI Obes. Res. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 9 IS 9 BP 572 EP 578 DI 10.1038/oby.2001.74 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 473XG UT WOS:000171073800008 PM 11557838 ER PT J AU King, JS Pregitzer, KS Zak, DR Kubiske, ME Holmes, WE AF King, JS Pregitzer, KS Zak, DR Kubiske, ME Holmes, WE TI Correlation of foliage and litter chemistry of sugar maple, Acer saccharum, as affected by elevated CO2 and varying N availability, and effects on decomposition SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; LEAF-LITTER; HERBIVORE INTERACTIONS; MICROBIAL RESPIRATION; POPULUS-TREMULOIDES; L-PHENYLALANINE; GLOBAL CHANGE; NET NITROGEN; FINE ROOTS; QUALITY AB Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide has the potential to alter leaf litter chemistry, potentially affecting decomposition and rates of carbon and nitrogen cycling in forest ecosystems. This study was conducted to determine whether growth under elevated atmospheric CO2 altered the quality and microbial decomposition of leaf litter of a widely distributed northern hardwood species at sites of low and high soil nitrogen availability. In addition, we assessed whether the carbon-nutrient balance (CNB) and growth differentiation balance (GDB) hypotheses could be extended to predict changes in litter quality in response to resource availability. Sugar maple (Acer saccharum) was grown in the field in open-top chambers at 36 and 55 Pa partial pressure CO2, and initial soil mineralization rates of 45 and 348 mug N g(-1) d(-1). Naturally senesced leaf litter was assessed for chemical composition and incubated in the laboratory for 111 d. Microbial respiration and the production of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were quantified as estimates of decomposition. Elevated CO2 and low soil nitrogen resulted in higher litter concentrations of nonstructural carbohydrates and condensed tannins, higher C/N ratios and lower N concentrations. Soil N availability appears to have had a greater effect on litter quality than did atmospheric CO2, although the treatments were additive, with highest concentrations of nonstructural carbohydrates and condensed tannins occurring under elevated CO2-low soil N. Rates of microbial respiration and the production of DOC were insensitive to differences in litter quality. In general, concentrations of litter constituents, except for starch, were highly correlated to those in live foliage, and the CNB/GDB hypotheses proved useful in predicting changes in litter quality. We conclude the chemical composition of sugar maple litter will change in the future in response to rising atmospheric CO2, and that soil N availability will exert a major control. It appears that microbial metabolism will not be directly affected by changes in litter quality, although conclusions regarding decomposition as a whole must consider the entire soil food web. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. USDA, US Forest Serv, Ctr Res Stn N, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resourses & Environm, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Forestry, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP King, JS (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. EM jsking@mtu.edu RI Zak, Donald/C-6004-2012 NR 69 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 3 U2 30 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0030-1299 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD SEP PY 2001 VL 94 IS 3 BP 403 EP 416 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2001.940303.x PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 474XK UT WOS:000171132000003 ER PT J AU Goff, WL Johnson, WC Parish, SM Barrington, GM Tuo, W Valdez, RA AF Goff, WL Johnson, WC Parish, SM Barrington, GM Tuo, W Valdez, RA TI The age-related immunity in cattle to Babesia bovis infection involves the rapid induction of interleukin-12, interferon-gamma and inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression in the spleen SO PARASITE IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bovine; Babesia; innate immunity; spleen; cytokine mRNA expression ID BLOOD-STAGE MALARIA; IL-12 P40 HOMODIMER; CD4(+) T-CELLS; IFN-GAMMA; IN-VITRO; MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES; IMMUNOREGULATORY FUNCTIONS; POLYAMINE DEGRADATION; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; REACTIVE OXYGEN AB Young calves possess a strong innate immunity against Babesia bovis infection that lasts for approximately 6 months after birth and is abrogated with the removal of the spleen. This immunity is characterized as cellular involving a soluble mediator Nitric oxide has been implicated by virtue of its babesiacidal affects in vitro, but questioned to be as effective in vivo, due to its ability to downregulate type-1 immunity. Spleen cells were obtained from 4-month-old calves and adult steers and processed for monitoring cytokine and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression during the response to initial B. bovis infection. The data provided evidence of a transient role for nitric oxide in innate immunity characterized by brief iNOS induction in the spleen of calves that was not detectable in the spleens of adults. The iNOS message followed the early induction of interleukin (IL)-12 and interferon (IFN)-gamma message in calves. The induction of IL-12 and IFN-gamma message in adults was delayed until IL-10 message was induced. Transformation growth factor-beta mRNA expression levels were greater in spleen cells from adults early in infection and then declined, whereas expression levels increased in spleen cells from calves later in the infection process. Together, the data support the concept of 'first come, first serve' cytokine influence over cellular activities, the importance of a type-1 response in the control of an initial infection and the need for tight regulation in order to prevent pathology associate wi overproduction of nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, ADBF 3003, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Clin Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Goff, WL (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, ADBF 3003, POB 646630, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 59 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-9838 J9 PARASITE IMMUNOL JI Parasite Immunol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 23 IS 9 BP 463 EP 471 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3024.2001.00402.x PG 9 WC Immunology; Parasitology SC Immunology; Parasitology GA 473CL UT WOS:000171022000001 PM 11589775 ER PT J AU Rhoads, ML Fetterer, RH Urban, JF AF Rhoads, ML Fetterer, RH Urban, JF TI Release of hyaluronidase during in vitro development of Ascaris suum from the third to fourth larval stage SO PARASITOLOGY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID POLYACRYLAMIDE-GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; 4TH-STAGE LARVAE; AMINOPEPTIDASE; 3RD-STAGE AB An enzyme that degraded glycosaminoglycan hyaluronic acid was released during in vitro development of Ascaris suum L3 to L4. The enzyme did not hydrolyze glycosaminoglycan chondroitin sulfate A. One molecular form of hyaluronidase was detected, with a molecular weight estimated at 47.8 +/- 8.6 kDa by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and at 55.0 +/- 1.3 kDa by substrate SDS-PAGE zymography. Activity of the enzyme was optimal between pH 5.0 and 6.0, and was present at neutral pH. Hyaluronidase activity was not affected by 5 mM concentrations of cupric sulfate, zinc chloride, calcium chloride, manganese chloride or EDTA. In addition, NaCl had no effect on enzyme activity at concentrations of 0.2-1.0 M. The highest level of hyaluronidase was present in culture fluid collected between days 4 and 6 of in vitro culture, and this period corresponded with that of the highest rate of increase in the percentage of L4. The presence or absence of hyaluronic acid plays a key role in basic developmental processes of vertebrates and is regulated, in part, by hyaluronidases. Developmental processes occurring during the transition of A. suum L3 to L4 may likewise depend on hyaluronidase. In addition, the infection process of a number of organisms, including some nematodes, depends on hyaluronidase. A. suum may likewise utilize hyaluronidase to facilitate larval migration within the host. C1 ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Rhoads, ML (reprint author), ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, USDA, Bldg 1040,Room 103,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Urban, Joseph/0000-0002-1590-8869 NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0932-0113 J9 PARASITOL RES JI Parasitol. Res. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 87 IS 9 BP 693 EP 697 PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 468PB UT WOS:000170764900003 PM 11570551 ER PT J AU Petty, DG Skogerboe, JG Getsinger, KD Foster, DR Houtman, BA Fairchild, JF Anderson, LW AF Petty, DG Skogerboe, JG Getsinger, KD Foster, DR Houtman, BA Fairchild, JF Anderson, LW TI The aquatic fate of triclopyr in whole-pond treatments SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE aquatic plant management; aquatic herbicide environmental fate; Eurasian watermilfoil; triclopyr; TCP; TMP ID HERBICIDE TRICLOPYR; DISSIPATION; RATES AB The aquatic fate of the triethylamine salt formulation of triclopyr (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyloxyacetic acid) was determined in whole-pond applications in closed (no water exchange) systems in California, Missouri and Texas in two studies conducted in 1995 and 1996. These studies determined dissipation rates of triclopyr and its principal metabolites, 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol (TCP) and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-methoxypyridine (TMP) in water, sediment and finfish. Ponds at each site containing a healthy biological community were treated at 2.5 mg AE litre(-1) triclopyr. Water and sediment samples were collected through 12 weeks post-treatment, and non-target animals were collected through 4 weeks post-treatment. Dissipation rates for triclopyr, TCP and TMP were similar at each of the study sites, despite differences in weather, water quality, biotic community, light transmission and geographic location. Half-lives of triclopyr in water ranged from 5.9 to 7.5 days, while those of TCP and TMP ranged from 4 to 8.8 and 4 to 10 days, respectively. Levels of triclopyr and TCP declined in sediments at half-lives ranging from 2.8 to 4.6 days and 3.8 to 13.3 days, respectively. No TMP was detected in sediment. Triclopyr and TCP cleared from fish in relation to concentrations found in the water column. TMP levels in fish were generally an order of magnitude higher than levels of triclopyr and TCP, particularly in the visceral portion of the animals. No adverse effects on water quality or on the non-target biotic community were found following triclopyr applications. Results of these studies were comparable to those of triclopyr dissipation studies conducted in reservoirs, lakes and riverine systems in Georgia, Florida, Minnesota and Washington, indicating that the degradation and dissipation of triclopyr and its metabolites are similar in representative systems throughout the USA. (C) 2001 Society of Chemical Industry. C1 USA, Engineer Res & Dev Ctr, Waterways Expt Stn, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. NDR Res, Plainfield, IN 46168 USA. Dow AgroSci, Indianapolis, IN USA. US Geol Survey, Columbian Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Aquat Weed Control Lab, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Getsinger, KD (reprint author), USA, Engineer Res & Dev Ctr, Waterways Expt Stn, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. NR 16 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 57 IS 9 BP 764 EP 775 DI 10.1002/ps.343 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 469BU UT WOS:000170793300003 PM 11561400 ER PT J AU Ma, QL Gan, JY Becker, JO Papiernik, SK Yates, SR AF Ma, QL Gan, JY Becker, JO Papiernik, SK Yates, SR TI Evaluation of propargyl bromide for control of barnyardgrass and Fusarium oxysporum in three soils SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE propargyl bromide; efficacy; barnyardgrass; Fusarium oxysporum; adsorption; degradation; soil ID IONIC ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; METHYL-BROMIDE; FUMIGANT; IODIDE; EQUILIBRIA; FIELD; WATER AB With the scheduled phasing out of methyl bromide, there is an urgent need for alternatives. We evaluated the efficacy of propargyl bromide as a potential replacement for methyl bromide for the control of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and Fusarium oxysporum in an Arlington sandy loam, a Carsitas loamy sand and a Florida muck soil. Soil was mixed with barnyardgrass seeds or F oxysporum colonized on millet seeds, and treated with propargyl bromide at a range of concentrations. The mortality of the fungi and weed seeds was determined after 24 h of exposure at 30 degreesC. The concentrations required to inhibit 50% barnyard seed germination (LC50) were 2.8, 2.4 and 48.5 mug g(-1) in the sandy loam, loamy sand and muck soil, respectively. In contrast, the LC50 values for F oxysporum were 11.2, 10.8 and 182.1 mug g(-1) in the sandy loam, loamy sand and muck soil, respectively. The low efficacy of propargyl bromide in the muck soil was a result of the rapid degradation and high adsorption of the compound in the soil. The degradation half-life (t(1/2)) was only 7 h in the muck soil at an initial concentration of 6.8 mug g(-1) compared to 60 and 67 h in the sandy loam and loamy sand, respectively. The adsorption coefficients (K-d) were 0.96, 0.87 and 5.6 cm(3) g(-1) in the sandy loam, loamy sand and muck soil, respectively. These results suggest that registration agencies should consider site-specific properties in recommending application rates for propargyl bromide. (C) 2001 Society of Chemical Industry. C1 ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, USDA, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Nematol, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Gan, JY (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. NR 15 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 57 IS 9 BP 781 EP 786 DI 10.1002/ps.355 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 469BU UT WOS:000170793300005 PM 11561402 ER PT J AU Kanga, LHB Pree, DJ Plapp, FW van Lier, JL AF Kanga, LHB Pree, DJ Plapp, FW van Lier, JL TI Sex-linked altered acetylcholinesterase resistance to carbamate insecticides in adults of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) SO PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Grapholita molesta; sex-linked acetylcholinesterase; insecticide resistance ID INSENSITIVE ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; PESTICIDE RESISTANCE; HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS; FIELD POPULATIONS; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS; NOCTUIDAE AB Insecticide resistance continues to be a major problem in the production of many important horticultural and field crops. The inheritance of resistance to a carbamate insecticide was measured in adults of a resistant population of the Oriental fruit moth (OFM), Grapholita molesta (Busck), a destructive pest of peach in northeastern North America. The inheritance of variations in inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in susceptible and resistant OFM adults was determined and quantitative measurements were made of total acetylcholinesterase and nonspecific esterase activity. Resistance and acetylcholinesterase inhibition were linked to the sex chromosome and were shown to be highly correlated (r(2) > 0.91), suggesting that the mutant acetylcholinesterase was the basis for most of the observed resistance in adults. Levels of nonspecific esterase activity were 2.0- to 4.8-fold higher in resistant than in susceptible OFM and twice as high in males as in females, but there was no evidence that this resistance factor was sex linked. Results of bioassays of susceptible, resistant, and F-1 hybrid OFM indicated that resistance appeared to be incompletely recessive in all F-1 males and in females of the (R female X S male) F-1 progenies. In contrast, resistance appeared to be intermediate in daughters of resistant males mated with susceptible females (S female X R male). Because of the lack of effective alternative control strategies, the identification of actual or potential resistance mechanisms and its genetic basis in actual pests are needed to maximize and predict the likelihood of success in resistance management programs. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Agr & Agri Food Canada, So Crop Protect & Food Res Ctr, Vineland Stn, ON L0R 2E0, Canada. RP Kanga, LHB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, 2413 East Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 24 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0048-3575 J9 PESTIC BIOCHEM PHYS JI Pest. Biochem. Physiol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 71 IS 1 BP 29 EP 39 DI 10.1006/pest.2001.2562 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 475ZN UT WOS:000171200100004 ER PT J AU Valles, SM Strong, CA AF Valles, SM Strong, CA TI A microsomal esterase involved in cypermethrin resistance in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica SO PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cypermethrin resistance; microsomal esterase; German cockroach; enhanced detoxification ID CONFERRING INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE; PYRETHROID-RESISTANCE; SUSCEPTIBLE STRAINS; BIOCHEMICAL-CHARACTERIZATION; MYZUS-PERSICAE; DICTYOPTERA; MECHANISMS; CARBOXYLESTERASE; PURIFICATION; MOSQUITO AB Adult male German cockroaches of the Marietta strain exhibited 5-fold resistance to cypermethrin compared with the insecticide-susceptible Orlando strain. The cypermethrin resistance level decreased to 2.9-fold when cockroaches were pretreated with S,S,S tributylphosphorotrithioate, indicating that esterases played a role in the resistance. Cypermethrin was metabolized faster by microsomal esterases from the Marietta strain (15.4 +/-1.1 pmol/h/mg) than by those from the Orlando strain (12.5 +/-0.2 pmol/h/mg). Partial purification of microsomal esterases from the Marietta and Orlando strains was accomplished by anion exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) and native-PAGE. HIC partitioned the single anion exchange peak of a-naphthyl acetate esterase activity into three fractions, HIC I, HIC II, and HIC III. All three HIC fractions metabolized cypermethrin significantly faster than microsomes. Native-PAGE analysis of each of these fractions revealed a unique band in Marietta HIC II and III which was referred to as microsomal esterase Marietta (MB.). MEmar was isolated by native-PAGE and found to hydrolyze a-naphthyl acetate at a rate of 25.5 mu mol/min/mg protein, representing a purification of 54-fold over that of microsomes. Furthermore, Marietta strain HIC II and III fractions (which contained MEmar) metabolized cypermethrin significantly faster than the corresponding fractions from the Orlando strain. MEmar metabolized cypermethrin at 3461 pmol/min/mg protein, representing a 225-fold increase over that of microsomes. MEmar was found to exhibit a molecular weight of 57 kDa by SDS-PAGE and 64 kDa by gel filtration chromatography, indicating that the esterase was a monomer. Also, the MEmar isozyme was inhibited by paraoxon and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, indicating that the esterase was a "B"-type swine esterase. Finally, none of the isozymes in the HIC III fraction, including the MEmar isozyme, bound to concanavalin A, indicating that the HIC III isozymes were not glycosylated. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Valles, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1600 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 35 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0048-3575 J9 PESTIC BIOCHEM PHYS JI Pest. Biochem. Physiol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 71 IS 1 BP 56 EP 67 DI 10.1006/pest.2001.2555 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 475ZN UT WOS:000171200100007 ER PT J AU Zimba, PV Dionigi, CP Brashear, SS AF Zimba, PV Dionigi, CP Brashear, SS TI Selective toxicity of exogenous l-lysine to cyanobacteria, relative to a chlorophyte and a diatom SO PHYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article ID AQUACULTURE PONDS; 2-METHYLISOBORNEOL; BLOOMS AB Autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrogen assimilation supports algal growth. Recently, however, Kaya & Sano [Phycologia 35 (6, supplement): 117-119 (1996)] reported that < 1 mg l(-1) of either D- or L-lysine completely inhibited the growth of Microcystis sp. We investigated the effects of increasing lysine additions on cultures of cyanobacteria, a chlorophyte and a diatom. In contrast to the previous report by Kaya & Sano, D-lysine (400 mg l(-1)) had no effect on chlorophyll a accumulation by any taxa tested. L-lysine inhibited Chl a accumulation by Microcystis aeruginosa, Pseudanabaena articulata and Planktothrix perornata (Cyanobacteria) and 2-methylisoborneol accumulation by Pseudanabaena articulata and Planktothrix perornata. However, concentrations > 1 mg l(-1) were required for inhibition. Additions of < 400 mg l(-1) of lysine did not significantly reduce Chl a accumulation by Scenedesmus dimorphus(Chlorophyta). Cyclotella meneghiniana (Bacillariophyta) was not affected by 400 mg l(-1) L-lysine additions. The mechanisms of inhibition of Chl a accumulation in cyanobacteria are unknown. However, the effects of L-lysine were decreased when the inoculum concentration was increased. This and the isomeric specificity of inhibition suggest that exogenous L-lysine may inhibit enzymatic processes. Differential inhibition among taxa could potentially alter the proportion of cyanobacteria in mixed algal assemblages. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Zimba, PV (reprint author), USDA ARS, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, POB 38, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. EM pzimba@ars.usda.gov RI Zimba, Paul/O-2778-2013 NR 27 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU INT PHYCOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA NEW BUSINESS OFFICE, PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0031-8884 J9 PHYCOLOGIA JI Phycologia PD SEP PY 2001 VL 40 IS 5 BP 483 EP 486 DI 10.2216/i0031-8884-40-5-483.1 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 503LD UT WOS:000172799200011 ER PT J AU Norman, HA Krizek, DT Mirecki, RM AF Norman, HA Krizek, DT Mirecki, RM TI Changes in membrane lipid and free fatty acid composition during low temperature preconditioning against SO2 injury in coleus SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Coleus blumei; labiatae; cross protection; lipid metabolism; SO2-membrane interactions; SO2 tolerance; stress tolerance; temperature hardening ID SULFUR-DIOXIDE; ABSCISIC-ACID; PLANTS; PRETREATMENT; GLUTATHIONE; SENSITIVITY; ARABIDOPSIS; FUMIGATION; CULTIVARS; LEAVES AB The effects of a low temperature (13 degreesC) treatment known to provide protection against sulphur dioxide (SO2) injury were assessed on leaf lipid composition in two cultivars of Coleus blumei Benth, found previously to differ in sensitivity to SO2 and other environmental stresses. After 5 days growth at 13 degreesC, there were significant differences in membrane lipid fatty acid composition as well as in free fatty acid (FFA) levels between SO2-sensitive 'Buckley Supreme' ('BS') and SO2-insensitive 'Marty' ('M'). Molecular species of chloroplast galactolipids in 'M' contained increased levels of linolenic acid (18:3). In the leaf FFA pools, the saturated components, palmitic (16:0) and stearic (18:0) acids, were predominant at 20 degreesC. After temperature hardening at 13 degreesC, the total amount of FFAs decreased in 'M' but increased in 'BS.' These modifications in lipid composition suggest an additional mechanism for cultivar differences in tolerance to SO2 and other stressors in coleus. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Weed Sci Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Norman, HA (reprint author), 10403 A,46th Ave,Apt 107, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 35 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD SEP PY 2001 VL 58 IS 2 BP 263 EP 268 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00242-4 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 477HM UT WOS:000171278100011 PM 11551549 ER PT J AU Abbas, HK Tak, H Boyette, CD Shier, WT Jarvis, BB AF Abbas, HK Tak, H Boyette, CD Shier, WT Jarvis, BB TI Macrocyclic trichothecenes are undetectable in kudzu (Pueraria montana) plants treated with a high-producing isolate of Myrothecium verrucaria SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE macrocyclic trichothecenes; mycotoxins; natural products; Kudzu (Pueraria montana); mycoherbicide; Myrothecium verrucaria; phytotoxins; phytotoxicity; cytotoxicity; biological control ID ALTERNARIA-ALTERNATA; BOTRYTIS-CINEREA; AAL-TOXIN; BIOCONTROL; OBTUSIFOLIA; TOXICITY; RORIDINS AB Myrothecium verrucaria was found to be an effective pathogen against kudzu grown in the greenhouse and the field. M. verrucaria produced large amounts of macrocyclic trichothecenes when cultured on solid rice medium, including epiroridin E (16.8 mg/g crude extract), epiisororidin E (1 mg/g), roridin E (8.7 mg/g), roridin H (31.3 mg/g), trichoverrin A (0.6 mg/g), trichoverrin B (0.1 mg/g), verrucarin A (37.4 mg/g), and verrucarin J (2.2 mg/g). Most of these toxins were also isolated from rif. verrucaria spores and mycelia grown on potato dextrose agar medium, including epiroridin E (32.3 mg/g), epiisororidin E (28.6 mg/g), roridin E (0 mg/g), roridin H (60 mg/g), trichoverrin A (1.3 mg/g), trichoverrin B (1.8 mg/g), verrucarin A (13.8 mg/g), and verrucarin J (131 mg/g). When ill. verrucaria was cultured on liquid media, the numbers but not the amounts of toxins decreased. Only epiroridin E (28.3 mg/g), epiisororidin E (29.6 mg/g), verrucarin B (195 mg/g) and verrucarin J (52.6 mg/g) were measured when the fungus was cultured on cornsteep medium. On soyflour-cornmeal broth M. verrucaria produced several toxins, including epiroridin E (58.1 mg/g), epiisororidin E (5.8 mg/g), verrucarin B (29.9 mg/g) and verrucarin J (32 mg/g). In contrast, no macrocyclic trichothecenes were detected by HPLC analysis of plant tissues of kudzu, sicklepod, and soybean treated with aqueous suspensions of M. verrucaria spores formulated with a surfactant. Chloroform-methanol extracts of kudzu leaves and stems treated with M. verrucaria spores were less cytotoxic to four cultured mammalian cell lines than the corresponding extracts from control plants. Purified macrocyclic trichothecenes (verrucarin A and T-2 toxin) were very cytotoxic to the same cell lines (less than or equal to2 ng/ml). These results show that neither intact macrocyclic trichothecenes nor toxic metabolites could be detected in plant tissues after treatment with M. verrucaria spores. These results argue for both safety and efficacy for the use of M. verrucaria in biological control of kudzu and other noxious weeds, and support proceeding to animal feeding trials for further evaluation of safety. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20748 USA. Univ Minnesota, Coll Pharm, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Abbas, HK (reprint author), USDA ARS, CG&PRU, POB 345, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 41 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD SEP PY 2001 VL 58 IS 2 BP 269 EP 276 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00214-X PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 477HM UT WOS:000171278100012 PM 11551550 ER PT J AU Notz, R Maurhofer, M Schnider-Keel, U Duffy, B Haas, D Defago, G AF Notz, R Maurhofer, M Schnider-Keel, U Duffy, B Haas, D Defago, G TI Biotic factors affecting expression of the 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol biosynthesis gene phlA in Pseudomonas fluorescens biocontrol strain CHA0 in the rhizosphere SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cucumis sativus; transgenic corn; Zea mays ID ENHANCED ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCTION; BACILLUS-CEREUS UW85; GRAMINIS VAR TRITICI; BLACK ROOT-ROT; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; WHEAT RHIZOSPHERE; PYTHIUM-ULTIMUM; TAKE-ALL; SUPPRESSION; PYOLUTEORIN AB Production of the polyketide antimicrobial metabolite 2,4-diacetyl-phloroglucinol (DAPG) is a key factor in the biocontrol activity of Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0. Strain CHA0 carrying a translational phlA '-' lacZ fusion was used to monitor expression of the phl biosynthetic genes in vitro and in the rhizosphere. Expression of the reporter gene accurately reflected actual production of DAPG in vitro and in planta as determined by direct extraction of the antimicrobial compound. In a gnotobiotic system containing a clay and sand-based artificial soil, reporter gene expression was significantly greater in the rhizospheres of two monocots (maize and wheat) compared with gene expression in the rhizospheres of two dicots (bean and cucumber). We observed this host genotype effect on bacterial gene expression also at the level of cultivars. Significant differences were found among six additional maize cultivars tested under gnotobiotic conditions. There was no difference between transgenic maize expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal gene cry1Ab and the near-isogeaic parent line. Plant age had a significant impact on gene expression. Using maize as a model, expression of the phlA '-' lacZ reporter gene peaked at 24 h after planting of pregerminated seedlings, and dropped to a fourth of that value within 48 h, remaining at that level throughout 22 days of plant growth. Root infection by Pythium ultimum stimulated bacterial gene expression on both cucumber and maize, and this was independent of differences in rhizosphere colonization on these host plants. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive evaluation of how biotic factors that commonly confront bacterial inoculants in agricultural systems (host genotype, host age, and pathogen infection) modulate the expression of key biocontrol genes for disease suppression. C1 Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Phytopathol Grp, Inst Plant Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. Univ Lausanne, Lab Biol Microbienne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. USDA, ARS, Food Safety & Hlth Res Unit, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Defago, G (reprint author), Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Phytopathol Grp, Inst Plant Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. NR 52 TC 81 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD SEP PY 2001 VL 91 IS 9 BP 873 EP 881 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.9.873 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 466NL UT WOS:000170651600008 PM 18944233 ER PT J AU Grunwald, NJ Flier, WG Sturbaum, AK Garay-Serrano, E van den Bosch, TBM Smart, CD Matuszak, JM Lozoya-Saldana, H Turkensteen, LJ Fry, WE AF Grunwald, NJ Flier, WG Sturbaum, AK Garay-Serrano, E van den Bosch, TBM Smart, CD Matuszak, JM Lozoya-Saldana, H Turkensteen, LJ Fry, WE TI Population structure of Phytophthora infestans in the Toluca valley region of central Mexico SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE evenness; fungicide resistance; genotypic diversity; potato late blight; rarefaction; richness ID NEVADO-DE-TOLUCA; MATING-TYPE LOCI; WESTERN SLOPES; MONT DEBARY; DIVERSITY; SOLANUM; DIFFERENTIATION; SEGREGATION; VARIABILITY; RESISTANCE AB We tested the hypothesis that the population of Phytophthora infestans in the Toluca valley region is genetically differentiated according to habitat. Isolates were sampled in three habitats from (i) wild Solanum spp. (WILD), (ii) land-race varieties in low-input production systems (RURAL), and (iii) modern cultivars in high-input agriculture (VALLEY). Isolates were sampled in 1988-89 (n = 179) and in 1997-98 (n = 389). In both sampling periods, the greatest genetic diversity was observed in RURAL and VALLEY habitats. Based on the Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase and Peptidase allozymes, the subpopulations from the three habitats were significantly differentiated in both sampling periods. In contrast to allozyme data for 1997-98, no differences were found among the three subpopulations for sensitivity to metalaxyl. Two groups of isolates identical for allozyme and mating type were further investigated by restriction fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting; 65% of one group and 85% of another group were demonstrated to be unique. The genetic diversity data and the chronology of disease occurrence during the season are consistent with the hypothesis that populations of P. infestans on wild Solanum populations are derived from populations on cultivated potatoes in the central highlands of Mexico near Toluca. C1 CEEM PICTIPAPA Potato Late Blight Project, Mexico City 52176, DF, Mexico. Plant Res Int, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. Univ Autonoma Chapingo, Dept Fitotecnia, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Grunwald, NJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, 24106 N Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. EM njg7@cornell.edu RI Grunwald, Niklaus/B-9535-2008; Grunwald, Niklaus/K-6041-2013; Garay-Serrano, Edith/B-2883-2017 OI Grunwald, Niklaus/0000-0003-1656-7602; Grunwald, Niklaus/0000-0003-1656-7602; Garay-Serrano, Edith/0000-0001-5077-642X NR 43 TC 74 Z9 80 U1 5 U2 9 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD SEP PY 2001 VL 91 IS 9 BP 882 EP 890 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.9.882 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 466NL UT WOS:000170651600009 PM 18944234 ER PT J AU Boyd, ML Cotty, PJ AF Boyd, ML Cotty, PJ TI Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin contamination of leguminous trees of the Sonoran Desert in Arizona SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bruchid beetles; cattle feed; Cercidium; Olneya; Parkinsonia; Prosopis ID STRAIN COMPOSITION; COTTON; PARASITICUS; SOILS; B-1 AB Aspergillus spp. in section Flavi were frequently associated with desert tree legumes in uncultivated areas of the Sonoran Desert. Of 270 samples of debris and fruits of mesquite (Prosopis spp.), ironwood (Olneya tesota), acacia (Acacia spp.), and palo verde (Cercidium and Parkinsonia spp.), 87% were positive for A. flavus (S and L strains) and A. tamarii. A. flavus was the most common species (87%) among the 3,763 isolates examined. Mesquite pods were both the substrate from which A. flavus was recovered most frequently and the substrate from native habitats with the greatest aflatoxin content. In vitro, most desert legumes supported significant growth, reproduction, and aflatoxin production by A. flavus, with mesquite pods yielding 1 x 10(10) propagules/g and 5,000 mug/kg of aflatoxin B-1. Twenty percent of legume pods collected in the desert contained measurable quantities of aflatoxin, ranging from 1 to >2,500 mug/kg. Insect-damaged mesquite pods had significantly higher aflatoxin than intact pods. Legumes are apparently important reservoirs of aflatoxin-producing fungi and significant sources of aflatoxin contamination in the native Sonoran Desert habitats of Arizona. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Cotty, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 51 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD SEP PY 2001 VL 91 IS 9 BP 913 EP 919 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.9.913 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 466NL UT WOS:000170651600013 PM 18944238 ER PT J AU Kraft, JM Boge, W AF Kraft, JM Boge, W TI Root characteristics in pea in relation to compaction and fusarium root rot SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID SOIL COMPACTION; TILLAGE AB Differences in pea root length, root surface area, and diameter were rapidly determined using the WinRhizo computer program. Repeatable differences were measured both in the laboratory and in the field. Large-rooted lines, as measured in the laboratory, also were the largest-rooted lines in the field. Large-rooted lines produced more roots and had more root surface area when exposed to a 1.6 g cm(-3) bulk density compacted layer with the presence of the Fusarium root rot pathogen (Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi). Also, large-rooted lines regenerated more roots when one-third or two-thirds of the root system was removed or when one cotyledon was removed from 5-day-old plants. Large-rooted pea lines should have an advantage in growing under adverse conditions of compaction and the presence of Fusarium root rot. C1 ARS, USDA, PWA, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. RP Kraft, JM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, PWA, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 17 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 85 IS 9 BP 936 EP 940 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.9.936 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 465ME UT WOS:000170592100002 ER PT J AU Pfender, WF AF Pfender, WF TI Host range differences between populations of Puccinia graminis subsp graminicola obtained from perennial ryegrass and tall fescue SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE forma specialis; stem rust ID OREGON AB In the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, cool-season grasses grown for seed can be severely damaged by Puccinia graminis subsp. graminicola, causal agent of stem rust. Urediniospores of the pathogen, collected either from perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) or tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), were tested for host range among selected grasses and cereals. Under greenhouse conditions, the inoculum from L. perenne could produce pustules on this host, as well as on Dactylis glomerata, Lolium multiflorum, Poa pratensis, and F. rubra subsp. rubra and subsp. commutata; it caused only limited pustule development (low incidence or pustule type) on F. arundinacea, F. ovina subsp. hirtula, P. annua, Hordeum vulgare, and Secale cereale. No symptoms were produced on Triticum aestivum or Avena saliva. The inoculum from F. arundinacea had a host range that included itself, D. glomerata, L. perenne, L. multiflorum, and F. rubra subsp. rubra and subsp. commutata; there was no sign of pustule development on Poa spp. or the cereal grains tested (T. aestivum, A. saliva, S. cereale, and H. vulgare). The two urediniospore populations differed also in rate of symptom development on most of their common hosts. There was a small, but statistically significant, difference in spore size among the populations from different hosts. No recommendation is made for separate taxonomic status of populations from F. arundinacea and L. perenne, but the adaptation of each to its own host should be considered when devising disease management strategies and studying host genetic resistance. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, USDA ARS, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Pfender, WF (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, USDA ARS, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 19 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 85 IS 9 BP 993 EP 998 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.9.993 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 465ME UT WOS:000170592100013 ER PT J AU Gillaspie, AG AF Gillaspie, AG TI Resistance to Cucumber mosaic virus in cowpea and implications for control of cowpea stunt disease SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID SEED-BORNE AB Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (BlCNW) interact synergistically in dually infected plants of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata) to cause cowpea stunt disease, the most damaging viral disease of this crop in the U.S. Sources of resistance to BlCMV are known and are present in cultivars of cowpea such as Pinkeye Purple Hull-BVR. However, no sources of CMV resistance have been found previously in cowpea. In 1998, PI 441918, a cowpea line growing in regeneration plots, was observed to have few viral symptoms, was not infected with BlCMV, and had a low titer of CMV when tested using direct antigen coating-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAC-ELISA). In greenhouse tests, infection of PI 441918 with CMV resulted in a lower titer of virus if the inoculated plants were from white seeds of PI 441918 than if the plants were from tan seeds of this PI, and a lower titer of virus than plants of the susceptible cultivar Coronet. In the field, with CMV- and BlCMV-infected plants of Coronet in spreader rows, plants from white seed of PI 441918 had no infection with BlCMV and a low infection rate with CMV. PI 441918 offers a high level of resistance to BlCMV and moderate resistance to CMV, which are important characteristics in a parental line to develop cultivars of cowpea resistant to cowpea stunt disease. C1 USDA ARS, Plant Genet Resources Conservat Unit, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. RP Gillaspie, AG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plant Genet Resources Conservat Unit, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 85 IS 9 BP 1004 EP 1005 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.9.1004 PG 2 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 465ME UT WOS:000170592100015 ER PT J AU Hays, DB Mandel, RM Pharis, RP AF Hays, DB Mandel, RM Pharis, RP TI Hormones in zygotic and microspore embryos of Brassica napus SO PLANT GROWTH REGULATION LA English DT Article DE abscisic acid; embryogenesis; gas chromatography mass spectroscopy-selective ion monitoring; gibberellins; indole-3-acetic acid; microspore-derived embryos ID ABSCISIC-ACID; ENDOGENOUS GIBBERELLINS; SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS; SEED DEVELOPMENT; PINUS-ATTENUATA; HAPLOID PLANTS; CV TOPAS; PROTEIN; ACCUMULATION; POLLEN AB A number of studies have used microspore-derived embryos (MDEs) as a model for examining a range of processes, including hormonal regulation of embryo development. We examined the hormonal physiology of MDEs with the primary objective of testing the validity of using the MDE system as a model for hormonally-regulated development in zygotic embryos, through late stages. To do this we identified and quantified endogenous levels of abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and a number of gibberellins (GAs), including GA(19), GA(20), GA(1) and GA(8) in both MDEs and zygotic embryos. The presence of GA(19), together with its C-19 metabolites indicates that the early-13 hydroxylation pathway is operative in both embryo systems. Gibberellins A(4) and GA(9) were also identified, thereby confirming the presence of the early non-hydroxylation pathway in B. napus MDEs and zygotic embryos. In general, the pattern of change of hormone (ABA, IAA, GA(1) and GA(20)) content per embryo through embryogenesis was similar for MDEs and zygotic embryos. Indole-3-acetic acid and GA(1) increased to a maximum at clay 30 after culture (DAC) before decreasing. Abscisic acid levels increased to a maximum at similar to day 35, and declined in zygotic embryos but not in MDEs. GA(20) increased to the final harvest at maturity, or day 40. The absolute content (g/embryo) of each hormone, however was appreciably lower (5- to 15-fold) in the MDEs. This was not the result of dilution into surrounding medium for ABA or IAA; GA(1) however, did accumulate in the medium. Although there were absolute quantitative differences in the levels of IAA and ABA found in the two embryo systems, the similarities in the pattern of hormone changes suggests that the MDE system can serve as a useful model for examining the physiological roles of hormones during embryogenesis. C1 Univ Calgary, Dept Biol Sci, Plant Physiol Res Grp, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. Kansas State Univ, USDA, ARS, GMPRC,PSERU, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Hays, DB (reprint author), Univ Calgary, Dept Biol Sci, Plant Physiol Res Grp, 2500 Univ Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. NR 49 TC 14 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6903 J9 PLANT GROWTH REGUL JI Plant Growth Regul. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 35 IS 1 BP 47 EP 58 DI 10.1023/A:1013831116996 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 507UA UT WOS:000173046900006 ER PT J AU Cocciolone, SM Chopra, S Flint-Garcia, SA McMullen, MD Peterson, T AF Cocciolone, SM Chopra, S Flint-Garcia, SA McMullen, MD Peterson, T TI Tissue-specific patterns of a maize Myb transcription factor are epigenetically regulated SO PLANT JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE epigenetic; maize; transgenic plants; tissue-specific; pericarp; flavonoids ID P-GENE; ANTHOCYANIN PRODUCTION; TRANSGENE EXPRESSION; EPIMUTATION; PROTEINS; PROMOTER; CALLUS; PLANTS; TRANSFORMATION; MAINTENANCE AB The maize p1 gene encodes a Myb-homologous regulator of red pigment biosynthesis. To investigate the tissue-specific regulation of the p1 gene, maize plants were transformed with constructs combining promoter and cDNA sequences of two alleles; which differ in pigmentation patterns: P1-wr (white pericarp/red cob) and P1-rr (red pericarp/red cob). Surprisingly, all promoter/cDNA combinations produced transgenic plants with red pericarp and red cob (RR pattern), indicating that the P1-wr promoter and encoded protein can function in pericarp. Some of the RR patterned transgenic plants produced progeny plants with white pericarp and red cob (WR pattern), and this switch in tissue-specificity correlated with increased transgene methylation. A similar inverse correlation between pericarp pigmentation and DNA methylation was observed for certain natural p1 alleles, which have a gene structure characteristic of standard P1-wr alleles, but which confer red pericarp pigmentation and are consistently less methylated than standard P1-wr alleles. Although we cannot rule out the possible existence of tissue-specific regulatory elements within the p1 non-coding sequences or flanking regions, the data from transgenic and natural alleles suggest that the tissue-specific pigmentation pattern characteristic of the P1-wr phenotype is epigenetically controlled. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Zool & Genet, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Missouri, Genet Area Program, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Plant Sci Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Peterson, T (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Zool & Genet, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 44 TC 41 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-7412 J9 PLANT J JI Plant J. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 27 IS 5 BP 467 EP 478 DI 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2001.01124.x PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 477LW UT WOS:000171285900009 PM 11576430 ER PT J AU Barry, CS Fox, EA Yen, HC Lee, S Ying, TJ Grierson, D Giovannoni, JJ AF Barry, CS Fox, EA Yen, HC Lee, S Ying, TJ Grierson, D Giovannoni, JJ TI Analysis of the ethylene response in the epinastic mutant of tomato SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LYCOPERSICON-ESCULENTUM MILL; INDUCIBLE GENE-EXPRESSION; NEVER-RIPE; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; FAMILY; PATHWAY; PLANT; ENDO-1,4-BETA-GLUCANASE; ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3; PERCEPTION AB Ethylene can alter plant morphology due to its effect on cell expansion. The most widely documented example of ethylene-mediated cell expansion is promotion of the "triple response" of seedlings grown in the dark in ethylene. Roots and hypocotyls become shorter and thickened compared with controls due to a reorientation of cell expansion, and curvature of the apical hook is more pronounced. The epinastic (epi) mutant of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) has a dark-grown seedling phenotype similar to the triple response even in the absence of ethylene. In addition, in adult plants both the leaves and the petioles display epinastic curvature and there is constitutive expression of an ethylene-inducible chitinase gene. However, petal senescence and abscission and fruit ripening are all normal in epi. A double mutant (epi/epi;Nr/Nr) homozygous for both the recessive epi and dominant ethylene-insensitive Never-ripe loci has the same dark-grown seedling and vegetative phenotypes as epi but possesses the senescence and ripening characteristics of Never-ripe. These data suggest that a subset of ethylene responses controlling vegetative growth and development may be constitutively activated in epi. In addition, the epi locus has been placed on the tomato RFLP map on the long arm of chromosome 4 and does not demonstrate linkage to reported tomato CTR1 homologs. C1 Cornell Univ, Boyce Thompson Inst Plant Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Hort Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ Nottingham, Plant Sci Div, Sch Biosci, Loughborough LE12 5RD, Leics, England. USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Giovannoni, JJ (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Boyce Thompson Inst Plant Res, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Barry, Cornelius/D-7759-2012; OI Barry, Cornelius/0000-0003-4685-0273 NR 33 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 3 U2 21 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 127 IS 1 BP 58 EP 66 DI 10.1104/pp.127.1.58 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 474TV UT WOS:000171123700011 PM 11553734 ER PT J AU Zhang, XH Brotherton, JE Widholm, JM Portis, AR AF Zhang, XH Brotherton, JE Widholm, JM Portis, AR TI Targeting a nuclear anthranilate synthase alpha-subunit gene to the tobacco plastid genome results in enhanced tryptophan biosynthesis. Return of a gene to its pre-endosymbiotic origin SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CELL-SUSPENSION CULTURES; CHLOROPLAST TRANSFORMATION; CATHARANTHUS-ROSEUS; RIBOSOMAL-RNA; EXPRESSION; PLANTS; ARABIDOPSIS; RESISTANCE; METABOLISM; PATHWAY AB Anthranilate synthase (AS), the control enzyme of the tryptophan (Trp) biosynthetic pathway, is encoded by nuclear genes, but is transported into the plastids. A tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cDNA (ASA2) encoding a feedback-insensitive tobacco AS a-subunit was transformed into two different sites of the tobacco plastid genome through site-specific insertion to obtain transplastomic plants with normal phenotype and fertility. A high and uniform level of ASA2 mRNA was observed in the transplastomic plants but not in the wild type. Although the plants with the trans-ene insertion at ndhF-trnL only expressed one size of the ASA2 mRNA, the plants with the transgene incorporated into the region between accD and open reading frame (ORF) 184 exhibited two species of mRNA, apparently due to readthrough. The transplastomic plants exhibited a higher level of AS alpha -subunit protein and AS enzyme activity that was less sensitive to Trp-feedback inhibition, leading to greatly increased free Trp levels in leaves and total Trp levels in seeds. Resistance to an AS inhibitor, 5-methyl-Trp, was found during seed germination and in suspension cultures of the transplastomic plants. The resistance to the selection agent spectinomycin and to 5-methyl-Trp was transmitted maternally. These results demonstrate the feasibility of modifying the biosynthetic pathways of important metabolites through transformation of the plastid genome by relocating a native gene from the nucleus to the plastid genome. Very high and uniform levels of gene expression can be observed in different lines, probably due to the identical insertion sites, in contrast to nuclear transformation where random insertions occur. C1 Univ Illinois, Photosynth Res Unit, USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Portis, AR (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Photosynth Res Unit, USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. OI Zhang, Xing-hai/0000-0001-9261-4242 NR 43 TC 46 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 127 IS 1 BP 131 EP 141 DI 10.1104/pp.127.1.131 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 474TV UT WOS:000171123700018 PM 11553741 ER PT J AU Wang, YH Garvin, DF Kochian, LV AF Wang, YH Garvin, DF Kochian, LV TI Nitrate-induced genes in tomato roots. Array analysis reveals novel genes that may play a role in nitrogen nutrition SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AMMONIUM TRANSPORTER; EXPRESSION; PLANTS; NUTRIENT; ARABIDOPSIS; TOBACCO; GROWTH; TRANSCRIPTION; ASSIMILATION; METABOLISM AB A subtractive tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) root cDNA library enriched in genes up-regulated by changes in plant mineral status was screened with labeled mRNA from roots of both nitrate-induced and mineral nutrient-deficient (-nitrogen [N], -phosphorus, -potassium [K], -sulfur, -magnesium, -calcium, -iron, -zinc, and -copper) tomato plants. A subset of cDNAs was selected from this library based on mineral nutrient-related changes in expression. Additional cDNAs were selected from a second mineral-deficient tomato root library based on sequence homology to known genes. These selection processes yielded a set of 1,280 mineral nutrition-related cDNAs that were arrayed on nylon membranes for further analysis. These high-density arrays were hybridized with mRNA from tomato plants exposed to nitrate at different time points after N was withheld for 48 h, for plants that were grown on nitrate/ammonium for 5 weeks prior to the withholding of N. One hundred-fifteen genes were found to be up-regulated by nitrate resupply. Among these genes were several previously identified as nitrate responsive, including nitrate transporters, nitrate and nitrite reductase, and metabolic enzymes such as transaldolase, transketolase, malate dehydrogenase, asparagine synthetase, and histidine decarboxylase. We also identified 14 novel nitrate-inducible genes, including: (a) water channels, (b) root phosphate and K+ transporters, (c) genes potentially involved in transcriptional regulation, (d) stress response genes, and (e) ribosomal protein genes. In addition, both families of nitrate transporters were also found to be inducible by phosphate, K, and iron deficiencies. The identification of these novel nitrate-inducible genes is providing avenues of research that will yield new insights into the molecular basis of plant N nutrition, as well as possible networking between the regulation of N, phosphorus, and K nutrition. C1 Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Kochian, LV (reprint author), Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X NR 39 TC 144 Z9 168 U1 2 U2 27 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 127 IS 1 BP 345 EP 359 DI 10.1104/pp.127.1.345 PG 15 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 474TV UT WOS:000171123700039 PM 11553762 ER PT J AU Hallman, GJ Martinez, LR AF Hallman, GJ Martinez, LR TI Ionizing irradiation quarantine treatment against Mexican fruit fly (Diptera : Tephritidae) in citrus fruits SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anastrepha ludens; gamma radiation; disinfestation; grapefruit; phytosanitary treatment ID STORAGE AB A low-dose gamma irradiation quarantine treatment against the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew) was developed for citrus fruits. The measure of efficacy of the treatment was prevention of adult emergence from third instars that were reared and treated in 'Rio Red' grapefruit, Citrus paradisi Macf. Depending on the level of quarantine security required, the minimum absorbed dose would be 58 or 69 Gy. When applied on a commercial scale, many irradiated fruit in each load can be expected to receive three times the minimum required dose for treatment efficacy. Several quality parameters of 'Rio Red' grapefruit, 'Marrs' oranges, C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck, and 'Dancy' tangerines, C. reticulata Blanco, including soluble solids content, titratable acidity, appearance, and organoleptic quality, were not affected compared with untreated fruit at the doses tested (up to 500 Gy). (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Hallman, GJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, 2413 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. EM ghallman@weslaco.ars.usda.gov NR 12 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 23 IS 1 BP 71 EP 77 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(01)00090-4 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 471KT UT WOS:000170929100008 ER PT J AU Cheng, HW Dillworth, G Singleton, P Chen, Y Muir, WM AF Cheng, HW Dillworth, G Singleton, P Chen, Y Muir, WM TI Effects of group selection for productivity and longevity on blood concentrations of serotonin, catecholamines, and corticosterone of laying hens SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE group selection; serotonin; catecholamine; corticosterone; well-being ID TONIC IMMOBILITY REACTIONS; HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE; INCREASED BODY-WEIGHT; ROMAN HIGH-AVOIDANCE; MALE VERVET MONKEYS; JAPANESE-QUAIL; GENETIC SELECTION; SOCIAL-BEHAVIOR; PLASMA-CORTICOSTERONE; AGGRESSIVE-BEHAVIOR AB Selection of a line of White Leghorn chickens for high group productivity and longevity resulted in reducing cannibalism and flightiness in multiple-hen cages. Improvements in survival might have been due to changes of physiological homeostasis. The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that genetic selection for high (HGPS) and low (LGPS) group productivity and survivability also altered regulation of neuroendocrine homeostasis. Hens were randomly assigned to individual cages at 17 wk of age. At 21 wk of age, blood concentrations of dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin were measured using HPLC assay. Blood concentrations of corticosterone were measured using radioimmunoassay. The LGPS hens had greater blood concentrations of dopamine and epinephrine than the HGPS hens (P < 0.01). The blood concentration of norepinephrine was not significantly different between the lines, but the ratio of epinephrine to norepinephrine was greater in the LGPS hens (P < 0.01). The blood concentrations of serotonin were also higher in the LGPS hens compared to those in the HGPS hens (P < 0.01). Although the HGPS hens tended to have a higher level of blood corticosterone, the difference was not significant (1.87 +/- 0.19 vs. 1.49 +/- 0.21 ng/mL; P = 0.08). The results suggest that selection for group productivity and survivability alters the chickens' neuroendocrine homeostasis, and these changes may correlate with its line-unique coping ability to domestic environments and survivability. C1 ARS, Livestock Behav Res Unit, USDA, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Anim Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Cheng, HW (reprint author), ARS, Livestock Behav Res Unit, USDA, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 98 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 3 U2 14 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 80 IS 9 BP 1278 EP 1285 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 468FD UT WOS:000170746700005 PM 11558912 ER PT J AU Kubena, LF Byrd, JA Young, CR Corrier, DE AF Kubena, LF Byrd, JA Young, CR Corrier, DE TI Effects of tannic acid on cecal volatile fatty acids and susceptibility to Salmonella typhimurium colonization in broiler chicks SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE salmonella; broiler chicks; cecal bacteria; volatile fatty acids; tannic acid ID RESISTANT SORGHUM GRAIN; CULTURE; PERFORMANCE; BACTERIA AB Young chickens are more susceptible to Salmonella colonization than older chickens that have developed resistance with age as native microftora become established. Elevated concentrations of cecal propionic acid and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) have been observed by many researchers to be indicators of establishment of anaerobic microflora and protection against Salmonella colonization of the ceca. Disruption of the native microflora or competitive exclusion (CE) cultures by components of diets, such as tannic acid (TA), could alter the concentrations of propionic acid and total VFA and possibly affect Salmonella colonization. Two experiments were conducted using day-of-hatch, mixed-sex broiler chicks to evaluate the effects of TA on cecal VFA and the susceptibility to Salmonella colonization. All chicks in both experiments were challenged orally with 10(4) cfu of Salmonella typhimurium (ST) on Day 3 (Experiment 1) or Day 4 (Experiment 2). One-half of the chicks were orally gavaged on the day of hatch with a CE culture (PREEMPT(TM)) and were fed diets containing 0, 0.75, or 1.5% TA for up to 12 d of age. Chicks were maintained in batteries in separate rooms for the experimental period. There were some alterations in concentrations of cecal propionic acid or total VFA in chicks fed diets containing 0.75 or 1.5% TA in non CE-treated chicks and in CE-treated chicks. No significant differences were observed for numbers of Salmonella cecal culture-positive chicks or in the numbers of ST in the cecal contents due to dietary content of TA. With minor exceptions, the chicks treated with the CE culture had higher cecal concentrations of propionic acid and were less susceptible to Salmonella colonization than the non CE-treated chicks. Further research is necessary to determine the biological significance of these changes. C1 ARS, USDA, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Kubena, LF (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 26 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 80 IS 9 BP 1293 EP 1298 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 468FD UT WOS:000170746700007 PM 11558914 ER PT J AU Huff, GR Huff, WE Balog, JM Rath, NC AF Huff, GR Huff, WE Balog, JM Rath, NC TI Effect of early handling of turkey poults on later responses to a dexamethasone-Escherichia coli challenge. 1. Production values and physiological response SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE turkey; osteomyelitis; stress; handling; Escherichia coli ID DOMESTIC CHICKS FEAR; ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT; OSTEOMYELITIS COMPLEX; HUMAN-BEINGS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; BEHAVIOR; STRESS AB The stress responses of mice and rats has been shown to be permanently altered by brief, gentle handling during the first 10 d of life, resulting in increased BW and resistance to stress-induced immunosuppression. The purpose of this study was to determine whether early handling of turkey poults could permanently affect production values and physiology of adult turkeys. Turkey poults were handled 0, 1 (1x), or 2 (2x) times daily for the first 10 d after hatch. Handling consisted of gently catching each poult and holding it for 10 s. On Day 11 after hatch, half of the birds from each handling treatment were treated with three injections of 2 mg dexamethasone (DEX)/kg BW on alternating days. On the day of the third DEX injection, duplicate pens of birds were also inoculated in the airsac with 0 or 50 cfu of Escherichia coli. The same birds were treated with a second series of DEX injections at 5 wk of age. Two weeks later, all birds were weighed, and 3 wk later four birds per pen were bled and 10 birds per pen were necropsied; relative organ weights were then determined. Surviving birds were treated with a third series of DEX injections at 10 wk of age; 2 wk later, all surviving turkeys were bled, weighed, and necropsied. Feed consumption was determined weekly. There were no differences due to handling treatment on the body weights or on the relative organ weights of birds that died after the first DEX treatment. Birds treated with a second DEX injection at 5 wk of age and handled Ix daily had decreased BW. Those handled 1x or 2x daily had higher feed conversion ratios. Surviving birds that were given a third DEX treatment had higher BW and no difference in feed conversion when handled 1x or 2x daily. Relative liver, heart, and spleen weights were affected by handling of DEX-E. coli-treated birds, as were serum chemistry values for calcium, iron, glucose, total protein, blood urea nitogen, uric acid, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and gamma -glutamyltransferase. Handling also affected the numbers of white blood cells of DEX-treated birds. These results indicate that brief and gentle handling of turkey poults during the first 10 d after hatch has lasting effects on production values and physiology of adult turkeys and that these effects can be positive or negative. These results suggest a genetic divergence in the response to stress and its effect on production values and physiology of commercial turkey populations. C1 Univ Arkansas, Poultry Sci Ctr, ARS, USDA, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Huff, GR (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Poultry Sci Ctr, ARS, USDA, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 80 IS 9 BP 1305 EP 1313 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 468FD UT WOS:000170746700009 PM 11558916 ER PT J AU Huff, GR Huff, WE Balog, JM Rath, NC AF Huff, GR Huff, WE Balog, JM Rath, NC TI Effect of early handling of turkey poults on later responses to multiple dexamethasone-Escherichia coli challenge. 2. Resistance to air sacculitis and turkey osteomyelitis complex SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE turkey; osteomyelitis; stress; handling; Escherichia coli ID GREEN LIVER DISCOLORATION; DOMESTIC CHICKS FEAR; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; HUMAN-BEINGS; STRESS; SYSTEM; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; INFECTION; ANIMALS AB Dexamethasone (DEX)-induced immunosuppression facilitates Escherichia coli pathogenesis leading to lesions of air sacculitis and turkey osteomyelitis complex (TOC). The purpose of this study was to determine if early handling could affect resistance to disease in this model. Seven hundred twenty male turkey poults were handled 0, 1 (1x), or 2 (2x) times daily for the first 10 d after hatch. Handling consisted of gently catching each individual poult, holding it for 10 s, and placing it into a basket. Starting on Day 11 after hatch, half of the birds from each handling treatment were treated with three injections of 2 mg DEX/kg BW on alternating days. On the day of the third DEX treatment, duplicate pens of birds were also inoculated in the air sac with 0 or 50 cfu of E. coli. All DEX-treated birds were given a second series of DEX injections at 5 wk of age, and 10 birds per pen were necropsied 3 wk later. Surviving birds were treated with a third series of DEX injections at 10 wk of age. Two weeks later, all surviving turkeys were necropsied. All mortalities and necropsied birds were scored for air sacculitis and examined for TOC lesions. All livers, air sacs, and TOC lesions were cultured for bacteria. There was increased mortality after the first series of DEX treatments of birds handled 2x. After the second series of DEX treatments, birds handled 1x had increased mortality, incidence of air sacculitis, and recovery of E. coli from tissues, whereas 2x handled birds were identical to unhandled controls. After the third series of DEX treatments, handling 1x resulted in decreased air sacculitis scores and decreased incidence of mortality, green liver, TOC lesions, and recovery of E. coli from tissues. The effects of early handling of turkey poults were variable, depending on the number of DEX treatments and the age of the birds. These results suggest that early handling can affect the susceptibility of stressed turkeys to E. coli air sacculitis and TOC and that differences in susceptibility may be influenced by age and individual variability in the stress response. C1 Univ Arkansas, Poultry Sci Ctr, ARS, USDA, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Huff, GR (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Poultry Sci Ctr, ARS, USDA, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 34 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 80 IS 9 BP 1314 EP 1322 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 468FD UT WOS:000170746700010 PM 11558917 ER PT J AU Tankson, JD Vizzier-Thaxton, Y Thaxton, JP May, JD Cameron, JA AF Tankson, JD Vizzier-Thaxton, Y Thaxton, JP May, JD Cameron, JA TI Stress and nutritional quality of broilers SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE stress; pale; soft; exudative; broiler; meat; nutritional value ID EXUDATIVE PSE OCCURRENCE; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; PRE-SLAUGHTER; PORK QUALITY; TURKEY MEAT; MODEL; PALE; BREAST; SOFT; TEMPERATURE AB Broiler chicks were reared in environmental chambers. All birds were started under ideal conditions, i.e., 30.6 C with 35% RH. Beginning at Day 36, half of the chicks were maintained at 24 C and 35% RH. The other half were subjected to a cyclic temperature-RH regime that approximated a typical August day in central Mississippi (heat treatment). Half of each of the described groups received implants of osmotic pumps that released adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) at 8 IU/kg BW/d for 7 d. The remaining birds received placebo pumps. The main effects of ACTH and heat treatments were similar. Both treatments caused reductions in BW, carcass weight (CW), carcass protein (CP), and muscle calorie (C) content. ACTH, but not heat, reduced carcass moisture (M). Carcass fat and ash, however, were not affected. Most changes were not reversed after 1 wk of recovery. Although visible signs of pale, soft, exudative muscle (PSE) were present, "white" areas of muscle were absent. The decreased meat yield and detrimental changes in meat quality suggest that stress, whether induced hormonally or by exposure to over-heating, caused losses that were as severe as those associated with PSE under field conditions. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. ARS, USDA, S Cent Poultry Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Jackson State Univ, Dept Biol, Jackson, MS 39217 USA. RP Vizzier-Thaxton, Y (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 38 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 2 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 80 IS 9 BP 1384 EP 1389 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 468FD UT WOS:000170746700020 PM 11558927 ER PT J AU Block, WA Franklin, AB Ward, JP Ganey, JL White, GC AF Block, WA Franklin, AB Ward, JP Ganey, JL White, GC TI Design and implementation of monitoring studies to evaluate the success of ecological restoration on wildlife SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE wildlife; monitoring; status and trends; restoration effects; experiments; quasi-experiments; scale ID MANAGEMENT; COMMUNITY; FIELD AB Restoration projects are often developed with little consideration for understanding their effects on wildlife. We contend, however, that monitoring treatment effects on wildlife should be an integral component of the design and execution of any management activity, including restoration. Thus, we provide a conceptual framework for the design and implementation of monitoring studies to understand the effects of restoration on wildlife. Our underlying premise is that effective monitoring hinges on an appropriate study design for unbiased and precise estimates of the response variables. We advocate using measures of population dynamics for response variables given that they provide the most direct measures of wildlife status and trends. The species to be monitored should be those constituting an assemblage of umbrella species that represent the range of spatial and functional requirements of wildlife in a restored ecological system. Selection of umbrella species should be based on strong empirical evidence that justifies their usage. We also advocate that monitoring be designed as true experiments or quasi-experiments rather than as observational studies to allow for stronger inferences regarding the effects of restoration on wildlife. Our primary message is that if monitoring is to be done, it must be scientifically based. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Block, WA (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 2500 S Pine Knoll Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM wblock@fs.fed.us NR 47 TC 118 Z9 127 U1 6 U2 63 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1061-2971 EI 1526-100X J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 9 IS 3 BP 293 EP 303 DI 10.1046/j.1526-100x.2001.009003293.x PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 471BM UT WOS:000170907000006 ER PT J AU Dibble, AC Campbell, CS AF Dibble, AC Campbell, CS TI Conservation status of Carex oronensis (Cyperaceae), a Maine endemic. SO RHODORA LA English DT Article DE Carex bebbii; C. oronensis; C. ovalis; C. scoparia var. tessellate; C. tincta; Carex section Ovales; Cyperaceae; Orono sedge; morphology; Maine; plant endemism; plant conservation ID SECTION OVALES; NORTH-AMERICA; SEDGES CAREX; HYBRIDIZATION; TAXONOMY AB Carex oronensis, Orono sedge, is Maine's only known endemic plant species. From 1916 through 1986 only one individual was collected. From 1986- 1998, we and others found 58 populations and approximately 2862 reproductive individuals in early successional habitats, almost exclusively in the Penobscot River drainage. Of extant populations, 80% have G 20 plant,, and 22% have only 1-2. In a Principal Coordinates Analysis with 22 morphological variables and 95 individuals, C. oronensis separated completely from C. bebbii, C. ovalis, C. scoparia var, tessellata, and C. tincta. Canonical Discriminant Analysis resulted in 100% classification for 19 individuals of C. oronensis. Carex oronensis differs front the four other taxa especially in perigynium features: narrow wings, lack of abaxial nerves, glossy texture, rust-colored blotch (68% of sample), and lack of basal sponginess about the achene. Species status is appropriate for C. oronensis because it is fertile, its offspring are identical to the parent, and it is morphologically distinct. Because its distribution is wholly north of the Wisconsin glacial boundary and it is not clearly adapted for long-distance dispersal, the species appears to have arisen in Maine. Hay transport by the lumber industry could account for the spread of C. oronensis within the Penobscot River drainage and its confinement there. Mowing after seed dispersal in mid-July appears to benefit populations. C1 Univ Maine, Dept Biol Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Dibble, AC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Bradley, ME 04411 USA. NR 42 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB INC PI LAWRENCE PA P.O. BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0035-4902 J9 RHODORA JI Rhodora PD FAL PY 2001 VL 103 IS 916 BP 351 EP 379 PG 29 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 513KF UT WOS:000173376700001 ER PT J AU Pfeffer, MJ Schelhas, JW Day, LA AF Pfeffer, MJ Schelhas, JW Day, LA TI Forest conservation, value conflict, and interest formation in a Honduran national park SO RURAL SOCIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB We argue that attempts to superimpose park regulatory regimes on existing land uses in the tropics represent conflicts between alternative cultural models of natural resource management. The results of such conflicts are unique regulatory regimes emerging from distinctive processes that redefine the terms and limits of natural resource use. In creating a scarcity of available resources. parks encourage social differentiation and greater awareness of societal patterns of inequality, establishing a potential for the articulation of demands for social and environmental equity. We evaluate these claims with a case study of the Cerro Azul Meambar National Park in Honduras. We base our analysis on 54 indepth interviews of Park residents in five Park communities. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Rural Sociol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Washington, DC USA. RP Pfeffer, MJ (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Rural Sociol, 135 Warren Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 39 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 8 PU RURAL SOCIOLOGICAL SOC PI BELLINGHAM PA C/O RABEL J BURDGE, TREASURER, WESTERN WASHINGTON UNIV, DEPT SOCIOL ARNTZEN HALL R-510, BELLINGHAM, WA 98225-9081 USA SN 0036-0112 J9 RURAL SOCIOL JI Rural Sociol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 66 IS 3 BP 382 EP 402 PG 21 WC Sociology SC Sociology GA 472YH UT WOS:000171012200004 ER PT J AU Haney, RL Franzluebbers, AJ Hons, FM Hossner, LR Zuberer, DA AF Haney, RL Franzluebbers, AJ Hons, FM Hossner, LR Zuberer, DA TI Molar concentration of K2SO4 and soil pH affect estimation of extractable C with chloroform fumigation-extraction SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE extractable carbon; chloroform fumigation-extraction; microbial biomass; soil pH ID MICROBIAL BIOMASS-C; BIOCIDAL TREATMENTS; FOREST SOILS; CALIBRATION; INCUBATION; METABOLISM; NITROGEN; CARBON; INSITU AB Methods of determining soil microbial biomass need to be reliable and produce consistent results across soils with a wide range of properties. We investigated the effect of extractant molarity (distilled water and 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 0.5 M K2SO4) on the flush of C (i.e. the difference between fumigated and unfumigated subsamples) with the chloroform fumigation-extraction method in soils of different pH. Extraction efficiency of 0.5 M K2SO4 relative to water was dependent upon soil pH. The ratio of extractable C in water to that in 0.5 M K2SO4 for five acidic soils was 1.5 +/- 0.3 in unfumigated controls, 1.4 +/- 0.2 in fumigated samples, and 1.8 +/- 0.7 in fumigated minus control flushes, respectively. Ratios in six alkaline soils were 1.0 +/- 0.2, 0.9 +/- 0.2, and 0.8 +/- 0.2, respectively. Flocculation/dispersion of organic colloids and changes in the diffuse double layer surrounding clay particles are possible reasons for differences in extractable C with changes in extractant molarity and soil pH. Chloroform fumigation-extraction with any of the extractants was less related to soil organic C and potential C and N mineralization during 50 days of incubation (r(2) = 0.51 +/- 0.11) than was chloroform fumigation-incubation without subtraction of a control (r(2) = 0.74 +/- 0.08). Changes in microbial biomass estimates with changes in extractant molarity and soil pH suggest that chloroform fumigation-extraction may not be reliable in a wide range of soils. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, J Phil Campbell Sr Nat Resource Conservat Ctr, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. RP Haney, RL (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 28 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 4 U2 17 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 33 IS 11 BP 1501 EP 1507 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00065-7 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 470AM UT WOS:000170848300008 ER PT J AU Kukier, U Sumner, ME Miller, WP AF Kukier, U Sumner, ME Miller, WP TI Distribution of exchangeable cations and trace elements in the profiles of soils amended with coal combustion by-products SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE fly ash; flue gas desulfurization gypsum; exchangeable cations; trace elements; soil profile; distribution ID AMELIORATING SUBSOIL ACIDITY; FLY-ASH; ALUMINUM TOXICITY; BORON ADSORPTION; GYPSUM; MAGNESIUM; CALCIUM; STRATEGIES; LEACHATE; MINERALS AB The flue gas desulfurization process employing forced oxidation technology generates an almost pure gypsum (FGD), which may substitute for mined gypsum used as a soil amendment in the southeastern United States. Under specific conditions, a mixture of FGD and fly ash (FA) may be produced by an electric power plant. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of FGD applied both singly and as a 1:1 mixture with fly ash (AFGD) on the distribution of the exchangeable cations Ca, Mg, K, and Al and the trace elements B, As, and Pb in the profiles of soils having various textures. Lime was not applied in this study. The experiment was conducted at three different locations near Tifton, Athens, and Calhoun, Georgia. The total amount of rainfall plus irrigation at these locations during the experimental period was 1385, 1419, and 1406 mm, respectively. Soil cores were collected to a depth of 70 or 80 cm about 13 months after by-product application. FGD application increased exchangeable Ca levels in the subsoil. Exchangeable K levels were significantly decreased by FGD application only in a sandy soil. FGD promoted release of Mg from the soil sorptive complex and increased leaching of this element. Cations were transported most effectively in the profiles of a sandy soil. FA application increased plant avails able As in the surface layer of a sandy soil and plant available B in the zone of incorporation in the soils containing more clay, but it only partially alleviated deficiencies of this element. FA did not sufficiently supplement K and Mg losses induced by FGD application. The results of this study demonstrate that the FGD material had greater agronomic value than the mixed AFGD by-product. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Kukier, U (reprint author), ARS, USDA, ANRI, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 53 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 166 IS 9 BP 585 EP 597 DI 10.1097/00010694-200109000-00002 PG 13 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 479DU UT WOS:000171389300002 ER PT J AU Jaynes, DB Ahmed, SI Kung, KJS Kanwar, RS AF Jaynes, DB Ahmed, SI Kung, KJS Kanwar, RS TI Temporal dynamics of preferential flow to a subsurface drain SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SILT LOAM SOIL; SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; WATER-QUALITY; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; SOUTHERN LOUISIANA; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; IRRIGATED FIELD; SURFACE WATERS; TILL SOIL; NO-TILL AB We conducted a sequential tracer leaching study on a 24.4 by 42.7 m field plot to investigate the temporal behavior of chemical movement to a 1.2-m deep field drain during irrigation and subsequent rainfall events over a 14-d period. The herbicides atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine], and alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)pacetamide] along with the conservative tracer Br were applied to a 1-m wide strip, offset 1.5 m laterally from a subsurface drain pipe, immediately before an 11.3-h long, 4.2-mm h(-1) irrigation. Three additional conservative tracers, pentafluorobenzoate (PF), o-trifluoromethylbenzoate (TF), and difluorobenzoate (DF) were applied to the strip during the irrigation at 2-h intervals. Breakthrough of Br and the two herbicides occurred within the first 2-h of irrigation, indicating that a fraction of the solute transport was along preferential flow paths. Retardation and attenuation of the herbicides indicated that there was interaction between the chemicals and the soil lining the preferential pathways. The conservative tracers applied during the later stages of irrigation arrived at the subsurface drain much faster than tracers applied earlier. The final tracer, applied 6 h after the start of irrigation (DF), took only 15 min and 1 mm of irrigation water to travel to the subsurface drain. Model simulations using a two-dimensional, convective, and dispersive numerical model without an explicit preferential flow component failed to reproduce Br tracer concentrations in the drain effluent, confirming the importance of preferential flow. This study showed that preferential flow in this soil is not a uniform process during a leaching event. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Jaynes, DB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 37 TC 50 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 17 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 65 IS 5 BP 1368 EP 1376 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 505NH UT WOS:000172918500003 ER PT J AU Laird, DA Martens, DA Kingery, WL AF Laird, DA Martens, DA Kingery, WL TI Nature of clay-humic complexes in an agricultural soil: I. Chemical, biochemical, and spectroscopic analyses SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PARTICLE-SIZE FRACTIONS; ANION-EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY; PULSED AMPEROMETRIC DETECTION; ORGANIC-MATTER; FATTY-ACIDS; TRANSFORMATIONS; COMPONENTS; NONTRONITE; NITROGEN; SORPTION AB Soil management systems that encourage the formation and stabilization of recalcitrant clay-humic complexes will have the greatest long-term impact on C sequestration and soil quality. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between the chemical, biochemical, and spectroscopic characteristics of humic substances and clay mineralogy. Clay-humic complexes were separated from the Ap horizon of a Webster soil (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive Typic Endoaquoll) by an invasive sonication-centrifugation technique. The samples were analyzed for mineralogy by XRD (x-ray diffraction), chemical composition by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectorscopy (ICP-AES), C and N by thermal combustion, C chemistry by solid state C-13 magic angle spinning-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MAS-NMR) and both gas chromatography (GC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses of extractable organic compounds. The coarse, medium, and fine clay fractions are dominated by quartz, a low-charged interstratified phase, and smectite, respectively. Extractable organic compounds, 30 to 52% of the total C, are dominated by basic amino acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Less than 3% of the extractable C is monosaccharides and amino sugars and only trace levels of phenolic acids were found. The C/N ratios of humic substances associated with the coarse, medium, and fine clay fractions are 17, 10, and 10, respectively. The coarse clay fraction has stronger carboxyl and 0-alkyl C-13-NMR peaks and lower levels of extractable amino acids, fatty acids, monosaccharides, and amino sugars than humics associated with the fine clay fraction. The results indicate that the biochemistry of the clay-humic complexes differs substantially from that of whole soils and that soil clay mineralogy strongly influences humification. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Laird, DA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Laird, David/E-8598-2014 NR 30 TC 54 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 20 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 65 IS 5 BP 1413 EP 1418 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 505NH UT WOS:000172918500009 ER PT J AU Laird, D AF Laird, D TI Nature of clay-humic complexes in an agricultural soil: II. Scanning electron microscopy analysis SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SMECTITE AB The most stable forms of organic matter in soils are the clay-humic complexes. An understanding of mechanisms and processes influencing the formation of clay-humic complexes may facilitate development of agricultural management systems that increase the long-term sequestration of C in soils and improve soil quality. The specific objective of this study was to visualize associations between humic substances and clay minerals separated from a typical agricultural soil. The soil sample used in this study was from the Ap horizon of a Webster (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Endoaquoll) soil located near Waseca, MN. The whole soil clay fraction (<2 mum particle-size fraction) was separated by a relatively mild sedimentation technique, and coarse, medium, and fine clay fractions (0.2-2.0, 0.02-0.2, and <0.02 lm size fractions, respectively) were separated from a portion of the whole clay sample by an aggressive sonication-centrifugation technique. All samples were Ca-saturated, dialyzed, and freeze-dried. The samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy to obtain images of clay-humic complexes and energy dispersive x-ray analysis to obtain maps of elemental distributions. Two distinct types of clay-associated humic substances were identified. The first type exists as diffuse filamentous films that cover basal surfaces of 2:1 phyllosilicates in the medium and fine clay fractions. The second type exists as discrete particles of high-density metal-humic substance complexes in the coarse clay fraction. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Laird, D (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Laird, David/E-8598-2014 NR 14 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 12 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 65 IS 5 BP 1419 EP 1425 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 505NH UT WOS:000172918500010 ER PT J AU Zhu, AX Hudson, B Burt, J Lubich, K Simonson, D AF Zhu, AX Hudson, B Burt, J Lubich, K Simonson, D TI Soil mapping using GIS, expert knowledge, and fuzzy logic SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CLASSIFICATION; INFORMATION; TOPOGRAPHY; LANDSCAPE; INFERENCE; SCIENCE; SCALE; MODEL AB A geographical information system (GIS) or expert knowledge-based fuzzy soil inference scheme (soil-land inference model, SoLIM) is described. The scheme consists of three major components: (i) a model employing a similarity representation of soils, (ii) a set of inference techniques for deriving the similarity representation, and (iii) use of the similarity representation. The similarity representation allows the soil landscape to be considered as a continuum, and thereby overcomes the generalization of soils in conventional soil mapping. The set of inference techniques is based on the soil factor equation and the soil-landscape model. The soil-landscape concept contends that if one knows the relationships between each soil and its environment for an area, then one is able to infer what soil might be at each location on the landscape by assessing the environmental conditions at that point. Under the SoLIM, soil environmental conditions over an area are characterized using GIS or remote sensing techniques. The relationships between soils and their formative environmental conditions are extracted from local soil experts or from field observations using a set of artificial intelligence techniques. The characterized environmental conditions are then combined with the extracted relationships to derive a similarity representation of soils over an area. It is demonstrated through two case studies that the SOLIM for soil survey has many advantages over the conventional soil survey approach. Soil information products derived through the SoLIM are of high quality in terms of both level of spatial detail and degree of attribute accuracy. In addition, the scheme shows promise for improving the efficiency of soil survey and subsequent updates through reducing time and costs of conducting a survey. However, the degree of success of the SoLIM highly depends on the availability and quality of environmental data, and the quality of knowledge on soil-environmental relationships over the study area. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geog, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. USDA, NRCS, Madison, WI 53719 USA. RP Zhu, AX (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geog, 550 N Pk St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 32 TC 163 Z9 196 U1 2 U2 53 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 65 IS 5 BP 1463 EP 1472 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 505NH UT WOS:000172918500017 ER PT J AU Li, Y Lindstrom, MJ AF Li, Y Lindstrom, MJ TI Evaluating soil quality-soil redistribution relationship on terraces and steep hillslope SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID TILLAGE EROSION RATES; CESIUM-137 MEASUREMENTS; WATER EROSION; PATTERNS; TRANSLOCATION; SASKATCHEWAN AB Soil redistribution from tillage and water erosion have the potential to modify the spatial patterns of soil quality on terraced and steep cultivated hillslopes. However, few studies have investigated this relationship. Our objectives were to quantify soil quality parameters along terraced and steep hillslopes and determine the relationship between soil redistribution from tillage erosion and water erosion on soil quality parameters in the Chinese Loess Plateau. Soil quality indicators, i.e., soil organic matter (OM), available P, N, bulk density (D-b), and clay and silt contents were measured at 5-m intervals on a terraced field and at 10-m intervals on a steep cultivated hillslope in a down slope transect. Soil redistribution rates from tillage and overland flow were obtained by Cs-137 technique integrated with a tillage erosion prediction model (TEP). Water erosion was the primary cause for the overall decline in soil quality on the steep cultivated hillslope while tillage erosion had a comparable contribution to overall level in soil quality on the terraced hillslope. Soil movement by tillage controlled the spatial patterns in OM, N, and P on both terraced and steep cultivated hillslopes. Selective removal of finer particles by water erosion caused a linear decrease in clay content of 0.02% m(-1) and corresponding increase in silt content of 0.04% m(-1) downslope on the steep cultivated hillslope. The impact of tillage erosion on OM, N, and P on the steep cultivated hillslope can be assessed using the change in adjacent slope gradients (X) through a soil quality-topography regression model, Y = aX + b. C1 USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. CAS, Inst Mt Hazards & Environm, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, Peoples R China. RP Lindstrom, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, 803 Iowa Ave, Morris, MN 56267 USA. NR 35 TC 60 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 18 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 65 IS 5 BP 1500 EP 1508 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 505NH UT WOS:000172918500021 ER PT J AU Zhang, XC Friedrich, JM Nearing, MA Norton, LD AF Zhang, XC Friedrich, JM Nearing, MA Norton, LD TI Potential use of rare earth oxides as tracers for soil erosion and aggregation studies SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CESIUM-137 MEASUREMENTS; RATES; VARIABILITY; PLOTS AB Most existing soil loss data are spatially-averaged, though various tracing techniques have been used for obtaining spatially-distributed data. Spatially-distributed soil erosion data are needed for validating physically-based erosion prediction models and for better understanding soil erosion dynamics. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the feasibility of using rare earth element (REE) oxides directly as tracers for soil erosion studies by examining their binding ability with soil materials, and also to test a quick acid-extraction procedure. Five REE oxide powders were directly mixed with a Miami silt loam soil (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs) and then leached with deionized water in a soil box to evaluate the mobility of REEs. Following leaching, soil samples were sectioned in 25-mm increments and analyzed for REEs. The REE-tagged soil was wet sieved to obtain REE concentrations in each aggregate size group. A simple acid-leaching method was used to extract REEs from all soil samples. The extracts were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) techniques. The data indicated that the maximum coefficient of variation of the proposed procedure was < 10% for all REEs. The REE oxides were uniformly incorporated into soil aggregates of different sizes (> 53 mum) and were bound with silt-size particles. This finding shows that the direct use of REE oxides is feasible, which should be superior to other REE-tagged particulate tracers because it eliminates the need of tagging exotic particles with REEs. Also, direct mixing of a trace amount of REEs does not substantially alter physicochemical properties of soil particles and aggregates. This work has shown that REE oxides have a great potential for tracing soil erosion and aggregation. C1 USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Chem, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Zhang, XC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, 7207 W Cheyenne St, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. NR 26 TC 55 Z9 73 U1 2 U2 21 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 65 IS 5 BP 1508 EP 1515 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 505NH UT WOS:000172918500022 ER PT J AU Needelman, BA Gburek, WJ Sharpley, AN Petersen, GW AF Needelman, BA Gburek, WJ Sharpley, AN Petersen, GW TI Environmental management of soil phosphorus: Modeling spatial variability in small fields SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MAP DELINEATIONS; VARIOGRAMS AB The mapping of soil P concentration is necessary to assess the risk of P loss in runoff. We modeled the distribution of Mehlich-3 extractable soil P (M3P) in an east-central Pennsylvania 39.5-ha watershed (FD-36) with an average field size of 1.0 ha. Three interpolation models were used: (i) the field classification model-simple field means, (ii) the global model-ordinary kriging across the watershed, and (iii) the within-field model-ordinary kriging within fields with a pooled within-stratum variogram. Soils were sampled on a 30-m grid, resulting in an average of 14 samples per field. Multiple validation runs were used to compare the models. Overall, the mean absolute errors (MAE) of the models were 76, 71, and 66 mg kg(-1) M3P for the field classification, global, and within-field models, respectively. The field classification model performed substantially worse than did the kriging models in five fields; these fields exhibited strong spatial autocorrelation. The within-field model performed substantially better than did the global model in three fields where autocorrelation was confined by the field boundary. However, no differences in P index classification were observed between the three prediction surfaces. The field classification model is simpler and less expensive to implement than the kriging models and should be adequate for applications that are not sensitive to small errors in soil P concentration estimates. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Agron, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Needelman, BA (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Agron, 116 ASI Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 32 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 8 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 65 IS 5 BP 1516 EP 1522 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 505NH UT WOS:000172918500023 ER PT J AU Robinson, DA AF Robinson, DA TI Comments on "Field calibration of a capacitance water content probe in fine sand soils" SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material ID TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; TDR C1 US Salin Lab, USDA ARS, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Robinson, DA (reprint author), US Salin Lab, USDA ARS, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. EM darobinson001@yahoo.co.uk RI Robinson, David/A-6287-2010 OI Robinson, David/0000-0001-7290-4867 NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 65 IS 5 BP 1570 EP 1571 PG 2 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 505NH UT WOS:000172918500029 ER PT J AU Kerns, BK AF Kerns, BK TI Diagnostic phytoliths for a ponderosa pine-bunchgrass community near Flagstaff, Arizona. SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; UNITED-STATES; FOREST; PATTERNS; GRASSES; RECORD; PLAINS; SOILS AB Phytolith analysis could play an important role in understanding vegetation dynamics in southwestern ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests, which have been dramatically altered by fire suppression and other factors. My objectives were to develop a phytolith reference collection and classification system for a ponderosa pine-bunchgrass community found near Flagstaff Arizona. I examined 27 species of grasses found in and around the study area and ponderosa pine for diagnostic phytoliths. Twenty other species common to the area were examined for redundant phytolith forms. Eight phytolith forms were identified, including a diagnostic phytolith for ponderosa pine, the spiny body. The general Poaceae subfamily system validated by numerous researchers is applicable to this community. Examination of phytolith shape frequencies show that for 7 species in the subfamily Pooideae, and 1 species in the Panicoideae, very few (0 to 5%) nondiagnostic phytolith forms were present. Nondiagnostic phytoliths, particularly rondels, were more common (7 to 22%) for the 3 species from the Chloridoideae subfamily. This result is consistent with the observation by other authors that all grasses produce rondel forms and indicates that rondels will be over-represented in phytolith assemblages in comparison to actual vegetation. The ponderosa pixie spiny body appears to be a useful diagnostic for this area and vegetation reconstructions using soil phytolith assemblages based on the system developed in this study could be used to understand grass-tree and grass vegetation dynamics. C1 No Arizona Univ, Sch Forestry, Coll Ecosyst Sci & Management, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RP Kerns, BK (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 46 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 46 IS 3 BP 282 EP 294 DI 10.2307/3672424 PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 488AT UT WOS:000171912400003 ER PT J AU Guo, BZ Li, RG Widstrom, NW Lynch, RE Cleveland, TE AF Guo, BZ Li, RG Widstrom, NW Lynch, RE Cleveland, TE TI Genetic variation within maize population GT-MAS : gk and the relationship with resistance to Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin production SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE aflatoxin; heterogeneous; population; resistance; RAPD markers; Zea mays ID CORN GENOTYPES RESISTANT; ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITIES; HYBRID PERFORMANCE; KERNEL INFECTION; INBREDS; CONTAMINATION; ACCUMULATION; MARKERS; EAR; POLYMORPHISMS AB Aspergillus flavus (Link:Fr.) infection and aflatoxin contamination of maize (Zea mays L.) grain are an extremely serious problem. Maize genotypes resistant to A. flavus attack are needed. Maize breeders and plant pathologists must identify resistance sources and incorporate resistance into adapted breeding material. Maize population GT-MAS:gk has been released for use as a resistance source. In this study, we surveyed the genetic variation in this population and made the breeders/plant pathologists aware of the heterogeneous nature in this maize population by using RAPD analysis and correlated the RAPD marker association with the resistance to A. flavus and aflatoxin production. Of 40 RAPD primers, only 15 gave sufficient numbers of reproducible and readily scored polymorphic bands suggesting that this population was highly homogeneous. However, genetic distances, ranging from 0.08 to 0.28 and averaging 0.17, suggest that there is variation within the population. Cluster analysis distinguished three major polymorphic groups. Laboratory bioassay revealed that group I contained the most resistant individuals, i.e., those with less aflatoxin production. Group Il had the least resistance, and group III was intermediate. This study showed that the maize population GT-MAS:gk is heterogeneous and individuals are different in resistance to A. flavus and aflatoxin production. Resistance should be confirmed through progeny testing before further development. The RAPD marker OPX-04, which may be associated with the resistance trait, has been cloned and further characterization will be pursued. C1 USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Dept Entomol, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Guo, BZ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. EM bguo@tifton.cpes.peachnet.edu NR 41 TC 17 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 103 IS 4 BP 533 EP 539 DI 10.1007/s001220100655 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 476QJ UT WOS:000171240000007 ER PT J AU Wang, D Arelli, PR Shoemaker, RC Diers, BW AF Wang, D Arelli, PR Shoemaker, RC Diers, BW TI Loci underlying resistance to Race 3 of soybean cyst nematode in Glycine soja plant introduction 468916 SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Glycine soja; soybean cyst nematode; genetic mapping; quantitative trait loci; SCN resistance ID QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; DNA MARKERS; HETERODERA-GLYCINES; GENOME; ASSOCIATION; PEKING; GENE; SDS; SCN AB Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is an important soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] pest in the U.S. and throughout the world. Genetic resistance is the primary method for controlling SCN and there is a need to identify new resistance genes. Glycine soja Sieb. and Zucc. is the wild ancestor of domesticated soybean and is a potential source of new SCN resistance genes. The goal of this research was to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that provide resistance to SCN Race 3 from the G. soja plant introduction (PI) 468916. Fifty seven F-2-derived lines from a cross between the G. soja PI 468916 and the G. max experimental line A81-356022 were tested for resistance to an SCN population with a Race-3 phenotype. These lines were also genotyped with 1,004 genetic markers and resistance genes were mapped by composite interval mapping with the computer program QTL-Cartographer. In the F-2 population, three significant (LOD > 3.0) QTLs were detected that explained from 5% to 27% of the variation for Race-3 resistance. The two most significant QTLs identified in the F-2 population were tested in a population of 100 BC1F(2) plants developed by crossing A81-356022 to a line from the F-2 population that carried the two resistance QTLs from G. soja. In the backcross population, both Race-3 resistance QTLs were significant, which confirms the existence of these QTLs. The QTLs identified in this experiment map to positions where SCN resistance genes have not been previously identified, suggesting that these are novel genes that could be useful for diversifying the resistance genes currently used in cultivar development. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, USDA ARS, Corn Insect & Crop Genet Res Unit, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Diers, BW (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, 1101 W Peabody Dr, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 35 TC 53 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 103 IS 4 BP 561 EP 566 DI 10.1007/PL00002910 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 476QJ UT WOS:000171240000011 ER PT J AU Dawidowski, JB Morrison, JE Snieg, M AF Dawidowski, JB Morrison, JE Snieg, M TI Measurement of soil layer strength with plate sinkage and uniaxial confined methods SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE soil strength; soil compaction; plate sinkage test; confined uniaxial test; plate penetrometer ID STRESS AB A method is presented for the calculation and verification of soil layer compaction strength values from in situ plate sinkage data, as compared with traditional laboratory compression testing of confined soil cores. Experiments were conducted in a prepared soil bin by compression loading with a portable soil plate penetrometer for the unconfined plate sinkage tests and by confined uniaxial tests on soil cores. It was shown that soil compaction strength determined from unconfined in situ plate sinkage tests was statistically similar, at the p = 0.05 level, to results from paired confined tests. This result suggests that both methods can be applied interchangeably. Therefore, the relative ease of conducting in situ plate sinkage tests may be an attractive alternative for field compaction studies. C1 Acad Agr Szczecin, Inst Agr Engn, PL-71459 Szczecin, Poland. USDA ARS, Temple, TX USA. RP Dawidowski, JB (reprint author), Acad Agr Szczecin, Inst Agr Engn, Ul Papieza Pawla IV 1, PL-71459 Szczecin, Poland. NR 13 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 44 IS 5 BP 1059 EP 1064 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 506UM UT WOS:000172990200002 ER PT J AU Kirk, IW Hoffmann, WC Carlton, JB AF Kirk, IW Hoffmann, WC Carlton, JB TI Aerial electrostatic spray system performance SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE aerial sprays; aircraft; nozzles; electrostatic; spray; droplets; agricultural chemicals ID ALEYRODIDAE; DEPOSITION; HOMOPTERA AB Production models of a USDA-developed aerial electrostatic spray application system are currently being marketed in the US and abroad. Spray deposit and insect mortality studies conducted on cotton with the USDA prototype are summarized. Spray deposits with the electrostatic system were higher than with conventional aerial application systems. The increased deposits with the electrostatic system did not always produce improved insect control. Generally, the aerial electrostatic system with a spray rate of 9.4 L/ha provided similar insect control in these studies as conventional aerial spray systems with spray rates of 46.8 L/ha or aerial ULV spray systems with spray rates of 1 L/ha. Lower spray rates contribute to improved operational efficiencies for aerial applicators. C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, Areawide Pest Management Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Kirk, IW (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, Areawide Pest Management Res Unit, 2771 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 33 TC 14 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 44 IS 5 BP 1089 EP 1092 PG 4 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 506UM UT WOS:000172990200006 ER PT J AU Wedwick, S Lakhani, B Stone, J Waller, P Artiola, J AF Wedwick, S Lakhani, B Stone, J Waller, P Artiola, J TI Development and sensitivity analysis of the GLEAMS-IR model SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE GLEAMS; sludge; sensitivity; irrigation; Monte Carlo ID DESERT SOIL; SIMULATION; SLUDGE; NITRATE; FIELD AB In response to the need for improved agricultural best management practices in irrigated lands, the GLEAMS (Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricultural Management Systems) model was modified to include a component that models furrow, basin, and border irrigation practices. The irrigation component of the new model, GLEAMS-IR, was validated with results from SRFR, a full hydrodynamic irrigation model. Sensitivity of nutrient and irrigation output parameters to model input parameters was assessed with a single-variable method and a stochastic method, Monte Carlo. Means and distributions of soil parameters for a surface-irrigated cotton field in Marana, Arizona, were used for sensitivity analysis. For both single-variable and Monte Carlo sensitivity analyses, output parameters were most sensitive to infiltrated depth after 120 min, permanent wilting point, and field capacity. A study of sludge application on the same field (1x and 3x sludge application, nitrogen fertilizer application, and control with no nitrogen) was used to evaluate the GLEAMS-IR model results for different management scenarios and to compare GLEAMS-IR results with nutrient concentrations at different locations along the furrow. The variability of measured nitrate concentrations along the furrow indicated the need to account for variable infiltration along the furrow in GLEAMS-1R. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Westlands Resources, Tucson, AZ USA. USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Soil Water & Environm Sci, Tucson, AZ USA. RP Waller, P (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. OI Waller, Peter/0000-0002-1696-3800 NR 20 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 44 IS 5 BP 1095 EP 1104 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 506UM UT WOS:000172990200007 ER PT J AU Yuan, YP Bingner, RL Rebich, RA AF Yuan, YP Bingner, RL Rebich, RA TI Evaluation of AnnaGNPS on Mississippi Delta MSEA watersheds SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE AnnAGNPS evaluation; BMPs assessment; watershed management; watershed modeling ID SEDIMENT YIELD; MODEL AB Sediment and its associated pollutants entering a water body can be very destructive to the health of that system. Best Management Practices (BMPs) can be used to reduce these pollutants, but understanding the most effective practices is very difficult. Watershed models are the most cost-effective tools to aid in the decision-making process of selecting the BMP that is most effective in reducing the pollutant loadings. The Annualized Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollutant Loading model (AnnAGNPS) is one such tool. The objectives of this study were to assemble all necessary data from the Mississippi Delta Management System Evaluation Area (MDMSEA) Deep Hollow watershed to validate AnnAGNPS, and to use the validated AnnAGNPS to evaluate the effectiveness of BMPs for sediment reduction. In this study, AnnAGNPS predictions were compared with three years of field observations from the MDMSEA Deep Hollow watershed. Using no calibrated parameters, AnnAGNPS underestimated observed runoff for extreme events, but the relationship between simulated and observed runoff on an event basis was significant (R-2 = 0.9). In contrast, the lower R-2 of 0.5 for event comparison of predicted and observed sediment yields demonstrated that the model was not best suited for short-term individual event sediment prediction. This may be due to the use of Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) within AnnAGNPS, and parameters associated with determining soil loss were derived from long-term average annual soil loss estimates. The agreement between monthly average predicted sediment Yield and monthly, average observed sediment yield had an R-2 of 0.7. Three-year predicted total run off was 89% of observed total runoff, and three-year predicted total sediment yield was 104% of observed total sediment yield. Alternative scenario simulations showed that winter cover crops and impoundments are promising BMPs for sediment reduction. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. USGS, Div Water Resources, Pearl, MS USA. RP Yuan, YP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, POB 1157, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 28 TC 52 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 44 IS 5 BP 1183 EP 1190 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 506UM UT WOS:000172990200017 ER PT J AU Novak, JM Watts, DW Stone, KC Johnson, MH AF Novak, JM Watts, DW Stone, KC Johnson, MH TI Seasonal occurrence and export of five herbicides from a North Carolina Coastal Plain watershed SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE herbicides; export; stream; Coastal Plain watershed ID SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; PESTICIDES; METABOLITES AB Herbicide detection in surface water sources has caused concern about contamination of these sources and adverse effects on human and aquatic health. Understanding surface water herbicide transport from agriculturally intensive watersheds is useful for development of herbicide best management practices to reduce off-site movement. The seasonal occurrence and load of five herbicides exported by a stream were determined for a North Carolina Coastal Plain watershed. Grab samples were collected across the watershed, and composite samples were collected at the watershed outlet using a flow-proportional sampler Samples were extracted for the herbicides alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N(methoxymethyl) acetamide], ametryn [N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-6-methylthio-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine], atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine], cyanazine [2-([4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino)-2-methyl propanenitrile], and metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-1-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl) acetamide]. Herbicides were detected in 15% (n = 415) of the grab samples with atrazine, cyanazine, and metolachlor detected in 3% to 6%, while alachlor and ametryn were detected in 1% of the samples. The mean stream water herbicide concentrations in grab samples were < 0.9 mug L-1. Herbicides were detected during all four seasons, with most detections occurring during the summer The low number of herbicide detects and low total mass of these fi ve herbicides exported from the watershed (<0.01% of herbicide applied) suggests that the five investigated herbicides have had a minimal influence on the quality of water exiting this watershed. C1 USDA ARS, CPRC, Coastal Plain Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, Florence, SC 29501 USA. RP Novak, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, CPRC, Coastal Plain Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, 2611 W Lucas St, Florence, SC 29501 USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 44 IS 5 BP 1201 EP 1206 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 506UM UT WOS:000172990200019 ER PT J AU Pearson, TC Wicklow, DT Maghirang, EB Xie, F Dowell, FE AF Pearson, TC Wicklow, DT Maghirang, EB Xie, F Dowell, FE TI Detecting aflatoxin in single corn kernels by transmittance and reflectance spectroscopy SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE corn; aflatoxin; near-infrared; detection; sorting; Aspergillus flavus ID NEAR-INFRARED REFLECTANCE; INTERNAL INSECT INFESTATION; ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS; WHEAT KERNELS; MAIZE; CLASSIFICATION; CONTAMINATION; FLUORESCENCE; DAMAGE AB Transmittance spectra (500 to 950 nm) and reflectance spectra (550 to 1700 nm) were analyzed to determine if they could be used to distinguish aflatoxin contamination in single whole corn kernels. Spectra were obtained on whole com kernels exhibiting various levels of bright greenish-yellow fluorescence. Afterwards, each kernel was analyzed for aflatoxin following the USDA-FGIS Aflatest affinity chromatography procedures. Spectra were analyzed using discriminant analysis and partial least squares regression. More than 95% of the kernels were correctly classified as containing either high (> 100 ppb) or low (< 10 ppb) levels of aflatoxin. Classification accuracy for kernels between 10 and 100 ppb was only about 25%, but these kernels do not usually affect total sample concentrations and are not as important. Results were similar when using either transmittance or reflectance, and when using either discriminant analysis or partial least squares regression. The two-feature discriminant analysis of transmittance data gave the best results. However for automated high-speed detection and sorting, instrumentation that uses single-feature reflectance spectra may be more practically implemented. This technology should provide the corn industry with a valuable tool for rapidly detecting aflatoxin in com. C1 USDA ARS, GMPRC, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. USDA ARS, NCAUR, Peoria, IL 60250 USA. USDA ARS, ERU, Manhattan, KS USA. Kansas State Univ, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Pearson, TC (reprint author), USDA ARS, GMPRC, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 37 TC 82 Z9 83 U1 3 U2 8 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 44 IS 5 BP 1247 EP 1254 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 506UM UT WOS:000172990200026 ER PT J AU Lu, R AF Lu, R TI Predicting firmness and sugar content of sweet cherries using near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE near-infrared; spectroscopy; fruit; cherry; quality; firmness ID NONDESTRUCTIVE DETERMINATION; SOLUBLE SOLIDS; PEACHES; FRUIT AB The objective of this research was to study the potential of near-infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy as a means for nondestructive measurement of the firmness and sugar content of sweet cherries. NIR spectral data were collected from Hedelfinger and Sam sweet cherries in the spectral region between 800 nm and 1700 rim. Statistical models were developed using the partial least square method to predict the firmness and sugar content of sweet cherries. The models gave relatively good predictions of the firmness of both Hedelfinger and Sam cherries, with corresponding r values of 0.80 and 0.65 and standard errors of prediction (SEP) of 0.55 N and 0.44 N. The NIR models gave excellent predictions of the sugar content of the sweet cherries, with SEP values of 0.71 degrees and 0.65 degrees Brix for Hedelfinger and Sam, respectively. NIR reflectance spectroscopy can be used to predict the firmness and sugar content of sweet cherries. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Agr Engn, USDA ARS, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Lu, R (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Agr Engn, USDA ARS, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM lur@msu.edu NR 16 TC 111 Z9 123 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 44 IS 5 BP 1265 EP 1271 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 506UM UT WOS:000172990200029 ER PT J AU Makela, A Valentine, HT AF Makela, A Valentine, HT TI The ratio of NPP to GPP: evidence of change over the course of stand development SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon balance; photosynthesis; pipe-model theory; modeling; respiration; Scots pine ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; MAINTENANCE RESPIRATION RATES; GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTION; CARBON-BALANCE MODEL; EVEN-AGED STANDS; SCOTS PINE; BALSAM FIR; USE EFFICIENCY; TREE GROWTH; SUB-ALPINE AB Using Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Fenno-Scandia as a case study, we investigate whether net primary production (NPP) and maintenance respiration are constant fractions of gross primary production (GPP) as even-aged mono-specific stands progress from initiation to old age. A model of the ratio of NPP to GPP is developed based on (1) the classical model of respiration, which divides total respiration into construction and maintenance components, and (2) a process-based model, which derives respiration from processes including construction, nitrate uptake and reduction, ion uptake, phloem loading and maintenance. Published estimates of specific respiration and production rates, and some recent measurements of components of dry matter in stands of different ages, are used to quantify the two approaches over the course of stand development in an average environment. Both approaches give similar results, showing a decrease in the NPP/GPP ratio with increasing tree height. In addition, we show that stand-growth models fitted under three different sets of assumptions-(i) annual specific rates of maintenance respiration of sapwood (m(W)) and photosynthesis (s(C)) are constant; (ii) m(W) is constant, but s(C) decreases with increasing tree height; and (iii) total maintenance respiration is a constant fraction of GPP and s(C) decreases with increasing tree height-can lead to nearly identical model projections that agree with empirical observations of NPP and stand-growth variables. Remeasurements of GPP and respiration over time in chronosequences of stands may be needed to discern which set of assumptions is correct. Total (construction + maintenance) sapwood respiration per unit mass of sapwood (kg C (kg C year)(-1)) decreased with increasing stand age, sapwood stock, and average tree height under all three assumptions. However, total sapwood respiration (kg C (ha year)(-1)) increased over the course of stand development under (i) and (ii), contributing to a downward trend in the time course of the NPP/GPP ratio after closure. A moderate decrease in m(W) with increasing tree height or sapwood cross-sectional area had little effect on the downward trend, On the basis of this evidence, we argue that a significant decline in the NPP/GPP ratio with tree size or age seems highly probable, although the decline may appear insignificant over some segments of stand development. We also argue that, because stand-growth models can give correct answers for the wrong reasons, statistical calibration of such models should be avoided whenever possible; instead, values of physiological parameters should come from measurements of the physiological processes themselves. C1 Univ Helsinki, Dept Forest Ecol, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. USDA Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Makela, A (reprint author), Univ Helsinki, Dept Forest Ecol, POB 27, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. NR 83 TC 74 Z9 79 U1 6 U2 13 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 21 IS 14 BP 1015 EP 1030 PG 16 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 476DG UT WOS:000171210500001 PM 11560815 ER PT J AU Monserud, RA Marshall, JD AF Monserud, RA Marshall, JD TI Time-series analysis of delta C-13 from tree rings. I. Time trends and autocorrelation SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ARMA models; Box-Jenkins models; conifers; discrimination; global climate change; Pinus monticola; Pinus ponderosa; Pseudotsuga menziesii; stable carbon isotope ratio; water-use efficiency ID STABLE-CARBON-ISOTOPE; ATMOSPHERIC CO2 CONCENTRATION; PHOTOSYNTHETIC GAS-EXCHANGE; WATER-USE EFFICIENCY; CLIMATIC-CHANGE; WOOD; C-13/C-12; C-13; DISCRIMINATION; CELLULOSE AB Univariate time-series analyses were conducted on stable carbon isotope ratios obtained from tree-ring cellulose. We looked for the presence and structure of autocorrelation. Significant autocorrelation violates the statistical independence assumption and biases hypothesis tests. Its presence would indicate the existence of lagged physiological effects that persist for longer than the current year. We analyzed data from 28 trees (60-85 years old; mean = 73 years) of western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl.), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.), and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. glauca) growing in northern Idaho. Material was obtained by the stem analysis method from rings laid down in the upper portion of the crown throughout each tree's life. The sampling protocol minimized variation caused by changing light regimes within each tree. Autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models were used to describe the autocorrelation structure over time. Three time series were analyzed for each tree: the stable carbon isotope ratio (delta C-13); discrimination (Delta); and the difference between ambient and internal CO2 concentrations (c(a) - c(i)). The effect of converting from ring cellulose to whole-leaf tissue did not affect the analysis because it was almost completely removed by the detrending that precedes time-series analysis. A simple linear or quadratic model adequately described the time trend. The residuals from the trend had a constant mean and variance, thus ensuring stationarity, a requirement for autocorrelation analysis. The trend over time for c(a) - c(i) was particularly strong (R-2 = 0.290.84). Autoregressive moving average analyses of the residuals from these trends indicated that two-thirds of the individual tree series contained significant autocorrelation, whereas the remaining third were random (white noise) over time. We were unable to distinguish between individuals with and without significant autocorrelation beforehand. Significant ARMA models were all of low order, with either first- or second-order (i.e., lagged 1 or 2 years, respectively) models performing well. A simple autoregressive (AR(1)), model was the most common. The most useful generalization was that the same ARMA model holds for each of the three series (delta C-13, Delta, c(a) - c(i)) for an individual tree, if the time trend has been properly removed for each series. The mean series for the two pine species were described by first-order ARMA models (1-year lags), whereas the Douglas-fir mean series were described by second-order models (2-year lags) with negligible first-order effects. Apparently, the process of constructing a mean time series for a species preserves an underlying signal related to delta C-13 while canceling some of the random individual tree variation. Furthermore, the best model for the overall mean series (e.g., for a species) cannot be inferred from a consensus of the individual tree model forms, nor can its parameters be estimated reliably from the mean of the individual tree parameters. Because two-thirds of the individual tree time series contained significant autocorrelation, the normal assumption of a random structure over time is unwarranted, even after accounting for the time trend. The residuals of an appropriate ARMA model satisfy the independence assumption, and can be used to make hypothesis tests. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Portland, OR 97208 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Portland, OR 97208 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Forest Resources, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Monserud, RA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, POB 3890, Portland, OR 97208 USA. NR 56 TC 66 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 30 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0829-318X EI 1758-4469 J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 21 IS 15 BP 1087 EP 1102 PG 16 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 478QF UT WOS:000171356300001 PM 11581016 ER PT J AU Gardiner, ES Krauss, KW AF Gardiner, ES Krauss, KW TI Photosynthetic light response of flooded cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda) seedlings grown in two light regimes SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon assimilation; nitrogen; photosynthesis; PPNUE; shade; waterlogging ID NITROGEN-USE EFFICIENCY; LEAF GAS-EXCHANGE; SHADE-TOLERANCE; DECIDUOUS FOREST; QUANTUM YIELD; ROOT HYPOXIA; WATER STATUS; PLANTS; ACCLIMATION; AVAILABILITY AB Two-year-old cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda Raf.) seedlings raised in full or partial (27%) sunlight were flooded for 30 days to study the effects of light availability and root inundation on photosynthetic light response. Compared with seedlings receiving full sunlight, seedlings receiving partial sunlight developed leaves with 90% greater blade area, 26% less mass per unit volume, and 35% lower nitrogen (N) concentration per unit area, leading to a 15% reduction in leaf photosynthetic capacity when carbon exchange rates were based on blade area. However, when carbon exchange rates were based on leaf mass, leaves acclimated to partial sunlight exhibited a 15% greater photosynthetic capacity realized primarily through an increased initial slope of the photosynthetic light response (A/PPFD) curve and increased net photosynthesis at leaf saturation (A(max)). Short-term flooding increased leaf mass per unit area more than 19%, reduced foliar N concentrations per unit dry mass by 19%, and initiated reductions in A. and apparent quantum yield (phi) of seedlings in both light regimes. Greatest impairment of A(max) (56% area basis, 65% mass basis) and phi (40%) were observed in leaves receiving full sunlight, and the declines were concomitant with a 35% decrease in chlorophyll concentration. Flooding also depressed instantaneous photosynthetic N-use efficiency (PPNUE) such that A(max) decreased 54%, and the initial slope of PPNUE/PPFD curves decreased 33 and 50% for leaves acclimated to partial and full sunlight, respectively. The A/PPFD patterns indicated that the magnitude of flood-induced inhibition of the photosynthetic mechanism of cherrybark oak seedlings is determined partly by the light environment. C1 US Forest Serv, Ctr Bottomland Hardwoods Res, So Res Stn, USDA, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. US Forest Serv, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. RP Gardiner, ES (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Ctr Bottomland Hardwoods Res, So Res Stn, USDA, POB 227, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 85 TC 20 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 7 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 21 IS 15 BP 1103 EP 1111 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 478QF UT WOS:000171356300002 PM 11581017 ER PT J AU Qi, PX Brown, EM Farrell, HM AF Qi, PX Brown, EM Farrell, HM TI 'New views' on structure-function relationships in milk proteins SO TRENDS IN FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BOVINE ALPHA-LACTALBUMIN; MOLTEN GLOBULE STATE; 3-DIMENSIONAL MOLECULAR-MODELS; PURIFIED KAPPA-CASEIN; X-RAY-SCATTERING; SECONDARY STRUCTURE; CIRCULAR-DICHROISM; HYDROGEN-EXCHANGE; PARTICLE SIZES; COMPACT STATE AB The molten globule state has been regarded as a major intermediate in protein folding. It is characterized by native-like secondary structure with a compact molecular size but little specific tertiary structure. alpha-lactalbumin under various denaturing conditions has been considered a paradigm of the classical molten globule state. It has been shown that caseins share many of the same properties and may therefore exist naturally in a molten globule-like state with defined secondary structure and limited fluctuating tertiary structure, which lead to their propensity for polymerization. The architectural concepts of tensegrity may be used to describe, in part, the structure of casein polymers. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Qi, PX (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 47 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0924-2244 J9 TRENDS FOOD SCI TECH JI Trends Food Sci. Technol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 12 IS 9 BP 339 EP 346 AR PII S0924-2244(02)00009-2 DI 10.1016/S0924-2244(02)00009-2 PG 8 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 601FX UT WOS:000178436800004 ER PT J AU Kline, JD Alig, RJ AF Kline, JD Alig, RJ TI A spatial model of land use change for western Oregon and western Washington SO USDA FOREST SERVICE PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION RESEARCH PAPER PNW-RP LA English DT Article DE land use change; urban sprawl; spatial models ID ECONOMETRIC-ANALYSIS; URBAN-GROWTH; DEFORESTATION; ROADS; ECOLOGY; IMPACTS AB We developed an empirical model describing the probability that forests and farmland in western Oregon and western Washington were developed for residential, commercial, or industrial uses during a 30-year period, as a function of spatial socioeconomic variables, ownership, and geographic and physical land characteristics. The empirical model is based on a conceptual framework of landowners maximizing the present value of the future stream of net returns derived from various land uses. The empirical model is used to compute indices representing 50-year projections of future land use and timberland area change in western Oregon and western Washington for the Resource Planning Act assessment, and to identify counties in the study region where potential reductions in timberland area could be greatest. Results suggest that conversion of forest and farmland to urban uses will most likely occur on lands closer to existing population centers, and rate of conversion will increase with the size of those population centers. Relatively modest reductions in the area of timberland due to conversion to urban uses are projected for western Oregon and western Washington, with the greatest reductions occurring on nonindustrial private forest land. C1 Pacific NW Res Stn, Forest Serv, Dept Agr, Portland, OR USA. RP Pacific NW Res Stn, Forest Serv, Dept Agr, Portland, OR USA. NR 43 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU USDA FOREST SERVICE PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION PI PORTLAND PA 333 SW FIRST AVE, PO BOX 3890, PUBLICATIONS DEPT, PORTLAND, OR 97208 USA SN 0882-5165 J9 US FOR SERV R P PNW JI USDA For. Serv. Pac. Northwest Res. Stn. Res. Pap. PNW-RP PD SEP PY 2001 IS 528 PG 28 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 495EZ UT WOS:000172328400001 ER PT J AU Negron, JF Shepperd, WD Mata, SA Popp, JB Asherin, LA Schoettle, AW Schmid, JM Leatherman, DA AF Negron, JF Shepperd, WD Mata, SA Popp, JB Asherin, LA Schoettle, AW Schmid, JM Leatherman, DA TI Solar treatments for reducing survival of mountain pine beetle in infested ponderosa and lodgepole pine logs SO USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION RESEARCH PAPER RMRS LA English DT Article DE mountain pine beetle; Dendroctonus ponderosae; solar treatments; mountain pine beetle control AB Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of solar radiation for reducing survival of mountain pine beetle populations in infested logs. Ponderosa pine logs were used in experiments 1 and 2 and lodgepole pine logs were used in experiment 3. Experiment 1 comprised three treatments: (1) one-layer solar treatment without plastic sheeting and logs rotated one-third of a turn once a week; (2) two-layer solar treatment with plastic sheeting; and (3) two-layer solar treatment without plastic sheeting. For experiment 2, two additional one-layer treatments were added: one-layer treatment with plastic sheeting and no rotation and a one-layer with no plastic sheeting and no rotation. Experiment 3 included all the above-mentioned one-layer treatments only. For all experiments, brood density per 0.05 m(2) (0.5 ft(2)) was estimated before and after treatment and analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance, Subcortical temperatures were monitored in one replicate of all treatments in all experiments. In experiment 2, phloem moisture was monitored before and after treatment in uninfested logs. All treatments in all experiments caused drastic reductions in brood survival. In experiment 1, the one-layer treatment with the logs rotated once a week significantly reduced brood survival compared to the two-layer without plastic sheeting treatment but was not different from the two-layer with plastic sheeting treatment. There were no differences in brood survival after treatment associated with any treatments in experiments 2 and 3. In all experiments brood survival was consistently reduced in the aspects of the logs exposed to the sun. Maximum temperatures were consistently higher in the treatments with plastic sheeting, the exposed surfaces of the logs to the sun, and the upper layer of logs in the two-layer treatments. No differences were detected in phloem moisture content in uninfested logs before and after treatment in experiment 2, suggesting that heat is directly responsible for the observed reductions in survival. We conclude that solar treatments are an effective alternative for reducing mountain pine beetle survival in infested ponderosa and lodgepole pine logs. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Colorado State Univ, Colorado State Forest Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Negron, JF (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 240 W Prospect, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 5 PU ROCKY MT RESEARCH STATION PI OGDEN PA 324 25TH ST, OGDEN, UT 84401 USA J9 USDA FOR SERV RM R S JI USDA For. Serv. RM. RS. Res. Paper RMRS PD SEP PY 2001 IS RP-30 BP 1 EP + PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 501TR UT WOS:000172702600001 ER PT J AU Gimeno, IM Witter, RL Hunt, HD Lee, LF Reddy, SM Neumann, U AF Gimeno, IM Witter, RL Hunt, HD Lee, LF Reddy, SM Neumann, U TI Marek's disease virus infection in the brain: Virus replication, cellular infiltration, and major histocompatibility complex antigen expression SO VETERINARY PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE central nervous system; chickens; immunohistochemistry; lesions; major histocompatibility complex; Marek's disease virus; pathogenesis; polymerase chain reaction ID NERVOUS-SYSTEM LESIONS; TRANSIENT PARALYSIS; CHICKENS; CELLS; LYMPHOCYTES; MOLECULES; STRAIN; CD4 AB Marek's disease virus (MDV) infection in the brain was studied chronologically after inoculating 3-week-old chickens of two genetic lines with two strains of serotype 1 MDV representing two pathotypes (v and vv+). Viral replication in the brain was strongly associated with the development of lesions. Three viral antigens (pp38, gB, and meq) were detected in the brain of infected chickens. Marked differences between v and vv+ pathotypes of MDV were identified for level of virus replication, time course of brain lesions, and expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens. Two pathologic phenomena (inflammatory and proliferative) were detected in the brain of chickens inoculated with vv+MDV, but only inflammatory lesions were observed in those inoculated with vMDV Inflammatory lesions, mainly composed of macrophages, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells, started at 6-10 days postinoculation (dpi) and were transient. Proliferative lesions, characterized by severe infiltrates of CD4+CD8- T cells (blasts), started at 19-26 dpi and persisted. Expression of MHC antigens in endothelial cells and infiltrating cells within the brain was influenced by MDV infection. Upregulation of MHC class II antigen occurred in all treatment groups, although it was more severe in those inoculated with vv+-MDV MHC class I antigen was downregulated only in those groups inoculated with vv+MDV. These results enhance our understanding of the nature and pattern of MDV infection in the brain and help to explain the neurovirulence associated with highly virulent MDV. C1 USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. Clin Poultry, Sch Vet Med, Hannover, Germany. RP Witter, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 40 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER COLL VET PATHOLOGIST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0300-9858 J9 VET PATHOL JI Vet. Pathol. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 38 IS 5 BP 491 EP 503 DI 10.1354/vp.38-5-491 PG 13 WC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences SC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences GA 472UB UT WOS:000171002400002 PM 11572556 ER PT J AU Fasching, RA Bauder, JW AF Fasching, RA Bauder, JW TI Evaluation of agricultural sediment load reductions using vegetative filter strips of cool season grasses SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE sediment control; vegetative filter strips; agricultural runoff; nonpoint source pollution; cool season grasses AB Vegetative filter strips for controlling. sediment generated from the bare ground (i.e., ground not protected by mulch or plant cover) were studied. Plots consisted of a 4.6-m clean-tilled upslope sediment source area and a 12.2-m vegetative filter strip located downslope from the sediment source area. Vegetative filter strips consisted of pure stands of six adapted cool season grasses and two cereal grains. Sediment-laden runoff was transported into the upslope edge of each filter strip. Runoff samples were collected from the lower end of each plot and analyzed for nonflow weighted sediment concentration. The rate of advance of water through each vegetative filter strip was measured. Additional measurements were made to define the plant characteristics of each vegetative filter strip species. In general, planted vegetative filter strips resulted in a 68% reduction in concentration of sediment in initial runoff from a 50-year, 24-hour storm event on prewetted soil. Crested wheatgrass and smooth bromegrass vegetative filter strips reduced water flow velocity an average of 217% compared with the clean-tilled control plot. The length of time that water remained in the vegetative filter strip modestly correlated with average sediment concentration in runoff that was 5.5 g/L and 5.0 g/L, respectively, compared with the control plot, which yielded 16.3 g of sediment/L of runoff. Under dry soil conditions, sediment concentration in runoff from bromegrass and crested wheatgrass was reduced by an average of 85% compared with the bare control plot. Length of time for water to advance through the smooth bromegrass and crested wheatgrass vegetative filter strips increased an average of 325% compared with the length of time required to flow through the clean-tilled bare strip. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Land Resources & Environm Sci, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Bozeman, MT USA. RP Bauder, JW (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Land Resources & Environm Sci, 806 Leon Johnson Hall, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. NR 14 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 6 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 USA SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 73 IS 5 BP 590 EP 596 DI 10.2175/106143001X143312 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 498UP UT WOS:000172529100010 PM 11765995 ER PT J AU Anderson, JV Chao, WS Horvath, DP AF Anderson, JV Chao, WS Horvath, DP TI A current review on the regulation of dormancy in vegetative buds SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE abscisic acid, ABA; CDK-avtivating kinase, CAK; cyclin-dependent protein kinase, CDK; extracellular-signal-regulated kinase, ERK; gibberellic acid, GA; growth factor receptor, GFR; mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK; underground adventitious buds, UABs; nuclear export signal, NES; nuclear localization signal, NLS; retinoblastoma, RB; virus-induced gene silencing, VIGS; leafy spurge; Euphorbia esula L.; EPHES; cell cycle; signal transduction; perennial weeds ID POTATO MICROTUBER DORMANCY; SPURGE EUPHORBIA-ESULA; PLANT-CELL CYCLE; ABSCISIC-ACID; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; GENE-EXPRESSION; PROTEIN-KINASE; RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN; CORRELATIVE INHIBITION; PHYTOCHROME REGULATION AB In this review, we examine current techniques and recent advances directed toward understanding cellular mechanisms involved in controlling dormancy in vegetative propagules. Vegetative propagules (including stems, rhizomes, tubers, bulbs, stolons, creeping roots, etc.) contain axillary and adventitious buds capable of producing new stems/branches under permissive environments. Axillary and adventitious buds are distinct in that axillary buds are formed in the axil of leaves and are responsible for production of lateral shoots (branches). Adventitious buds refer to buds that arise on the plant at places (stems, roots, or leaves) other than leaf axils. Both axillary and adventitious buds generally undergo periods of dormancy. Dormancy has been described as a temporary suspension of visible growth of any plant structure containing a meristem (Lang et al. 1987). Dormancy can be subdivided into three categories: (1) ecodormancy-arrest is under the control of external environmental factors; (2) paradormancy-arrest is under the control of external physiological factors within the plant; and (3) endodormancy-arrest is under the control of internal physiological factors. One common feature in all of these processes is prevention of growth under conditions where growth should otherwise continue. There is growing evidence that lack of growth is due to blockage of cell division resulting from interactions between the signaling pathways controlling dormancy and those controlling the cell cycle. C1 ARS, USDA, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Anderson, JV (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 1605 Albrecht Blvd,POB 5674,State Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. OI Anderson, James/0000-0002-1801-5767; Horvath, David/0000-0002-8458-7691 NR 92 TC 49 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 45 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 49 IS 5 BP 581 EP 589 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049[0581:RCROTR]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 545XD UT WOS:000175242100002 ER PT J AU Anderson, JV Horvath, DP AF Anderson, JV Horvath, DP TI Random sequencing of cDNAs and identification of mRNAs SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE amp, ampicillin; CAK, CDK-activating protein kinase; CDK, cyclin-dependent protein kinase; EST, expressed sequence tag; LB, Luria-Bertani broth; Lhcb, light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding protein; NCBI, National Center for Biotechnology Information; SSC, sodium chloride sodium citrate solution; cell cycle; dormancy; genomics; perennial weeds; signal transduction ID ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; LEAFY SPURGE; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; CLONES; GENES; EXPRESSION; GENERATION; DATABASE; GENOME; KINASE AB As a first step toward developing a genomics-based research program to study growth and development of underground adventitious shoot buds of leafy spurge, we initiated a leafy spurge expressed sequence tag (EST) database. From the approximately 2,000 clones randomly isolated from a cDNA library made from a population containing growth-induced underground adventitious shoot buds, we have obtained ESTs for 1, 105 cDNAs. Approximately 29% of the leafy spurge EST database consists of expressed genes of unknown identity (hypothetical proteins), and 10% represents ribosomal proteins. The remaining 60% of the database is composed of expressed genes that show BLASTX sequence identity scores of greater than or equal to 80 with known GenBank accessions. Clones showing sequence identity to a Histone H3, a gibberellic acid-responsive gene, Tubulin, and a light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding protein were shown to be differentially expressed in underground adventitious shoot buds of lead, spurge after breaking of dormancy, RNA encoding a putative cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK)-activating kinase, a gene associated with cell division, and Scarecrow-like 7, a gene involved in GA signaling, were present at similar levels in dormant and growth-induced underground adventitious shoot buds. These data show how even a small EST database can be used to develop a genomics-based research program that will help us identify genes responsive to or involved in the mechanisms controlling underground adventitious shoot bud growth and development. C1 ARS, USDA, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Anderson, JV (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Biosci Res Lab, 1605 Albrecht Blvd,POB 5674, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. EM andersjv@fargo.ars.usda.gov OI Anderson, James/0000-0002-1801-5767; Horvath, David/0000-0002-8458-7691 NR 28 TC 13 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 49 IS 5 BP 590 EP 597 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049[0590:RSOCAI]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 545XD UT WOS:000175242100003 ER PT J AU Franssen, AS Skinner, DZ Al-Khatib, K Horak, MJ Kulakow, PA AF Franssen, AS Skinner, DZ Al-Khatib, K Horak, MJ Kulakow, PA TI Interspecific hybridization and gene flow of ALS resistance in Amaranthus species SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE imazethapyr; common waterhemp; Amaranthus rudis Sauer AMATA; Palmer amaranth; Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats AMAPA; molecular markers; polymerase chain reaction; restriction endonuclease ID HERBICIDE-RESISTANT; GRAIN AMARANTHS; PALMERI; RUDIS; BIOTYPES; COLOR AB Several inbred lines of acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide-resistant (ALS-R) Palmer amaranth and ALS-susceptible (ALS-S) common waterhemp were developed in the greenhouse. Interspecific hybrids were obtained by allowing several ALS-S common waterhemp females to be pollinated only by ALS-R Palmer amaranth in a growth chamber. Putative hybrid progeny were treated with an ALS-inhibiting herbicide, and the hybrid nature verified using a polymorphism found in the parental ALS gene. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify a region of the ALS gene in both parental plants and putative hybrids. Restriction enzyme digestion of the ALS-R Palmer amaranth PCR fragment resulted in two smaller fragments, whereas the PCR fragment in the ALS-S common waterhemp was not cut. Restriction digestion of the putative hybrid PCR fragment showed a combination of ALS-R Palmer amaranth double fragments and an ALS-S common waterhemp single fragment. Approximately 4 million flowers were present on I I common waterhemp females and produced about 44,000 seeds that appeared viable. From approximately 3,500 putative hybrid seedlings that were screened, 35 were confirmed as hybrids using herbicide resistance as a phenotypic and molecular marker. The data collected here verify, that interspecific hybridization does occur between these two species, and even at a low rate, it could contribute to the rapid spread of ALS resistance in these species. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, USDA ARS, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Monsanto Co, St Louis, MO 63141 USA. RP Franssen, AS (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, USDA ARS, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 27 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 9 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 49 IS 5 BP 598 EP 606 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049[0598:IHAGFO]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 545XD UT WOS:000175242100004 ER PT J AU Ziska, LH AF Ziska, LH TI Changes in competitive ability between a C-4 crop and a C-3 weed with elevated carbon dioxide SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE common cocklebur, Xanthium strumarium L. XANST; sorghum, Sorghum bicolor L. Moench; climate change; competition; XANST ID CO2 ENRICHMENT; SOIL-MOISTURE; GROWTH; PLANTS; RESPONSES; EXCHANGE; ANNUALS; MODEL; GRASS AB Using climate-controlled glasshouses, the growth of grain sorghum was evaluated with and without the presence of common cocklebur at current and projected future atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide [CO2] Single-leaf photosynthetic rates declined for both species in competition; however, elevated CO2 reduced the percentage decline in common cocklebur and increased it in sorghum by 35 d after sowing (DAS) relative to ambient CO2. In monoculture, elevated CO2 significantly stimulated leaf photosynthetic rate, leaf area, and aboveground dry weight of common cocklebur more than that of sorghum. However, the stimulation of aboveground biomass or leaf area for monocultures of sorghum and common cocklebur at elevated CO2 did not adequately predict the CO2 response of aboveground biomass or leaf area for sorghum and common cocklebur grown in competitive mixtures. Overall, by 41 DAS, plant relative yield (PRY), in terms of aboveground biomass and leaf area, increased significantly for common cocklebur and decreased significantly for sorghum in competitive mixtures at elevated CO2. Data from this study indicate that vegetative growth, competition, and potential yield of economically important C-4 crops could be reduced by co-occurring C-3 weeds as atmospheric carbon dioxide increases. C1 ARS, Climate Stress Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Ziska, LH (reprint author), ARS, Climate Stress Lab, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 23 TC 20 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 14 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 49 IS 5 BP 622 EP 627 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049[0622:CICABA]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 545XD UT WOS:000175242100008 ER PT J AU Chachalis, D Reddy, KN Elmore, CD Steele, ML AF Chachalis, D Reddy, KN Elmore, CD Steele, ML TI Herbicide efficacy, leaf structure, and spray droplet contact angle among Ipomoea species and smallflower morningglory SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE acifluorfen; bentazon; bromoxynil; glufosinate; glyphosate; ivyleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea )L.) Jacq IPOHE; palmleaf morningglory, Ipomoea wrightii Gray IPOWR; pitted morningglory, Ipomoea lacunosa L. IPOLA; smallflower morningglory, Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb IAQTA; spray droplet spread area ID SOYBEANS GLYCINE-MAX; EPICUTICULAR WAXES; GLYPHOSATE; WEED; ULTRASTRUCTURE; GLUFOSINATE; LEAVES AB Greenhouse and laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate responses of ivyleaf morningglory, pitted morningglory, palmleaf morningglory, and smallflower morningglory to several herbicides in relation to leaf structure, epicuticular wax, and spray droplet behavior. Two- to four-leaf stage plants of each species were highly susceptible to acifluorfen, bentazon, bromoxynil, glufosinate, and glyphosate. However, at the five- to eight-leaf stage, these species were less susceptible, and control was herbicide specific. Spray droplets of these five herbicides had a higher contact angle on ivyleaf morningglory than the other three species with a few exceptions. Stomata and glands were present on both adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces of all species, and palmleaf morningglory and smallflower morningglory had more of these than did the other two species. Trichomes were present on all species except palmleaf morningglory. Epicuticular wax mass was highest in ivyleaf morningglory (57 mug cm(-2)) and lowest in smaflflower morningglory (14 mug cm(-2)). Wax consisted of homologous short-chain (< C-18) or long-chain (> C-20) hydrocarbons, alcohols, acids, and triterpenes. Smallflower morningglory waxes lacked short-chain length components. Triterpenes were absent in palmleaf morningglory and smallflower morningglory epicuticular waxes. Untriacontane (C-31 hydrocarbon) and tridecanol (C-30 alcohol) were common major long-chain components in waxes of all four species. Heptadeca-ne (C-17 hydrocarbon) and octanoic acid (C-18) were common major short-chain length wax components in pitted, ivyleaf, and palmleaf morningglory. In spite of some differences in leaf surface structures, wax mass, and wax components among the four species, there was no clear relationship between these parameters and herbicide efficacy. C1 USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. USDA ARS, Applicat & Prod Technol Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Delta State Univ, Dept Phys Sci, Cleveland, MS 38733 USA. RP Chachalis, D (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, POB 350, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 34 TC 43 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 12 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 49 IS 5 BP 628 EP 634 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049[0628:HELSAS]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 545XD UT WOS:000175242100009 ER PT J AU Seifert, S Shaw, DR Zablotowicz, RM Wesley, RA Kingery, WL AF Seifert, S Shaw, DR Zablotowicz, RM Wesley, RA Kingery, WL TI Effect of tillage on microbial characteristics and herbicide degradation in a Sharkey clay soil SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE 2,4-D; 2,4-DCP,2,4-dichlorophenol; imazaquin; FDA,fluorescein diacetate; TTC, triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr.; enzymatic activity; microbial metabolism; subsoiling ID BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES; REDUCED TILLAGE; BIOMASS; 2,4-D; CARBON; 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOL; BIODEGRADATION; POPULATIONS; BACTERIA; SYSTEMS AB Field and laboratory studies were conducted at Stoneville, MS, from 1996 to 1998 to determine the influence of subsoiling (SS) and conventional tillage (CT) of a Sharkey clay soil on microbial characteristics and herbicide degradation. Soil samples obtained from imazaquin-treated and nontreated plots from the soybean row and interrow position were analyzed. Because only the row position is actually disturbed by SS, a comparison of row and interrow position on the parameter was conducted. Imazaquin (preemergence, 140 g ai ha(-1)) had no effect on microbial populations, microbial enzyme activity (fluorescein diacetate [FDA] hydrolysis and triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride [TTC] dehydrogenase), and organic carbon content. Estimates of microbial activity based on FDA hydrolysis and TTC dehydrogenase activity indicated greater activity under CT, however, microbial biomass and organic carbon were not affected by tillage or row position. A laboratory study assessed the degradation of carboxyl- and ring-labeled 2,4-D as influenced by tillage and row position. Soils from CT plots had an initially higher mineralization rate of C-14 carboxyl-labeled 2,4-D compared to soils from SS plots; however, no effect of tillage or row position was observed on the cumulative amount of (CO2)-C-14, evolved 14 d after treatment (DAT) in 1996 and 18 DAT in 1998. In studies with ring-labeled 2,4-D, a higher (CO2)-C-14 evolution was detected in soils obtained from SS plots, regardless of row position, whereas a greater amount of radioactivity was observed in the unextractable fraction from CT soils. Because differences in 2,4-D mineralization between tillage regimes were minimal, adoption of SS as a tillage practice for heavy clay soils in the Mississippi Delta may have a limited effect on microbial characteristics and biodegradation of soil-applied herbicides. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Seifert, S (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. OI Zablotowicz, Robert/0000-0001-8070-1998 NR 40 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2001 VL 49 IS 5 BP 685 EP 693 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049[0685:EOTOMC]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 545XD UT WOS:000175242100017 ER PT J AU Martin, DW Chambers, JC AF Martin, DW Chambers, JC TI Effects of water table, clipping, and species interactions on Carex nebrascensis and Poa pratensis in riparian meadows SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE environmental gradient; neighborhood; competition; clipping; tillering; biomass ID CLONAL PLANTS; RESPONSES; GROWTH; MANAGEMENT; RANGELANDS; VEGETATION; DYNAMICS; GRASSES; GRAZERS; AREAS AB In this study, we hypothesized that the primary variable determining species responses and interactions within wet/mesic riparian meadows in central Nevada, USA was the water table but that the direct and indirect effects of livestock grazing modified both species responses and interactions. We tested this hypothesis for two widespread riparian species, Carex nebrascensis and Poa pratensis ssp. pratensis, that co-occur but have maximum expression at different water tables. Carex nebrascensis has widely spread tillers typical of 'guerilla' plant architecture, while P. pratensis has closely spaced and compact tillers typical of 'phalanx' plant architecture. Individuals of both species were grown at mid- and low water tables with or without neighbors and were either clipped or not clipped at the end of the first growing season. For the study site with the most complete record, rnean water-table depth during the growing season (May through August) on the mid sites was -32 cm in year 1 and -7cm in year 2. Water-table depth on the low sites was -69 cm in year 1 and -31 cm in year 2. Plant survival tillering, biomass, and seed production over a 2-yr period were used to quantify the species responses. Water table had no effect on tillering or biomass of C nebrascensis, indicating that it is adapted for growth and persistence over the range of water tables examined. In contrast, growth and tillering of P. pratensis was severely restricted at more shallow water tables. Poa pratensis had about 50% fewer tillers and lower biomass (9.0 vs 46.5 g) for neighbor-removed plots on mid- than low-water-table sites at one of the study meadows. Further, tiller numbers of P. pratensis increased over time on the low-water-table plots, but decreased on the mid-water-table plots. Clipping had no effect on the survival, tillering, or growth of either species. The clipping treatment may not have removed sufficient leaf mass or may have been applied too near the end of the growing season to elicit a response. Neighborhood removal resulted in a 3- to 10-fold increase in tillering and higher plant mass (1.3 vs. 9.5 g) for C. nebrascensis. Poa pratensis showed an even greater response to neighbor removal. Tillering was 6-to 100-fold greater and mass was 15 to 50 times greater on neighbor removed than neighbor-intact plots. Comparisons between single species and mixed species plots indicated that there was an interaction between the species that limited tiller production in C. nebrascensis. These results indicate that P. pratensis, the 'phalanx' species, is capable of more rapidly responding to disturbances that remove neighbors and increase available space than C. nebrascensis, the 'guerilla' species. Contrary to previous studies, the interactions between the two species do not seem to be related to plant architecture and can be best attributed to generally greater growth rates and increased competitive ability for P. pratensis at lower water tables. Grazing may further alter the relative competitive ability of the two species in favor of P. pratensis. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Univ Nevada, Program Ecol Evolut & Conservat Biol, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Chambers, JC (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 920 Valley Rd, Reno, NV 89512 USA. NR 36 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 15 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD SEP PY 2001 VL 21 IS 3 BP 422 EP 430 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2001)021[0422:EOWTCA]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 477KB UT WOS:000171281800011 ER PT J AU Saenz, D Conner, RN Rudolph, DC Engstrom, RT AF Saenz, D Conner, RN Rudolph, DC Engstrom, RT TI Is a "hands-off" approach appropriate for red-cockaded woodpecker conservation in twenty-first-century landscapes? SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE fire-maintained ecosystems; Picoides borealis; red-cockaded woodpecker; wilderness ID EASTERN TEXAS; FOREST; POPULATION; REINTRODUCTION; FRAGMENTATION; DYNAMICS AB The endangered red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) is well adapted to fire-maintained pine ecosystems of the southeastern United States. Management practices vary greatly among land ownerships. In some wilderness areas and state parks, a "no management" policy has eliminated use of prescribed fire, artificial cavities, and woodpecker translocation, tools that have proved effective elsewhere in recovering woodpecker populations. We compared forests with essentially "no management'' to actively managed forests of similar tree ages and similar red-cockaded woodpecker population demographics. We also compared sites that had received no management in the past to the same sites after management. In every case, populations in forests that did riot use state-of-the-art management for woodpeckers declined severely compared to those in managed forests. Because managed forests typically used all available management techniques concurrently, it was not possible to separate and rank effectiveness of specific management activities. One exception was the Wade Tract in Georgia, where prescribed fire was the primary activity for herbaceous layer and hardwood management in a high-density, stable woodpecker population. Wilderness areas, which are intended to be pristine places that preserve biodiversity, are losing red-cockaded woodpeckers, a keystone species in the ecosystem, at an alarming rate. Collectively, 9 groups of red-cockaded woodpeckers were present in 4 wilderness areas in Texas national forests in 1983. At the close of the millennium, only one woodpecker group remained and its continued existence is unlikely without management. The very fragmented features of present-day landscapes and intervention by humans impair the effectiveness of natural disturbance processes, primarily growing-season fire, that historically produced and maintained open pine savannas with grass-forb herbaceous layers in the pre-Columbian forests of the southeastern U.S. therefore, active management must be used if the red-cockaded woodpecker is to persist. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Wildlife Habitat & Silviculture Lab, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. Tall Timbers Res Stn, Tallahassee, FL 32312 USA. RP Saenz, D (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Wildlife Habitat & Silviculture Lab, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. NR 45 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 17 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 2001 VL 29 IS 3 BP 956 EP 966 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 478UF UT WOS:000171363200024 ER PT J AU Perry, RW Brown, RE Rudolph, DC AF Perry, RW Brown, RE Rudolph, DC TI Mutual mortality of Great Horned Owl and southern black racer: a potential risk of raptors preying on snakes SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article AB We encountered a dead southern black racer snake (Coluber constrictor priapus) coiled around a dead Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus). We suggest the owl was strangled by the snake before the snake died of wounds inflicted by the owl. There are previous reports of intense physical struggle between Great Horned Owls (and other raptors) and large constrictors but this is the first documented report of mutual mortality between a Great Horned Owl and a snake. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Hot Springs, AR 71902 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. RP Perry, RW (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Hot Springs, AR 71902 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 113 IS 3 BP 345 EP 347 DI 10.1676/0043-5643(2001)113[0345:MMOGHO]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 545VT UT WOS:000175238800018 ER PT J AU Oneta, CM Pedrosa, M Ruttimann, S Russell, RM Seitz, HK AF Oneta, CM Pedrosa, M Ruttimann, S Russell, RM Seitz, HK TI Age and bioavailability of alcohol SO ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE LA English DT Article DE alcohol; age; first pass metabolism of ethanol; gastric emptying; gastritis; alcohol dehydrogenase ID FIRST-PASS-METABOLISM; DEHYDROGENASE-ACTIVITY; ETHANOL-METABOLISM; BLOOD-ALCOHOL; HUMAN STOMACH; 1ST-PASS METABOLISM; GENDER; CIMETIDINE; GASTRITIS; ANTAGONISTS AB It has been shown that advanced age results in a decreased first pass metabolism (FPM) of ethanol with elevated serum ethanol concentrations (SECs). It is still unknown if this is due to age by itself or to other factors like for example atrophic gastritis with decreased activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). To study the effect of age on SECs and on bioavailability of ethanol, 15 volunteers with a mean age of 71 +/- 1 year (8males and 7 females) and 16 volunteers with a mean age of 37 +/- 2 years (8males and 8 females) showing normal gastric histology received ethanol (0.225 g/kg b.w.) intravenously (iv.) and orally. Results: The difference between the SEC time curves after iv. and oral ethanol administration (so called FPM of ethanol) was significantly increased in elderly subjects (54 +/- 6 vs. 12 +/- 9%, p < 0.001). The SEC time curves after iv. ethanol application were significantly increased in the elderly (p < 0.001), whereas SECs following oral alcohol administration were significantly lower in elderly as compared to younger individuals (p < 0.02). Peak SECs following iv. application was also significantly elevated with age (52 +/- 4 vs. 31 +/- 1 mg/100 ml, p < 0.001) and occurrence of peak SECs following oral ethanol intake was significantly delayed (47 +/- 4 vs. 28 4 min, p < 0.001). No gender effect at all was observed.. Conclusion: FPM of ethanol is inexpectedly increased in elderly with normal gastric morphology compared to young people. The elevation of SECs after iv. ethanol administration in the elderly could be explained by the reduction of the water distribution space with age, whereas the increased FPM of ethanol in elderly subjects with normal gastric morphology is probably due to a deceleration of the speed of gastric emptying leading to an increased contact time of alcohol with gastric alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). Our data do not confirm results from other research groups showing increased SECs in the elderly after alcohol consumption. Increased SECs are therefore not due to age by itself, but are probably caused by other factors as for example atrophic gastritis which is frequently found in the elderly people and which decreases FPM of ethanol. C1 Salem Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Lab Alcohol Res Liver Dis & Nutr, D-69121 Heidelberg, Germany. Salem Med Ctr, Dept Med, D-69121 Heidelberg, Germany. CHU Vaudois, Div Gastroenterol, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Kantonsspital, Schaffhausen, Switzerland. RP Seitz, HK (reprint author), Salem Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Lab Alcohol Res Liver Dis & Nutr, Zeppelinstr 11-33, D-69121 Heidelberg, Germany. NR 39 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU DEMETER VERLAG GEORG THIEME VERLAG PI STUTTGART PA PETRA SCHLAGENHAUF, RUDIGERSTR 14, D-70469 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0044-2771 J9 Z GASTROENTEROL JI Z. Gastroent. PD SEP PY 2001 VL 39 IS 9 BP 783 EP + DI 10.1055/s-2001-17196 PG 5 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 482HK UT WOS:000171570600003 PM 11558069 ER PT J AU Zhang, LQ Gaut, BS Vision, TJ AF Zhang, LQ Gaut, BS Vision, TJ TI Gene duplication and evolution SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, Ctr Agr Bioinformat, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Zhang, LQ (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RI Vision, Todd/B-4867-2010 OI Vision, Todd/0000-0002-6133-2581 NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD AUG 31 PY 2001 VL 293 IS 5535 BP U1 EP U2 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 469FA UT WOS:000170802900002 ER PT J AU Fujii, TU Kasai, N Nishi, SM Dubey, JP Gennari, SM AF Fujii, TU Kasai, N Nishi, SM Dubey, JP Gennari, SM TI Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in female water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) from the southeastern region of Brazil SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE water buffaloes; Bubalus bubalis; seroprevalence; IFAT; Neospora agglutination test ID TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; CATTLE; INFECTION; ANTIBODIES; RESPONSES; DIAGNOSIS AB Antibodies to Neospora caninum were assayed in sera of 222 female water buffaloes from Ribeira Valley of Sao Paulo State, Brazil, using an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and Neospora agglutination test (NAT). TAT antibodies were found in 64% of buffaloes with titers of 1:25 (42 buffaloes), 1:50 (53 buffaloes), 1:100 (31 buffaloes), 1:200 (10 buffaloes), 1:400 (3 buffaloes), or greater than or equal to1:800 (3 buffaloes). NAT antibodies were found in 53% of buffaloes; in titers of 1:40 in 52 buffaloes, 1:80 in 27 buffaloes, 1: 160 in 21 buffaloes, and greater than or equal to1:320 in 17 buffaloes. Results indicate a high prevalence of N. caninum exposure in water buffaloes in Brazil and warrant an investigation of the role of N. caninum as an abortifacient in water buffaloes. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science BN. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med vet & Zootecn, Dept Med Vet PRevent & Saude Anim, BR-05508000 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. Inst Biol Sao Paulo, Lab Sanidade Anim & Vegetal Registro, Sao Paulo, Brazil. USDA ARS, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Gennari, SM (reprint author), Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med vet & Zootecn, Dept Med Vet PRevent & Saude Anim, Av Prof Orlando Marques Paiva,87,Ciudad Univ, BR-05508000 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. RI Gennari, Solange/K-2447-2012; Nishi, Sandra /H-1373-2013 OI Gennari, Solange/0000-0001-7500-5277; Nishi, Sandra /0000-0003-1800-5451 NR 13 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD AUG 31 PY 2001 VL 99 IS 4 BP 331 EP 334 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00474-5 PG 4 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 468KK UT WOS:000170756700008 PM 11511420 ER PT J AU Sims, PL Bradford, JA AF Sims, PL Bradford, JA TI Carbon dioxide fluxes in a southern plains prairie SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE rangeland; grassland; carbon uptake; CO2 flux; sagebrush ID NORTH-AMERICAN GRASSLANDS; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; WATER-VAPOR; SOIL; RANGELAND; BUDGET; EXCHANGE; RATIO; SINK AB Atmospheric CO2 concentrations have increased because of changes in land use and burning of fossil fuels. Grasslands are important terrestrial ecosystems that, along with other temperate and and rangeland resources, comprise more than 50% of the world's land area. Even though grasslands dominate the world's landscape, their role in the global C budget has not been adequately documented. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship of vegetation structure and dynamics to CO2 fluxes for a grass and a sagebrush-dominated Southern Plains mixed-grass prairie (latitude 36 degrees 36'N, longitude 99 degrees 35'W, elevation 630 m) and evaluate their potential for carbon sequestration. The CO2 flux calculated at 20-min intervals was measured from mid-February to early May through mid to late December in 1995-1997 on both sites using Bowen ratio/energy balance instrumentation. Plant measurements included aboveground and belowground biomass, leaf area, and canopy height. Estimated annual net CO2 fluxes into these systems were 257 and 23 g m(-2) yr(-1), respectively, for the grass and sagebrush-dominated sites. Average daily flux during the sampling period and estimated annual rate of daily CO2 flux for the grass-dominated prairie site were greater (1.54 and 0.70 g m(-2) per day) than the sagebrush site (0.01 and 0.06 g m(-2) per day). Water-use was similar for these two mixed-grass prairie sites. This study indicates that these Southern Plains mixed-grass prairie communities have the potential to sequester C. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Range Res Stn, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. RP Sims, PL (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Range Res Stn, 2000 18th St, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. NR 59 TC 100 Z9 131 U1 4 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD AUG 30 PY 2001 VL 109 IS 2 BP 117 EP 134 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(01)00264-7 PG 18 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 459GV UT WOS:000170243400003 ER PT J AU Jones, JA Swanson, FJ AF Jones, JA Swanson, FJ TI Hydrologic inferences from comparisons among small basin experiments SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Editorial Material ID WESTERN CASCADES; CATCHMENTS; OREGON; ROADS C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific No Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Jones, JA (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 9 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD AUG 30 PY 2001 VL 15 IS 12 BP 2363 EP 2366 DI 10.1002/hyp.474 PG 4 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 469BA UT WOS:000170791600009 ER PT J AU Heidari, M Harp, JA Kehrli, ME AF Heidari, M Harp, JA Kehrli, ME TI Expression, purification, and in vitro biological activities of recombinant bovine granulocyte-colony stimulating factor SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE neutrophils; hematopoietic cytokines; granulocyte-colony stimulating factor; adhesion molecules ID FACTOR G-CSF; LEUKOCYTE ADHESION MOLECULE-1; NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA; HUMAN NEUTROPHILS; IN-VIVO; SURFACE EXPRESSION; ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; RECEPTOR; VOLUNTEERS; PREVENTION AB Neutrophils are essential components of the innate immune system and they play a critical role in the defense of host against bacterial and fungal infections. The colony stimulating factors are a class of glycoproteins that are required for proliferation. differentiation, and functional activation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a member of this regulatory family of cytokines that specifically stimulates proliferation and maturation of precursor cells in the bone marrow into fully differentiated and functional neutrophils, G-CSF also modulates the biological activities of mature neutrophils in circulation. A bovine G-CSF (bG-CSF) cDNA clone (previously isolated and sequenced in our laboratory) was expressed in Escherichia coli and the biological activities of the solubilized protein from purified inclusion bodies were examined. Flow cytometric analysis of membrane antigen density of neutrophils activated with bG-CSF revealed an upregulation in the expression of CD11a (>114%), CD11b (>148%), CD11c (>87%), and CD18 (>109%). Expression Of L-selectin was decreased by more than 43%. There was no change, however, in the expression of CD14. These findings indicate that recombinant bG-CSF (rbG-CSF) expressed in E. coli is biologically active and exerts the same type of effects on neutrophils in vitro as those of human G-CSF (hG-CSF). Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, Periparturient Dis Cattle Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Pfizer Inc, PGRD Vet Med Pharmaceut Discovery, Terre Haute, IN 47808 USA. RP Heidari, M (reprint author), ARS, Periparturient Dis Cattle Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 48 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD AUG 30 PY 2001 VL 81 IS 1-2 BP 45 EP 57 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(01)00321-X PG 13 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA 465KH UT WOS:000170587800005 PM 11498246 ER PT J AU Duiker, SW Flanagan, DC Lal, R AF Duiker, SW Flanagan, DC Lal, R TI Erodibility and infiltration characteristics of five major soils of southwest Spain SO CATENA LA English DT Article DE Mediterranean region; runoff; infiltration; soil erosion; water erosion prediction project ID INTENSITY RAINFALL SIMULATOR; AGGREGATE STABILITY; MEDITERRANEAN ENVIRONMENTS; AGRICULTURAL SOILS; EROSION; RUNOFF; AREAS; LAND AB Equations used to calculate erodibility in the Water Erosion Prediction Project soil erosion model (WEPP) are based on erodibility studies in the USA and may not function well in another region. This study was conducted to: (i) analyze erodibility and infiltration characteristics of some predominant soils of southern Spain, and (ii) test equations used to calculate interrill erodibility in the WEPP model on these soils. The five soils chosen for this study in Andalusia, southwest Spain, were: two terrace soils (referred to as 'Red and Yellow Alfisols'), an alluvial soil ('Fluvent'), a shallow hillside soil ('Inceptisol'), and a cracking clay soil ('Vertisol'). A static, solenoid operated rainfall simulator was operated at an intensity of approximately 60 mm h(-1) during a 60-min dry run followed by a 30-min wet run the next day on 0.75 m(2) plots with 30% ridge slopes. Infiltration rates were high (always exceeding 50% except for the wet run of the Fluvent). The Fluvent had the lowest infiltration rate (0.00 mm min(-1) at the end of the wet run) and highest soil loss (985 g m(-2) h(-1) in the dry run and 1557 g m(-2) h(-1) in the wet run). The Vertisol, Inceptisol and Red Alfisol had low soil loss (415, 605, and 527 g m(-2) h(-1) in the dry run and 824, 762 and 629 g m(-2) h(-1) in the wet run, respectively). Soil loss of the Vertisol doubled between dry and wet run and infiltration rate did not stabilize, suggesting that erodibility of Vertisols increases when they are wet. The Yellow Alfisol had lower final infiltration rate in the dry run (0.33 mm min(-1)) than in the wet run (0.58 mm min(-1)) and higher soil loss in dry run (1203 g m(-2) h(-1))than in wet run (961 g m(-2) h(-1)), the reason still being unclear. Soil loss was significantly correlated to silt + very fine sand content (r = 0.96), indicating that erodibility of these soils is determined by similar properties as soils in these soil orders in the USA. However, the equation for WEPP-interrill erodibility overestimated erodibility significantly (two to four times), indicating the need to develop new erodibility equations for the Mediterranean region. Infiltration rates were generally high and soil loss rates low compared to reports from the USA, suggesting that limited runoff generation is a primary reason for low erodibility of these soils. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Agron, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Duiker, SW (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Agron, 116 ASI Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM swd10@psu.edu RI Lal, Rattan/D-2505-2013 NR 54 TC 52 Z9 61 U1 3 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0341-8162 J9 CATENA JI Catena PD AUG 29 PY 2001 VL 45 IS 2 BP 103 EP 121 DI 10.1016/S0341-8162(01)00145-X PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Geology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 450CG UT WOS:000169723500002 ER PT J AU Ganskopp, D AF Ganskopp, D TI Manipulating cattle distribution with salt and water in large arid-land pastures: a GPS/GIS assessment SO APPLIED ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE global positioning systems; activities; grazing time; resting time; livestock management; rangeland ID PREFERENCES; BEHAVIOR; GRASSES AB Several of the problems associated with grazing animals in extensive settings are related to their uneven patterns of use across the landscape. After fencing, water and salt are two of the most frequently used tools for affecting cattle distribution in extensive settings. Cattle are attracted to water in and regions, but mixed results have been obtained with salt and mineral supplements. The goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacies of salt and water manipulations for affecting cattle distribution in large (>825 ha) pastures. This was accomplished by fitting cattle with global positioning system (GPS) collars and monitoring their travels and activities in a three pasture, Latin-square design where water and salt shared a common location and water or salt were moved individually to distant areas. Mean distance of cattle from water ((x) over bar = 1.16 km) was unaffected by treatments (P = 0.79) suggesting that cattle followed movements of water tanks. Distance traveled daily ((x) over bar = 5.78 km), time devoted to grazing (11.0 h per day), time devoted to resting (10.1 h per day), and the area ((x) over bar = 325 ha) of minimum convex polygons were also unaffected by treatment implying that cattle did not compensate for separated water and salting areas with increased travels or disruptions of habitual grazing and resting activities. Centers of activity for cattle shifted further (P = 0.02) when water ((x) over bar = 1.49 km) was moved than when salt ((x) over bar = 1.00 km) was relocated. Mean distance of cattle from salt increased from 1.03 km, when salt and water were together, to 1.73 km (P = 0.08) when salt and water were separated. This implied that cattle made less effort to remain near salt. Also, when water and salt were separated, cattle were found within 250 m of water 354 times and close to salt only 38 times. Movement of drinking water to distant points in pastures was the most effective tool for altering cattle distribution. When cattle and salt were introduced to a new portion of a pasture, cattle used the new area for about 2 days, and then began drifting back toward previously used portions of the pasture. Manipulations of salting stations will not significantly rectify serious livestock distribution problems in extensive arid-land pastures. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Oregon Agr Res Ctr, Burns, OR 97720 USA. RP Ganskopp, D (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Oregon Agr Res Ctr, HC-71 4-51 Hwy 205, Burns, OR 97720 USA. NR 22 TC 97 Z9 102 U1 5 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1591 J9 APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI JI Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. PD AUG 27 PY 2001 VL 73 IS 4 BP 251 EP 262 DI 10.1016/S0168-1591(01)00148-4 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Behavioral Sciences; Veterinary Sciences SC Agriculture; Behavioral Sciences; Veterinary Sciences GA 457VC UT WOS:000170156700001 ER PT J AU Carvalho, JA Costa, FS Veras, CAG Sandberg, DV Alvarado, EC Gielow, R Serra, AM Santos, JC AF Carvalho, JA Costa, FS Veras, CAG Sandberg, DV Alvarado, EC Gielow, R Serra, AM Santos, JC TI Biomass fire consumption and carbon release rates of rainforest-clearing experiments conducted in northern Mato Grosso, Brazil SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY; SMOLDERING COMBUSTION; SAVANNA ECOSYSTEMS; TRACE GASES; LAND-USE; EMISSIONS; AFRICA; VEGETATION; MANAUS; REGION AB Biomass consumption and carbon release rates during the process of forest clearing by fire in five test plots are presented and discussed. The experiments were conducted at the Caiabi Farm, near the town of Alta Floresta, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, in five square plots of 1 ha each, designated A, B, C, D, and E, with different locations and timing of fire. Plot A was located in the interface with a pasture, with three edges bordering on the forest, and was cut and burned in 1997. Plots B,C, D, and E were located inside the forest. Plot B was cut and burned in 1997. Plot C was inside a deforested 9-ha area, which was cut and burned in 1998. Plot D was inside a deforested 4-ha area, which was cut in 1998 and burned in 1999. Plot E was inside a deforested 4-ha area, which was cut and burned in 1999. Biomass consumption was 22.7%, 19.5%, 47.5%, 61.5%, and 41.8%, for A, B, C, D, and E, respectively. The effects of an extended curing period and of increasing the deforested area surrounding the plots could be clearly observed. The consumption, for areas cut and burned during the same year, tended toward a value of nearly 50% when presented as a function of the total area burned. The aboveground biomass of the test site and the amount of carbon before the fire were 496 Mg ha(-1) and 138 Mg ha(-1), respectively. Considering that the biomass that remains unburned keeps about the same average carbon content of fresh biomass, which is supported by the fact that the unburned material consists mainly of large logs, and considering the value of 50% for consumption, the amount of carbon released to the atmosphere as gases was 69 Mg ha(-1). The amounts of CO2 and CO released to the atmosphere by the burning process were then estimated as 228 Mg ha(-1) and 15.9 Mg ha(-1), respectively. Observations on fire propagation and general features of the slash burnings in the test areas complete the paper. C1 Univ Estadual Paulista, BR-12516410 Guaratingueta, SP, Brazil. Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, BR-12600000 Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil. Univ Brasilia, BR-70910900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil. US Forest Serv, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Carvalho, JA (reprint author), Univ Estadual Paulista, Av Ariberto Pereira da Cunha 333, BR-12516410 Guaratingueta, SP, Brazil. EM joao@feg.unesp.br; fernando@cptec.inpe.br; gurgel@enm.unb.br; David.Sandberg@orst.edu; alvarado@u.washington.edu; ralf@met.inpe.br; agnoldo@cptec.inpe.br; jcsantos@cptec.inpe.br NR 39 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 27 PY 2001 VL 106 IS D16 BP 17877 EP 17887 DI 10.1029/2000JD900791 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 465FR UT WOS:000170579400012 ER PT J AU Feldhake, CM Ritchey, KD Boyer, DG AF Feldhake, CM Ritchey, KD Boyer, DG TI Fate of gypsum surface - applied to an Appalachian hill pasture watershed SO AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE gypsum leaching; subsoil acidity; water yield; stream quality; pasture ID SOIL; SULFATE; DISSOLUTION; ORCHARDGRASS; TRANSPORT; SUBSOIL; GROWTH AB Low pH soils leached with gypsum solutions have been shown to sorb gypsum thereby increasing calcium and improving root growth of some crops. However, in some situations, exchangeable aluminum is leached which could enter waterways and potentially cause adverse off-site impacts. Due to relatively high solubility, gypsum itself has potential to impact stream water chemistry. In this study, 8250 kg ha(-1) gypsum was applied to plots in a steep 4.3 ha-pasture watershed in central Appalachia. Changes in the 0-40 cm soil profile and changes in water chemistry at a flume below a seep which drains the watershed were measured in response to this application. After the end of the second growing season, and a total rainfall of 1.7 m, 46% of the applied gypsum calcium was still in the top 40 cm of soil. The rainfall had a 11.4% efficiency rate of transporting gypsum out of the top 40 cm compared to movement of a saturated solution through an inert medium. Of the applied gypsum sulfate, 3.4% exited the watershed through stream flow. Maximum gypsum concentrations in stream flow, which occurred during a storm event, were 34 ppm or <1.5% of saturation levels. No detectable aluminum was measured in stream flow at the flume. These findings indicate that as long as a minor part of watersheds such as this one has gypsum applied at rates less than 10,000 kg ha(-1), off-site environment impacts should be minimal. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Feldhake, CM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, 1224 Airport Rd, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. EM cfeldhake@afsrc.ars.usda.gov NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3774 J9 AGR WATER MANAGE JI Agric. Water Manage. PD AUG 24 PY 2001 VL 50 IS 1 BP 27 EP 39 DI 10.1016/S0378-3774(01)00093-2 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA 443BY UT WOS:000169320500003 ER PT J AU Paik, J During, A Harrison, EH Mendelsohn, CL Lai, K Blaner, WS AF Paik, J During, A Harrison, EH Mendelsohn, CL Lai, K Blaner, WS TI Expression and characterization of a murine enzyme able to cleave beta-carotene - The formation of retinoids SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID VITAMIN-A; 15,15'-DIOXYGENASE ACTIVITY; DIOXYGENASE ACTIVITY; INTESTINAL-MUCOSA; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; ACID RECEPTORS; IN-VITRO; METABOLISM; PROTEIN; ABSORPTION AB Because animals are not able to synthesize retinoids de novo, ultimately they must derive them from dietary provitamin A carotenoids through a process known as carotene cleavage. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing carotene cleavage (beta -carotene 15,15 ' -dioxygenase) has been characterized primarily in rat intestinal scrapings. Using a recently reported cDNA sequence for a carotene cleavage enzyme from Drosophila, we identified a cDNA encoding a mouse homolog of this enzyme. When the cDNA was expressed in either Escherichia coli or Chinese hamster ovary cells, expression conferred upon bacterial and Chinese hamster ovary cell homogenates the ability to cleave beta -carotene to retinal. Several lines of evidence obtained upon kinetic analyses of the recombinant enzyme suggested that carotene cleavage enzyme interacts with other proteins present within cell or tissue homogenates. This was confirmed by pull-down experiments upon incubation of recombinant enzyme with tissue 12,000 x g supernatants. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry analysis of pulled-down proteins indicates that an atypical testis-specific isoform of lactate de-hydrogenase associates with recombinant carotene cleavage enzyme. mRNA transcripts for the carotene cleavage enzyme were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in mouse testes, liver, kidney, and intestine. In situ hybridization studies demonstrated that carotene cleavage enzyme is expressed prominently in maternal tissue surrounding the embryo but not in embryonic tissues at 7.5 and 8.5 days postcoitus. This work offers new insights for understanding the biochemistry of carotene cleavage to retinoids. C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Med, New York, NY 10032 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Urol, New York, NY 10032 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Blaner, WS (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Dept Med, HHSB Rm 502,701 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032 USA. RI During, Alexandrine/I-5405-2015; OI During, Alexandrine/0000-0002-6878-0870 FU NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY12858]; NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL049879, R01 HL49879]; NIDDK NIH HHS [R01 DK061459-07, R01 DK061310, R01 DK061459, R01 DK061459-06, R01 DK061459-07S1, R01 DK061459-08, R01 DK061459-09, R01 DK065719, R01 DK44498, R56 DK082963, R56 DK082963-01] NR 45 TC 105 Z9 107 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD AUG 24 PY 2001 VL 276 IS 34 BP 32160 EP 32168 DI 10.1074/jbc.M010086200 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 465WT UT WOS:000170613500094 PM 11418584 ER PT J AU Hotchkiss, AT Lecrinier, SL Hicks, KB AF Hotchkiss, AT Lecrinier, SL Hicks, KB TI Isolation of oligogalacturonic acids up to DP 20 by preparative high-performance anion-exchange chromatography and pulsed amperometric detection SO CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE oligogalacturonic acid; degree of polymerization; DP 20; high-performance anion-exchange chromatography; pulsed amperometric detection; preparative HPAEC-PAD; CarboPac PA1 column ID CELL-WALL; RHAMNOGALACTURONASE; OLIGOSACCHARIDES; PECTIN; ENDOPOLYGALACTURONASE; FRAGMENTS; OLIGOMERS; RESIDUES; SIGNALS; REGIONS AB Milligram quantities of oligogalacturonic acids up to a degree of polymerization (DP) of 20 were purified by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography utilizing a preparative-scale (21-mm i.d.) CarboPac PA1 column and a nonlinear potassium acetate (pH 7.5) gradient. Detection was accomplished by pulsed amperometry without post-column addition of hydroxide. Pulsed amperometry at near-neutral pH is an excellent detection method for preparative separations of carbohydrates because it avoids base-catalyzed degradation reactions that can occur at high pH. This method was simpler. faster, had higher sample loading capacity and allowed for the isolation of higher DP oligogalacturonic acids than other methods reported previously. With this improved method, multi-milligram quantities of valuable oligogalacturonic acids (up to DP 20) can be readily isolated. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Hotchkiss, AT (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 19 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0008-6215 J9 CARBOHYD RES JI Carbohydr. Res. PD AUG 23 PY 2001 VL 334 IS 2 BP 135 EP 140 DI 10.1016/S0008-6215(01)00170-7 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 466ZK UT WOS:000170675900007 PM 11502269 ER PT J AU Akin, DE Foulk, JA Dodd, RB McAlister, DD AF Akin, DE Foulk, JA Dodd, RB McAlister, DD TI Enzyme-retting of flax and characterization of processed fibers SO JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Biotechnology in the Textile Industry CY MAY, 2000 CL PORTUGAL DE pectinase; chelators; crimping; strength; fineness; flax; yarn ID CELL-WALLS; QUALITY AB Enzyme-retting formulations consisting of Viscozyme L, a pectinase-rich commercial enzyme product, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were tested on Ariane fiber flax and North Dakota seed flax straw residue. Flax stems that were crimped to disrupt the outer layers were soaked with various proportions of Viscozyme-EDTA solutions, retted, and then cleaned and cottonized with commercial processing equipment. Fiber properties were determined and crude test yams were made of raw and Shirley cleaned flax fibers and cotton in various blend levels. Cleaned fibers were obtained from both seed and fiber flax types, but with variations due to treatment. Retting formulations produced fibers having different properties, with enzyme levels of 0.3% (v/v as supplied) giving finer but weaker fibers than 0.05% regardless of EDTA level. Experimental yams of blended flax and cotton fibers varied in mass coefficient of variation, single end strength, and nep imperfections due to sample and formulation. With cost, and fiber and yarn quality as criteria, results established a range in the amounts of components comprising retting formulations as a basis for further studies to optimize enzyme-retting formulations for flax. Under conditions examined herein, Viscozyme L at 0.3% (v/v) plus 25 mM EDTA produced the best test yarns and, therefore, established a base for future studies to develop commercial-grade, short staple flax fibers for use in textiles. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. USDA ARS, Cotton Qual Res Stn, Clemson, SC 29633 USA. RP Akin, DE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 22 TC 74 Z9 82 U1 2 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1656 J9 J BIOTECHNOL JI J. Biotechnol. PD AUG 23 PY 2001 VL 89 IS 2-3 BP 193 EP 203 DI 10.1016/S0168-1656(01)00298-X PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 467ME UT WOS:000170707700014 PM 11500213 ER PT J AU Craig, W Cook, K Carney, J Schoenfeld, S Wilcke, B Algeo, T AF Craig, W Cook, K Carney, J Schoenfeld, S Wilcke, B Algeo, T TI Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome - Vermont, 2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 50, pg 603-605, 2001) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID VIRUS C1 Vermont Dept Hlth, Burlington, VT 05402 USA. US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv Program, USDA, Ames, IA USA. CDC, Special Pathogens Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD AUG 22 PY 2001 VL 286 IS 8 BP 912 EP 913 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 465EU UT WOS:000170577300011 ER PT J AU Mastovska, K Lehotay, SJ Hajslova, J AF Mastovska, K Lehotay, SJ Hajslova, J TI Optimization and evaluation of low-pressure gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the fast analysis of multiple pesticide residues in a food commodity SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE matrix effects; gas chromatography, fast; gas chromatography, low-pressure; food analysis; pesticides ID PULSED SPLITLESS INJECTION; OPEN TUBULAR COLUMNS; VACUUM-OUTLET; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES; RESPONSE ENHANCEMENT; CAPILLARY COLUMNS; INCREASED SPEED; OPERATION; TIME; PERFORMANCE AB A fast method of analysis for 20 representative pesticides was developed using low-pressure gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (LP-GC-MS). No special techniques for injection or detection with a common quadrupole GC-MS instrument were required to use this approach. The LP-GC-MS approach used an analytical column of 10 mx0.53 turn I.D., 1 mum film thickness coupled with a 3 mx0.15 mm. I.D. restriction capillary at the inlet end. Thus, the conditions at the injector were similar to conventional GC methods, but sub-atmospheric pressure conditions occurred throughout the analytical column (MS provided the vacuum source). Optimal LP-GC-MS conditions were determined which achieved the fastest separation with the highest signal/noise ratio in MS detection (selected ion monitoring mode). Due to faster flow-rate, thicker film, and low pressure in the analytical column, this distinctive approach provided several benefits in the analysis of the representative pesticides versus a conventional GC-MS method, which included: (i) threefold gain in the speed of chromatographic analysis; (ii) substantially increased injection volume capacity in toluene; (iii) heightened peaks with 2 s peak widths for normal MS operation; (iv) reduced thermal degradation of thermally labile analytes, such as carbamates; and (v) due to larger sample loadability lower detection limits for compounds not limited by matrix interferences. The optimized LP-GC-MS conditions were evaluated in ruggedness testing experiments involving repetitive analyses of the 20 diverse pesticides fortified in a representative food extract (carrot), and the results were compared with the conventional GC-MS approach. The matrix interferences for the quantitation ions were worse for a few pesticides (acephate, methiocarb, dimethoate, and thiabendazole) in LP-GC-MS, but similar or better results were achieved for the 16 other analytes, and sample throughput was more than doubled with the approach. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Inst Chem Technol, CR-16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic. RP Lehotay, SJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM slehotay@arserrc.gov RI Mastovska, Katerina/B-1077-2008 NR 41 TC 65 Z9 68 U1 2 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD AUG 17 PY 2001 VL 926 IS 2 BP 291 EP 308 PG 18 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 467DA UT WOS:000170684200006 PM 11556334 ER PT J AU Parton, WJ Holland, EA Del Grosso, SJ Hartman, MD Martin, RE Mosier, AR Ojima, DS Schimel, DS AF Parton, WJ Holland, EA Del Grosso, SJ Hartman, MD Martin, RE Mosier, AR Ojima, DS Schimel, DS TI Generalized model for NOx and N2O emissions from soils SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID COLORADO SHORTGRASS STEPPE; NITROUS-OXIDE EMISSIONS; TRACE-GAS EMISSIONS; 3-YEAR CONTINUOUS RECORD; BEECH FOREST ECOSYSTEM; N-SATURATED SPRUCE; LAND-USE CHANGE; NITRIC-OXIDE; BIOGEOCHEMICAL CONTROLS; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE AB We describe a submodel to simulate NOx and N2O emissions from soils and present comparisons of simulated NOx and N2O fluxes from the DAYCENT ecosystem model with observations from different soils. The N gas flux submodel assumes that nitrification and denitrification both contribute to N2O and NOx emissions but that NOx emissions are due mainly to nitrification. N2O emissions from nitrification are calculated as a function of modeled soil NH4+ concentration, water-filled pore space (WFPS), temperature, pH, and texture. N2O emissions from denitrification are a function of soil NO3- concentration, WFPS, heterotrophic respiration, and texture. NOx emissions are calculated by multiplying total N2O emissions by a NOx:N2O equation which is calculated as a function of soil parameters (bulk density, field capacity, and WFPS) that influence gas diffusivity. The NOx submodel also simulates NOx emission pulses initiated by rain events onto dry soils. The DAYCENT model was tested by comparing observed and simulated parameters in grassland soils across a range of soil textures and fertility levels. Simulated values of soil temperature, WFPS (during the non-winter months), and NOx gas flux agreed reasonably well with measured values (r(2) = 0.79, 0.64, and 0.43, respectively). Winter season WFPS was poorly simulated (r(2) = 0.27). Although the correlation between simulated and observed N2O flux was poor on a daily basis (r(2)=0.02), DAYCENT was able to reproduce soil textural and treatment differences and the observed seasonal patterns of gas flux emissions with r(2) values of 0.26 and 0.27, for monthly and NOx flux rates, respectively. C1 Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07745 Jena, Germany. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Parton, WJ (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM billp@nrel.colostate.edu; eholland@bgc-jena.mpg.de; delgro@nrel.colostate.edu; melannie@nrel.colostate.edu; Roberta.Martin@colorado.edu; amosier@lamar.colostate.edu; dennis@nrel.colostate.edu; dschimel@bgc-Jena.mpg.de RI Ojima, Dennis/C-5272-2016 NR 71 TC 181 Z9 190 U1 13 U2 120 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 16 PY 2001 VL 106 IS D15 BP 17403 EP 17419 DI 10.1029/2001JD900101 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 463BP UT WOS:000170457200023 ER PT J AU Cohen, WB Maiersperger, TK Spies, TA Oetter, DR AF Cohen, WB Maiersperger, TK Spies, TA Oetter, DR TI Modelling forest cover attributes as continuous variables in a regional context with Thematic Mapper data SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID REMOTELY-SENSED DATA; LEAF-AREA INDEX; MULTISPECTRAL IMAGES; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; RADIOMETRIC NORMALIZATION; NATIONAL FOREST; GREAT-BRITAIN; LANDSAT DATA; AVIRIS DATA; AVHRR DATA AB We modelled forest vegetation attributes as continuous variables across western Oregon using a multi-image mosaic of Thematic Mapper (TM) data. Four specific attributes were modelled using regression analysis: percent green vegetation cover, percent conifer cover, conifer crown diameter, and conifer stand age. Reference data for the cover and diameter attributes were derived from airphotos, and existing agency polygon databases were used for stand age. We developed and applied a new method for regional mapping called applied radiometric normalization. The method involved development of a set of models for a centrally located 'source' scene which were then extended to 'destination' scenes (neighboring scenes in the TM mosaic). Use of airphotos and existing digital databases in combination with applied radiometric normalization translates to a cost-effective procedure for regional mapping with TM data. Modelling forest attributes as continuous variables enables creation of a flexible forest cover information base, containing important fundamental building blocks for a variety of related classification schemes. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Cohen, WB (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM cohen@fsl.orst.edu NR 64 TC 87 Z9 89 U1 2 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 EI 1366-5901 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD AUG 15 PY 2001 VL 22 IS 12 BP 2279 EP 2310 DI 10.1080/01431160121472 PG 32 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 450QY UT WOS:000169755600004 ER PT J AU Shea-Donohue, T Sullivan, C Finkelman, FD Madden, KB Morris, SC Goldhill, J Pineiro-Carrero, V Urban, JF AF Shea-Donohue, T Sullivan, C Finkelman, FD Madden, KB Morris, SC Goldhill, J Pineiro-Carrero, V Urban, JF TI The role of IL-4 in Heligmosomoides polygyrus-induced alterations in murine intestinal epithelial cell function SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IGE RESPONSES; INVIVO; SECRETION; RECEPTOR; ANTIBODY; MODEL; STAT6 AB IL-4 and IL-13 promote gastrointestinal worm expulsion, at least in part, through effects on nonlymphoid cells, such as intestinal epithelial cells. The role of IL-4/IL-13 in the regulation of intestinal epithelial function during Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Hp) infection was investigated in BALB/c mice infected with Hp or treated with a long-lasting formulation of recombinant mouse IL-4/alpha IL-4 complexes (IL-4C) for 7 days. Separate groups of BALB/c mice were drug-cured of initial infection and later reinfected and treated with anti-IL-4R mAb, an antagonist of IL-4 and IL-13 receptor binding, or with a control mAb. Segments of jejunum were mounted in Ussing chambers, and short circuit current responses to acetylcholine, histamine, serotonin, PGE(2), and glucose were determined. Although only modest changes in epithelial cell function were observed during primary Hp infection, IL-4C or a secondary Hp infection each induced more dramatic changes, including increased mucosal permeability, reduced sodium-linked glucose absorption, and increased Cl- secretory response to PGE(2). Some, but not all, effects of IL-4C and Hp infection were dependent on enteric nerves. Hp-induced changes in epithelial function were attenuated or prevented by anti-IL-4R mAb. Thus, IL-4/IL-13 mediate many of the effects of Hp infection on intestinal epithelial cell function and do so both through direct effects on epithelial cells and through indirect, enteric nerve-mediated prosecretory effects. These immune system-independent effector functions of IL-4/IL-13 may be important for host protection against gastrointestinal nematodes. C1 Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Med, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. Walter Reed Army Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Washington, DC 20307 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Med, Div Immunol, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Pediat, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. USDA ARS, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Shea-Donohue, T (reprint author), Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Med, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. OI Urban, Joseph/0000-0002-1590-8869 FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI35987-06] NR 22 TC 88 Z9 92 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1767 J9 J IMMUNOL JI J. Immunol. PD AUG 15 PY 2001 VL 167 IS 4 BP 2234 EP 2239 PG 6 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 471VP UT WOS:000170949600052 PM 11490010 ER PT J AU Dargatz, DA Byrum, BA Hennager, SG Barber, LK Kopral, CA Wagner, BA Wells, SJ AF Dargatz, DA Byrum, BA Hennager, SG Barber, LK Kopral, CA Wagner, BA Wells, SJ TI Prevalence of antibodies against Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis among beef cow-calf herds SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; JOHNES-DISEASE; CATTLE; DIAGNOSIS AB Objective-To estimate the prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis infection among cows on beef operations in the United States. Design-Cross-sectional seroprevalence study. Sample Population-A convenience sample of 380 herds in 21 states. Procedures-Serum samples were obtained from 10,371 cows and tested for antibodies to M avium subsp paratuberculosis with a commercial ELISA. Producers were interviewed to collect data on herd management practices. Results-30 (7.9%) herds had 1 or more animals for which results of the ELISA were positive; 40 (0.4%) of the individual cow samples yielded positive results. None of the herd management practices studied were found to be associated with whether any animals in the herd would be positive for antibodies to M avium subsp paratuberculosis. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Results suggest that the prevalence of antibodies to M avium subsp paratuberculosis among beef cows in the United States is low. Herds with seropositive animals were widely distributed geographically. C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Ctr Epidemiol, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Ctr Anim Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Univ Minnesota, Coll Vet Med, Dept Clin & Populat Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Ohio Dept Agr, Anim Dis Diagnost Lab, Reynoldsburg, OH 43068 USA. RP Dargatz, DA (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Ctr Epidemiol, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 13 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD AUG 15 PY 2001 VL 219 IS 4 BP 497 EP 501 DI 10.2460/javma.2001.219.497 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 462RH UT WOS:000170433200024 PM 11518178 ER PT J AU O'Donnell, VK Pacheco, JM Henry, TM Mason, PW AF O'Donnell, VK Pacheco, JM Henry, TM Mason, PW TI Subcellular distribution of the foot-and-mouth disease virus 3A protein in cells infected with viruses encoding wild-type and bovine-attenuated forms of 3A SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE foot-and-mouth disease virus; picornavirus; 3A protein; Golgi; endoplasmic reticulum; brefeldin A ID POLIOVIRUS INFECTION; ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM; REPLICATION COMPLEX; RNA-SYNTHESIS; BREFELDIN-A; VPG; EXPRESSION; INHIBITION; LOCALIZATION; POLYMERASE AB Picornavirus infection induces the proliferation and rearrangement of intracellular membranes in response to the synthesis of nonstructural proteins, including 3A. We have previously shown that changes in 3A are associated with the inability of a Taiwanese strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) (OTai) to grow in bovine cells and cause disease in cattle, although the virus grows to high titers in porcine cells and is highly virulent in pigs (C. W. Beard and P. W. Mason, 2000, J. Virol. 74, 987-991). To study if differences in the distribution of 3A could account for the species specificity of OTai, we compared the localization of the OTai 3A with a bovine-virulent 3A (serotype A12) in keratinocytes prepared from the tongues of cattle and pigs. Following either infection of keratinocytes or transfection with 3A we were unable to discern differences in 3A distribution in either species of keratinocyte, independent of the strain of virus (or 3A) utilized. In both cell types, 3A distributed in a pattern that overlapped with an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) marker protein, calreticulin (CRT). Furthermore, although FMDV infection or transfection with 3A did not result in a gross redistribution of CRT, both virus infection and 3A transfection disrupted the Golgi. Other picornaviruses that disrupt Golgi function are sensitive to brefeldin A (BFA), a fungal metabolite that interferes with retrograde transport between the Golgi and the ER. Interestingly, BFA has little effect on FMDV replication, suggesting that FMDV may acquire cellular membranes into its replication complexes in a manner different from that of other picornaviruses. C1 ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Mason, PW (reprint author), ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. OI Pacheco, Juan/0000-0001-5477-0201 NR 41 TC 64 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD AUG 15 PY 2001 VL 287 IS 1 BP 151 EP 162 DI 10.1006/viro.2001.1035 PG 12 WC Virology SC Virology GA 465TT UT WOS:000170606600016 PM 11504550 ER PT J AU Xie, H Rath, NC Huff, GR Balog, JM Huff, WE AF Xie, H Rath, NC Huff, GR Balog, JM Huff, WE TI Inflammation-induced changes in serum modulate chicken macrophage function SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE inflammation; poultry; HD 11; inflammatory serum; acute phase protein ID ACUTE-PHASE RESPONSE; C-REACTIVE PROTEIN; PLASMA ALPHA-1-ACID GLYCOPROTEIN; NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHESIS; BROILER-CHICKENS; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; AMYLOID-A; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; NEUTROPHILS; ENDOTOXIN AB Inflammation-induced changes in serum protein profiles and the effects of such serum on a chicken macrophage cell line HD11 were studied to find whether the changes in serum affect cellular immunity. Four-week-old male broiler chickens were injected subcutaneously with either olive oil or 50% croton oil mixed in olive oil to induce inflammation. The birds were bled at 48h after injection, and serum protein profiles were compared using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and densitometric evaluation. At 48 h post-injection the serum from croton. oil-injected birds showed distinct changes in protein profiles characterized by a selective increase or decrease in levels of several serum proteins. The protein bands which showed increases had relative molecular weights (Mr) corresponding to 65 kilo Daltons (kD), 42 kD, and two or more proteins with Mr greater than or equal to 200 kD. The levels of serum albumin (49 kD), and a 56 kD protein were reduced in croton oil-injected birds. The modulating effects of such serum on HD 11 cells were studied using bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) induced functional activation of these cells. The LPS-induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) production by HD 11 cells was not affected by the presence of either olive oil-treated control or croton oil-treated inflammatory serum but nitrite production was enhanced by the inflammatory serum. Similarly, inflammatory serum also enhanced PMA-induced respiratory burst measured using dichloro fluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) oxidation mediated by reactive oxygen intermediates. These results suggest that inflammatory serum can modulate macrophage function by influencing the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species which could affect their phagocytic and bactericidal activities. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Poultry & Prod Safety Res Unit, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Poultry Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Rath, NC (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Poultry & Prod Safety Res Unit, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 34 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD AUG 10 PY 2001 VL 80 IS 3-4 BP 225 EP 235 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(01)00260-4 PG 11 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA 457NG UT WOS:000170143200002 PM 11457476 ER PT J AU Miyamoto, T Lillehoj, HS Sohn, EJ Min, WG AF Miyamoto, T Lillehoj, HS Sohn, EJ Min, WG TI Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies detecting chicken interleukin-2 and the development of an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chickens; interleukin-2; monoclonal antibody; ELISA ID CELL GROWTH-FACTOR; LYMPHOCYTES; EXPRESSION; RESPONSES; IL-2; LINE AB Eleven monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) which are specific for chicken interleukin-2 (chIL-2) were produced and characterized by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blotting and neutralizing assays. These mAbs were used to develop a mAb-based antigen capture ELISA specific for chicken IL-2 detection. Anti-IL-2 mAbs bound specifically to E. coli-derived rchIL-2 in ELISA and identified a 16 kDa IL-2 polypeptide band in Western blot. Several mAbs were shown to neutralize the biological activities of both rchIL-2 and native chicken IL-2 as measured by concanavalin A (ConA)-induced lymphocyte proliferation assay, IL-2 bioassay, and natural killer cell assay. Among the neutralizing mAbs, the mAb chIL-2/11 was most potent in neutralizing IL-2 activity. To develop a sensitive ELISA for the detection of chicken IL-2, an antigen capture ELISA was developed using the mAb chIL-2/16 as the antigen capture antibody and rabbit anti-IL-2 peptide antibody as the detection antibody. Using the mAb-based antigen capture ELISA, significant correlation between the level of IL-2 detected in bioassays and in ELISA was observed. These results showed that the ni-Ab-based antigen capture ELISA is less time-consuming and more reliable compared to a conventional IL-2 bioassay for chicken IL-2. These neutralizing mAbs will facilitate basic immunobiological studies of the role of IL-2 in normal and disease states in chickens. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lillehoj, HS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, BARC E,Bldg 1040, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Min, Wongi/0000-0003-2437-7366 NR 30 TC 23 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD AUG 10 PY 2001 VL 80 IS 3-4 BP 245 EP 257 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(01)00273-2 PG 13 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA 457NG UT WOS:000170143200004 PM 11457478 ER PT J AU Turner, C Persson, M Mathiasson, L Adlercreutz, P King, JW AF Turner, C Persson, M Mathiasson, L Adlercreutz, P King, JW TI Lipase-catalyzed reactions in organic and supercritical solvents: application to fat-soluble vitamin determination in milk powder and infant formula SO ENZYME AND MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE alcoholysis; hydrolysis; lipase; organic solvent; retinyl palmitate; SFE ID PHASE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; FLUID EXTRACTION; CARBON-DIOXIDE; ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION; CO2; ESTERIFICATION; PRODUCTS AB The aim of this study was to thoroughly investigate the possibility of using enzyme catalyzed hydrolysis and alcoholysis of ester bonds in vitamin A and E esters to facilitate their determination in different food formulas. Two vitamin esters, retinyl palmitate and alpha -tocopheryl acetate were used as model compounds and two food formulas, milk powder and infant formula, were used as model matrices. Six lipase preparations and one esterase preparation were investigated in the solvents di-isopropyl ether, hexane/ethanol and supercritical carbon dioxide containing ethanol, Three of the enzyme preparations, lipases from Candida antarctica (Novozyme 435), Rhizomucor miehei (Lipozyme IM) and Pseudomonas cepacia, showed considerably higher activity toward retinyl palmitate than the other four enzyme preparations. There was no observed activity with alpha -tocopheryl acetate using any of the enzyme preparations. Novozyme 435 showed highest activity in supercritical fluid and generally larger tolerance to variations of the investigated parameters. Using this enzyme preparation in supercritical carbon dioxide containing 3 vol% ethanol and 0.03 vol% water at 366 bar and 80 degreesC, quantitative conversion of retinyl palmitate to retinol was obtained. These conditions were then used for simultaneous lipase-catalyzed reaction and extraction of vitamin A and E from milk powder and infant formula. The developed supercritical fluid extraction method using immobilized Candida antarctica preparation seems to be more beneficial to the oxidation prone vitamins A and E compared to extraction methodologies based on alkaline saponification, resulting in comparatively higher recoveries. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Lund, Dept Analyt Chem, S-22100 Lund, Sweden. Univ Lund, Dept Biotechnol, Lund, Sweden. USDA ARS, New Crops Res Unit, NCAUR, Peoria, IL USA. RP Turner, C (reprint author), USDA ARS, LRRC, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RI Turner, Charlotta/I-6045-2013 OI Turner, Charlotta/0000-0001-9466-1149 NR 33 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0141-0229 J9 ENZYME MICROB TECH JI Enzyme Microb. Technol. PD AUG 7 PY 2001 VL 29 IS 2-3 BP 111 EP 121 DI 10.1016/S0141-0229(01)00359-3 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 454VN UT WOS:000169992600002 ER PT J AU Pope, KL Matthews, KR AF Pope, KL Matthews, KR TI Movement ecology and seasonal distribution of mountain yellow-legged frogs, Rana muscosa, in a high-elevation Sierra Nevada basin SO COPEIA LA English DT Article ID FREEZE TOLERANCE; AMPHIBIANS; STRATEGIES; CALIFORNIA; SURVIVAL AB Movement ecology and seasonal distribution of mountain yellow-legged frogs (Rana muscosa) in Dusy Basin (3470 m), Kings Canyon National Park, California, were characterized using passive integrated transponder (PIT) surveys and visual encounter surveys. We individually PIT-tagged 500 frogs during the summers of 1997 and 1998 and monitored these individuals during seven recapture surveys in 1997 and 15 recapture surveys in 1998 from the time they emerged from overwintering in July until the lakes froze for the winter in October. Probability of movement between lakes was associated with abundance of Hyla regilla larvae in the different lakes of origin, activity of the frogs (overwintering, breeding, feeding), and time of year. Overland movements exceeding 66 m were observed in 17% of the tagged frogs. Movement between lakes 1 km apart was detected. Site fidelity from 1997 to 1998 was high, and 97% of the tagged frogs recaptured in October of both years were found in the same overwintering lakes. Frogs were more narrowly distributed in spring and fall than in summer. Summer frog densities (number per meter of shoreline) were positively related to water temperature, air temperature, maximum lake depth, and presence of H. regilla larvae and negatively related to presence of trout. Mountain yellow-legged frogs use a range of aquatic sites throughout their activity period, and basins with a variety of deep lakes and shallow ponds may be the most appropriate reserves for this declining species. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. RP Pope, KL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, POB 245, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. EM kpope@fs.fed.us; kmaatthews@fs.fed.us RI Piper, Walter/B-7908-2009; Matthews, Kathleen/G-8773-2012 NR 23 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 6 U2 13 PU AMER SOC ICHTHYOLOGISTS & HERPETOLOGISTS PI MIAMI PA MAUREEN DONNELLY, SECRETARY FLORIDA INT UNIV BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 11200 SW 8TH STREET, MIAMI, FL 33199 USA SN 0045-8511 EI 1938-5110 J9 COPEIA JI Copeia PD AUG 6 PY 2001 IS 3 BP 787 EP 793 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 516AQ UT WOS:000173529600020 ER PT J AU Tsai, HF Fujii, I Watanabe, A Wheeler, AH Chang, YC Yasuoka, Y Ebizuka, Y Kwon-Chung, KJ AF Tsai, HF Fujii, I Watanabe, A Wheeler, AH Chang, YC Yasuoka, Y Ebizuka, Y Kwon-Chung, KJ TI Pentaketide melanin biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus requires chain-length shortening of a heptaketide precursor SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID POLYKETIDE SYNTHASE GENE; NIDULANS WA GENE; COLLETOTRICHUM-LAGENARIUM; HETEROLOGOUS EXPRESSION; VIRULENCE; CLONING; ORYZAE; PKS1; IDENTIFICATION; TRANSFORMATION AB Chain lengths and cyclization patterns of microbial polyketides are generally determined by polyketide synthases alone. Fungal polyketide melanins are often derived from a pentaketide 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene, and pentaketide synthases are used for synthesis of the upstream pentaketide precursor, 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene (1,3,6,8-THN). However, Aspergillus fumigatus, a human fungal pathogen, uses a heptaketide synthase (Alb1p) to synthesize its conidial pigment through a pentaketide pathway similar to that which produces 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene-melanin. In this study we demonstrate that a novel protein, Ayg1p, is involved in the formation of 1,3,6,8-THN by chain-length shortening of a heptaketide precursor in A. fumigatus. Deletion of the ayg1 gene prevented the accumulation of 1,3,6,8-THN suggesting the involvement of ayg1 in 1,3,6,8-THN production. Genetic analyses of double-gene deletants suggested that Ayg1p catalyzes a novel biosynthetic step downstream of Alb1p and upstream of Arp2p (1,3,6,8-THN reductase). Further genetic and biochemical analyses of the reconstituted strains carrying alb1, ayg1, or alb1 + ayg1 indicated that Ayg1p is essential for synthesis of 1,3,6,8-THN in addition to Alb1p. Cell-free enzyme assays, using the crude Ayg1p protein extract, revealed that Ayg1p enzymatically shortened the heptaketide product of Alb1p to 1,3,6,8-THN. Thus, the protein Ayg1p facilitates the participation of a heptaketide synthase in a pentaketide pathway via a novel polyketide-shortening mechanism in A fumigatus. C1 NIAID, Clin Invest Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan. USDA ARS, Cotton Pathol Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Kwon-Chung, KJ (reprint author), NIAID, Clin Invest Lab, NIH, Bldg 10,Rm 11C304,10 Ctr Dr,MSC 1882, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 37 TC 79 Z9 85 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD AUG 3 PY 2001 VL 276 IS 31 BP 29292 EP 29298 DI 10.1074/jbc.M101998200 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 461BX UT WOS:000170346000088 PM 11350964 ER PT J AU Ahlgren, JA Cote, GL AF Ahlgren, JA Cote, GL TI Assay methods for alternanase. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 56-CARB BP U170 EP U170 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000824 ER PT J AU Ashby, RD Solaiman, DKY Nunez, A Foglia, TA Marmer, WN AF Ashby, RD Solaiman, DKY Nunez, A Foglia, TA Marmer, WN TI Synthesis, characterization, and property manipulation of poly(hydroxyalkanoates) and sophorolipids derived from agricultural fats and oils. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, ERRC, Hides Lipids & Wool Res Grp, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 101-IEC BP U522 EP U522 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002696 ER PT J AU Beecher, G Prior, R AF Beecher, G Prior, R TI Methods for the analysis of flavonoids in foods. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Arkansas, Sch Med, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. USDA, Arkansas Childrens Nutr Ctr, Fayetteville, AR USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 44-AGFD BP U31 EP U31 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000044 ER PT J AU Bennett, ER Smith, S AF Bennett, ER Smith, S TI Semi-permeable membrane devices for monitoring pyrethroid levels in MDMSEA Oxbow lakes: Field and laboratory tests. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 131-AGRO BP U73 EP U73 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000289 ER PT J AU Berhow, MA Cantrell, CL Duval, SM Vaughn, SF AF Berhow, MA Cantrell, CL Duval, SM Vaughn, SF TI Standardized methods for the analysis of isoflavones and saponins in processed samples from soybeans. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 63-AGFD BP U34 EP U34 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000063 ER PT J AU Blechl, AE Anderson, OD Okubara, PA Lin, JW Hohn, TM Dill-Macky, R McCormick, SP Alexander, NJ Galili, G Gitt, M AF Blechl, AE Anderson, OD Okubara, PA Lin, JW Hohn, TM Dill-Macky, R McCormick, SP Alexander, NJ Galili, G Gitt, M TI Applications of biotechnology for improving the healthfulness and utility of cereals. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Crop Improvement & Utilizat, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Washington, DC USA. Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Plant Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 101-AGFD BP U41 EP U41 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000101 ER PT J AU Bryson, CT Hanks, JE AF Bryson, CT Hanks, JE TI Weed populations as related to conservation tillage and reduced herbicide management systems: Mississippi Delta Management Systems Evaluation Area. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. USDA ARS, Applicat & Prod Technol Res Unit, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 129-AGRO BP U73 EP U73 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000287 ER PT J AU Calderon, MJ Koskinen, WC Arthur, EA AF Calderon, MJ Koskinen, WC Arthur, EA TI Sorption-desorption of two sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides and their metabolites in soils. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. CSIC, Inst Recursos Nat & Agrobiol, E-41080 Seville, Spain. Bayer Corp, Environm Fate Grp, Pittsburgh, PA 15205 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 65-AGRO BP U63 EP U63 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000223 ER PT J AU Chitwood, DJ AF Chitwood, DJ TI Metabolism of plant sterols by nematodes. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 77-AGRO BP U65 EP U65 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000235 ER PT J AU Clarke, SD Nelson, CM Lapillonne, A Heird, WC AF Clarke, SD Nelson, CM Lapillonne, A Heird, WC TI Using micro-arrays to evaluate the impact of dietary fish oil vs. olive oil on skeletal muscle gene expression. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Texas, Dept Human Ecol, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 126-AGFD BP U45 EP U45 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000126 ER PT J AU Compton, DL Laszlo, JA AF Compton, DL Laszlo, JA TI Redox and catalytic activity of hemin in ionic liquids. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, NCUAR, New Crops & Proc Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 193-COLL BP U342 EP U342 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690001780 ER PT J AU Cooper, CM Knight, SS AF Cooper, CM Knight, SS TI Watershed management and planning for improved water quality and ecology. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Water Qual & Ecol Processes Res Unit, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 113-AGRO BP U70 EP U71 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000271 ER PT J AU Cote, GL AF Cote, GL TI Enzymatic synthesis of glucosyl galactosides. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 65-CARB BP U171 EP U171 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000833 ER PT J AU Dabney, SM Yuan, YP Bingner, RL AF Dabney, SM Yuan, YP Bingner, RL TI Evaluation of Best Management Practices (BMPs) in the Mississippi Delta MSEA. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 117-AGRO BP U71 EP U71 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000275 ER PT J AU Dailey, OD Dowd, MK AF Dailey, OD Dowd, MK TI Effect of lactic acid concentration on protein solubilization and starch recovery in corn wet-mill steeping. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Commod Utilizat Res Unit, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 67-AGFD BP U35 EP U35 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000067 ER PT J AU Eggleston, G AF Eggleston, G TI Mannitol: A sensitive indicator of cane deterioration. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 71-CARB BP U172 EP U173 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000839 ER PT J AU Finkenstadt, VL Willett, JL AF Finkenstadt, VL Willett, JL TI Fast ion conductors made of starch-based polymeric materials doped with metal halides. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 367-PMSE BP U396 EP U396 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467EU UT WOS:000170690102238 ER PT J AU Gan, J Yates, SR Ernst, FF AF Gan, J Yates, SR Ernst, FF TI Column approach for understanding pesticide emissions. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr Salinity Lab, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 105-AGRO BP U69 EP U69 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000263 ER PT J AU Glenn, GM Orts, WJ Nobes, GAR AF Glenn, GM Orts, WJ Nobes, GAR TI Lightweight concrete from biobased aquagels. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 97-IEC BP U521 EP U521 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002692 ER PT J AU Goodner, KL Manthey, JA AF Goodner, KL Manthey, JA TI Orange juice: The naturally nutritious drink. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, ARS, SAA, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 1-AGFD BP U25 EP U25 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000002 ER PT J AU Gordon, SH Cao, X Willett, JL AF Gordon, SH Cao, X Willett, JL TI IR spectroscopy method reveals hydrogen bonding between components in polymer blends. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, PPL, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Bradley Univ, Dept Chem, Peoria, IL 61625 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 12-ANYL BP U80 EP U80 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000314 ER PT J AU Halaweish, FT Kronberg, S Rice, JA AF Halaweish, FT Kronberg, S Rice, JA TI Aversive diterpenes of Euphorbia esula. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 S Dakota State Univ, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 20-BIOL BP U118 EP U118 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000534 ER PT J AU Hammerstone, J Lazarus, S Prior, R AF Hammerstone, J Lazarus, S Prior, R TI Fate of flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins in foods: The effects of processing. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Mars Inc, Analyt & Appl Sci Grp, Hackettstown, NJ 07840 USA. Univ Arkansas, Sch Med, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. USDA, Arkansas Childrens Nutr Ctr, Fayetteville, AR USA. RI Hammerstone, John/N-9766-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 47-AGFD BP U32 EP U32 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000047 ER PT J AU Hawkes, WC AF Hawkes, WC TI Prevention of cancer with selenium. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 131-AGFD BP U46 EP U46 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000131 ER PT J AU Hellmich, RL Munkvold, GP AF Hellmich, RL Munkvold, GP TI Reduced mycotoxins in transgenic (Bt) maize. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Genet Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Iowa City, IA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 92-AGRO BP U67 EP U67 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000250 ER PT J AU Hoaglund, RE Boyette, CD Reddy, KN AF Hoaglund, RE Boyette, CD Reddy, KN TI Interactions of herbicides with the bioherbicide Myrothecium verrucaria on weeds. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Lab, Jamie Whitten Delta States Res Ctr, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 57-AGRO BP U62 EP U62 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000215 ER PT J AU Jacks, TJ De Lucca, AJ AF Jacks, TJ De Lucca, AJ TI Changes in conformational structure and antimicrobial activity of amphipathic peptides induced by lipopolysaccharide. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 66-AGFD BP U35 EP U35 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000066 ER PT J AU Johnston, JJ Savarie, PJ Primus, TM Eisemann, JD AF Johnston, JJ Savarie, PJ Primus, TM Eisemann, JD TI Quantification of acetaminophen residues in brown tree snakes for the determination of non-target hazards. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 33-AGRO BP U58 EP U58 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000191 ER PT J AU Jordan, MJ Goodner, KL AF Jordan, MJ Goodner, KL TI Analysis of banana, cantaloupe, and passion fruit essences by GC/MS and GC/O. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 144-AGFD BP U48 EP U48 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000144 ER PT J AU Kim, SH Willett, JL AF Kim, SH Willett, JL TI Phase separation in potato starch solutions. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 316-PMSE BP U388 EP U389 PN 2 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467EU UT WOS:000170690102187 ER PT J AU Knight, SS Welch, TD AF Knight, SS Welch, TD TI Mississippi Delta Management Systems Evaluation Area on oxbow lakes: Effects on ecology and water quality. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 127-AGRO BP U72 EP U73 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000285 ER PT J AU Kobaisy, M Tellez, MR Osbrink, W AF Kobaisy, M Tellez, MR Osbrink, W TI Antitermite naphthoquinones from Moneses uniflora. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, NPURU, University, MS 38677 USA. USDA ARS, SRRC, FSRU, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 61-AGFD BP U34 EP U34 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000061 ER PT J AU Koskinen, WC Rice, PJ Anhalt, JA Sakaliene, O Moorman, TB Arthur, EL AF Koskinen, WC Rice, PJ Anhalt, JA Sakaliene, O Moorman, TB Arthur, EL TI Effect of soil moisture on sorption-desorption of an "aged" sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicide and a metabolite in soil. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Washington, DC USA. Lithuanian Inst Agr, Vilnius, Lithuania. Bayer Corp, Environm Fate Grp, Pittsburgh, PA 15205 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 52-AGRO BP U61 EP U61 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000210 ER PT J AU Kremnicky, L Mastihuba, V Mastihubova, M Cote, GL AF Kremnicky, L Mastihuba, V Mastihubova, M Cote, GL TI Synthesis of 4-nitrophenyl ferulate and its use for feruloyl esterase quantification. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Slovak Acad Sci, Inst Chem, Bratislava, Slovakia. Slovak Univ Technol Bratislava, Dept Milk Fats & Food Hyg, Fac Chem Technol, Bratislava, Slovakia. USDA ARS, Plant Polymer Res Unit, Washington, DC 20250 USA. USDA ARS, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, Washington, DC 20250 USA. EM kremnil@ncaur.usda.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 65-AGFD BP U35 EP U35 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000065 ER PT J AU Lawton, JW Willett, JL AF Lawton, JW Willett, JL TI Mechanical properties of modified starch filled poly(hydroxy ester ether) composites. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 280-POLY BP U282 EP U282 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467EU UT WOS:000170690101610 ER PT J AU Liu, ZS Erhan, SZ Calvert, PD AF Liu, ZS Erhan, SZ Calvert, PD TI Solid freeform fabrication of soybean oil based composites by direct deposition. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Univ Arizona, Arizona Mat Lab, Tucson, AZ 85732 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 354-PMSE BP U394 EP U394 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467EU UT WOS:000170690102225 ER PT J AU Locke, MA AF Locke, MA TI Mississippi Delta Management Systems Evaluation Areas: Water quality issues on a watershed scale. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 116-AGRO BP U71 EP U71 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000274 ER PT J AU Manthey, JA Guthrie, N AF Manthey, JA Guthrie, N TI Antiproliferative activities of synthetic derivatives of methoxylated flavones from citrus. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, SAA, US Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 68-AGFD BP U35 EP U35 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000068 ER PT J AU Mayer, F Takeoka, GR Buttery, RG Nam, Y Naim, M Bezman, Y Rabinowitch, HD AF Mayer, F Takeoka, GR Buttery, RG Nam, Y Naim, M Bezman, Y Rabinowitch, HD TI Aroma of fresh field tomatoes. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Biochem Food Sci & Nutr, Jerusalem, Israel. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Field Crops Vegetables & Genet, Jerusalem, Israel. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 37-AGFD BP U30 EP U31 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000037 ER PT J AU Mayer, RT AF Mayer, RT TI Whitefly-pathogen-host plant interactions: Possible involvement of plant defensive systems. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 80-AGRO BP U65 EP U65 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000238 ER PT J AU Momany, FA Strati, GL Willett, JL AF Momany, FA Strati, GL Willett, JL TI Density functional/ab initio study of alpha- and beta-D-glucopyranose with and without solvent: Entropy effects of exocyclic hydroxymethyl rotational populations and anomeric energy differences. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 137-COMP BP U403 EP U403 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002034 ER PT J AU Moore, MT Cooper, CM Bennett, ER Smith, S Shields, FD Farris, JL AF Moore, MT Cooper, CM Bennett, ER Smith, S Shields, FD Farris, JL TI Vegetated drainage ditch research in the Mississippi Delta Management Systems Evaluation Area: Current results and future directions. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Water Qual & Ecol Proc Res Unit, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. Arkansas State Univ, Environm Sci Program, State Univ, AR 72467 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 130-AGRO BP U73 EP U73 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000288 ER PT J AU Moorman, TB Hatfield, JL Kanwar, RS AF Moorman, TB Hatfield, JL Kanwar, RS TI Herbicide and nitrate in surface and groundwater: Results from the Iowa MSEA. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agr Biosyst & Engn, Ames, IA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 144-AGRO BP U76 EP U76 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000302 ER PT J AU Mueller, TC Senseman, SA Young, RW Southwick, LM Riley, MB Moye, HA Dumas, JA Mersie, W Mattice, JD Leidy, RB AF Mueller, TC Senseman, SA Young, RW Southwick, LM Riley, MB Moye, HA Dumas, JA Mersie, W Mattice, JD Leidy, RB TI Inter-laboratory comparison of solid-phase extraction disk recovery of atrazine, bromacil, chlorpyrifos, and metolachlor from water samples. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. USDA ARS, Soil & Water Res, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Clemson Univ, Clemson, SC 29631 USA. Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RI Senseman, Scott/E-7714-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 24-AGRO BP U56 EP U56 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000182 ER PT J AU Nobes, GAR Orts, WJ Glenn, GM Gray, GM Harper, MV AF Nobes, GAR Orts, WJ Glenn, GM Gray, GM Harper, MV TI Blends of starch with ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymers for use in biodegradable packaging. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 98-IEC BP U521 EP U522 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002693 ER PT J AU Oliver, JE Doss, RP AF Oliver, JE Doss, RP TI Bruchins: Insect lipids and/or plant regulators. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Chem Affecting Insect Behav Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 79-AGRO BP U65 EP U65 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000237 ER PT J AU Olness, A Lopez, D Sweeney, C Mattson, N Cordes, J Voorhees, WB AF Olness, A Lopez, D Sweeney, C Mattson, N Cordes, J Voorhees, WB TI Tailoring fertilizer nitrogen applications to crop needs. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, ARS MWA, N Cent Soil Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. Univ Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. MTS Syst Corp, Eden Prairie, MN 55344 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 125-AGRO BP U72 EP U72 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000283 ER PT J AU Orts, WJ Nobes, GAR Glenn, GM AF Orts, WJ Nobes, GAR Glenn, GM TI Agriculturally-derived commodities in baked starch-based foam composites. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 100-IEC BP U522 EP U522 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002695 ER PT J AU Papiernik, SK Yates, SR Gan, JY Brown, GE AF Papiernik, SK Yates, SR Gan, JY Brown, GE TI Assessing the permeability of agricultural films. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 99-AGRO BP U68 EP U68 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000257 ER PT J AU Pennington, K AF Pennington, K TI Surface water quality in the Mississippi Delta. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, Nat Resource Conservat Serv, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 114-AGRO BP U71 EP U71 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000272 ER PT J AU Petroski, RJ AF Petroski, RJ TI Efficient preparation of 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-ethanol and 2-(2-bromoethyl)-2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane from 4-hydroxy-2-butanone. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, REE, Bioactive Agents Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 340-ORGN BP U97 EP U97 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467EU UT WOS:000170690100538 ER PT J AU Rimando, AM Czarnota, M Weston, LA AF Rimando, AM Czarnota, M Weston, LA TI Analysis of root exudates of seven sorghum accessions. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, NPURU, University, MS 38677 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Hort, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Floriculture & Ornamental Hort, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Weston, Leslie/M-4557-2015 OI Weston, Leslie/0000-0002-1029-7982 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 60-AGFD BP U34 EP U34 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000060 ER PT J AU Rybak, ME Calvey, EM Harnly, JM AF Rybak, ME Calvey, EM Harnly, JM TI Isolation and determination of organosulfur compounds in allium vegetables using supercritical fluid extraction. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 70-AGFD BP U35 EP U36 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000070 ER PT J AU Schenck, FJ Vega, V Lehotay, SJ AF Schenck, FJ Vega, V Lehotay, SJ TI Optimizing solid phase extraction (SPE) cleanup for the GC analysis of pesticides in foods at low part per billion levels. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US FDA, SE Reg Lab, Atlanta, GA 30309 USA. USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 35-AGRO BP U58 EP U58 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000193 ER PT J AU Sessa, DJ Wu, YV Wolf, WJ AF Sessa, DJ Wu, YV Wolf, WJ TI Fate of value-added proteins from dry-milled, air-classified soybean hulls. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 139-AGFD BP U47 EP U47 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000139 ER PT J AU Sessa, DJ Wu, YV Wolf, WJ AF Sessa, DJ Wu, YV Wolf, WJ TI Fate of value-added proteins from dry-milled, air-classified soybean hulls. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 64-AGFD BP U34 EP U35 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000064 ER PT J AU Shankle, MW Shaw, DR Kingery, WL Locke, MA AF Shankle, MW Shaw, DR Kingery, WL Locke, MA TI Fluometuron adsorption and degradation in soil influenced by best management practices (BMPs). SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Mississippi State Univ, N Mississippi Branch Expt Stn, Pontotoc, MS 38863 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 132-AGRO BP U73 EP U74 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000290 ER PT J AU Smith, DJ Shelver, WL AF Smith, DJ Shelver, WL TI Ractopamine residues in edible tissues and excreta of farm animals. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 36-AGRO BP U58 EP U58 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000194 ER PT J AU Smith, S Cooper, CM AF Smith, S Cooper, CM TI Pesticides in shallow ground water and lake water in the Mississippi Delta MSEA. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 119-AGRO BP U71 EP U71 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000277 ER PT J AU Snook, ME McMullen, MD Widstrom, NW Kross, H Wiseman, BW Teng, Q AF Snook, ME McMullen, MD Widstrom, NW Kross, H Wiseman, BW Teng, Q TI New flavones from corn (Zea mays L.) silk including a novel biflavone that contribute resistance to the corn earworm [Helicoverpa zea, (boddie)]. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Chem, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 69-AGFD BP U35 EP U35 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000069 ER PT J AU St Lawrence, S Walia, PS Willett, JL AF St Lawrence, S Walia, PS Willett, JL TI Mechanical properties of granular starch filled blends. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, PPL, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Dow Chem Co USA, Midland, MI 48674 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 223-PMSE BP U374 EP U374 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467EU UT WOS:000170690102094 ER PT J AU Staddon, WJ Locke, MA Zablotowicz, RM AF Staddon, WJ Locke, MA Zablotowicz, RM TI Spatial variability of cyanazine dissipation in soil from a conservation managed field. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Eastern Kentucky Univ, Richmond, KY 40475 USA. USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 133-AGRO BP U74 EP U74 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000291 ER PT J AU Stahl, RS Custer, TW Pochop, PA Johnston, JJ AF Stahl, RS Custer, TW Pochop, PA Johnston, JJ TI Quantifying the avicide 3-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride in bird tissues with a deuterated surrogate/GC/MS method. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. APHIS, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 34-AGRO BP U58 EP U58 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000192 ER PT J AU Steinheimer, TR Scoggin, KD AF Steinheimer, TR Scoggin, KD TI Discriminant analysis of particulate material, PM10, from agricultural settings and commercial swine production facilities in central Iowa using FTIR-PAS. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 50-ANYL BP U86 EP U86 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000352 ER PT J AU Strati, GL Willett, JL Momany, FA AF Strati, GL Willett, JL Momany, FA TI Ab initio computational study of beta-D-cellobiose conformers using B3LYP/6-311++G. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 138-COMP BP U403 EP U403 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690002035 ER PT J AU Takeoka, GR Dao, LT Wong, RY Lundin, R Mahoney, N AF Takeoka, GR Dao, LT Wong, RY Lundin, R Mahoney, N TI Identification of benzethonium chloride in commercial grapefruit seed extracts. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 145-AGFD BP U48 EP U48 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000145 ER PT J AU Tanner, SN AF Tanner, SN TI Verification and validation of analytical methods used for GMO analysis and relevant sampling procedures. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, Tech Serv Div, GIPSA, Kansas City, MO 64153 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 54-AGFD BP U33 EP U33 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000054 ER PT J AU Tellez, MR Khan, IA Kobaisy, M Schrader, KK Dayan, FE AF Tellez, MR Khan, IA Kobaisy, M Schrader, KK Dayan, FE TI Composition of the essential oil of Lepidium meyenii (walp). SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, NPURU, University, MS 38677 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 62-AGFD BP U34 EP U34 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000062 ER PT J AU Thompson, MJ AF Thompson, MJ TI Structure, function, and metabolism of insect steroids. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Baltimore, MD 21215 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 222 MA 76-AGRO BP U65 EP U65 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 467ET UT WOS:000170690000234 ER EF