FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Lehmkuhl, JF Kie, JG Bender, LC Servheen, G Nyberg, H AF Lehmkuhl, JF Kie, JG Bender, LC Servheen, G Nyberg, H TI Evaluating the effects of ecosystem management alternatives on elk, mule deer, and white-tailed deer in the interior Columbia River basin, USA SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Odocoileus hemionus; Odocoileus virginianus; Cervus elaphus; forest management; ecosystem management; Bayesian model ID HABITAT AB Elk (Cervus elaphus), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are highly valued for their game, aesthetic, and spiritual qualities by sportsman, wildlife enthusiasts, and Native Americans in North America. As part of the Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project (ICBEMP) of the US Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management, we: (1) defined key habitat associations of those species that could be used for a broad-scale (58 million hectares) analysis of management practices and (2) determined how three ecosystem management alternatives of a supplemental draft environmental impact statement (SDEIS) might affect the regional distribution of habitat for those species across the Basin over the next 100 years. For the three species, we developed a Bayesian Belief Network model that used available SDEIS datasets to estimate historical, current, and future habitat capability under the management alternatives in each of the 7467 subwatersheds (mean 8000 ha) in the study area. The model quantified "inherent habitat capability" as a function primarily of forage habitat capability, with cover as a minor influence. Forage habitat capability was a function of the percentage area of rangeland and early seral forest community types, and the qualitative influences of livestock overgrazing, wildfire, and prescribed fire. For the current and future periods, an "adjusted habitat capability" was estimated by adjusting inherent habitat capability for the negative effects of poor security from human disturbance. Open road density, cover area, and a terrain relief index were used to estimate the security effect. Habitat capability was reported by 15 ecological regions within the study area as mean subwatershed capability. Under all management alternatives, habitat capability increased about 5% for all three ungulate species over the next 100 years. Limitations of the coarse analysis scale restrict application of the model to large-scale assessments. Lacking regional population data, verification of model output was not feasible at the scale of analysis. However, the model was considered useful for tracking regional changes given the available habitat data and regional-scale objectives of the effort. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Cle Elum, WA 98922 USA. Idaho Dept Fish & Game, Lewiston, ID 83501 USA. Montana Dept Fish Wildlife & Parks, Billings, MT 59105 USA. RP Lehmkuhl, JF (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 1133 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 42 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 5 U2 32 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 89 EP 104 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00455-8 PG 16 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 485VG UT WOS:000171784200007 ER PT J AU Hemstrom, MA Korol, JJ Hann, WJ AF Hemstrom, MA Korol, JJ Hann, WJ TI Trends in terrestrial plant communities and landscape health indicate the effects of alternative management strategies in the interior Columbia River basin SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE disturbance; landscape ecology; simulation modeling; vegetation changes; vegetation communities; landscape health; terrestrial communities AB Current and potential future conditions of terrestrial plant communities and landscape health were modeled for three alternative public land management strategies in the interior Columbia River basin. Landscape health was defined as an integration of the degree to which vegetation and disturbance conditions resemble native patterns and support levels of human activity. The range of vegetation and disturbance variability for a period before the middle 19th century was used as a basis for comparison of current and future regimes to the "historical" system. Departure from the "historical" regime in wildland environments was found to be related to altered disturbance patterns, especially changed fire regimes, forest insect and disease levels and excessive livestock grazing effects. Overall, mid-seral forests are currently more prevalent than they were in the past and old forests, especially single-layer structural types, are less abundant. Non-native plant species and altered plant community composition conditions exist across broad areas of rangelands. Landscape health has declined substantially in many areas. Proposed management strategies that emphasize maintenance and restoration activities in a hierarchical landscape approach should generate improved landscape health conditions over the next 100 years. However, the massive scale of changes to disturbance and vegetation patterns from historical to current times and the cost of implementing restoration activities make dramatic improvement unlikely. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Forest Serv, Interior Columbia Basin Ecosyst Management Projec, Portland, OR 97208 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Interior Columbia Basin Ecosyst Management Projec, Walla Walla, WA USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Washington Off, Off Fire & Aviat Management, Leadville, CO USA. RP Hemstrom, MA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Interior Columbia Basin Ecosyst Management Projec, 4th Floor,POB 3623, Portland, OR 97208 USA. NR 27 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 105 EP 126 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00456-X PG 22 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 485VG UT WOS:000171784200008 ER PT J AU Hann, WJ Hemstrom, MA Haynes, RW Clifford, JL Gravenmier, RA AF Hann, WJ Hemstrom, MA Haynes, RW Clifford, JL Gravenmier, RA TI Costs and effectiveness of multi-scale integrated management SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE ecosystem management; landscape ecology; fire; simulation modeling; management systems; management cost; management philosophy; risk preferences ID ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; LANDSCAPE DYNAMICS; FORESTS; RESTORATION; OREGON; HEALTH; STATES; FIRE AB To understand benefits of integrating management at landscape scales, we estimated cost and projected integrated outcomes for three alternatives for public land management in the interior Columbia River basin over 100 years, Effectiveness was measured in terms of costs and trends of long-term (100 years) land and fire management, landscape health, and reduction of risks across several broad aquatic, terrestrial, landscape, and socioeconomic indicators. Lowest costs with most positive cumulative trends for these variables occurred where alternatives "step down" assessment and planning from broader scales, focusing restoration efforts sufficiently to overcome opposite effects of traditional reserve protection or commodity management strategies. Integrated management implemented at interconnected scales appears to have multiple positive outcomes. Landscape health, conditions for native fish and wildlife species and jobs from restoration activities can improve, while risks to firefighters and property decline. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Leadville, CO 80461 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Interior Columbia Basin Ecosyst Management Projec, Portland, OR USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Portland, OR USA. USDI Bur Land Management, Interior Columbia Basin Ecosyst Management Projec, Portland, OR USA. RP Hann, WJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, 1015 N Poplar, Leadville, CO 80461 USA. NR 58 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 127 EP 145 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00457-1 PG 19 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 485VG UT WOS:000171784200009 ER PT J AU Crone, LK Haynes, RW AF Crone, LK Haynes, RW TI Socioeconomic evaluation of broad-scale land management strategies SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE social impacts; economic impacts; socioeconomic resiliency AB This paper examines the socioeconomic effects of alternative management strategies for Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management lands in the interior Columbia basin. From a broad-scale perspective, there is little impact or variation between alternatives in terms of changes in total economic activity or social conditions in the region. However, adopting a finer scale and examining affects on the counties that are likely to be most impacted by federal lands management reveals that many of these counties may be better off under one alternative in the short term, but better off under another alternative in the longer term. The agencies can reduce their short-term impacts on federal resource-reliant counties with low socioeconomic resiliency, by concentrating initial restoration efforts in specific areas, but the environmental justice issues associated with such a policy should also be considered. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Portland, OR 97208 USA. Chugach Natl Forest Planning Team, Anchorage, AK USA. RP Haynes, RW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, POB 3890, Portland, OR 97208 USA. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 147 EP 160 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00458-3 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 485VG UT WOS:000171784200010 ER PT J AU Quigley, TM Haynes, RW Hann, WJ AF Quigley, TM Haynes, RW Hann, WJ TI Estimating ecological integrity in the interior Columbia River basin SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE ecological integrity; ecosystem; ecosystem management; interior Columbia basin; management support ID BIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY; ROADS; COMMUNITIES; HEALTH; FISH AB The adoption of ecosystem-based management strategies focuses attention on the need for broad scale estimates of ecological conditions; this poses two challenges for the science community: estimating broad scale ecosystem conditions from highly disparate data, often observed at different spatial scales, and interpreting these conditions relative to goals such as sustainability. The Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project (ICBEMP), estimated relative composite ecological integrity by clustering conditions among proxy variables representing three component integrity ratings (forestland, rangeland, and aquatic integrity). Composite ecological integrity provides an estimate of relative system condition within the interior Columbia River basin assessment area that is responsive to changes in broad scale land management practices. Broad-scale measures can be used to assess progress toward land management goals or as an aide for managers in selecting or prioritizing areas (watersheds) for treatment. Currently, federal land managers are using estimates of current composite ecological integrity and trends in ecological integrity to prioritize management activities and understand effects of management actions. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Portland, OR 97208 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Washington Off, Off Fire & Aviat Management, Leadville, CO 80461 USA. RP Quigley, TM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. NR 36 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 161 EP 178 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00459-5 PG 18 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 485VG UT WOS:000171784200011 ER PT J AU Haynes, RW Quigley, TM AF Haynes, RW Quigley, TM TI Broad-scale consequences of land management: Columbia basin example SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE land management; Columbia basin; tradeoffs; resource conditions AB Integrating management actions to consistently achieve broad ecological and socioeconomic goals is a challenge largely unmet. The presumed or real conflict between these goals establishes a forum for debate. Broad measures are needed to describe tradeoffs, trends in conditions under varying management scenarios, and a transparent science underpinning. The Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project in the northwestern United States provides a useful example where scientists, managers, and the public have explored these issues in depth. From a science perspective we conclude that a successful strategy for broad-scale land management will need the ability to do the following: maintain long-term sustainability of resources and ecosystems; maintain socioeconomic resiliency; continually assess results of management activities; manage risks and opportunities through consistent approaches at multiple scales; expand our knowledge base; and adaptively manage for new knowledge and assessments of resource conditions/capabilities. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Portland, OR 97208 USA. Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR USA. RP Haynes, RW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, POB 3890, Portland, OR 97208 USA. NR 22 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 179 EP 188 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00460-1 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 485VG UT WOS:000171784200012 ER PT J AU Mills, TJ Clark, RN AF Mills, TJ Clark, RN TI Roles of research scientists in natural resource decision-making SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE decision analysis; ecosystem management; forest management; interior Columbia River Basin; science and policy ID SCIENCE; POLICY; ADVOCACY; VALUES AB The issues surrounding natural resource decision-making in the present day are complex, varied and debated frequently and contentiously by the public. The complexity of the issues poses new challenges for scientists who are being asked to actively engage in this debate. This raises questions about what is credible scientific information and how such information is used in often emotionally or politically laden natural resource management decisions. One result has been an uncomfortable partnership among scientists and natural resource managers. Scientists are being asked to frame their research in ways that maintains scientific independence yet is responsive to management questions, at scales that often challenge existing scientific knowledge and under severe time constraints. Resource decision-makers are challenged to clarify their management goals, to fully understand and use the science, and to explicitly identify the level of acceptable risk. Using the Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project as an example, lessons learned from the interaction among scientists and natural resource decision-makers is discussed and propositions for appropriate roles are presented. When properly generated, presented, and accountably used, science facilitates discussion among competing interests by helping to define the range of available choice and focusing discussions on consequences of social choice. By expanding and revealing the range of possible outcomes, scientists increase the likelihood that management decisions are understood and that those decisions can endure. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Portland, OR USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Seattle, WA USA. RP Mills, TJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Portland, OR USA. NR 38 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 4 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 189 EP 198 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00461-3 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 485VG UT WOS:000171784200013 ER PT J AU Morrell, JJ Schneider, PF Williams, RS AF Morrell, JJ Schneider, PF Williams, RS TI Protecting wood decks from biodegradation and weathering: Evaluation of deck finish systems SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Mildew resistance, water repellency, and overall finish appearance were evaluated for 32 deck finishes on western redcedar (Thuja plicata D. Donn.) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) after 12, 21, and 39 months of outdoor exposure in western Oregon, The finishes were either solvent-borne or waterborne; were either clear, tinted, or lightly pigmented; and were, in general, formulated to penetrate the wood surface. Mildew resistance was generally good for most of the finishes through the 21-month evaluation. Water repellency was fair at the 12-month evaluation, but in almost all cases had disappeared after 21 months. Overall appearance varied considerably for the finishes. Clear finishes generally were in only fair condition after 12 months; however, several tinted and lightly pigmented finishes were in good condition after 21 months. All finishes were in poor condition after 39 months. Service lives of these finish types can be extended to the 2-year range, but additional research and development is needed to achieve a longer service life. Given the low solids content and transparent nature of these finish types, a 2- to 3-year service life should be considered excellent in a fully exposed horizontal exposure. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Prod, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Hickson Inc, Conley, GA 30288 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Morrell, JJ (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Prod, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 51 IS 11-12 BP 27 EP 32 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 505ZH UT WOS:000172945100009 ER PT J AU Simpson, WT Hart, CA AF Simpson, WT Hart, CA TI Method for estimating air-drying times of lumber SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Published information on estimated air-drying times of lumber is of limited usefulness because it is restricted to a specific location or to the time of year the lumber is stacked for drying. At best, these estimates give a wide range of possible time over a broadrange of possible locations and stacking dates. In this paper,we describe a method for estimating air-drying times for specific locations by optimizing a drying simulation using existing experimental air-drying times for northern red oak, sugar maple, American beech, yellow-poplar, ponderosa pine, and Douglas-fir. The results of the optimization are simulation parameters that make it possible to estimate the air-drying times of these species regardless of when they are stacked, in any location where average temperature and relative humidity are known, and for lumber of any thickness dried to ally final moisture content. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Simpson, WT (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 24 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 51 IS 11-12 BP 56 EP 63 PG 8 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 505ZH UT WOS:000172945100015 ER PT J AU Williams, MS AF Williams, MS TI Comparison of estimation techniques for a forest inventory in which double sampling for stratification is used SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ratio of means estimator; mean of ratios estimator; Horvitz-Thompson estimator ID GROWTH AB A number of different estimators can be used when forest inventory plots cover two or more distinctly different condition classes. In this article the properties of two approximate Horvitz-Thompson (HT) estimators, a ratio of means (RM), and a mean of ratios (MR) estimator are explored in the framework of double sampling for stratification. Relevant theoretical properties are given, and a simulation study is used to compare the properties of these estimators. It is concluded that the variance of the RM estimator is smaller than that of the approximate HT for the populations studied, but that of the MR estimator is larger. While ratio estimators are known to be biased for small sample sizes, an additional bias also occurs when the population of interest has an edge-effect. The RM classical variance estimator underestimated the true variance in the simulation study. The approximate HT estimators exhibited biases that were generally smaller than those of the RM and MR estimators for populations with an edge-effect. Its classical variance estimator was essentially unbiased. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Williams, MS (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 2150 A Ctr Dr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 33 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 4 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 47 IS 4 BP 563 EP 576 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 490JZ UT WOS:000172049900014 ER PT J AU Aldini, G Yeum, KJ Russell, RM Krinsky, NI AF Aldini, G Yeum, KJ Russell, RM Krinsky, NI TI A method to measure the oxidizability of both the aqueous and lipid compartments of plasma SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE azo-initiator; free radicals; plasma oxidizability; fluorescence; antioxidants ID LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY; BETA-CAROTENE; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; FREE-RADICALS; IN-VITRO; OXIDATION; SUPPLEMENTATION; PEROXIDATION; DISPERSIONS AB The lipophilic radical initiator (MeO-AMVN) and the fluorescent probe C11BODIPY581/591 (BODIPY) were used to measure the lipid compartment oxidizability of human plasma. Aqueous plasma oxidizability was initiated by the aqueous peroxyl radical generator, AAPH, and 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH) was employed as the marker of the oxidative reaction. The distribution in aqueous and lipid compartments of the two radical initiators was determined by measuring the rate of consumption of the plasma hydrophilic and lipophilic endogenous antioxidants. In the presence of AAPH (20 mM), the order of consumption was: ascorbic acid > alpha -tocopherol > uric acid > beta -carotene, indicating a gradient of peroxyl radicals from the aqueous to the lipid phase. When MeO-AMVN was used (2mM), beta -carotene was consumed earlier than uric acid and almost at the same time as alpha -tocopherol, reflecting the diffusion and activation of MeO-AMVN in the lipophilic phase. The rate of BODIPY oxidation (increase in green fluorescence) significantly increased after the depletion of endogenous alpha -tocopherol and beta -carotene, whereas it was delayed for 180 min when AAPH was used instead of MeO-AMVN. The measurement of lipid oxidation in plasma was validated by adding to plasma the two lipophilic antioxidants, alpha -tocopherol and beta -carotene, whose inhibitory effects on BODIPY oxidation were dependent on the duration of the preincubation period and hence to their lipid diffusion. DCFH oxidation induced by AAPH only began after uric acid, the main hydrophilic plasma antioxidant, was consumed. In contrast, when MeO-AMVN was used, DCFH oxidation was delayed for 120 min, indicating its localization in the aqueous domain. In summary, the selective fluorescence method reported here is capable of distinguishing the lipophilic and hydrophilic components of the total antioxidant capacity of plasma. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Milan, Ist Chim Farmaceut Tossicol, Milan, Italy. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Krinsky, NI (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM norman.krinsky@tufts.edu OI aldini, giancarlo/0000-0002-2355-6744 NR 29 TC 70 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PD NOV 1 PY 2001 VL 31 IS 9 BP 1043 EP 1050 DI 10.1016/S0891-5849(01)00684-0 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 488XP UT WOS:000171962400003 PM 11677037 ER PT J AU van der Schoor, SRD van Goudoever, JB Stoll, B Henry, JF Rosenberger, JR Burrin, DG Reeds, PJ AF van der Schoor, SRD van Goudoever, JB Stoll, B Henry, JF Rosenberger, JR Burrin, DG Reeds, PJ TI The pattern of intestinal substrate oxidation is altered by protein restriction in pigs SO GASTROENTEROLOGY LA English DT Article ID WHOLE-BODY; NITROGEN-METABOLISM; LYSINE METABOLISM; AMINO-ACIDS; FED PIGLETS; GLUTAMINE; NUTRITION; ASPARTATE; KINETICS; INVIVO AB Background & Aims: Previous studies indicate that amino acids and glucose are the major oxidative substrates for intestinal energy generation. We hypothesized that low protein feeding would lower the contribution of amino acids to energy metabolism, thereby increasing the contribution of glucose. Methods: Piglets, implanted with portal, arterial, and duodenal catheters and a portal flow probe, were fed isocaloric diets of either a high protein (0.9 g/[kg/h] protein, 1.8 g/[kg/h] carbohydrate, and 0.4 g/[kg/h] lipid) or a low protein (0.4 g/[kg/h] protein, 2.2 g/[kg/h] carbohydrate, and 0.5 g/[kg/h] lipid) content. They received enteral or intravenous infusions of [1-C-13]leucine (n = 17), [U-C-13]glucose (n = :15), or enteral [U-13C]gl uta mate (n = 8). Results : CO2 production by the splanchnic bed was not affected by the diet. The oxidation of leucine, glutamate, and glucose accounted for 82% of the total CO2 production in high protein-fed pigs. Visceral amino acid oxidation was substantially suppressed during a low protein intake. Although glucose oxidation increased to 50% of the total visceral CO2 production during a low protein diet, this increase did not compensate entirely for the fall in amino acid oxidation. Conclusions: Although low protein feeding increases the contribution of enteral glucose oxidation to total CO2 production, this adaptation is insufficient. To compensate for the fall in amino acid oxidation, other substrates become increasingly important to intestinal energy generation. C1 Sophia Childrens Univ Hosp, Div Neonatol, Dept Pediat, NL-3015 GJ Rotterdam, Netherlands. Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Anim Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP van Goudoever, JB (reprint author), Sophia Childrens Univ Hosp, Div Neonatol, Dept Pediat, Dr Molenwaterpl 60, NL-3015 GJ Rotterdam, Netherlands. NR 29 TC 56 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 5 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0016-5085 J9 GASTROENTEROLOGY JI Gastroenterology PD NOV PY 2001 VL 121 IS 5 BP 1167 EP 1175 DI 10.1053/gast.2001.29334 PG 9 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 487RY UT WOS:000171890100021 PM 11677209 ER PT J AU Smith, F Brown, AV Pope, M Michael, JL AF Smith, F Brown, AV Pope, M Michael, JL TI Benthic meiofauna responses to five forest harvest methods SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE benthic meiofauna; forest; intermittent stream; silviculture; watershed; zooplankton ID STREAM; ZOOPLANKTON; COMMUNITIES; REFUGIA AB Benthic meiofauna were collected from the pools of minute (0 order) streams in the Ouachita National Forest, Arkansas during March 21-23, 1996 to see if benthic communities responded to forest harvest methods in a similar manner as plankton communities collected two years prior. The study streams and their watersheds (2-6 ha) were located in 14-16 ha forest stands that were selected for comparability of stands. Five treatment stands were paired with adjacent undisturbed reference stands (10 total). Treatment stands were subjected to one of five harvest methods listed in order of decreasing severity of harvest disturbance to the stands: (1) clearcut; (2) pine seed-tree; (3) pine shelterwood; (4) pine-hardwood group selection; and (5) pine single-tree selection. The mean number of taxa per site was 14 with a range of 9-20 taxa including rotifers, copepods, nematodes, dipterans, ostracods and 'other' meiofauna. Densities of total meiofauna (mean=2449 No. l(-1)) were significantly higher (p= 0.002) in treated sites. Highest densities occurred in single-tree and clearcut treatments. Rotifers were significantly more numerous at the single-tree treatments (p=0.03) and nematodes were significantly greater at the clearcut treatments (p=0.03). We conclude that benthic meiofauna in these headwater streams are sensitive to silviculture practices and that the impact of forest harvest persists for at least 2.5 years. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Smith, F (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 24 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD NOV PY 2001 VL 464 IS 1-3 BP 9 EP 15 DI 10.1023/A:1013933416040 PG 7 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 515TF UT WOS:000173512200002 ER PT J AU Marshall, WE Chatters, AZ Wartelle, LH McAloon, A AF Marshall, WE Chatters, AZ Wartelle, LH McAloon, A TI Optimization and estimated production cost of a citric acid-modified soybean hull ion exchanger SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE cation-exchange resins; metal-ion adsorption; modified soybean hulls; process optimization; production cost ID AGRICULTURAL BY-PRODUCTS; METAL-IONS; ADSORBENTS; CITRATE; WATER AB Soybean hulls modified with citric acid have enhanced capabilities for adsorbing metals from wastewater and have the potential to compete in the marketplace as ion-exchange resins. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal conditions for citric acid modification of soybean hulls and to estimate the cost of the modification process. Adsorption capacities for copper ion (Cu2+) were determined on unwashed, water-washed and 0.1 N NaOH-washed soybean hulls. All three samples had the same adsorption capacities. Therefore, unwashed hulls were selected as the feedstock for citric acid modification. The citric acid-treated hulls required a drying step before modification could proceed. However, the drying and modification steps could be combined into a single process step when the wet hulls were heat-treated at 120 degreesC for 1.5 h. A process flow diagram was developed based on these results. From the process description and equipment needed to manufacture the modified product, the capital and operating costs were determined. The product cost was estimated, based on a daily input of 10 000 kg of soybean hulls and a daily output of modified product of 7900 kg, with a yield of 79%. An estimated production cost for the modified product was $1.17/kg versus typical retail costs of $4-40/kg for commercial, petroleum-based cation-exchange resins when purchased in bulk quantities. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Xavier Univ, Dept Engn Phys, New Orleans, LA 70125 USA. ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Marshall, WE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd,POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 13 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 14 IS 3 BP 191 EP 199 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(01)00084-X PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 486NL UT WOS:000171823800003 ER PT J AU Glenn, GM Orts, WJ Nobes, GAR AF Glenn, GM Orts, WJ Nobes, GAR TI Starch, fiber and CaCO3 effects on the physical properties of foams made by a baking process SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE food packaging; extruded polystyrene; starch utilization; biodegradable AB Single-use food containers with a self-closing hinged lid made of extruded polystyrene (EPS) or coated paperboard (PB) are used to serve a variety of food products. Food containers made of materials that are inexpensive and can be composted into a useful mulch would be of commercial interest as a replacement for EPS or PB. In this report, a baking process was used to study the functional properties of foams made of starch or starch composites containing fiber and/or CaCO3. Baked foams made of formulations containing only starch had a lower flexural strain to break (e(b)) and elongation to break (Elmax) than EPS or PB foams. The e(b) was increased by lowering the starch concentration in the formulations, using potato starch versus wheat, corn or tapioca starch and by increasing the moisture content. Nevertheless, the e(b) and Elmax values remained lower than in the EPS and PB samples. Calcium carbonate did not improve the mechanical properties of the foams. Foams containing starch and CaCO3 were more dense with lower e(b) and Elmax compared to foams containing only starch. Foam density decreased and e(b) markedly increased by including softwood fiber in the dough formulations. Formulations with a starch/fiber ratio of approximately 5:1 or less made baked foams with e(b) values greater than 5% and Elmax values nearly double those of foams containing only starch. The addition of CaCO3 to starch/fiber foam composites did not improve foam properties. The CaCO3 increased density and decreased e(b) and Elmax values compared to foams made of starch and fiber. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Glenn, GM (reprint author), ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 19 TC 69 Z9 73 U1 2 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 14 IS 3 BP 201 EP 212 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(01)00085-1 PG 12 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 486NL UT WOS:000171823800004 ER PT J AU King, JW Mohamed, A Taylor, SL Mebrahtu, T Paul, C AF King, JW Mohamed, A Taylor, SL Mebrahtu, T Paul, C TI Supercritical fluid extraction of Vernonia galamensis seeds SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE extraction; lipase; supercritical fluid; vernonia ID CARBON-DIOXIDE EXTRACTION; OIL; CHROMATOGRAPHY AB Vernonia galamensis is an excellent source of a seed oil rich in vernolic acid. However, the seeds of this plant exhibit a high lipase activity in the dormant state. The activity of this enzyme is apparent as vernonia oil will undergo lipolysis when the seeds are crushed prior to extraction. In this study, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) utilizing carbon dioxide has been examined as an alternative solvent, at different pressures, temperatures and cosolvent concentrations. The use of supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) as the extraction fluid under high temperatures and pressures has the potential to inhibit the lipolysis reaction during the extraction by reducing the activity of the enzyme, and hence the production of undesired fatty acids. Vernonia seeds were ground with dry ice prior to extraction to minimize any nascent lipase activity. Selective SFE was conducted at various, pressures, temperatures, modifier concentrations, and total CO2 volume used to determine whether the vernolic acid content of the resultant extract could be enriched. An increase in pressure and temperature significantly increased the amount of extracted oil as well as the vernolic acid content. In addition, a significant reduction in the free fatty acid content of the oil from 69 to 8 mg/g oil was present with increasing extraction pressure. Exhaustive extraction of the oil could be attained via SFE with neat CO2 and with ethanol-modified CO2. However, regrinding the matrix after the initial extraction, followed by re-extraction of the seed matrix was necessary in these cases. The resultant oil and extracted meal were characterized with respect to free fatty acid, phospholipid, and percent protein contents. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, Food Qual & Safety Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Virginia State Univ, Agr Res Stn, Petersburg, VA 23806 USA. RP King, JW (reprint author), ARS, Food Qual & Safety Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 19 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 14 IS 3 BP 241 EP 249 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(01)00089-9 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 486NL UT WOS:000171823800008 ER PT J AU Zhu, XH Zhang, H Fukamizo, T Muthukrishnan, S Kramer, KJ AF Zhu, XH Zhang, H Fukamizo, T Muthukrishnan, S Kramer, KJ TI Properties of Manduca sexta chitinase and its C-terminal deletions SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chitinase; tobacco hornworm; C-terminal deletions; kinetic properties; chitin binding; colloidal chitin digestion; molting enzyme; physical properties; Manduca sexta; insect ID BACILLUS-CIRCULANS WL-12; TRANSGENIC TOBACCO; ANOPHELES-GAMBIAE; INSECT CHITINASE; GENE; EXPRESSION; PROTEIN; CLONING; DOMAINS; CDNA AB Manduca sexta (tobacco hornworm) chitinase is a molting enzyme that contains several domains including a catalytic domain, a serine/threonine-rich region, and a C-terminal cysteine-rich domain. Previously we showed that this chitinase acts as a biopesticide in transgenic plants where it disrupts gut physiology. To delineate the role of these domains further and to identify and characterize some of the multiple forms produced in molting fluid and in transgenic plants, three different forms with variable lengths of C-terminal deletions were generated. Appropriately truncated forms of the M. sexta chitinase cDNA were generated, introduced into a baculovirus vector, and expressed in insect cells. Two of the truncated chitinases (Chi 1-407 and Chi 1-477) were secreted into the medium, whereas the one with the longest deletion (Chi 1-376) was retained inside the insect cells. The two larger truncated chitinases and the full-length enzyme (Chi 1-535) were purified and their properties were compared. Differences in carbohydrate compositions, pH-activity profiles, and kinetic constants were observed among the different forms of chitinases. All three of these chitinases had some affinity for chitin, and they also exhibited differences in their ability to hydrolyze colloidal chitin. The results support the hypothesis that multiple forms of this enzyme occur in vivo due to proteolytic processing at the C-terminal end and differential glycosylation. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Biochem, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kinki Univ, Fac Agr, Nara 6318505, Japan. USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Kramer, KJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [2-P41-RR05351-06] NR 33 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD NOV 1 PY 2001 VL 31 IS 12 BP 1221 EP 1230 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(01)00070-4 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 491MF UT WOS:000172111700010 PM 11583935 ER PT J AU Rosebrough, RW AF Rosebrough, RW TI Dietary adrenergic active compounds and the response of broilers to isoproterenol and cyclic adenosine monophosphate in vitro SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR VITAMIN AND NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE chickens; lipogenesis; catecholamines ID LIPID-METABOLISM; LIPOGENESIS; CIMATEROL; INVITRO AB Broiler chickens, growing from 7-28 days of age, were fed diets containing 18% protein and 0, 1, 10 or 100 mg/kg yohimbine (alpha(2)-adrenergic antagonist) or metaproterenol (beta-adrenergic agonist) to determine the role of adrenergic agents in the regulation of feeding behavior and metabolism. Data from this experiment suggest that beta-adrenergic agonises have slight effects on feed intake, growth and more pronounced effects on metabolism in the broiler chicken. In vitro lipogenesis (IVL) was determined by incubating liver explants for 2 h at 37degreesC in the presence of cAMP or isoproterenol (ISO) and [2-C-14]acetate and by measuring acetate incorporation into total hepatic lipid. Metaproterenol and yohimbine (100 mg/kg) depressed growth from 7 to 28 days. Both metaproterenol and yohimbine (100 mg/kg) decreased (P < 0.05) IVL compared to controls. These dietary additions also decreased (P < 0.05) hepatic malic enzyme activity without affecting the activities of either isocitrate dehydrogenase or aspartate aminotransferase. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Rosebrough, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU VERLAG HANS HUBER PI BERN 9 PA LANGGASS-STRASSE 76, CH-3000 BERN 9, SWITZERLAND SN 0300-9831 J9 INT J VITAM NUTR RES JI Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 71 IS 6 BP 352 EP 355 DI 10.1024/0300-9831.71.6.352 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 519ZJ UT WOS:000173755100005 PM 11840839 ER PT J AU Bunce, JA AF Bunce, JA TI Are annual plants adapted to the current atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide? SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE adaptation; carbon dioxide; growth efficiency; leaf area ratio; photosynthetic acclimation ID ELEVATED CO2; GAS-EXCHANGE; GROWTH; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; RESPONSES; ACCLIMATION; FOREST AB The concentration of carbon dioxide [CO2] in the atmosphere has risen from about 280 mu mol mol(-1) in 1870 to about 370 mu mol mol(-1) currently, and this concentration continues to increase rapidly. In planning for future, higher atmospheric [CO2], the question arises whether genetic modifications of crop plants are required in order to fully exploit the increased availability of this often growth-limiting resource, as does the question of whether genetic changes are likely to result from natural selection in non-crop species as atmospheric [CO2] rises. Based on the concept that adaptation to a given resource level is reflected in how resource-use efficiency changes with the availability of that resource, we examined various aspects of plant growth response to [CO2] from 90 mu mol mol(-1) below to 90 mu mol mol(-1) above the current atmospheric [CO2] in four annual weedy herbaceous species. By several measures, the efficiency at which plants used carbon dioxide decreased abruptly just above the current atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide. For example, total plant leaf area increased up to, but not above, the current [CO2], and leaf area per unit of plant dry mass was constant up to the current [CO2] and decreased at higher [CO2]. Down-regulation of photosynthesis occurred in three of the four species when grown above the current [CO2]. These patterns occurred for two different growth light regimes. These responses indicate that these annual weedy species are adapted to the current atmospheric [CO2], but not to higher concentrations. C1 ARS, Climate Stress Lab, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bunce, JA (reprint author), ARS, Climate Stress Lab, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 24 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 6 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 162 IS 6 BP 1261 EP 1266 DI 10.1086/323475 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 481CG UT WOS:000171501900008 ER PT J AU Eggleston, G Legendre, B Richard, C AF Eggleston, G Legendre, B Richard, C TI Effect of harvest method and storage time on sugarcane deterioration II: Oligosaccharide formation SO INTERNATIONAL SUGAR JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID COLD LIME CLARIFICATION; DEXTRANSUCRASE; MANUFACTURE; HOT AB The recent Increase of billeted cane being combine harvested in Louisiana has often meant an Increase in deteriorated cane being processed. There is a real need to establish new and more sensitive criteria to measure deterioration in Louisiana harvested cane to better predict cane quality and the effect of harvest methods and storage conditions. In this study, there were eight cane supply treatments, with samples taken on each day for four consecutive days (0, 24, 48 and 72h) before laboratory milling and analyses. Treatments included three that were handcut whole-stalk cane that was either hand stripped of leaves (control), was left unstripped (green), or was burnt. Three treatments were soldier harvested cane that was either burnt or green, or burnt and stored to simulate cane from a heap or transloader stack each day. Two other treatments were burnt and green billeted cane from the combine harvester were also taken, to simulate cane from a billet wagon each day. Cane quality changes on deterioration were described in Part I-1 of this paper, and Included changes in TRS, color, invert, dextran, pH, and titratable acidity. Part II of this paper describes oligosaccharide formation in cane, with emphasis on both kestoses (up to GF(5)), and those formed as products from dextran formation by dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides. In the fresh (0h) samples, for all eight harvest treatments, there were no marked differences in oligosaccharide profiles, indicating that when the field cane is cut, freshness is more important than harvest method. Oligosaccharide formation was greater and more rapid in billeted than whole-stalk cane, and concomitant with a decrease in pH and an increase In dextran. Deterioration occurred earlier in billeted than whole-stalk cane, and was more rapid and extensive in burnt than green billets. A full statistical analysis Is described. Optimum postharvest handling conditions to minimize grower and factory losses are discussed. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70174 USA. RP Eggleston, G (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70174 USA. RI Richard, Charley/C-4078-2014 NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 7 PU INT SUGAR JOURNAL LTD PI KENT PA 80 CALVERLEY, TUNBRIDGE WELLS, KENT TN1 2UN, WALES SN 0020-8841 J9 INT SUGAR J JI Int. Sugar J. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 103 IS 1235 BP 495 EP + PG 7 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 492ZM UT WOS:000172197500018 ER PT J AU Zheng, W Wang, SY AF Zheng, W Wang, SY TI Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in selected herbs SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE antioxidant; phenolics; medicinal herbs; culinary herbs ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; GINKGO-BILOBA L; THYMUS-VULGARIS; PLANT-EXTRACTS; FLAVONOIDS; FRUITS; ACIDS; IDENTIFICATION; CAPACITY; LEAVES AB The antioxidant capacities (oxygen radical absorbance capacity, ORAC) and total phenolic contents in extracts of 27 culinary herbs and 12 medicinal herbs were determined. The ORAC values and total phenolic contents for the medicinal herbs ranged from 1.88 to 22.30 mu mol of Trolox equivalents (TE)/g of fresh weight and 0.23 to 2.85 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g of fresh weight, respectively. Origanum x majoricum, O. vulgare ssp. hirtum, and Poliomintha longiflora have higher ORAC and phenolic contents as compared to other culinary herbs. The ORAC values and total phenolic content for the culinary herbs ranged from 2.35 to 92.18 mu mol of TE/g of fresh weight and 0.26 to 17.51 mg of GAE/g of fresh weight, respectively. These also were much higher than values found in the medicinal herbs. The medicinal herbs with the highest ORAC values were Catharanthus roseus, Thymus vulgaris, Hypericum perforatum, and Artemisia annua. A linear relationship existed between ORAC values and total phenolic contents of the medicinal herbs (R = 0.919) and culinary herbs (R = 0.986). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with diode-array detection was used to identify and quantify the phenolic compounds in selected herbs. Among the identified phenolic compounds, rosmarinic acid was the predominant phenolic compound in Salvia officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Origanum x majoricum, and P. longiflora, whereas quercetin-3-O-rhamnosyl-(1 --> 2)-rhamnosyl-(1 --> 6)-glucoside and kaempferol-3-O-rhamnosyl-(1 --> 2)-rhamnosyl-(1 --> 6)-glucoside were predominant phenolic compounds in Ginkgo biloba leaves. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wang, SY (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM wangs@ba.ars.usda.gov NR 31 TC 952 Z9 1008 U1 21 U2 205 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 EI 1520-5118 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 49 IS 11 BP 5165 EP 5170 DI 10.1021/jf010697n PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 497QP UT WOS:000172467200013 PM 11714298 ER PT J AU Lee, SE Campbell, BC Molyneux, RJ Hasegawa, S Lee, HS AF Lee, SE Campbell, BC Molyneux, RJ Hasegawa, S Lee, HS TI Inhibitory effects of naturally occurring compounds on aflatoxin B-1 biotransformation SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE aflatoxin B-1; aflatoxin B-1-8,9-epoxide; cytochrome P450; flavones; galangin; aflatoxicol; aflatoxin B-1; reductase; curcumin ID NATURALLY-OCCURRING FLAVONOIDS; DRUG-METABOLIZING-ENZYMES; RAT-LIVER; ACID; ANTHRAQUINONES; GENOTOXICITY; ACTIVATION; GALANGIN; DNA; CARCINOGENICITY AB Effects of naturally occurring compounds from plants on biotransformation of a mycotoxin, aflatoxin B-1, were evaluated. Among 77 naturally occurring compounds tested, anthraquinones, coumarins, and flavone-type flavonoids were shown to be potent inhibitors of aflatoxin B-1-8,9-epoxide formation. Addition of the flavonoids galangin, rhamnetin, and flavone strongly inhibited mouse liver microsomal conversion of aflatoxin B-1 to aflatoxin B-1-8,9-epoxide, a metabolically activated mutagenic product. In contrast to these results, addition of isoflavonoids, catechins,, terpenes, alkaloids, and quinones to mouse liver microsomes did not inhibit formation of aflatoxin B-1-8,9-epoxide. Formation of the aflatoxin B-1 reductase product, aflatoxicol, by chicken liver cytosols was strongly inhibited by curcumin, the diferuloylmethane present in turmeric and other Curcuma species. Curcumin analogues also showed inhibitory effects, and a structure-activity study established that beta -diketone groups linked with two benzyl moieties were essential for inhibition of aflatoxicol formation. An additional 37 naturally occurring compounds tested did not inhibit formation of aflatoxicol. These results demonstrate that dietary constituents in certain fruits, vegetables, and spices may have significant inhibitory effects on metabolic transformation of aflatoxins to their hepatotoxic or carcinogenic derivatives or, alternatively, may promote their transformation into nontoxic products. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Chonbuk Natl Univ, Coll Agr, Fac Biotechnol, Chonju 561756, South Korea. RP Campbell, BC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RI Lee, Hoi-Seon/A-6589-2013; OI Lee, Sung-Eun/0000-0001-7690-9956 NR 41 TC 52 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 49 IS 11 BP 5171 EP 5177 DI 10.1021/jf010454v PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 497QP UT WOS:000172467200014 PM 11714299 ER PT J AU Zhang, MQ Melouk, HA Chenault, K El Rassi, Z AF Zhang, MQ Melouk, HA Chenault, K El Rassi, Z TI Determination of cellular carbohydrates in peanut fungal pathogens and baker's yeast by capillary electrophoresis and electrochromatography SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE capillary electrophoresis; capillary electrochromatography; cellular carbohydrates; Sclerotinia minor; Sclerotium rolfsii; baker's yeast; fungal pathogens ID OCTADECYL-SULFONATED-SILICA; STATIONARY PHASES; RETENTION BEHAVIOR; BETA-1,3-GLUCANASE; ACIDS AB In this work, the quantitation of cellular carbohydrates, namely chitin and glucan, in peanut fungal pathogens and baker's yeast was carried out by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC). The chitin and glucan of the fungi were hydrolyzed by the enzymes chitinase and glucanase, respectively, to their corresponding sugar monomers N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and glucose (Glc). These two monosaccharides were then tagged with 6-aminoquinoline (6-AQ) to allow their separation and detection in CE and CEC. The 6-AQ derivatives of GlcNAc and Glc formed the basis for the determination by CE and CEO of chitin and glucan in peanut fungi and baker's yeast. Several parameters affecting the separation of the 6-AQ derivatives of GlcNAc and Glc, including the separation voltage and the composition of the running electrolyte, were investigated. Under the optimized separation conditions, the contents of cellular carbohydrates including N-acetylglucosamine, chitin, glucose, and glucan in some fungi, such as Sclerotinia minor, Sclerotium rolfsii, and baker's yeast, were successfully determined. The method described here allowed the assessment of genetic differences in Sclerotium rolfsii isolates from various locations. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Chem, USDA, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP El Rassi, Z (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Chem, USDA, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 20 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 49 IS 11 BP 5265 EP 5269 DI 10.1021/jf0103626 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 497QP UT WOS:000172467200029 PM 11714314 ER PT J AU Schmidt, WF Bilboulian, S Rice, CP Fettinger, JC McConnell, LL Hapeman, CJ AF Schmidt, WF Bilboulian, S Rice, CP Fettinger, JC McConnell, LL Hapeman, CJ TI Thermodynamic, spectroscopic, and computational evidence for the irreversible conversion of beta- to alpha-endosulfan SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE alpha- and beta-endosulfan; conformation; NMR; volatility; eutectic mixture; computational chemistry ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES; CONFORMATIONS; DEPOSITION; AIR AB Previous studies have provided unequivocal evidence for the symmetry of beta -endosulfan and the corresponding asymmetry of alpha -endosulfan; the conversion of beta -endosulfan to alpha -endosulfan was identified. In this study, evidence from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments combined with computational chemistry calculations was used to propose a molecular mechanism for the corresponding conformational changes that occur in this process. DSC and NMR data of mixtures indicated that both isomers can influence the conformer populations in the solid, solution, and vapor phase. Computational chemistry demonstrated that the relative S=O configuration between alpha- and beta -isomers can be the intermediate state through which the conformations of alpha- and beta -isomers affect each other. Furthermore, calculations for mixtures indicated that the asymmetrical conformation of the sulfite in alpha -endosulfan can induce asymmetry in beta -endosulfan, and conversion to alpha -endosulfan occurs from this transition state. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, Environm Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hapeman, CJ (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI McConnell, Laura/H-1519-2011 NR 23 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 49 IS 11 BP 5372 EP 5376 DI 10.1021/jf0102214 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 497QP UT WOS:000172467200045 PM 11714330 ER PT J AU Hunter, WJ AF Hunter, WJ TI Perchlorate is not a common contaminant of fertilizers SO JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE crop contamination; groundwater; pollution; water quality ID IDENTIFICATION AB Perchlorate consumption can cause mental retardation and tumour formation in humans. Recent suggestions that perchlorate may be present as a contaminant in fertilizers and fertilizer components have caused concern in the fertilizer industry. The present study developed methods for improving the HPLC analysis of perchlorate and used these methods to survey 15 US fertilizers for perchlorate. Extraction with 50 mm NaOH rather than water was found to improve extraction efficiency from 84 to 98%. The incorporation of Ca(HO)(2) into the extraction medium to yield 1 : 0.5 or 1 : 1, SO4- : Ca (+2) molar ratios reduced the analytical interference caused by SO42 by reducing the slope of the SO4-2 peak tail by similar to 75%. The study found no perchlorate in any of the fertilizers investigated. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Hunter, WJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, POB E,301 S Howes St, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-2250 J9 J AGRON CROP SCI JI J. Agron. Crop Sci. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 187 IS 3 BP 203 EP 206 DI 10.1046/j.1439-037x.2001.00519.x PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 505WG UT WOS:000172938100008 ER PT J AU Vernes, K Castellano, M Johnson, CN AF Vernes, K Castellano, M Johnson, CN TI Effects of season and fire on the diversity of hypogeous fungi consumed by a tropical mycophagous marsupial SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bettongia tropica; dietary ecology; experimental fire; ectomycorrhizal fungi; mycophagy ID BETTONG BETTONGIA-TROPICA; NORTHERN BETTONG; SMALL MAMMALS; WESTERN AUSTRALIA; SPORE DISPERSAL; FORESTS; COMMUNITIES; EUCALYPTUS; CONSUMPTION; SPOROCARPS AB 1. Despite the importance of fire in many natural systems, knowledge of how fire affects the relationship between hypogeous fungi and mycophagous mammals in fire-prone environments is limited. Using experimental fires, we examined consumption of hypogeous ectomycorrhizal fruit-bodies by an endangered tropical mycophagist, the northern bettong Bettongia tropica Wakefield, in north-eastern Australia. 2. Fungus was the major dietary component (56%) throughout all seasons, both before and after fire. At least 35 hypogeous taxa were consumed. Number of taxa consumed during different seasons was similar, but was significantly higher on unburnt sites than on burnt sites. Similarly, diversity of taxa per faecal sample was significantly greater on unburnt sites, but also increased irrespective of fire from wet season to dry season. 3. Cluster and principal component analyses were used to examine patterns in consumption of fungal taxa. The greatest differences in dietary composition were between the period immediately after fire on burnt sites (early wet season) and all other season and treatment combinations. This difference was due to increased consumption of taxa in the fire-adapted family Mesophelliaceae and reduced consumption of the genus Elaphomyces. Principal component analysis revealed two major gradients in consumption. The first accounted for 32% of total variance and described change in consumption of taxa with season. The second accounted for 24% of total variance and described change in consumption of taxa before and after fire. 4. Despite taxon-specific changes in consumption of hypogeous fungi, the body condition of bettongs did not change significantly between seasons or in relation to fire, suggesting that bettongs were never compromised in their optimal fungal intake. 5. Our data show that the northern bettong has a flexible response to fire and could be best thought of as a fire-adapted marsupial. We therefore propose a precautionary approach to fire management of bettong habitat; at the present time this would include maintaining the recent fire regime of low to moderately intense fires every 3-4 years. C1 James Cook Univ N Queensland, Dept Zool & Trop Ecol, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR USA. James Cook Univ N Queensland, Dept Zool & Trop Ecol, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. RP Vernes, K (reprint author), Mt Allison Univ, Dept Biol, Sackville, NB E4L 1G7, Canada. RI Vernes, Karl/A-2925-2011; Management, Ecosystem/C-2259-2011; Johnson, Chris/A-7275-2008; Johnson, Christopher/J-7894-2014 OI Johnson, Christopher/0000-0002-9719-3771 NR 47 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8790 J9 J ANIM ECOL JI J. Anim. Ecol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 70 IS 6 BP 945 EP 954 DI 10.1046/j.0021-8790.2001.00564.x PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 501NX UT WOS:000172692500007 ER PT J AU Veum, TL Ledoux, DR Raboy, V Ertl, DS AF Veum, TL Ledoux, DR Raboy, V Ertl, DS TI Low-phytic acid corn improves nutrient utilization for growing pigs SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE maize; phosphorus; phytic acid; pigs ID SOYBEAN MEAL DIETS; PHYTATE PHOSPHORUS UTILIZATION; MICROBIAL PHYTASE; BIOAVAILABILITY; AVAILABILITY; EFFICACY; SWINE; INCREASES; CALCIUM AB Thirty-five crossbred barrows averaging 14.5 kg initial BW were used in a 5-wk experiment to compare the P availability and nutritional value of a low-phytate hybrid corn (LPC, 0.26% total P, 0.08% phytic acid P) homozygous for the lpa 1-1 allele with a nearly isogenic normal hybrid corn (NC, 0.25% total P, 0.20% phytic acid P). The pigs were fed individually twice daily in metabolism pens. Three semipurified diets were created in which corn was the only source of phytate. Diet I contained 72% NC, 0.15% estimated available P (aP) and 0.55% Ca. Diet 2 contained 72% LPC, 0.24% aP, and 0.55% Ca. The only differences between Diets 1 and 2 were the source of corn and the levels of aP. No inorganic P (iP) was added to these diets in order to measure the animal response to the different levels of aP in the corn hybrids. Diet 3 was NC Diet 1 supplemented with iP to equal the level of aP in LPC Diet 2. Diets 4 and 5 were practical corn-soybean meal diets formulated with each corn to meet all minimum nutrient requirements and contained 0.30% aP and 0.65% Ca. For the semipurified diets, pigs fed LPC Diet 2 had higher (P < 0.01) growth performance, bone breaking strength, P absorption and retention, Ca absorption and retention, and N retention than pigs fed NC Diet 1. However, when the NC diet was supplemented with iP to equal the aP in the LPC diet, most criteria were similar (P greater than or equal to 0.2); indicating an equal nutritional value for both corn hybrids after adjusting for phytate level. The only treatment difference, other than P excretion, between the practical corn diets supplemented with soybean meal was a higher (P < 0.05) bone breaking strength for pigs fed LPC Diet 5 compared with NC Diet 4. The use of LPC in pig diets reduced P excretion in swine waste by 50 and 18.4% in the semipurified and practical, diets, respectively, compared with NC. Using our in vitro procedure designed to simulate the digestive system of the pig, the availability of P for pigs was estimated at 56% for LPC and 11% for NC. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Anim Sci, Anim Sci Ctr 112, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. ARS, Natl Small Grains Germplasm Res Facil, USDA, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. Pioneer HiBred Int Inc, Johnston, IA 50131 USA. RP Veum, TL (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Anim Sci, Anim Sci Ctr 112, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 26 TC 46 Z9 50 U1 3 U2 12 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 79 IS 11 BP 2873 EP 2880 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 500TN UT WOS:000172643000016 PM 11768117 ER PT J AU Whitaker, TB Freese, L Giesbrecht, FG Slate, AB AF Whitaker, TB Freese, L Giesbrecht, FG Slate, AB TI Sampling grain shipments to detect genetically modified seed SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article AB Using the binomial distribution, the effect of sample size on the variability among sample test results when sampling a lot with 1.0% genetically modified (GM) or biotech seed was evaluated. The coefficient of variation, cv, among 500-seed sample test results taken from a lot with truly 1.0% was computed to be 44.5%. Increasing sample size to 1000 seeds reduced the cv among sample test results to 31.5%. The effects of sample size and accept/reject limits on the buyer's risk (bad lots accepted) and the seller's risk (good lots rejected) was also evaluated assuming a tolerance of 1.0% GM seed. Increasing sample size decreases both the buyer's and seller's risks at the same time. Using an accept/reject limit below the regulatory tolerance decreases the buyer's risk, but increases the seller's risk. Using an accept/reject limit above the regulatory tolerance decreases the seller's risk but increases the buyer's risk. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA, ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. USDA, GIPSA, Tech Serv Div, Kansas City, MO 64153 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Stat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Whitaker, TB (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA, ARS, Box 7625, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 4 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 84 IS 6 BP 1941 EP 1946 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 498BL UT WOS:000172489900038 PM 11767166 ER PT J AU Bright, AD Barro, SC Burtz, RT AF Bright, AD Barro, SC Burtz, RT TI Attitudes toward the protection and restoration of natural areas across three geographic levels: An examination of interattitude consistency SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MODEL; VALUES AB In addition to large, rural, pristine natural areas, urban open space is increasingly viewed as harboring small pockets of indigenous flora and fauna that need to be protected. We examined the consistency of attitudes toward protecting the natural environment among tropical rainforests, regional natural areas of the midwestern United States, and local open space within the Chicago metropolitan region. We also examined the moderating effects of issue importance, environmental ideology, and objective knowledge on attitude consistency. When environmental protection was rated as important, attitudes toward protecting tropical rainforests, regional forests, and local open space were more consistent with each other than when the issue was unimportant. Persons with distinct environmental ideologies differed in the extent to which their attitudes toward environmental protection at the three geographic levels were consistent. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Recreat & Tourism, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, No Cent Res Stn, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Bright, AD (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Recreat & Tourism, 241 Forestry Bldg, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 29 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 7 PU V H WINSTON & SON INC PI PALM BEACH PA 360 SOUTH OCEAN BLVD, PH-B, PALM BEACH, FL 33480 USA SN 0021-9029 J9 J APPL SOC PSYCHOL JI J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 31 IS 11 BP 2301 EP 2321 DI 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb00177.x PG 21 WC Psychology, Social SC Psychology GA 512FJ UT WOS:000173310200006 ER PT J AU Dong, ZB Gao, SY Fryrear, DW AF Dong, ZB Gao, SY Fryrear, DW TI Drag coefficients, roughness length and zero-plane displacement height as disturbed by artificial standing vegetation SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE drag coefficient; roughness length; displacement height; velocity; profile; structural parameters of standing vegetation ID WIND-EROSION; SPARSE VEGETATION; TRANSPORT; SAND; SIMULATION; PROFILES; SURFACES; FOREST; FIELD; FLOW AB Standing vegetation, for its disturbance to the near-surface airflow, is widely used in the arid and some semi-arid lands over the world to control wind erosion. Knowledge of drag coefficient (C-D), roughness length (Z(0)) and displacement height (D) is essential to completely define the state of wind and the protective role of standing vegetation in wind erosion. Using standing sticks as model standing vegetation, detailed wind velocity distributions were measured above the vegetated surface in wind tunnel, a mass conservation method to estimate the zero-plane displacement height was tried, and the drag coefficients and roughness length were derived by a curve-fit method. Due to the disturbance of standing vegetation, the velocity distributions deviated from the logarithmic profile. The deviation increased with increasing vegetation density and height. The wind velocity profile disturbed by standing vegetation can be divided into three sections, and each section can be expressed by a logarithmic function. Displacement height is a significant parameter for tall and dense vegetation; choice of the value for displacement height greatly influences other parameters such as roughness length and drag coefficient, but its accurate value is not available yet. In the authors' philosophy, drag coefficient and roughness length should be recommended. However, caution should also be taken in selecting the wind velocity measurements used to derive drag coefficient and roughness length. Both the height and density of standing vegetation influenced drag coefficient and roughness length, but their relative importance was different. A new parameter, effective lateral cover (L-ec) was introduced to characterize the structure of standing vegetation. It was found that effective lateral cover and height/spacing ratio were better structural parameters than the others when the effects of standing vegetation on drag coefficient and roughness length were assessed. Good correlation existed between the derived roughness length and drag coefficient, implying that obtaining drag coefficient and roughness length of vegetated surface by curve fit method is reliable so long as caution is taken in selecting the appropriate measurements. Of the three parameters roughness length is the most sensitive to characterize the effects of roughness length on nearsurface airflow. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Desert Res Inst, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, Peoples R China. USDA ARS, Big Spring, TX 79720 USA. RP Dong, ZB (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Desert Res Inst, 260 W Donggang Rd, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, Peoples R China. NR 42 TC 38 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 49 IS 3 BP 485 EP 505 DI 10.1006/jarc.2001.0807 PG 21 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 492YG UT WOS:000172194700005 ER PT J AU Mavrodi, DV Bonsall, RF Delaney, SM Soule, MJ Phillips, G Thomashow, LS AF Mavrodi, DV Bonsall, RF Delaney, SM Soule, MJ Phillips, G Thomashow, LS TI Functional analysis of genes for biosynthesis of pyocyanin and phenazine-1-carboxamide from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AIRWAY EPITHELIAL-CELLS; FLUORESCENT PSEUDOMONADS; PHENAZINE BIOSYNTHESIS; SECONDARY METABOLITES; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; VIRULENCE FACTORS; HOMOSERINE LACTONE; AUREOFACIENS 30-84; BACILLUS-SUBTILIS; NITRIC-OXIDE AB Two seven-gene phenazine biosynthetic loci were cloned from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. The operons, designated phzA1B1C1D1E1F1G1 and phzA2B2C2D2E2F2G2, are homologous to previously studied phenazine biosynthetic operons from Pseudomonas fluorescens. and Pseudomonas aureofaciens. Functional studies of phenazine-nonproducing strains of fluorescent pseudomonads indicated that each of the biosynthetic operons from P. aeruginosa is sufficient for production of a single compound, phenazine-l-carboxylic acid (PCA). Subsequent conversion of PCA to pyocyanin is mediated in P. aeruginosa by two novel phenazine-modifying genes,phzM and phzS, which encode putative phenazine-specific methyltransferase and flavin-containing monooxygenase, respectively. Expression of phzS alone in Escherichia coli or in enzymes, pyocyanin-nonproducing P. fluorescens resulted in conversion of PCA to 1-hydroxyphenazine. P. aeruginosa with insertionally inactivated phzM or phzS developed pyocyanin-deficient phenotypes. A third phenazine-modifying gene, phzH, which has a homologue in Pseudomonas chlororaphis, also was identified and was shown to control synthesis of phenazine-1-carboxamide from PCA in P. aeruginosa PAO1 Our results suggest that there is a complex pyocyanin biosynthetic pathway in P. aeruginosa consisting of two core loci responsible for synthesis of PCA and three additional genes encoding unique enzymes involved in the conversion of PCA to pyocyanin, 1-hydroxyphenazine, and phenazine-1-carboxamide. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Root Dis & Biol Control Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Sch Mol Biosci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Mavrodi, DV (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, POB 646430, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM mavrodi@mail.wsu.edu RI Mavrodi, Dmitri/J-2745-2013 NR 68 TC 285 Z9 311 U1 9 U2 55 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 183 IS 21 BP 6454 EP 6465 DI 10.1128/JB.183.21.6454-6465.2001 PG 12 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 482LG UT WOS:000171577200035 PM 11591691 ER PT J AU Tellez, M Estell, R Fredrickson, E Powell, J Wedge, D Schrader, K Kobaisy, M AF Tellez, M Estell, R Fredrickson, E Powell, J Wedge, D Schrader, K Kobaisy, M TI Extracts of Flourensia cernua (L): Volatile constituents and antifungal, antialgal, and antitermite bioactivities SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Flourensia cernua; fractionation; activity; fungi; cyanobacteria; algae; termite; Colletotrichum; Oscillatoria; Selenastrum; Reticulitermes ID ESSENTIAL OIL; BIOAUTOGRAPHY AB The chemical components of tarbush (Flourensia cernua) leaves were fractionated by extracting successively with hexanes, diethyl ether, and ethanol. Volatile profiles of each fraction were identified by using GC-MS. The hexanes fraction contained mostly monoterpenoids, while the ethanol fraction volatiles were primarily sesquiterpenoids. Crude fractions were tested for activity against fungi, algae, and termites. Application of as little as I jug of the essential oil from the hexanes fraction was sufficient to provide visible antifungal activity in bioautography assays. The diethyl ether fraction showed selective activity against the cyanobacterium responsible for the 2-methylisoborneol-induced off-flavor sometimes associated with catfish farming operations. All three fractions exhibited a high degree of antitermite activity. C1 USDA ARS, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, University, MS 38677 USA. USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. USDA ARS, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Tellez, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, University, MS 38677 USA. NR 21 TC 34 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 27 IS 11 BP 2263 EP 2273 DI 10.1023/A:1012283005014 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 493LM UT WOS:000172224400009 PM 11817080 ER PT J AU Estell, R Tellez, M Fredrickson, E Anderson, D Havstad, K Remmenga, M AF Estell, R Tellez, M Fredrickson, E Anderson, D Havstad, K Remmenga, M TI Extracts of Flourensia cernua reduce consumption of alfalfa pellets by sheep SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Flourensia cernua; feeding deterrent; intake; plant-animal interactions; plant extracts; sheep ID LIVESTOCK HERBIVORY; TARBUSH; INGESTION; GOATS AB Effects of three extracts (hexanes, ether, and ethanol) from tarbush (Flourensia cernua) on intake of alfalfa pellets by lambs were examined. Forty-five ewe lambs were fed one of five treatments for five days (randomized complete block, three lambs per block on each treatment). Treatments were alfalfa pellets (CON) or alfalfa pellets plus ethanol carrier (CAR), hexanes extract (HEX), ether extract (ETH), or ethanol extract (ETOH). Extracts were applied to alfalfa pellets at the same concentration as in an equivalent amount of tarbush (as fed basis) in experiment 1 and at 10-fold dilutions of that concentration in experiment 2. Treatments were isolated from tarbush leaves by using a sequential extraction with hexanes, diethyl ether, and 100% ethanol. Lambs received 640 g of alfalfa pellets (dry matter basis) each morning and intake was monitored during a 20-min interval. Lambs were maintained and fed alfalfa pellets (4.7% of body weight) as one group except during this interval. In experiment 1, mean intake by lambs during the 20-min interval was 361, 393, 204, 212, and 228 g for CON, CAR, HEX, ETH, and ETOH, respectively (SEM = 28.9). All three extracts decreased intake (P < 0.001) compared to CON or CAR. Intake did not differ among the three extracts (HEX, ETH, and ETOH) or between the two controls (CON and CAR). Mean intake did not differ among treatments in experiment 2 (468, 455, 389, 38 1, and 431 g for CON, CAR, HEX, ETH, and ETOH, respectively; SEM = 30.5; P = 0.187). Several compounds are probably responsible for the low palatability and differential use or tarbush typically exhibited by livestock. C1 USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. USDA ARS, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, University, MS 38677 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Ctr Stat, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Estell, R (reprint author), USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 27 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 27 IS 11 BP 2275 EP 2285 DI 10.1023/A:1012235121852 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 493LM UT WOS:000172224400010 PM 11817081 ER PT J AU Oliveira, K Haase, G Kurtzman, C Hyldig-Nielsen, JJ Stender, H AF Oliveira, K Haase, G Kurtzman, C Hyldig-Nielsen, JJ Stender, H TI Differentiation of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis by fluorescent in situ hybridization with peptide nucleic acid probes SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HIV-INFECTED INDIVIDUALS; RAPID IDENTIFICATION; PHYLOGENY; YEASTS; PCR; PNA AB The recent discovery of Candida dubliniensis as a separate species that traditionally has been identified as Candida albicans has led to the development of a variety of biochemical and molecular methods for the differentiation of these two pathogenic yeasts. rRNA sequences are well-established phylogenetic markers, and probes targeting species-specific rRNA sequences have been used in diagnostic assays for the detection and identification of microorganisms. Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is a DNA mimic with improved hybridization characteristics, and the neutral backbone of PNA probes offers significant advantages in whole-cell in situ hybridization assays. In this study, we developed PNA probes targeting the rRNAs of C. albicans and C. dubliniensis and applied them to a fluorescence in situ hybridization method (PNA FISH) for differentiation between C. albicans and C. dubliniensis. Liquid cultures were smeared onto microscope slides, heat fixed, and then hybridized for 30 min. Unhybridized PNA probe was removed by washing, and smears were examined by fluorescence microscopy. Evaluation of the PNA FISH method using smears of 79 C. dubliniensis and 70 C. albicans strains showed 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity for both PNA probes. We concluded that PNA FISH is a powerful tool for the differentiation of C. albicans and C. dubliniensis. C1 Univ Hosp RWTH Aachen, Inst Med Microbiol, Aachen, Germany. Boston Probes, Bedford, MA 01730 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Properties Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Stender, H (reprint author), Boston Probes, 15 DeAngelo Dr, Bedford, MA 01730 USA. RI Haase, Gerhard/C-6492-2009 OI Haase, Gerhard/0000-0001-7771-3189 NR 28 TC 52 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 39 IS 11 BP 4138 EP 4141 DI 10.1128/JCM.39.11.4138-4141.2001 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 488KK UT WOS:000171934200051 PM 11682542 ER PT J AU Capuco, AV Wood, DL Elsasser, TH Kahl, S Erdman, RA Van Tassell, CP Lefcourt, A Piperova, LS AF Capuco, AV Wood, DL Elsasser, TH Kahl, S Erdman, RA Van Tassell, CP Lefcourt, A Piperova, LS TI Effect of somatotropin on thyroid hormones and cytokines in lactating dairy cows during ad libitum and restricted feed intake SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE thyroxine-5 '-deiodinase; energy balance; somatotropin; cytokine ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; I IODOTHYRONINE DEIODINASE; EUTHYROID SICK SYNDROME; FACTOR-ALPHA-CACHECTIN; GROWTH-HORMONE; MAMMARY-GLAND; BOVINE SOMATOTROPIN; THYROXINE-5'-MONODEIODINASE ACTIVITY; INTERFERON-GAMMA; 5'-DEIODINASE AB Twelve Holsteins in first lactation were used to investigate the relationship between energy balance and effects of bovine somatotropin (bST) on thyroid hormone metabolism and cytokine concentrations in serum. Six cows were fed for ad libitum intake and six cows were feed restricted to induce negative energy balance during two treatment periods of 6 d. During treatment periods, cows were administered vehicle or 40 mg of bST/d according to a crossover design. Between treatment periods was a 15-d recovery period, during which all cows were fed ad libitum. Cows that were fed ad libitum remained in positive energy balance during control and bST treatments, whereas cows that were fed for restricted intake were in negative energy balance during control and bST treatment periods. In both dietary groups, bST decreased energy balance. Milk production and the fat percentage of milk increased during bST treatment in both dietary groups. Fat-corrected milk yield was increased 13% by bST treatment. Serum concentrations of IGF-I did not differ between dietary groups but were greater during bST than control periods. Serum thyroxine concentration was decreased by bST treatment. Serum triiodothyronine and reverse-triiodothyronine were not altered by hormone treatment, but circulating concentrations of thyroid hormones were apparently reduced by dietary restriction. Neither hepatic nor mammary thyroxine 5'-deiodinase was affected by bST treatment. Plasma concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, a potential regulator of thyroxine 5'-deiodinase, was not affected by bST treat-ment. Short-term treatment with bST did not influence thyroid hormone metabolism in lactating cows in positive or negative energy balance. C1 ARS, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Growth Biol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Nutrient Conservat & Metab Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Capuco, AV (reprint author), ARS, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Erdman, Richard/F-6195-2010; OI Erdman, Richard/0000-0001-6954-4282; Van Tassell, Curtis/0000-0002-8416-2087 NR 43 TC 21 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 84 IS 11 BP 2430 EP 2439 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 501BA UT WOS:000172662100012 PM 11768084 ER PT J AU Greenfield, TL Baldwin, RL Erdman, RA McLeod, KR AF Greenfield, TL Baldwin, RL Erdman, RA McLeod, KR TI Ruminal fermentation and intestinal flow of nutrients by lactating cows consuming brown midrib corn silages SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE brown midrib corn silage; digestion; rumen; intestine ID NEUTRAL DETERGENT FIBER; DRY-MATTER INTAKE; ZEA-MAYS-L; DAIRY-COWS; BROWN-MIDRIB-3 MUTATION; DIGESTIBILITY; PRODUCTIVITY AB Rumen characteristics and digestive kinetics of brown midrib corn silage were evaluated with five late-lactation (221 DIM +/- 20 d) multiparous cows fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannula. Dietary treatments were applied by using a single reversal design with two 21-d periods where either brown midrib (BM3) or isogenic (ISO) corn silage were included in a total mixed ration formulated to be 40% concentrate and 60% corn silage on a dry matter (DM) basis. Rumen and total tract digestibilities of DM, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, starch, and N were determined and rumen characteristics evaluated. Apparent rumen DM and organic matter digestibilities were greater for the BM3 corn silage (7.1 and 4.7 percentage units, respectively). Dietary intake and duodenal flow of starch were greater and rumen and total tract starch digestibilities were lower for BM3 corn silage diets than ISO corn silage diets. However, more starch (1.1 kg/d) was apparently digested and absorbed postruminally in cows fed the BM3 corn silage diets, Duodenal flow of neutral detergent fiber was 0.9 kg/d lower, and ruminal (15.9 percentage units) and total tract digestibilities (4.4 percentage units) were higher for BM3 treatment compared with the ISO treatment. Digestive patterns of ADF were similar for the BM3 and ISO treatments. Ruminal pH was lower in the cows fed the BM3 corn silage than those fed the ISO corn silage. As a result of a tendency for decreased N excretion in urine and slight increases in N intake due to increased DM intake, N balance tended to be greater for the BM3 treatment compared with the ISO treatment. These results may partially explain the benefits of feeding BM3 corn silage to cows during early lactation, as the observed increases in fiber component digestibility and improved N economy may combine to enhance DM intake and better support the nutritional demands of milk production for the high producing dairy cow. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, Anim Manure & Byprod Lab, Livestock & Poultry Sci Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Baldwin, RL (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI Erdman, Richard/F-6195-2010 OI Erdman, Richard/0000-0001-6954-4282 NR 26 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 84 IS 11 BP 2469 EP 2477 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 501BA UT WOS:000172662100016 PM 11768088 ER PT J AU Banos, G Wiggans, GR Powell, RL AF Banos, G Wiggans, GR Powell, RL TI Impact of paternity errors in cow identification on genetic evaluations and international comparisons SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pedigree error; genetic evaluation; international comparison; dairy cattle ID BREEDING VALUE; MISIDENTIFICATION; CATTLE AB The impact of paternity identification errors on US genetic evaluations and international comparisons of Holstein dairy bulls for milk, fat, and protein yields was investigated. Sire identification was replaced for 11% of Holstein cows that were sired by Al bulls and had records in the US database for national genetic evaluations; US evaluations were computed based on those modified pedigrees and compared with official national evaluations. Estimated breeding values from the data with introduced paternity errors were biased, especially for later generations. Estimated genetic trends decreased by 11 to 15%. Estimates of standard deviations of sire transmitting ability also decreased by 8 to 9%. International multitrait across-country comparisons of bulls were computed based on national evaluations from the United States, Canada, New Zealand, and The Netherlands. Estimates of genetic correlations between the United States and other countries decreased by 0.04 to 0.06 when US evaluations were based on modified pedigree. The resulting bias toward selection of domestic bulls and the inability to identify truly superior animals that are available internationally could decrease potential selection differentials by 0.07 to 0.09 standard deviation units on the US scale, which corresponds to sire breeding values of approximately 50 kg for milk, 3 kg for fat, and 1.7 kg for protein. Losses for the other countries were lower and ranged from 0.02 to 0.05 standard deviation units, because a correlation of less than unity with the United States decreased the impact of US cow paternity errors on the scales of other countries. Although paternity verification is desirable and technically feasible, commercial implementation would require low testing costs. C1 Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Interbull Ctr, Dept Anim Breeding & Genet, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. USDA ARS, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Banos, G (reprint author), Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Interbull Ctr, Dept Anim Breeding & Genet, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. NR 13 TC 48 Z9 56 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 84 IS 11 BP 2523 EP 2529 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 501BA UT WOS:000172662100022 PM 11768094 ER PT J AU Ashwell, MS Van Tassell, CP Sonstegard, TS AF Ashwell, MS Van Tassell, CP Sonstegard, TS TI A genome scan to identify quantitative trait loci affecting economically important traits in a US Holstein population SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE quantitative trait loci; microsatellite markers; conformation traits; milk production traits ID AFFECTING MILK-PRODUCTION; DAIRY-CATTLE; MICROSATELLITE MARKERS; HEALTH TRAITS; LINKAGE MAP; QTL; CONFORMATION; YIELD AB Quantitative trait loci affecting economically important traits were studied for eight large US Holstein grandsire families by using the granddaughter design. A total of 155 microsatellite markers located throughout the bovine genome were selected for the scan. The data analyzed include genotypes for 50 markers not previously reported. Results analyses of 105 marker genotypes reported previously were updated. Effects of marker alleles were analyzed for 38 traits including traits for milk production, somatic cell score, productive life, conformation, calving ease, and 16 canonical traits derived from conformation and production traits. Permutation tests were used to calculate empirical traitwise error rates. A traitwise critical value of P = 0.1 was used to determine significance. Ten putative quantitative trait loci associated with seven of the new markers were identified within specific families. One marker on chromosome 14 was associated with differences in fat yield, fat percentage, and a canonical production trait in two families. Markers on chromosomes 18 and 22 were associated with differences in rump angle in the same family. Markers were associated with differences in udder depth and fore udder attachment on chromosomes 16 and 20, respectively. One marker on chromosome 27 was associated with a difference in the dairy capacity composite index, and another marker on chromosome 13 was associated with a difference in a canonical conformation trait. These additional markers complete our genome scan to identify quantitative trait loci affecting economically important traits in a selected commercial Holstein population. The quantitative trait loci identified in this genome scan may be useful for marker-assisted selection to increase the rate of genetic improvement on traits such as disease resistance and conformation traits associated with fitness while accelerating genetic improvement for production. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Ashwell, MS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Van Tassell, Curtis/0000-0002-8416-2087 NR 25 TC 46 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 84 IS 11 BP 2535 EP 2542 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 501BA UT WOS:000172662100024 PM 11768096 ER PT J AU Miller, RH Clay, JS Norman, HD AF Miller, RH Clay, JS Norman, HD TI Relationship of somatic cell score with fertility measures SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE fertility; nonreturn rate; somatic cell score; calving ease score ID REPRODUCTIVE-PERFORMANCE; CLINICAL MASTITIS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; DYSTOCIA SCORES; LACTATION; HOLSTEINS; CATTLE; COWS AB Dairy Herd Improvement data from 284,450 cows in 37 states were used to examine the relationship of test-day somatic cell score, herd, calving year, parity, lactation stage, and calving ease score with fertility measures (rate of nonreturn to estrus by 70 d after first service, days to first service, and days open) for US Holsteins and Jerseys. Factors other than somatic cell score were examined to ensure that the estimation of the effect of somatic cell score was independent of other effects. Nonreturn rates were highest during April and May and lowest during June. Parity had a large effect on nonreturn rate, which was 6 to 7% higher for first parity than for sixth parity and later. Effect of lactation stage at first service on nonreturn rate was large; nonreturn rate increased by 8 to 13% from early to late lactation. Effect of calving ease score on nonreturn rate also was large: a 7% decline in nonreturn rate from score 1 to 5. For Holsteins, a small linear regression was found for nonreturn rate on preceding test-day somatic cell score, but this relationship was not significant for Jerseys. The magnitude of the effect of somatic cell score on fertility traits does not warrant postponing first service when somatic cell score is high. C1 USDA ARS, Anim Improvement Programs, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Dairy Records Managment Syst, Raleigh, NC 27603 USA. RP Miller, RH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Anim Improvement Programs, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 13 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 84 IS 11 BP 2543 EP 2548 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 501BA UT WOS:000172662100025 PM 11768097 ER PT J AU Soder, KJ Rotz, CA AF Soder, KJ Rotz, CA TI Economic and environmental impact of four levels of concentrate supplementation in grazing dairy herds SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE economic; grazing; model; supplementation ID MILK-PRODUCTION; NET CARBOHYDRATE; PROTEIN SYSTEM; GRASS PASTURE; COWS; PROFITABILITY; MANAGEMENT; GRAIN; MODEL; PERFORMANCE AB Low-cost, pasture-based forage systems are a viable management alternative for small to moderately sized dairy farms in the Northeast United States. A whole farm analysis was conducted to evaluate the potential long-term environmental impact and economic benefit of varying the level of concentrate supplementation on seasonal grazing dairies. A representative dairy farm was simulated with various production strategies over 25 yr of historical Pennsylvania weather using the Dairy Forage System Model. A representative grazing farm (81 ha) was simulated with four levels of daily concentrate supplementation: 1) no supplement, 2) 3 kg of DM/cow in early lactation, 3) 6 kg of DM/cow in early lactation, and 4) 9 kg of DM/cow in early lactation fed daily to the lactating cows to meet annual milk production levels of 5000, 6068, 6968, and 7700 kg/cow, respectively. These farm systems were then compared to an alfalfa- and corn-based confinement system on the same land base where total mixed rations were fed to maintain an annual milk production level of 9000 kg/cow. The five systems were simulated for three scenarios. In the first, total milk sold per farm (625,000 kg) was similar across all systems. In the second, cow numbers were held constant across all systems (100 mature cows), and total milk sold per farm varied. In the third, stocking rate was set so that forage consumed equaled forage production on the farm. Profitability increased as supplementation level increased in the grazing systems, but at a decreasing rate with each successive level of supplementation. At higher levels of supplementation, the grazing dairy farms showed greater profitability than the confinement systems. Economic risk or year-to-year variation also decreased as concentrate supplementation level increased. The grazing systems showed an environmental benefit compared with the confinement systems by decreasing nitrogen leaching losses. Concentrate supplementation of grazing lactating dairy cows provided an increase in profitability and a mixed impact on nutrient balance of the farm. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Soder, KJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 34 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 84 IS 11 BP 2560 EP 2572 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 501BA UT WOS:000172662100028 PM 11768100 ER PT J AU Gustafson, EJ Murphy, NL Crow, TR AF Gustafson, EJ Murphy, NL Crow, TR TI Using a GIS model to assess terrestrial salamander response to alternative forest management plans SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE spatial models; GIS; forest management; risk assessment; terrestrial salamanders; timber harvesting; fragmentation; biological diversity; landscape change; land use planning ID LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE; POPULATIONS; PATTERN AB A GIS model predicting the spatial distribution of terrestrial salamander abundance based on topography and forest age was developed using parameters derived from the literature. The model was tested by sampling salamander abundance across the full range of site conditions used in the model. A regression of the predictions of our GIS model against these sample data showed that the model has a modest but significant ability to predict both salamander abundance and mass per unit area. The model was used to assess the impacts of alternative management plans for the Hoosier National Forest (Indiana, USA) on salamanders. These plans differed in the spatial delineation of management areas where timber harvest was permitted, and the intensity of timber harvest within those management areas. The spatial pattern of forest openings produced by alternative forest management scenarios based on these plans was projected over 150 years using a timber-harvest simulator (HARVEST). We generated a predictive map of salamander abundance for each scenario over time, and summarized each map by calculating mean salamander abundance and the mean colonization distance (average distance from map cells with low predicted abundance to those with relatively high abundance). Projected salamander abundance was affected more by harvest rate (area harvested each decade) than by the management area boundaries. The alternatives had a varying effect on the mean distance salamanders would have to travel to colonize regenerating stands. Our GIS modeling approach is an example of a spatial analytical tool that could help resource management planners to evaluate the potential ecological impact of management alternatives. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. RP Gustafson, EJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, 5985 Highway K, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. EM egustafson@fs.fed.us NR 27 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 5 U2 13 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0301-4797 EI 1095-8630 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE JI J. Environ. Manage. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 63 IS 3 BP 281 EP 292 DI 10.1006/jema.2001.0482 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 497EL UT WOS:000172442400005 PM 11775500 ER PT J AU Power, JF Wiese, R Flowerday, D AF Power, JF Wiese, R Flowerday, D TI Managing farming systems for nitrate control: A research review from management systems evaluation areas SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Review ID FIELD-SCALE VARIABILITY; WATER-QUALITY; CENTRAL IOWA; CROPPING SYSTEMS; NITROGEN STRESS; IRRIGATED CORN; RIDGE-TILLAGE; SUBIRRIGATION DRAINAGE; GROUNDWATER QUALITY; AERIAL-PHOTOGRAPHY AB The U.S. Department of Agriculture funded the Management Systems Evaluation Area (MSEA) research project in 1990 to evaluate effectiveness of present fanning systems in controlling nitrate N in water resources and to develop improved technologies for farming systems. This paper summarizes published research results of a five-year effort. Most research is focused on evaluating the effectiveness of farming system components (fertilizer, tillage, water control, cropping systems, and soil and weather variability). The research results show that current soil nitrate tests reliably predict fertilizer N needed to control environmental and economic risks for crop production. A corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine mar (L.) Merr.] rotation usually controls risk better than continuous corn, but both may result in unacceptable nitrate leaching. Reduced tillage, especially ridge-till, is better than clean tillage in reducing risk. The drainage controls nitrate in ground water, but discharge may increase nitrate in surface waters. Sprinkler irrigation systems provide better water control than furrow irrigation because quantity and spatial variability of applied water is reduced. Present farming systems have two major deficiencies: (i) entire fields are managed uniformly, ignoring inherent soil variability within a field; and (ii) N fertilizer rates and many field practices are selected assuming normal weather for the coming season. Both deficiencies can contribute to nitrate leaching in parts of most fields. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Pioneer HiBred Int Inc, Des Moines, IA 50309 USA. RP Wiese, R (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. EM dw53434@alltel.net NR 121 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 30 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 30 IS 6 BP 1866 EP 1880 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 539HC UT WOS:000174863600001 PM 11789991 ER PT J AU Chan, ASK Parkin, TB AF Chan, ASK Parkin, TB TI Methane oxidation and production activity in soils from natural and agricultural ecosystems SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC TRACE GASES; NITROSOMONAS-EUROPAEA; CH4 OXIDATION; FOREST SOILS; NITROGEN-FERTILIZATION; NITROSOCOCCUS-OCEANUS; TEMPERATE FOREST; CARBON-DIOXIDE; OXIC SOILS; LAND-USE AB Methane (CH(4)) flux from soil to the atmosphere is the result of two microbial processes, methanogenesis and CH(4) oxidation. Land use may have a profound impact on the relative activities of these groups of organisms. In this study, the CH(4) production and consumption potentials of soils from agricultural and nonagricultural ecosystems were assessed in laboratory incubations. Methane production potentials of most soils were low and in the range of 0.02 to 0.35 nmol CH(4) g soil(-1) h (-1); however, soils from two of the agricultural sites that experience periodic water saturation had CH(4) production potentials from 100 to 300 nmol CH(4) g soil (1) h (-1). The high methanogenic potential suggests that CH(4) consumers may not be wholly dependent on atmospheric CH(4) for their survival and maintenance. The prairie soils exhibited the highest CH(4) oxidation under ambient atmospheric CH(4) concentrations, and CH(4) oxidation activity was markedly enhanced in incubations with an atmosphere enriched in CH(4). This stimulated CH(4) oxidation activity was generally greater in the agricultural soils as compared with the forest and prairie soils. Methane oxidation appeared to be related to soil nitrogen status. Under ambient atmospheric CH(4) concentrations, CH(4) oxidation was negatively related to soil mineral N (NO(2)(-) + NO(3)(-) + NH(4)(+)) concentration. However, a positive relationship between soil mineral N status and CH(4) oxidation activity was observed in incubations with atmospheres enriched in CH(4). This pattern suggests that the agricultural lands contain different populations Of CH(4) oxidizers than the natural systems. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Microbiol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Parkin, TB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM parkin@nstl.gov NR 55 TC 67 Z9 77 U1 4 U2 36 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 30 IS 6 BP 1896 EP 1903 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 539HC UT WOS:000174863600004 PM 11789994 ER PT J AU Kukier, U Chaney, RL AF Kukier, U Chaney, RL TI Amelioration of nickel phytotoxicity in muck and mineral soils SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID CONTAMINATED SOILS; CADMIUM; ZINC; IRON; MANGANESE; KINETICS; METALS; PLANTS; EXTRACTANTS; DESORPTION AB In situ remediation (phytostabilization) is a cost-effective solution for restoring the productivity of metal-contaminated soils and protection of food chains. A pot experiment with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), oat (A vena sativa L.), and redbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) was conducted to test the ability of limestone and hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) to ameliorate Ni phytotoxicity in two soils contaminated by particulate emissions from a nickel refinery. Quarry muck (Terric Haplohemist; 72% organic matter) contained 2210 mg kg(-1) of total Ni. The mineral soil, Welland silt loam (Typic Epiaquoll), was more contaminated (2930 mg Ni kg(-1)). Both soils were very strongly acidic, allowing the soil Ni to be soluble and phytotoxic. Nickel phytotoxicity of the untreated muck soil was not very pronounced and could be easily confused with symptoms of Mn deficiency that occurred in this soil even with Mn fertilization. Severe nickel phytotoxicity of the untreated mineral soil prevented any growth of redbeet, the most sensitive crop; even wheat, a relatively Ni-resistant species, was severely damaged. White banding indicative of Ni phytotoxicity was present on oat and wheat leaves grown on the acidic mineral soil. Soil Ni extracted with diethylenetriaminepentaaectic acid (DTPA) and 0.01 M Sr(NO3)(2) was indicative of the ameliorative effect of amendments and correlated well with Ni concentrations in plant shoots. Making soils calcareous was an effective treatment to reduce plant-available Ni and remediate Ni phytotoxicity of these soils to all crops tested. The ameliorative effect of HFO was crop-specific and much less pronounced. C1 USDA ARS, Anim Manure & By Prod Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Kukier, U (reprint author), USDA ARS, Anim Manure & By Prod Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 46 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 30 IS 6 BP 1949 EP 1960 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 539HC UT WOS:000174863600011 PM 11790001 ER PT J AU Johansen, MP Hakonson, TE Whicker, FW Simanton, JR Stone, JJ AF Johansen, MP Hakonson, TE Whicker, FW Simanton, JR Stone, JJ TI Hydrologic response and radionuclide transport following fire at semiarid sites SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID WATER-BALANCE; FOREST; SOIL; EROSION; RESTORATION; CS-137; STATE AB Infrequent, high-impact events such as wildfires, droughts, biological shifts, floods, and mechanical disturbances can greatly change land surfaces, including vegetative cover and soil characteristics, which in turn can trigger high rates of hydrologic erosion and associated transport of sediments and sediment-sorbed contaminants. Where persistent soil contamination exists, infrequent mobilization of contaminants may dominate in determining long-term risks to human and ecological receptors. Among these infrequent events, fire stands out as having the capacity to cause large increases in sediment transport. This study measured runoff, sediment yield, and mobility of sediment-sorbed contamination ((137)Cs) on burned and unburned plots at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, New Mexico (WIPP), and the Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site, Colorado (RFETS). Results showed that (137)Cs transport from burned plots was up to 22 times greater than that from unburned plots at WIPP and 4 times greater at RFETS. Associated runoff was up to 12 times greater on burned plots at WIPP and sediment yields up to 6 times greater. Further, (137)Cs concentrations in transported sediments were enriched compared with parent soils (expressed as enrichment ratio) by a factor of 2.3 at WIPP, and 1.3 at RFETS. However, enrichment ratios were not significantly different in sediments from burned and unburned plots. Our results provide new data on the effects of fire on the transport of sediment-sorbed contaminants, and demonstrate that rare events such as fire can greatly increase contaminant mobility. C1 USDA, ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Radiol Hlth Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Johansen, MP (reprint author), 528 35th St, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. EM mjohansen@doeal.gov RI Johansen, Mathew/D-7049-2012 NR 36 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 30 IS 6 BP 2010 EP 2017 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 539HC UT WOS:000174863600018 PM 11790008 ER PT J AU Sharpley, AN McDowell, RW Weld, JL Kleinman, PJA AF Sharpley, AN McDowell, RW Weld, JL Kleinman, PJA TI Assessing site vulnerability to phosphorus loss in an agricultural watershed SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID RAINFALL SIMULATOR; SOIL-PHOSPHORUS; RUNOFF; NITROGEN AB A P index was developed as a tool to rank agricultural fields on the basis of P loss vulnerability, helping to target remedial P management options within watersheds. We evaluated two approaches, a soil P threshold and components of a P index, by comparing site vulnerability estimates derived from these two approaches with measured runoff P losses in an agricultural watershed in Pennsylvania. Rainfall-surface runoff simulations (70 mm h(-1) for 30 min) were conducted on 57 sites representing the full range of soil P concentrations and management conditions found in the watershed. Each site was comprised of two, abutting 2-m(2) runoff plots, serving as duplicate observations. For sites that had not received P additions for at least six months prior to the study, Mehlich-3 P concentration was strongly associated with dissolved P concentrations (r(2) = 0.86) and losses (r(2) = 0.83) in surface runoff, as well as with total P concentration (r(2) = 0.80) and loss (r(2) = 0.74). However, Mehlich-3 P alone was poorly correlated with runoff P from sites receiving manure within three weeks prior to rainfall. The P index effectively described 88 and 83% of the variability in dissolved P concentrations and losses from all sites in the watershed, and P index ratings exhibited strong associations with total P concentrations (r(2) = 0.81) and losses (r(2) = 0.79). When site-specific observations were extrapolated to all fields in the watershed, management recommendations derived from a P index approach were less restrictive than those derived from the soil P threshold approach, better reflecting the low P loads exported from the watershed. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Sharpley, AN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, Bldg 3702,Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. OI McDowell, Richard/0000-0003-3911-4825 NR 40 TC 117 Z9 136 U1 0 U2 30 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 30 IS 6 BP 2026 EP 2036 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 539HC UT WOS:000174863600020 PM 11790010 ER PT J AU Hansen, NC Moncrief, JF Gupta, SC Capel, PD Olness, AE AF Hansen, NC Moncrief, JF Gupta, SC Capel, PD Olness, AE TI Herbicide banding and tillage system interactions on runoff losses of alachlor and cyanazine SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID MANAGEMENT-PRACTICES; CORN; ATRAZINE; SOIL; METOLACHLOR; EXTRACTION; TRANSPORT; SURFACE; RIVER AB Herbicides transported to surface waters by agricultural runoff are partitioned between solution and solid phases. Conservation tillage that reduces upland erosion will also reduce transport of herbicides associated with the solid phase. However, transport of many herbicides occurs predominantly in solution. Conservation tillage practices may or may not reduce transport of solution-phase herbicides, as this depends on the runoff volume. Reducing herbicide application rate is another approach to minimize off-site transport. Herbicide banding can reduce herbicide application rates and costs by one-half or more. Our objective was to compare herbicide losses in runoff from different tillage practices and with band- or broadcast-applied herbicides. The herbicides alachlor [2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] and cyanazine [2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropionitrile were broadcast- or band-applied to plots managed in a moldboard plow, chisel plow, or ridge till system. Herbicide concentration in runoff was largest for the first runoff event occurring after application and then decreased in subsequent events proportional to the cumulative rain since the herbicide application. When herbicides were broadcast-applied, losses of alachlor and cyanazine in runoff followed the order: moldboard plow > chisel plow > ridge till. Conservation tillage systems reduced runoff loss of herbicides by reducing runoff volume and not the herbicide concentration in runoff. Herbicide banding reduced the concentration and loss of herbicides in runoff compared with the broadcast application. Herbicide losses in the water phase averaged 88 and 97% of the total loss for alachlor and cyanazine, respectively. Cyanazine was more persistent than alachlor in the soil. C1 Univ Minnesota, WCROC, Morris, MN 56267 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, US Geol Survey, Dept Civil Engn, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. RP Hansen, NC (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, WCROC, St Hwy 329, Morris, MN 56267 USA. NR 20 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 30 IS 6 BP 2120 EP 2126 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 539HC UT WOS:000174863600032 PM 11790022 ER PT J AU Butler, TA Sikora, LJ Steinhilber, PM Douglass, LW AF Butler, TA Sikora, LJ Steinhilber, PM Douglass, LW TI Compost age and sample storage effects on maturity indicators of biosolids compost SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID CATION-EXCHANGE CAPACITY; RAPA VAR PERVIDIS; MICROBIAL BIOMASS; WATER EXTRACTS; NEUBAUER POT; GROWTH; SOIL; STABILITY AB Compost product safety and quality assurance are required to meet the needs of the horticultural, agricultural, and silvicultural user markets. At present, there exist no industry-wide sampling and testing protocols for compost products, thus limiting the production sector. The objective of this research was to test three methods for determining compost maturity. The study followed the composting process of a locally successful commercial composting operation that had been producing lime-stabilised,biosolids compost in the Washington, DC metro region for 12 yr. Change over time in the dependent variables-Dewar flask self-beating capacity, oxygen uptake rate, and cation exchange capacity (CEC)-during a 57-d composting of lime-stabilized biosolids was studied. Because cold storage at 4degreesC is recommended when compost samples cannot be tested for maturity immediately, cold storage of up to 11 wk was included as a variable. Mathematical models were developed that predict change in the Dewar flask self-beating capacity, oxygen uptake rate, and CEC with composting time and storage at 4degreesC. The Dewar flask self-heating test was the most useful indicator of compost maturity. This test showed change throughout the 57-d biosolids composting period while oxygen respirometry did not change after 29 d. The CEC was found to increase with age and, storage. Storage effects varied for the different tests. Except for Days I and 57, composts continued to stabilize during storage. Testing stored composts may produce erroneous results that suggest the compost is mature. C1 USDA ARS, SASL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, AMBL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Nat Resouce Sci & Landscape Architecture, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Sikora, LJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, SASL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 47 TC 73 Z9 86 U1 1 U2 22 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 30 IS 6 BP 2141 EP 2148 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 539HC UT WOS:000174863600035 PM 11790025 ER PT J AU Daniels, MB Delaune, P Moore, PA Mauromoustakos, A Chapman, SL Langston, JM AF Daniels, MB Delaune, P Moore, PA Mauromoustakos, A Chapman, SL Langston, JM TI Soil phosphorus variability in pastures: Implications for sampling and environmental management strategies SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID RUNOFF WATER-QUALITY AB Soil phosphorus (P) is an increasingly important consideration in the development of P-based nutrient management strategies. The objectives of this study were to (I) obtain baseline information on soil P variability in pastures amended with animal waste, (ii) examine if current sampling recommendations related to the number of sub-samples adequately reduce uncertainty to acceptable limits, and (III) examine the implications of uncertainty in soil P estimates on implementing a soil P threshold of 150 mg kg(-1). Grid soil samples were collected from 12 pastures. Soil P was determined using Mehlich 3 extractant and an inductively coupled argon plasma spectrometer. The arithmetic mean of soil P ranged from 7 mg kg(-1) in a pasture never amended with animal manure to 437 mg kg(-1) in a pasture that had been annually treated long term with poultry litter. Variance of soil P generally increased with mean soil P. The mean standard deviation of all pastures was one-third of the 150 mg kg(-1) threshold. This study points out that smaller variances associated with mean soil P values that approach, but do not exceed, the threshold can influence estimates of soil P. In turn, management decisions could inappropriately change. When a uniform acceptance criteria (within 15 mg kg(-1)) with respect to measured means was used, the required minimum number of subsamples increased with measured standard deviation. The results of this study imply that following soil-sampling recommendations Is critical to obtaining trustworthy measures of central tendency, especially in pastures approaching but not exceeding the 150 mg kg(-1) threshold. C1 Univ Arkansas, Cooperat Extens Serv, Little Rock, AR 72203 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Crops Soils & Environm Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. USDA ARS, Poultry Prod & Prod Safety Res Unit, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Univ Arkansas, Agr Stat Lab, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Daniels, MB (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Cooperat Extens Serv, 2301 S Univ Ave, Little Rock, AR 72203 USA. NR 26 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 30 IS 6 BP 2157 EP 2165 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 539HC UT WOS:000174863600037 PM 11790027 ER PT J AU Cremers, DA Ebinger, MH Breshears, DD Unkefer, PJ Kammerdiener, SA Ferris, MJ Catlett, KM Brown, JR AF Cremers, DA Ebinger, MH Breshears, DD Unkefer, PJ Kammerdiener, SA Ferris, MJ Catlett, KM Brown, JR TI Measuring total soil carbon with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID TO-NOISE RATIOS; ANALYTICAL SPECTROMETRY; FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES; INSTRUMENT; TUTORIAL AB Improving estimates of carbon inventories in soils Is currently hindered by lack of a rapid analysis method for total soil carbon. A rapid, accurate, and precise method that could be used in the field would be a significant benefit to researchers investigating carbon cycling in soils and dynamics of soil carbon in global change processes. We tested a new analysis method for predicting total soil carbon using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). We determined appropriate spectral signatures and calibrated the method using measurements from dry combustion of a Mollisol from a cultivated plot. From this calibration curve we predicted carbon concentrations in additional samples from the same soil and from an Alfisol collected in a semiarid woodland and compared these predictions with additional dry combustion measurements. Our initial tests suggest that the LIBS method rapidly and efficiently measures soil carbon with excellent detection limits (similar to300 mg/kg), precision (4-5%), and accuracy (3-14%). Initial testing shows that LIBS measurements and dry combustion analyses are highly correlated (adjusted r(2) = 0.96) for soils of distinct morphology, and that a sample can be analyzed by LIBS in less than one minute. The LIBS method is readily adaptable to a field-portable instrument, and this attribute-win combination with rapid and accurate sample analysis-suggests that this new method offers promise for improving measurement of total soil carbon. Additional testing of LIBS is required to understand the effects of soil properties such as texture, moisture content, and mineralogical composition (i.e., silicon content) on LIBS measurements. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Environm Dynam & Spatial Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. USDA, NRCS, Nat Lab, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Biosci Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Adv Chem Diag & Instrumentat Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. New Mexico State Univ, USDA, NRCS, Joranda Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Ebinger, MH (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Environm Dynam & Spatial Grp, MS J495, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM mhe@lanl.gov RI Breshears, David/B-9318-2009 OI Breshears, David/0000-0001-6601-0058 NR 27 TC 66 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 32 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 30 IS 6 BP 2202 EP 2206 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 539HC UT WOS:000174863600043 PM 11790033 ER PT J AU Chichkova, S Arellano, J Vance, CP Hernandez, G AF Chichkova, S Arellano, J Vance, CP Hernandez, G TI Transgenic tobacco plants that overexpress alfalfa NADH-glutamate synthase have higher carbon and nitrogen content SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE nitrogen assimilation; NADH-GOGAT; transgenic tobacco ID ROOT-NODULES; RICE PLANTS; SYNTHETASE GENE; AMMONIUM-IONS; EXPRESSION; ASSIMILATION; PROTEIN; ENZYME; LOCALIZATION; MODULATION AB This work reports the characterization of transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants that constitutively overexpress NADH-GOGAT. Three independent transformants, designated GOS10, GOS13 and GOS19 (for (GO) under bar GAT (s) under bar ense), with stable integration of the chimeric alfalfa NADH-GOGAT gene fused to the CaMV 35S promoter were studied. The transgene was stably integrated and inherited by the progeny. In these GOS lines, the expression of NADH-GOGAT mRNA and protein was detected at low levels in roots and leaves, while the expression of the host tobacco NADH-GOGAT gene was nearly undetectable. The roots of GOS lines showed an elevated (15-40%) enzyme activity as compared to control plants. When GOS plants were grown under greenhouse conditions and fed with either nitrate or ammonium as the sole nitrogen source, they showed higher total carbon and nitrogen content in shoots and increased shoot dry weight when plants were entering into the flowering stage, as compared to control plants. The observed phenotype of GOS plants was interpreted as reflecting a higher capacity to assimilate nitrogen due to a higher NADH-GOGAT activity. C1 Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Invest Fijac Nitrogeno, Cuernavaca 62191, Morelos, Mexico. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. ARS, USDA, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Hernandez, G (reprint author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Invest Fijac Nitrogeno, Ap Postal 565-A, Cuernavaca 62191, Morelos, Mexico. RI Shishkova, Svetlana/A-1241-2015 OI Shishkova, Svetlana/0000-0003-0530-6239 NR 39 TC 33 Z9 38 U1 3 U2 10 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-0957 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 52 IS 364 BP 2079 EP 2087 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 486YR UT WOS:000171847400002 PM 11604446 ER PT J AU Bailey, JS Stern, NJ Fedorka-Cray, P Craven, SE Cox, NA Cosby, DE Ladely, S Musgrove, MT AF Bailey, JS Stern, NJ Fedorka-Cray, P Craven, SE Cox, NA Cosby, DE Ladely, S Musgrove, MT TI Sources and movement of Salmonella through integrated poultry operations: A multistate epidemiological investigation SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID COMPETITIVE-EXCLUSION; BROILER CARCASSES; CHICKS; HATCHERIES; FLORA AB The prevalence of Salmonella from numerous sources in 32 integrated broiler operations of high- and low-performing broiler houses was characterized from four states across four seasons. Previous studies of Salmonella in broilers have been limited in scope, offering only a snapshot of pathogen prevalence as seen on a small number of individual farms. Twenty-six different sample types were collected from the hatchery to the end of processing, and Salmonella was found in all sample types. A total of 10,740 samples were analyzed for Salmonella, and 973 (9.1%) of these samples, including 49 of 798 (6.1%) carcass rinse samples, were Salmonella positive. Hatchery transport pads (389 of 765, 50.8%), flies (28 of 150, 18.7%), drag swabs (57 of 402, 14.2%), and boot swabs (20 of 167, 12%) were samples from which Salmonella was most frequently isolated. Thirty-six different serotypes were identified, and the most frequently encountered serotypes were Salmonella Senftenberg, Salmonella Thompson, and Salmonella Montevideo. Determining critical contaminating sources and following the movement of Salmonella through integrated poultry operations will help researchers and the industry develop practical intervention strategies. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Bailey, JS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RI Tast Lahti, Elina/R-8664-2016 NR 20 TC 74 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 64 IS 11 BP 1690 EP 1697 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 493XB UT WOS:000172247800008 PM 11726145 ER PT J AU Fedorka-Cray, PJ Ladely, SR Bailey, JS Stern, NJ AF Fedorka-Cray, PJ Ladely, SR Bailey, JS Stern, NJ TI Colonization of broiler chicks by Salmonella Typhimurium definitive phage type 104 SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; DT104; CATTLE; SWINE; TRANSMISSION; CHOLERAESUIS; RESISTANCE AB The prevalence of an antibiotic-resistant strain of Salmonella Typhimurium definitive phage type 104 (DT104) has increased dramatically in recent years resulting in increased morbidity and mortality in both animals and humans. Colonization and shedding of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 was studied in broiler chickens in two trials. In trial 1,180 day-of-hatch chicks (n = 60 per group, n = 30 per replicate) were challenged with 10(6) CFU DT104 (wild-type isolate from poultry) or were commingled with a seeder chick challenged with 10(6) CFU DT104. In trial 2,360 day-of-hatch chicks (n = 120 per treatment, n = 30 per rep) were divided into three groups. Chicks in the susceptible group were commingled with two seeder chicks that were orally challenged with 10(7) CFU/bird of a pan-sensitive strain of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104. Chicks in the resistant group were commingled with two seeder chicks that were orally challenged with 10(7) CFU/bird DT104 used in trial 1. For both trials, a control group was not exposed to DT104, composite fecal samples were evaluated twice weekly for levels of Salmonella shedding and 20 chicks per group were necropsied weekly and their cecal contents were cultured. At hatch all groups were colonized with naturally occurring Salmonella Senftenberg and Salmonella Mbandaka (trial 1) or Salmonella Senftenberg and Salmonella Ohio (trial 2) prior to exposure to DT104. Throughout the study, the level of Salmonella spp. shedding in feces (trial 1 means 3.1, 2.9, and 3.0 log(10) CFU per g feces for challenged, seeder, and control groups, respectively) or ceca (trial 2 means 2.9, 2.9, and 2.5 log(10) CFU per g ceca for resistant, susceptible, and control groups, respectively) did not differ among groups. In trial 1, colonization of DT104 remained constant at higher levels in the challenged group (mean 87%, P < 0.01), increased over time in the seeder group (10 to 50%, P < 0.02) and was not recovered from the control chicks. Salmonella Mbandaka colonization remained steady within each group with challenge and seeder groups maintaining higher levels of colonization than the control group. Salmonella Senftenberg colonization levels tended to decline (P = .058) over time in the challenged group (20 to 0%) and significantly decreased (P < 0.01) over time for both the seeder (80 to 0%) and control chicks (85 to 10%). In-trial 2, the percentage of chicks colonized with susceptible DT104 declined (r = 0.90, P < 0.05) over the course of the trial from 45 to 0%, while recovery of the resistant DT104 persisted at a mean percentage of 27%. DT104 was not recovered from the control chicks. Salmonella Ohio colonization levels tended to decline (r = 0.79, P > 0.05) over time in the control group (75 to 20%) and significantly decreased (P < 0.05) over time in both susceptible and resistant groups (40 to 10%, r = 0.82 and 55 to 5%, r = 0.85, respectively). Salmonella Senftenberg was recovered from the control group at low frequency throughout the trial and was not recovered from the other groups. For either trial, no apparent affect on morbidity or mortality was observed. Introduction of DT104 by commingling may induce colonization resulting in persistent high levels of shedding in flocks simultaneously with other Salmonella species. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30605 USA. USDA ARS, Antimicrobial Resistance Res Unit, Athens, GA 30605 USA. USDA ARS, Poultry Microbiol & Food Safety Unit, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Fedorka-Cray, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 34 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 64 IS 11 BP 1698 EP 1704 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 493XB UT WOS:000172247800009 PM 11726146 ER PT J AU Stern, NJ Fedorka-Cray, P Bailey, JS Cox, NA Craven, SE Hiett, KL Musgrove, MT Ladely, S Cosby, D Mead, GC AF Stern, NJ Fedorka-Cray, P Bailey, JS Cox, NA Craven, SE Hiett, KL Musgrove, MT Ladely, S Cosby, D Mead, GC TI Distribution of Campylobacter spp. in selected US poultry production and processing operations SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID BROILER FLOCKS; JEJUNI; CHICKENS; COLONIZATION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; SALMONELLA; TRANSMISSION; CARCASSES; CHAIN; FARMS AB A study was conducted of 32 broiler flocks on eight different farms, belonging to four major U.S. producers. The farms were studied over I complete calendar year. Overall, 28 (87.5%) of the flocks became Campylobacter positive, and only four (12.5%) remained negative throughout the 6- to 8-week rearing period. In the majority of flocks, sampled every 2 weeks throughout production, Campylobacter-positive fecal and cecal samples were not detected until 4 to 8 weeks of age. In only six of the flocks were environmental samples found to be positive before shedding of Campylobacter was detected in the birds. Even in some of the Campylobacter-negative flocks, contamination of the rearing environment was positive for Campylobacter but did not result in the birds subsequently excreting the organism. These findings are discussed in relation to U.S. husbandry practices and present uncertainty about sources of Campylobacter infection for poultry flocks. Birds were often transported to the processing plant in coops that were already contaminated with Campylobacter, and the organisms were sometimes found in samples of scald water and chill water. After chilling, the proportions of Campylobacter-positive carcasses from different producers ranged from 21.0 to 40.9%, which is lower than in other studies, and possible reasons are considered. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Stern, NJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 23 TC 115 Z9 117 U1 0 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 64 IS 11 BP 1705 EP 1710 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 493XB UT WOS:000172247800010 PM 11726147 ER PT J AU Line, JE AF Line, JE TI Development of a selective differential agar for isolation and enumeration of Campylobacter spp. SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID JEJUNI; ENTERITIS AB Direct plating is an effective technique for isolation and enumeration of Campylobacters from a variety of sample types; however, distinguishing Campylobacters from non-Campylobacter contaminants that frequently grow on many existing agars is difficult. In this study, it was determined that exposing Campylobacters to low levels (200 mg/liter) of triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) was not inhibitory to growth yet was sufficient to give a deep-red to magenta color to the colonies. The new agars (Campy-Line agar [CLA] and Campy-Line blood agar [CLBA]) are translucent. The contrast of deep-red colonies on a translucent background greatly facilitates Campylobacter isolation and makes enumeration on light boxes or by electronic means possible. Direct plating of broiler carcass rinse samples (n = 20) was compared on Campy-Cefex agar and CLA. Recovery of Campylobacter populations was not significantly different between the agars (P < 0.05); however, enumeration was much less labor intensive with the CLA. No contaminants were observed on the CLA, whereas the Cefex agar supported the growth of approximately 14 contaminating (non-Campylobacter) CFU/ml. In a separate trial, recovery of Campylobacters from carcass rinses (n = 25) was similarly compared on Cefex, CLA, and CLBA. Again, recovery of Campylobacters was not significantly different between the agars (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.988), whereas about nine contaminating (non-Campylobacter) CFU/ml were observed on Cefex agar and none on CLA or CLBA. Although some contaminants can still grow on CLA and CLBA and can present red colonies, most of these contaminants are easily distinguished from Campylobacter by differences in colony morphology. C1 USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30677 USA. RP Line, JE (reprint author), USDA, Russell Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30677 USA. RI Bond, Ronald/C-9201-2009 NR 13 TC 65 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 64 IS 11 BP 1711 EP 1715 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 493XB UT WOS:000172247800011 PM 11726148 ER PT J AU Novak, JS Juneja, VK AF Novak, JS Juneja, VK TI Detection of heat injury in Listeria monocytogenes Scott A SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID NONLINEAR SURVIVAL CURVES; THERMAL INACTIVATION; FOOD; MODEL; DAMAGE; CELL; TEMPERATURE; RESISTANCE; RECOVERY; MEMBRANE AB Methods of detecting live pathogens in foods that may be growth inhibited following heat treatment are essential to food safety. Among the techniques available, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification of messenger RNA from heat-injured Listeria monocytogenes Scott A is preferable to direct PCR in an attempt to avoid false positives from dead cells. The RT-PCR has a detection limit of 3 X 10(6) CFU/g, compared to 3 CFU/g for untreated controls, but may not be suitable for the identification of all viable cells. Physically apparent changes in cellular structures from heat injury in L monocytogenes are expected to result. Ultrastructural analyses did depict notable heat damage as cytoplasmic clearing after 5 min at 60 degreesC. The heat-injured survivors can be readily distinguished from total viable cells using selective media. As a result, combinations of molecular and visual methods including selective media improve detectability of heat-injured, viable L. monocytogenes Scott A. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Food Safety Res Unit, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Novak, JS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Food Safety Res Unit, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 28 TC 10 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 64 IS 11 BP 1739 EP 1743 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 493XB UT WOS:000172247800015 PM 11726152 ER PT J AU McGuire, RG Hagenmaier, RD AF McGuire, RG Hagenmaier, RD TI Shellac formulations to reduce epiphytic survival of coliform bacteria on citrus fruit postharvest SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; PENICILLIUM-DIGITATUM; FOOD SAFETY; COATINGS; SURFACES; CONTAMINATION; ENVIRONMENT; GRAPEFRUITS; VEGETABLES AB Survival of the coliform bacteria Enterobacter aerogenes and Escherichia coli was monitored in a neutral carboxymethylcellulose formulation and in shellac formulations with various pH and concentrations of ethanol and the preservative paraben; populations were subsequently measured from the surface of citrus fruit coated with these formulations. Numbers of the two bacteria increased over 24 h from 10(6) CFU/ml to approximately 10(8) CFU/ml in the carboxymethylcellulose solution, but over this time numbers remained little changed in the neutral solution of shellac. The Enterobacter was more tolerant of alcohol over a 3-h period; although its numbers in a shellac solution with 10% ethanol dropped from more than 106 CFU/ml to just over 10(3) CFU/ml, E. coli and a third species, Klebsiella pneumoniae, declined toward the limit of detection (5 CFU/ml) during this time. The addition of morpholine to increase the formulation pH to 9.0 caused numbers of bacteria to plummet to an undetectable level within 30 to 60 min. On Ruby Red grapefruit and Valencia oranges in storage at 13 degreesC numbers of E. aerogenes and E. coli declined over 2 weeks from 10(5) CFU/cm(2) to less than 2.5 X 10(1), but most of the loss in numbers occurred within I day. Numbers remained significantly less on shellacked fruit compared with those applied in the carboxymethylcellulose coating, and a shellac coating prepared from a pH 9 solution was more toxic to these species than one in which 12% ethanol had been added to the neutral formulation. The addition of the preservative paraben in the basic shellac was further inhibitory. C1 USDA ARS, Miami, FL 33158 USA. RP McGuire, RG (reprint author), USDA ARS, 13601 Old Cutler Rd, Miami, FL 33158 USA. NR 20 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 64 IS 11 BP 1756 EP 1760 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 493XB UT WOS:000172247800018 PM 11726155 ER PT J AU Rajkowski, KT Rice, EW AF Rajkowski, KT Rice, EW TI Growth and recovery of selected gram-negative bacteria in reconditioned wastewater SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID SHIGELLA-DYSENTERIAE TYPE-1; PROCESSING-PLANT WATER; VIBRIO-VULNIFICUS; DRINKING-WATER; PSEUDOMONAS-FLUORESCENS; STARVATION CONDITIONS; NONCULTURABLE CELLS; STRESS RESISTANCE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; LOW-TEMPERATURE AB Previous reports indicate that Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., and Vibrio cholerae can grow in nutrient-limited, reconditioned wastewater over the temperature range of 4 to 46 degreesC when the biological oxygen demand of this water is <2, while its coliform growth response (CGR) is >2. In the current study, we investigated the growth response of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Shigella spp., Vibrio vulnificus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in water samples with a CGR of >2 over the temperature range of 4 to 50 degreesC. Both the nonselective media, tryptic soy agar, and the selective media used to identify the pathogen were used for their recovery. The selective media were thiosulfate-citrate-bile-sucrose (TCBS), MacConkey agar (MAC), and Pseudomonas isolation agar (PIA) for the Vibrio, Shigella, and Pseudomonas spp., respectively. V. parahaemolyticus numbers declined rapidly after surviving for 6 days under the nutrient-limiting growth conditions. Shigella spp. did not grow but survived for > 28 days at 4 to 25 degreesC. V. vulnificus grew over the narrow temperature range of 12 to 21 degreesC and survived for > 21 days at the higher and lower temperature ranges. P. aeruginosa survived and grew during the 14-day test period at 13 to 35 degreesC. Recovery on the nonselective agar gave statistically (P > 0.05) higher numbers than the respective selective media commonly used for these pathogens. These results indicate that caution should be used in attempting direct recoveries using selective media of the four gram-negative bacteria species used in this study from the nutrient-limited water environment. C1 USDA ARS, Food Safety Res Unit, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Rajkowski, KT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Safety Res Unit, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 46 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 64 IS 11 BP 1761 EP 1767 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 493XB UT WOS:000172247800019 PM 11726156 ER PT J AU Harvey, RB Edrington, TS Kubena, LF Rottinghaus, GE Turk, JR Genovese, KJ Nisbet, DJ AF Harvey, RB Edrington, TS Kubena, LF Rottinghaus, GE Turk, JR Genovese, KJ Nisbet, DJ TI Toxicity of moniliformin from Fusarium fujikuroi culture material to growing barrows SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID BROILER CHICKS; VAR-SUBGLUTINANS; DEOXYNIVALENOL; INHIBITION; POULTS; DIETS AB In two studies, the effects of moniliformin (M)-contaminated diets from Fusarium fujikuroi culture material on growing barrows were evaluated. In the first study, six barrows (three replicates of two each, mean body weight = 17.8 kg) per group (four groups; 24 barrows total) were fed diets calculated to contain 0 mg M/kg feed (control); 25 mg M/kg feed; 50 mg M/kg feed; or 100 mg M/kg feed for 28 days. In the second study, the same experimental design and numbers of barrows (mean body weight = 15.3 kg) were used, and diets were formulated to contain 0 mg M/kg feed (control); 50 mg M/kg feed, 100 mg M/kg feed; or 200 mg M/kg feed. Diets of 100 mg or 200 mg M/kg feed reduced body weight, body weight gain, and feed consumption. Serum biochemical analytes were affected by 100 to 200 mg M/kg feed. Hematologic values were affected by 50, 100, and 200 mg M/kg feed. In the first study, one barrow in the 100 mg M-treated group died, and in the second study, one barrow died in the 100 mg M-treated group, and five barrows died in the 200 mg M-treated group. Relative heart weight was increased in the 200 mg M-treated barrows, yet tissues from organs collected from treatment groups were generally histologically unimpressive. The most consistent sign of M toxicity in barrows appeared to be death induced within 2 to 5 days by 100 to 200 mg M/kg feed. C1 USDA ARS, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Univ Missouri, Vet Med Diagnost Lab, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Harvey, RB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 25 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 64 IS 11 BP 1780 EP 1784 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 493XB UT WOS:000172247800022 PM 11726159 ER PT J AU Chen, ZY Brown, RL Cleveland, TE Damann, KE Russin, JS AF Chen, ZY Brown, RL Cleveland, TE Damann, KE Russin, JS TI Comparison of constitutive and inducible maize kernel proteins of genotypes resistant or susceptible to aflatoxin production SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID CORN TRYPSIN-INHIBITOR; ASPERGILLUS EAR ROT; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; GLOBULIN-2 GENE; FLAVUS; INFECTION; CONTAMINATION; GERMINATION; DEFENSE; PLANTS AB Maize genotypes resistant or susceptible to aflatoxin production or contamination were compared for differences in both constitutive and inducible proteins. Five additional constitutive proteins were found to be associated with resistance in over 8 of the 10 genotypes examined. Among these, the 58- and 46-kDa proteins were identified as globulin-1 and globulin-2, respectively. Differences in the ability to induce specific antifungal proteins, such as the higher synthesis of the 22-kDa zeamatin in resistant genotypes, were also observed between resistant and susceptible kernels incubated under germinating conditions (31 degreesC, 100% humidity). Both constitutive and inducible proteins appear to be necessary for kernel resistance. Embryo-killed kernels (unable to synthesize new proteins) supported the highest level of aflatoxins, whereas imbibed kernels (to hasten protein induction) supported the lowest among all treatments. This suggests that the synthesis of new proteins by the embryo plays an important role in conferring resistance However, significantly lower levels of aflatoxin production in embryo-killed resistant kernels than in susceptible ones suggest that, in reality, high levels of constitutive antifungal proteins are indispensable to kernel resistance. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Plant Pathol & Crop Physiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. EM rbrown@nola.srrc.usda.gov NR 47 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X EI 1944-9097 J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 64 IS 11 BP 1785 EP 1792 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 493XB UT WOS:000172247800023 PM 11726160 ER PT J AU Lyon, BG Windham, WR Lyon, CE Barton, FE AF Lyon, BG Windham, WR Lyon, CE Barton, FE TI Sensory characteristics and near-infrared spectroscopy of broiler breast meat from various chill-storage regimes SO JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY LA English DT Article ID QUALITY; BEEF; FROZEN AB The terms "fresh" and "frozen" often refer to the physical state of the product (i.e., soft, hard) as well as quality state (i.e., good, inferior). This study addressed quality issues of breast meat subjected to chill-store regimes that simulate possible scenarios at points between processing, distribution by retailers, and final preparation by consumers. Five temperatures (+4, 0, -3, -12, and -18C) at storage regimes (2 days, 7 days, and 7 days at the five temperatures followed by an additional 7 days at -18C) were evaluated. ne statistical differences in descriptive sensory texture and moisture characteristics among cooked samples could not be predominantly attributed to temperature, storage, or temperature-storage treatments. Visible and near-infrared reflectance spectra of stored raw skinless breasts did not discriminate between individual temperature groups. However, a two-class model (98.5% correct classification) discriminated between unfrozen (+4, 0, and -3C) and frozen (-12 and -18C) samples, partially due to spectra of myoglobin and oxidative states. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Qual Assessment Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Lyon, BG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Qual Assessment Res Unit, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 20 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0146-9428 J9 J FOOD QUALITY JI J. Food Qual. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 24 IS 5 BP 435 EP 452 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4557.2001.tb00621.x PG 18 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 503VV UT WOS:000172822900006 ER PT J AU Sommers, CH Fan, X Niemira, BA Handel, AP AF Sommers, CH Fan, X Niemira, BA Handel, AP TI Effect of ionizing radiation on beef bologna containing soy protein concentrate SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SAFETY LA English DT Article ID LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; COLOR CHARACTERISTICS; GAMMA-IRRADIATION; LIPID OXIDATION; PACKAGED PORK; ANTIOXIDANTS; VOLATILES; PATTIES; TURKEY AB Soy protein concentrate (SPC), an extender, is a common additive in ready-to-eat (RTE) meat products. SPC contains antioxidants that could potentially interfere with the ability of ionizing radiation to eliminate Listeria monocytogenes from RTE meat products. When L. monocytogenes was inoculated into cooked beef bologna emulsion containing 0, 1.75, or 3.5% SPC the gamma radiation D-10 values, at radiation doses of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 kGy, were 0.66, 0.68, and 0.71 kGy, respectively, Soluble antioxidant power, as determined by the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay was 1958, 3572, and 5494 mol in bologna emulsion containing 0, 1.75 and 3.5% SPC, respectively. Soluble antioxidant power was not affected by ionizing radiation. SPC did not prevent ionizing radiation induced lipid oxidation as determined by Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substance (TBARS) assay. Hunter color analysis of both unirradiated and irradiated bologna slices containing SPC indicated decreased a-value as a result of irradiation, while the addition of SPC helped maintain b-value and L-value. The inclusion of SPC did not represent a barrier to ionizing radiation pasteurization of fine emulsion sausages for the parameters examined. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Food Safety Res Unit, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Sommers, CH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Food Safety Res Unit, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 28 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 1 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0149-6085 J9 J FOOD SAFETY JI J. Food Saf. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 21 IS 3 BP 151 EP 165 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2001.tb00315.x PG 15 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 498CM UT WOS:000172492300003 ER PT J AU Lamikanra, O Watson, MA AF Lamikanra, O Watson, MA TI Effects of ascorbic acid on peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activities in fresh-cut cantaloupe melon SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE shelf life; fruit; quality; browning; antioxidant ID OXIDATIVE STRESS; PURIFICATION; VEGETABLES; RESISTANCE; RESPONSES; PRODUCTS; CUCUMBER; OXIDASE; FRUITS AB Peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in minimally processed cantaloupe melon (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus Naud) were assayed and the effect of ascorbic acid on their respective activities during storage at 4 degreesC was determined. POD activity decreased with storage and was inhibited by ascorbate treatment. Two native electrophoretic POD bands with estimated molecular weights 240 and 170 kDa respectively were obtained. Isoelectric focusing separated six acidic POD isozymes with isoelectric points between 5.1 and 6.0, possibly subunits of the POD isozymes. PPO activity in the cantaloupe melon extract was very weak and the fruit's content of oxidizable phenolic compounds was negligible. C1 ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Lamikanra, O (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 30 TC 67 Z9 72 U1 2 U2 9 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 66 IS 9 BP 1283 EP 1286 PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 501UL UT WOS:000172704400007 ER PT J AU Reynolds, AE Harrison, MA Rose-Morrow, R Lyon, CE AF Reynolds, AE Harrison, MA Rose-Morrow, R Lyon, CE TI Validation of dry cured ham process for control of pathogens SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE dry cured ham; Salmonella; Esherichia coli O157 : H7; Listeria monocytogenes; Staphylococcus aureus ID STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; WATER ACTIVITY; TRICHINELLA-SPIRALIS; TOXIN PRODUCTION; PRECOOKED BACON; GENOA SALAMI; GROWTH; TEMPERATURE; SURVIVAL AB The dry curing process for hams to control Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated. Fresh hams, surface inoculated with each microorganism, were processed by a commercial style process. There was no significant (p < 0.05) difference in reduction of microbial populations between ham sampling locations (cushion, butt, hock). Interaction of salt concentration (8%), pH (5.5), ham storage temperature (20 C), and ham a(w) (0.92) limited staphylococcal proliferation. Mean log reduction of Salmonella spp., E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes populations on inoculated hams after 69 d of curing were 5.5, 5.5, and 4.0 CFU/cm(2), respectively and after 120 d were 5.7, 5.5, and 4.8 CFU/cm(2), respectively. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA, Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA USA. RP Reynolds, AE (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Food Sci Bldg, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 40 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 11 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 66 IS 9 BP 1373 EP 1379 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2001.tb15217.x PG 7 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 501UL UT WOS:000172704400022 ER PT J AU Butry, DT Mercer, DE Prestemon, JR Pye, JM Holmes, TP AF Butry, DT Mercer, DE Prestemon, JR Pye, JM Holmes, TP TI What is the price of catastrophic wildfire? SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE economics; fire management; Florida; policy ID ASTHMA AB We modeled and analyzed the economic impacts of the six weeks of large, catastrophic wildfires in northeastern Florida in June and July 1998, among Florida's most devastating in recent history. The result of the unusually strong El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in 1998, the Florida wildfires produced economic impacts of at least $600 million, similar in scale to recent category-2 hurricanes. Improved understanding of the interactions between management, wildfire, and its costs may yield large payoffs to society by identifying optimal intervention activities. C1 US Forest Serv, Disturbance Econ Res Team, USDA, So Res Stn, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Butry, DT (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Disturbance Econ Res Team, USDA, So Res Stn, POB 12254, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RI Pye, John/B-2983-2008 OI Pye, John/0000-0001-8413-1216 NR 17 TC 73 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 10 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 99 IS 11 BP 9 EP 17 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 484CG UT WOS:000171672200004 ER PT J AU Loomis, JB Bair, LS Gonzalez-Caban, A AF Loomis, JB Bair, LS Gonzalez-Caban, A TI Prescribed fire and public support: Knowledge gained, attitudes changed in Florida SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE communication; education; public relations AB Florida residents' knowledge of and attitudes toward wild and prescribed fire were elicited before and after receiving educational information. The results indicate that Florida residents exhibit knowledge and tolerance of prescribed fire similar to respondents of past surveys. Florida residents are less tolerant of wildfire than residents in past surveys but hold similar knowledge scores concerning wildfire. Respondents became more knowledgeable and tolerant of prescribed fire after the introduction of educational information. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Fire Lab, Riverside, CA USA. RP Loomis, JB (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 11 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 7 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 99 IS 11 BP 18 EP 22 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 484CG UT WOS:000171672200005 ER PT J AU Brose, P Schuler, T Van Lear, D Berst, J AF Brose, P Schuler, T Van Lear, D Berst, J TI Bringing fire back - The changing regimes of the Appalachian mixed-oak forests SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE oak regeneration; pre-European settlement; wildfire ID AMERICA AB Since vegetative associations stabilized about 4,000 years ago, the Appalachian mixed-oak forests have experienced three profoundly different fire regimes. Periodic, low-intensity surface fires lit by American Indians characterized the first regime, and this regime helped perpetuate oak as one of the dominant species groups. The Industrial Revolution led to high-intensity, stand-replacing fires, causing extensive damage to the forests. Modern fire protection created a "no-fire" regime that permitted the forests to recover but allowed mesophytic species to begin replacing the oaks. Today, research is underway to identify how to reintroduce fire to solve this oak replacement problem. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Irvine, PA 16329 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Parsons, WV USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Clemson, SC 29631 USA. Penn Dept Conservat & Nat Resources, Bur Forestry, Harrisburg, PA USA. RP Brose, P (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Irvine, PA 16329 USA. EM pbrose@fs.fed.us NR 26 TC 121 Z9 123 U1 5 U2 31 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 99 IS 11 BP 30 EP 35 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 484CG UT WOS:000171672200007 ER PT J AU Dunowska, M Letchworth, GJ Collins, JK DeMartini, JC AF Dunowska, M Letchworth, GJ Collins, JK DeMartini, JC TI Ovine herpesvirus-2 glycoprotein B sequences from tissues of ruminant malignant catarrhal fever cases and healthy sheep are highly conserved SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID EVOLUTIONARY TIMESCALE; MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY; PSEUDORABIES; VIRUS; INFECTIONS; DIAGNOSIS; CATTLE; FAMILY; BISON AB Ovine herpesvirus-2 (OHV-2) infection has been associated with malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) in susceptible ruminants. In order to further investigate whether OHV-2 is an aetiological agent for sheep-associated (SA) MCF in cattle and bison, the entire sequences of OHV-2 glycoprotein B (gB) from different sources of viral DNA were compared. Target DNA was derived from tissues of bovine and bison cases of SA-MCF, from a lymphoblastoid cell line established from another bovine case of SA-MCF, and from a healthy sheep. The divergence between deduced amino acid sequences of OHV-2 gB ranged from 0.5 to 1.2%. The high degree of similarity between gB sequences from a healthy sheep and clinical cases of SA-MCF in cattle and bison suggests that OHV-2 is an ovine virus that is occasionally transmitted to other ruminant species, in which it can cause severe disease. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Pathol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA ARS, Arthropod Borne Anim Dis Res Lab, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Vet Sci & Microbiol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Dunowska, M (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Pathol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 25 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AE, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 82 BP 2785 EP 2790 PN 11 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 483QG UT WOS:000171646600022 PM 11602790 ER PT J AU Collins, AM Gardner, LM AF Collins, AM Gardner, LM TI Partial cytochrome b sequences for six hymenoptera of the eastern United States SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID HONEYBEES APIS-MELLIFERA; OXIDASE-I SEQUENCES; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; LENGTH-POLYMORPHISMS; BEE POPULATIONS; APIDAE; BRACONIDAE; 16S AB Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes have been commonly used to determine honeybee subspecies relationships. To see if these markers would also be useful for comparisons of other Hymenoptera, we collected workers of six local species: Vespa crabro, the European hornet; Bombus impatiens, a bumblebee; Vespula germanica, the German yellow jacket; Polistes fuscatus, a paper wasp; Halictus ligatus, an alkali bee; and an unspecified Megachile, a leafcutting bee, MtDNA was isolated and digested with six endonucleases (Aval, Bg/II, EcoRI, HindIII, Hinfl, Xbal). The digested DNA was electrophoresed and visualized on agarose gels with comparison to a standard fragment marker and similarly treated honeybee mtDNA. The fragments obtained were also purified and sequenced, Phylogenetic relationships between six wasp and bee species, Apis mellifera, and several other similar aculeate Hymenoptera were determined. Newly defined DNA sequences were posted to GenBank (AF281169-AF281174). C1 ARS, Bee Res Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Oakland Mills High Sch, Mentor Program, Columbia, MD USA. RP Collins, AM (reprint author), ARS, Bee Res Lab, USDA, Bldg 476,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 27 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 5 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 92 IS 6 BP 519 EP 521 DI 10.1093/jhered/92.6.519 PG 3 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 543TC UT WOS:000175116400014 PM 11948223 ER PT J AU Garbrecht, J Ogden, FL DeBarry, PA Maidment, DR AF Garbrecht, J Ogden, FL DeBarry, PA Maidment, DR TI GIS and distributed watershed models. 1: Data coverages and sources SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS; CHANNEL NETWORKS; DRAINAGE NETWORK; RAINFALL; EXTRACTION; AREAS; FLOW; REPRESENTATION; REFLECTIVITY; TOPOGRAPHY AB The increasing proliferation of spatial data, geographic information systems (GIs), and models for hydrologic applications provide many new investigation opportunities but also present a number of challenges for the uninitiated water resources practitioner. This two-part paper is intended for the practicing engineer who wants to expand into the arena of spatial data and distributed watershed modeling. It provides an integrated overview of the multiple facets of data-GIS-modeling issues and a source of background information for selection and application of GIS in watershed modeling. This first paper addresses selected spatial data issues, data structures and projections, data sources, and information on data resolution and uncertainties. Spatial data that are covered include digital elevation data, stream and drainage data, soil data, digital orthophoto data, remotely sensed data, and radar precipitation data. The focus is on data and issues that are common to many data-GIS-modeling applications. The second paper presents issues on and examples of GIs and hydrologic models and provides recommendations with respect to organization and implementation of the integrated use of spatial data, GIS, and distributed watershed models. C1 USDA ARS, SPA, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. Univ Connecticut, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. Borton Lawson Engn, Wilkes Barre, PA 18702 USA. Univ Texas, Ctr Res Water Resour, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Storm Water Mgmt & River Stream Hydr Sect, Wilkes Barre, PA 18702 USA. RP Garbrecht, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, SPA, Grazinglands Res Lab, 7207 W Cheyenne St, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. RI Namikawa, Laercio/C-5559-2013 OI Namikawa, Laercio/0000-0001-7847-1804 NR 79 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 5 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1084-0699 J9 J HYDROL ENG JI J. Hydrol. Eng. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 6 IS 6 BP 506 EP 514 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2001)6:6(506) PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 485MA UT WOS:000171757100007 ER PT J AU Ogden, FL Garbrecht, J DeBarry, PA Johnson, LE AF Ogden, FL Garbrecht, J DeBarry, PA Johnson, LE TI GIS and distributed watershed models. II: Modules, interfaces and models SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION-SYSTEMS; CALIBRATION; QUALITY; RUNOFF AB This paper presents representative applications and models that can take advantage of spatially distributed data in a geographic information system (GIS) format for watershed analysis and hydrologic modeling purposes. The intention is to inform hydrologic engineers about the current capabilities of GIS, hydrologic analysis modules, and distributed hydrologic models, and to provide an initial guide on implementing GIS for hydrologic modeling. This paper also discusses key implementation issues for individuals and organizations that are considering making the transition to the use of GIS in hydrology. Widespread use of GIS modules and distributed watershed models is inevitable. The controlling factors are data availability, GIS-module development, fundamental research on the applicability of distributed hydrologic models, and finally, regulatory acceptance of the new tools and methodologies. GIS modules and distributed hydrologic models will enable the progression of hydrology from a field dominated by techniques that require spatial averaging and empiricism to a more spatially descriptive science. C1 Borton Lawson Engn, Wilkes Barre, PA 18702 USA. USDA ARS, SPA, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. Univ Connecticut, Dept Civil & Environm Engn U 37, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. Storm Water Mgmt & River Stream Hydr Sect, Wilkes Barre, PA 18702 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Engn, Denver, CO 80217 USA. RP Ogden, FL (reprint author), Borton Lawson Engn, Wilkes Barre, PA 18702 USA. NR 65 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 6 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1084-0699 J9 J HYDROL ENG JI J. Hydrol. Eng. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 6 IS 6 BP 515 EP 523 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2001)6:6(515) PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 485MA UT WOS:000171757100008 ER PT J AU Hanson, CL AF Hanson, CL TI Clear-sky albedo measured at seven rangeland sites in southwest Idaho SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB As a component of the energy budget, albedo is used in the calculation of evapotranspiration in many natural resource and hydrologic models. There are few measurements of albedo over sagebrush-dominated rangelands, so albedo was measured at seven sites on the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed in southwest Idaho during 1989-1993. For all sites, the average albedo measured during midday under clear skies was 0.14 during the growing season. Albedo varied from a low of 0.11 during June at the Mountain big sagebrush site to a high of 0.17 at the low-elevation Wyoming big sagebrush site. Albedo varied little between about 2 h after sunrise and 2 h before sunset. C1 USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RP Hanson, CL (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, 800 Pk Blvd,Ste 105, Boise, ID 83712 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1084-0699 J9 J HYDROL ENG JI J. Hydrol. Eng. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 6 IS 6 BP 532 EP 534 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2001)6:6(532) PG 3 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 485MA UT WOS:000171757100010 ER PT J AU Slama, K Neven, L AF Slama, K Neven, L TI Active regulation of respiration and circulation in pupae of the codling moth (Cydia pomonella) SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE anterograde heartbeat; retrograde heartbeat; heartbeat reversal; cardiac pulsations; extracardiac pulsations; continuous respiration; tracheal ventilation ID ACCESSORY PULSATILE ORGANS; GAS-EXCHANGE; LEPIDOPTERA; INSECTS; TORTRICIDAE AB Regulation of autonomic physiological functions has been investigated by means of multisensor electronic methods, including electrocardiographic recording of heartbeat, strain-gauge recording of extracardiac hemocoelic pulsations (EHPs), anemometric recording of air passage through spiracles and respirographic recording of O-2 consumption and CO2 output. Pupae of Cydia exhibit continuous respiration without remarkable bursts of CO2. The dorsal vessel of these pupae exhibited regular heartbeat reversals characterized by shorter intervals of faster (forward oriented or anterograde) pulsations and longer intervals of slower (backward oriented or retrograde) peristaltic waves. The periodically repeated EHPs were present during the whole pupal interecdysial period. The internal physiological mechanisms regulating the cardiac (heartbeat) and extracardiac (EHP) pulsations were completely independent for most of the pupal instar. Simultaneous multisensor analysis revealed that the anterograde heartbeat of the dorsal vessel had similar but not identical frequency with EHPs. During advanced pharate adult development, frequency of cardiac and extracardiac pulsation periods profoundly increased until almost uninterrupted pulsation activity towards adult eclosion. At this time, the cardiac and extracardiac pulsations occasionally performed in concert, which enhanced considerably the efficacy of hemolymph circulation in pharate adults with high metabolic rates. The fastest hemolymph flow through the main body cavity was always associated with EHPs and with anterograde heartbeat. Simple physical diffusion of O-2 and CO2 through spiracles (diffusion theory of insect respiration) does not play a significant role in pupal respiration. Instead, several kinds of regulated, mechanical ventilations of the tracheal system, including EHPs are responsible for effective tracheal ventilation. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Entomol, Prague 16100 6, Czech Republic. USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Slama, K (reprint author), Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Entomol, Drnovska 507, Prague 16100 6, Czech Republic. NR 31 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-1910 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 47 IS 11 BP 1321 EP 1336 DI 10.1016/S0022-1910(01)00122-6 PG 16 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA 491ZQ UT WOS:000172140900013 ER PT J AU Evans, JD AF Evans, JD TI Genetic evidence for coinfection of honey bees by acute bee paralysis and Kashmir bee viruses SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Apis mellifera; acute bee paralysis virus; Kashmir bee virus; coinfection; nucleotide sequence; picorna-like virus ID APIS-MELLIFERA L; PARASITIC MITE SYNDROME; PICORNA-LIKE VIRUS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; VARROA-JACOBSONI; SCIENTIFIC NOTE; INAPPARENT INFECTION; SACBROOD VIRUS; COLONIES; PCR AB Nucleotide sequence analyses were used to identify acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV) and Kashmir bee virus (KBV) isolated from a single honey bee colony. Most of the bees in this colony carried YBV. Some individual bees also carried ABPV, a coexistence not yet seen between these two viruses. Implications of coinfection on viral efficacy are discussed, along with a restriction enzyme assay that can be used to discriminate between these two widespread viruses. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 USDA ARS, Bee Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Evans, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Bee Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Evans, Jay/C-8408-2012 OI Evans, Jay/0000-0002-0036-4651 NR 28 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 78 IS 4 BP 189 EP 193 DI 10.1006/jipa.2001.5066 PG 5 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 547QM UT WOS:000175343300001 PM 12009798 ER PT J AU Lastra, CCL Gibson, DM Hajek, AE AF Lastra, CCL Gibson, DM Hajek, AE TI Survival and differential development of Entomophaga maimaiga and Entomophaga aulicae (Zygomycetes : Entomophthorales) in Lymantria dispar hemolymph SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Entomophaga aulicae; Entomophaga maimaiga; entomopathogens; fungi; insects; fungistatic activity; immunity; Lymantria dispar; Entomophthorales ID GYPSY-MOTH; ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGUS; GALLERIA-MELLONELLA; BEAUVERIA-BASSIANA; SPODOPTERA-EXIGUA; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; INSECT IMMUNITY; DROSOPHILA; PEPTIDE; DEFENSE AB The closely related entomoplithoralean fungi Entomophaga aulicae and E. maimaiga are both host-specific pathogens of lepidopteran larvae. However, these fungi do not have the same host range. The first objective of this study was to compare the fate of E. aulicae in the nonpermissive host Lymantria dispar with the fate of the successful pathogen E. maimaiga over the same time period. In the hemolymph of L. dispar injected with E. maimaiga protoplasts, the number of hemocytes demonstrated a decreasing trend after the first day postinjection and hemocytes completely disappeared by day 5, with the majority of larvae dying in 5.6 +/- 0.1 days. In L. dispar larvae, E. maimaiga infections developed successfully, evidenced by increasing numbers of protoplasts and hyphal bodies prior to host mortality. In contrast, at day 5 hemocytes were readily visible in hemolymph of E. aulicae-injected larvae, but E. aulicae cells did not increase in numbers, although persisting in the hemolymph for at least 16 days postinjection. For both fungal species, when hemolymph samples from injected insects were introduced to culture media viable fungal cultures were always produced. Both E. aulicae and E. maimaiga occurred in hemolymph initially after injection as protoplasts. For E. maimaiga, after day 3, <50% of fungal cells were hyphal bodies until insect death when most cells regenerated cell walls. For E. aulicae, from day 2 equal numbers of fungal cells in the hemolymph occurred as protoplasts and hyphal bodies. To investigate the cause of fungistasis in E. aulicae-injected larvae, E. aulicae cell cultures exposed to partially purified protein fractions from hemolymph of larvae infected with either fungus displayed increased lysis and decreased viability at lower concentrations of protein fractions compared with E. maimaiga cell cultures. These studies demonstrate that E. aulicae does not increase in L. dispar hemolymph, although it persists and results suggest that protein-aceous factors induced within the hemolymph may limit the capacity of E. aulicae to develop successful infections. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Entomol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Protect Res Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. CEPAVE, RA-1900 La Plata, Argentina. RP Lastra, CCL (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Entomol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 78 IS 4 BP 201 EP 209 DI 10.1006/jipa.2001.5069 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 547QM UT WOS:000175343300003 ER PT J AU Bruck, DJ Lewis, LC Gunnarson, RD AF Bruck, DJ Lewis, LC Gunnarson, RD TI Interaction of Nosema pyrausta and temperature on Ostrinia nubilalis egg production and hatch SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Nosema pyrausta; Ostrinia nubilalis; temperature; environment ID EUROPEAN CORN-BORER; LEPIDOPTERA; PYRALIDAE; CORNFIELD AB Nosema pyrausta is an obligate pathogen causing reduced fecundity and longevity of Ostrinia nubilalis. This study was conducted to determine the combined effects of N. pyrausta infection and temperature on O. nubilalis egg production and hatch. N. pyrausta-infected and noninfected O. nubilalis were maintained in two different temperature regimes. The first regime allowed females to oviposit under optimum conditions (27degreesC, 65% RH, 16:8 (L:D)), while females in the second regime were held initially under the same humidity and light conditions, but a constant temperature of 16degreesC for 1 week after which they were transferred to optimum ovipositional conditions. Studies were performed initially with O. nubilalis populations and later with individual mating pairs. In studies with O. nubilalis populations, the mean number of eggs laid per female under optimum conditions was 660, while N. pyrausta-infected females held initially at 16degreesC laid 116 eggs per female. In studies with individual mating pairs, N. pyrausta infection reduced egg production per female 53 and 11% in the 16 and 27degreesC temperature regimes, respectively, compared to noninfected females under optimum conditions. Exposure to 16degreesC temperatures early in the ovipositional period had a more profound impact on reducing egg production in N. pyrausta-infected than noninfected O. nubilalis. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Bruck, DJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, 3420 NW Orchard Ave, Corvallis, OR 97361 USA. NR 18 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 78 IS 4 BP 210 EP 214 DI 10.1006/jipa.2001.5062 PG 5 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 547QM UT WOS:000175343300004 PM 12009801 ER PT J AU Hunter, WB Patte, CP Sinisterra, XH Achor, DS Funk, CJ Polston, JE AF Hunter, WB Patte, CP Sinisterra, XH Achor, DS Funk, CJ Polston, JE TI Discovering new insect viruses: Whitefly iridovirus (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae : Bemisia tabaci) SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bemisia; biological insecticide; Hemiptera; Homoptera; iridovirus; lacewings; leafhoppers; pathogen; virus; whitefly ID MAJOR CAPSID PROTEIN; LEAF CURL VIRUS; IRIDESCENT VIRUS; CELL-LINE; GENE; GEMINIVIRUSES; TOMATO; IDENTIFICATION; PARTICLES AB Adult whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), collected from the field were screened for viral pathogens using a cell line from the silverleaf whitefly, B. tabaci, B biotype (syn. B. argentifolii). Homogenates from the field-collected whiteflies were applied to cell cultures and checked for cytopathic effects (CPE). Cells were observed to develop cytoplasmic inclusions and to have a change in morphology. Cells displaying CPE were observed using a transmission electron microscope and found to be infected with a virus. The virus particles had an icosahedral shape and an approximate size of 120-130 nm. The virus was observed in defined areas of the cytoplasm adjacent to the cell nucleus. Analysis using polymerase chain reaction, Southern blot hybridization, and DNA sequencing confirmed that the virus discovered infecting the whitefly cell cultures was an iridovirus. Sequence analysis showed that the amplimer (893 bp) had a 95% homology to the invertebrate iridescent virus type 6 major capsid protein gene. Discovery of new viruses of whiteflies may provide renewed interest in using pathogens in the development of innovative management strategies. This is the first report of an iridescent virus isolated from whiteflies, B. tabaci, collected from the field. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. Univ Florida, Inst Food & Agr Sci, Gulf Coast Res & Educ Ctr, Bradenton, FL 34203 USA. Univ Florida, Inst Food & Agr Sci, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Hunter, WB (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, 2001 S Rock Rd, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. OI Funk, Cornelius/0000-0002-7646-7374 NR 31 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 78 IS 4 BP 220 EP 225 DI 10.1006/jipa.2001.5060 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 547QM UT WOS:000175343300006 PM 12009803 ER PT J AU Siegel, JP Lacey, LA Vossbrinck, CR AF Siegel, JP Lacey, LA Vossbrinck, CR TI Impact of a North American isolate of the microsporidiurn Nosema carpocapsae on a laboratory population of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Nosema carpocapsae; Cydia pomonella; codling moth; microsporidia; phylogeny ID CENTRAL ILLINOIS; PYRAUSTA AB Nosema carpocapsae is a microsporidian pathogen of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella. We report the occurrence of this pathogen in a colony originating from collections made in the United States. This is the first record of N. carpocapsae infecting North American codling moths. This North American isolate of N. carpocapsae was indistinguishable from isolates received from New Zealand and Bulgaria, based on small subunit ribosomal RNA sequencing, but was more virulent than the previously described New Zealand isolate. In the laboratory, infected larvae and pupae had increased mortality compared to their uninfected counterparts and developmental time increased by 1 week. There was no effect on female fecundity. Within a cohort of eggs laid by infected females, neonates that emerged first were more likely to be uninfected. We established an uninfected colony by interrupting horizontal transmission and only utilizing the larvae that emerged from the first-laid eggs. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 USDA ARS, San Joaquin Valley Agr Sci Ctr, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. Connecticut Agr Expt Stn, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. RP Siegel, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, San Joaquin Valley Agr Sci Ctr, 9611 S Riverbend Ave, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 78 IS 4 BP 244 EP 250 DI 10.1006/jipa.2001.5071 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 547QM UT WOS:000175343300009 PM 12009806 ER PT J AU Matthan, NR Cianflone, K Lichtenstein, AH Ausman, LM Jauhiainen, M Jones, PJH AF Matthan, NR Cianflone, K Lichtenstein, AH Ausman, LM Jauhiainen, M Jones, PJH TI Hydrogenated fat consumption affects acylation-stimulating protein levels and cholesterol esterification rates in moderately hypercholesterolemic women SO JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE CETP; dietary fat; HDL cholesterol; hydrogenation; LDL cholesterol; trans fatty acids; triglyceride metabolism ID DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; PLASMA-LIPIDS; ACYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY; DEUTERATED WATER; ELAIDIC ACID; SERUM-LIPIDS; OLEIC-ACID; CORN-OIL; HUMANS; CIS AB To determine whether hydrogenated fat consumption alters triglyceride metabolism and cholesterol esterification rates, 14 women (65-71 years of age) were provided with each of four diets for 5-week periods according to a randomized cross-over design. The experimental diets contained either soybean oil (SO), low trans squeeze (SQM), medium trans tub (TM), or high trans stick (SM) margarines. Triglyceride uptake by adipose tissue was determined by measuring plasma acylation-stimulating protein (ASP), FFA, glucose, and insulin levels, while rates of transfer and esterification rate of newly synthesized cholesterol (ER) were derived by using plasma CETP levels and the deuterium incorporation methodology. Plasma ASP levels were lowest (P < 0.05) in subjects on the SM diet (33.4 +/- 12.7 nM) compared with the SO (48.7 +/- 17.0 nM) and SQM (50.7 +/- 15.7 nM) diets. Conversely, FFA were highest (P < 0.05) on the SM diet (0.86 +/- 0.45 mM) relative to all the other diets. No differences were observed in plasma glucose and insulin levels among diets. A trend toward higher CETP levels after consumption of the SM diet was observed. However, the ER was lowest (P < 0.05) after the SM (0.111 +/- 0.062 g.day(-1)) diet and highest after consumption of the SQM (0.216 +/- 0.123 g.day(-1)) diet. In addition, ASP levels were negatively correlated with FFA (r = -0.63, P < 0.05), LDL cholesterol (r = -0.56, P < 0.05), and TG (r = -0.41, P < 0.05), whereas FFA was positively correlated with apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins (r = 0.58 and 0.47, for VLDL and LDL cholesterol, P < 0.05), and negatively correlated with HDL cholesterol (r = -0.51, P < 0.05). The ER was found to positively correlate with HDL cholesterol and HDL2 subfraction (r = 0.53 and 0.45, respectively, P < 0.05). Taken together, these data demonstrate that the alterations in circulating lipid levels, commonly observed with consumption of hydrogenated fat-rich diets, can be explained in part by changes in ASP activity as well as newly synthesized cholesterol ER. C1 Tufts Univ, Cardiovasc Nutr Lab, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. McGill Univ, Sch Dietet & Human Nutr, Quebec City, PQ, Canada. McGill Univ, Royal Victoria Hosp, Mike Rosenbloom Lab Cardiovasc Dis, Quebec City, PQ, Canada. Natl Publ Hlth Inst, Dept Biochem, Helsinki, Finland. RP Matthan, NR (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Cardiovasc Nutr Lab, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-54727] NR 44 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPID RESEARCH INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0022-2275 J9 J LIPID RES JI J. Lipid Res. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 42 IS 11 BP 1841 EP 1848 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 498NQ UT WOS:000172517900013 PM 11714853 ER PT J AU Sidle, JG Johnson, DH Euliss, BR AF Sidle, JG Johnson, DH Euliss, BR TI Estimated areal extent of colonies of black-tailed prairie dogs in the northern Great Plains SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE aerial survey; black-tailed prairie dog; colony abundance; Cynomys ludovicianus; Nebraska; North Dakota; northern Great Plains; South Dakota; Wyoming AB During 1997-1998, we undertook an aerial survey, with an aerial line-intercept technique, to estimate the extent of colonies of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) in the northern Great Plains states of Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming. We stratified the survey based on knowledge of colony locations, computed 2 types of estimates for each stratum, and combined ratio estimates for high-density strata with average density estimates for low-density strata. Estimates of colony areas for black-tailed prairie dogs were derived from the average percentages of lines intercepting prairie dog colonies and ratio estimators. We selected the best estimator based on the correlation between length of transect line and length of intercepted colonies. Active colonies of black-tailed prairie dogs occupied 2,377.8 km(2) +/- 186.4 SE, whereas inactive colonies occupied 560.4 +/- 89.2 km(2). These data represent the Ist quantitative assessment of black-tailed prairie dog colonies in the northern Great Plains. The survey dispels popular notions that millions of hectares of colonies of black-tailed prairie dogs exist in the northern Great Plains and can form the basis for future survey efforts. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Great Plains Natl Grasslands, Chadron, NE 69337 USA. US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Sidle, JG (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Great Plains Natl Grasslands, 125 N Main St, Chadron, NE 69337 USA. NR 58 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 82 IS 4 BP 928 EP 936 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2001)082<0928:EAEOCO>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 496GH UT WOS:000172387500005 ER PT J AU Klun, JA Schmidt, WF Debboun, M AF Klun, JA Schmidt, WF Debboun, M TI Stereochemical effects in an insect repellent SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aedes aeqypti; structure activity relationship; chirality; repellent; nuclear magnetic resonance ID FIELD-EVALUATION; LABORATORY EVALUATION; ARTHROPOD REPELLENTS; DIPTERA; SIMULIIDAE; CULICIDAE; EPHEDRINE; DEET AB Racemic 1-[3-cyclohexen-1-ylcarbonyl]-2-methylpiperidine repels blood-feeding arthropods such as mosquitoes, chiggers, and ticks. The compound contains two asymmetric carbon atoms and the racemate consists of four stereoisomers. Quantitative mosquito bioassays using Aedes aegypti (L.) showed that (1S,2'S) and (1R,2'S) configurations were 2.8-3.1 and 1.6-1.8 times more effective, respectively, than the other two stereoisomers in reducing mosquito bites. (1S,2'S) was 2.5 more repellent than the racemate. Biological data show that an interaction of the (2'S)-2-methylpiperidine configuration with a repellent receptor system in A. aegypti is apparently important to repellent activity. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and molecular mechanics calculations for the stereoisomers provided insight into the conformation of the (2'S)-group. Results indicate that enhanced repellent effects can be realized through formulation of the most active stereoisomers of the compound. C1 USDA ARS, BARC W, PSI, Chem Affecting Insect Behav Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, NRI, Environm Chem Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Dept Entomol, Div Communicable Dis & Immunol, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Klun, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, BARC W, PSI, Chem Affecting Insect Behav Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 22 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 38 IS 6 BP 809 EP 812 PG 4 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 493EU UT WOS:000172209700008 PM 11761378 ER PT J AU Mendez, W Liria, J Navarro, JC Garcia, CZ Freier, JE Salas, R Weaver, SC Barrera, R AF Mendez, W Liria, J Navarro, JC Garcia, CZ Freier, JE Salas, R Weaver, SC Barrera, R TI Spatial dispersion of adult mosquitoes (Diptera : Culicidae) in a sylvatic focus of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Culicidae; dispersion; habitats; virus transport; Venezuelan equine encephalitis ID SOUTH-EASTERN BRAZIL; CULEX MELANOCONION; VECTOR COMPETENCE; RIBEIRA VALLEY; SAO-PAULO; PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; ANTHROPIC ENVIRONMENT; FEEDING PREFERENCES; SPISSIPES SECTION; ENZOOTIC STRAINS AB We studied the spatial localization of mosquitoes in a sylvatic focus of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in western Venezuela to identify mosquito species potentially involved in the hypothesized transport of viruses out of enzootic foci. The following criteria were used to identify species with potential for virus export: (1) common in the forest and surrounding area, (2) feeding on a wide range of vertebrates; (3) long dispersal capabilities, and (4) established vectorial competence for enzootic or epizootic VEE viruses. CDC traps baited with light/CO2 were operated for four and 12-h intervals to collect mosquitoes at four stations along two forest/open area transects from September to November 1997. We collected 60,444 mosquitoes belonging to 11 genera and 34 species. The most common species were Aedes serratus (Theobald), Ae. scapularis (Rondani), Ae. fulvus (Wiedmann), Culex nigripalpus Theobald, Cc. (Culex) "sp ", Cx. mollis Dyar & Knab, Cr, spissipes (Theobald), Cx. pedroi Sirivanakarn and Belkin, Psorophora ferox (Humboldt), Ps. albipes (Theobald), and Ps. cingulata (F.). Very few mosquitoes were captured during the day in the open area outside the forest, suggesting that any virus export from the forest may occur at night. The following mosquitoes seemed to be mostly restricted to the forest habitat: Ae. serratus, Ps. ferox, Ps. albipes, sabethines, Cx. spissipes, Cx. pedroi, Cx. durum Dyar, and Ae. fulvus. The main species implicated in potential virus export were Cx. nigripalpus, Ae. scapularis, and Mansonia titillans (Walker). C1 Cent Univ Venezuela, Inst Zool Trop, Caracas 1041A, Venezuela. Cent Univ Venezuela, Inst Zool Trop, Caracas 1041A, Venezuela. USDA, Ctr Anim Dis Informat & Anal, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Inst Nacl Higiene, Caracas, Venezuela. Univ Texas, Med Branch, Ctr Trop Dis, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. RP Barrera, R (reprint author), Cent Univ Venezuela, Inst Zool Trop, Caracas 1041A, Venezuela. EM rbarrera@strix.ciens.ucv.ve RI Weaver, Scott/D-6490-2011; OI Liria, Jonathan/0000-0003-1611-8364; Navarro, Juan-Carlos/0000-0002-7692-4248 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI39800] NR 47 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-2585 EI 1938-2928 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 38 IS 6 BP 813 EP 821 PG 9 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 493EU UT WOS:000172209700009 PM 11761379 ER PT J AU Lee, ST Stegelmeier, BL Gardner, DR Vogel, KP AF Lee, ST Stegelmeier, BL Gardner, DR Vogel, KP TI The isolation and identification of steroidal sapogenins in switchgrass SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL TOXINS LA English DT Article ID PANICUM-DICHOTOMIFLORUM; BILE CRYSTALS; SHEEP; PHOTOSENSITIZATION; EPISMILAGENIN; KLEINGRASS; LAMBS AB Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) has been reported to be hepatotoxic, causing photosensitization in lambs and horses. In this study we show the presence of steroidal saponins in two samples of switchgrass that has been implicated in the poisonings of sheep and horses. After hydrolysis of the saponins, diosgenin was determined to be the major sapogenin in both switchgrass samples. We also confirmed the presence of diosgenin in kleingrass after hydrolysis of saponins extracted from it. C1 ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, USDA, Logan, UT 84341 USA. ARS, Wheat Sorghum & Forage Res Unit, USDA, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Lee, ST (reprint author), ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, USDA, 1150 E 1400 N, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 23 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 6 PU ALAKEN, INC PI FT COLLINS PA 305 W MAGNOLIA ST, STE 196, FT COLLINS, CO 80521 USA SN 1058-8108 J9 J NAT TOXINS JI J. Nat. Toxins PD NOV PY 2001 VL 10 IS 4 BP 273 EP 281 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Toxicology GA 485YG UT WOS:000171790600001 PM 11695816 ER PT J AU Variyam, JN Shim, Y Blaylock, J AF Variyam, JN Shim, Y Blaylock, J TI Consumer misperceptions of diet quality SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION LA English DT Article AB Objective: This study compares consumers' self-perceived diet quality with calculated diet quality to assess the degree of consumer misperception regarding one's own diet quality and to identify factors associated With Such misperception. Design: The perceived diet quality was measured by consumers' self-perception of the overall healthfulness of their diet. The calculated diet quality was measured by the Healthy Eating Index, a 10-component indicator of overall diet quality developed from 3 consecutive days of 1-day 24-hour dietary recall and 2-day diet record. Subjects/Settiings: Measures of perceived and calculated diet quality were obtained for a sample of 2862 household meal planners/preparers from the 1989-90 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals and the Diet and Health Knowledge Survey. Outcome: Dietary misperception was assessed by classifying respondents based on categories of perceived and calculated diet quality into three groups: optimists, realists, and pessimists. Statistical Analyses: Bivariate statistical tests and multivariate logistic regression were used for comparing the characteristics of optimists with the other two groups. Results: An estimated 40% of the population of household meal planner/preparers were optimists who perceived the quality of their diets to be better than their calculated diet quality. In multivariate analysis. household size, gender, education,smoking status, perceived health status, importance of nutrition in grocery shopping, and belief about the need for dietary change were found to be significant predictors of being optimistic about diet quality. Nutritionists and health professionals need to be aware of this misperception and alert dietary optimists about their false perceptions of diet quality. C1 Econ Res Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Variyam, JN (reprint author), Econ Res Serv, USDA, 1800 M St NW,Room N4082, Washington, DC 20036 USA. EM jvariyam@ers.usda.gov NR 20 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 9 PU B C DECKER INC PI HAMILTON PA 50 KING STREET EAST, 2ND FLOOR, PO BOX 620, L C D 1, HAMILTON, ONTARIO L8N 3K7, CANADA SN 0022-3182 J9 J NUTR EDUC JI J. Nutr. Educ. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 33 IS 6 BP 314 EP 321 DI 10.1016/S1499-4046(06)60353-9 PG 8 WC Education, Scientific Disciplines; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Education & Educational Research; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 503MC UT WOS:000172801400002 PM 12031169 ER PT J AU Corl, BA Baumgard, LH Dwyer, DA Griinari, JM Phillips, BS Bauman, DE AF Corl, BA Baumgard, LH Dwyer, DA Griinari, JM Phillips, BS Bauman, DE TI The role of Delta(9)-desaturase in the production of cis-9, trans-11 CLA SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Delta(9)-desaturase; trans fatty acid; conjugated linoleic acid; milk fat; sterculic acid; cyclopropene fatty acids ID CONJUGATED LINOLEIC-ACID; FATTY-ACIDS; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; DAIRY-COWS; MILK; COA; BOVINE; GLYCEROLIPIDS; MICROSOMES; INFUSION AB Biomedical studies with animal models have demonstrated that cis-9, traps-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), the predominant isomer found in milk fat from dairy cows, has anticarcinogenic effects. We recently demonstrated endogenous synthesis of cis-9, traps-11 CLA from ruminally derived trans-11 C18:1 by Delta (9)-desaturase in lactating dairy cows. The present study further examined endogenous synthesis of cis 9, trans-11 CLA and quantified its importance by increasing substrate supply using partially hydrogenated vegetable oil (PHVO) as a source of traps-11 C18:1 and blocking endogenous synthesis using sterculic oil (SO) as a source of cyclopropene fatty acids which specifically inhibit Delta (9)-desaturase. Four cows were abomasally infused with 1) control, 2) PHVO, 3) SO, and 4) PHVO+SO in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. With infusion of PHVO, cis-9, trans-11 CLA was increased by 17% in milk fat. Consistent with inhibition of desaturase, SO treatments increased milk fat ratios for the fatty acid pairs effected by Delta (9)-desaturase, C14:0/cis-9 C14: 1, C16:0/cis-9 C16:1. and C18:0/cis-9 Cls:1. The role of endogenous synthesis of CLA was evident from the 60-65% reduction in cis-9, traps-11 CLA which occurred in milk fat with SO treatments. cis-9 C14:1 originates from desaturation of 014:0 by Delta (9)-desaturase and can be used to estimate the extent of SO inhibition of Delta (9)-desaturase. When this correction factor was applied, endogenous synthesis was estimated to account for 78% of the total cis-9, traps-11 CLA in milk fat. Thus, endogenous synthesis was the major source of cis-9, traps-11 CLA in milk fat of lactating cows. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. An rights reserved. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Helsinki, Dept Anim Sci, Helsinki, Finland. ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL USA. RP Bauman, DE (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Anim Sci, 262 Morrison Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Corl, Benjamin/P-3150-2016 OI Corl, Benjamin/0000-0002-6495-3279 NR 35 TC 244 Z9 255 U1 0 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0955-2863 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 12 IS 11 BP 622 EP 630 DI 10.1016/S0955-2863(01)00180-2 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 486XA UT WOS:000171841200002 ER PT J AU During, A Smith, MK Piper, JB Smith, JC AF During, A Smith, MK Piper, JB Smith, JC TI beta-carotene 15,15 '-dioxygenase activity in human tissues and cells: evidence of an iron dependency SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE beta-carotene; cleavage; intestine; liver; desferrioxamine; human ID VITAMIN-A; DIOXYGENASE ACTIVITY; INTESTINAL-MUCOSA; RAT INTESTINE; CACO-2 CELLS; LINE CACO-2; CONVERSION; ENZYME; EXPRESSION; COPPER AB The two objectives of this study were to investigate beta -carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase activity in human tissues and to determine the effect of desferrioxamine on the dioxygenase activity. Two human in vitro models were used: the TC7 clone of the intestinal cell line Caco-2 and small intestinal mucosa preparations. beta -Carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase activity in the small intestinal mucosa was (mean +/- SD) 97.4 +/- 39.8 pmol/h.mg protein for five adults (44-89 y) and 20 pmol/h.mg for an infant (17 months). No activity was detected in adult stomach tissue. We report for the first time the dioxygenase activity in human liver: 62 pmol/h.mg for a normal adult liver and 7 pmol/h.mg for a liver exhibiting gross pathology. The maximum capacity of beta -carotene cleavage in an adult was estimated to be 12 mg/day (one fifth by small intestine and four fifths by liver), assuming an optimal beta -carotene/retinal cleavage ratio of 1:2. The dioxygenase activity was decreased up to 80% with increasing desferrioxamine concentrations in the two in vitro models. Desferrioxamine was characterized as a noncompetitive inhibitor. In TC7 cells, the inhibitory effect of desferrioxamine was reversed by iron addition, suggesting that this effect was related to the ability of desferrioxamine to chelate iron, purported to be an obligate cofactor of the enzyme. In conclusion, these data report the presence of beta -carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase activity in human small intestine and liver and demonstrate that desferrioxamine efficiently inhibits intestinal beta -carotene cleavage in human tissues and cells. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Phytonutrients Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Westchester Cty Med Ctr, Dept Surg, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA. RP During, A (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Phytonutrients Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI During, Alexandrine/I-5405-2015; OI During, Alexandrine/0000-0002-6878-0870 NR 31 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0955-2863 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 12 IS 11 BP 640 EP 647 DI 10.1016/S0955-2863(01)00184-X PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 486XA UT WOS:000171841200004 ER PT J AU Evens, TJ Kirkpatrick, GJ Millie, DF Chapman, DJ Schofield, OME AF Evens, TJ Kirkpatrick, GJ Millie, DF Chapman, DJ Schofield, OME TI Photophysiological responses of the toxic red-tide dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve (Dinophyceae) under natural sunlight SO JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CHLOROPHYLL-A FLUORESCENCE; HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS; PHOTOSYSTEM-II; XANTHOPHYLL-CYCLE; ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; PHYTOPLANKTON PHOTOSYNTHESIS; MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON; ENERGY-DISSIPATION; ELECTRON-TRANSPORT; OZONE DEPLETION AB Because Gymnodinium breve Davis exhibits positive phototaxis and often accumulates at or near the air-water interface, the diurnal, in situ physiological responses of this red-tide toxic dinoflagellate were investigated in both cultured and field populations. Cultures were incubated outdoors in temperature-controlled waterbaths, and allowed to acclimate to attenuated (i.e. without UV) natural irradiance. Five-liter aliquots of these photoacclimated cultures were placed in cubitainers fitted with either a quartz window or a quartz window covered with acetate [providing exposure to photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) + UV or PAR-only, respectively], incubated in Sarasota Bay, Florida (USA), and then assessed for diurnal variations in in vivo fluorescence and in vitro pigmentation, lipid, carbohydrate and protein contents over three sinusoidal photoperiods in weather varying from overcast to partly cloudy to extremely sunny. In addition, surface, field populations were assessed for diurnal variations in in vivo fluorescence and in vitro pigmentation over two sinusoidal photoperiods in extremely sunny weather. The maximum quantum yield for stable charge separation at photosystem II (measured by variable fluorescence/maximum fluorescence) exhibited depressions that were roughly symmetrical about solar noon on the overcast and partly cloudy days, but exhibited a pronounced hysteresis on the sunny days for both the cultured and field populations. Induction and relaxation of the xanthophyll cycle over the course of the photoperiod during the partly cloudy and sunny days resulted in stoichiometrically inverse cellular accumulation of the xanthophyll cycle pigments diadinoxanthin and diatoxanthin. Generally, only minor adjustments occurred in the cellular chlorophyll a and fucoxanthin contents. No differences occurred between cultures exposed to PAR-only or PAR + UV treatments in the epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle pigments or in the maximum quantum yield for stable charge separation at photosystem II. Differences in oxygen production rates and other biochemical parameters between cultures exposed to PAR-only or PAR + UV treatments were not directly attributable to UV, indicating that G. breve possesses an inherent UV resistance and a robust photosynthetic capability. C1 ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Mote Marine Lab, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. RP Evens, TJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 69 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 7 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0142-7873 EI 1464-3774 J9 J PLANKTON RES JI J. Plankton Res. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 23 IS 11 BP 1177 EP 1193 DI 10.1093/plankt/23.11.1177 PG 17 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 488QB UT WOS:000171946200001 ER PT J AU Wong, DWS Batt, SB Robertson, GH AF Wong, DWS Batt, SB Robertson, GH TI Characterization of active barley alpha-amylase 1 expressed and secreted by Saccharomyces cerevisiae SO JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE alpha-amylase; barley alpha-amylase; yeast expression ID ALPHA-AMYLASE-1; SEQUENCE; YEAST; MALT; DNA AB Recombinant barley alpha-amylase 1 isozyme was constitutively secreted by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity by ultrafiltration and affinity chromatography. The protein had a correct N-terminal sequence of His-Gln-Val-Leu-Phe-Gln-Gly-Phe-Asn-Trp, indicating that the signal peptide was efficiently processed. The purified alpha-amylase had an enzyme activity of 1.9 mmol maltose/mg protein/min, equivalent to that observed for the native seed enzyme. The k(cat)/K-m was 2.7 x 10(2) mM(-1).s(-1), consistent with those of alpha-amylases from plants and other sources. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Wong, DWS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 18 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0277-8033 J9 J PROTEIN CHEM JI J. Protein Chem. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 20 IS 8 BP 619 EP 623 DI 10.1023/A:1013712101741 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 526ZW UT WOS:000174160400004 PM 11890202 ER PT J AU Ganskopp, D Bohnert, D AF Ganskopp, D Bohnert, D TI Nutritional dynamics of 7 northern Great Basin grasses SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE crude protein; neutral detergent fiber; in vitro organic matter disappearance; Poa sandbergii; Bromus tectorum; Sitanion hystrix; Agropyron spicatum; Festuca idahoensis; Stipa thurberiana; Elymus cinereus ID AGROPYRON-DESERTORUM; FORAGE QUALITY; DEFOLIATION AB Land, livestock, and wildlife managers need to understand the nutritional dynamics of forages to sustain adequate growth and reproduction of their animals and/or assure equitable payment for forages. Despite a long history of livestock grazing in the northern Great Basin, seasonal and annual nutritional dynamics of many of the region's prominent grasses have not been described. We addressed this issue via monthly sampling of 7 cool-season grasses at 6 sites during 1992, a drier than average year having 86% of mean precipitation, and 1993, when above average precipitation (167% of average) occurred. With high yields predicted in 1993 (1,257 kg ha(-1)), the period of adequate forage quality [crude protein (CP) greater than or equal to 7.5%] was 83 days. In addition grasses did not respond to 97 mm. of July-August rain with renewed growth. During 1992, a growing season beginning with less than average moisture, grasses responded to midsummer (49 mm) and fall (69 mm) rains by maintaining greater than 7.5% CP for 185 days. A diversity of grasses expanded the period of adequate forage quality especially during the lower than average moisture year. Giant wildrye (Elymus cinereus Scribn. & Merr.), a deeply rooted grass, supported high quality forage until mid August, but did not respond to late-season moisture. In contrast, shallow rooted grasses like bottlebrush squirreltail (Sitanion hystrix (Nutt.) Smith), Sandberg's bluegrass (Poa sandbergii Vasey), and the winter-annual cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) responded to summer or fall moisture with herbage ranging from 10 to 16% CP, thereby supplying high quality late-season forage. With most precipitation occurring in the northern Great Basin during colder months, livestock or habitat managers can, with a fair degree of certainty, predict yields from their pastures before turnout. With abundant moisture, managers will see the rapid deterioration of forage quality that occurs when grasses advance through their reproductive stages of phenology and generate a wealth of reproductive stems. The quandary arrives, however, when moisture accumulations are less than optimum. Fewer reproductive tillers develop, and our results show that timely precipitation may elevate desirable nutrient characteristics and expand the duration of adequate livestock/wildlife nutrition in the region. More long-term research is needed to decipher the mechanisms governing growth and development of rangeland grasses and to assess risks of various stocking alternatives when managers face uncertain yield and forage quality issues. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Oregon Agr Res Ctr, Burns, OR 97720 USA. Oregon State Univ, EOARC, Burns, OR 97720 USA. RP Ganskopp, D (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Oregon Agr Res Ctr, HC-71 4-51,Hwy 205, Burns, OR 97720 USA. NR 42 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 7 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 54 IS 6 BP 640 EP 647 DI 10.2307/4003664 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 492NK UT WOS:000172174300002 ER PT J AU McInnis, ML McIver, J AF McInnis, ML McIver, J TI Influence of off-stream supplements on streambanks of riparian pastures SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE grazing; greenline; water quality; livestock; off-stream water ID NORTHEASTERN OREGON; LIVESTOCK; IMPACTS; CATTLE; ZONE AB Accelerated erosion of streambanks in grazed riparian pastures is of concern to land managers. We tested the hypothesis that providing cattle free-choice off-stream water and trace mineralized salt would lessen negative impacts of grazing on cover and stability of streambanks compared to pastures lacking these amenities, and may therefore reduce the potential of accelerated erosion. The study was conducted on Milk Creek at the Hall Ranch Unit of the Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center near Union, Ore. Three replications each of 3 grazing treatments were examined: (1) non-grazed control; (2) grazed with supplemental water and trace mineralized salt provided ("supplemented"); and (3) grazed with no supplemental water or salt ("non-supplemented"). Each grazed pasture (approximately 12 ha) was stocked with cow-calf pairs for a mean stocking rate of 0.8 ha per AUM to achieve moderate grazing intensity of approximately 50% utilization of key forages. Pastures were grazed for 42 consecutive days during each of 2 years (1996-1997) beginning mid-July. Estimates of streambank cover ("covered" or "uncovered") and stability ("stable" or "unstable") were taken before (June) and after (September) grazing by examining 0.5 x 0.3 in plots placed on the greenline. Additionally, frequency of cattle hoof prints (number of plots with hoof prints/total number of plots) was measured as an indication of cattle presence in the greenline. Treatment effects were compared using one-way ANOVA. Streambank effects were consistent with observations of cattle distribution, with 26% of the streambank in supplemented pastures showing cattle presence (hoof prints), versus 31% for nonsupplemented pastures. Off-stream water and salt attracted cattle into the uplands enough to significantly (p less than or equal to 0.05) reduce development of uncovered and unstable streambanks from 9% in non-supplemented pastures to 3% in supplemented pastures. An "erosion index" indicated no significant (p < 0.05) difference in potential accelerated streambank erosion between supplemented and non-supplemented pastures. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Rangeland Resources, Agr Program Eastern Oregon Univ, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. US Forest Serv, Forestry & Range Sci Lab, USDA, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. RP McInnis, ML (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Rangeland Resources, Agr Program Eastern Oregon Univ, 1 Univ Blvd, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. NR 32 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 7 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 54 IS 6 BP 648 EP 652 DI 10.2307/4003665 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 492NK UT WOS:000172174300003 ER PT J AU Vogel, KP Masters, RA AF Vogel, KP Masters, RA TI Frequency grid - a simple tool for measuring grassland establishment SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE planting; rangeland; pasture; plant density; seedling counts ID BIG BLUESTEM; HERBICIDES AB Simple, reliable tools are needed by land managers to quantify establishment success when seeding or re-seeding pastures or rangeland. A frequency grid was designed to measure seedling or plant establishment success for a single species, mixtures of species, or single species of a mixture. The frequency grid is a metal frame containing 25 squares (5 x 5) or cells and can be made from concrete reinforcing sheets that have 15 x 15 cm. squares. When used, the frequency grid is either randomly or systematically placed within a seeded area. The number of cells containing 1 or more seeded plants are counted. The grid is then flipped, end-over-end, and the counts are repeated. The process is repeated until a total of 100 cells have been counted per sampling location within a seeded area. Counts can be directly converted into frequency of occurrence or stand percentages by dividing the number of cells that contain a seeded plant by 100. The process can be repeated at several locations within a seeded area to characterize establishment success. Multiplying frequency of occurrence percentages by 0.4 provides a conservative estimate of plant density (plants m(-2)). A single measurement of 100 frequency grid cells can be taken in less than 5 minutes. The frequency grid is inexpensive to make, requires minimal training, permits rapid measurements, and provides a meaningful estimate of plant density. The frequency grid has been used to document herbicide efficacy and seeding rates for use in grassland establishment in the central Great Plains and should be easily adaptable for use in other geographic regions. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE USA. Univ Nebraska, Ctr Grassland Studies, Lincoln, NE USA. RP Vogel, KP (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, 344 Keim Hall,POB 830937, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 10 TC 83 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 54 IS 6 BP 653 EP 655 DI 10.2307/4003666 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 492NK UT WOS:000172174300004 ER PT J AU Haferkamp, MR Heitschmidt, RK Grings, EE MacNeil, MD Karl, MG AF Haferkamp, MR Heitschmidt, RK Grings, EE MacNeil, MD Karl, MG TI Suppression of annual bromes impacts rangeland: Vegetation responses SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Bromus japonicus; pascopyrum smithii; Northern Great Plains; standing crop; forage quality ID NORTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; WESTERN WHEATGRASS; JAPANESE BROME; NITROGEN-FERTILIZATION; SHORTGRASS RANGE; CRUDE PROTEIN; MIXED PRAIRIE; ATRAZINE; YIELD; DYNAMICS AB Presence of invading annual bromes (Bromus spp.) can alter seasonal patterns of forage production and quality and require management changes for efficient use of infested rangelands in the Northern Great Plains. We studied biological impacts of the presence of brome by comparing brome infested rangeland to similar sites in which brome had been suppressed with autumn applications of atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] at 0.56 kg ha(-1) in 1992 and 1993. Each treatment was randomly assigned to three, 12-ha pastures. Vegetation was measured for 5 months (May to September) each year from 1993 to 1995. Each pasture was stocked with 8 crossbred steers (Bos taurus) from mid-May to mid-September 1993 and 1995 and to mid-August 1994. The forage base varied temporally by date and year, but generally was not less than 800 kg ha(-1). Brome suppression increased (P less than or equal to 0.05) crude protein concentration for western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii Rydb. [Love]) in July (7.1 vs. 9.1%) and August (6.0 vs. 7.1%). With the variation in annual brome stands among years, as influenced by growing conditions, this experiment demonstrated that improvement in forage nutritional quality can be expected from suppression of annual bromes on semiarid rangelands. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. RP Haferkamp, MR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. RI MacNeil, Michael/A-6772-2009 NR 38 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 10 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 54 IS 6 BP 656 EP 662 DI 10.2307/4003667 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 492NK UT WOS:000172174300005 ER PT J AU Haferkamp, MR Grings, EE Heitschmidt, RK MacNeil, MD Karl, MG AF Haferkamp, MR Grings, EE Heitschmidt, RK MacNeil, MD Karl, MG TI Suppression of annual bromes impacts rangeland: Animal responses SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Bromus japonicus; Pascopyrum smithii; Northern Great Plains; crude protein yield ID JAPANESE BROME; VEGETATION; NITROGEN; ATRAZINE; CATTLE AB Presence of annual bromes (Bromus spp.), introduced annual weedy grasses, can alter seasonal patterns of forage production and quality and require management changes for efficient use of infested rangelands. We determined biological impacts of the presence of brome by comparing livestock performance on brome infested rangeland to similar sites on which brome had been suppressed by autumn application of atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] at 0.56 kg ha(-1) in 1992 and 1993. Each treatment was randomly assigned to three, 12-ha pastures. Vegetation was measured for 5 months (May to September) each year from 1993 to 1995. Each pasture was stocked with 8 crossbred steers of British breed origin (Bos taurus) from mid-May to mid-September 1993 and 1995 and to mid-August 1994. Initial body weights averaged 329 kg SD = 31 in 1993, 273 kg SD = 14 in 1994, and 272 kg SD = 21 in 1995. Brome suppression and environment influenced plant species in diets, diet quality, and livestock performance. Brome suppression reduced percentage of annual grasses in diets from 14% to 10%. Annual grasses were replaced in the diet by a variety of forb and grass species {western wheatgrass [Pascopyrum smithii Rydb. (Love)], and blue grama [Bouteloua gracilis [H.B.K.] Lag. ex Griffiths]}, with specific replacement depending on year and month. Steer gains were increased from 0.92 to 1.04 +/- 0.02 kg head(-1) day(-1) (P < 0.02) and from 69 to 81 +/- 2.8 kg ha(-1) (P < 0.05) with brome suppression. This experiment demonstrated that improvement in livestock performance can be expected with the suppression of annual bromes on semiarid rangelands. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. RP Haferkamp, MR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. RI MacNeil, Michael/A-6772-2009 NR 22 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 54 IS 6 BP 663 EP 668 DI 10.2307/4003668 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 492NK UT WOS:000172174300006 ER PT J AU Vogel, KP Jensen, KJ AF Vogel, KP Jensen, KJ TI Adaptation of perennial triticeae to the eastern Central Great Plains SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Triticeae; Agropyron; Thinopyrum; Elymus; Leymus; Pascopyum; survival; forage yield ID FORAGE YIELD; GENOME; HYBRIDIZATION; GENOTYPE; QUALITY; POACEAE AB The tribe Triticeae contains over 250 perennial species that are components of grasslands in the temperate and sub-arctic regions of the world and includes some of the world's most valuable forage and rangeland species. Many of these species had not been evaluated previously in the Central Great Plains, USA. A subset of the germplasm of the tribe Triticeae which included over 100 accessions of 55 different species was evaluated in a replicated, space-planted trial in eastern Nebraska during 1994-1996 to determine the survival and forage productivity of the accessions. The evaluated accessions were representative of perennial Triticeae genera and genomes. Perennial grasses of the Triticeae are based on the P, St, H, Ns, E, W, Y genomes and an unknown Xm genome(s). Triticeae that survived and had acceptable forage yields during the period of the trial were the Agropyron's - crested wheatgrasses ( PP and PPPP genomes), Psathyrostachys- Russian wildryes (NsNs genomes), Thinopyron's-intermediate and tall wheatgrasses (EEEEStSt and EEEEEEStSt genomes), some Elymus (StStHH genomes), several Leymus (NsNsXmXm genomes), and Pascopyrum-western wheatgrass (StStHHNsNsXmXm genomes). Several Leymus species had not been evaluated previously in this region but showed considerable potential and merit additional evaluation, including L. chinensis, L. akmolinensi, L. racemosus, L. sabulosus, and L. secalinus. Species with only the H genome (Hordeum) and St genome (Pseudoroegneria) were not adapted to the region because of poor survival or low productivity. The study provides an example of how the rapidly emerging field of genomics can have practical applications to grasslands and rangelands. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE USA. Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Vogel, KP (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, POB 830937,344 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE USA. NR 22 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 54 IS 6 BP 674 EP 679 DI 10.2307/4003670 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 492NK UT WOS:000172174300008 ER PT J AU Roth, SM Ivey, FM Martel, GF Lemmer, JT Hurlbut, DE Siegel, EL Metter, EJ Fleg, JL Fozard, JL Kostek, MC Wernick, DM Hurley, BF AF Roth, SM Ivey, FM Martel, GF Lemmer, JT Hurlbut, DE Siegel, EL Metter, EJ Fleg, JL Fozard, JL Kostek, MC Wernick, DM Hurley, BF TI Muscle size responses to strength training in young and older men and women SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE aging; MRI; muscle mass; resistance training; sarcopenia ID PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; LEG MUSCLE; AGE; HYPERTROPHY; ADAPTATIONS; ACTIVATION; QUALITY; PEOPLE; GENDER; FORCE AB OBJECTIVES: To examine the possible influences of age and gender on muscle volume responses to strength training (ST). DESIGN: Prospective intervention study. SETTING: University of Maryland Exercise Science and Wellness Research Laboratories. PARTICIPANTS: Eight young men (age 20-30 years), six young women (age 20-30 years), nine older men (age 65-75 years), and ten older women (age 65-75 years). INTERVENTION: A 6-month whole-body ST program that exercised all major muscle groups of the upper and lower body 3 days/week. MEASUREMENTS: Thigh and quadriceps muscle volumes and mid-thigh muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging before and after the ST program. RESULTS: Thigh and quadriceps muscle volume increased significantly in all age and gender groups as a result of ST (P < .001), with no significant differences between the groups. Modest correlations were observed between both the change in quadriceps versus the change in total thigh muscle volume (r = 0.65; P < .001) and the change in thigh muscle volume versus the change in mid-thigh CSA (r = 0.76, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that neither age nor gender affects muscle volume response to whole-body ST. Muscle volume, rather than muscle CSA, is recommended for studying muscle mass responses to ST. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Kinesiol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Human Genet, Pittsburgh, PA USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Div Gerontol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Univ Maryland Eastern Shore, Dept Phys Therapy, Princess Anne, MD USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA HNRC Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Baltimore VA Med Ctr, Dept Radiol, Baltimore, MD USA. NIA, Gerontol Res Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA. Florida Gerontol Res & Training Serv, Palm Harbor, FL USA. RP Hurley, BF (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Kinesiol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI Fozard, James Leonard/B-3660-2009; OI Roth, Stephen/0000-0002-7841-3695 FU NIA NIH HHS [AG-00268, AG-05893, AG-42148] NR 26 TC 60 Z9 62 U1 3 U2 15 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0002-8614 J9 J AM GERIATR SOC JI J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 49 IS 11 BP 1428 EP 1433 DI 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.4911233.x PG 6 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 490MF UT WOS:000172055100003 PM 11890579 ER PT J AU Hou, CT Gardner, HW Brown, W AF Hou, CT Gardner, HW Brown, W TI 12,13,16-Trihydroxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic acid, a possible intermediate in the bioconversion of linoleic acid to tetrahydrofuranyl fatty acids by Clavibacter sp ALA2 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Letter ID BIOTRANSFORMATION; COMPOUND C1 ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Hou, CT (reprint author), ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 8 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 78 IS 11 BP 1167 EP 1169 DI 10.1007/s11746-001-0407-8 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 502MT UT WOS:000172747900017 ER PT J AU Dowd, MK Thomas, LM Calhoun, MC AF Dowd, MK Thomas, LM Calhoun, MC TI A correction to the molecular structure of enantiomeric gossypol SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Letter C1 ARS, USDA, SRRC, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Chem, Ames, IA USA. Texas A&M Univ, San Angelo, TX USA. RP Dowd, MK (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SRRC, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 1 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 78 IS 11 BP 1171 EP 1171 DI 10.1007/s11746-001-0408-7 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 502MT UT WOS:000172747900018 ER PT J AU Fennell, A Line, MJ AF Fennell, A Line, MJ TI Identifying differential tissue response in grape (Vitis riparia) during induction of endodormancy using nuclear magnetic resonance imaging SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE MRI; Vitis riparia; dormancy; budbreak ID DORMANT APPLE BUDS; WATER STATUS; FLOWER BUDS; RELEASE; MAINTENANCE; ECODORMANCY; BLUEBERRY AB Physiological and biophysical changes were monitored during shoot maturation and bud endodormancy induction in grape (Vitis riparia Michx.) under controlled environments. Growth, dry weight (DW), periderm development, bud endodormancy, and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T-2 relaxation times were monitored at 2,4, or 6 weeks of long-photoperiod [long day (LD), 15 h, endodormancy inhibition] or short-photoperiod [short day (SD), 8 h, endodormancy induction] treatments at 15/9 h day/night thermoperiod of 25/20 +/- 3 degreesC. Shoots on LD plants grew throughout the entire study period, although the rate of growth decreased slightly during the 6th week. Shoot growth slowed significantly after 2 weeks of SD, was minimal by the 4th week of SD and most of the shoot tip meristems had abscised after 6 weeks of SD. Endodormancy was induced after 4 weeks of SD. DW of the stem and buds increased with increasing duration of LD and SD. While bud DW increased more under SD than LD, stem DW increased more under LD than SD. T-2 relaxation times were calculated from images of transverse sections of the grape node. There was a slight decrease in the T-2 times in the node tissues with increased duration of LD treatment, whereas SD induced a significant decrease in T-2 times during endodormancy induction. T-2 values for the node decreased after 4 weeks of SD, coinciding with endodormancy induction. Separation of node tissues into bud, leaf gap, and the remainder of the stem and analysis of the proportion of short and long T-2 times within those tissues indicated differential tissue response. A greater proportion of short T-2 times were observed in the 2-week SD leaf gap tissue than in the LD and the proportion of short T-2 times continued to increase with subsequent SD treatment. Bud and all other stem tissues had a greater proportion of short T-2 times after 4 weeks of SD, coinciding with bud endodormancy induction. The proportion of short and long T-2 times in a tissue was a better indicator of endodormancy than the averaged T-2 time for the tissue. Thus, MRI allows nondestructive identification of differential tissue response to photoperiod treatments and makes it possible to separate normal vegetative maturation responses from endodormancy induction. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Hort Forestry Landscape & Pk Dept, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Fennell, A (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Hort Forestry Landscape & Pk Dept, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. NR 29 TC 11 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 126 IS 6 BP 681 EP 688 PG 8 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 489KF UT WOS:000171990000011 ER PT J AU Lu, WH Haynes, K Wiley, E Clevidence, B AF Lu, WH Haynes, K Wiley, E Clevidence, B TI Carotenoid content and color in diploid potatoes SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Solanum tuberosum; yellow flesh; neoxanthin; violaxanthin; lutein-5,6-epoxide; lutein; zeaxanthin ID YELLOW-FLESH INTENSITY; X ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS; MACULAR DEGENERATION; SHORT DORMANCY; GRAVITY; POPULATION; CULTIVAR; TUBER; GOLD; INHERITANCE AB The yellow pigment in potato (Solanum L. sp.) tuber flesh is caused by various carotenoids that may protect against cancer, cardiovascular disease, and macular eye degeneration. The objectives of this research were to 1) identify and quantify the carotenoids present in I I diploid clones from a hybrid population of Solanum phureja ssp. phureja Juz. & Bukasov-S. stenotomum ssp. stenotomum Juz. & Bukasov and two tetraploid potato cultivars (the yellow-fleshed 'Yukon Gold' and the white-fleshed 'Superior'), and 2) determine the relationship between tuber yellow intensity and carotenoid content. Yellow intensity was measured by a colorimeter programmed to calculate a yellowness index, YI E-313. Carotenoid analyses were performed on an automated high-performance liquid chromatography system with software for integration and quantitation with detection at 450 urn using a diode array detector. Six major carotenoids were detected: neoxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein-5,6-epoxide, lutein, zeaxanthin, and an unknown carotenoid. Total carotenoid content in the yellow-fleshed diploid clones was 3 to 13 times higher than 'Yukon Gold' and 4 to 22 times higher than 'Superior'. Both total and individual carotenoid contents were positively correlated with tuber yellow intensity. There was an exponential relationship between total carotenoid content and tuber yellow intensity. This suggests that selecting for more intense yellow flesh will result in higher levels of carotenoids. These specific diploid clones were selected for this study because they produced at least five percent 2n pollen; they have the potential to make significant contributions to improving the nutritional status of tetraploid potatoes through 4x-2x hybridizations. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Vegetable Lab, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Phytonutr Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lu, WH (reprint author), NE Agr Univ, Dept Agron, HOme INst, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, Peoples R China. NR 38 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 EI 2327-9788 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 126 IS 6 BP 722 EP 726 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 489KF UT WOS:000171990000016 ER PT J AU Wang, M Farnham, MW Thomas, CE AF Wang, M Farnham, MW Thomas, CE TI Inheritance of true leaf stage downy mildew resistance in broccoli SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Brassica oleracea; Peronospora parasitica; doubled haploids ID PERONOSPORA-PARASITICA; ANTHER CULTURE; BOTRYTIS AB Downy mildew, incited by the biotrophic fungal parasite, Peronospora parasitica (Pers. Fr.) Fr., is one of the most destructive diseases of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L., Italica Group) and other related crop species throughout the world. Cultivation of resistant cultivars is the most desirable control method because it provides a practical, long-term, and environmentally benign means of limiting damage from this disease. The commercial hybrid cultivar, Everest, has been shown previously to contain a high level of downy mildew resistance. Doubled-haploid (DH) lines developed from that hybrid were also shown to exhibit a similar, high level of resistance at the three- to four-leaf stage. To determine the mode of inheritance of this true leaf resistance, the resistant DH line was crossed to a susceptible line (derived from 'Marathon') to produce an F-1 hybrid. Subsequently, F-2 and backcross (BC) populations were developed from the hybrid. In addition, a DH population of approximate to 100 lines was developed from the same F-1 used to create the F-2 and BC. All populations were evaluated for response to artificial inoculation with P. parasitica at the three- to four-leaf stage. F-1 plants were resistant like the resistant parent and F-2 populations segregated approximately nine resistant to seven susceptible. Using the resistant parent as recurrent parent, BC populations contained all resistant plants, while the BC to the susceptible parent fit a I resistant : 3 susceptible segregation ratio. These results can be explained by a model with two complementary dominant genes. This model was confirmed by the DH population that segregated approximate to1:3, resistant to susceptible. Due to the dominant nature of this resistance, controlling genes should be easily incorporated into F-1 hybrids and used commercially to prevent downy mildew. C1 USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. RP Farnham, MW (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, 2875 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 21 TC 12 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 126 IS 6 BP 727 EP 729 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 489KF UT WOS:000171990000017 ER PT J AU Levi, A Thomas, CE Zhang, XP Joobeur, T Dean, RA Wehner, TC Carle, BR AF Levi, A Thomas, CE Zhang, XP Joobeur, T Dean, RA Wehner, TC Carle, BR TI A genetic linkage map for watermelon based on randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Citrullus lanatus; genetic mapping; SCAR; fusarium wilt; RAPD ID LANATUS THUNB MATSUM; FUSARIUM-WILT; AFLP MARKERS; RAPD MARKERS; PLANT; RFLP; SEGREGATION; RESISTANCE; ISOZYME; MAIZE AB A genetic linkage [randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-based] map was constructed for watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum and Nakai] using a BC1 population [PI 296341-fusarium wilt resistant x New Hampshire Midget (fusarium susceptible)] x 'New Hampshire Midget'. The map contains 155 RAPD markers, and a 700-base pair sequenced characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker that corresponds to a fragment produced by the RAPD primer GTAGCACTCC. This marker was reported previously as linked (1.6 cM) to race 1 fusarium wilt resistance in watermelon. The markers segregated to 17 linkage groups. Of these, 10 groups included nine to 19 markers, and seven groups included two to four markers. The map covers a genetic linkage distance of 1295 cM. Nine of the 10 large linkage groups contained segments with low (or no) level of recombination (0 to 2.6 cM) among markers, indicating that the watermelon genome may contain large chromosomal regions that are deficient in recombination events. The map should be useful for identification of markers linked closely to genes that control fruit quality and fusarium wilt (races I and 2) resistance in watermelon. C1 USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. Syngenta Seeds Inc, Woodland, CA 95695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Hort Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Hollar Seeds Inc, Rocky Ford, CO 81067 USA. RP Levi, A (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, 2875 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 54 TC 16 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 126 IS 6 BP 730 EP 737 PG 8 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 489KF UT WOS:000171990000018 ER PT J AU Dierig, DA Tomasi, PM Ray, DT AF Dierig, DA Tomasi, PM Ray, DT TI Inheritance of male sterility in Lesquerella fendleri SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cytoplasmic effects; epistasis; self incompatibility; hybrid seed production; Brassicaceae ID CYTOPLASMIC MALE-STERILITY AB Lesquerella fendleri (Gray) Wats. (lesquerella, Brassicaceae), native to the southwestern United States, is a potentially useful industrial oilseed crop. The seed oil contains hydroxy fatty acids, similar to castor (Ricinus communis L.) seed oil. The unique properties of the oil, along with coproducts, allow additional applications that would not compete with castor oil. Plants with vestigial anthers (male-sterile) were discovered in a greenhouse-grown, nonselected population in 1993. The inheritance of the trait was investigated through four crop seasons. Crosses were made among male-sterile and male-fertile plants from an open pollinated population, thus, they were heterozygous for many traits. Statistical analysis indicated that male sterility is expressed as a result of two nonlinked nuclear genes with epistatic relations and different cytoplasms, which cause partial or total fertility restoration. These ratios fit a 13:3 epistatic ratio, indicating that male sterility is controlled by homozygous recessive alleles at one locus in combination with at least one dominant allele at the second locus, i.e., ms1ms1 Ms2_. Some cross results were skewed in favor of fertile phenotypes presumably due to cytoplasmic effects causing partial fertility restoration. Male-sterile lines could be used for hybrid development and this information will be helpful in implementing a strategy for hybrid development. Hybrid plants and higher yields will enhance the potential for commercialization of this new alternative crop. C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Plant Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Bioresources Res Facil, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Dierig, DA (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, 4331 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 18 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 126 IS 6 BP 738 EP 743 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 489KF UT WOS:000171990000019 ER PT J AU Tworkoski, T Scorza, R AF Tworkoski, T Scorza, R TI Root and shoot characteristics of peach trees with different growth habits SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Prunus persica; root architecture; specific root length; topology; carbon partitioning ID DRY-MATTER DISTRIBUTION; STANDARD; COMPACT AB Shoot and root characteristics of four peach tree [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch (Peach Group)] growth habits (compact, dwarf, pillar, and standard) were studied. In compact trees, leaf number (1350/tree) was twice,but leaf area (6 cm(2)/leaf) was half that of pillar and standard trees. The number of lateral branches in compact trees (34) was nearly three times more than in pillar and standard trees. Leaf area index (total one-side leaf area per tree divided by the canopy cross-sectional area of the tree) of pillar trees was greater than compact, dwarf, and standard trees (13 compared with 4,4, and 3, respectively) due to a narrower crown diameter. Dwarf trees were distinct with few leaves (134/tree) and less than half the roots of the other growth habits. Compact trees produced more higher order lateral (HOL) roots than pillar and standard trees. More second order lateral (SOL) roots were produced by compact than standard trees (1.2 vs. 0.8 SOL roots per centimeter first order lateral root). Pillar trees had higher shoot: root dry weight (DW) ratios (2.4) than compact and standard trees (1.7 for both) due to lower root DWs. Root topology was similar among compact, pillar, and standard peach trees but root axes between branch junctions (links) were significantly longer in compact trees. Compact trees had more and longer HOL roots in roots originating near the root collar (stem-root junction) (i.e., more fibrous roots) and this appeared to correlate with more lateral branches in the canopy. These results indicate significant differences in root as well as shoot architecture among growth habits that can affect their use as scion or rootstock cultivars. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Tworkoski, T (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 20 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 126 IS 6 BP 785 EP 790 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 489KF UT WOS:000171990000026 ER PT J AU Troutt, HF Galland, JC Osburn, BI Brewer, RL Braun, RK Schmitz, JA Sears, P Childers, AB Richey, E Mather, E Gibson, M Murthy, K Hogue, A AF Troutt, HF Galland, JC Osburn, BI Brewer, RL Braun, RK Schmitz, JA Sears, P Childers, AB Richey, E Mather, E Gibson, M Murthy, K Hogue, A TI Prevalence of Salmonella spp in cull (market) dairy cows at slaughter SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID CHOLERAESUIS; CATTLE; SWINE; TRANSMISSION; STATE AB Objective-To determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp in the cecal-colon contents of cull (market) dairy cows at slaughter because of potential public health ramifications. Design-Survey study. Sample Population-Cecal-colon contents collected from 5,087 cull (market) dairy cows at slaughter at 5 slaughter establishments across the United States. Procedure-During 2 periods of the year, winter (January and February) and summer (July through September), 5 cull (market) cow slaughter establishments in the United States-west (WE), southeast (SEE), central (CE), north central (NCE), and south central (SCE)-establishments were visited, and cecal-colon contents of cull dairy cows were obtained at the time of slaughter. Samples were examined by microbiologic culture at a single laboratory for Salmonella spp. Results-Salmonella spp were detected in 23.1% of cecal-colon content samples from cull dairy cows across the 5 slaughter establishments. The highest site prevalence (54.5%) was detected at the WE during the summer period, whereas the lowest was found at the CE during the summer (4.3%) and at the NCE during the winter (4.5%). Considerable variation in the daily prevalence of Salmonella spp was found, particularly at the WE and the SCE. Salmonella spp were isolated from 93% of cecal-colon contents collected on a summer day at the WE. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Results strongly suggest that there is a high prevalence of Salmonella spp in cull dairy cows at slaughter, which could burden Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point programs implemented in slaughter establishments. Procedures to reduce Salmonella load at the dairy farm and during transport to slaughter could reduce the risk of spread during the slaughter process. C1 Univ Illinois, Coll Med, Dept Clin Vet Med, Food Anim Prod Med Consortium, Urbana, IL 61802 USA. Kansas State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Food Anim Hlth & Management Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, OPHS, Aerosp Ctr, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Large Anim Clin Sci, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Vet Biomed Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Large Anim Clin Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Anat & Publ Hlth, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Troutt, HF (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Coll Med, Dept Clin Vet Med, Food Anim Prod Med Consortium, Urbana, IL 61802 USA. NR 19 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 1 PY 2001 VL 219 IS 9 BP 1212 EP 1215 DI 10.2460/javma.2001.219.1212 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 485VM UT WOS:000171776500019 PM 11697362 ER PT J AU Galland, JC Troutt, HF Brewer, RL Osburn, BI Braun, RK Sears, P Schmitz, JA Childers, AB Richey, E Murthy, K Mather, E Gibson, M AF Galland, JC Troutt, HF Brewer, RL Osburn, BI Braun, RK Sears, P Schmitz, JA Childers, AB Richey, E Murthy, K Mather, E Gibson, M TI Diversity of Salmonella serotypes in cull (market) dairy cows at slaughter SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID TYPHIMURIUM DT104; CATTLE AB Objective-To determine the diversity of Salmonella serotypes isolated from a large population of cull (market) dairy cows at slaughter. Design-Cross-sectional study. Sample Population-Salmonella organisms isolated from the cecal-colon contents of 5,087 market dairy cows, Procedure-During winter and summer 1996, cecal-colon contents of cull dairy cows at slaughter were obtained from 5 US slaughter establishments. Specimens were subjected to microbiologic culturing for Salmonella spp at 1 laboratory. Identified isolates were compared with Salmonella isolation lists published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Veterinary Services Laboratory (NVSL) for approximately the same period. The Simpson diversity index was used to calculate the likelihood that Salmonella isolates selected randomly by establishment were different. Results-Of 58 Salmonella serotypes identified, Salmonella ser. Montevideo was the most prevalent. Two of the top 10 CDC serotypes identified from humans in 1996, Salmonella ser. Typhimurium and S Montevideo, appeared on our top 10 list; 8 of the top 10 were found on NVSL listings. Thirty-one of 59 S Typhimurium isolates were identified as DT104 and found at a west slaughter establishment, 30 during the winter and 1 during the summer. The greatest diversity of serotypes was at a southeast establishment during the summer; the least diversity was at a central establishment in the winter. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-58 Salmonella serotypes were isolated from market dairy cows at slaughter and could pose a threat for food-borne illness. Salmonella Montevideo was the most frequently isolated serotype and may contribute substantially to salmonellosis in dairy cattle. C1 Kansas State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Food Anim Hlth & Management Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Univ Illinois, Coll Vet Med, Dept Clin Vet Med, Food Anim Prod Med Consortium, Urbana, IL 61802 USA. USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, OPHS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathol Microbiol & Immunol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Large Anim Clin Sci, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Large Anim Clin Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Vet & Biomed Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Anat & Publ Hlth, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Galland, JC (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Food Anim Hlth & Management Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 23 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 1 PY 2001 VL 219 IS 9 BP 1216 EP 1220 DI 10.2460/javma.2001.219.1216 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 485VM UT WOS:000171776500020 PM 11697363 ER PT J AU Frazier, K Pence, M Mauel, MJ Liggett, A Hines, ME Sangster, L Lehmkuhl, HD Miller, D Styer, E West, J Baldwin, CA AF Frazier, K Pence, M Mauel, MJ Liggett, A Hines, ME Sangster, L Lehmkuhl, HD Miller, D Styer, E West, J Baldwin, CA TI Endometritis in postparturient cattle associated with bovine herpesvirus-4 infection: 15 cases SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID EXPERIMENTAL INOCULATION; TYPE-4; VIRUS; DISORDERS; ABORTION; ISOLATE; BHV-4; COWS AB Suppurative, ulcerative endometritis associated with bovine herpesvirus-4 (BHV-4) infection was identified in 15 postparturient dairy cows from 5 separate dairies. Characteristic eosinophilic to amphophilic intranuclear viral inclusion bodies were identified within degenerate endometrial lining epithelium and endothelial cells. Bovine herpesvirus-4 was confirmed as the etiology by a combination of fluorescent antibody assays, viral isolation, heminested PCR, ultrastructural examination of the uterus and inoculated tissue culture cells, and negative-stain electron microscopy of tissue culture supernatant. Viral particles measuring 70-95 nm were demonstrated in uterine epithelial and endothelial cells by electron microscopy. Bacteria including Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and an alpha -Streptococcus isolate were isolated from all uteri. Bovine herposvirus-4-associated endometritis has been previously reported in sporadic cases in Europe but has not been previously reported in the United States. Endometritis associated with BHV-4 appears to be an emerging syndrome in Georgia dairy herds. C1 Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Tifton Vet Diagnost & Invest Lab, Tifton, GA 31973 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Dept Dairy Sci, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Frazier, K (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Tifton Vet Diagnost & Invest Lab, POB 1389, Tifton, GA 31973 USA. OI Miller, Debra/0000-0002-8544-174X NR 28 TC 39 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 13 IS 6 BP 502 EP 508 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 489MB UT WOS:000171994200008 PM 11724141 ER PT J AU Palmer, MV Whipple, DL Waters, WR AF Palmer, MV Whipple, DL Waters, WR TI Tuberculin skin testing in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID MYCOBACTERIUM-BOVIS AB The comparative cervical skin test for antemortem diagnosis of tuberculosis was done 169 times on 116 different white-tailed deer of known Mycobacterium bovis infection status. The sensitivity and specificity were 97 and 81%, respectively. The magnitude of change in skin thickness at test sites was not significantly influenced by dosage of inoculum, dissemination of the disease process, or repeated skin testing. However, the magnitude of change in skin thickness was significantly greater in deer infected for less than 109 days than in deer infected for more than 109 days. As used in the present study, the comparative cervical skin test is a sensitive method of antemortem diagnosis of M. bovis infection in white-tailed deer. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Palmer, MV (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 10 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 13 IS 6 BP 530 EP 533 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 489MB UT WOS:000171994200014 PM 11724147 ER PT J AU Radi, ZA Kehrli, ME Ackermann, MR AF Radi, ZA Kehrli, ME Ackermann, MR TI Cell adhesion molecules, leukocyte trafficking, and strategies to reduce leukocyte infiltration SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Review DE inflammation; integrins; intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1); neutrophils; selectins ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; SOLUBLE P-SELECTIN; INTERLEUKIN-1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; NONSTEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS; PASTEURELLA-HAEMOLYTICA PNEUMONIA; SYNTHETIC FIBRONECTIN PEPTIDES; ACUTE MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; HUMAN ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; NODE HOMING RECEPTOR AB Leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions are mediated by various cell adhesion molecules. These interactions are important for leukocyte extravasation and trafficking in all domestic animal species. An initial slowing of leukocytes on the vascular endothelium is mediated by selectins. This event is followed by (1) activation of beta (2) integrins after leukocyte exposure to cytokines and proinflammatory mediators, (2) adherence of leukocyte beta (2) integrins to vascular endothelial ligands (eg, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 [ICAM-1]), (3) extravasation of leukocytes into tissues through tight junctions of endothelial cells mediated by platelet and endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1), and (4) perivascular migration through the extracellular matrix via beta (1) integrins. Inhibiting excessive leukocyte egress and subsequent free radical-mediated damage caused by leukocyte components may attenuate or eliminate tissue damage. Several methods have been used to modify leukocyte, infiltration in various animal models. These methods include nonspecific inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators and adhesion molecules by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and glucocorticoids, inhibition of cytokines and cytokine receptors, and inhibition of specific types of cell adhesion molecules, with inhibitors such as peptides and antibodies to beta (2) integrins, and inhibitors of selectins, ICAMs, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). By understanding the cellular and molecular events in leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions, therapeutic strategies are being developed in several animal models and diseases in domestic animal species. Such therapies may have clinical benefit in the future to overcome tissue damage induced by excessive leukocyte infiltration. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Vet Pathol, Coll Vet Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Metab Dis & Immunol Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Ackermann, MR (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Vet Pathol, Coll Vet Med, 2738 Vet Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 225 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE PI LAKEWOOD PA 7175 W JEFFERSON AVE, STE 2125, LAKEWOOD, CO 80235 USA SN 0891-6640 J9 J VET INTERN MED JI J. Vet. Intern. Med. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 15 IS 6 BP 516 EP 529 DI 10.1892/0891-6640(2001)015<0516:CAMLTA>2.3.CO;2 PG 14 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 492NF UT WOS:000172173900003 PM 11817056 ER PT J AU Redinbaugh, MG Louie, R Ngwira, P Edema, R Gordon, DT Bisaro, DM AF Redinbaugh, MG Louie, R Ngwira, P Edema, R Gordon, DT Bisaro, DM TI Transmission of viral RNA and DNA to maize kernels by vascular puncture inoculation SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE maize dwarf mosaic virus; foxtail mosaic virus; maize streak virus; vascular puncture inoculation ID FOXTAIL MOSAIC-VIRUS; STREAK VIRUS; MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; GENOME; GEMINIVIRUS; INFECTIVITY; ISOLATE; FAMILY AB Vascular puncture inoculation (VPI) is an effective technique for transmission of maize viruses without using arthropods or other biological vectors. It involves using a jeweler's engraving tool to push minuten pins through a droplet of virus inoculum, toward the major vascular bundle in the scutellum of germinating kernels. Here, VPI is shown to be useful for introducing RNA and DNA viral genomes into maize. Maize dwarf mosaic potyvirus (MDMV) virions, MDMV genomic RNA, foxtail mosaic potexvirus (FoMV) genomic RNA and maize streak geminivirus (MSV) DNA were introduced into kernels by VPI, and infection rates determined. At high concentrations, both MDMV virion and genomic RNA preparations produced 100% infection of susceptible maize. However, MDMV genomic RNA was transmitted with about 100-fold lower efficiency than virions. FoMV genomic RNA and MSV DNA were transmitted at lower efficiency than the MDMV RNA, and the highest transmission rates were about 50%. Ribonuclease A pretreatment prevented genomic MDMV and FoMV RNA transmission, but not MDMV virion transmission indicating the viral RNA was the infectious entity. Proteinase K (ProK) pretreatment reduced transmission of MDMV RNA suggesting that integrity of the viral genomic protein bound covalently to the viral RNA may be important for efficient transmission. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, USDA ARS, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Plant Pathol, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Mol Genet, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Redinbaugh, MG (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, USDA ARS, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. RI Redinbaugh, Margaret/A-3611-2013 NR 34 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-0934 J9 J VIROL METHODS JI J. Virol. Methods PD NOV PY 2001 VL 98 IS 2 BP 135 EP 143 DI 10.1016/S0166-0934(01)00369-X PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 482LB UT WOS:000171576700005 PM 11576640 ER PT J AU Hall, JS French, R Morris, TJ Stenger, DC AF Hall, JS French, R Morris, TJ Stenger, DC TI Structure and temporal dynamics of populations within wheat streak mosaic virus isolates SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONFORMATION POLYMORPHISM ANALYSIS; SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; RNA VIRUS; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; GENETIC-HETEROGENEITY; MUTATION-RATES; PLANT-VIRUSES; EVOLUTION; DIVERSITY AB Variation within the Type and Sidney 81 strains of wheat streak mosaic virus was assessed by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and confirmed by nucleotide sequencing. Limiting-dilution subisolates (LDSIs) of each strain were evaluated for polymorphism in the P1, P3, NIa, and CP cistrons. Different SSCP patterns among LDSI of a strain were associated with single-nucleotide substitutions. Sidney 81 LDSI-S10 was used as founding inoculum to establish three lineages each in wheat, corn, and barley. The P1, HC-Pro, P3, CI, NIa NIb and CP cistrons of LDSI-S10 and each lineage at passages 1, 3, 6, and 9 were evaluated for polymorphism. By passage 9, each lineage differed in consensus sequence from LDSI-S10. The majority of substitutions occurred within NIa and CP, although at least one change occurred in each cistron except HC-Pro and P3. Most consensus sequence changes among lineages were independent, with substitutions accumulating over time. However, LDSI-S10 bore a variant nucleotide (G(6016)) in NIa that was restored to A(6016) in eight of nine lineages by passage 6. This near-global reversion is most easily explained by selection. Examination of nonconsensus variation revealed a pool of unique substitutions (singletons) that remained constant in frequency during passage, regardless of the host species examined. These results suggest that mutations arising by viral polymerase error are generated at a constant rate but that most newly generated mutants are sequestered in virions and do not serve as replication templates. Thus, a substantial fraction of variation generated is static and has yet to be tested for relative fitness. In contrast, nonsingleton variation increased upon passage, suggesting that some mutants do serve as replication templates and may become established in a population. Replicated mutants may or may not rise to prominence to become the consensus sequence in a lineage, with the fate of any particular mutant subject to selection and stochastic processes such as genetic drift and population growth factors. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Stenger, DC (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, 344 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. OI Hall, Jeffrey/0000-0001-5599-2826 NR 68 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 75 IS 21 BP 10231 EP 10243 DI 10.1128/JVI.75.21.10231-10243.2001 PG 13 WC Virology SC Virology GA 480DZ UT WOS:000171447900022 PM 11581391 ER PT J AU Afonso, CL Tulman, ER Lu, Z Balinsky, CA Moser, BA Becnel, JJ Rock, DL Kutish, GF AF Afonso, CL Tulman, ER Lu, Z Balinsky, CA Moser, BA Becnel, JJ Rock, DL Kutish, GF TI Genome sequence of a baculovirus pathogenic for Culex nigripalpus SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID ENVELOPE FUSION PROTEIN; LYMANTRIA-DISPAR; GENE-EXPRESSION; GRANULOVIRUS GENOME; HELICASE GENE; LATE FACTOR-1; INSECT CELLS; NUCLEIC-ACID; VIRUS; DNA AB In this report we describe the complete genome sequence of a nucleopolyhedrovirus that infects larval stages of the mosquito Culex nigripalpus (CuniNPV). The CuniNPV genome is a circular double-stranded DNA molecule of 108,252 bp and is predicted to contain 109 genes. Although 36 of these genes show homology to genes from other baculoviruses, their orientation and order exhibit little conservation relative to the genomes of lepidopteran baculoviruses. CuniNPV genes homologous to those from other baculoviruses include genes involved in early and late gene expression (lef-4, lef-5, lef-8, lef-9, vtf-1, and p47), DNA replication (lef-1, lef-2, helicase-1, and dna-pol), and structural functions (vp39, vp91, odv-ec27, odv-e56, p6.9, gp41, p74, and vp1054). Auxiliary genes include homologues of genes encoding the p35 antiapoptosis protein and a novel insulin binding-related protein. In contrast to these conserved genes, CuniNPV lacks apparent homologues of baculovirus genes essential (ie-1 and lef-3) or stimulatory (ie-2, lef-7, pe38) for DNA replication. Also, baculovirus genes essential or stimulatory for early-late (ie-1, ie-2), early (ie-0 and pe-38), and late (lef-6, lef-11, and pp31) gene transcription are not identifiable. In addition, CuniNPV lacks homologues of genes involved in the formation of virogenic stroma (pp31), nucleocapsid (orf1629, p87, and p24), envelope of occluded virions (odi-e25, odv-e66, odv-e18), and polyhedra (polyhedrin/granulin, p10, pp34, and fp25k). A homologue of gp64, a budded virus envelope fusion protein, was also absent, although a gene related to the other category of baculovirus budded virus envelope proteins, Ld130, was present. The absence of homologues of occlusion-derived virion (ODV) envelope proteins and occlusion body (OB) protein (polyhedrin) suggests that both CuniNPV ODV and OB may be structurally and compositionally different from those found in terrestrial lepidopteran hosts. The striking difference in genome organization, the low level of conservation of homologous genes, and the lack of many genes conserved in other baculoviruses suggest a large evolutionary distance between CuniNPV and lepidopteran baculoviruses. C1 USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. EM cafonso@piadc.ars.usda.gov NR 76 TC 123 Z9 138 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X EI 1098-5514 J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 75 IS 22 BP 11157 EP 11165 DI 10.1128/JVI.75.22.11157-11165.2001 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA 483TV UT WOS:000171652700058 PM 11602755 ER PT J AU Huszar, EJ Netusil, NR Shaw, WD AF Huszar, EJ Netusil, NR Shaw, WD TI Contingent valuation of some externalities from mine dewatering SO JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT-ASCE LA English DT Article ID MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION; BOUNDED LOGIT MODEL; GOODNESS-OF-FIT; DICHOTOMOUS CHOICE; REFERENDUM DATA; PUBLIC-GOODS; PROTECTION; FLOWS AB We assess the economic impacts of some externalities from mine dewatering using the discrete choice version of the contingent valuation method. "Dewatering" refers to the pumping of ground water from areas surrounding mines. Our focus is on the dewatering being conducted by the large open-pit gold mines located in the Humboldt River basin of northern Nevada and its downstream impacts. Results indicate that in the short term the mines have created a positive externality for downstream parties. In the long term downstream impacts may be negative, but upstream "pit lakes" will be created that may have some value to users, depending on the lakes' quality. C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Unit 119, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. Reed Coll, Dept Econ, Portland, OR 97202 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Appl Econ & Stat, Reno, NV 89557 USA. RP Huszar, EJ (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Unit 119, 4700 River Rd, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. NR 42 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9496 J9 J WATER RES PL-ASCE JI J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage.-ASCE PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 127 IS 6 BP 369 EP 377 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2001)127:6(369) PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 485VN UT WOS:000171776600004 ER PT J AU Thomas, DL Miller, LR AF Thomas, DL Miller, LR TI Organization and funding of sheep research and extension in the United States - from research to practice SO LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE sheep; research; extension; USA AB The generation of sheep research results and the transfer of these results into practice on sheep farms in the U.S. is accomplished through the cooperative funding of sheep research and extension by Federal, state, and local governments and the complete integration of the extension service and research scientists within Land Grant Universities. Over $40 million is spent annually on 800 to 1000 sheep research projects conducted at United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service stations and at Land Grant Universities. State Sheep Extension Specialists and County Extension Agents interact directly with research scientists and assist sheep producers in the transfer of research results into practice. Sheep producers provide few funds for sheep research, but through their national organization, the American Sheep Industry Association, support valuable educational functions and influence sheep research and extension activities conducted by public institutions. However, sheep research receives the smallest amount of funding of any of the livestock sectors - only 47% as much as poultry which receives the second lowest amount of funding and 24% as much as beef cattle which receives the largest amount of funding. As a result, fewer scientists are involved in sheep research at each institution than in research with other livestock species, and some important areas of research are not addressed. By necessity, several informal arrangements of sharing scientific expertise among institutions in different states have evolved between sheep scientists, but there is now a need to formalize such arrangements in order to gain the most benefit out of limited sheep research and extension resources. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Anim Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA, Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, Plant & Anim Syst, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Thomas, DL (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Anim Sci, 1675 Observ Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Thomas, David/H-4923-2011 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-6226 J9 LIVEST PROD SCI JI Livest. Prod. Sci. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 72 IS 1-2 BP 65 EP 73 DI 10.1016/S0301-6226(01)00267-6 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 488CK UT WOS:000171917300008 ER PT J AU Roubenoff, R Wilson, IB AF Roubenoff, R Wilson, IB TI Effect of resistance training on self-reported physical functioning in HIV infection SO MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE LA English DT Article DE aids wasting; strength; body composition; lean body mass ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL; HUMAN GROWTH-HORMONE; WEIGHT-LOSS; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; DISEASE PROGRESSION; CLINICAL PREDICTORS; WASTING SYNDROME; EUGONADAL MEN; DOUBLE-BLIND AB Purpose: To assess whether progressive resistance training (PRT) improves functional status, measured using a validated Physical Function Scale, in both wasted and nonwasted patients with HIV infection, and to compare the relative contributions of increased lean body mass (LBM) and increased strength with the change in physical function. Methods: Six patients with AIDS wasting and 19 patients with HIV but without wasting trained three times per week for 8 wk, followed by 8 wk of usual activity. Physical function, strength, and LBM were measured at 0, 8, and 16 wk. Self-reported physical functioning was measured using the physical functioning subscale of the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Short Form-36 (SF-36) questionnaire. Results: Significant improvements occurred in strength (1-RM averaged for four machines increased 44% in the nonwasted and 60% in the wasted patients, each P<0.0001) and LBM (2.3% increase in the nonwasted and 5.3% in the wasted patients, each P<0.05) with resistance training. Physical function increased significantly in the wasted subjects (6 points, P<0.02) but not in the nonwasted subjects, so that at 16 wk the wasted subjects functioned at a higher level than the nonwasted patients (P<0.05). Both increase in LBM (P<0.001) and increase in strength (P<0.001) were significantly and independently associated with increase in physical function. Conclusion: PRT increases functional status in patients with HIV wasting, both by increasing strength and by increasing LBM. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA HNRCA, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Community Hlth, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Div Clin Care Res, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Roubenoff, R (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA HNRCA, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Wilson, Ira/F-9190-2016 OI Wilson, Ira/0000-0002-0246-738X FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01-RR0054]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK45734] NR 34 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0195-9131 J9 MED SCI SPORT EXER JI Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 33 IS 11 BP 1811 EP 1817 DI 10.1097/00005768-200111000-00003 PG 7 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA 488WQ UT WOS:000171960200003 PM 11689729 ER PT J AU Brown, WC Ruef, BJ Norimine, J Kegerreis, KA Suarez, CE Conley, PG Stich, RW Carson, KH Rice-Ficht, AC AF Brown, WC Ruef, BJ Norimine, J Kegerreis, KA Suarez, CE Conley, PG Stich, RW Carson, KH Rice-Ficht, AC TI A novel 20-kilodalton protein conserved in Babesia bovis and B-bigemina stimulates memory CD4(+) T lymphocyte responses in B-bovis-immune cattle SO MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Babesia bovis; Babesia bigemina; Bbo20; Bbg20; small hsp; alpha-crystallin ID HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS; RHOPTRY-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN-1; SURFACE-EXPOSED EPITOPES; SPHERICAL BODY PROTEIN; MEROZOITE PROTEIN; CELL EPITOPES; IN-VITRO; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; NITRIC-OXIDE; CLONES AB Acquired immunity against the hemoprotozoan parasite Babesia bovis is believed to depend on activation of antigen-specific CD4(+) T lymphocytes and IFN-gamma production. A strategy was employed to identify potentially protective antigens from B. bovis based on memory CD4(+) T lymphocyte recognition of fractionated merozoite proteins. Fractions of merozoites separated by continuous flow electrophoresis (CFE) that contained proteins of approximately 20 kDa were shown previously to stimulate memory CD4(+) lymphocyte responses in B. bovis-immune cattle with different MHC class II haplotypes. Expression library screening with rabbit antiserum raised against an immunostimulatory 20-kDa CFE fraction identified a 20-kDa protein (Bbo20) that contains a B lymphocyte epitope conserved in geographically distant B. bovis strains. An homologous 20-kDa protein that has 86.4% identity with Bbo20 and contains the conserved B cell epitope was identified in B. bigemina (Bbg20). Southern blot analysis indicated that both Babesia proteins are encoded by a single gene. Antibody against recombinant Bbo20 protein identified the antigen in CFE fractions shown previously to stimulate memory T lymphocyte responses in immune cattle. To verify Bbo20 as an immunostimulatory T lymphocyte antigen, CD4(+) T cell lines were propagated from B. bovis-immune cattle with merozoite antigen and shown to proliferate significantly against recombinant Bbo20 protein. Furthermore, Bbo20-specific CD4(+) T cell clones proliferated in response to several B. bovis strains and produced IFN-gamma. BLAST analysis revealed significant similarity of the Bbo20 and Bbg20 amino acid sequences with the hsp20/alpha -crystallin family. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Program Vector Borne Dis, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Med Biochem & Genet, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Washington State Univ, Anim Dis Res Unit, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Brown, WC (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Program Vector Borne Dis, POB 647040, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Suarez, Carlos/A-3121-2008; OI Ruef, Barbara/0000-0001-8690-979X; Stich, Roger/0000-0002-9749-2034 FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01-AI30136] NR 45 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-6851 J9 MOL BIOCHEM PARASIT JI Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 118 IS 1 BP 97 EP 109 DI 10.1016/S0166-6851(01)00375-9 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Parasitology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Parasitology GA 500RZ UT WOS:000172641700011 PM 11704278 ER PT J AU Dwivedi, RS Breiman, A Herman, EM AF Dwivedi, RS Breiman, A Herman, EM TI The heat-stress-induced peptidyl prolyl isomerase of wheat is localized in nuclear subdomains SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Howard Univ, Dept Biol, Washington, DC USA. Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Bot, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. USDA ARS, Soybean Genom Improvement Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 2001 VL 12 SU S MA 2723 BP 494A EP 494A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 496AL UT WOS:000172372502717 ER PT J AU Smith, HMS Hake, S AF Smith, HMS Hake, S TI Control of meristem cell fate by TALE homeodomain proteins SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant Microbial Biol, USDA, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RI Smith, Harley/J-2649-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 2001 VL 12 SU S MA 2778 BP 504A EP 504A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 496AL UT WOS:000172372502771 ER PT J AU Park, SJ Walz, A Momonoki, YS Slovin, JP Ludwig-Mueller, J Cohen, JD AF Park, SJ Walz, A Momonoki, YS Slovin, JP Ludwig-Mueller, J Cohen, JD TI Partial characterization of the major amide-linked conjugates of indole-3-acetic acid in Arabidopsis seeds SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Hort Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Tokyo Univ Agr & Technol, Fac Bioind, Fuchu, Tokyo 183, Japan. USDA ARS, Fruit Lab, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Tech Univ Dresden, Inst Bot, Dresden, Germany. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 2001 VL 12 SU S MA 2790 BP 506A EP 507A PG 2 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 496AL UT WOS:000172372502783 ER PT J AU Krishnan, HB AF Krishnan, HB TI Immunocytochemical localization of NolX of Sinorhizobium fredii USDA257 in the infection threads of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp) and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) nodules SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 2001 VL 12 SU S MA 2795 BP 507A EP 507A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 496AL UT WOS:000172372502788 ER PT J AU Yang, JZ Ratovitski, T Brady, JP Solomon, MB Wells, KD Wall, RJ AF Yang, JZ Ratovitski, T Brady, JP Solomon, MB Wells, KD Wall, RJ TI Expression of myostatin pro domain results in muscular transgenic mice SO MOLECULAR REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE muscle mass; muscle fibers; TGF-beta; ribozyme ID 3 FIBER TYPES; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; HAMMERHEAD RIBOZYME; CATTLE; GROWTH; GENE; BOVINE; TRANSCRIPTION; MUTATIONS; EFFICIENT AB Myostatin, a member of the TGF-beta family, negatively regulates skeletal muscle development. Depression of myostatin activity leads to increased muscle growth and carcass lean yield, In an attempt to down-regulate myostatin, transgenic mice were produced with a ribozyme-based construct or a myostatin pro domain construct. Though the expression of the ribozyme was detected, muscle development was not altered by the ribozyme transgene. However, a dramatic muscling phenotype was observed in transgenic mice carrying the myostatin pro domain gene. Expression of the pro domain transgene at 5% of beta -actin mRNA levels resulted in a 17-30% increase in body weight (P <0.001). The carcass weight of the transgenic mice showed a 22-44% increase compared with nontransgenic littermates at 9 weeks of age (16.05 +/- 0.67 vs. 11.16 +/- 0.28 g in males; 9.99 +/- 0.38 vs. 8.19 +/- 0.19 g in females, P < 0.001). Extreme muscling was present throughout the whole carcass of transgenic mice as hind and fore limbs and trunk weights, all increased significantly (P < 0.001). Epididymal fat pad weight, an indicator of body fat, was significantly decreased in pro domain transgenic mice (P <0.001), Analysis of muscle morphology indicated that cross-sectional areas of fast-glycolytic fibers (gastrocnemius) and fast-oxidative glycolytic fibers (tibialis) were larger in pro domain transgenic mice than in their controls (P <0.01), whereas fiber number (gastrocnemius) was not different (P >0.05). Thus, the muscular phenotype is attributable to myofiber hypertrophy rather than hyperplasia. The results of this study suggest that the overexpression of myostatin pro domain may provide an alternative to myostatin knockouts as a means of increasing muscle mass in other mammals. (C) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Metamorphix Inc, Baltimore, MD USA. USDA ARS, Food Technol & Safety Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Wall, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, Bldg 200 BARC E,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 38 TC 110 Z9 120 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1040-452X J9 MOL REPROD DEV JI Mol. Reprod. Dev. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 60 IS 3 BP 351 EP 361 DI 10.1002/mrd.1097 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology GA 479CV UT WOS:000171387100010 PM 11599046 ER PT J AU Chaverri, P Samuels, GJ Stewart, EL AF Chaverri, P Samuels, GJ Stewart, EL TI Hypocrea virens sp nov., the teleomorph of Trichoderma virens SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Ascomycetes; biological control; Hypocreales; systematics; teleomorph-anamorph connection ID GLIOCLADIUM-VIRENS; GENUS TRICHODERMA; CLASSIFICATION; SPECIATION; REVISION; DISEASE; NUCLEAR; BIOLOGY AB The new species Hypocrea virens, has been found to be the teleomorph of Trichoderma virens, a species commonly used in biological control applications. This conclusion is based on the comparison of morphological and molecular data from four isolates of T. virens and a single collection and isolate of H. virens. Data for several morphological characters, including colony and growth characteristics, were collected. In addition, sequence data from ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2 rDNA and translation elongation factor (tef-1 alpha) were analyzed for the five isolates. Analysis of phenotypic characters show that cultures and microscopic characters of the anamorph of H. virens are indistinguishable from those of T. virens. This is consistent with sequence data from ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2 rDNA which show that the sequence of H. virens is identical to that of the ex-type isolate of T virens. Despite minor variation in tef-1 alpha sequences, T. virens isolates and H. virens form a monophyletic group that is different from other examined species of Hypocrea; this clade is supported by a 100% bootstrap value. Molecular and morphological data confirm the connection between H. virens and T. virens. C1 USDA ARS, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Chaverri, P (reprint author), USDA ARS, BARC W, Rm 305,B-011A, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Chaverri, Priscila/0000-0002-8486-6033 NR 46 TC 29 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 5 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 93 IS 6 BP 1113 EP 1124 DI 10.2307/3761672 PG 12 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 499EU UT WOS:000172558700008 ER PT J AU Coe, EH AF Coe, EH TI The origins of maize genetics SO NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS LA English DT Editorial Material ID ZEA-MAYS C1 Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Coe, EH (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, 202 Curtis Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 52 TC 14 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 8 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1471-0056 J9 NAT REV GENET JI Nat. Rev. Genet. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 2 IS 11 BP 898 EP 905 DI 10.1038/35098524 PG 8 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 487WQ UT WOS:000171902400017 PM 11715045 ER PT J AU Wall, GW Brooks, TJ Adam, R Cousins, AB Kimball, BA Pinter, PJ LaMorte, RL Triggs, L Ottman, MJ Leavitt, SW Matthias, AD Williams, DG Webber, AN AF Wall, GW Brooks, TJ Adam, R Cousins, AB Kimball, BA Pinter, PJ LaMorte, RL Triggs, L Ottman, MJ Leavitt, SW Matthias, AD Williams, DG Webber, AN TI Elevated atmospheric CO2 improved Sorghum plant water status by ameliorating the adverse effects of drought SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide; global change; stomatal conductance; net assimilation rate; water relations; free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) ID FIELD-GROWN COTTON; CARBON-DIOXIDE; USE EFFICIENCY; GRAIN-SORGHUM; SPRING-WHEAT; ROOT-GROWTH; LEAF WATER; SUBHUMID ENVIRONMENT; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; PRESSURE CHAMBER AB . The interactive effects of atmospheric CO2 concentration and soil-water content on grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) are reported here. . Sorghum plants were exposed to ambient (control) and free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE; ambient + 200 mu mol mol(-1)), under ample (wet, 100% replacement of evapotranspiration) and reduced (dry, postplanting and mid-season irrigations) water supply over two growing seasons. . FACE reduced seasonal average stomatal conductance (g(s)) by 0.17 mol (H2O) m(-2) s(-1) (32% and 37% for dry and wet, respectively) compared with control; this was similar to the difference between dry and wet treatments. FACE increased net assimilation rate (A) by 4.77 mu mol (CO2) m(-2) s(-1) (23% and 9% for dry and wet, respectively), whereas dry decreased A by 10.50 mu mol (CO2) m(-2) s(-1) (26%) compared with wet. Total plant water potential (psi (W)) was 0.16 MPa (9%) and 0.04 MPa(3%) less negative in FACE than in the control treatment for dry and wet, respectively. Under dry, FACE stimulated final shoot biomass by 15%. . . By ameliorating the adverse effects of drought, elevated atmospheric CO2 improved plant water status, which indirectly caused an increase in carbon gain. C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Univ Arizona, Maricopa Agr Ctr, Maricopa, AZ 85239 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Plant Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Univ Arizona, Ctr Early Events Photosynth, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Plant Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Soil Water & Environm Sci Dept, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Wall, GW (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. EM gwall@uswcl.ars.ag.gov RI Williams, David/A-6407-2014 OI Williams, David/0000-0003-3627-5260 NR 88 TC 78 Z9 84 U1 2 U2 26 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1469-8137 J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 152 IS 2 BP 231 EP 248 DI 10.1046/j.0028-646X.2001.00260.x PG 18 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 484GL UT WOS:000171681800007 ER PT J AU Rieman, BE Allendorf, FW AF Rieman, BE Allendorf, FW TI Effective population size and genetic conservation criteria for bull trout SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID LIFE-HISTORY; FISH POPULATIONS; PACIFIC SALMON; FAMILY-SIZE; METAPOPULATIONS; VARIABILITY; DIVERSITY; WILDLIFE; HATCHERY AB Effective population size (N(e)) is an important concept in the management of threatened species like bull trout Salvelinus confluentus. General guidelines suggest that effective population sizes of 50 or 500 are essential to minimize inbreeding effects or maintain adaptive genetic variation, respectively. Although N(e) strongly depends on census population size, it also depends on demographic and life history characteristics that complicate any estimates. This is an especially difficult problem for species like bull trout, which have overlapping generations biologists may monitor annual population number but lack more detailed information on demographic population structure or life history. We used a generalized, age-structured simulation model to relate N(e) to adult numbers under a range of life histories and other conditions characteristic of bull trout populations. Effective population size varied strongly with the effects of the demographic and environmental variation included in our simulations. Our most realistic estimates of N(e) were between about 0.5 and 1.0 times the mean number of adults spawning annually. We conclude that cautious long-term management goals for bull trout populations should include an average of at least 1,000 adults spa ning cacti year. Where local populations arc too small, managers should seek to conserve a collection of interconnected populations that is at least large enough in total to meet this minimum. It will also be important to provide for the full expression of life history variation and the natural processes of dispersal and gene flow. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Rieman, BE (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 316 E Myrtle, Boise, ID 83702 USA. EM brieman@fs.fed.us NR 42 TC 70 Z9 77 U1 2 U2 11 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 21 IS 4 BP 756 EP 764 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2001)021<0756:EPSAGC>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 529FL UT WOS:000174289300006 ER PT J AU King, J Freedman, MR Kennedy, E AF King, J Freedman, MR Kennedy, E TI Benefits of a low-fat plant-based diet - Authors' reply to letter from Dunn-Emke, Weidner, and Ornish SO OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Letter C1 Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Global Nutr Inst, Washington, DC USA. RP King, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU NORTH AMER ASSOC STUDY OBESITY PI ROCHESTER PA C/O DR MICHAEL JENSEN, MAYO MEDICAL CENTER, MAYO CLIN 200 FIRST ST, SW, ROCHESTER, MN 55905 USA SN 1071-7323 J9 OBES RES JI Obes. Res. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 9 IS 11 BP 731 EP 731 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 493ZQ UT WOS:000172253700013 ER PT J AU Ganzera, M Crockett, S Tellez, MR Khan, IA AF Ganzera, M Crockett, S Tellez, MR Khan, IA TI Determination of nepetalactone in Nepeta cataria by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography SO PHARMAZIE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Mississippi, Sch Pharm, NCNPR, University, MS 38677 USA. Univ Mississippi, Sch Pharm, Dept Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceut Sci Res Inst, University, MS 38677 USA. Univ Mississippi, USDA, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, University, MS 38677 USA. RP Khan, IA (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Sch Pharm, NCNPR, University, MS 38677 USA. OI Ganzera, Markus/0000-0002-7407-9060 NR 9 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU GOVI-VERLAG GMBH PI ESCHBORN PA PHARMAZEUTISCHER VERLAG GINNHEIMER STRASSE 26, D-65760 ESCHBORN, GERMANY SN 0031-7144 J9 PHARMAZIE JI Pharmazie PD NOV PY 2001 VL 56 IS 11 BP 896 EP 897 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry GA 494NG UT WOS:000172288300015 PM 11817179 ER PT J AU Baayen, RP O'Donnell, K Breeuwsma, S Geiser, DM Waalwijk, C AF Baayen, RP O'Donnell, K Breeuwsma, S Geiser, DM Waalwijk, C TI Molecular relationships of fungi within the Fusarium redolens-F-hostae clade SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FUJIKUROI SPECIES COMPLEX; OXYSPORUM FSP DIANTHI; GENE GENEALOGIES; VEGETATIVE COMPATIBILITY; DISEASE; WILT; ELEGANS; ROOT; ROT AB The evolutionary relationships of fungi in the Fusarium redolens-F. hostae clade were investigated by constructing nuclear and mitochondrial gene genealogies for 37 isolates representing the known genetic and pathogenic diversity of Us lineage, together with 15 isolates from putative sister groups that include the Gibberella fujikuroi and F oxysporum species complexes and related species. Included in the analyses were 29 isolates of F redolens from Asparagus, Convallaria, Dianthus, Fritillaria, Hebe, Helleborus, Hordeum, Linum, Pisum, Pseudotsuga, and Zea spp., and from soil. Isolates of E hostae analyzed included two reference isolates from Hosta spp. and six isolates from Hyacinthus spp. that originally were classified as F oxysporum f. sp. hyacinthi. DNA sequences from a portion of the nuclear translation elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1 alpha) gene and the mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) were analyzed individually and as a combined data set based on results of the nonparametric Wilcoxon signed ranks Templeton combinability test. Maximum parsimony analysis of the combined data set identified the E redolens-F hostae clade as a sister group to a phylogenetically diverse clade in which the G. fujikuroi species complex formed the most basal lineage. Also included in this latter clade were two unnamed Fusarium spp. that are morphologically similar to F oxysporum and putative sister taxa comprising the F oxysporum complex and a F nisikadoi-F miscanthi clade. Phylogenetic diversity in F redolens was small; all isolates were represented by only three EF-1 alpha and two mtSSU rDNA haplotypes. Both the isolates of F redolens f. sp. asparagi and those of F redolens f. sp. dianthi were nearly evenly distributed in the combined molecular phylogeny between the two major subclades within F redolens. C1 Plant Protect Serv, Mycol Sect, NL-6700 HC Wageningen, Netherlands. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Properties Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Bulb Res Ctr, NL-2160 AB Lisse, Netherlands. Penn State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Fusarium Res Ctr, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Baayen, RP (reprint author), Plant Protect Serv, Mycol Sect, POB 9102, NL-6700 HC Wageningen, Netherlands. RI Geiser, David/J-9950-2013 NR 43 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD NOV PY 2001 VL 91 IS 11 BP 1037 EP 1044 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.11.1037 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 486WW UT WOS:000171840800003 PM 18943438 ER PT J AU Newcombe, G Ostry, N AF Newcombe, G Ostry, N TI Recessive resistance to Septoria stem canker of hybrid poplar SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cottonwood; Mycosphaerella populorum ID POPULUS; MUSIVA AB Stem canker, caused by Septoria musiva, is the most serious disease limiting intensive hybrid poplar culture in eastern North America. Populus deltoides (D) is itself resistant, but the susceptibility of western black cottonwood, P. trichocarpa (T) is apparently dominant in the F-1 generation. To test a hypothesis of recessive inheritance of canker resistance, a three-generation T x D pedigree was deployed in the field in Iowa and Minnesota. In both sites and in keeping with expectations, P. trichocarpa and its F, hybrids were susceptible to canker, whereas the R deltoides parent was resistant. In Iowa, 10 of 70 F-2 (TD x TD) individuals were free of canker, suggesting that a single recessive gene might control resistance, In the third year in Minnesota, more resistant individuals than expected were seen in the F-2 generation and in TD x D and T x TD backcross progenies due to disease escape. By the fifth year, this was no longer an issue, but winter injury may have eliminated many clones. Qualitatively, however, evidence for recessive inheritance of resistance was still obtained. The only canker-free clones were in the TD x D backcross and the F-2 generation, the two progenies in which they were expected. However, conclusive evidence that recessive canker resistance is conferred by a single gene was not obtained in this field study. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Forest Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Newcombe, G (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Forest Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 11 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD NOV PY 2001 VL 91 IS 11 BP 1081 EP 1084 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.11.1081 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 486WW UT WOS:000171840800009 PM 18943444 ER PT J AU Janisiewicz, WJ Tworkoski, TJ Kurtzman, CP AF Janisiewicz, WJ Tworkoski, TJ Kurtzman, CP TI Biocontrol potential of Metchnikowia pulcherrima strains against blue mold of apple SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POSTHARVEST BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; BOTRYTIS-CINEREA; CANDIDA-SAKE; PENICILLIUM-EXPANSUM; GRAY MOLD; METSCHNIKOWIA-PULCHERRIMA; AUREOBASIDIUM-PULLULANS; CRYPTOCOCCUS-LAURENTII; PREHARVEST APPLICATION; STORAGE DECAY AB Eight strains of Metschnikowia pulcherrima isolated over a 4-year period from an unmanaged orchard and selected for their biocontrol activity against blue mold (caused by Penicillium expansum) of apples were characterized phenotypically, genetically, and for their biocontrol potential against blue mold on apples. All strains grew well and only differed slightly in their growth in nutrient yeast dextrose broth medium at 1 degreesC after 216 h, but large differences occurred at 0 degreesC, with strain T5-A2 outgrowing other strains by more than 25% transmittance after 360 h. This strain was also one of the. most resistant to diphenylamine (DPA), a postharvest antioxidant treatment. All strains required biotin for growth in minimum salt (MS) medium, although strain ST2-A10 grew slightly in MS medium containing riboflavin or folic acid, as did ST3-E1 in MS medium without vitamins. None of the strains produced killer toxins. against an indicator strain of Saccharomyces, cerevisiae. Analysis of Biolog data from YT plates for all eight strains using the MLCLUST program resulted in separation of the strains into one major cluster containing four strains and four scattered strains from which strain ST1-D10 was the most distant from all other strains. This was particularly apparent in 3-D and principle component analysis. Genetic differentiation of the eight strains using maximum parsimony analysis of nucleotide sequences from domain D1/D2 of nuclear large subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA resulted in detection of two clades. Strain ST1-D10 grouped with the type strain of M. pulcherrima but the remaining seven strains grouped separately, which might possibly represent a new species. All strains significantly reduced blue mold on mature Golden Delicious apples during 1 month of storage at VC followed by 7 days at room temperature, but strains T5-A2 and T4-A2 were distinctly more effective under these conditions. Strain T5-A2 also was the most effective in tests on harvest mature apples treated with the lowest concentration of the antagonist and stored for 3 months at 0.5 degreesC. Populations of all eight strains increased in apple wounds by approximately 2 log units after 1 month at 1 degreesC followed by 5 days at 24 degreesC. Our results indicate that M. pulcherrima is an excellent candidate for biological control of postharvest diseases of pome fruit. The variation in phenotypic, genetic, and biocontrol characteristics among strains of M. pulcherrima isolated from the same orchard should make it possible to select antagonists with characteristics that are most desirable for postharvest application. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Janisiewicz, WJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 59 TC 64 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD NOV PY 2001 VL 91 IS 11 BP 1098 EP 1108 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.11.1098 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 486WW UT WOS:000171840800012 PM 18943447 ER PT J AU Timlin, D Pachepsky, Y Reddy, VR AF Timlin, D Pachepsky, Y Reddy, VR TI Soil water dynamics in row and interrow positions in soybean (Glycine max L.) SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE plant canopy; stemflow; throughfall; time domain reflectometry ID CORN CANOPY; THROUGHFALL; CROP AB Quantitative knowledge of infiltration processes and the mechanisms that control water movement in soil is necessary to properly manage water and chemical use in agricultural fields. The objective of this study was to compare the soil water content dynamics in row and interrow positions in a soybean crop (Glycine max L.) under conventional (plow) tillage. Two field plots (Beltsville silt loam soil, Fine-loamy mixed mesic Typic Fragiudult) were instrumented with Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) probes at 0-10 cm, 0-25 cm and 0-40 cm depths. TDR probes were installed in the row and interrow positions. Soil water content was continuously monitored at 1 hour intervals. The distribution of infiltrated water and evapotranspiration showed strong row-interrow patterns. The row positions received significantly more water during precipitation than the interrow positions. Water loss, due to evapotranspiration, was also significantly greater in the row position than in the interrow position. Both plant and soil characteristics appeared to be important factors for infiltration and redistribution. The results of this study suggested that the presence of the crop canopy altered the surface boundary conditions of the soil and, hence, the volume of infiltrating water. Results of this study suggest that in order to model water movement in row crops, the ability to simulate canopy architecture and flow processes in two dimensions is necessary. C1 ARS, USDA, Alternate Crops & Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, USDA, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Timlin, D (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Alternate Crops & Syst Lab, Bldg 007,Rm 116,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Pachepsky, Yakov/0000-0003-0232-6090 NR 18 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD NOV PY 2001 VL 237 IS 1 BP 25 EP 35 DI 10.1023/A:1013385026500 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 504NC UT WOS:000172861900003 ER PT J AU Derner, JD Briske, DD AF Derner, JD Briske, DD TI Below-ground carbon and nitrogen accumulation in perennial grasses: A comparison of caespitose and rhizomatous growth forms SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE grazing; islands of fertility; nutrient accumulation; nutrient islands; shortgrass prairie; tallgrass prairie ID SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER; AMERICAN SHORTGRASS STEPPE; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; INDIVIDUAL PLANTS; HETEROGENEITY; GRASSLANDS; GRADIENT; C-4; PRECIPITATION; AVAILABILITY AB An experiment was conducted to compare below-ground soil organic carbon and total nitrogen accumulation between caespitose and rhizomatous perennial grasses in long-term (<25 yrs) grazed and ungrazed sites in semi-arid and mesic communities in the North American Great Plains. Development of greater nutrient pools beneath than between clones occurred at minimal clone basal areas (<60 cm(2)) for both caespitose species. Caespitose grasses accumulated substantially greater pools of carbon (20-200 fold) and nitrogen (50-500 fold) in soils to a depth of 10 cm beneath clones than rhizomatous grasses accumulated in rhizomes in both communities. Carbon and nitrogen pools in soils beneath caespitose clones exceeded combined (soil + rhizome) pools for rhizomatous grasses for a majority of the clone basal areas (>90 cm(2)) in the mesic community. In contrast, both pool sizes were smaller beneath the caespitose grass at all clone basal areas than the combined pools for the rhizomatous grass in the semi-arid community. The occurrence of larger soil nutrient pools beneath the rhizomatous species in the semi-arid community was largely a consequence of niche separation for microsites characterized by soils with higher nutrient concentrations, rather than plant-induced increases in nutrient concentrations. Although nutrient islands do not occur beneath rhizomatous grasses, their distribution in the semi-arid community was restricted to microsites characterized by soils with higher SOC and N concentrations. A greater efficiency of nutrient accumulation per unit rhizome mass and the maintenance of rhizome nutrient pools of similar magnitude to those of the rhizomatous grass in the mesic community may also contribute to the distribution of rhizomatous grasses in semi-arid communities. The existence of nutrient islands beneath a wide range of clone sizes in both mesic and semi-arid communities provides circumstantial evidence to suggest that nutrient islands beneath caespitose grasses may contribute to clone fitness in this growth form. C1 ARS, USDA, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Rangeland Ecol & Management, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Derner, JD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. NR 34 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 15 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD NOV PY 2001 VL 237 IS 1 BP 117 EP 127 DI 10.1023/A:1013316829961 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 504NC UT WOS:000172861900012 ER PT J AU Wang, CY Bowen, JH Weir, IE Allan, AC Ferguson, IB AF Wang, CY Bowen, JH Weir, IE Allan, AC Ferguson, IB TI Heat-induced protection against death of suspension-cultured apple fruit cells exposed to low temperature SO PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE apoptosis; cold stress; flow cytometry; heat shock proteins; programmed cell death ID RADIATA L WILCZEK; CHILLING INJURY; FREEZING TOLERANCE; APOPTOTIC PATHWAY; COLD-ACCLIMATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PLANT-CELLS; SHOCK; GENES; EXPRESSION AB Death of suspension-cultured apple fruit cells (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Braeburn), resulting from exposure to low temperature (1 degreesC), was reduced by a prior 1 h/38 degreesC treatment. Pre-heated chilled cells produced less ethylene, indicating lower chilling injury. Heat treatment resulted in increased transcripts for a low molecular weight (hsp17) and a 70 kDa heat shock protein (hsp), but expression weakened within 24 h following the transfer of cells to 25 degreesC. When cells were instead transferred to 1 degreesC after heat, elevated hsp gene expression persisted for up to 3 d. Flow cytometric analysis of apple cell protoplasts showed that the 1 degreesC treatment resulted in a subpopulation of protoplasts undergoing cell death, not observed with the 38 degreesC pre-treatment. Chromatin condensation did not occur with the heat treatments. These results suggest that heat-induced reduction of cell death at low temperatures may involve persistence of hsps, and low-temperature susceptibility is less likely to be associated with programmed cell death. All cells do not respond in the same way, their tolerance being associated with different states of metabolism or of the cell cycle. C1 Hort & Food Res Inst New Zealand Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand. ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Ferguson, IB (reprint author), Hort & Food Res Inst New Zealand Ltd, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand. RI Ferguson, Ian/E-7093-2010; Allan, Andrew/L-3253-2016 OI Allan, Andrew/0000-0003-1944-7067 NR 39 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7791 J9 PLANT CELL ENVIRON JI Plant Cell Environ. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 24 IS 11 BP 1199 EP 1207 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3040.2001.00770.x PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 493AF UT WOS:000172199300007 ER PT J AU Cintas, NA Webster, RK AF Cintas, NA Webster, RK TI Effects of rice straw management on Sclerotium oryzae Inoculum, stem rot severity, and yield of rice in California SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE cultural control; Magnaporthe salvinii; Oryza sativa ID DECOMPOSITION; SOILS AB Under continuous rice cropping, open field burning has been the primary means of rice residue disposal and of minimizing the carryover inoculum of Sclerotium oryzae, the cause of stem rot of rice. The phase down of open field burning in California has necessitated the development of alternatives to burning. In 1993, a continuous-year experiment was initiated in Colusa County to evaluate the effects of alternative residue management strategies on overwintering sclerotia of S. oryzae, stem rot incidence and severity, and yield. Treatments were arranged in a split-plot design with winter flooding and winter nonflooding as the main plots, and fall incorporation of the straw residue, rolling of the straw to enhance soil contact, baling and removal of residue, and fall burning as the subplots. S. oryzae inoculum and disease severity were significantly lower and yield was significantly higher in 5 out of 6 years in the winter-flooded main plots compared with the winter nonflooded plots. Over the duration of the trial, S. oryzae inoculum was consistently lower in burn subplots when compared with all other subplots. No consistent differences in disease incidence and severity or yield occurred in the subplots, although average yield over the 6 years was highest in burn subplots when compared with all other subplots. The results suggest that winter flooding is the best alternative to burning for stem rot management. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Pathol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Cintas, NA (reprint author), USDA ARS, PWA, 1636 E Alisal St, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. NR 29 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 11 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 85 IS 11 BP 1140 EP 1144 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.11.1140 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 484PW UT WOS:000171699600002 ER PT J AU Gillaspie, AG Pio-Ribeiro, G Andrade, GP Pappu, HR AF Gillaspie, AG Pio-Ribeiro, G Andrade, GP Pappu, HR TI RT-PCR detection of seedborne Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus in peanut SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; SEED LOTS; PLANTS AB The Brazilian strain of Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV) is a severe pathogen in peanut and a significant problem when distributing germ plasm to other countries. The virus is seedborne at approximately 0.15% in peanut, depending upon the cultivar, and its detection in seed lots would strengthen quarantine programs. Utilizing 3' sequence data (GenBank Accession #AF241233), primers were designed from the coat protein region and evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR). Use of the forward primer 5'-CGCTCAAACCCATTGTAGAA-3' and reverse primer 5'-TATTGCTTCCCTTGCTCTTTC-3' yielded a 221-bp product. Extracts of thick seed slices and a sample size of 12 to 25 seed showed no significant advantage of RT PCR over enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in tests of large seed lots. However, RT PCR detected more virus in seed than in the number of infected seedlings normally arising in germination tests. Also, RT PCR was extremely sensitive and detected 1 infected leaf among 99 healthy leaves. In contrast, ELISA detected only one infected leaf among nine healthy leaves. C1 USDA ARS, Plant Genet Resources Conservat Unit, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. Univ Fed Rural Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil. Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Pathol, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Gillaspie, AG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plant Genet Resources Conservat Unit, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. NR 7 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 85 IS 11 BP 1181 EP 1182 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.11.1181 PG 2 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 484PW UT WOS:000171699600010 ER PT J AU Gravert, CE Li, S Hartman, GL AF Gravert, C. E. Li, S. Hartman, G. L. TI Occurrence of Diaporthe phaseolorum var. meridionalis on Soybean in Illinois SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT News Item C1 [Gravert, C. E.; Hartman, G. L.] Univ Illinois, ARS, USDA, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Gravert, CE (reprint author), Univ Illinois, ARS, USDA, Dept Crop Sci, 1101 W Peabody Dr, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 85 IS 11 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.11.1211A PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA V09UH UT WOS:000207420800020 ER PT J AU Montano, HG Dally, EL Davis, RE Pimentel, JP Brioso, PST AF Montano, H. G. Dally, E. L. Davis, R. E. Pimentel, J. P. Brioso, P. S. T. TI First Report of Natural Infection by "Candidatus Phytoplasma brasiliense" in Catharanthus roseus SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT News Item C1 [Montano, H. G.; Dally, E. L.; Davis, R. E.] ARS, USDA, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. [Montano, H. G.; Pimentel, J. P.; Brioso, P. S. T.] UFRRJ IB, Dept Entomol & Fitopatol, Seropedica, RJ, Brazil. RP Montano, HG (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 85 IS 11 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.11.1209C PG 2 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA V09UH UT WOS:000207420800012 ER PT J AU Pratt, RG AF Pratt, R. G. TI Occurrence and Virulence of Bipolaris hawaiiensis on Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) on Poultry Waste Application Sites in Mississippi SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT News Item C1 ARS, USDA, WM&FRU, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Pratt, RG (reprint author), ARS, USDA, WM&FRU, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 85 IS 11 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.11.1206B PG 2 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA V09UH UT WOS:000207420800003 ER PT J AU Suttle, J AF Suttle, J TI Dormancy-related changes in cytokinin efficacy and metabolism in potato tubers during postharvest storage SO PLANT GROWTH REGULATION LA English DT Article DE cytokinin; dormancy; isopentenyladenosine; metabolism; postharvest; potato; Solanum tuberosum; L.; zeatin ID ENDOGENOUS ABSCISIC-ACID; SEASONAL PATTERN; ZEATIN RIBOSIDE; BUD DORMANCY; ABA LEVELS; SENSITIVITY; OXIDASE; TISSUES AB The metabolism of [H-3]-zeatin (Z) and [H-3]-isopentenyladenosine (IPA) in potato tubers was examined in relation to changes in cytokinin efficacy during postharvest storage and dormancy progression. Exogenous radiolabeled cytokinins were rapidly metabolized by dormant and nondormant tubers. Following injection, [H-3]-Z was metabolized to zeatin riboside, adenine derivatives and zeatin-riboside-5'-monophosphate. Four hours after injection, less than 60% of the recovered radioactivity was associated with unmetabolized [H-3]-Z. [H-3]-IPA was also rapidly metabolized to several metabolites including: IPA-5'-monophosphate, adenine derivatives and zeatin riboside. Four hours after injection, less than 50% of the recovered radioactivity was associated with [H-3]-IPA. Cytokinin sensitivity was assessed by determining the effects of exogenous Z or IPA on tuber sprouting. Immediately after harvest and during the initial period of storage, tubers were dormant and exogenous Z or IPA were completely ineffective in breaking tuber dormancy. Thereafter, dormant tubers exhibited a gradual increase in sensitivity to both cytokinins. Cytokinin sensitivity continued to increase as postharvest storage was extended and dormancy weakened. The length of postharvest storage (hence dormancy status) had no apparent effects on the metabolism of either cytokinin. Neither the rate of metabolism nor the nature of metabolites detected was affected by the length of postharvest storage. These results suggest that changes in cytokinin efficacy in dormant potato tubers during postharvest storage are not the result of differential catabolism but rather are due to other cellular processes such as hormone perception and/or signal transduction. C1 ARS, USDA, No Crop Sci Res Lab, State Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Suttle, J (reprint author), ARS, USDA, No Crop Sci Res Lab, State Univ Stn, POB 5677, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 29 TC 15 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6903 J9 PLANT GROWTH REGUL JI Plant Growth Regul. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 35 IS 3 BP 199 EP 206 DI 10.1023/A:1014448727719 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 534FT UT WOS:000174574700001 ER PT J AU Chabannes, M Barakate, A Lapierre, C Marita, JM Ralph, J Pean, M Danoun, S Halpin, C Grima-Pettenati, J Boudet, AM AF Chabannes, M Barakate, A Lapierre, C Marita, JM Ralph, J Pean, M Danoun, S Halpin, C Grima-Pettenati, J Boudet, AM TI Strong decrease in lignin content without significant alteration of plant development is induced by simultaneous down-regulation of cinnamoyl CoA reductase (CCR) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) in tobacco plants SO PLANT JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE lignin; lignification; transgenic tobacco; plant development; cinnamoyl CoA reductase (CCR); cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) ID A O-METHYLTRANSFERASE; BIOSYNTHETIC-PATHWAY; NMR CHARACTERIZATION; ALDITOL ACETATES; COENZYME; ARABIDOPSIS; SYRINGYL; POPLAR; LIGNIFICATION; ACCUMULATION AB Different transgenic tobacco lines down-regulated for either one or two enzymes of the monolignol pathway were compared for their lignin content and composition, and developmental patterns. The comparison concerned CCR and CAD down-regulated lines (homozygous or heterozygous for the transgene) and the hybrids resulting from the crossing of transgenic lines individually altered for CCR or CAD activities. Surprisingly, the crosses containing only one allele of each antisense transgene, exhibit a dramatic reduction of lignin content similar to the CCR down-regulated parent but, in contrast to this transgenic line, display a normal phenotype and only slight alterations of the shape of the vessels. Qualitatively the lignin of the double transformant displays characteristics more like the wild type control than either of the other transgenics. In the transgenics with a low lignin content, the transformations induced other biochemical changes involving polysaccharides, phenolic components of the cell wall and also soluble phenolics. These results show that the ectopic expression of a specific transgene may have a different impact depending on the genetic background and suggest that the two transgenes present in the crosses may operate synergistically to reduce the lignin content. In addition, these data confirm that plants with a severe reduction in lignin content may undergo normal development at least in controlled conditions. C1 CNRS, UPS 5546, UMR, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France. Univ Dundee, Dept Biol Sci, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland. INRA, Chim Biol Lab, F-78850 Thiverval Grignon, France. USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. CEN Cadarache, Dept Ecophysiol Vegetale & Microbiol, F-13108 St Paul Les Durance, France. RP Boudet, AM (reprint author), CNRS, UPS 5546, UMR, Pole Biotechnol Vegetale,24 Chemin Borde Rouge,BP, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France. EM amboudet@smcv.ups-tlse.fr OI Halpin, Claire/0000-0002-1808-8130 NR 48 TC 151 Z9 175 U1 1 U2 30 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0960-7412 J9 PLANT J JI Plant J. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 28 IS 3 BP 257 EP 270 DI 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2001.01140.x PG 14 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 494QE UT WOS:000172295700002 PM 11722769 ER PT J AU Herman, EM AF Herman, EM TI A career as a US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service scientist SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA ARS, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Herman, EM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, Bldg 0006,BARC W,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 127 IS 3 BP 707 EP 708 PG 2 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 493YN UT WOS:000172251200003 PM 11706153 ER PT J AU DeGray, G Rajasekaran, K Smith, F Sanford, J Daniell, H AF DeGray, G Rajasekaran, K Smith, F Sanford, J Daniell, H TI Expression of an antimicrobial peptide via the chloroplast genome to control phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FOREIGN GENE-EXPRESSION; TOBACCO CHLOROPLASTS; PROTEIN; RESISTANCE; PLANTS; TRANSFORMATION; BOMBARDMENT; MAGAININS; SEQUENCE AB The antimicrobial peptide MSI-99, an analog of magainin 2, was expressed via the chloroplast genome to obtain high levels of expression in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum var. Petit Havana) plants. Polymerase chain reaction products and Southern blots confirmed integration of MSI-99 into the chloroplast genome and achievement of homoplasmy, whereas northern blots confirmed transcription. Contrary to previous predictions, accumulation of MSI-99 in transgenic chloroplasts did not affect normal growth and development of the transgenic plants. This may be due to differences in the lipid composition of plastid membranes compared with the membranes of susceptible target microbes. In vitro assays with protein extracts from T-1 and T-2 plants confirmed that MSI-99 was expressed at high levels to provide 88% (T-1) and 96% (T-2) inhibition of growth against Pseudomonas syringae pv tabaci, a major plant pathogen. When germinated in the absence of spectinomycin selection, leaf extracts from T-2 generation plants showed 96% inhibition of growth against P. syringae pv tabaci. In addition, leaf extracts from transgenic plants (T-1) inhibited the growth of pregerminated spores of three fungal species, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium moniliforme, and Verticillium dahliae, by more than 95% compared with non-transformed control plant extracts. In planta assays with the bacterial pathogen P. syringae pv tabaci resulted in areas of necrosis around the point of inoculation in control leaves, whereas transformed leaves showed no signs of necrosis, demonstrating high-dose release of the peptide at the site of infection by chloroplast lysis. In planta assays with the fungal pathogen, Colletotrichum destructivum, showed necrotic anthracnose lesions in non-transformed control leaves, whereas transformed leaves showed no lesions. Genetically engineering crop plants for disease resistance via the chloroplast genome instead of the nuclear genome is desirable to achieve high levels of expression and to prevent pollen-mediated escape of transgenes. C1 Univ Cent Florida, Dept Mol Biol & Microbiol, Orlando, FL 32826 USA. Univ Cent Florida, Ctr Discovery Drugs & Diagnost, Orlando, FL 32826 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Sanford Sci Ind, Waterloo, NY 13165 USA. RP Daniell, H (reprint author), Univ Cent Florida, Dept Mol Biol & Microbiol, 12722 Res Pkwy, Orlando, FL 32826 USA. OI Daniell, Henry/0000-0003-4485-1176 NR 36 TC 167 Z9 189 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 127 IS 3 BP 852 EP 862 DI 10.1104/pp.010233 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 493YN UT WOS:000172251200018 PM 11706168 ER PT J AU Pittman, JK Hirschi, KD AF Pittman, JK Hirschi, KD TI Regulation of CAX1, an arabidopsis Ca2+/H+ antiporter. identification of an N-terminal autoinhibitory domain SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PLASMA-MEMBRANE; ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM; PROTEIN-KINASE; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; CALCIUM-PUMP; CALMODULIN; EXPRESSION; ATPASE; PHOSPHORYLATION; TOBACCO AB Regulation of Ca2+ transport determines the duration of a Ca2+ signal, and hence, the nature of the biological response. Ca2+/H+ antiporters such as CAX1 (cation exchanger 1), play a key role in determining cytobolic Ca2+ levels. Analysis of a full-length CAX1 clone suggested that the CAX1 open reading frame contains an additional 36 amino acids at the N terminus that were not found in the original clone identified by suppression of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) vacuolar Ca2+ transport mutants. The long CAX1 (1CAX1) could not suppress the yeast Ca2+ transport defects despite localization to the yeast vacuole. Calmodulin could not stimulate 1CAX1 Ca2+/H+ transport in yeast; however, minor alterations in the 36-amino acid region restored Ca2+/H+ transport. Sequence analysis suggests that a 36-amino acid N-terminal regulatory domain may present in all Arabidopsis CAX-like genes. Together, these results suggest a structural feature involved in regulation of Ca2+/H+ antiport. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Plant Physiol Grp, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Vegetable & Fruit Improvement Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Hirschi, KD (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Plant Physiol Grp, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. OI Pittman, Jon/0000-0001-7197-1494 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [1R01 GM57427] NR 41 TC 77 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 127 IS 3 BP 1020 EP 1029 DI 10.1104/pp.010409 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 493YN UT WOS:000172251200033 PM 11706183 ER PT J AU Salvucci, ME Osteryoung, KW Crafts-Brandner, SJ Vierling, E AF Salvucci, ME Osteryoung, KW Crafts-Brandner, SJ Vierling, E TI Exceptional sensitivity of rubisco activase to thermal denaturation in vitro and in vivo SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RIBULOSE-1,5-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE/OXYGENASE RUBISCO; HEAT-STRESS; HIGH-TEMPERATURE; HIGHER-PLANTS; OXYGENASE; LEAVES; PURIFICATION; CHLOROPLASTS; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; INACTIVATION AB Heat stress inhibits photosynthesis by reducing the activation of Rubisco by Rubisco activase. To determine if loss of activase function is caused by protein denaturation, the thermal stability of activase was examined in vitro and in vivo and compared with the stabilities of two other soluble chloroplast proteins. Isolated activase exhibited a temperature optimum for ATP hydrolysis of 44 degreesC compared with greater than or equal to 60 degreesC for carboxylation by Rubisco. Light scattering showed that unfolding/aggregation occurred at 45 degreesC and 37 degreesC for activase in the presence and absence of ATP gammaS, respectively, and at 65 degreesC for Rubisco. Addition of chemically denatured rhodanese to heat-treated activase trapped. partially folded activase in an insoluble complex at treatment temperatures that were similar to those that caused increased light scattering and loss of activity. To examine thermal stability in vivo, heat-treated tobacco (Nicotiana rustica cv Pulmila) protoplasts and chloroplasts were lysed with detergent in the presence of rhodanese and the amount of target protein that aggregated was determined by immunoblotting. The results of these experiments showed that thermal denaturation of activase in vivo occurred at temperatures similar to those that denatured isolated activase and far below those required to denature Rubisco or phosphoribulokinase. Edman degradation analysis of aggregated proteins from tobacco and pea (Pisum sativum cv "Little Marvel") chloroplasts showed that activase was the major protein that denatured in response to heat stress. Thus, loss of activase activity during heat stress is caused by an exceptional sensitivity of the protein to thermal denaturation and is responsible, in part, for deactivation of Rubisco. C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Biochem, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Salvucci, ME (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 46 TC 132 Z9 142 U1 0 U2 21 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 127 IS 3 BP 1053 EP 1064 DI 10.1104/pp.010357 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 493YN UT WOS:000172251200036 PM 11706186 ER PT J AU Magnard, JL Yang, M Chen, YCS Leary, M McCormick, S AF Magnard, JL Yang, M Chen, YCS Leary, M McCormick, S TI The Arabidopsis gene tardy asynchronous meiosis is required for the normal pace and synchrony of cell division during male meiosis SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID F-ACTIN; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; G(2)/M PROGRESSION; CYCLE PROGRESSION; PLANT-CELLS; S-PHASE; PROTEIN; CYTOKINESIS; EXPRESSION; THALIANA AB Male meiosis in higher organisms features synchronous cell divisions in a large number of cells. It is not clear how this synchrony is achieved, nor is it known whether the synchrony is linked to the regulation of cell cycle progression. Here, we describe an Arabidopsis mutant, named tardy asynchronous meiosis (tam), that exhibits a phenotype of delayed and asynchronous cell divisions during male meiosis. In Arabidopsis, two nuclear divisions occur before simultaneous cytokinesis yields a tetrad of haploid cells. In tam, cell divisions are delayed, resulting in the formation of abnormal intermediates, most frequently dyad meiotic products, or in rare cases, dyad pollen (two gametophytes within one exine wall). Temperature-shift experiments showed that the percentage of the abnormal intermediates increased at 27 degreesC. Analysis of tam and the tam/quartet1 double mutant showed that most of these abnormal intermediates could continue through the normal rounds of cell divisions and form functional pollen, though at a slower than normal pace. The asynchrony of cell division started at the G2/M transition, with cells entering metaphase at different time points, during both meiosis I and II. In addition, chromosome condensation defects and mis-segregation were sometimes observed in tam. These observations suggest that the TAM protein positively regulates cell cycle progression, perhaps by promoting the G2/M transition. We speculate that there is a signal, perhaps TAM, that couples the normal pace of cell cycle progression with the synchrony of cell division during male meiosis. C1 Univ Calif, USDA ARS, Plant Gene Express Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP McCormick, S (reprint author), Univ Calif, USDA ARS, Plant Gene Express Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. EM sheilamc@nature.berkeley.edu RI Yang, Ming/H-7361-2012 NR 52 TC 75 Z9 79 U1 6 U2 11 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 127 IS 3 BP 1157 EP 1166 DI 10.1104/pp.127.3.1157 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 493YN UT WOS:000172251200045 PM 11706195 ER PT J AU Lammers, PJ Jun, J Abubaker, J Arreola, R Gopalan, A Bago, B Hernandez-Sebastia, C Allen, JW Douds, DD Pfeffer, PE Shachar-Hill, Y AF Lammers, PJ Jun, J Abubaker, J Arreola, R Gopalan, A Bago, B Hernandez-Sebastia, C Allen, JW Douds, DD Pfeffer, PE Shachar-Hill, Y TI The glyoxylate cycle in an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. Carbon flux and gene expression SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PEROXISOMAL TARGETING SIGNAL; GLUCOSE-INDUCED INACTIVATION; GIGASPORA-MARGARITA BECKER; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; ISOCITRATE LYASE; GLOMUS-MOSSEAE; IN-VITRO; ASPERGILLUS-NIDULANS; INTRARADICAL HYPHAE; GERMINATED SPORES AB The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is responsible for huge fluxes of photosynthetically fixed carbon from plants to the soil. Lipid, which is the dominant form of stored carbon in the fungal partner and which fuels spore germination, is made by the fungus within the root and is exported to the extraradical mycelium. We tested the hypothesis that the glyoxylate cycle is central to the flow of carbon in the AM symbiosis. The results of C-13 labeling of germinating spores and extraradical mycelium with C-13(2)-acetate and C-13(2)-glycerol and analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicate that there are very substantial fluxes through the glyoxylate cycle in the fungal partner. Full-length sequences obtained by polymerase chain reaction from a cDNA library from germinating spores of the AM fungus Glomus intraradices showed strong homology to gene sequences for isocitrate lyase and malate synthase from plants and other fungal species. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction measurements show that these genes are expressed at significant levels during the symbiosis. Glyoxysome-like bodies were observed by electron microscopy in fungal structures where the glyoxylate cycle is expected to be active, which is consistent with the presence in both enzyme sequences of motifs associated with glyoxysomal targeting. We also identified among several hundred expressed sequence tags several enzymes of primary metabolism whose expression during spore germination is consistent with previous labeling studies and with fluxes into and out of the glyoxylate cycle. C1 New Mexico State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Las Cruces, NM 88001 USA. USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Shachar-Hill, Y (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Las Cruces, NM 88001 USA. RI Shachar-Hill, Yair/B-6165-2013; Bago, Alberto/H-9683-2015 OI Shachar-Hill, Yair/0000-0001-8793-5084; NR 64 TC 56 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 127 IS 3 BP 1287 EP 1298 DI 10.1104/pp.010375 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 493YN UT WOS:000172251200057 PM 11706207 ER PT J AU Ding, CK Wang, CY Gross, KC Smith, DL AF Ding, CK Wang, CY Gross, KC Smith, DL TI Reduction of chilling injury and transcript accumulation of heat shock proteins in tomato fruit by methyl jasmonate and methyl salicylate SO PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE heat shock protein; gene expression; methyl jasmonate; methyl salicylate; chilling injury; tomato ID ADAPTIVE RESPONSE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; LOW-TEMPERATURE; EXPRESSION; PLANTS; GENES; TOLERANCE; ACID; EMBRYOGENESIS; PERSISTENCE AB Changes in heat shock protein (HSP) gene expression induced by vapor application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and methyl salicylate (MeSA) in tomato fruit were investigated and compared to the well-described heat shock response. Northern hybridization experiments involving six cDNAs, encoding class I and II tomato small HSPs (sHSPs) and three members of HSP 70 family, showed that accumulation of class I and II sHSP mRNAs was increased significantly by MeJA and MeSA. When the treated fruits were transferred to low temperature, class I and II mRNA levels initially decreased, but then Subsequently increased. Accumulation of HSP transcripts was also observed in non-treated fruit between 7 and 14 days at low-temperature storage, but all decreased to undetectable levels after 21 days. Following MeJA and MeSA treatments, the transcripts of HSP 70 family accumulated to higher levels than following the heat treatment. MeJA- and MeSA-treatments were clearly shown to alleviate chilling injury (CI), whereas tomato fruit stored at 5 degreesC without pretreatment developed typical symptoms and severe decay. These results demonstrated that MeJA and MeSA induced the accumulation of sHSP transcripts in tomato. The increased transcript abundance of HSPs, especially class II sHSPs, was correlated with protection against CI. Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Produce Qual & Safety Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wang, CY (reprint author), USDA ARS, Produce Qual & Safety Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM wangc@ba.ars.usda.gov NR 36 TC 77 Z9 94 U1 3 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 0168-9452 J9 PLANT SCI JI Plant Sci. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 161 IS 6 BP 1153 EP 1159 DI 10.1016/S0168-9452(01)00521-0 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 506CG UT WOS:000172951900014 ER PT J AU Law, RD Crafts-Brandner, SJ Salvucci, ME AF Law, RD Crafts-Brandner, SJ Salvucci, ME TI Heat stress induces the synthesis of a new form of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase in cotton leaves SO PLANTA LA English DT Article DE Gossypium (heat stress); heat stress; molecular chaperone; protein expression; ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase; rubisco activase ID ATP GAMMA-PHOSPHATE; RUBISCO ACTIVASE; OXYGENASE ACTIVASE; GENE-EXPRESSION; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; TEMPERATURE; MECHANISM; PLANTS; ACCUMULATION; PROTEINS AB Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco; EC4.1.1.39) activase mRNA and protein synthesis were measured in the leaves of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants under control (28 degreesC) or heat-stress (41 degreesC) conditions. A decline in activase transcript abundance occurred rapidly during the photoperiod and was unaffected by heat stress. In response to high temperature, de novo protein synthesis rapidly shifted from mainly expression of Rubisco large and small subunits to the major heat-shock proteins, while de novo synthesis of the constitutively expressed 47- and 43-kDa activase polypeptides was not appreciably altered. However, heat stress induced the synthesis of a 46-kDa polypeptide that immunoprecipitated with antibodies monospecific to activase. Expression of the 46-kDa polypeptide ceased within 1 h of the return of heat-stressed plants to control conditions. Activase precursors of 55 and 51 kDa were detected among the in vitro translation products of RNA from control and heat-stressed plants. In addition, a 53-kDa polypeptide that also immunoprecipitated with anti-activase IgG was among the in vitro translation products of RNA from heat-stressed plants. This putative activase precursor did not occur among the in vitro translation products of RNA from plants that had recovered from heat stress. The levels of the constitutive 47- and 43-kDa activase polypeptides were similar in control and heat-stressed plants. based on immunoblotting with antibodies to activase. However, a 46-kDa cross-reacting polypeptide was also present in heat-stressed plants and constituted about 5% of the total activase after 48 h at high temperature. The identity of the heat-induced 46-kDa polypeptide as activase was confirmed by protein sequencing, which showed that its N-terminal sequence was identical to that of the constitutive 47-kDa activase polypeptide. The presence of multiple isoforms for both the 47- and 43-kDa activase polypeptides on immunoblots of two-dimensional gels and the complex banding pattern on Southern blots together suggest the existence of more than one activase gene and the possibility that the synthesis of the heat-induced activase polypeptide may be regulated transcriptionally. Induction of a new form of activase may constitute a mechanism of photosynthetic acclimation to heat stress in cotton. C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Crafts-Brandner, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 42 TC 40 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0032-0935 J9 PLANTA JI Planta PD NOV PY 2001 VL 214 IS 1 BP 117 EP 125 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 497NA UT WOS:000172460900014 PM 11762161 ER PT J AU Cantrell, CL Franzblau, SG Fischer, NH AF Cantrell, CL Franzblau, SG Fischer, NH TI Antimycobacterial plant terpenoids SO PLANTA MEDICA LA English DT Review DE terpenoids; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; antituberculosis; tuberculostatic; antimycobacterial ID EARLY BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY; MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS; IN-VITRO; RIFABUTIN; MOXIFLOXACIN; EUDESMANOLIDES; MORTALITY; PRODUCTS; REGIMENS AB Tuberculosis (TB), mainly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is the leading killer among all infectious diseases worldwide and is responsible for more than two million deaths annually. For over thirty years no antitubercular agents with new mechanisms of action have been developed. The recent increase in the number of multi-drug resistant clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis has created an urgent need for the discovery and development of new antituberculosis leads. This review covers recent reports on plant-derived terpenoids that have demonstrated moderate to high activity in in vitro bioassays against M. tuberculosis. In this review, mono-, sesqui-, di- and triterpenes, and sterols, their structural analogs and semisynthetic derivatives will be discussed, with particular emphasis on the structural features essential for antimycobacterial activity. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Univ Illinois, Coll Pharm, Inst Tuberculosis Res, Chicago, IL 60680 USA. Univ Mississippi, Sch Pharm, Pharmaceut Sci Res Inst, Dept Pharmacognosy, Oxford, MS USA. RP Cantrell, CL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. OI Franzblau, Scott/0000-0002-8698-0243 NR 47 TC 133 Z9 142 U1 1 U2 16 PU GEORG THIEME VERLAG KG PI STUTTGART PA RUDIGERSTR 14, D-70469 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0032-0943 J9 PLANTA MED JI Planta Med. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 67 IS 8 BP 685 EP 694 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Integrative & Complementary Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Integrative & Complementary Medicine GA 493QK UT WOS:000172234800001 PM 11731906 ER PT J AU Kayser, O Waters, WR Woods, KM Upton, SJ Keithly, JS Kiderlen, AF AF Kayser, O Waters, WR Woods, KM Upton, SJ Keithly, JS Kiderlen, AF TI Evaluation of in vitro activity of aurones and related compounds against Cryptosporidium parvum SO PLANTA MEDICA LA English DT Article DE aurones; Cryptosporidium; ELISA assay; protist chemotherapy; drug testing ID IN-VITRO AB The efficacy of a series of aurones, auronols and 4-methoxy-alpha -pyrones has been screened for the ability to inhibit the intracellular growth of the parasitic protist Cryptosporidium parvum using an in vitro enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All aurones of this series were active at 25 to 100 muM. 10 of 19 aurones; inhibited the intracellular growth of C. parvum by > 90% with moderate to no toxicity. The most active of these was 3',4',6-trihydroxy-2-[phenylmethylene]-3 (2H)-benzofuranone. C1 Free Univ Berlin, Inst Pharm, D-12169 Berlin, Germany. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Wadsworth Ctr, David Axelrod Inst Publ Hlth, Albany, NY USA. Robert Koch Inst, D-1000 Berlin, Germany. RP Kayser, O (reprint author), Free Univ Berlin, Inst Pharm, Kelchstr 31, D-12169 Berlin, Germany. RI Kayser, Oliver/B-1431-2016 OI Kayser, Oliver/0000-0001-6131-2495 NR 11 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEORG THIEME VERLAG KG PI STUTTGART PA RUDIGERSTR 14, D-70469 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0032-0943 J9 PLANTA MED JI Planta Med. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 67 IS 8 BP 722 EP 725 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Integrative & Complementary Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Integrative & Complementary Medicine GA 493QK UT WOS:000172234800008 PM 11731913 ER PT J AU Stange, RR Midland, SL Holmes, GJ Sims, JJ Mayer, RT AF Stange, RR Midland, SL Holmes, GJ Sims, JJ Mayer, RT TI Constituents from the periderm and outer cortex of Ipomoea batatas with antifungal activity against Rhizopus stolonifer SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ipomoea batatas; isochlorogenic acid; dicaffeoylquinic acid; fungal bioassay ID SWEET-POTATOES; RESISTANCE; ACIDS AB Rhiopus stolonifer invades sweetpotato roots through injuries and infected roots are rapidly consumed by a soft rot. However, not all injuries are equally susceptible to infection; shallow injuries (1-2 mm. deep) are less prone to infection than deeper injuries ( > 5 nim deep). The presence of antifungal compounds in external tissues may partially explain the resistance of shallow injuries to infection. To test this hypothesis, we developed a quantitative bioassay for measuring the growth of R. stolonifer utilizing the vital stain 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). Acetone extracts of the fresh interior flesh of four cultivars had no antifungal activity, but extracts of the exterior 2 mm of the root were inhibitory. We used the R. stolonifer bioassay to guide the purification of the active components. Two active fractions were isolated. One active fraction contained predominately caffeic acid, but this compound was determined not to be the most biologically active component. The second active fraction contained 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-DCQA), and this compound was found to be active, with an EC50 of 2.2 g 1(-1). The presence of antifungal compounds in the external tissues helps explain why shallow injuries are resistant to infection. Additionally, we demonstrated that interior flesh tissues accumulate antifungal compounds when elicited and incubated under curing conditions (30 degreesC and 90-95% RH) for 24 h. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Plant Pathol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Stange, RR (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, 2001 S Rock Rd, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. NR 25 TC 21 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 23 IS 2 BP 85 EP 92 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(01)00105-3 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 486XK UT WOS:000171842300001 ER PT J AU Fan, XT Mattheis, JP AF Fan, XT Mattheis, JP TI 1-methylcyclopropene and storage temperature influence responses of 'Gala' apple fruit to gamma irradiation SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE apple; firmness; titratable acidity; irradiation; 1-methylcyclopropene; volatile compounds ID RADIATION; JASMONATE; L. AB 'Gala' apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) fruit pre-treated with 0.5 muL L-1 1-methylcyclopropene (MCP) or air (control) for 12 h at 20 degreesC were exposed to gamma radiation at doses of 0, 0.44, 0.88 or 1.32 kGy at 23 degreesC. The fruit were then stored at 20 degreesC for 3 weeks or at 0 degreesC for 8 weeks plus 7 days at 20 degreesC. Fruit treated with MCP had higher firmness and titratable acidity (TA) than control fruit after storage at either temperature. During the post-irradiation storage at 20 degreesC, irradiation promoted respiration of MCP-treated fruit throughout the 3-week period but had no consistent effect on respiration of control fruit. Fruit firmness and TA decreased with increased radiation dose after 3 weeks storage at 20 degreesC regardless of MCP treatment. Compared to non-irradiated fruit, irradiated fruit had lower TA and similar firmness after storage at 0 degreesC for 8 weeks plus 7 days at 20 degreesC. Some irradiated fruit stored at 20 degreesC for 3 weeks developed internal browning, and MCP-treated fruit had more injury than control fruit. Storage at 0 degreesC after irradiation greatly reduced development of internal browning. Production of volatile esters, alcohols and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one by fruit stored at 0 degreesC was reduced. The magnitude of reduction directly increased with radiation dose. It appears that some responses of apple fruit to gamma radiation are influenced by ethylene action and post-irradiation storage temperature. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Fan, XT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 31 TC 26 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 23 IS 2 BP 143 EP 151 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(01)00119-3 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 486XK UT WOS:000171842300006 ER PT J AU Fetterer, RH Allen, PC AF Fetterer, RH Allen, PC TI Eimeria tenella infection in chickens: Effect on plasma and muscle 3-methylhistidine SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE avian coccidiosis; weight gain; growth; muscle catabolism; 3-methylhistidine AB To assess muscle breakdown during avian coccidiosis, the level of the nonmetabolizable amino acid 3-methylhistidine (3MH) was determined in muscle and plasma from chickens infected with the cecal parasite Eimeria tenella. The change in 3MH level during infection was determined in birds, each inoculated with 0 to 200,000 sporulated oocysts. The effect of levels of parasitism was evaluated at 6 d postinoculation. The 3MH levels of plasma and muscle were determined by HPLC after derivatization with fluorescamine. Weight gains, packed cell volumes, and gross lesion scores were also determined. E. tenella infected birds with lesion scores of 3 or 4 had significantly elevated plasma and muscle 3MH, whereas infected birds with lesion scores of 0, 1, or 2 did not have elevated plasma and muscle 3MH; however, there was a linear inverse relationship between weight gain and both plasma and muscle 3MH. The results suggested that muscle breakdown, as assessed by plasma and muscle levels of 3MH, was elevated during the acute stage of E. tenella infection and was most likely associated with anorexia caused by infection. However, the correlation of 3MH levels with severity of infection was not as strong as that previously observed for E. acervulina infection, most likely due to the differences in pathology caused by the two species. C1 USDA, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Fetterer, RH (reprint author), USDA, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 17 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 80 IS 11 BP 1549 EP 1553 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 497NM UT WOS:000172462400004 PM 11732670 ER PT J AU Fulton, JE Hunt, HD Bacon, LD AF Fulton, JE Hunt, HD Bacon, LD TI Chicken major histocompatibility complex class I definition using antisera induced by cloned class I sequences SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE antisera; blood-typing; class I; MHC; transfected cell ID MHC CLASS-I; B-COMPLEX; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; GENES; LINES; RECOMBINATION; ANTIGENS; CELLS; POLYMORPHISM; MUTAGENESIS AB Alloantisera directed against chicken class I MHC (BFIV) antigens were produced by using transfected cell lines expressing cloned BFIV sequences. The cloned BFIV sequences were from haplotypes *12, *13, and *21. Two laboratory-derived class I mutant sequences (BFIV13m126 and BFIV21m78) were developed to analyze cross-reactive epitopes and to induce specific alloantisera. Antisera were tested in hemagglutination and flow cytometry assays. The antisera produced were highly specific and had minimal cross-reactivity. The antisera induced by the BFIV21m78 mutant confirmed the significance of amino acids 78 and 81 in cross-reactivity between haplotypes B*21 and B*5. The highly specific antisera were tested by hemagglutination on red blood cells of 31 different MHC haplotypes. The consistency of hemagglutination patterns and minimal cross-reactivity demonstrated that these BFIV antisera are extremely valuable in defining MHC haplotype in various chicken lines. Because of the extreme low level of recombination between the chicken class I and class Il loci, identification of BFIV allele can be used to define MHC haplotype within a line. Complete identity between the transfected cell line and the chicken used to produce the antiserum is required to ensure the monospecificity. C1 ARS, USDA, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Bacon, LD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 39 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 80 IS 11 BP 1554 EP 1561 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 497NM UT WOS:000172462400005 PM 11732671 ER PT J AU Cason, JA Buhr, RJ Hinton, A AF Cason, JA Buhr, RJ Hinton, A TI Unheated water in the first tank of a three-tank broiler scalder SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Aerobic bacteria; Escherichia coli; salmonellae; scalding; tenderness ID POSTMORTEM AB Scalding with unheated water in the first tank of a simulated three-tank scalder was tested to determine whether carcass bacteria, efficiency of feather removal, and cooked breast meat tenderness are affected as compared with carcasses scalded at the same temperature (57 C) in all tanks. This experiment was performed on 3 d using 6-wk-old broilers. On each day, eight birds per treatment were processed. During the first 40-s scalding period, one carcass was placed in approximately 24 C water. The other carcass was placed simultaneously in a scalder unit containing approximately 2,050 L of water at 57 C. Carcasses were then held out of the water for 15 s, after which both were placed for 40 s in opposite ends of the scalder containing water at 57 C. After the second scalding period, both carcasses were again removed from the water for 15 s, followed by another 40 s in the 57 C water. Total scald time was, 2 min for each treatment, After picking, carcasses were rinsed with 200 mL of sterile 0.1% peptone water for 1 min. Aerobic bacteria and Escherichia coli were enumerated and incidence of salmonella was determined by standard methods. After rinsing, carcasses were eviscerated by hand and chilled for 30 min in ice slush. All carcasses were scored for the presence of feathers, and the appearance and condition of the skin were noted. Four hours postmortem, breast fillets were removed from carcasses and chilled overnight at 2 C. The next morning, breast fillets were cooked to an internal endpoint temperature of 75 to 80 C. Warner-Bratzler shear values were measured to determine tenderness. No differences were found in numbers of aerobic bacteria and E. coli, incidence of salmonellae, tenderness of cooked breast meat, or number of feathers left on carcasses. C1 ARS, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, Russell Res Ctr, USDA, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Cason, JA (reprint author), ARS, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, Russell Res Ctr, USDA, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 80 IS 11 BP 1643 EP 1646 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 497NM UT WOS:000172462400016 PM 11732682 ER PT J AU Kim, S Willett, JL AF Kim, S Willett, JL TI An optical microscope for the study of biopolymer solutions under shear field SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID ANGLE LIGHT-SCATTERING; POLYMER BLENDS; FLOW; AMYLOPECTIN; TRANSIENT; APPARATUS; BEHAVIOR; AMYLOSE; STARCH AB Recently, it has been found that some biopolymer solutions show aggregate formation or shear-induced mixing when they are exposed to shear field. An optical microscope was constructed for the study of these behaviors. A phase-contrast microscope is installed to obtain clear images from sample solutions where the refractive index difference of the domains is too small to be observed with common bright field microscopes. A modular type is adopted for the design of microscope for easy adjustment of optical components, alignment, and positioning it to the sample compartment. As a light source, a strobe type flash lamp is employed and its ignition is synchronized with a charge coupled device camera to avoid yielding smeared images. Shear fields are generated by a cone and plate geometry that is directly attached to a microstepper motor with a controllable simple shear rate range of 0.025-2500 s(-1). In the case of oscillatory shear, accessible range is 0-120 rad/s. A dual temperature controller allows temperature control of the sample compartment from ambient temperature to 200 degreesC with +/-0.1 degreesC accuracy. Several starch solutions were used to demonstrate the performance and capability of the instrument. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics. C1 ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Kim, S (reprint author), ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 72 IS 11 BP 4252 EP 4260 DI 10.1063/1.1412263 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 486AV UT WOS:000171797000033 ER PT J AU Datta, R Chourey, PS Pring, DR Tang, HV AF Datta, R Chourey, PS Pring, DR Tang, HV TI Gene-expression analysis of sucrose-starch metabolism during pollen maturation in cytoplasmic male-sterile and fertile lines of sorghum SO SEXUAL PLANT REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE pollen maturation; cytoplasmic male sterility; starch biosynthesis; gene expression; sorghum ID MITOCHONDRIAL ORF107; BINDING COMPLEX; SYNTHASE GENES; MAIZE POLLEN; PROTEINS; ENDOSPERM; PLANTS; BIOSYNTHESIS; MODULATION; CLONING AB During pollen maturation, single-celled microspores undergo a rapid phase of starch biosynthesis, presumably from sucrose stored in the vacuoles. Very little is known about the genes and the intracellular controls that regulate the sucrose --> starch pathway in such microspores. We show here RNA profiles in sorghum microspores during the transition from vacuolated microspore to immature pollen at two specific stages of pollen development: early, showing little or no detectable starch, and late, when pollen are active in starch-filling. We have also examined two near-isogenic cytoplasmic male sterile lines that retain fully turgid immature pollen until the starch-filling stage, but remain starch-deficient, and ultimately form inviable pollen. Using maize cDNA clones, both temporal and genotypic differences were observed in the expression profiles of four metabolic genes (soluble or vacuolar invertase, Ivr2; sucrose synthase, Sus1; phosphoglucomutase, Pgm; and a subunit of ADPG pyrophosphorylase, Bt2), two similar metabolic regulatory genes (Grf1 and Grf2, encoding 14-3-3 proteins) and a transcription factor, ZmMADS1. Western blot analyses were conducted to visualize sucrose synthase, SS2; AGPase, BT2 and the GRF (14-3-3) proteins. Temporal differences of both a qualitative and quantitative nature were observed in all three proteins in both male-fertile and male-sterile lines. We suggest that these changes in gene expression may result from increased and decreased sink strengths and associated changes in carbohydrate metabolism in starch-filled (fertile) and starch-deficient (sterile) pollen, respectively. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, Program Plant Mol & Cellular Biol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. ARS, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Chourey, PS (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, Program Plant Mol & Cellular Biol, POB 110680, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. OI Datta, Rupali/0000-0002-4117-0511 NR 38 TC 28 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 16 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0934-0882 J9 SEX PLANT REPROD JI Sex. Plant Reprod. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 14 IS 3 BP 127 EP 134 DI 10.1007/s00497-001-0105-5 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences; Reproductive Biology SC Plant Sciences; Reproductive Biology GA 499CH UT WOS:000172553100001 ER PT J AU Schutter, ME Fuhrmann, JJ AF Schutter, ME Fuhrmann, JJ TI Soil microbial community responses to fly ash amendment as revealed by analyses of whole soils and bacterial isolates SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE fly ash; microbial community; FAME; biolog; aerobic heterotrophic bacteria ID SEWAGE-SLUDGE; NITROGEN AB Due to its silty texture and plant nutrient content, coal fly ash may prove a valuable amendment to coarse-textured soils. Its effects on soil chemical and physical properties in the field have been studied, but little is known regarding effects on soil microbial communities. In this study, field plots were amended with fly ash at rates of 0 or 505 Mg fly ash ha(-1) and subsequently cropped to a fallow-com-wheat rotation or continuous fescue. Twenty months later, microbial responses to the fly ash were assessed by analyzing the fatty acid composition and carbon substrate utilization potential of microbial communities and aerobic heterotrophic bacteria isolated from the field plots cropped to wheat and fescue. Differences in whole-soil fatty acid profiles from amended and non-amended soils were found. Soils amended with fly ash were enriched in fatty acid 16:1 omega 5c, and elevated quantities of 17:0 cy and 16:1 omega 7c were present in fly ash-amended soils cropped to fescue and wheat, respectively, Fatty acid profiles also were affected by cropping system. Extracts from wheat-cropped soils were enriched in 17:1 w7c, while those from fescue plots had greater amounts of 18:2 omega 6c and 18:1 omega 9c. Carbon substrate utilization patterns of microbial communities were affected by cropping system but not by fly ash amendment; communities from soils cropped to wheat utilized more carbon substrates than did communities from fescue-cropped soils at the soil dilution tested. Studies of bacterial isolates revealed that Arthrobacter species dominated the culturable, aerobic heterotrophic population, accounting for 25-42% of the total number of isolates recovered from the field plots. Percentages of unidentified isolates also were significant and ranged from 27 to 45% of isolate totals. Effects of fly ash on soil isolates were detected within species of Arthrobacter, with reduced numbers of A. protophormiae in soils amended with fly ash relative to non-amended soils. Overall, the structure of the culturable, aerobic heterotrophic population did not reflect that of the soil community, as fatty acids reported to be markers for Gram-positive organisms were not the major community fatty acids. Enhanced crop growth and soil texture, pH, and nutrient content as a result of fly ash amendment may explain why no detrimental effects to the microbial community were found. Instead, whole-soil fatty acid data indicates that fly ash amendment may benefit fungi and Gram-negative bacteria relative to other components of the soil microbial community. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Delaware, Coll Agr & Nat Resources, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Delaware Agr Expt Stn, Newark, DE 19717 USA. ARS, USDA, Water Management Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RP Fuhrmann, JJ (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Coll Agr & Nat Resources, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Delaware Agr Expt Stn, Newark, DE 19717 USA. RI Stromberger, Mary/C-3070-2013 OI Stromberger, Mary/0000-0002-5862-2932 NR 29 TC 36 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 33 IS 14 BP 1947 EP 1958 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00123-7 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 491EK UT WOS:000172094900007 ER PT J AU Hayes, MHB Clapp, CE AF Hayes, MHB Clapp, CE TI Humic substances: Considerations of compositions, aspects of structure, and environmental influences SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE soil and water humic substances; humin; humic structures; carbon sequestration; humic substances fractionation; humic compositions; humic acid; fulvic acid; glomalin ID SIZE-EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY; ORGANIC-CARBON; AGGREGATE STABILITY; SOIL; GLOMALIN; MODEL; ACID; CORN AB Humic substances (HS) are the major components of the mixture of materials that comprise soil organic matter, and these substances, which are by far the most abundant organic materials in the environment, are themselves complicated mixtures of biologically transformed organic debris. However, it is likely that many of the solubilization properties of the mixtures arise from the presence of nonhumic components that are intimately associated with the HS and that cannot be separated effectively from these components. Separation and fractionation techniques are improving, and most of the instruments needed to advance awareness of the composition and aspects of structures are now in place. There is a need, however, to review the operational definitions that now apply and to put in place a classification system that will take into account origins and some compositional characteristics. The broad based definition of humin is especially unsatisfactory. This umbrella term covers a mixture of materials that are insoluble in aqueous systems and that contain nonhumic components such as long chain hydrocarbons, esters, acids, and even relatively polar structures of microbial origin, such as polysaccharides and glomalin, that can be associated with the nonpolar moieties and with soil minerals, as well as plant components that are highly resistant to decomposition. Advances in the humic sciences in recent times have been impressive, and the questioning of 'ingrained' theories and concepts is opening vistas through which we are seeing new concepts of size, shape, and association; the remarkable developments in nuclear magnetic resonance are also allowing better interpretations of compositions and of aspects of structures. From these advances will emerge a more fundamental understanding of HS functions in such important roles as the stabilization of soil aggregates, the binding of anthropogenic organic chemicals, and the sequestration of C from atmospheric CO2. The latter function is especially important at this time because we need to know why some soils sequester more C than others and why the qualities (or composition and structure) of HS in some soils are different from those in others. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Limerick, Dept Chem & Environm Sci, Limerick, Ireland. RP Hayes, MHB (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RI Hayes, Michael/C-3463-2011 NR 64 TC 129 Z9 138 U1 9 U2 84 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 166 IS 11 BP 723 EP 737 DI 10.1097/00010694-200111000-00002 PG 15 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 495AL UT WOS:000172318000002 ER PT J AU Cox, L Cecchi, A Celis, R Hermosin, MC Koskinen, WC Cornejo, J AF Cox, L Cecchi, A Celis, R Hermosin, MC Koskinen, WC Cornejo, J TI Effect of exogenous carbon on movement of simazine and 2,4-D in soils SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER; SLUDGE-AMENDED SOIL; 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID; ADSORPTION-DESORPTION; SORPTION-DESORPTION; AGRICULTURAL SOILS; ATRAZINE; CHEMICALS; ALACHLOR; WATER AB Organic amendment (OA) addition is an agricultural practice that can greatly affect pesticide behavior in soil. The influence of three OAs, consisting of a liquid amendment (LOA), solid (SOA) humic amendment, and a solid urban waste (SUW), on sorption, persistence, and leaching potential of simazine (2-chloro-4,6-bis (ethylamino)-striazine) and 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) in a sandy soil (P2) has been investigated. The OAs were added to P2 at a rate of 5% (w/w). Sorption was studied using the batch equilibration technique, degradation by incubations at 20 degreesC and -0.33 kPa moisture content, and leaching using handpacked soil columns. Simazine sorption increased in the order of P2 less than or equal to P2 + LOA < P2 + SUW < P2 +S OA. The herbicide, 2.4-D, did not sorb on P2 soil. but in amended soils sorption increased in the same order as simazine. The lower sorption of both herbicides in P2 + LOA as compared with P2 + SOA and P2 + SUW is attributed to higher dissolved organic matter (DOM) content of LOA. Simazine's half-life was reduced upon amendment. Degradation of 2,4-D followed a sigmoidal rate in P2, P2 + SOA. and P2 + SUW, but not in P2 + LOA, in which 2.4-D persistence was much higher. The higher stability of 2,4-D in P2 + LOA has been attributed to 2,4-D-dissoved organic C interactions. Leaching studies indicate that degradation affects movement to a higher extent than sorption, specially in the case of 2,4-D in P2 + LOA soil, in which the amounts leached are much higher than those in unamended soil. In the case of simazine and P2 + SUW soil, greater reduction in large-size conducting pores upon amendment, as revealed in Hg porosimetry studies, resulted in a greater reduction of leaching than that suggested from the small differences in sorption and degradation between P2 and P2 + SUW soil. C1 CSIC, Inst Recursos Nat & Agrobiol, E-41080 Seville, Spain. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. ARS, USDA, Soil & Water Management Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Cornejo, J (reprint author), CSIC, Inst Recursos Nat & Agrobiol, POB 1052, E-41080 Seville, Spain. RI Celis, Rafael/D-8074-2012; COX, LUCIA/M-4072-2015; OI Celis, Rafael/0000-0002-0548-0774; , LUCIA/0000-0003-2113-4780; Cornejo, Juan/0000-0002-2552-3495 NR 46 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 2 U2 13 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 65 IS 6 BP 1688 EP 1695 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 505NJ UT WOS:000172918600015 ER PT J AU Amelung, W Kimble, JM Samson-Liebig, S Follett, RF AF Amelung, W Kimble, JM Samson-Liebig, S Follett, RF TI Restoration of microbial residues in soils of the Conservation Reserve Program SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-MATTER; NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; AMINO-SUGARS; BIOMASS; TILLAGE; CARBON; COMPACTION; BACTERIAL; SYSTEMS; FUNGAL AB To elucidate the role of microorganisms for C and N sequestration in arable soils converted to grassland (sites of the Conservation Reserve Program; CRP), we determined amino sugars as indicators for microbial residues in surface samples (0-5 cm) obtained from each of 10 adjacent native grassland, CRP, and cropland sites across the U.S. Great Plains. The CRP sites were 6 to 10 yr and the cropland sites were > 80 yr old. Compared with native grasslands, the CRP sites had lost between 17 and 50% and the cropland sites between 32 and 94% of their surface soil organic matter (SOM). The C/N ratio was not significantly different among the three land-use systems, indicating that C and N losses occurred at similar intensity. The mean amino sugar concentrations decreased in the order native grassland (70 g kg(-1) C; 750 g kg(-1) N) > CRP (53 g kg(-1) C; 570 g kg(-1) N) > cropland (47 g kg(-1) C; 450 g kg(-1) N). This decrease in the element-normalized concentrations of amino sugars indicated that they responded faster to management than other C or N containing compounds. The response of individual amino sugars related to soil compaction and the temperature regime. We suggest that the resequestration of C and N into the residues of bacteria and fungi requires several years, but as it depends on land use it could be manipulated using, for example, soil decompacting techniques to improve CRP efficiency. C1 Univ Bayreuth, Inst Soil Sci & Soil Geog, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Lincoln, NE 68516 USA. USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Amelung, W (reprint author), Univ Bayreuth, Inst Soil Sci & Soil Geog, POB 101251, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. EM wulf.amelung@uni-bayreuth.de RI Amelung, Wulf/H-2136-2013 OI Amelung, Wulf/0000-0002-4920-4667 NR 32 TC 33 Z9 38 U1 3 U2 21 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 65 IS 6 BP 1704 EP 1709 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 505NJ UT WOS:000172918600017 ER PT J AU Wright, SF Jawson, L AF Wright, SF Jawson, L TI A pressure cooker method to extract glomalin from soils SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; AGGREGATE STABILITY; PROTEIN; HYPHAE AB Glomalin, a glycoprotein produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, is an important constituent of soil organic matter. Glomalin is insoluble in water or salt solutions commonly used in soil extractions. Solubilization of glomalin does occur in the presence of citrate at the temperature achieved by an autoclave (121 degreesC, 103 kPa). Most soil-testing laboratories have access to all of the instruments required for glomalin analysis except an autoclave. Small (4-L) and large (14-L) pressure cookers were compared with a bench-top autoclave to test glomalin extraction from three soils using 50 mM citrate, pH 8.0 as the extracting agent. Glomalin concentrations, as measured by the Bradford protein assay, were identical for extracts from the autoclave and the 14-L pressure cooker when 103 kPa (121 degreesC) was achieved in both vessels. The 4-L pressure cooker extracted less glomalin than the other vessels. A pressure cooker that will achieve 103 kPa Is a low-cost substitute for an autoclave to extract glomalin from soils. C1 USDA ARS, BARCW, Sustainable Agr Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wright, SF (reprint author), USDA ARS, BARCW, Sustainable Agr Syst Lab, Bldg 001,Rm 140,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 6 TC 15 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 20 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 65 IS 6 BP 1734 EP 1735 PG 2 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 505NJ UT WOS:000172918600022 ER PT J AU Arnalds, O Kimble, J AF Arnalds, O Kimble, J TI Andisols of deserts in Iceland SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOILS; ALLOPHANE; CLASSIFICATION; ALASKA; FORMS; IRON AB Desert areas cover 35 to 45 000 km(2) of Iceland or about 35 to 45% of the country. These surfaces have very low vegetation cover as a result of several environmental factors and anthropogenic impacts. A good understanding of the soils of the deserts is a key factor for successful restoration of these ecosystems. Very limited data has previously been published about the soils of Icelandic deserts and limited research has been reported on soils that form in basaltic tephra materials under similar conditions elsewhere in the world. The purpose of the research reported here was to gain a basic understanding of properties, variability. and classification of the soils of Icelandic deserts. Eight soil pedons, representing a variety of desert surfaces, were described, sampled, and analyzed for key physical and chemical properties. The morphology was generally characterized by a frost-heaved gravel layer at the surface, with finer subsurface horizons with abundance of volcanic glass. The soils had low organic content (< 10 g kg(-1)), and very low levels of N. Water holding capacity was generally < 50 g kg-1 at 1.5 MPa. Phosphorus retention is 24 to 93% in A and B horizons. The soils were near neutral in reaction but the pH in NaF solution was commonly around 10. Mineralogy was dominated by volcanic glass, but allophane and ferrihydrite are also present. The results of this study show that most Icelandic deserts soils are Typic Virtricryands according to soil taxonomy. Icelandic Andisols combined are 5 to 7% of the world's Andisols. C1 Agr Res Inst, IS-112 Reykjavik, Iceland. USDA, NRCS, NSSC, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. RP Arnalds, O (reprint author), Agr Res Inst, IS-112 Reykjavik, Iceland. NR 43 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 22 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 65 IS 6 BP 1778 EP 1786 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 505NJ UT WOS:000172918600027 ER PT J AU Pachepsky, YA Timlin, DJ Rawls, WJ AF Pachepsky, YA Timlin, DJ Rawls, WJ TI Soil water retention as related to topographic variables SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CORN GRAIN-YIELD; ENVIRONMENTAL CORRELATION; PARTICLE-SIZE; BULK-DENSITY; LANDSCAPE; PREDICTION; SURFACE; TERRAIN; CLASSIFICATION; VARIABILITY AB Digital elevation models were proposed and used as a data source to estimate soil properties. This study evaluated variability of texture and water retention of soils for a gently sloping 3.7-ha field located in the long-term precision farming research site at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, MD. The specific objectives of this research were (i) to characterize variability of water retention across the hillslope, and (ii) determine and describe any correlations of soil water retention with soil texture and surface topography. Soil was sampled along four 30-m transects and in 39 points within the study area. Textural fraction contents, bulk density, and water retention at 0, 2.5, 5.0, 10, 33, 100, 500, and 1500 kPa were measured in samples taken from 4- to 10-cm depth. A 30-m digital elevation model (DEM) was constructed from aerial photography data. Slopes, profile curvatures, and tangential curvatures were computed in grid nodes and interpolated to the sampling locations. Regressions with spatially correlated errors were used to relate water retention and texture to computed topographic variables. Sand, silt, and clay contents depended on slope and curvatures. Soil water retention at 10 and 33 kPa correlated with sand and silt contents. The regression model relating water retention to the topographic variables explained more than 60% of variation in soil water content at 10 and 33 kPa, and only 20% of variation at 100 kPa. Increases in slope values and decreases in tangential curvature values, i.e., less concavity or more convexity across the slope, led to the decreases in water retention at 10 and 33 kPa. Results of this work show a potential for topographic variables to be used in interpretation of field-scale variability of soil properties and, possibly, yield maps in precision agriculture. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Alternate Crops & Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Pachepsky, YA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Bldg 007,Rm 104, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Pachepsky, Yakov/0000-0003-0232-6090 NR 46 TC 94 Z9 97 U1 1 U2 33 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 65 IS 6 BP 1787 EP 1795 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 505NJ UT WOS:000172918600028 ER PT J AU Wienhold, BJ Tanaka, DL AF Wienhold, BJ Tanaka, DL TI Soil property changes during conversion from perennial vegetation to annual cropping SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; SOUTHWESTERN SASKATCHEWAN; BROWN CHERNOZEM; ZERO TILLAGE; NITROGEN; QUALITY; CARBON; FERTILIZATION; MANAGEMENT; POTENTIALS AB Management practices for conversion of land supporting perennial vegetation to crop production are needed. Effect of haying (bayed or not bayed), cropping (annual crop with no-tillage, minimum tillage, or conventional tillage, and no-tilled perennial crop), and N fertilization (0 or 67 kg ha(-1)) on soil properties were measured in 1995 and 1997 at a Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) site in North Dakota having an Amor loam (Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid, Typic Haplustoll) soil in a spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). winter wheat, pea (Pisum sativum L.) rotation. Soil physical properties were not affected negatively by the management practices used. Haying and tillage practices influenced soil chemical properties. Organic C and total N content declined (1.2 Mg ha(-1) for C and 0.1 Mg ha(-1) for N) from 1995 to 1997. In bayed plots, organic C and total N increased as tillage intensity decreased while in non-hayed plots no pattern was observed. Haying and tillage influenced soil biological properties. Potentially mineralizable N at 0 to 0.05 rn increased as tillage intensity decreased in 1997. In the 0.05- to 0.15-m depth, potentially mineralizable N increased from 1995 (118 kg ha(-1)) to 1997 (146 kg ha(-1)). By 1997, soil properties in bayed plots responded to cropping practices similarly to those in established cropping systems in this region. In non-hayed plots, management induced patterns had not developed by 1997. Haying, conservation tillage, and annual cropping are viable approaches for converting land to annual crop production. C1 USDA ARS, Soil & Water Conservat Res Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. RP Wienhold, BJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soil & Water Conservat Res Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. EM BWIENHOLD1@unl.edu NR 33 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 EI 1435-0661 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 65 IS 6 BP 1795 EP 1803 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 505NJ UT WOS:000172918600029 ER PT J AU Johnson, CK Doran, JW Duke, HR Wienhold, BJ Eskridge, KM Shanahan, JF AF Johnson, CK Doran, JW Duke, HR Wienhold, BJ Eskridge, KM Shanahan, JF TI Field-scale electrical conductivity mapping for delineating soil condition SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION; PRECISION AGRICULTURE; SALINITY; PRODUCTIVITY; CARBON AB Traditional sampling methods are inadequate for assessing the interrelated physical, chemical, and biological soil properties responsible for variations in agronomic yield and ecological potentials across a landscape. Recent advances in computers, global positioning systems, and large-scale sensors offer new opportunities for mapping heterogeneous patterns in soil condition. We evaluated field-scale apparent electrical conductivity (EC.) mapping for delineating soil properties correlated with productivity and ecological properties. A contiguous section of farmland (250 ha), managed as eight fields in a no-till winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-corn (Zea mays L.)-millet (Panicum miliaceum L.)-fallow rotation, was EC. mapped (approximate to 0- to 30-cm depth). A geo-referenced soil-sampling scheme separated each field into four EC. classes that were sampled (0- to 7.5- and 7.5- to 30-cm depths) in triplicate. Soil physical parameters (bulk density, moisture content, and percentage clay), chemical parameters (total and particulate organic matter [POM], total C and N, extractable P, laboratory-measured electrical conductivity [EC1:1], and pH), biological parameters (microbial biomass C [MBC] and N [MBN], and potentially mineralizable N), and surface residue mass were significantly different among EC. classes (P less than or equal to 0.06) at one or both depths (0-7.5 and G-30 cm). Bulk density, percentage clay, EC1:1, and pH were positively correlated with EC.; all other soil parameters and surface residue mass were negatively correlated. Field-scale EC. classification delimits distinct zones of soil condition, providing an effective basis for soil sampling. Potential uses include assessing temporal impacts of management on soil condition and managing spatial variation in soil-condition and yield-potential through precision agriculture and site-specific management. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Colorado State Univ, USDA ARS, AERC, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Johnson, CK (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, 120 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RI Poggio, Matteo/D-8973-2011; OI Shanahan, John/0000-0003-3173-4245 NR 43 TC 114 Z9 120 U1 4 U2 22 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 65 IS 6 BP 1829 EP 1837 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 505NJ UT WOS:000172918600033 ER PT J AU Wuest, SB AF Wuest, SB TI Soil biopore estimation: effects of tillage, nitrogen, and photographic resolution SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE biopores; soil porosity; no-tillage; wheat ID UNTILLED LOESS SOIL; WATER INFILTRATION; MACROPOROSITY; GROWTH; WHEAT AB Networks of biopores created by plant and animal activity might accumulate in untilled cropping systems. These would be relatively well connected to the soil surface. The objective of this study was to count biopores after long-term no-till in comparison to recently tilled soil. Biopores were counted and measured to 80 cm depth at 10 cm increments in plots either under no-till wheat production for 1 year or for 17 years, and receiving zero or 130 kg ha(-1) N. The measurements were repeated using different photographic methods with increased resolution. The only significant difference between the long and short term no-till was in biopore sizes over 1 mm diameter, where long-term no-till produced from 30 to 100% more biopores, probably caused by increased earthworm activity. Over 99% of biopores measured were less than 1 mm diameter. There was no difference between tillage or N treatments in the number of these smaller biopores at any depth. This means small biopores did not accumulate either above or below the plow layer in an untilled cropping system. Improved resolution in the second set of measurements produced a 100-fold increase in detection of biopores in the 0.3-0.5 mm range. This provides evidence that a substantial portion of biopores are very small and were missed in the first year of this study and perhaps in other studies of this type. It is hypothesized that biopores of 0.05-0.5 mm diameter make up over half of total biopore volume and might have a significant role in movement of water and gases. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA, Columbia Plateau Conservat Res Ctr, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. RP Wuest, SB (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Columbia Plateau Conservat Res Ctr, POB 370, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. NR 12 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 62 IS 3-4 BP 111 EP 116 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(01)00218-5 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 474PL UT WOS:000171116000003 ER PT J AU Davis, MA Boyd, RS Cane, JH AF Davis, MA Boyd, RS Cane, JH TI Host-switching does not circumvent the Ni-based defence of the Ni hyperaccumulator Streptanthus polygaloides (Brassicaceae) SO SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Serpentine Ecology CY MAR, 1999 CL SOUTH AFRICA ID LYMANTRIA-DISPAR LEPIDOPTERA; GYPSY-MOTH; NICKEL HYPERACCUMULATION; HERBIVORE; GRASSES; PLANTS; SILICA; ZINC AB Elevated tissue concentrations of metals have been shown to defend metal-hyperaccumulating plants against both herbivores and pathogens. Tolerance of metal-based defences presents a challenge to herbivores, because heavy metals cannot be degraded or metabolized. One strategy that herbivores can employ to counter high-metal defences is dietary dilution, or host switching. Highly mobile herbivores are most likely to use this strategy, but less mobile lepidopteran larvae can also Improve their performance on toxic hosts if early instar development occurs on more favourable hosts. We examined the effects of host switching on growth and survival of a generalist folivore. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that early larval development on non-toxic hosts could improve larval performance of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, an high-Ni Streptanthus polygaloides, a Ni hyperaccumulator. Initial larval performance (weight gain) was lowest for insects switched to high-N! hosts. Decreased initial larval performance was also noted for insects switched from lettuce to low-Ni S. polygaloides, but these larvae recovered quickly. Original host identity (lettuce or low-Ni S. polygaloides) did not affect subsequent larval performance. By day 8 of the feeding trials, all larvae switched to high-Ni hosts had died. We conclude that polyphagous Spodoptera larvae are unable to counter NI-based defences via host switching. C1 Univ So Mississippi, Dept Biol Sci, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Bot & Microbiol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Bee Biol & Systemat Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Davis, MA (reprint author), Univ So Mississippi, Dept Biol Sci, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA. NR 30 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACAD SCIENCE SOUTH AFRICA A S S AF PI LYNWOOD RIDGE PA PO BOX 72135, LYNWOOD RIDGE 0040, SOUTH AFRICA SN 0038-2353 J9 S AFR J SCI JI S. Afr. J. Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 97 IS 11-12 BP 554 EP 557 PN 2 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 520GD UT WOS:000173771900016 ER PT J AU Angle, JS Chaney, RL Baker, AJM Li, Y Reeves, R Volk, V Roseberg, R Brewer, E Burke, S Nelkin, J AF Angle, JS Chaney, RL Baker, AJM Li, Y Reeves, R Volk, V Roseberg, R Brewer, E Burke, S Nelkin, J TI Developing commercial phytoextraction technologies: practical considerations SO SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Serpentine Ecology CY MAR, 1999 CL SOUTH AFRICA ID THLASPI-CAERULESCENS BRASSICACEAE; PHYTOREMEDIATION; NICKEL; ZINC; HYPERACCUMULATION; CADMIUM; SOILS AB Several plant/metal combinations have been identified for the phytoextraction of heavy metals from soil. Commercial development of technologies for extracting metals from soil has been proposed; however, many obstacles must be overcome before successful implementation. This paper relates some of the practical problems and considerations we have encountered during our development of a commercial technology for phytomining of Ni from polluted and mineralized soils. Soil conditioning to maximize plant growth and metal uptake is first necessary, requiring extensive prior knowledge of the influence of soil pH and nutrient availability on growth and metal uptake. Seed planting methods also need to be determined, such as depth of sowing, potential mechanization and planting density. Growth during the year requires control of weeds, insects and diseases. Extensive prior work is necessary to ensure that the crop is free of these pests and regulatory approval may be required for nonlabel use of pesticides. Method of harvest is also a concern, as most past researchers have harvested material by hand. It is generally hoped that commercial forage harvest equipment will be adequate, but this may not be practical for some very low-growing hyperaccumulators. Ail these operations require extensive prior testing, often during multi-year evaluation, before commercial field operations can be started. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Nat Resource Sci & Landscape Architecture, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. ARS, Environm Chem Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2UO, S Yorkshire, England. Massey Univ, Nat Resources Inst, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Viridian Resources LLC, Houston, TX 77005 USA. RP Angle, JS (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Nat Resource Sci & Landscape Architecture, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 18 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 12 PU ACAD SCIENCE SOUTH AFRICA A S S AF PI LYNWOOD RIDGE PA PO BOX 72135, LYNWOOD RIDGE 0040, SOUTH AFRICA SN 0038-2353 J9 S AFR J SCI JI S. Afr. J. Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 97 IS 11-12 BP 619 EP 623 PN 2 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 520GD UT WOS:000173771900032 ER PT J AU Kurtzman, CP Droby, S AF Kurtzman, CP Droby, S TI Metschnikowia fructicola, a new ascosporic yeast with potential for biocontrol of postharvest fruit rots SO SYSTEMATIC AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Metschnikowia fructicola; new yeast; potential biocontrol yeast; 265 rDNA phylogeny ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; BLUE MOLD; CANDIDA-SAKE; GRAY MOLD; APPLE; DISEASES; PULCHERRIMA; STORAGE; CITRUS; DECAY AB A new ascosporic yeast, Metschnikowia fructicola (type strain NRRL Y-27328, CBS 8853), is described and was isolated from grapes grown in central Israel. Preliminary tests indicate the new species has bio-control activity against Botrytis rot of stored grapes. Phylogenetic analysis of domain D1/D2 26S rDNA sequences showed M. fructicola to be a sister species of M. pulcherrima. C1 ARS, Microbial Genom & Bioproc Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Minist Agr, Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Bet Dagan, Israel. RP Kurtzman, CP (reprint author), ARS, Microbial Genom & Bioproc Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 23 TC 72 Z9 76 U1 4 U2 22 PU URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA BRANCH OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, D-07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 0723-2020 J9 SYST APPL MICROBIOL JI Syst. Appl. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 24 IS 3 BP 395 EP 399 DI 10.1078/0723-2020-00045 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 513UC UT WOS:000173396900010 PM 11822675 ER PT J AU Price, JB Cui, XL Calamari, TA McDaniel, RG AF Price, JB Cui, XL Calamari, TA McDaniel, RG TI Assessing the quality of four naturally colored cottons SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Small quantities of four cottons with distinctive hues ranging from light tan to cinnamon and green, grown by the University of Arizona, are converted into sliver and spun into both ring and rotor yarns using industrial-scale equipment. Fiber and yarn tests are performed in order to compare the cottons, and the yarns are inserted into a woven fabric as filling yarns. There is evidence that shade varies with Micronaire value. The weakest, shortest cotton is the dark cinnamon type, which provides the weakest, least regular yarns. The strongest cotton is the champagne variety, which is also the longest and coarsest of the four types evaluated. The strongest, most regular yarns are provided by the green cotton. Light cinnamon and champagne cottons produce yarns of similar tensile and regularity properties. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. Univ Arizona, Coll Agr, Dept Plant Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Price, JB (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 9 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 USA SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 71 IS 11 BP 993 EP 999 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA 501VM UT WOS:000172706800010 ER PT J AU McCallum, J Leite, D Pither-Joyce, M Havey, MJ AF McCallum, J Leite, D Pither-Joyce, M Havey, MJ TI Expressed sequence markers for genetic analysis of bulb onion (Allium cepa L.) SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE expressed sequence tag; single-stranded conformation polymorphisms; heteroduplex analysis; Allium cepa ID STRAND CONFORMATION POLYMORPHISM; PCR-BASED MARKERS; PISUM-SATIVUM; CDNA CLONES; LINKAGE; RFLP; HYBRID; GENOME; PEA; MAP AB Sequencing of cDNA clones previously screened for ability to reveal RFLPs in bulb onion has been completed and a further 128 ESTs from 111 clones have been deposited in public databases. A putative function was assigned to 66% (84/128) of ESTs by BLASTX searches against public databases and FASTA comparisons were used to determine similarity among clones, including those which detected linked RFLP loci. Cleavage amplified polymorphisms (CAPs) and single-stranded conformation polymorphisms (SSCP) were evaluated as strategies for converting onion expressed sequence tags (ESTs) into PCR-based assays for gene mapping. We screened 14 ESTs with 8 to 12 restriction enzymes and detected two CAPs, which mapped in the 'Brigham Yellow Globe' (BYG15-23)x'Ailsa Craig' (AC43) mapping population. A wider survey of CAPs for ESTs among eight bulb onion populations with six frequently cutting restriction enzymes detected variation, but too little to be practical for routine gene mapping. By contrast, non-radioactive SSCP of amplicons from 3' UTRs of ESTs was found to detect useful levels of variation within bulb onion germplasm. In addition to SSCPs, homo- and hetero-duplex polymorphisms (duplex polymorphisms) were also frequently observed on the same gets. Of a total of 31 ESTs surveyed, 26 exhibited SSCP/duplex variation among bulb onion populations. SSCP/duplex polymorphisms in 11 ESTs were mapped in the 'BYG15-23'x'AC43' family and, of these, ten were linked to an RFLP locus revealed by the original cDNA. The SSCP/duplex assays of five additional ESTs showed Mendelian segregations in the 'Colossal Grano'x'Pukekohe Longkeeper' (P12) F-2 population. Two of these markers were linked, as predicted from linkage of their corresponding RFLPs in the 'BYG15-23'x'AC43' family. Ninety two percent (12/13) of EST PCR products that amplified in Allium roylei exhibited marked differences in SSCP patterns from bulb onion. ESTs for invertase and sucrose-sucrose fructosyltransferase were mapped by SSCP and an ATP sulfurylase gene cloned by RT-PCR revealed SSCP/duplex polymorphism within bulb onion. These results demonstrate that SSCP/duplex is an efficient and economical technique for exploiting onion EST information for gene mapping in onion. C1 Crop & Food Res, Christchurch, New Zealand. Embrapa Clima Temperado, BR-96001970 Pelotas, RS, Brazil. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Crop & Food Res, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand. EM mccallumj@crop.cri.nz NR 48 TC 34 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0040-5752 EI 1432-2242 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 103 IS 6-7 BP 979 EP 991 DI 10.1007/s001220100630 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 498VD UT WOS:000172530400019 ER PT J AU Dobrinsky, JR AF Dobrinsky, JR TI Cryopreservation of swine embryos: A chilly past with a vitrifying future SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of the 1st Successful Embryo Transfer in the Pig CY MAY 15-18, 2000 CL KIEV, UKRAINE DE pig; embryo; cytoskeleton; cryopreservation; vitrification; freezing ID LOW-TEMPERATURE PRESERVATION; PORCINE EMBRYOS; CYTOCHALASIN-B; MOUSE EMBRYOS; VITRIFICATION; SURVIVAL; INVITRO; EGGS AB Since the development of embryo freezing technologies for cattle in the 1980s, advances in cryobiology, cell biology and embryology of domestic animals have enabled the development of embryo preservation methodology for the pig, notorious for extreme sensitivity to cooling. This review outlines recent efforts to understand the biology of pig embryos as related to their extreme sensitivity to cooling. Cellular analyses and molecular approaches are discussed that have enabled pig embryos to survive cryopreservation and after transfer develop into live offspring with normal fecundity at maturity. In the near future, use of preserved embryos will be a routine breeding alternative for swine producers, providing: preservation methods for maternal germplasm; global genetic transport; increased selection pressure within herds; breeding line regeneration or proliferation; and methodology for genetic resource rescue. It took almost 50 years after the first successful embryo transfer to develop embryo preservation in the pig. Nonetheless, by applying novel methods described herein, rapid progress has been achieved. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 USDA ARS, GGPL, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Dobrinsky, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, GGPL, BARC E, B200,R22, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 40 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD NOV 1 PY 2001 VL 56 IS 8 SI SI BP 1333 EP 1344 DI 10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00634-3 PG 12 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 495YN UT WOS:000172368100007 PM 11758887 ER PT J AU Wilkerson, JB Moody, FH Hart, WE Funk, PA AF Wilkerson, JB Moody, FH Hart, WE Funk, PA TI Design and evaluation of a cotton flow rate sensor SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE cotton; cotton ginning; cotton harvesting; flow rates; flow sensors; optical measurement; yield mapping AB An optically-based system for measuring cotton flow rate was designed and tested in both field and laboratory environments. Accuracy was documented by comparing actual and predicted load weights. When field-tested on a cotton harvester, results were positive, with an average absolute error of 4.7%. A laboratory test was subsequently designed and conducted to gather data describing relationships between system performance and variables such as cotton flow rate, cotton moisture content, and cotton variety. The accuracy results of the laboratory test confirmed those generated in the field, with an average absolute error of 3.4%. Additionally, laboratory test results indicated a moderate correlation between average flow rate and absolute error Variety also affected system performance, with an average absolute error of 2.4% for one variety, versus 4.9% for another. Moisture content had no detectable effect on accuracy in the laboratory test. The technology described herein has been patented and licensed to industry for application on mobile equipment. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. USDA ARS, So Plains Area, SW Cotton Ginning Res Lab, Mesilla Pk, NM USA. RP Wilkerson, JB (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, POB 1071, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. NR 18 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1415 EP 1420 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 528UY UT WOS:000174263600007 ER PT J AU van Donk, SJ Tollner, EW McDonald, SP AF van Donk, SJ Tollner, EW McDonald, SP TI Development of hot/cold plate apparatus for determining heat transport mechanisms in mulch materials SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE hot plate; cold plate; mulch; heat transport ID PARTIAL SURFACE MULCH; THERMAL-PROPERTIES; WATER-CONTENT; SOIL HEAT; TEMPERATURE; MOISTURE; RESIDUE; PROBE; REGIMES; FLOW AB To study the effects of mulches and crop residues on soil temperature, researchers have frequently used simulation models. In such models, quantification of heat transport within the mulch material is often weak and heat transport mechanisms are poorly understood. In this paper we describe an apparatus to quantify heat transport through dry mulch materials. In addition, heat transport mechanisms (conduction, thermal radiation, free and forced convection) can be identified and quantified using this apparatus. The apparatus consists of precisely controlled and monitored 0.9 in by 0.9 in hot and cold plates. The hot plate actually consists of three component plates: a test, a guard, and a bottom plate that are individually controlled (temperature) and monitored (temperature and power). The guard plate surrounds the test plate, minimizing undesired lateral heat flow. The bottom plate is positioned in parallel with the test and guard plates to insure-that all wattage into the test plate moves off the top of the plate through the mulch. The correct functioning of the hot plate was verified using three reference materials with a known thermal resistance. The cold plate is based on techniques using thermoelectric devices (Peltier coolers). In addition, heat sinks and fans are used to transport heat away from the cold plate. A two-dimensional numerical simulation showed that errors caused by lateral heat flow in a sample contained between the hot and the cold plate can be neglected. The thermal conductivity of air was measured using the apparatus, yielding a value of 0.026 W m(-1) degreesC(-1), exactly matching the theoretical value,thus confirming the correct functioning of the hot/cold plate combination. C1 Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Univ Georgia, Driftmier Engn Ctr, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP van Donk, SJ (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, 1007 Throckmorton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1479 EP 1488 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 528UY UT WOS:000174263600016 ER PT J AU Zobeck, TM Popham, TW AF Zobeck, TM Popham, TW TI Cropping and tillage effects on soil roughness indexes SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE microrelief; erosion; surface topography; surface roughness; abrasion ID WIND EROSION; RAINFALL; MICRORELIEF AB Several soil roughness indexes have been proposed or are being used in wind erosion prediction models, yet little is known about the effects of tillage, soils and cropping systems on the indexes. In this study, we test the hypotheses that roughness indexes related to the wind erosion process vary with type of tillage, can be functionally related to precipitation, and can be estimated by a random roughness (RR) index. We measured roughness using a pin-type microrelief meter for three seasons on fallow, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench]fields on three soils (two Paleustalfs and a Paleustoll) of west Texas. Roughness was characterized by RR expressed as the standard deviation of adjusted surface elevations, a ridge height index, and the fraction of the surface susceptible to particle abrasion measured parallel and perpendicular to the tillage direction. These indexes varied considerably in their ability to resolve differences among soils, tillage tools and crops. In nearly every case, each index was significantly affected (P < 0.05) by tillage type and soil. Random roughness, however did not vary among soils. No significant differences were found among crops when comparing only roughness measured immediately after tillage. In general, the roughness indexes fell into three broad tillage groups, The ridging tools (rolling cultivator and lister) produced the greatest roughness. The chisel, knife sweep and cultivator produced the least roughness and the remaining tillage tools comprised an intermediate group. We were successfid in developing models to estimate the four roughness indexes using initial roughness value and the cumulative amount of precipitation as independent variables. C1 USDA ARS, Cropping Syst Res Lab, Wind Eros & Water Conservat Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. So Plains Area Biometrician, Stillwater, OK USA. RP Zobeck, TM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cropping Syst Res Lab, Wind Eros & Water Conservat Res Unit, 3810 4th St, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. RI Zobeck, Ted/A-6126-2012 NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1527 EP 1536 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 528UY UT WOS:000174263600022 ER PT J AU Tolk, JA Howell, TA AF Tolk, JA Howell, TA TI Measured and simulated evapotranspiration of grain sorghum grown with full and limited irrigation in three high plains soils SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE crop coefficient; model evaluation; irrigation scheduling; lysimeters ID WATER; CROP AB Water conservation in irrigated agriculture of the semi-arid Great Plains relies on accurate prediction of crop water use to gain the greatest benefit from declining irrigation water supplies. One method for estimating crop water use applies crop specific coefficients to adjust reference evapotranspiration (ET0). We compared daily measured evapotranspiration (ET) of limited and fully irrigated grain sorghum to simulated ET (ETc)calculated using single and-dual crop coefficients (K,) and a grass-referenced ET0. We also compared simulated and actual applied irrigation water requirements that were based on fill replacement of ET The dual K-c procedure contained separate coefficients for crop transpiration, soil water evaporation, and water stress, as compared with one coefficient in the single K, procedure. Short-season grain sorghum was grown in weighing lysimeters containing monolithic soil cores of Pullman, Ulysses, or Amarillo soil located in a rain shelter facility. With the dual K, procedure, the difference during the season between cumulative ETc and ETm varied from 2 mm to around 70 mm, and by the end of the season the maximum difference in all treatments was about 60 mm, or 10%. The single K, procedure underestimated final cumulative ETm in the fully irrigated treatments by as much as 120 mm. Simulated and actual applied irrigation amounts in the fully irrigated treatments were similar using the dual K, methodology, but the single Kc methodology under-simulated irrigation needs by more than 100 nun in all treatments. The dual K-c procedure improved water use predictions compared with the single K, procedure. C1 USDA ARS, Water Management Res Unit, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RP USDA ARS, Water Management Res Unit, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. EM jtolk@cprl.ars.usda.gov NR 12 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1553 EP 1558 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 528UY UT WOS:000174263600025 ER PT J AU Santhi, C Arnold, JG Williams, JR Hauck, LM Dugas, WA AF Santhi, C Arnold, JG Williams, JR Hauck, LM Dugas, WA TI Application of a watershed model to evaluate management effects on point and nonpoint source pollution SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE watershed management; water quality; nonpoint source pollution; point source pollution; dairy manure management; municipal wastewater treatment plants; best management practices; total maximum daily load ID QUALITY; IMPACTS; BASIN AB A Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) program has been initiated in the North Bosque River Watershed in Texas, USA, where point and nonpoint sources of pollution are of a concern. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), which had been validated for flow and sediment and nutrient transport, was applied to quantify the effects of Best Management Practices (BMPs) related to dairy manure management and municipal waste water treatment plant effluent. Results are presented for the period from 1960 through 1998 for three sites along the North Bosque River Results are presented as annual time-weighted concentrations (average of the daily load divided by daily flow over a year) and annual flow-weighted concentrations (total cumulative load divided by total cumulative flow over a year). The wastewater treatment plant BMPs resulted in greater improvement in time-weighted instream soluble phosphorus concentrations than dairy BMPs. On the other hand, dairy BMPs made greater differences in flow-weighted concentrations. This study showed that SWAT could be a useful tool for studying the effects of alternative management scenarios for pollution control from point and nonpoint sources in large watersheds. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Blackland Res & Extens Ctr, Temple, TX 76502 USA. USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. Tarleton State Univ, Texas Inst Appl Environm Res, Stephenville, TX USA. RP Santhi, C (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Blackland Res & Extens Ctr, Temple, TX 76502 USA. NR 21 TC 88 Z9 93 U1 2 U2 43 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1559 EP 1570 PG 12 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 528UY UT WOS:000174263600026 ER PT J AU Bonta, JV Goyal, VC AF Bonta, JV Goyal, VC TI Modified drop-box weir for monitoring watershed flows under extreme approach channel conditions SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE flow measurement; sediment; drop-box weir; erosion plot; flow monitoring; approach channel; sediment-laden flow; small watershed ID 3 OHIO WATERSHEDS; SEDIMENT; IMPACT AB Flows under extreme weir approach conditions are difficult to measure accurately. They occur when there are rapid flows, steep channels, skewed flows in sinuous channels, and flows laden with sediment. Building on previous studies, the drop-box weir was modified and evaluated for use in steep and skewed stream channels found in small watersheds. Modifications to the modified drop-box weir (MDBW) included preventing water from overtopping the back wall of the box (forcing all water to enter the sides of the box), extending the vertical side walls at the V section of the weir to preclude water flow out of the weir-measuring section at high flows, and use of a channel baffle for energy dissipation. Three energy-dissipation configurations upstream of the box and 20 upstream approach conditions were tested. The approach-channel angles ranged from 0degrees to 45degrees, and approach-channel slopes ranged from 5% to 75%. The investigations showed that an upstream baffle yielded a stable rating curve compared with two other energy-dissipation measures. Statistical analyses of the rating curve parameters of the MDBW for each of the 20 approach conditions were similar leading to the conclusion that the rating was independent of approach channel angle and slope at all flows when an upstream baffle was used to dissipate flow energy. The rating curve was composed of five linear segments on a log-log grid with relative gauge-height (R = gauge height/depth of V notch of weir) boundaries at 0.058, 0.11, 0.27, and 0.49. Data suggest that departures in the low-flow rating (R less than or equal to 0.2 7) between weirs may be due to differences in weir fabrication, and field rating using the results and procedures of this study are recommended. Changes in the slopes of these linear rating segments were associated with observed flow conditions in the weir A maximum R of 0.63 was recommended for sizing a MDBW, but R = 0.78 could be used if monitoring equipment had sufficient water-depth resolution. The rating curve developed in this study was nearly identical to those developed in another independent study, in which flows were directed at a 90degrees approach angle by gutters, and with part of the rating curve of the original drop-box weir This suggests that the rating in this study is applicable to extreme approach angles beyond the 45degrees angle tested in this study. Guidelines for weir sizing and developing rating curves for the MDBW are given. C1 USDA ARS, N Appalachian Expt Watershed, Coshocton, OH 43812 USA. Natl Hydrol Res Inst, Hydrol Instrumentat Div, Roorkee, Uttar Pradesh, India. RP Bonta, JV (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Appalachian Expt Watershed, POB 488, Coshocton, OH 43812 USA. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1581 EP 1591 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 528UY UT WOS:000174263600028 ER PT J AU Bonta, JV AF Bonta, JV TI Characterizing and estimating spatial and temporal variability of times between storms SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE storm generation; storm identification; storm separation; drought; storm simulation; times between storms; critical duration AB An exploratory investigation was conducted on methods to characterize times between storms and estimate a parameter used to identify, storms in a precipitation record for the purpose of simulating the occurrence of storms. The parameter is called the "critical duration" (CD) and is fundamental to the operation of a storm-generator model. It is defined as the minimum dry period between storms that separates bursts of rainfall into statistically independent storms. Data used covered an area of about 225, 000 km(2) in the plains area of Colorado, Nebraska, Kansas, and Wyoming for the months from May through September The exponential method that yields an exponential frequency distribution of times between storms (TBS) appears to give reasonable fits to the data. However, some precipitation gauge data yield CD estimates that appear to be outliers for individual months. CD varies noticeably with month and location. An equation developed earlier for estimating CD over a wide range of climates is inadequate for estimating monthly CD values. Computing CD by collapsing TBS and precipitation data into 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-month periods did not improve the estimating capability of the equation. Separate regressions for monthly CD data against average monthly precipitation were statistically insignificant for all months, and led to computing averages of the data for each month. A multiplicative power equation that was successful in another study to estimate monthly CD did not work as well in the present study. Mapping CD over the study area appears to be the best method to estimate CD on ungauged areas for parameterization and storm modeling. The study results are useful for guiding storm-generation model development and parameterization, and drought studies. C1 USDA ARS, N Appalachian Expt Watershed, Coshocton, OH 43812 USA. RP Bonta, JV (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Appalachian Expt Watershed, POB 488, Coshocton, OH 43812 USA. NR 13 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1593 EP 1601 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 528UY UT WOS:000174263600029 ER PT J AU Schneider, AD Howell, TA AF Schneider, AD Howell, TA TI Scheduling deficit wheat irrigation with data from an evapotranspiration network SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article ID WATER-YIELD RELATIONS; USE EFFICIENCY; WINTER-WHEAT; SOIL; PLAINS AB A two-year deficit irrigation study was conducted to determine the water use efficiency of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) irrigated with fractions of crop evapotranspiration during the spring irrigation season. Fully irrigated treatments received sufficient irrigation to meet crop evapotranspiration, as calculated by a Penman-Monteith grass reference evapotranspiration equation and locally derived crop coefficients. Deficit irrigation treatments received 0%, 25%, 50%, or 75% of the fully irrigated amount on the same days. Irrigation was applied with a lateral move sprinkler system equipped with two LEPA methods (double-ended socks and bubblers) and two spray methods (above-canopy spray and overhead spray). All four sprinkler devices were spaced 1.52 in apart and located at the appropriate height for the sprinkler method. Cultural practices were similar to those used for high-yield wheat production in the southern Great Plains. Grain yields increased significantly with irrigation amount but not with sprinkler method. The full and 50% irrigation treatments averaged 7.00 and 6.32 Mg/ha for the two years. With 50% irrigation, seasonal water use efficiency averaged 0.95 kg/m(3), and spring irrigation water use efficiency averaged 1.70 kg/m(3), both being larger than for all other irrigation amounts. The winter wheat, deficit-irrigated with fractions of spring crop ET efficiently utilized seasonal water consisting of irrigation, rainfall, and stored soil water over the entire 25% to 100% irrigation range. Spring irrigation was most efficiently applied at the 25% and 50% irrigation amounts. Deficit irrigation, as a fraction of spring ET, is well adapted to an irrigation water supply from low-producing wells and provides efficient water use over a range of both rainfall and irrigation amounts. C1 USDA ARS, Bushland, TX USA. RP Schneider, AD (reprint author), 7306 139th St Court E, Puyallup, WA 98373, Australia. NR 19 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1617 EP 1623 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 528UY UT WOS:000174263600032 ER PT J AU Woodbury, BL Miller, DN Nienaber, JA Eigenberg, RA AF Woodbury, BL Miller, DN Nienaber, JA Eigenberg, RA TI Seasonal and spatial variations of denitrifying enzyme activity in feedlot soil SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE denitrification enzyme activity; nitrification activity; denitrification; denitrifier most probable number; feedlot soil ID GAS LOSS; DENITRIFICATION; CHLORAMPHENICOL; POPULATIONS; INHIBITION; DYNAMICS; NITROGEN; WATER AB Animal waste models, used by producers to apply best management practices for waste control, are only crude approximations for nitrogen lost from the feedlot. Ammonia loss has been widely studied and accounts for the majority of gaseous nitrogen lost from a feedlot soil; however, denitrification has not been thoroughly investigated. The objectives of this studs, were to determine the seasonal denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) of a feedlot soil and evaluate potential controlling mechanisms. Electromagnetic mapping techniques were used to identify three locations within the feedlot pen. Three depths (unconsolidated surface material, 0-0.10 m, 0.10-0.20 m) were isolated at each location and analyzed for DEA, nitrification activity, denitrifier most probable number soil moisture, pH, volatile solids, total carbon, and total nitrogen. Denitrification enzyme activity varied from 0.0 to 132.2 nmol g(soil)(-l) hr(-1) based on season, depth, and spatial location. However, no single factor was perfectly correlated with DEA across all locations and depths. The seasonal average DEA of the unconsolidated surface material maintained significantly higher levels when compared to other depths. Downgradient surface materials maintained DEA levels greater than 60 mnol g(soil)(-l) hr(-1) even when soil temperatures were near 0degreesC Also, the seasonal average DEA below 0.10 in for all locations was near zero during the entire investigation, significantly less than the other depths. We conclude that a range of environmental factors, alone or in conjunction, influence DEA depending upon location within the pen and soil depth. C1 USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Woodbury, BL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. OI Miller, Daniel/0000-0003-3476-487X NR 28 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1635 EP 1642 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 528UY UT WOS:000174263600034 ER PT J AU Gilley, JE Eghball, B Wienhold, BJ Miller, PS AF Gilley, JE Eghball, B Wienhold, BJ Miller, PS TI Nutrients in runoff following the application of swine manure to interrill areas SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE manure management; manure runoff; nitrogen movement; nutrient losses; phosphorus; swine manure; water quality ID SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER; BEEF-CATTLE MANURE; PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT; NITROGEN; EROSION; COMPOST; LOSSES AB The P content of swine manure can be reduced through the addition of feed supplements or the use of selected corn hybrids. This study was conducted to compare interrill runoff losses of P and N from three soils following the application of swine manure obtained from selected diets. The soils used in this investigation included a Hersh sandy loam, Pierre silty clay, and Sharpsburg silt loam. Simulated rainfall was applied during both initial and wet runs to a soil pan on which swine manure produced from low phytate corn (LPC), phytase added to the diet (PHY), or a traditional corn diet (TCD) was added. Additional experimental treatments included inorganic fertilizer and an untreated check. For the initial rainfall simulation run, concentrations of dissolved P, bioavailable P, and Total P were greater for the fertilizer treatment than any of the manure treatments. Use of manure from a LPC diet generally did not result in a reduction in N and P concentrations in runoff when compared with the TCD. Concentrations and total amounts of nutrients transported in runoff were affected by soil type. Changing the TCD to LPC and PHY diets to reduce the P content of manure did not significantly affect the total amounts of DP, BAP, or Total P transported in runoff, when simulated rainfall was applied soon after manure application. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Gilley, JE (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, LW Chase Hall,Room 251, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 35 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1651 EP 1659 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 528UY UT WOS:000174263600036 ER PT J AU Yuan, Y Mitchell, JK Hirschi, MC Cooke, RAC AF Yuan, Y Mitchell, JK Hirschi, MC Cooke, RAC TI Modified SCS curve number method for predicting subsurface drainage flow SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE SCS-CN method; flat watershed; irregular subsurface drainage system; drainage flow estimation ID WATERSHEDS AB Agricultural fields in Central Illinois are predominantly drained by subsurface drainage systems, which often are in depressional areas. The prediction of outflow from drainage systems is a challenge. The SCS curve number (SCS-CN) method is a popular method for evaluating direct runoff from, rainfall. The concept behind this method can be applied to subsurface drainage flow. The SCS-CN method was modified through theoretical analogy and term redevelopment to estimate subsurface drainage flow from rainfall. The analogical theory is that when accumulated subsurface drainage flow is plotted versus accumulated infiltration, subsurface drainage flow starts after some infiltration has accumulated and the relationship becomes asymptotic to a line of 45degrees slope, just as the generalized SCS rainfall-runoff relationship. Procedures are introduced for modification of the SCS-CN method and determination of curve numbers for subsurface drainage flow. In the process of defining curve numbers for drainage flow, it was found that the curve number varied not only with season but also with rainfall amount. In addition, the curve number varied with previous rainfall condition as with the traditional SCS-CN method. The best previous rainfall adjustment is based on the 10-day previous rainfall for subsurface flow prediction. The curve number is sensitive to the fraction of initial abstraction (k). However, this does not mean that predicted flows resulting from different k values are significantly different, since the equation for flow prediction changes when k is changed; in fact, the predicted flow is not sensitive to the fraction of initial abstraction to potential maximum retention of the watershed. The modified SCS-CN method was applied to estimate subsurface drainage flow for five drainage monitoring stations in the Little Vermilion River (LVR) watershed in East-Central Illinois. Predicted subsurface flows using the modified SCS-CN method were compared with observed subsurface flows. Statistical tests showed that the predicted subsurface flows using the modified SCS-CN method were not significantly different from the observed subsurface flows. Validation performed on two of the sites using modified curve number relationships from the other sites showed that the predicted subsurface drainage flows were not significantly different from the observed subsurface drainage flows. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Agr Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Yuan, Y (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, POB 1157, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. EM yuan@sedlab.olemiss.edu NR 24 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1673 EP 1682 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 528UY UT WOS:000174263600038 ER PT J AU Lawrence, KC Funk, DB Windham, WR AF Lawrence, KC Funk, DB Windham, WR TI Dielectric moisture sensor for cereal grains and soybeans SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE moisture sensor; grains; wheat; radio frequency; dielectric ID WHEAT; DENSITY AB A shielded parallel-plate moisture sensor was designed, calibrated, and verified to sense the wet-basis moisture content of wheat (hard red winter, hard red spring, soft red winter, hard white, soft while, and durum), yellow-dent field corn, long- and medium-grain rough rice, and soybeans. The sensor uses complex reflection coefficient measurements and sample weight to predict the moisture content of static samples at room temperature (similar to22degreesC) with a sample volume of 850 cm(3). Multivariate analysis techniques were used to eliminate outliers. The sensor was calibrated with samples of differing lots, grown throughout the U. S. in 1997. The standard error of calibration and the coefficient of determination ranged from 0.37% mc and 0.986 for yellow-dent field corn to 0.09% mc and 0.999 for durum wheat, respectively. The sensor was independently verified with 1998 crop-year samples with bias and standard deviation values reported for all commodities except rice (1997 and 1998 crop years combined for calibration). Generally, the sensor had a similar bias and lower standard deviation compared to commercial moisture meter readings for similar populations and moisture ranges. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30613 USA. Grain Inspect Packers & Stockyards Adm, Tech Serv Div, Kansas City, MO USA. RP Lawrence, KC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30613 USA. NR 10 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1691 EP 1696 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 528UY UT WOS:000174263600040 ER PT J AU Pasikatan, MC Milliken, GA Steele, JL Spillman, CK Haque, E AF Pasikatan, MC Milliken, GA Steele, JL Spillman, CK Haque, E TI Modeling the size properties of first-break ground wheat SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE flour milling; roller mill; single kernel properties; break release; geometric mean diameter; wheat ID KERNEL AB The potential of single kernel properties of wheat (mean and standard deviation of hardness, size, and mass) and roller mills roll gap in modeling the size properties of first-break ground wheat was investigated. Full (seven variables) and reduced models (six variables) for break release (BR in log scale, or L_BR) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) were developed based on milling data from? six wheat classes ground at five roll gaps. The models explained most of the variability in the experimental data and relationships obtained were consistent with previous research and millers' experience. Roll gap and single kernel hardness had the most significant effects on L_ BR and GMD. Reduced models that used a variable combining single kernel size and roll gap reduced some collinearities among single kernel properties and isolated the effect of single kernel mass from that of single kernel size. The effect of single kernel mass became significant in the reduced models. The models performed well in validation tests. Predictions using the L_BR model were better than an equation based only on roll gap. L_BR was linearly related to GMD. Because the L_BR model was wheat class-specific, it has potential for online roll gap control. C1 USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Engn Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Stat, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Pasikatan, MC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Engn Res Unit, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 28 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1727 EP 1735 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 528UY UT WOS:000174263600045 ER PT J AU Pasikatan, MC Milliken, GA Steele, JL Haque, E Spillman, CK AF Pasikatan, MC Milliken, GA Steele, JL Haque, E Spillman, CK TI Modeling the energy requirements of first-break grinding SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE wheat; flour milling; roller mill; specific energy; single kernel properties ID SIZE-REDUCTION; WHEAT; MILL AB The influence of roller mill gap and single kernel properties of wheat on the energy requirements of first-break grinding was studied. Multiple linear regression models for energy per unit mass (Em), new specific surface area (A(NSS), in log scale), and specific energy (E-A = E(M/)A(NSS)) were developed based on milling data from AT wheat classes ground at five roll gaps with an experimental roller mill. The models, which were functions of roll gap, single kernel properties, and wheat class as a classification variable, explained most of the variability in the experimental data. Roll gap and single kernel hardness had the greatest influence on Em, ANSS, and EA. Milling ratio, a variable that combined single kernel size and roll gap, reduced some collinearities among single kernel properties and isolated the effect of single kernel mass from that of single kernel size. The effect of single kernel mass became significant in the models based on milling ratio. Good agreement between predicted and measured values was observed from 100 validation samples. The EA model is a potential alternative to break release as a basis for online roll gap control. C1 USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Engn Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Pasikatan, MC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Engn Res Unit, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 28 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1737 EP 1744 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 528UY UT WOS:000174263600046 ER PT J AU Wang, D Chang, CS AF Wang, D Chang, CS TI Energy efficiency of a new heat pump system for drying grain SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE corn; grain sorghum; grain drying; heat pumps; coefficient of performance AB An experimental closed-loop heat pump grain drying system was designed and evaluated for energy performance while drying shelled corn and grain sorghum. The system was designed based on an estimated heat pump coefficient of performance (COP) of 4.0, an air-to-air exchanger efficiency of 80%, and a fan efficiency of 50%. The objective of this research was to develop and evaluate a closed-loop heat-pump system for drying grain that is more efficient-than conventional gas-fired dryers. Four drying tests using three corn lots with initial moisture contents of 25%, 20%, and 18% w.b. and one grain sorghum lot with initial moisture content of 25% w.b. were conducted during the 1998 fall harvest season. Temperature of the heated air was controlled in the range of 43 to 48 degreesC with air flow rates of 0.26 and 0.25 m(3)/h per dry mass of grain for corn and grain sorghum, respectively. The average amount of input energy (all electric) required to remove 1 kg of water from the corn lots was 1186 kj based on grain lot weight differences before and after drying. The best drying performance observed in a 4-6 h period was 942 kj/kg of water removed. The average drying capacity was 230 kg/h based on an equivalent moisture reduction from 25% to 15.5% w.b. The drying performance for drying grain sorghum was lower (1516 kJ/kg of water) than that for drying corn. The average thermal energy transfer rate of the air-to-air heat exchanger was 11.47 kW, which represented about 28% of the total (source-sink) thermal energy transfer rate of 39.38 kW. The average efficiency of the air-to-air heat exchanger was about 34%. The average COP for the heat pump was 6.4 including the air-to-air thermal transfer and 4.7 excluding the air-to-air thermal transfer. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS USA. RP Wang, D (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1745 EP 1750 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 528UY UT WOS:000174263600047 ER PT J AU Dunn, RO AF Dunn, RO TI Alternative jet fuels from vegetable-oils SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE biodiesel; cloud point; cold filter plugging point; flash point; jet fuels; kinematic viscosity; methyl soyate; oil stability index; water reactivity ID LOW-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES; DIESEL FUELS; METHYL-ESTERS; STABILITY; STORAGE AB Air quality standards set forth by the Clean Air Act and its amendments have established guidelines for reduction of harmful ground level emissions from the aviation sector Biodiesel, defined as the mono-alkyl esters of fatty acids derived from vegetable oil or animal fat, in application as an extender for combustion in compression ignition (diesel) engines, has demonstrated a number of promising characteristics including reduction of exhaust emissions. This work examines the fuel properties of BioJet fuel blends consisting of 0.10-0.30 vol. frac. methyl soyate (SME) in JP-8 and in JP-8+100 jet fuels. Testing of cold flow properties indicated that blends with as little as 0.10 vol. frac. SME may limit operation of aircraft to lower altitudes where ambient temperature remains warmer than -29 degreesC. Treatment of SME with cold flow improver additives may decrease this limit to -37 degreesC. Blends with winterized SME gave the best results, reducing the limit to as low as -47 degreesC, a value that meets the standard fuel specification for JP-8. Water reactivity studies indicated that SME/JP-8 blends absorbed very little water from buffered solution following contact with the oil phase. Although interface ratings for blends with up to 0.50 vol. frac. SME were "1b" (clear bubbles covering not more than 50% of the interface) or better, separation ratings no better than "(3) " (formation of cloudy suspensions in the oil layer) were observed. Even though fatty derivatives such as biodiesel undergo oxidative degradation more readily than jet fuels, careful production, transport, and storage of BioJet fuels should not present a significant problem. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Dunn, RO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 21 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1751 EP 1757 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 528UY UT WOS:000174263600048 ER PT J AU Veal, MW Taylor, SE McDonald, TP McLemore, DK Dunn, MR AF Veal, MW Taylor, SE McDonald, TP McLemore, DK Dunn, MR TI Accuracy of tracking forest machines with GPS SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE Global Positioning System (GPS); precision forestry; vehicle tracking; forest engineering AB This paper describes the results of a study that measured the accuracy of using GPS to track movement of forest machines. Two different commercially available GPS receivers (Trimble ProXR and GeoExplorer II) were used to track wheeled skidders under three different canopy conditions at two different vehicle speeds. Dynamic GPS data were compared to position data established through precision surveying techniques. Maps from data collected by both receivers showed general travel patterns of the skidders. Mean position errors in data collected by the GeoExplorer (2.75 m) were significantly greater than those of the data collected by the ProXR (1.34 m). When tested under different canopy conditions, GPS position accuracy showed a decreasing trend as the canopy changed from open to heavy. Finally, the machine speeds tested did not significantly affect the accuracy of GPS positions. C1 Auburn Univ, Biosyst Engn Dept, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. US Forest Serv, Engn Res Unit, Auburn, AL USA. RP Taylor, SE (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Biosyst Engn Dept, 214 Tom Corley Bldg, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 15 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 4 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1903 EP 1911 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 528UY UT WOS:000174263600066 ER PT J AU Chen, X Welch, SM Zhang, N Armbrust, D AF Chen, X Welch, SM Zhang, N Armbrust, D TI Measurement of change in soybean plant cross-sectional area under wind conditions via image processing SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE wind tunnel; growth stages; morphology; statistical analysis; digital image processing; KHOROS ID MACHINE VISION; IDENTIFICATION; SYSTEM; PARTS AB An innovative method to study plant cross-sectional area changes under wind conditions is presented. Changes in soybean (KS3494) plant cross-sectional area at different wind velocities were studied using image-processing techniques with photographs taken in a wind tunnel. Three stages of greenhouse-grown soybean plants (V4, V6, and V8) and four wind velocities (6, 7, 8, and 9 m/s) were used. Changes in plant cross-sectional area were computed in comparison to plants with no wind applied. Plant images were processed in the KHOROS image-processing system, and the percentage change of plant cross-sectional area before and after wind application was calculated and analyzed. The results showed that plant cross-sectional areas decreased linearly with increased wind velocity over the range tested. Plants in V4 and V6 growth stages were not significantly different in plant cross-sectional area changes, but they were significantly different from plants in the V8 growth stage. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Tetra Tech Inc, Fairfax, VA USA. USDA ARS, Wind Eros Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Welch, SM (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1923 EP 1929 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 528UY UT WOS:000174263600068 ER PT J AU Yang, C Bradford, JM Wiegand, CL AF Yang, C Bradford, JM Wiegand, CL TI Airborne multispectral imagery for mapping vartable growing conditions and yields of cotton, grain sorghum, and corn SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE airborne multispectral imagery; plant growth; precision agriculture; remote sensing; yield monitor; yield variability ID VEGETATION INDEXES; LEAF-AREA; CROP AB Airborne remote sensing is becoming increasingly useful for mapping plant growth and yield variations in precision agriculture, but operational methodologies are not well developed nor tested. The main objective of this study was to integrate airborne multispectral imagery, ground observations, global positioning systems (GPS), geographic information systems (GIS), image processing, and yield monitoring for mapping spatial variations in plant growth and yield. A 30.4-ha dryland field that was divided into two conventional tillage strips and two conservation minimum tillage strips was the study site. The field was planted to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in 1996, to grain sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Moench) in 1997, and to corn (Zea mays L.) in 1998 Airborne color-infrared (CIR) digital imagery was acquired from the field on three dates in each growing season and ground observations (plant populations, height, yield) were made at 29 sites within the field. A yield monitor was also used to record yields at harvest for grain sorghum and corn. These images and the ground measurements were integrated within a GIS to document, interpret, and map within-season and across-season plant growth and yield variability. The images clearly revealed plant growth patterns within and across the three growing seasons as well as differences between the two tillage systems. Yields of cotton, grain sorghum, and corn were related to the image data for the three spectral bands and four vegetation indices (two band ratios and two normalized differences) extracted at the 29 sampling sites. Regression equations for yield as a function of a spectral band or a vegetation index for each crop were developed and the best equations with R-2 Values of 0.57, 0.59, and 0.76 for cotton, grain sorghum, and corn, respectively, I were used to estimate the yields for each of the approximately 30,000 pixels. The yield maps generated from the image data based on the regression equations corresponded closely with yield monitor data maps. Recommended operational procedures are summarized. This study illustrates practical ways to integrate airborne digital imagery with spatial information technology and ground observations to map plant growth conditions and yield variations within crop fields. C1 USDA ARS, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Yang, C (reprint author), USDA ARS, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, 2413 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 27 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1983 EP 1994 PG 12 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 528UY UT WOS:000174263600075 ER PT J AU Butnor, JR Doolittle, JA Kress, L Cohen, S Johnsen, KH AF Butnor, JR Doolittle, JA Kress, L Cohen, S Johnsen, KH TI Use of ground-penetrating radar to study tree roots in the southeastern United States SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE GPR; map roots; noninvasive; radar antenna; radar profile; reflector; root biomass; root biomass assessment; root biomass sampling; root detection AB The objectives of our study were to assess the feasibility of using ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to study roots over a broad range of soil conditions in the southeastern United States. Study sites were located in the Southern Piedmont, Carolina Sandhills and Atlantic Coast Flatwoods. At each site, we tested for selection of the appropriate antenna (400 MHz versus 1.5 GHz), determined the ability of GPR to resolve roots and buried organic debris, assessed root size, estimated root biomass, and gauged the practicality of using GPR. Resolution of roots was best in sandy, excessively drained soils, whereas soils with high soil water and clay contents seriously degraded resolution and observation depth. In the Carolina Sandhills, 161 x 1-m plots were scanned with the 1.5 GHz antenna using overlapping grids. Plots were subsequently excavated, larger roots (> 0.5 cm diameter) sketched on graph paper before removal, and all roots oven-dried, classified by size and weighed. Roots as small as 0.5 cm in diameter were detected with GPR. We were able to size roots (0.5 to 6.5 cm in diameter) that were oriented perpendicular to the radar sweep (r(2) = 0.81, P = 0.0004). Use of image analysis software to relate the magnitude of radar parabolas to actual root biomass resulted in significant correlations (r(2) = 0.55, P = 0.0274). Orientation and geometry of the reflective surface seemed to have a greater influence on parabola dimensions than did root size. We conclude that the utility of current GPR technology for estimating root biomass is site-specific, and that GPR is ineffective in soils with high clay or water content and at sites with rough terrain (most forests). Under particular soil and site conditions, GPR appears to be useful for augmenting traditional biomass sampling. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. USDA, NRCS, Newtown Sq, PA 19073 USA. RP Butnor, JR (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, 3041 Cornwallis Rd, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RI Butnor, John/P-9738-2016 NR 21 TC 82 Z9 101 U1 4 U2 20 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 21 IS 17 BP 1269 EP 1278 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 491XV UT WOS:000172136100004 PM 11696414 ER PT J AU Kelm, SC Freeman, AE Kehrli, ME AF Kelm, SC Freeman, AE Kehrli, ME TI Genetic control of disease resistance and immunoresponsiveness SO VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE LA English DT Article ID POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTE FUNCTION; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; PERIPARTURIENT HOLSTEIN CATTLE; BOVINE LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN; ESCHERICHIA-COLI MASTITIS; PROTEIN-1 NRAMP1 GENE; SOMATIC-CELL COUNTS; LOW IMMUNE-RESPONSE; NATURAL-RESISTANCE; DAIRY-COWS AB Ample evidence points to substantial genetic control over aspects of the immune response. In essence, all immune systems are not created equally. Single genes with large effects on clinical disease have been documented, yet a great majority of disease resistance traits are likely to be influenced by the aggregate of many genes, each with a relatively small effect. Heritability estimates of immunoresponsiveness traits such as antibody response and neutrophil function have typically ranged from 0.10 to 0.30. Animal improvement programs aimed at enhanced disease resistance in North America will likely use immunoresponsiveness traits as indirect markers for clinical disease resistance. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Anim & Food Sci, River Falls, WI 54022 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ames, IA USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Periparturient Dis Cattle Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Kelm, SC (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Anim & Food Sci, 410 S 3rd St, River Falls, WI 54022 USA. NR 89 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0749-0720 J9 VET CLIN N AM-FOOD A JI Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Food Anim. Pract. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 17 IS 3 BP 477 EP + PG 19 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 486QN UT WOS:000171828600003 PM 11692504 ER PT J AU Kehrli, ME Harp, JA AF Kehrli, ME Harp, JA TI Immunity in the mammary gland SO VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE LA English DT Review ID COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; ESCHERICHIA-COLI MASTITIS; LACTATING DAIRY-COWS; ENDOTOXIN-INDUCED MASTITIS; BOVINE INTERFERON-GAMMA; COMPLEMENT FRAGMENT C5A; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; TEAT CANAL KERATIN; STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS COLONIZATION; INTERCELLULAR-ADHESION MOLECULE-1 AB The ruminant mammary gland is an extremely important economic organ in that it provides a major nutrition source for a significant portion of the world's human population. The ruminant mammary gland is also responsible for providing protective immunity to neonates and for defending itself from invading pathogens. A wide array of humoral and cellular immune mechanisms are present in the mammary gland and actively participate in providing immunity to newborns and the mammary gland per se. The acute inflammatory response is essential in determining the outcome of intramammary challenge, and factors affecting innate and adaptive immunity in the context of mammary health are reviewed in detail. The ruminant mammary gland is also unique in that lymphocyte trafficking, which is essential to adaptive immunity is shared with the peripheral immune system rather than the common mucosal immune system. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Periparturient Dis Cattle Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Kehrli, ME (reprint author), Pfizer Global Res & Dev, Vet Med Pharmaceut Dis, 9303 S Carlisle St, Terre Haute, IN 47808 USA. NR 183 TC 77 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 12 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0749-0720 J9 VET CLIN N AM-FOOD A JI Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Food Anim. Pract. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 17 IS 3 BP 495 EP + PG 23 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 486QN UT WOS:000171828600004 PM 11692505 ER PT J AU Waters, WR AF Waters, WR TI Immunology of inflammatory diseases of the bowel SO VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS; SERPULINA-HYODYSENTERIAE BACTERIN; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM-PARVUM INFECTION; LEUKOCYTE ADHESION DEFICIENCY; DELTA T-CELLS; MYCOBACTERIUM-PARATUBERCULOSIS; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; NITRIC-OXIDE AB This article examines the complex interaction of innate and adaptive immune responses and the maintenance of functional intestinal homeostasis during enteric insult. Specific diseases of interest to veterinarians (e.g., Johne's disease and swine dysentery) are used to characterize this interaction and to define the role of specific leukocyte subsets, cytokines, and other mediators of inflammation in the pathogenesis of enteric disease. The role of the intestinal microflora in intestinal inflammatory disease is also described. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Waters, WR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Unit, POB 70,2300 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 82 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0749-0720 J9 VET CLIN N AM-FOOD A JI Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Food Anim. Pract. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 17 IS 3 BP 517 EP + PG 19 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 486QN UT WOS:000171828600005 PM 11692506 ER PT J AU Roth, JA Henderson, LM AF Roth, JA Henderson, LM TI New technology for improved vaccine safety and efficacy SO VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE LA English DT Article ID RABIES VIRUS GLYCOPROTEIN; STRUCTURAL PROTEIN VP1; MOUTH-DISEASE VIRUS; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; DNA VACCINATION; PLASMID DNA; IMMUNIZATION; MICE; PROTECTION; ADJUVANTS AB Nearly all of the 2000 vaccines presently licensed by the US Department of Agriculture for veterinary use in the United States are conventional vaccines containing either killed or modified live whole bacteria or viruses. Recent advances in molecular biology, immunology, microbiology, and genetics and in understanding microbial pathogenesis have led to the development of a wide variety of new approaches for developing safer and more effective vaccines. This article briefly describes these new technologies and their potential advantages and disadvantages as compared with conventional killed and modified live vaccines. C1 Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Microbiol & Prevent Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA, Vet Serv, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ctr Vet Biol Licensing & Policy Dev, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Roth, JA (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Microbiol & Prevent Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Roth, James/A-7122-2009 OI Roth, James/0000-0003-3562-668X NR 40 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0749-0720 J9 VET CLIN N AM-FOOD A JI Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Food Anim. Pract. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 17 IS 3 BP 585 EP + PG 14 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 486QN UT WOS:000171828600009 PM 11692510 ER PT J AU Tabouret, G Jacquiet, P Scholl, P Dorchies, P AF Tabouret, G Jacquiet, P Scholl, P Dorchies, P TI Oestrus ovis in sheep: relative third-instar populations, risks of infection and parasitic control SO VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE Oestrus ovis; epidemiology; control ID ESTRUS-OVIS; LINNE 1761; FRANCE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; OESTRIDAE; DIPTERA; GOATS AB Oestrus ovis (L.) (Diptera: Oestridae), the nasal bot fly, has a relatively short free-living life cycle outside of the host, and therefore it is necessary to know when the parasitic period occurs in order to prevent the clinical signs and economic losses caused by this parasite. The length of this parasitic portion of the life cycle is quite variable: a few weeks to several months depending on the season and climatic conditions. Surveys of Oestrus ovis larval populations in sheep show different results on the number of generations according to the local climate. Mean monthly larval profiles of L1 and L3 burdens of sheep from West African Sahelian countries, Mediterranean countries (Morocco, Tunisia and Sicily) and Southwest France were compared. Valuable information on the suspected extension of the fly season is obtained showing the period of infection in each area. This knowledge will be a valuable tool to help in choosing the right treatment at the right period. C1 Ecole Natl Vet Toulouse, UMR 959, F-31076 Toulouse, France. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Midw Livestock Insects Res Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Dorchies, P (reprint author), Ecole Natl Vet Toulouse, UMR 959, 23 Chemin Capelles, F-31076 Toulouse, France. OI TABOURET, Guillaume/0000-0002-7976-4438 NR 26 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEXA PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE SN 0928-4249 J9 VET RES JI Vet. Res. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 32 IS 6 BP 525 EP 531 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 501KK UT WOS:000172683700001 PM 11777004 ER PT J AU Marks, D AF Marks, D TI Introduction to special section: Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RP Marks, D (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, 800 Pk Blvd,Suite 105, Boise, ID 83712 USA. NR 3 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 37 IS 11 BP 2817 EP 2817 DI 10.1029/2001WR000941 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 485KY UT WOS:000171754600015 ER PT J AU Slaughter, CW Marks, D Flerchinger, GN Van Vactor, SS Burgess, M AF Slaughter, CW Marks, D Flerchinger, GN Van Vactor, SS Burgess, M TI Thirty-five years of research data collection at the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, Idaho, United States SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Comprehensive, long-term hydrologic data sets for watershed systems are valuable for hydrologic process research; for interdisciplinary ecosystem analysis; for model development, calibration, and validation; and for assessment of change over time. The Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed in southwestern Idaho, United States, was established in 1960 and provides a research facility and comprehensive long-term database for science. Spatial data layers for terrain, soils, geology, vegetation, and basic site mapping features and databases for fundamental hydrologic parameters of precipitation, snow, climate, soil microclimate, and stream discharge and sediment concentration are now available for water years 1962-1996 and are described in the following eight data reports. C1 USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RP Slaughter, CW (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, 800 Pk Blvd,Suite 105, Boise, ID 83712 USA. NR 2 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 37 IS 11 BP 2819 EP 2823 DI 10.1029/2001WR000413 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 485KY UT WOS:000171754600016 ER PT J AU Seyfried, M Harris, R Marks, D Jacob, B AF Seyfried, M Harris, R Marks, D Jacob, B TI Geographic database, Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, Idaho, United States SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SPATIAL VARIABILITY AB The Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed (RCEW) exhibits spatial variability typical of the intermountain region. We provide a geographic database to provide continuous spatial coverage of landscape properties that may be useful for distributed hydrological modeling or other kinds of spatial analyses and to provide a spatial context for point measurements that have been part of the long-term monitoring described in companion papers. All data are available as separate geographic information system (GIS) layers which can be selected independently according to need. The base map for all the RCEW GIS layers is a 30 m. resolution digital elevation model. Data are available in either vector or raster format where appropriate via the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northwest Watershed Research Center anonymous ftp site ftp.nwrc.ars.usda.gov. C1 USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RP Seyfried, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, 800 Pk Blvd,Suite 105, Boise, ID 83712 USA. NR 11 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 37 IS 11 BP 2825 EP 2829 DI 10.1029/2001WR000414 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 485KY UT WOS:000171754600017 ER PT J AU Hanson, CL AF Hanson, CL TI Long-term precipitation database, Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, Idaho, United States SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB An extensive precipitation database has been developed over the past 35 years with the first records starting in January 1962 and going through September 1996 from the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed located near the north end of the Owyhee Mountains in southwest Idaho. Precipitation ranges from 236 mm on the lowest elevations at the north end of the watershed to 1123 mm at the southwest corner of the watershed. There are continuous 35 year records available for 12 sites, 20-32 year records available for 8 sites, 10-19 year records available for 25 sites, and 4-9 year records for 8 sites for a total of 53 sites. All of these data have been stored as breakpoint and hourly records in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northwest Watershed Research Center database. These breakpoint and hourly data are available from the anonymous ftp site: ftp.nwrc.ars.usda.gov. C1 USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RP Hanson, CL (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, 800 Pk Blvd,Suite 105, Boise, ID 83712 USA. NR 12 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 37 IS 11 BP 2831 EP 2834 DI 10.1029/2001WR000415 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 485KY UT WOS:000171754600018 ER PT J AU Marks, D Cooley, KR Robertson, DC Winstral, A AF Marks, D Cooley, KR Robertson, DC Winstral, A TI Long-term snow database, Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, Idaho, United States SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID HYDROLOGY AB Snow is the dominant form of precipitation in the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed (RCEW). Water from snowmelt is critical to the ecosystems and resources in RCEW because the water stored in the seasonal snow cover is the primary source of spring and summer soil moisture and streamflow. Snow water equivalent (SWE) has been measured at eight locations in RCEW every 2 weeks throughout the snow season (December 1 to June 1) for 35 water years (1962-1996). SWE was continuously monitored at one reference site for 14 water years (1983-1996). The measurement sites are described, the methods used are presented and discussed, these data are summarized, and examples of how they have been used are presented. C1 USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RP Marks, D (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, 800 Pk Blvd,Suite 105, Boise, ID 83712 USA. NR 15 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 37 IS 11 BP 2835 EP 2838 DI 10.1029/2001WR000416 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 485KY UT WOS:000171754600019 ER PT J AU Hanson, CL Marks, D Van Vactor, SS AF Hanson, CL Marks, D Van Vactor, SS TI Long-term climate database, Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, Idaho, United States SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB A 33 year (1964-1996), climatic database has been developed for three climate stations on the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed located near the north end of the Owyhee Mountains in southwest Idaho. The longest records (1964-1996) are for daily maximum and minimum air temperature. The length of record for other weather elements that include hourly air temperature, relative humidity, dew point temperature, vapor pressure, solar radiation, wind speed and direction, barometric pressure, and daily class A pan evaporation varies, but, in general, the record is from 1974-1996. These data can be accessed from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northwest Watershed Research Center database through the anonymous ftp site: ftp.nwrc.ars.usda.gov. C1 USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RP Hanson, CL (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, 800 Pk Blvd,Suite 105, Boise, ID 83712 USA. NR 7 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 37 IS 11 BP 2839 EP 2841 DI 10.1029/2001WR000417 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 485KY UT WOS:000171754600020 ER PT J AU Seyfried, MS Flerchinger, GN Murdock, MD Hanson, CL Van Vactor, S AF Seyfried, MS Flerchinger, GN Murdock, MD Hanson, CL Van Vactor, S TI Long-term soil temperature database, Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, Idaho, United States SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB We describe long-term soil temperature data collected at the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed (RCEW). These data were collected for over 15 years at five locations representing different climatic regimes and soils in the RCEW. Measurements were made at several depths at each site to a depth of 180 cm in most cases. Each site is located in close proximity to a climate station. Descriptive soil profile information is also available for each site. We illustrate two aspects of the data set, the impact of snow depth on soil temperature and the interannual variability of soil temperature at a site. These data are available to the public via the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northwest Watershed Research Center anonymous ftp site ftp.nwrc.ars.usda.gov. C1 USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RP Seyfried, MS (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, 800 Pk Blvd,Suite 105, Boise, ID 83712 USA. NR 7 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 37 IS 11 BP 2843 EP 2846 DI 10.1029/2001WR000418 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 485KY UT WOS:000171754600021 ER PT J AU Seyfried, MS Murdock, MD Hanson, CL Flerchinger, GN Van Vactor, S AF Seyfried, MS Murdock, MD Hanson, CL Flerchinger, GN Van Vactor, S TI Long-term soil water content database, Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, Idaho, United States SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON AB We describe long-term soil water data collected at the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed (RCEW). Data were collected for 10-25 years at 18 sites representing different climatic regimes and soils in the RCEW. Soil profile data are also available. High correlation between neutron probe and lysimeter measurements are the basis for assessing the accuracy of neutron probe-measured changes in soil water content. These data are available to the public via the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northwest Watershed Research Center anonymous ftp site ftp.nwrc.ars.usda.gov. C1 USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RP Seyfried, MS (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. NR 11 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 37 IS 11 BP 2847 EP 2851 DI 10.1029/2001WR000419 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 485KY UT WOS:000171754600022 ER PT J AU Seyfried, MS Hanson, CL Murdock, AD Van Vactor, S AF Seyfried, MS Hanson, CL Murdock, AD Van Vactor, S TI Long-term lysimeter database, Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, Idaho, United States SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID RANGELAND AB We describe long-term lysimeter data collected at the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed. The length of record is > 15 years for lysimeters at two sites representing different soil and climatic conditions. These data describe changes in soil water during the snow-free season. In addition to measuring changes in total soil water, soil water content profiles and soil temperature profiles were measured within or adjacent to the lysimeters and are reported in accompanying reports. These data are available to the public via the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northwest Watershed Research Center anonymous ftp site ftp.nwrc.ars.usda.gov. C1 USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RP Seyfried, MS (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, 800 Pk Blvd,Suite 105, Boise, ID 83712 USA. NR 8 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 37 IS 11 BP 2853 EP 2856 DI 10.1029/2001WR000422 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 485KY UT WOS:000171754600023 ER PT J AU Pierson, FB Slaughter, CW Cram, ZK AF Pierson, FB Slaughter, CW Cram, ZK TI Long-term stream discharge and suspended-sediment database, Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, Idaho, United States SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB The U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northwest Watershed Research Center initiated a stream discharge and suspended-sediment research program at Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed in the early 1960s. Continuous discharge measurements began at two sites in 1963, at three additional sites in 1964, and at eight additional sites in subsequent years. Contributing areas to these gauging stations range from 1.03 to > 23,822 ha, selected to represent the broad range of environmental settings found across northwestern rangelands. Quality-controlled, validated breakpoint and hourly stream discharge data sets are available for these 13 sites for the period 1963 through 1996 (or for a subset of that time for some sites). Suspended-sediment data are available for three gauging stations (high elevation, middle elevation, and low elevation). All data are available on the Northwest Watershed Research Center anonymous ftp site (ftp.nwrc.ars.usda.gov). C1 USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RP Pierson, FB (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, 800 Pk Blvd,Suite 105, Boise, ID 83712 USA. NR 10 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD NOV PY 2001 VL 37 IS 11 BP 2857 EP 2861 DI 10.1029/2001WR000420 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 485KY UT WOS:000171754600024 ER PT J AU Franssen, AS Skinner, DZ Al-Khatib, K Horak, MJ AF Franssen, AS Skinner, DZ Al-Khatib, K Horak, MJ TI Pollen morphological differences in Amaranthus species and interspecific hybrids SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE common waterhemp, Amaranthus rudis Sauer AMATA; grain amaranth, Amaranthus cruentus L. AMACR; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. AMAPA; Powell amaranth, Amaranthus powellii S. Wats. AMAPO; prostrate pigweed, Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats. AMABL; redroot pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus L. AMARE; sandhills amaranth, Amaranthus arenicola I. M. Johnst. AMAAR; smooth pigweed, Amaranthus hybridus L. AMACH; spiny amaranth, Amaranthus spinosus L. AMASP; tall waterhemp, Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) J. D. Sauer AMATU; tumble pigweed, Amaranthus albus L. AMAAL; dioecious; monoecious; pigweeds ID PALMERI AB This study examined pollen morphological variation among Amaranthus species and interspecific hybrids. Ten weedy, Amaranthus species, a cultivated grain species, and several putative hybrids resulting from interspecific mating between common water-hemp and Palmer amaranth were grown in a greenhouse. Mature pollen was collected, viewed, and photographed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The pollen grains were spherical shaped with poly antoporate, or golf ball-like, aperture arrangement. Differences were observed between the monoecious and dioecious Amaranthus species. Pollen grains of the dioecious species had a greater number of apertures on the visible surface. One exception to these trends was the dioecious species, Palmer amaranth, whose pollen was similar to that of the monoecious species spiny amaranth. However, pollen grain diameters did not differ between the monoecious and dioecious plants. Significant differences also were noted between the pollen from the putative common waterhemp x Palmer amaranth hybrids and the parental-type pollen grains, Pollen of the hybrids was similar in size to the maternal parent but had an aperture number that was intermediate between parents. This indicates that pollen characteristics may, be controlled by the female and that hybrids may be more prevalent than originally thought. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, USDA ARS, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Monsanto Co, St Louis, MO 63141 USA. RP Al-Khatib, K (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, USDA ARS, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 24 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 9 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 49 IS 6 BP 732 EP 737 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049[0732:PMDIAS]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 545XF UT WOS:000175242300006 ER PT J AU Kennedy, AC Johnson, BN Stubbs, TL AF Kennedy, AC Johnson, BN Stubbs, TL TI Host range of a deleterious rhizobacterium for biological control of downy brome SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE downy brome; Bromus tectorum L. BROTE; rhizobacterium; Pseudomonas fluorescens; bioassay; germination; rhizosphere ID PLANT-GROWTH; WEED-CONTROL; PSEUDOMONAS-FLUORESCENS; NORTH-AMERICA; TECTORUM; RHIZOSPHERE; WHEAT; SOIL; MICROORGANISMS; PATHOGENS AB Pseudomonas fluorescens strain D7 (P. f. D7; NRRL B-18293) is a root-colonizing bacterium that inhibits downy brome (Bromus tectorum L. BROTE) growth. Before commercialization as a biological control agent, strain D7 must be tested for host plant specificity. Agar plate bioassays in the laboratory and plant-soil bioassays in a growth chamber were used to determine the influence of P. f. D7 on germination and root growth of 42 selected weed, cultivated or native plant species common in the western and midwestern United States. In the agar plate bioassay, all accessions of downy brome were inhibited by P. f. D7. Root growth of seven Bromus spp. was inhibited an average of 87% compared with that of controls in the agar plate bioassay. Root growth of non-Bromus monocots was reduced by 0 to 86%, and only 6 out of 17 plant species were inhibited 40% or greater. Among all plant species, only downy brome root growth from two accessions was significantly inhibited by P. f. D7 in plant-soil bioassays (42 and 64%). P. f. D7 inhibited root growth and germination in agar plate bioassays more than in plant-soil bioassays, Inhibition in plant-soil bioassays was limited to downy brome, indicating promise for P. f. D7 as a biocontrol agent that will not harm nontarget species. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Land Management & Water Conservat Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Kennedy, AC (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Land Management & Water Conservat Res Unit, 215 Johnson Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 40 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 22 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2001 VL 49 IS 6 BP 792 EP 797 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049[0792:HROADR]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 545XF UT WOS:000175242300015 ER PT J AU Williard, KWJ DeWalle, DR Edwards, PJ Sharpe, WE AF Williard, KWJ DeWalle, DR Edwards, PJ Sharpe, WE TI O-18 isotopic separation of stream nitrate sources in mid-Appalachian forested watersheds SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE oxygen-18; isotope nitrate; atmospheric depositions; nitrification; forested watershed ID FERNOW-EXPERIMENTAL-FOREST; NITROGEN SATURATION; HEADWATER CATCHMENT; ACIDIFICATION; OXYGEN; DENITRIFICATION; FRACTIONATION; NITROSOMONAS; ECOSYSTEMS; OXIDATION AB The delta O-18 values of atmospheric nitrate deposition, microbe-produced nitrate, and stream nitrate were measured to determine the dominant source of stream nitrate in 27 mid-Appalachian headwater forested watersheds (12-771 ha) with varying bedrock geologies, land disturbance histories, and stand ages. The 12 monthly composite nitrate delta O-18 values of wet deposition and throughfall exhibited similar pronounced seasonal trends, with relatively depleted delta O-18 values during the summer. Wet deposition and throughfall nitrate delta O-18 values were not significantly different between northern (Leading Ridge, PA) and southern (Fernow, WV) regional sampling sites, indicating that delta O-18 values were spatially similar across the study area. Atmospheric nitrate delta O-18 values were significantly greater than microbe-produced nitrate delta O-18 values. allowing the two sources of stream nitrate to be separated. During four baseflow and three stormflow sampling periods, microbe-produced nitrate was the dominant (> 70%) source of nitrate in the study streams. This result does not mean atmospheric nitrogen deposition should be discounted as a source of forested stream nitrate, because atmospheric deposition is the primary external contributor to the long-term soil nitrogen pool that ultimately drives soil nitrate production rates. Stream nitrate delta O-18 values were greater during stormflow periods compared to baseflow periods, indicating greater contributions of atmospheric nitrate during storm events. Neither microbe-produced nitrate delta O-18 values from incubated forest soil samples nor stream nitrate delta O-18 values showed strong relationships with land disturbance history or stand age. However, watersheds dominated by Pottsville/ Allegheny bedrock and associated extremely acid soils had greater summer stream nitrate delta O-18 values than watersheds containing predominantly Catskill/Chemung/Pocono and Mauch Chunk/Greenbrier bedrock. Inhibited microbial nitrate production by low soil pH could account for the greater proportions of atmospheric nitrate deposition in streams draining Pottsville/Allegheny bedrock. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 So Illinois Univ, Dept Forestry, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. Penn State Univ, Sch Forest Resources, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Environm Resources Res Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Northeastern Res Stn, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. RP Williard, KWJ (reprint author), So Illinois Univ, Dept Forestry, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. RI Shrestha, Yesha/N-8890-2014 NR 49 TC 58 Z9 61 U1 2 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD OCT 31 PY 2001 VL 252 IS 1-4 BP 174 EP 188 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00459-0 PG 15 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 469VQ UT WOS:000170837100012 ER PT J AU Gasbarre, LC Stout, WL Leighton, EA AF Gasbarre, LC Stout, WL Leighton, EA TI Gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle in the northeastern US: results of a producer survey SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bovine; parasites; worms; helminths; economics; treatment ID ANTHELMINTIC TREATMENT; MILK-PRODUCTION; GRAZING SEASON; BEEF-CATTLE; DAIRY-COWS; PERFORMANCE; IVERMECTIN; INFECTION; IMMUNITY; TURNOUT AB A questionnaire covering management practices and producer perception of the effects of gastrointestinal nematode infections was sent to dairy and beef producers in the northeastern US. The mailing list was derived from membership in grazing groups and attendance at grazing events. A final total of 474 responses were suitable for analyses. These responses covered 14 states, but for the purpose of analysis were broken into five groups: New England (NE), Vermont (VT), New York (NY), Pennsylvania (PA), and south and west (S and W) of Pennsylvania. Two-thirds of the responses were from dairy producers. The average number of animals for the farms was 50 cows, 27 heifers, and 20 calves. The average acreage used for grazing was 70 acres, and about two-thirds of the responses used rotational grazing for at least the cows. About one-half of the rotational grazers had been practicing rotational grazing for more than 5 years. Most rotational programs for cows involved a daily rotation, but the rotational interval for other age groups was longer. There was a difference of about 2 months (5.25-7.27) in the length of the grazing season as one moved from New England to south and west of Pennsylvania. Parasite control practices varied greatly by location and animal class. Most producers used anthelmintics one to two times per year, but 10-30% of responses said they did not deworm their cattle. The most common time to deworm was in the spring, and the second most common time was the fall. Between 10 and 20% of respondents reported deworming as a response to decreased productivity or body condition. The use of anthelmintics increased as the location moved from New England to south and west of Pennsylvania. Producer perception of parasite effects was closely related to their anthelmintic use, and also increased as the location moved to the south, and is most likely the result of the increased length of the grazing season. Of producers who ascribed estimated a cost of the parasite, the majority estimated this cost to be between US$ 5 and 20 per animal per year. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, ANRI, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Water Managemtn Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. CBAR Associates, Great Falls, VA USA. RP Gasbarre, LC (reprint author), USDA ARS, ANRI, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 17 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD OCT 31 PY 2001 VL 101 IS 1 BP 29 EP 44 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00496-4 PG 16 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 495FX UT WOS:000172330500004 PM 11587831 ER PT J AU Robichaud, PR Elsenbeer, H AF Robichaud, PR Elsenbeer, H TI Special issue: Wildrire and Surficial Processes - Preface SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Elsenbeer, H (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, POB 210071, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD OCT 30 PY 2001 VL 15 IS 15 BP 2865 EP 2866 DI 10.1002/hyp.377 PG 2 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 487ZH UT WOS:000171909200001 ER PT J AU Huffman, EL MacDonald, LH Stednick, JD AF Huffman, EL MacDonald, LH Stednick, JD TI Strength and persistence of fire-induced soil hydrophobicity under ponderosa and lodgepole pine, Colorado Front Range SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE soil hydrophobicity; water repellency; burn severity; soil texture; Colorado Front Range; critical surface tension; ponderosa pine; lodgepole pine ID WATER-REPELLENCY; EUCALYPTUS-GLOBULUS; FOREST SOILS; PORTUGAL; WETTABILITY; WILDFIRE AB Fire-induced soil hydrophobicity is presumed to be a primary cause of the observed post-fire increases in runoff and erosion from forested watersheds in the Colorado Front Range, but the presence and persistence of hydrophobic conditions has not been rigorously evaluated. Hence the goals of this study were to: (1) assess natural and fire-induced soil hydrophobicity in the Colorado Front Range, and (2) determine the effect of burn severity, soil texture, vegetation type, soil moisture, and time since burning on soil hydrophobicity. Five wild and prescribed fires ranging in age from 0 to 22 months were studied. Each fire had four study sites in ponderosa pine forest, that had been burned at high, moderate, or low severity, and three sites were in unburned areas. Additional sites were established in lodgepole pine stands and an area with unusually coarse-textured soils. At each site the soil hydrophobicity was assessed in two pits using the water drop penetration time (WDPT) and the critical surface tension (CST). Measurements were made at the mineral soil surface and depths of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 cm. In sites burned at moderate or high severity the soils were often strongly hydrophobic at 0. 3, and 6 cm. Unburned sites or sites burned at low severity were typically hydrophobic only at the surface. Although soil hydrophobicity generally strengthened with increasing burn severity, statistically significant differences in soil hydrophobicity were difficult to detect because of the high variability within and between sites. Hydrophobicity also increased with increasing percent sand and was not present when soil moistures exceeded 12-25%. There were no significant differences in soil hydrophobicity between ponderosa and lodgepole pine stands, regardless of burn severity. Repeat measurements on one fire suggest a weakening of fire-induced soil hydrophobicity after 3 months. Comparisons between fires suggest that fire-induced soil hydrophobicity persists for at least 22 months. Overall, CST values were more consistent and more highly correlated with the independent variables than the WDPT, and the CST is recommended for assessing soil hydrophobicity rather than the more commonly used WDPT. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Earth Resources, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Boulder, CO USA. RP MacDonald, LH (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Earth Resources, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 48 TC 134 Z9 143 U1 5 U2 28 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD OCT 30 PY 2001 VL 15 IS 15 BP 2877 EP 2892 DI 10.1002/hyp.379 PG 16 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 487ZH UT WOS:000171909200003 ER PT J AU Pierson, FB Robichaud, PR Spaeth, KE AF Pierson, FB Robichaud, PR Spaeth, KE TI Spatial and temporal effects of wildfire on the hydrology of a steep rangeland watershed SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE rangeland; fire; infiltration; runoff; erosion; water-repellent; rainfall simulation ID SEDIMENT PRODUCTION; INFILTRATION RATES; FIRE AB Wildfire is a major ecological process and management issue on western rangelands. The impacts of wildfire on hydrologic processes such as infiltration, runoff, and erosion are not well understood. Small-plot rainfall simulation methods were applied in a rangeland wildfire setting to determine post-fire hydrologic response. Infiltration and interrill erosion processes were measured immediately post-fire and one year following the 1999 34 400 ha Denio fire in northwestern Nevada. Plot-scale spatial and temporal variability in fire impacts was compared with adjacent unburned areas. An index of water repellency was derived and used to quantify the influence of water-repellent soil conditions on infiltration. Results indicate the impact of the fire on infiltration was localized primarily on coppice microsites directly under shrubs characterized by high surface litter accumulations. Coppice microsites had very uniform fire-induced soil water repellency with 29 of 30 plots exhibiting at least a 10% reduction in initial infiltration with an average 28% reduction. Cumulative erosion was nearly four times higher on burned coppices compared with unburned coppices. The impact of the fire on infiltration and erosion was reduced, but still evident, 1 year after fire. Significant temporal variability in infiltration between years was observed on both burned and unburned areas, complicating the interpretation of fire impacts and hydrologic recovery following wildfire. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. USDA, FS, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Moscow, ID USA. USDA, NRCS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RP Pierson, FB (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, 800 Pk Blvd,Plaza 4,Suite 105, Boise, ID 83712 USA. NR 28 TC 74 Z9 75 U1 3 U2 23 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD OCT 30 PY 2001 VL 15 IS 15 BP 2905 EP 2916 DI 10.1002/hyp.381 PG 12 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 487ZH UT WOS:000171909200005 ER PT J AU McLin, SG Springer, EP Lane, LJ AF McLin, SG Springer, EP Lane, LJ TI Predicting floodplain boundary changes following the Cerro Grande Wildfire SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE ArcView GIS; HEC-HMS; HEC-RAS; floodplain modelling; wildfires ID WATER REPELLENCY; NEW-MEXICO; RUNOFF; RAINFALL; FIRE AB A combined ArcView GIS-HEC modelling application for floodplain analysis of pre- and post-burned watersheds is described. The burned study area is located on Pajarito Plateau near Los Alamos National Laboratory (the Laboratory), where the Cerro Grande Wildfire burned 42 878 acres (17 352 ha) in May 2000. This area is dominated by rugged mountains that are dissected by numerous steep canyons having both ephemeral and perennial channel reaches. Vegetation consists of pinon-juniper woodlands located between 6000 and 7000 ft (1829-2134 m) above mean sea level (MSL). and Ponderosa pine stands between 7000 and 10000 ft MSL (2134-3048 m). Approximately 17% of the burned area is located within the Laboratory, and the remainder is located in upstream or adjacent watersheds. Pre-burn floodplains were previously mapped in 1990-91 using early HEC models as part of the hazardous waste site permitting process. Precipitation and stream gauge data provide essential information characterizing rainfall-runoff relationships before and after the fire. They also provide a means of monitoring spatial and temporal changes as forest recovery progresses. The 2000 summer monsoon began in late June and provided several significant runoff events for model calibration. HEC-HMS modelled responses were sequentially refined so that observed and predicted hydrograph peaks were matched at numerous channel locations. The 100 year, 6 h design storm was eventually used to predict peak hydrographs at critical sites. These results were compared with pre-fire simulations so that new flood-prone areas could be systematically identified. Stream channel cross-sectional geometries were extracted from a gridded I ft (0.3 m) digital elevation model (DEM) using ArcView GIS. Then floodpool topwidths, depths, and flow velocities were remapped using the HEC-RAS model. Finally, numerous surveyed channel sections were selectively made at crucial sites for DEM verification. These evaluations provided timely guidance that influenced the decision to construct several flood detention structures that were completed in September 2000. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP McLin, SG (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663,MS-J495, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Springer, Everett/B-6376-2012 OI Springer, Everett/0000-0002-9816-8148 NR 33 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 16 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD OCT 30 PY 2001 VL 15 IS 15 BP 2967 EP 2980 DI 10.1002/hyp.385 PG 14 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 487ZH UT WOS:000171909200009 ER PT J AU Wilson, CJ Carey, JW Beeson, PC Gard, MO Lane, LJ AF Wilson, CJ Carey, JW Beeson, PC Gard, MO Lane, LJ TI A GIS-based hillslope erosion and sediment delivery model and its application in the Cerro Grande burn area SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE fire; erosion; runoff; sediment yield; connectivity; GIS; model ID PONDEROSA PINE HILLSLOPE; NEW-MEXICO; RUNOFF AB A profile-based, analytical hillslope erosion model (HEM) is integrated into a geographical information system (GIS) framework to provide a tool to assess the impact of the Cerro Grande fire on erosion and sediment delivery to the many streams draining the burn area. The model, HEM-GIS, calculates rill and interrill erosion, transport and deposition along digital flow-pathways generated with GIS software. This new erosion and sediment yield technology accounts for complex terrain attributes and their impact on the connectivity of sediment transport pathways from source areas to streams. GIS digital spatial data, including elevation, vegetation cover, burn severity and soil type, are used as input to the model. Output includes spatially distributed predictions of total event-based sediment yield (tonnes or kilograms per square metre). Here the model is applied across an 800 km(2) region of the Pajarito Plateau watershed to assess the sedimentation risks associated with a 100 year design rain event. Although unvalidated for the design storm, the model predicts that the fire may cause runoff to increase by three to six times, and sediment yield to increase by more than an order of magnitude, Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Wilson, CJ (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, MS J495, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Carey, James/B-4421-2011 NR 28 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 11 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD OCT 30 PY 2001 VL 15 IS 15 BP 2995 EP 3010 DI 10.1002/hyp.387 PG 16 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 487ZH UT WOS:000171909200011 ER PT J AU Wohlgemuth, PM Hubbert, KR Robichaud, PR AF Wohlgemuth, PM Hubbert, KR Robichaud, PR TI The effects of log erosion barriers on post-fire hydrologic response and sediment yield in small forested watersheds, southern California SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE sediment yield; hydrologic response; fire; erosion control; log erosion barriers; upland watersheds; soil depth; water repellency ID WILDFIRE AB Wildfire usually promotes Hooding and accelerated erosion in upland watersheds. In the summer of 1999, a high-severity wildfire burned a series of mixed pine/oak headwater catchments in the San Jacinto Mountains of southern California. Log erosion barriers (LEBs) were constructed across much of the burned area as an erosion control measure. We built debris basins in two watersheds, each about I ha in area, one with LEBs, the other without, to measure post-fire hydrologic response and sediment yield and to evaluate the effectiveness of the LEBs. The watersheds are underlain by granitic bedrock, producing a loamy sand soil above large extents of weathered bedrock and exposed core stones (tors) on the surface. Measured soil water-repellency was similar over the two catchments. Rain gauges measured 348 mm of precipitation in the first post-fire year. The ephemeral stream channels experienced surface flow after major rainstorms. and the source of the water was throughflow exfiltration at the slope/channel interface. Post-fire overland flow produced some rilling, but hillslope erosion measured in silt fences away from any LEBs was minor, as was sediment accumulation behind the LEBs. Stream channels in the catchments exhibited minor net scour. Water yield was much greater in the LEB-treated watershed. This resulted in 14 times more sediment yield by weight than the untreated watershed. Average soil depths determined by augering were nearly double in the catchment without the LEBs compared with the treated watershed. This suggests that differences in water and sediment yield between the two catchments are due to the twofold difference in the estimated soil water-holding capacity in the untreated watershed. It appears that the deeper soils in the untreated watershed were able to retain most of the precipitation, releasing less Water to the channels and thereby reducing erosion and sediment yield. Thus, the test of LEB effectiveness was inconclusive in this study, because soil depth and soil water-holding capacity may have masked their performance. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Forest Fire Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Wohlgemuth, PM (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Forest Fire Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. EM pwohlgemuth@fs.fed.us NR 24 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD OCT 30 PY 2001 VL 15 IS 15 BP 3053 EP 3066 DI 10.1002/hyp.391 PG 14 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 487ZH UT WOS:000171909200015 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Saville, WJA Stanek, JF Lindsay, DS Rosenthal, BM Oglesbee, MJ Rosypal, AC Njoku, CJ Stich, RW Kwok, OCH Shen, SK Hamir, AN Reed, SM AF Dubey, JP Saville, WJA Stanek, JF Lindsay, DS Rosenthal, BM Oglesbee, MJ Rosypal, AC Njoku, CJ Stich, RW Kwok, OCH Shen, SK Hamir, AN Reed, SM TI Sarcocystis neurona infections in raccoons (Procyon lotor): evidence for natural infection with sarcocysts, transmission of infection to opossums (Didelphis virginiana), and experimental induction of neurologic disease in raccoons SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Sarcocystis neurona; opossum; Didelphis virginiana; raccoon; Procyon lotor; intermediate host; sarcoyst ID EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS; DISTEMPER VIRUS-INFECTION; FALCATULA; ENCEPHALITIS; APICOMPLEXA; SPOROCYSTS; HORSE AB Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) is a serious neurologic disease of horses in the Americas and Sarcocystis neurona is the most common etiologic agent. The distribution of S. neurona infections follows the geographical distributions of its definitive hosts, opossums (Didelphis virginiana, Didelphis albiventris). Recently, cats and skunks were reported as experimental and armadillos as natural intermediate hosts of S. neurona. In the present report, raccoons (Procyon lotor) were identified as a natural intermediate host of S. neurona. Two laboratory-raised opossums were found to shed S. neurona-like sporocysts after ingesting tongues of naturally-infected raccoons. Interferon-gamma gene knockout (KO) mice fed raccoon-opossum-derived sporocysts developed neurologic signs. S. neurona was identified immunohistochemically in tissues of KO mice fed sporocysts and the parasite was isolated in cell cultures inoculated with infected KO mouse tissues. The DNA obtained from the tongue of a naturally-infected raccoon, brains of KO mice that had neurological signs, and from the organisms recovered in cell cultures inoculated with brains of neurologic KO mice, corresponded to that of S. neurona. Two raccoons fed mature S. neurona sarcocysts did not shed sporocysts in their feces, indicating raccoons are not likely to be its definitive host. Two raccoons fed sporocysts from opossum feces developed clinical illness and S. neurona-associated encephalomyelitis was found in raccoons killed 14 and 22 days after feeding sporocysts; schizonts and merozoites were seen in encephalitic lesions. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Ohio State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Prevent Med, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Bldg 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016; Rosypal, Alexa/I-7114-2016; OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321; Stich, Roger/0000-0002-9749-2034; Rosenthal, Benjamin/0000-0002-0224-3773 NR 28 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD OCT 24 PY 2001 VL 100 IS 3-4 BP 117 EP 129 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00500-3 PG 13 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 495GT UT WOS:000172332400001 PM 11698157 ER PT J AU Lindsay, DS Rosypal, AC Spencer, JA Cheadle, MA Zajac, AM Rupprecht, C Dubey, JP Blagburn, BL AF Lindsay, DS Rosypal, AC Spencer, JA Cheadle, MA Zajac, AM Rupprecht, C Dubey, JP Blagburn, BL TI Prevalence of agglutinating antibodies to Sarcocystis neurona in raccoons, Procyon lotor, from the United States SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Sarcocystis neurona; equine protozoal myeloencephalitis; raccoon; Procyon lotor; seroprevalence; agglutination test ID EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS; DISTEMPER VIRUS-INFECTION; SEROPREVALENCE; ENCEPHALITIS AB Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) is the most important protozoal disease of horses in North America and it is caused by Sarcocystis neurona. Natural cases of encephalitis due to S. neurona have been reported in raccoons, Procyon lotor. We examined 99 raccoons for agglutinating antibodies to S. neurona using the S. neurona agglutination test (SAT) employing formalin-fixed merozoites as antigen. Raccoons originated in Florida (N = 24, collected in 1996), New Jersey (N = 25, collected in 1993), Pennsylvania (N = 25, collected in 1999), and Massachusetts (N = 25, collected in 1993 and 1994). We found that 58 (58.6%) of the 99 raccoons were positive for antibodies to S. neurona using the SAT; 44 of 99 raccoons (44%) had titers of greater than or equal to 1:500. This prevalence is similar to the reported seroprevalence of 33-60% for S. neurona antibodies in horses from the United States using the Western blot test. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Auburn Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Rabies Sect, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. USDA ARS, Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lindsay, DS (reprint author), Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, 1410 Prices Fork Rd, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016; Rosypal, Alexa/I-7114-2016 OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321; NR 19 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD OCT 24 PY 2001 VL 100 IS 3-4 BP 131 EP 134 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00494-0 PG 4 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 495GT UT WOS:000172332400002 PM 11698158 ER PT J AU Haffner, SM Greenberg, A Weston, W Fuell, D Chen, HZ Freed, M AF Haffner, SM Greenberg, A Weston, W Fuell, D Chen, HZ Freed, M TI Effects of rosiglitazone treatment on levels of C-reactive protein and MMP9 in patients with Type 2 diabetes SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, San Antonio, TX USA. JM USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA USA. GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceut, Collegeville, PA USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 23 PY 2001 VL 104 IS 17 SU S MA 565 BP 117 EP 118 PG 2 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 487UW UT WOS:000171895000562 ER PT J AU Schaefer, EJ Brousseau, ME Diffenderfer, MR Cohn, JS Welty, FK O'Connor, JJ Dolnikowski, GG Wang, J Hegele, RA Jones, PJ AF Schaefer, EJ Brousseau, ME Diffenderfer, MR Cohn, JS Welty, FK O'Connor, JJ Dolnikowski, GG Wang, J Hegele, RA Jones, PJ TI Cholesterol and apolipoprotein B metabolism in Tangier disease SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, JM, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Clin Res Inst, Montreal, PQ, Canada. John P Robarts Res Inst, London, ON N6A 5K8, Canada. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 23 PY 2001 VL 104 IS 17 SU S MA 1505 BP 313 EP 313 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 487UW UT WOS:000171895001493 ER PT J AU Perez-Martinez, P Lopez-Miranda, J Gomez, P Marin, C Gavilan, E Paz, E Osgood, D Ordovas, JM Perez-Jimenez, F AF Perez-Martinez, P Lopez-Miranda, J Gomez, P Marin, C Gavilan, E Paz, E Osgood, D Ordovas, JM Perez-Jimenez, F TI The presence of the polymorphism exon 1 variant at the SR-BI gene locus, influence LDL cholesterol plasma levels during the consumption of diets with different fat content in healthy subjects. SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Hosp Univ Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain. Jean Mayer HNRC, Boston, MA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 23 PY 2001 VL 104 IS 17 SU S MA 1775 BP 372 EP 372 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 487UW UT WOS:000171895001760 ER PT J AU Wood, RJ Arad, Y Nagai, N Guerci, AD AF Wood, RJ Arad, Y Nagai, N Guerci, AD TI Poor vitamin K status in asymptomatic elderly is an independent risk factor for severe coronary artery calcification measured by electron beam CT SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. St Francis Hosp, Roslyn, NY USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 23 PY 2001 VL 104 IS 17 SU S MA 1872 BP 393 EP 393 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 487UW UT WOS:000171895001855 ER PT J AU Lopez-Miranda, J Gomez, P Marin, C Paz, E Perez-Martinez, P Gavilan, E Jimenez-Pereperez, JA Ordovas, JM Perez-Jimenez, F AF Lopez-Miranda, J Gomez, P Marin, C Paz, E Perez-Martinez, P Gavilan, E Jimenez-Pereperez, JA Ordovas, JM Perez-Jimenez, F TI The C-514T polymorphism in the hepatic lipase gene promoter is associated with insulin resistance in healthy subjects after the consumption of a high saturated fat diet SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Hosp Univ Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer HNRC, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 23 PY 2001 VL 104 IS 17 SU S MA 1876 BP 394 EP 394 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 487UW UT WOS:000171895001858 ER PT J AU Russo, GT Friso, S Jacques, PF Rogers, GT Cucinotta, D Wilson, PW Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM Rosenberg, IH Selhub, J AF Russo, GT Friso, S Jacques, PF Rogers, GT Cucinotta, D Wilson, PW Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM Rosenberg, IH Selhub, J TI Role of the C677T mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene and its interactions with common and emerging determinants of homocysteinemia in the Framingham Offspring Study SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Messina, I-98100 Messina, Italy. Tufts Univ, JM USDA HNRC, Vitamin Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, JM USDA HNRC, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, JM USDA HNRC, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NHLBI, Framingham Heart Dis Epidemiol Study, Framingham, MA USA. RI cucinotta, domenico/F-4832-2014 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 23 PY 2001 VL 104 IS 17 SU S MA 2717 BP 574 EP 574 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 487UW UT WOS:000171895002695 ER PT J AU Brousseau, ME O'Connor, JJ Ordovas, JM Collins, D Massov, T McNamara, JR Robins, SJ Bloomfield-Rubins, H Schaefer, EJ AF Brousseau, ME O'Connor, JJ Ordovas, JM Collins, D Massov, T McNamara, JR Robins, SJ Bloomfield-Rubins, H Schaefer, EJ TI The B2 allele of the CETP TaqIB polymorphism is associated with increased HDL cholesterol levels and decreased risk for CHD end points in VA-HIT SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, JM USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. VA HIT, W Haven, CT USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 23 PY 2001 VL 104 IS 17 SU S MA 3865 BP 827 EP 827 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 487UW UT WOS:000171895003835 ER PT J AU Macmillan, C Magder, LS Brouwers, P Chase, C Hittelman, J Lasky, T Malee, K Mellins, CA Velez-Borras, J AF Macmillan, C Magder, LS Brouwers, P Chase, C Hittelman, J Lasky, T Malee, K Mellins, CA Velez-Borras, J CA Women Infants Transmission Study TI Head growth and neurodevelopment of infants born to HIV-1-infected drug-using women SO NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; PRENATAL COCAINE EXPOSURE; PEDIATRIC HIV-INFECTION; PSYCHOMOTOR DEVELOPMENT; MOTOR DEVELOPMENT; NATURAL-HISTORY; CHILDREN BORN; FETAL GROWTH; FOSTER-CARE; BIRTH AB Objective: To describe neurodevelopment and head growth in HIV-1-infected and exposed uninfected infants with and without in utero exposure to opiates and cocaine. Methods: Using data from a multicenter cohort study of HIV-1-infected women and their children, the authors fit repeated measures regression models to estimate the effects of HIV-1 infection and in utero hard drug exposure on head circumference and Bayley Scales of Infant Development standard scores during the first 30 months. Results: Of the 1,094 infants included in the analysis, 147 (13%) were HIV-1-positive and 383 (35%) were exposed in utero to opiates or cocaine (drug-positive). Mean 4- month Bayley mental scores were lower in infants with only HIV-1 positivity (HIV-positive and drug-negative) (-8.2 points, p < 0.0001) or only drug exposure (HIV-negative and drug-positive) (-4.4 points, p = 0.0001) and tended to be lower in infants with both factors (HIV-positive and drug-positive) (-3.7 points, p = 0.0596), compared with those who were HIV-1-negative and not drug exposed (HIV-negative and drug-negative). However, by 24 months of age, there was no longer a decrement among HIV-negative and drug-positive infants, whereas HIV-1 infection was still associated with a decrement relative to uninfected infants. Similar results were seen for Bayley motor scores and for head circumference Z scores. Conclusions: HIV-1 infection and in utero opiate and cocaine exposure decrease birth head circumference and slow neurodevelopment at 4 months. At 24 months of age, however, only HIV-1 infection is associated with decreased neurodevelopment and head circumference. There may be some postnatal recovery from the effects of in utero hard drug exposure. Importantly, the detrimental effects of HIV-1 positivity and maternal hard drug use on neurodevelopment at 4 months are not additive, although they are additive for birth head circumference. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Neurol MC 796, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Pediat, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Epidemiol & Prevent Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Neurosci, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Georgetown Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Washington, DC USA. Dept Pediat, Washington, DC USA. SUNY Hlth Sci Ctr, Brooklyn, NY 11203 USA. US Food Safety & Inspect Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Infect Dis, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. Columbia Univ, New York State Psychiat Inst, HIV Ctr Clin & Behav Studies, New York, NY USA. Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Neurol, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. RP Macmillan, C (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Neurol MC 796, 912 S Wood St,Room 855N, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [U01 AI 34856, U01 AI 34841, U01 AI 34840, U01 AI 34842, N01 AI 85339, U01 AI 34858]; NICHD NIH HHS [HD-8-2913, R0-1-HD-25714] NR 58 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0028-3878 J9 NEUROLOGY JI Neurology PD OCT 23 PY 2001 VL 57 IS 8 BP 1402 EP 1411 PG 10 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 484GH UT WOS:000171681500011 PM 11673580 ER PT J AU Juneja, VK Eblen, BS Marks, HM AF Juneja, VK Eblen, BS Marks, HM TI Modeling non-linear survival curves to calculate thermal inactivation of Salmonella in poultry of different fat levels SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE D-value; lag times; poultry; concave survival curves; spline regression; non-linear regression ID UNITED-STATES; CHICKEN; MEAT AB Survival curves of a cocktail of eight serotypes of Salmonella in ground poultry of different fat levels (1-12%), when heated rapidly to specified temperatures (58-65 degreesC), were examined. Because many of the survival curves were concave, values for two parameters: the asymptotic D-value and the "lag" times were estimated and used to develop secondary models for estimating the time needed to obtain a 7 log(10) relative reduction as a function of fat level and temperature. To compute the necessary time, at a given temperature and fat level, the estimated lag time should be added to the product of 7 and the estimated asymptotic D-value. A model was also developed for estimating the standard error of the estimated times, so that upper confidence bounds for the necessary times can be computed. It was found that lag times increase with higher fat levels. The effect of fat on D-values depended on the species; it is estimated that, for a given increase of fat level, the increase of the D-value would be greater for ground chicken than that for ground turkey. In addition, there was a statistically significant species effect on D-values, with higher D-values for ground turkey than for ground chicken at the higher temperatures studied. The thermal death curves displayed a non-linear tendency, however, for estimation purposes, a linear curve was assumed. There was not a statistically significant interaction effect of fat levels and temperatures on D-values, thus, for modeling, it was assumed that z-values were not dependent on the fat levels. The z-values for ground chicken and turkey were estimated to be 5.5 degreesC and 6.1 degreesC, respectively, and are statistically significantly different. These findings should have substantial practical importance to food processors of cooked poultry, allowing them to vary their thermal treatment of ready-to-eat poultry products in a safe manner. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, Food Safety Res Unit, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Food Safety Inspect Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Juneja, VK (reprint author), ARS, Food Safety Res Unit, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 23 TC 61 Z9 64 U1 2 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1605 J9 INT J FOOD MICROBIOL JI Int. J. Food Microbiol. PD OCT 22 PY 2001 VL 70 IS 1-2 BP 37 EP 51 DI 10.1016/S0168-1605(01)00518-9 PG 15 WC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA 495YQ UT WOS:000172368300005 PM 11759761 ER PT J AU Laszlo, JA Compton, DL AF Laszlo, JA Compton, DL TI alpha-chymotrypsin catalysis in imidazolium-based ionic liquids SO BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE alpha-chymotrypsin; ionic liquid; biocatalysis; supercritical carbon dioxide; nonaqueous media ID ORGANIC-SOLVENTS; BIOORGANIC SYNTHESIS; PEPTIDE-SYNTHESIS; ENZYME-ACTIVITY; REACTION MEDIA; WATER; BIOCATALYSIS; OPTIMIZATION; MIXTURES; PHASES AB The transesterification reaction of N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine ethyl ester with 1-propanol catalyzed by alpha -chymotrypsin was examined in the ionic liquids 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PF6]) and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([omim][PF6]), and in combination with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2). The activity of alpha -chymotrypsin was studied to determine whether trends in solvent polarity, water activity, and enzyme support properties, observed with this enzyme in conventional organic solvents, hold for the novel environment provided by ionic liquids. ct-Chymotrypsin freeze-dried with K2HPO4, KCI, or poly(ethylene glycol) demonstrated no activity in [bmim][PF6] or [omim][PF6] at very low water concentrations, but moderate transesterification rates were observed with the ionic liquids containing 0.25% water (v/v) and higher. However, the physical complexation of the enzyme with poly(ethylene glycol) or KCl did not substantially stimulate activity in the ionic liquids, unlike that observed in hexane or isooctane. Activities were considerably higher in [omim][PF6] than [bmim][PF6]. Added water was not necessary for enzyme activity when ionic liquids were combined with SC-CO2. These results indicate that [bmim][PF6] and [omim][PF6] provide a relatively polar environment, which can be modified with nonpolar SC-CO2 to optimize enzyme activity. (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Laszlo, JA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 43 TC 183 Z9 187 U1 4 U2 29 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0006-3592 J9 BIOTECHNOL BIOENG JI Biotechnol. Bioeng. PD OCT 20 PY 2001 VL 75 IS 2 BP 181 EP 186 DI 10.1002/bit.1177 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 474QK UT WOS:000171118200005 PM 11536140 ER PT J AU McDowell, RW Sharpley, AN AF McDowell, RW Sharpley, AN TI Phosphorus losses in subsurface flow before and after manure application to intensively farmed land SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE phosphorus losses; subsurface flow; leaching; manure ID WATER-QUALITY; SOILS; GRASSLAND; NITROGEN; MOBILITY; SORPTION AB A study was conducted to examine the loss of P in subsurface flow from three cultivated soils of varying soil P concentrations. Measurements were made in flow waters from the soils before applying manure and then 3 weeks after sowing the soils to grass. An additional measurement of P in flow waters was made 1 year later. Dissolved reactive P (DRP) concentrations measured in flow water before (0.15-0.20 mg l(-1)) and after (0.39-0.51 mg l(-1)) manure application exceed current estimates of those required to promote surface water eutrophication (0.05 mg l(-1)). Concentrations of DRP 1 year after manurial application increased compared to 3 weeks after application and was attributed to the slow movement of P down the cultivated soil. Concentrations of soil P were significantly increased down the soil profile and attributed to the P saturation of soils before manurial application. The results suggest that despite the establishment of fast growing grass, P concentrations would not be mitigated in the short-term (= 1 year), due to the large contribution of P in subsurface pathways. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP McDowell, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, Curtin Rd,Univ Pk, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. OI McDowell, Richard/0000-0003-3911-4825 NR 35 TC 75 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD OCT 20 PY 2001 VL 278 IS 1-3 BP 113 EP 125 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00891-3 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 482EB UT WOS:000171560900009 PM 11669260 ER PT J AU Upchurch, RG Rose, MS Eweida, M AF Upchurch, RG Rose, MS Eweida, M TI Over-expression of the cercosporin facilitator protein, CFP, in Cercospora kikuchii up-regulates production and secretion of cercosporin SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE cercosporin; CFP; major facilitator; over-expression; resistance; Cercospora kikuchii ID TRANSFORMATION; TOXIN AB CFP (cercosporin facilitator protein), a light-regulated gene from the soybean fungal pathogen Cercospora kikuchii, encodes the putative major facilitator transporter of the fungal polyketide cercosporin. Gene disruption of CFP in C kikuchii strain Gus-3 resulted in dramatically reduced cercosporin production and virulence, and increased sensitivity to the toxin. Two C kikuchii transformant strains (10-1 and 10-11) that over-produce cercosporin were recovered from the complementation of CFP gene-disrupted strain Gus-3. Southern analysis revealed that these strains contained multiple genomic copies of CFP and over-expressed CFP transcript and protein. Although 10-1 and 10-11 produce and secrete significantly elevated levels of cercosporin, they exhibit wild-type resistance to cercosporin, and maintain a wild-type pattern of light-regulated toxin accumulation. Restoration of wild-type cercosporin resistance in 10-1 and 10-11 suggests that CFP does contribute substantially to cercosporin resistance via toxin secretion. The three-fold increase in toxin accumulation, predominately associated with the mycelium fraction of these CFP multi-copy strains, suggests that CFP may also have a significant, but unknown, role in regulating toxin production. (C) 2001 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Upchurch, RG (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 12 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1097 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett. PD OCT 16 PY 2001 VL 204 IS 1 BP 89 EP 93 DI 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10868.x PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 489QV UT WOS:000172003700016 PM 11682184 ER PT J AU Krall, EA Wehler, C Garcia, RI Harris, SS Dawson-Hughes, B AF Krall, EA Wehler, C Garcia, RI Harris, SS Dawson-Hughes, B TI Calcium and vitamin D supplements reduce tooth loss in the elderly SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID BONE-MINERAL DENSITY; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; OLDER; MEN; AGE; MASS AB PURPOSE: Oral bone and tooth loss are correlated with bone loss at nonoral sites. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation slow the rate of bone loss from various skeletal sites, but it is not known if intake of these nutrients affects oral bone and, in turn, tooth retention. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Tooth loss was examined in 145 healthy subjects aged 65 years and older who completed a 3-year, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone loss from the hip, as well as a 2-year follow-up study after discontinuation of study supplements. Teeth were counted at 18 months and 5 years. A comprehensive oral examination at 5 years included assessment of caries, oral hygiene, and periodontal disease. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of tooth loss were estimated by stepwise multivariate logistic regression. Initial age (mean +/- SD) of subjects was 71 +/- 5 years, and the number of teeth remaining was 22 +/- 7. RESULTS: During the randomized trial, I I of the 82 subjects (13%) taking supplements and 17 of the 63 subjects (27%) taking placebo lost one or more teeth (OR = 0.4; 95% Cl: 0.2 to 0.9). During the 2-year follow-up period, 31 of the 77 subjects (40%) with total calcium intake of at least 1000 mg per day lost one or more tooth compared with 40 of the 68 subjects (59%) who consumed less (OR = 0.5; 95% Cl: 0.2 to 0.9). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that intake levels of calcium and vitamin D aimed at preventing osteoporosis have a beneficial effect on tooth retention. (C) 2001 by Excerpta Medica, Inc. C1 Boston Univ, Goldman Sch Dent Med, Dept Hlth Policy, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Boston Univ, Goldman Sch Dent Med, Hlth Serv Res, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Calcium & Bone Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Vet Affairs Boston Healthcare Syst, Vet Affairs Dent Longitudinal Study, Boston, MA USA. RP Krall, EA (reprint author), Boston Univ, Goldman Sch Dent Med, Dept Hlth Policy, 715 Albany St,Room B324, Boston, MA 02118 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [AG 10353]; NIDCR NIH HHS [K24 DE 00419] NR 26 TC 115 Z9 118 U1 2 U2 7 PU EXCERPTA MEDICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 650 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10011 USA SN 0002-9343 J9 AM J MED JI Am. J. Med. PD OCT 15 PY 2001 VL 111 IS 6 BP 452 EP 456 DI 10.1016/S0002-9343(01)00899-3 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 507VT UT WOS:000173052500004 PM 11690570 ER PT J AU Kimball, BA DeLiberto, TJ Johnston, JJ AF Kimball, BA DeLiberto, TJ Johnston, JJ TI Determination of cabergoline by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry: Picogram detection via column focusing sample introduction SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; HUMAN PLASMA; PROLACTIN; PREGNANCY; URINE AB An electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric method was developed for low-picogram detection of an ergot alkaloid, cabergoline, in coyote plasma extracts. Cabergoline is under investigation as an abortifacient in canid species. Central to the successful development of this method was the ability to introduce relatively large sample volumes into the mass spectrometer. This was achieved by focusing the analyte on a conventional highperformance liquid chromatography guard column prior to elution into the spectrometer. Volumes up to at least 900 muL could be injected onto the guard column using a 100% aqueous mobile phase. Cabergoline retained on the column was eluted as a discreet band into the mass spectrometer by the rapid addition of methanol (30%) to the mobile phase. As compared to flow injection sample introduction, the ability to inject larger sample volumes led to a greatly lowered detection limit. Using this technique and a modification of a previously reported extraction procedure, cabergoline could be determined in coyote plasma at concentrations as low as 9 pg of cabergoline/mL of plasma. C1 USDA, APHIS, NWRC, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Kimball, BA (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, NWRC, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. EM bruce.a.kimball@aphis.usda.gov NR 19 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 EI 1520-6882 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD OCT 15 PY 2001 VL 73 IS 20 BP 4972 EP 4976 DI 10.1021/ac0103367 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 484NQ UT WOS:000171696800027 PM 11681474 ER PT J AU Kitta, K Clement, SA Remeika, J Blumberg, JB Suzuki, YJ AF Kitta, K Clement, SA Remeika, J Blumberg, JB Suzuki, YJ TI Endothelin-1 induces phosphorylation of GATA-4 transcription factor in the HL-1 atrial-muscle cell line SO BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE cardiac muscle; heart; mitogen-activated protein kinase ID ACTIVATED PROTEIN-KINASE; BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; HEAVY-CHAIN GENE; CARDIAC-HYPERTROPHY; NITRIC-OXIDE; RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; POTENTIAL ROLE; IN-VIVO; EXPRESSION; MYOCYTES AB The transcription factor GATA-4 plays a central role in the regulation of cardiac-muscle gene transcription. The present study demonstrates that endothelin-1 (ET-1) induces GATA-4 activation and phosphorylation. The treatment of HL-1 adult mouse atrial-muscle cells with ET-1 (30 nM) caused a rapid increase in the DNA binding activity of GATA-4 within 3 min. The activation was associated with an upward mobility shift of the GATA-4 band on native PAGE in an electrophoretic-mobility-shift assay. The upward shift of the GATA-4 band also occurred on SDS/PAGE as monitored by immunoblotting. The in vitro treatment of nuclear extracts with A-protein phosphatase abolished the upward shift, indicating that GATA-4 was phosphorylated. ET-1 activated the p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the MAPK kinase (MEK) within 3 min, and PD98059 (a specific inhibitor of MEK) abolished the ET-1-induced GATA-4 phosphorylation. PMA also caused the rapid activation of MAPK and the phosphorylation of GATA-4. In contrast, the activation of MAPK by phenylephrine or H2O2 was weak and did not lead to GATA-4 phosphorylation. Thus ET-1 induces a GATA-4 phosphorylation by activating a MEK-MAPK pathway. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Suzuki, YJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [AG13121] NR 39 TC 49 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 3 PU PORTLAND PRESS PI LONDON PA 59 PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON W1N 3AJ, ENGLAND SN 0264-6021 J9 BIOCHEM J JI Biochem. J. PD OCT 15 PY 2001 VL 359 BP 375 EP 380 DI 10.1042/0264-6021:3590375 PN 2 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 485TE UT WOS:000171779200015 PM 11583584 ER PT J AU Rockey, WM Dowd, MK Reilly, PJ French, AD AF Rockey, WM Dowd, MK Reilly, PJ French, AD TI Modeling of deoxy- and dideoxyaldohexopyranosyl ring puckering with MM3(92) SO CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE abequose; digitoxose; fucose MM3; molecular mechanics; paratose; quinovose; rhamnose; ring puckering; tyvelose ID SYNTHETIC CYCLIC OLIGOSACCHARIDES; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MM3 FORCE-FIELD; ALPHA-D-GLUCOSE; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; NMR-SPECTROSCOPY; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; L-RHAMNOSE; DIGITOXOSE AB Extensive variations of the ring structures of three deoxyaldohexopyranoses, L-fucose, D-quinovose, and L-rhamnose, and four dideoxyaldohexopyranoses, D-digitoxose, abequose, paratose, and tyvelose, were studied by energy minimization with the molecular mechanics algorithm MM3(92). Chair conformers, C-4(1) in D-quinovose and the equivalent C-1(4) in L-fucose and L-rhamnose, overwhelmingly dominate in the three deoxyhexoses; in the D-dideoxyhexoses, C-4(1) is again dominant, but with increased amounts of C-1(4) forms in the alpha anomers of the three 3,6-dideoxyhexoses, abequose, paratose, and tyvelose and in both alpha and beta anomers of the 2,6-dideoxyhexose D-digitoxose. In general, modeled proton-proton coupling constants agreed well with experimental values. Computed anomeric ratios strongly favor the P configuration except for D-digitoxose, which is almost equally divided between a and P configurations, and L-rhamnose, where the P configuration is somewhat favored. MM3(92) appears to overstate the prevalence of the equatorial P anomer in all three deoxyhexoses, as earlier found with fully oxygenated aldohexopyranoses. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Reilly, PJ (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 70 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0008-6215 J9 CARBOHYD RES JI Carbohydr. Res. PD OCT 15 PY 2001 VL 335 IS 4 BP 261 EP 273 DI 10.1016/S0008-6215(01)00240-3 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 483YX UT WOS:000171664400004 PM 11595220 ER PT J AU Carey, AB AF Carey, AB TI Experimental manipulation of spatial heterogeneity in Douglas-fir forests: effects on squirrels SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE biocomplexity; forest ecology; Glaucomys; silviculture; Tamias; Tamiasciurus; squirrels ID OLD-GROWTH FORESTS; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; FLYING SQUIRRELS; SMALL MAMMALS; SPOTTED OWLS; BIODIVERSITY; LANDSCAPES; ECOSYSTEMS; MANAGEMENT; TEMPERATE AB Squirrel communities simultaneously composed of abundant populations of Glaucomys, Tamias, and Tamiasciurus are: (1) a result of high production of seeds and fruiting bodies by forest plants and fungi and complexity of ecosystem structure, composition, and function; (2) indicative of high carrying capacity for vertebrate predators and (3) characteristic of old, natural forests in the Pacific northwest, USA. I hypothesized that silvicultural manipulation of canopies of second-growth forests could result in spatial heterogeneity that would reproduce the biocomplexity and plant-fungal productivity associated with high squirrel populations. I predicted that accelerating biocomplexity would require greater than or equal to 20 years, but short-term effects of induced heterogeneity would be apparent in 5 years: initial decreases followed by increases in Glaucomys populations, nonlinear increases in Tamias populations, and little change in Tamiasciurus populations. If my predictions proved accurate, confidence in long-term predictions would be enhanced. I chose 16 13-ha stands with two different management histories for a randomized block experiment and began measuring squirrel populations in 1991. Variable-density thinnings were implemented in spring 1993. Fall and spring populations were measured through fall 1998. Populations responded as predicted, except for a treatment-management history interaction. Previous conventional thinnings altered ecosystem function such that low Glaucomys populations failed to respond to treatment. Variable-density thinning, in conjunction with retention of biological legacies and management of decadence, could possibly accelerate biocomplexity in second-growth forest that mimics that in old, natural forests. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. RP Carey, AB (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, 3625 93rd Ave, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. EM acarey@fs.fed.us NR 75 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD OCT 15 PY 2001 VL 152 IS 1-3 BP 13 EP 30 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00613-7 PG 18 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 481BE UT WOS:000171497800002 ER PT J AU Sanchez, FG AF Sanchez, FG TI Loblolly pine needle decomposition and nutrient dynamics as affected by irrigation, fertilization, and substrate quality SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE litter decomposition; nutrient dynamics; litter quality ID MOUNTAIN CONIFEROUS FORESTS; NITROGEN AVAILABILITY; LITTER DECOMPOSITION; LEAF LITTER; SLASH PINE; RELEASE; GROWTH; LOSSES; PLANTATIONS; NUTRITION AB This study examined the effects of initial litter quality and irrigation and fertilization treatments on litter decomposition rates and nutrient dynamics (N, Ca, K, Mg, and P) of loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) pine needles in the North Carolina Sand Hills over 3 years. Litter quality was based on the initial ON ratios, with the high-quality litter having a significantly (P < 0.001) lower CIN ratio (143 +/- 2.5) compared with the low quality litter (172 +/- 1.3). Initial litter quality and the irrigation treatment did not significantly affect decomposition rates but the fertilization treatment effects were significant. Low quality needles on fertilized plots had higher decomposition rates (k = 0.36 +/- 0.01 year(-1) for the fertilized and irrigated + fertilized plots) than on unfertilized plots (k = 0.26 +/- 0.01 and 0.28 +/- 0.01 year(-1) for the control and irrigated plots, respectively). The decomposing litter was a net sink for P and N and a net source of Mg, Ca, and especially K. Whereas initial substrate quality did not affect decomposition rates, it did affect the rate of release. Compared to the low quality litter, the high quality litter released K at a higher rate, released Mg at a lower rate, and accumulated N at a higher rate. Fertilization decreased the rate of release of Mg and K in high-quality litter and Mg and Ca in low quality litter. In addition, fertilization increased the rate of accumulation of P in both. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Sanchez, FG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, 3041 Cornwallis Rd,POB 12254, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. EM fsanchez@fs.fed.us NR 37 TC 29 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD OCT 15 PY 2001 VL 152 IS 1-3 BP 85 EP 96 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00592-2 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 481BE UT WOS:000171497800007 ER PT J AU Fonseca, TJF Parresol, BR AF Fonseca, TJF Parresol, BR TI A new model for cork weight estimation in Northern Portugal with methodology for construction of confidence intervals SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE cork production; exponential function; prediction confidence intervals; Quercus suber; sobreiro AB Cork, a unique biological material, is a highly valued non-timber forest product. Portugal is the leading producer of cork with 52% of the world production. Tree cork weight models have been developed for Southern Portugal, but there are no representative published models for Northern Portugal. Because cork trees may have a different form between Northern and Southern Portugal, equations developed with southern data do not always predict well in the North. An analysis of eight tree variables revealed the interaction between tree circumference (outside bark at 1.3 m) (CSC) and debarking height (H-DEB) to be the best predictor variable. A nonlinear exponential function was chosen over a simple linear function due to a slight curvature exhibited in the plot of weight over CSC x H-DEB.. The paper concludes with a section on construction and use of confidence intervals about the mean and individual predictions from the nonlinear regression, plus a method to place bounds on an aggregate estimate for a stand. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Tras Os Montes & Alto Douro, Dept Florestal, P-5001 Vila Real, Portugal. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Asheville, NC 28802 USA. RP Fonseca, TJF (reprint author), Univ Tras Os Montes & Alto Douro, Dept Florestal, Quinta Prados, P-5001 Vila Real, Portugal. OI Fidalgo Fonseca, Teresa/0000-0001-6269-3605 NR 15 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD OCT 15 PY 2001 VL 152 IS 1-3 BP 131 EP 139 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00590-9 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 481BE UT WOS:000171497800010 ER PT J AU Ford, WM Rodrigue, JL AF Ford, WM Rodrigue, JL TI Soricid abundance in partial overstory removal harvests and riparian areas in an industrial forest landscape of the central Appalachians SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Appalachians; BMP; diameter-limit; riparian areas; shrews; SMZ; soricids; two-aged regeneration ID SMALL MAMMALS; SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS; SOREX-CINEREUS; TIMBER; SHREWS; SALAMANDERS; POPULATIONS; HABITATS; WEATHER; STANDS AB Within eastern North America, soricid (shrew) diversity reaches its peak in the central and southern Appalachians. Though shrews are an important component of Appalachian mammalian fauna, most species are small, cryptic, and little studied. The understanding of basic life history and habitat preferences is considered problematic. To assess the response of soricids to partial overstory timber harvest, and to investigate the importance of riparian areas to soricids, we conducted pitfall trapping surveys during the summers of 1996-1998 in the Westvaco Ecosystem Research Forest. Pitfall transect lines were established in uncut control forest stands in upland sites, along uncut forest stands in riparian areas, and in upland stands subjected to heavy diameter-limit cutting or two-aged regeneration methods. Diameter-limit and two-aged regeneration harvests occurred in 1996 following our initial pitfall survey effort. Riparian areas were surveyed within the area that would constitute a Streamside Management Zone under West Virginia's Best Management Practices guidelines. During 10,560 trapnights, we collected masked shrews (Sorex cinereus), rock shrews (S. dispar), smokey shrews (S. fumeus), pygmy shrews (S. hoyi), and northern short-tailed shrews (Blarina brevicauda). Of species collected in sufficient numbers to analyze statistically across treatments, the relative abundance of masked shrews, smokey shrews, and northern short-tailed shrews did not differ among harvest sites and control sites for any year, either pre-harvest or post-harvest. Uncut, control sites had higher relative abundances than did riparian sites of masked shrews in 1996 and of smokey shrews in 1997. Collections of all species were poorly correlated with most micro-habitat variables we collected. Rock shrews were restricted to uncut upland sites at higher elevations with large amounts of emergent rock. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. RP Ford, WM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Box 404, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. EM mford@fs.fed.us NR 73 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 3 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 EI 1872-7042 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD OCT 15 PY 2001 VL 152 IS 1-3 BP 159 EP 168 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00597-1 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 481BE UT WOS:000171497800013 ER PT J AU Engel, VL Parrotta, JA AF Engel, VL Parrotta, JA TI An evaluation of direct seeding for reforestation of degraded lands in central Sao Paulo state, Brazil SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE forest restoration; native species; natural regeneration; seedling growth; tropics ID ALPHITONIA-PETRIEI; PLANTATIONS; RESTORATION; AUSTRALIA; FORESTS AB As part of a larger study evaluating several silvicultural techniques for restoring tropical moist forests on abandoned agricultural lands in southeastern Brazil, direct seeding with five early-successional Atlantic forest species was tested at three degraded sites, characterized by different soil types and land-use histories, within the Environmental Protection Area at Botucatu, SP. The species used in this study were Chorisia speciosa, Croton floribundus, Enterolobium contorstisiliquum, Mimosa scabrella, and Schizolobium parahyba. Scarified seeds of each of these species were sown in prepared seed spots in replicated, 0.25 ha mixed-species plots at an initial espacement of 1 m x 1 m at each site. Of the five species planted, only two, Enterolobium and Schizolobium, showed good seed germination, seedling survival, and early growth rates, averaging 4.1-4.6 cm stem diameter and 1.5-1.7 m height growth during the first 2 years after sowing. These two species constituted 88-100% of the total stand density, which ranged from 1050 to 1790 stems ha(-1) at 2 years. Despite the poor performance of the other species tested, we observed that the natural regeneration of native forest species originating from remnant forests in the general vicinity of our study sites was significantly greater within the direct-seeded plots than in unplanted control plots that were protected from fire and other disturbances. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. Univ Estadual Paulista, FCA, Dept Nat Resources, BR-18603970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil. RP Parrotta, JA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, POB 25000, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. EM veralex@fca.unesp.br; jparrotta@fs.fed.us RI Engel, Vera/B-8457-2012 OI Engel, Vera/0000-0001-5806-2544 NR 37 TC 66 Z9 77 U1 3 U2 27 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD OCT 15 PY 2001 VL 152 IS 1-3 BP 169 EP 181 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00600-9 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 481BE UT WOS:000171497800014 ER PT J AU Martin, TA Brown, KJ Kucera, J Meinzer, FC Sprugel, DG Hinckley, TM AF Martin, TA Brown, KJ Kucera, J Meinzer, FC Sprugel, DG Hinckley, TM TI Control of transpiration in a 220-year-old Abies amabilis forest SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE transpiration; Abies amabilis; forest; sap flow; decoupling coefficient; leaf area ID XYLEM SAP FLOW; BROAD-LEAVED FOREST; PINUS-PINASTER AIT; MARITIME PINE; WATER FLUX; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; MASS-FLOW; LEAF-AREA; CANOPY; TREES AB We measured sap flow at the branch and tree levels, and calculated tree transpiration at the stand level, in a 220-year-old Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes forest. Temporal and spatial patterns of branch sap flow rate per unit leaf area reflected differences in canopy position and diurnal variation in radiation exposure. Average leaf area normalized branch conductance of upper canopy branches ranged from 0.50 to 1.01 mm s(-1). Maximum leaf area normalized tree sap flow rates were similar to those previously measured in a younger A. amabilis forest (about 80 g m(-2) leaf area h(-1)), but dominant trees in the old growth stand transpired approximately three times more per day (up to 281 kg H2O per day) than dominant trees in the younger forest. This difference was attributed primarily to leaf area: dominant trees in the old growth stand had approximately three times more leaf area than those in the younger Abies stand. Crown conductance on a ground area basis varied by an order of magnitude between the smallest and largest trees measured (maximum 4.84 mm. s(-1) and mean 1.44 mm s(-1) versus maximum 37.54 mm s(-1) and average 12.16 mm s(-1), respectively). There was considerable spatial and temporal variation in stomatal versus boundary layer control of transpiration as expressed by the Omega decoupling coefficient. Omega for the largest measured tree ranged from less than 0.1 to greater than 0.6, and remained above 0.3 for more than 9% of the daylight hours monitored. The degree of decoupling decreased with tree size, with Omega of the smallest tree sampled never exceeding 0.3. Daily stand transpiration ranged from less than 0.4 mm to greater than 3.3 mm. depending on radiation and vapor pressure deficit. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Ecol Measuring Syst Lab, Brno, Czech Republic. US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR USA. RP Martin, TA (reprint author), Univ Florida, Sch Forest Resources & Conservat, Box 110410, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RI Hinckley, Thomas/F-9249-2010; Meinzer, Frederick/C-3496-2012; Kucera, Jiri/F-2022-2014; OI Hinckley, Thomas/0000-0002-2821-6044; Martin, Timothy/0000-0002-7872-4194 NR 59 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD OCT 15 PY 2001 VL 152 IS 1-3 BP 211 EP 224 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00604-6 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 481BE UT WOS:000171497800017 ER PT J AU Momen, B Anderson, PD Helms, JA AF Momen, B Anderson, PD Helms, JA TI Application of response surface methodology and ANOVA to detect pollution effects on photosynthetic response under varying temperature and light regimes SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE acid rain; ozone; photosynthesis; Pinus ponderosa; response-surface methodology ID ABIES L KARST; SIMULATED ACID-RAIN; ENVIRONMENT ALTERS RESPONSE; ACER-SACCHARUM MARSH; LONG-TERM EXPOSURE; OPEN-TOP CHAMBERS; HYBRID POPULUS L; PONDEROSA PINE; NET PHOTOSYNTHESIS; NORWAY SPRUCE AB Studies of air pollution effects on plant physiological responses to diurnal changes in environmental conditions are complex, and thus, require efficient statistical design and valid data analysis. Here, we aim at demonstrating the use of a response-surface methodology (RSM) including least square regression and canonical analyses in combination with a two-way ANOVA to quantify net photosynthetic (A(n)) response of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws) seedlings to different levels of rain acidity, ozone, temperature, and light conditions. Seedlings were exposed to four combinations of two rain (pH 5.1 and 3) and two ozone (ambient, and twice-ambient) regimes. The rain treatment was applied to foliage only on a weekly basis from January to April 1992. The ozone treatment was applied from September 1991 to November 1992. A(n) responses of current- and 1-year-old foliage to nine combinations of three temperatures (18, 25, 32 degreesC) and three light regimes (250, 500, 1000 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1)) were measured between 0800 and 1900 h from 18 August to 7 September 1992. A completely randomized design, replicated twice, was used for the assignment of rain-by-ozone combinations (main plots). Foliage age classes were sub-plots within the main plots, temperature levels were sub-plots within foliage age classes, and light levels were sub-plots within temperature levels. Response surface models of A(n) response to temperature and light levels were constructed per rain-by-ozone combination for each foliage age. beta (Temp), beta (Temp2), beta (Light), A(n mean), A(n max), temperature at A(n max), and light at A(n max) were calculated or estimated. The effects of rain pH and ozone on these variables were then quantified using a two-way ANOVA. No significant rain-by-ozone or ozone effect was detected for any response. Rain of pH 3 decreased A(n mean) in current-year foliage only. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Nat Resource Sci & Landscape Architecture, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Rhinelander, WI USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Momen, B (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Nat Resource Sci & Landscape Architecture, HJ Patterson Hall, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 35 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD OCT 15 PY 2001 VL 152 IS 1-3 BP 331 EP 337 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00617-4 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 481BE UT WOS:000171497800025 ER PT J AU Maruyama, T Katoh, S Nakajima, M Nabetani, H Abbott, TP Shono, A Satoh, K AF Maruyama, T Katoh, S Nakajima, M Nabetani, H Abbott, TP Shono, A Satoh, K TI FT-IR analysis of BSA fouled on ultrafiltration and microfiltration membranes SO JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE membrane fouling; membrane separation; bovine serum albumin; FT-IR; secondary structure ID SECONDARY STRUCTURE; PROTEINS; ENVIRONMENT; SPECTRA; SURFACE; ALBUMIN AB Protein fouling is a critical problem for ultrafiltration (UF) and microfiltration (MF). In the latest decade, a Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic method has been developed to quantify protein secondary structure by employing the amide I spectral region. The most attractive feature of FT-IR analysis is its ability to analyze proteins in various conditions. In this study, we employed FT-IR to quantify the conformational change of protein fouled on polysulfone (PS) UF membrane and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) MF membrane. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was adopted as a model protein. BSA adsorption onto the membranes was performed at 4 degreesC and gel-like BSA deposits on the membranes were prepared by filtration at room temperature. FT-IR analysis revealed that the BSA adsorbed onto PS UF membrane had little change in the secondary structure, whereas the BSA adsorbed onto PTFE MF membrane had remarkable changes in the secondary structure, which were a decrease in alpha -helix content from 66 to 50% and an increase in beta -sheet content from 21 to 36%. In addition, gel-like BSA deposits on both of the membranes had marked changes in secondary structure, which were similar to the changes in the BSA adsorbed onto the PTFE MF membrane. And the BSA concentration did not significantly affect the changes in the secondary structure of BSA fouled on both the UF and MF membranes. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Food Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058642, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tokyo 1138656, Japan. Sci Univ Tokyo, Dept Ind Chem, Tokyo 1628601, Japan. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, New Crops Res Grp, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Nakajima, M (reprint author), Natl Food Res Inst, Kannondai 2-1-12, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058642, Japan. RI Maruyama, Tatsuo/A-1744-2013; Totsukawa, Nobuhisa/D-2028-2017 OI Maruyama, Tatsuo/0000-0003-2428-1911; NR 23 TC 109 Z9 113 U1 2 U2 34 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0376-7388 J9 J MEMBRANE SCI JI J. Membr. Sci. PD OCT 15 PY 2001 VL 192 IS 1-2 BP 201 EP 207 DI 10.1016/S0376-7388(01)00502-6 PG 7 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA 471ZG UT WOS:000170958100017 ER PT J AU Loneragan, GH Dargatz, DA Morley, PS Smith, MA AF Loneragan, GH Dargatz, DA Morley, PS Smith, MA TI Trends in mortality ratios among cattle in US feedlots SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID FATAL FIBRINOUS PNEUMONIA; SHIPPING FEVER; ALBERTA 1985-1988; CALVES; PERFORMANCE; HEALTH; PATTERN; DISEASE AB Objective-To evaluate trends in feedlot cattle mortality ratios over time, by primary body system affected, and by type of animal. Design-Retrospective cohort study. Animals-Approximately 21.8 million cattle entering 121 feedlots in the United States during 1994 through 1999. Procedures-Yearly and monthly mortality ratios were calculated. Numbers of deaths were modeled by use of Poisson regression methods for repeated measures. Relative risks of death over time and by animal type were estimated. Results-Ave raged over time, the mortality ratio was 12.6 deaths/1,000 cattle entering the feedlots. The mortality ratio increased from 10.3 deaths/1,000 cattle in 1994 to 14.2 deaths/1,000 cattle in 1999, but this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.09). Cattle entering the feedlots during 1999 had a significantly increased risk (relative risk, 1.46) of dying of respiratory tract disorders, compared with cattle that entered during 1994, and respiratory tract disorders accounted for 57.1% of all deaths. Dairy cattle had a significantly increased risk of death of any cause, compared with beef steers. Beef heifers had a significantly increased risk of dying of respiratory tract disorders, compared with beef steers. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Results suggested that although overall yearly mortality ratio did not significantly increase during the study, the risk of death attributable to respiratory tract disorders was increased during most years, compared with risk of death during 1994. The increased rates of fatal respiratory tract disorders may also reflect increased rates of non-fatal respiratory tract disorders, which would be expected to have adverse production effects in surviving animals. C1 Colorado State Univ, Integrated Livestock Management Program, Dept Clin Sci, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA, Anim Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Ctr Epidemiol & Anim Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Loneragan, GH (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Integrated Livestock Management Program, Dept Clin Sci, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. OI Morley, Paul/0000-0001-8138-2714 NR 22 TC 58 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 15 PY 2001 VL 219 IS 8 BP 1122 EP 1127 DI 10.2460/javma.2001.219.1122 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 481JZ UT WOS:000171517300023 PM 11700712 ER PT J AU Selgrade, JF Roberds, JH AF Selgrade, JF Roberds, JH TI On the structure of attractors for discrete, periodically forced systems with applications to population models SO PHYSICA D LA English DT Article DE periodic forcing; attractors; discrete population models ID MULTIPLE ATTRACTORS; CONTROLLING CHAOS; DYNAMICS; RESONANCE; HABITATS AB This work discusses the effects of periodic forcing on attracting cycles and more complicated attractors for autonomous systems of nonlinear difference equations. Results indicate that an attractor for a periodically forced dynamical system may inherit structure from an attractor of the autonomous (unforced) system and also from the periodicity of the forcing. In particular, a method is presented which shows that if the amplitude of the k-periodic forcing is small enough then the attractor for the forced system is the union of k homeomorphic subsets. Examples from population biology and genetics indicate that each subset is also homeomorphic to the attractor of the original autonomous dynamical system. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Math, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, So Inst Forest Genet, Saucier, MS 39574 USA. RP Selgrade, JF (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Math, Box 8205, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 26 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-2789 J9 PHYSICA D JI Physica D PD OCT 15 PY 2001 VL 158 IS 1-4 BP 69 EP 82 DI 10.1016/S0167-2789(01)00324-4 PG 14 WC Mathematics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Mathematical SC Mathematics; Physics GA 482MH UT WOS:000171579600005 ER PT J AU Beier, RC Stanker, LH AF Beier, RC Stanker, LH TI An antigen based on molecular modeling resulted in the development of a monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay for the coccidiostat nicarbazin SO ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 219th American-Chemical-Society National Meeting CY MAR 29-30, 2000 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Chem Soc DE coccidiosis; DNC; 4,4 '-dinitrocarbanilide; hapten; p-nitrosuccinanilic acid ID CROSS-REACTIVE COMPOUNDS; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; CHICKEN TISSUES; SARAFLOXACIN; EXTRACTION; RESIDUES; EGGS AB Based on insights obtained from computer-assisted molecular modeling, p-nitrosuccinanilic acid was selected as a viable candidate to use as a hapten to produce antibodies to 4,4 ' -dinitrocarbanilide, the active component of the coccidiostat nicarbazin. These antibodies would be used to quantify nicarbazin in feeds and tissues. The synthesis of p-nitrosuccinanilic acid is presented here. Due to the lack of water solubility of nicarbazin, a discussion is presented concerning the solubility of nicarbazin as it pertains to the immunoassay. DMF and ACN were both added to the assay buffer to make standard solutions of nicarbazin, and facilitate the use of the competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Monoclonal antibodies were isolated that compete with nicarbazin, and they were isotyped as IgM. However, this study has been complicated due to problems that developed during the study associated with the competition ELISA. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Beier, RC (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 33 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-2670 J9 ANAL CHIM ACTA JI Anal. Chim. Acta PD OCT 12 PY 2001 VL 444 IS 1 BP 61 EP 67 DI 10.1016/S0003-2670(01)01154-0 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 482RG UT WOS:000171588600007 ER PT J AU Hoecker, U Quail, PH AF Hoecker, U Quail, PH TI The phytochrome A-specific signaling intermediate SPA1 interacts directly with COP1, a constitutive repressor of light signaling in Arabidopsis SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID GENE-EXPRESSION; REGULATED GENE; WD-REPEAT; TRANSDUCTION; PROTEIN; THALIANA; DEFINES; PIF3; PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS; IDENTIFICATION AB SPA1 is a phytochrome A (phyA)-specific signaling intermediate that acts as a light-dependent repressor of photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis seedlings. It contains a WD-repeat domain that shows high sequence similarity to the WD-repeat region of the constitutive repressor of light signaling, COP1. Here, using yeast two-hybrid and in vitro interaction assays, we show that SPA1 strongly and selectively binds to COP1. Domain mapping studies indicate that the putative coiled-coil domain of SPA1 is necessary and sufficient for binding to COP1. Conversely, similar deletion analyses of the COP1 protein suggest that SPA1 interacts with the presumed coiled-coil domain of COP1. To further investigate SPA1 function in the phyA signaling pathway, we tested whether SPA1, like COP1, mediates changes in gene expression in response to light. We show that spa1 mutations increase the photoresponsiveness of certain light-regulated genes within 2 h of light treatment. Taken together, the results suggest that SPA1 may function to link the phytochrome A-specific branch of the light signaling pathway to COP1. Hence, our data provide molecular support for the hypothesis that COP1 is a convergence point for upstream signaling pathways dedicated to individual photoreceptors. C1 Univ Dusseldorf, Inst Entwicklungs & Mol Biol Pflanzen, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Hoecker, U (reprint author), Univ Dusseldorf, Inst Entwicklungs & Mol Biol Pflanzen, Geb 26-03-02, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM47475] NR 37 TC 84 Z9 95 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD OCT 12 PY 2001 VL 276 IS 41 BP 38173 EP 38178 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 481NU UT WOS:000171526500061 PM 11461903 ER PT J AU Bland, JM Osbrink, WLA Cornelius, ML Lax, AR Vigo, CB AF Bland, JM Osbrink, WLA Cornelius, ML Lax, AR Vigo, CB TI Solid-phase microextraction for the detection of termite cuticular hydrocarbons SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE Coptotermes formosanus; headspace analysis; solid-phase microextraction; hydrocarbons ID FORMOSANUS SHIRAKI ISOPTERA; MASS-SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS; UNITED-STATES; RETICULITERMES ISOPTERA; RHINOTERMITIDAE AB Solid-phase microextraction (SPME)-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify the cuticular hydrocarbons of the subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. Headspace SPME and direct contact SPME methods were evaluated and compared to the hexane extraction method. Variables, such as temperature, time, number of termites, condition of the termites, and the type of SPME fiber were evaluated. Methods were refined to increase the reproducibility as well as the sensitivity. Both SPME methods were successfully used for the identification of all the major termite cuticular hydrocarbons. Using the headspace SPME method, other compounds of interest could also be identified, such as fatty acids. Using the direct contact SPME method, termites could be repeatedly studied over time to monitor chemical changes. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. US EPA, Environm Chem Lab, Stennis Space Ctr, Bay St Louis, MS 39529 USA. RP Bland, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 13 TC 21 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD OCT 12 PY 2001 VL 932 IS 1-2 BP 119 EP 127 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)01239-0 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 482KK UT WOS:000171575200013 PM 11695856 ER PT J AU Min, WG Lillehoj, HS Burnside, J Weining, KC Staeheli, P Zhu, JJ AF Min, WG Lillehoj, HS Burnside, J Weining, KC Staeheli, P Zhu, JJ TI Adjuvant effects of IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-8, IL-15, IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma TGF-beta 4 and lymphotactin on DNA vaccination against Eimeria acervulina SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE chicken; cytokine; adjuvant; coccidiosis; DNA vaccine; Eimeria ID CHICKEN INTERFERON-GAMMA; INTESTINAL IMMUNE-RESPONSES; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; FUNCTIONAL-CHARACTERIZATION; CYTOKINE THERAPY; EXPRESSION; GENE; CLONING; PROTEIN; IMMUNIZATION AB Eight chicken cytokine genes (IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-8, IL-15, IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, TGF-beta4, lymphotactin) were evaluated for their adjuvant effect on a suboptimal dose of an Eimeria DNA vaccine carrying the 3-1E parasite gene (pcDNA3-1E). Chickens were given two subcutaneous injections with 50 mug of the pcDNA3-1E vaccine plus a cytokine expression plasmid 2 weeks apart and challenged with Eimeria acervulina 1 week later. IFN-alpha (1 mug) or 10 mug of lymphotactin expressing plasmids, when given simultaneously with the pcDNA3-1E vaccine, significantly protected against body weight loss induced by E. acervulina. Parasite replication was significantly reduced in chickens given the pcDNA3-1E vaccine along with 10 mug of the IL-8, lymphotactin, IFN-gamma, IL-15, TGF-beta4, or IL-1 beta plasmids compared with chickens given the pcDNA3-1E vaccine alone. Flow cytometric analysis of duodenum intraepithelial lymphocytes showed chickens that received the pcDNA3-1E vaccine simultaneously with the IL-8 or IL-15 genes had significantly increased CD3(+) cells compared with vaccination using pcDNA3-1E alone or in combination with the other cytokine genes tested. These results indicate that the type and the dose of cytokine genes injected into chickens influence the quality of the local immune response to DNA vaccination against coccidiosis. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA, Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Anim & Food Sci, Newark, DE 19717 USA. Univ Freiburg, Dept Virol, D-79008 Freiburg, Germany. RP Lillehoj, HS (reprint author), USDA, Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, BARC E,Bldg 1040, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Nolen, Danielle/A-5250-2010; Crozier, Laura/C-5891-2011; OI Min, Wongi/0000-0003-2437-7366 NR 50 TC 115 Z9 145 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD OCT 12 PY 2001 VL 20 IS 1-2 BP 267 EP 274 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00270-5 PG 8 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 481GR UT WOS:000171512000038 PM 11567773 ER PT J AU Rustad, L AF Rustad, L TI Global change - Matter of time on the prairie SO NATURE LA English DT Editorial Material ID TRACE GAS FLUXES; CO2 FLUXES; SOIL; DECOMPOSITION; CLIMATE; FOREST C1 USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Rustad, L (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, 271 Mast Rd, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM rustad@maine.edu NR 13 TC 12 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 10 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD OCT 11 PY 2001 VL 413 IS 6856 BP 578 EP 579 DI 10.1038/35098162 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 480WE UT WOS:000171485700030 PM 11595928 ER PT J AU Oberhauser, KS Prysby, MD Mattila, HR Stanley-Horn, DE Sears, MK Dively, G Olson, E Pleasants, JM Lam, WKF Hellmich, RL AF Oberhauser, KS Prysby, MD Mattila, HR Stanley-Horn, DE Sears, MK Dively, G Olson, E Pleasants, JM Lam, WKF Hellmich, RL TI Temporal and spatial overlap between monarch larvae and corn pollen SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID MILKWEED ASCLEPIAS-SYRIACA; POPULATIONS AB To assess the likelihood that monarch larvae will be exposed to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) pollen, we studied milkweed and monarch densities in habitats which comprise much of the land available to breeding monarchs, e.g., cornfields, cornfield edges, other agricultural fields, and nonagricultural areas, in four regions of the monarch breeding range. We found that monarchs use milkweed in cornfields throughout their breeding season, and that per plant densities are as high or higher in agricultural habitats as in nonagricultural habitats. As a result of the prevalence of agricultural land, most of the monarchs produced in the upper Midwest are likely to originate in cornfields or other agricultural habitats. There was a greater temporal overlap between susceptible monarchs and corn anthesis in the northern than the southern part of the summer breeding range, because of earlier pollen shed in the south. The importance of agricultural habitats to monarch production suggests that, regardless of the impact of genetically modified crops, agricultural practices such as weed control and foliar insecticide use could have large impacts on monarch populations. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Guelph, Dept Environm Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Zool & Genet, Ames, IA 50011 USA. SW Purdue Agr Program, Vincennes, IN 47591 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Oberhauser, KS (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RI Marion-Poll, Frederic/D-8882-2011 OI Marion-Poll, Frederic/0000-0001-6824-0180 NR 24 TC 105 Z9 120 U1 2 U2 40 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD OCT 9 PY 2001 VL 98 IS 21 BP 11913 EP 11918 DI 10.1073/pnas.211234298 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 482DE UT WOS:000171558900019 PM 11559838 ER PT J AU Pleasants, JM Hellmich, RL Dively, GP Sears, MK Stanley-Horn, DE Mattila, HR Foster, JE Clark, P Jones, GD AF Pleasants, JM Hellmich, RL Dively, GP Sears, MK Stanley-Horn, DE Mattila, HR Foster, JE Clark, P Jones, GD TI Corn pollen deposition on milkweeds in and near cornfields SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article AB The density of corn pollen on leaves of milkweed plants inside and outside of cornfields was measured in several studies from different localities. The purpose was to obtain a representative picture of naturally occurring pollen densities to provide a perspective for laboratory and field studies of monarch larvae feeding on milkweed leaves with Bt corn pollen. Pollen density was highest (average 170.6 grains per cm(2)) inside the cornfield and was progressively lower from the field edge outward, failing to 14.2 grains per cm(2) at 2 m. Inside the cornfield, and for each distance from the field edge, a frequency distribution is presented showing the proportion of leaf samples with different pollen densities. Inside cornfields, 95% of leaf samples had pollen densities below 600 grains per cm(2) and the highest pollen density observed was 1400 grains per cm(2), which occurred in a study with a rainless anthesis period. All other studies had rainfall events during the anthesis period. A single rain event can remove 54-86% of the pollen on leaves. Leaves on the upper portion of milkweed plants, where young monarch larvae tend to feed, had only 30-50% of the pollen density levels of middle leaves. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Zool, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Entomol, Corn Insects & Plant Genet Res Unit, USDA ARS, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Entomol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Guelph, Dept Environm Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Univ Nebraska, Dept Entomol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, Areawide Pest Management Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Pleasants, JM (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Zool, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 14 TC 98 Z9 125 U1 0 U2 24 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD OCT 9 PY 2001 VL 98 IS 21 BP 11919 EP 11924 DI 10.1073/pnas.211287498 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 482DE UT WOS:000171558900020 PM 11559840 ER PT J AU Hellmich, RL Siegfried, BD Sears, MK Stanley-Horn, DE Daniels, MJ Mattila, HR Spencer, T Bidne, KG Lewis, LC AF Hellmich, RL Siegfried, BD Sears, MK Stanley-Horn, DE Daniels, MJ Mattila, HR Spencer, T Bidne, KG Lewis, LC TI Monarch larvae sensitivity to Bacillus thuringiensis-purified proteins and pollen SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID MAIZE PLANTS; LEPIDOPTERA; FIELD; SUSCEPTIBILITY; EXPRESSION AB Laboratory tests were conducted to establish the relative toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins and pollen from Bt corn to monarch larvae. Toxins tested included Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry9C, and Cry1F. Three methods were used: (i) purified toxins incorporated into artificial diet, (ii) pollen collected from Bt corn hybrids applied directly to milkweed leaf discs, and (iii) Bt pollen contaminated with corn tassel material applied directly to milkweed leaf discs. Bioassays of purified Bt toxins indicate that Cry9C and Cry1F proteins are relatively nontoxic to monarch first instars, whereas first instars are sensitive to Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac proteins. Older instars were 12 to 23 times less susceptible to Cry1Ab toxin compared with first instars. Pollen bioassays suggest that pollen contaminants, an artifact of pollen processing, can dramatically influence larval survival and weight gains and produce spurious results. The only transgenic corn pollen that consistently affected monarch larvae was from Cry1Ab event 176 hybrids, currently <2% corn planted and for which re-registration has not been applied. Results from the other types of Bt corn suggest that pollen from the Cry1Ab (events Bt11 and Mon810) and Cry1F, and experimental Cry9C hybrids, will have no acute effects on monarch butterfly larvae in field settings. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Entomol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Entomol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Guelph, Dept Environm Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Stat, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Hellmich, RL (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Marion-Poll, Frederic/D-8882-2011 OI Marion-Poll, Frederic/0000-0001-6824-0180 NR 20 TC 137 Z9 170 U1 4 U2 69 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD OCT 9 PY 2001 VL 98 IS 21 BP 11925 EP 11930 DI 10.1073/pnas.211297698 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 482DE UT WOS:000171558900021 PM 11559841 ER PT J AU Stanley-Horn, DE Dively, GP Hellmich, RL Mattila, HR Sears, MK Rose, R Jesse, LCH Losey, JE Obrycki, JJ Lewis, L AF Stanley-Horn, DE Dively, GP Hellmich, RL Mattila, HR Sears, MK Rose, R Jesse, LCH Losey, JE Obrycki, JJ Lewis, L TI Assessing the impact of Cry1Ab-expressing corn pollen on monarch butterfly larvae in field studies SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID MAIZE PLANTS AB Survival and growth of monarch larvae, Danaus plexippus (L.), after exposure to either Cry1Ab-expressing pollen from three Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn (Zea mays L.) events differing in toxin expression or to the insecticide, lambda -cyhalothrin, were examined in field studies. First instars exposed to low doses (approximate to 22 grains per cm(2)) of event-176 pollen gained 18% less weight than those exposed to Bt11 or Mon810 pollen after a 5-day exposure period. Larvae exposed to 67 pollen grains per cm(2) on milkweed leaves from within an event-176 field exhibited 60% lower survivorship and 42% less weight gain compared with those exposed to leaves from outside the field. In contrast, Bt11 pollen had no effect on growth to adulthood or survival of first or third instars exposed for 5 days to approximate to 55 and 97 pollen grains per cm(2), respectively. Similarly, no differences in larval survivorship were observed after a 4-day exposure period to leaves with 504-586 (within fields) or 18-22 (outside the field) pollen grains per cm(2) collected from Bt11 and non-Bt sweet-corn fields. However, survivorship and weight gain were drastically reduced in non-Bt fields treated with lambda -cyhalothrin. The effects of Bt11 and Mon810 pollen on the survivorship of larvae feeding 14 to 22 days on milkweeds in fields were negligible. Further studies should examine the lifetime and reproductive impact of Bt11 and Mon810 pollen on monarchs after long-term exposure to naturally deposited pollen. C1 Univ Guelph, Dept Environm Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Univ Maryland, Dept Entomol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Plant Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Entomol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Entomol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Stanley-Horn, DE (reprint author), Univ Guelph, Dept Environm Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. RI Marion-Poll, Frederic/D-8882-2011 OI Marion-Poll, Frederic/0000-0001-6824-0180 NR 14 TC 101 Z9 124 U1 2 U2 31 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD OCT 9 PY 2001 VL 98 IS 21 BP 11931 EP 11936 DI 10.1073/pnas.211277798 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 482DE UT WOS:000171558900022 PM 11559839 ER PT J AU Sears, MK Hellmich, RL Stanley-Horn, DE Oberhauser, KS Pleasants, JM Mattila, HR Siegfried, BD Dively, GP AF Sears, MK Hellmich, RL Stanley-Horn, DE Oberhauser, KS Pleasants, JM Mattila, HR Siegfried, BD Dively, GP TI Impact of Bt corn pollen on monarch butterfly populations: A risk assessment SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; FIELD; LEPIDOPTERA; TOXICITY AB A collaborative research effort by scientists in several states and in Canada has produced information to develop a formal risk assessment of the impact of Bt corn on monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) populations. Information was sought on the acute toxic effects of Bt corn pollen and the degree to which monarch larvae would be exposed to toxic amounts of Bt pollen on its host plant, the common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca, found in and around cornfields. Expression of Cry proteins, the active toxicant found in Bt corn tissues, differed among hybrids, and especially so in the concentrations found in pollen of different events. In most commercial hybrids, Bt expression in pollen is low, and laboratory and field studies show no acute toxic effects at any pollen density that would be encountered in the field. Other factors mitigating exposure of larvae include the variable and limited overlap between pollen shed and larval activity periods, the fact that only a portion of the monarch population utilizes milkweed stands in and near cornfields, and the current adoption rate of Bt corn at 19% of North American corn-growing areas. This 2-year study suggests that the impact of Bt corn pollen from current commercial hybrids on monarch butterfly populations is negligible. C1 Univ Guelph, Dept Environm Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Entomol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Zool & Genet, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Entomol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Entomol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Sears, MK (reprint author), Univ Guelph, Dept Environm Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. RI Marion-Poll, Frederic/D-8882-2011 OI Marion-Poll, Frederic/0000-0001-6824-0180 NR 30 TC 224 Z9 269 U1 8 U2 124 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD OCT 9 PY 2001 VL 98 IS 21 BP 11937 EP 11942 DI 10.1073/pnas.211329998 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 482DE UT WOS:000171558900023 PM 11559842 ER PT J AU Kimmel, LB Day, MP AF Kimmel, LB Day, MP TI New life for an old fiber: Attributes and advantages of naturally colored cotton SO AATCC REVIEW LA English DT Article DE colored cotton; cotton; dye alternatives; genetics; natural pigments AB Naturally pigmented cotton is not new, It has grown in earthy shades of green, brown, and red for thousands of years. The cultivars can be grown using organic or conventional farming methods, but both offer ecological advantages since chemical dyeing is unnecessary. Naturally colored cotton can offer unique attributes and selective advantages over common white varieties. Some colored fibers are shorter, weaker, and finer than white cotton. These characteristics contribute to their unique appearance, unusual softness, flexibility, and luster. Shortcomings of the fibers may include color variation, cost, and limitations associated with processing and performance. Government researchers are presently developing patented and proprietary methods to convert existing colored fibers into superior yarns and fabrics. The outcome of this research could be applicable to inferior grades of white cotton with broad economic implications. C1 USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Kimmel, LB (reprint author), USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 1987, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 31 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER ASSOC TEXTILE CHEMISTS COLORISTS PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12215, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA SN 1532-8813 J9 AATCC REV JI AATCC Rev. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 1 IS 10 BP 32 EP 36 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Engineering; Materials Science GA 484VC UT WOS:000171709400004 ER PT J AU Cao, H Hardin, IR AF Cao, H Hardin, IR TI Optimization of conditions for microbial decolorization of textile wastewater: Starch as a carbon source SO AATCC REVIEW LA English DT Article DE decolorization; microorganisms; starch; wastewater ID PHANEROCHAETE-CHRYSOSPORIUM; AZO DYES; STREPTOMYCES; FUNGI AB Previous study has shown that white rot fungi will remove color from a series of dyes of differing chemical structures and dye classes. These fungi were screened for optimum efficiency. They were examined for conditions of temperature, pH, basic nutrients, and primary energy sources. This study examined the use of starch in the latter category as a substitute for glucose. Simulated and actual wastewater samples were used in the experiments. C1 Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA USA. RP Hardin, IR (reprint author), Univ Georgia, 321 Dawson Hall, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC TEXTILE CHEMISTS COLORISTS PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12215, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA SN 1532-8813 J9 AATCC REV JI AATCC Rev. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 1 IS 10 BP 37 EP 42 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Engineering; Materials Science GA 484VC UT WOS:000171709400005 ER PT J AU Rinderer, TE De Guzman, LI Delatte, GT Stelzer, JA Lancaster, VA Williams, JL Beaman, LD Kuznetsov, V Bigalk, M Bernard, SJ Tubbs, H AF Rinderer, TE De Guzman, LI Delatte, GT Stelzer, JA Lancaster, VA Williams, JL Beaman, LD Kuznetsov, V Bigalk, M Bernard, SJ Tubbs, H TI Multi-state field trials of ARS - Russian honey bees - 2. Honey production 1999, 2000 SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FAR-EASTERN RUSSIA; VARROA-JACOBSONI; RESISTANCE AB Field trials of Russian honey bees (ARS Primorsky stock) propagated as queen lines from queens imported from the far-eastern province of Primorsky were conducted in 1999 and 2000 in Iowa, Louisiana, and Mississippi. While honey production varied between apiaries and states, the honed production of the majority of Primorsky queen lines met or exceeded commercial standards. For example, the best production came from Mississippi in 2000. There, the overall average production was 125 pounds, not including fall production. Selected breeder queens from Mississippi in 2000 averaged 185 pounds and ranged from 149 to 23 pounds. Overall, given favorable nectar flows and beekeeping, ARS Primorsky stock, selected for retention in the breeding program and released to the beekeeping industry, will not sacrifice honey production. C1 ARS, USDA, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Res Lab, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. Neptune & Co Inc, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Biol & Pedol, Vladivostok 690022, Russia. Golden Ridge Honey Farms, Cresco, IA 52136 USA. Bernards Apiaries Inc, Beaux Bridge, LA 70517 USA. Tubbs Apiaries, Webb, MS 38966 USA. RP Rinderer, TE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Res Lab, 1157 Ben Hur Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. NR 7 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 USA SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 141 IS 10 BP 726 EP 729 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 474GK UT WOS:000171097800017 ER PT J AU De Guzman, LI Rinderer, TE Delatte, GT Stelzer, JA Beaman, L Harper, C AF De Guzman, LI Rinderer, TE Delatte, GT Stelzer, JA Beaman, L Harper, C TI An evaluation of far-eastern Russian honey bees and other methods for the control of tracheal mites SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Acarapis woodi; tracheal mite; ARS primorsky; resistance; formic acid; screen; IPM; far-eastern Russia; USA ID APIS-MELLIFERA HYMENOPTERA; VARROA-JACOBSONI ACARI; ACARAPIS-WOODI; FORMIC-ACID; COMPARATIVE RESISTANCE; UNITED-STATES; COLONIES; APIDAE; FORMULATION; INFESTATION AB The effects of several honey bee management tools on tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi) populations were evaluated in southern Louisiana. Both domestic and ARS Primorsky honey bee colonies were evaluated after: 1) a single application of Beltsville formic acid (BFA) to hives with a solid bottom board, 2) a single application of BFA to hives with a screen bottom board, 3) no treatment with a screen bottom board, or 4) no treatment with a solid bottom board. Domestic colonies In hives with screen bottom boards or hives with solid bottom boards maintained high levels of tracheal mite infestation throughout the experiment. However, in domestic colonies, the use of a combination of BFA and a screen bottom board reduced tracheal mite Infestation levels by 47% after three months and maintained the lowered levels for an additional three months. The use of BRA, and a solid bottom board resulted in a 37% reduction of tracheal mites after three months, but levels then increased to a damaging level by six months. Tracheal mite populations remained very low in Primorsky colonies, regardless of the management tools employed. Several conclusions are apparent: 1) The ARS Primorsky honey bees tested exhibited strong resistance to tracheal mites and do not require treatment for tracheal mite control, 2) the commercial honey bee stock tested displayed high susceptibility to tracheal mites, 3) one summer treatment of BFA did not adequately control tracheal mite populations in highly susceptible honey bee stock, 4) BFA showed moderate tracheal mite control and may be useful in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs designed to control the most serious honey bee pests and diseases, and 5) while screen bottom boards did not suppress tracheal mite populations, they enhanced the effectiveness of BFA in tracheal mite control. C1 USDA, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Res Lab, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. Harpers Honey Farm, Carenero, LA 70520 USA. RP De Guzman, LI (reprint author), USDA, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Res Lab, 1157 Ben Hur Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. NR 30 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 USA SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 141 IS 10 BP 737 EP 741 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 474GK UT WOS:000171097800020 ER PT J AU Peralta, IE Spooner, DM AF Peralta, IE Spooner, DM TI Granule-bound starch synthase (GBSSI) gene phylogeny of wild tomatoes (Solanum L. section Lycopersicon [Mill.] Wettst. subsection Lycopersicon) SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE GBSSI; Lycopersicon; phylogeny; Solanaceae; Solarium sect; Lycopersicon; tomato; waxy gene ID WAXY LOCUS; SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; SOLANUM-PENNELLII; DNA; EXPRESSION; POTATO; ESCULENTUM; EVOLUTION; UTILITY AB Eight wild tomato species are native to western South America and one to the Galapagos Islands. Different classifications of tomatoes have been based on morphological or biological criteria. Our primary goal was to examine the phylogenetic relationships of all nine wild tomato species and closely related outgroups, with a concentration on the most widespread and variable tomato species Solanum peruvianum, using DNA sequences of the structural gene granule-bound starch synthase (GBSSI. or waxy). Results show some concordance with previous morphology-based classifications and new relationships. The ingroup comprised a basal polytomy composed of the self-incompatible green-fruited species S. chilense and the central to southern Peruvian populations of S, peruvianum, S. habrochaites. and S. pennellii. A derived clade contains the northern Peruvian populations of S. peruvianum (also self-incompatible, green-fruited), S. chmielewskii, and S. neorickii ( self-compatible, green-fruited), and the self-compatible and red- to orange- to yellow-fruited species S. cheesmaniae, S. lycopersicum, and S. pimpinellifolium. Outgroup relationships are largely concordant with prior chloroplast DNA restriction site phylogenies. support S. juglandifolium and S. ochranthum as the closest outgroup to tomatoes with S. lycopersicoides and S. sitiens as basal to these, and support allogamy, self-incompatibility, and green fruits as primitive in the tomato clade. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Dept Hort, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Spooner, DM (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Dept Hort, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM iperalta@lab.cricyt.edu.ar; dspooner@facstaff.wisc.edu NR 79 TC 118 Z9 128 U1 0 U2 17 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI ST LOUIS PA PO BOX 299, ST LOUIS, MO 63166-0299 USA SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 88 IS 10 BP 1888 EP 1902 DI 10.2307/3558365 PG 15 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 483YY UT WOS:000171664500019 PM 21669622 ER PT J AU Treuth, MS Butte, NF Ellis, KJ Martin, LJ Comuzzie, AG AF Treuth, MS Butte, NF Ellis, KJ Martin, LJ Comuzzie, AG TI Familial resemblance of body composition in prepubertal girls and their biological parents SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE obesity; girls; dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; familial resemblance; total body potassium; body composition; heritability; fat mass; fat-free mass; body mass index; body fat ID MASS INDEX; PEDIGREE ANALYSIS; REARED APART; ADOPTION; OBESITY; TWINS; EXTENSIONS; SAMPLE; MODELS; FAT AB Background: Heritability estimates for body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) in children generally have been derived from twin and adoption studies. However, BMI does not reflect total or regional body composition. Objective: We evaluated the familial resemblance of body composition between prepubertal girls of normal weight and body fatness and their parents by using state-of-the-art technology. Design: The subjects were 101 girls [mean age: 8.5 +/-0.4 y; percentage body fat (%BF): 12-30%] and their biological parents. Weight, height, and body composition [fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), and %BF] were measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and total body potassium (TBK). Results: Weight, height, and BMI showed low-to-moderate similarity between the girls and both their parents (r=0.29-0.44, P<0.01). The girls' FM, FFM, and %BF were significantly related to both parents' body composition. Cross-generational equations were developed for DXA, eg, child's %BF=12.4 + (0.158 paternal %BF) + (0.145 maternal %BF) (adjusted r(2)=0.16, P<0.001). Regional analysis with DXA showed that the adjusted r(2) values for the arm, trunk, and leg regions, respectively, were 0.17, 0.33, and 0.31 for lean tissue mass and 0.11, 0.14, and 0.09 for FM. TBK showed a similar relation between parents and girls (r=0.28-0.47, P<0.01). Significant heritability (h(2)SE) was detected for BMI (0.35 +/-0.17, P=0.03) and %BF measured with DXA (0.50 +/-0.12, P=0.0001). Conclusion: The body composition of prepubertal girls of normal weight and body fatness is significantly related to the body composition of both biological parents. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Ctr Human Nutr, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. ARS, USDA, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Baylor Coll Med,Dept Pediat, Houston, TX USA. SW Fdn Biomed Res, Dept Genet, San Antonio, TX USA. RP Treuth, MS (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Ctr Human Nutr, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. RI Martin, Lisa/E-2425-2016 OI Martin, Lisa/0000-0001-8702-9946 FU NICHD NIH HHS [R29 HD34029] NR 26 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 74 IS 4 BP 529 EP 533 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 473LH UT WOS:000171045100018 PM 11566653 ER PT J AU Cupples, LA Tucker, K Corella, D Demissie, S Couture, P Tai, ES Wilson, PWF Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM AF Cupples, LA Tucker, K Corella, D Demissie, S Couture, P Tai, ES Wilson, PWF Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM TI Interaction between the hepatic lipase 514(C/T) polymorphism and dietary fat intake modulates HDL-C levels and HDL subfractions: The Framingham heart study. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epid Biostat, Boston, MA USA. Tufts Univ, Lipid Metab Lab, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Data Coordinating Ctr, Boston, MA USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 69 IS 4 SU 1 MA 1284 BP 402 EP 402 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 483RD UT WOS:000171648901286 ER PT J AU Kovtun, IV Welch, G Guthrie, HD Anderl, KL Jenkins, RB McMurray, CT AF Kovtun, IV Welch, G Guthrie, HD Anderl, KL Jenkins, RB McMurray, CT TI X- and Y-bearing sperm are not different in CAG repeat size at Huntington's locus, confirming that gender-dependence of expansion arises postzygotically. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Mayo Clin, Dept Mol Pharm, Rochester, MN USA. Mayo Clin, Rochester, MN USA. Mayo Clin, Mol Neurosci Program, Rochester, MN USA. USDA, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 69 IS 4 SU 1 MA 2553 BP 615 EP 615 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 483RD UT WOS:000171648902553 ER PT J AU Shemin, D Bostom, AG Selhub, J AF Shemin, D Bostom, AG Selhub, J TI Treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia in end-stage renal disease SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF KIDNEY DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Congress on Uremia Research CY APR 26-28, 2001 CL NARA, JAPAN DE homocysteine (HCY); folic acid; chronic renal failure (CRF); renal transplantation ID FOLIC-ACID SUPPLEMENTATION; HEMODIALYSIS-PATIENTS; TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS; DIALYSIS PATIENTS; HOMOCYSTEINE; THERAPY; REDUCTION AB Mild to moderate hyperhomocysteinemia (Hhcy) Is observed in more than 90% of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing maintenance dialysis and approximately 60% to 70% of chronic stable renal transplant recipients. The reported association between Hhcy and the development of arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease may account, in part, for the disproportionate risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic renal disease. Treatment with the recommended daily allowances of folic acid and vitamins B-6 and B-12, which consistently normalizes total homocysteine (tHcy) levels in the general population free of chronic renal disease, rarely results in the normalization of tHcy levels in patients with ESRD. A large number of investigations now have shown that even grossly supraphysiological doses of folic acid and vitamins B-6 and B-12 fall to normalize tHcy levels in more than 90% of dialysis-dependent patients with ESRD with baseline Hhcy. Conversely, such treatment consistently normalizes tHcy levels among hyperhomocysteinemic chronic stable renal transplant recipients or patients with mild to moderate renal insufficiency. A randomized, placebo-controlled, tHcy-lowering intervention trial involving approximately 4,000 chronic stable US renal transplant recipients (RO1 DK56486 01A2) will soon be underway to formally address the tenable hypothesis that tHcy-lowering treatment may reduce the risk for arteriosclerotic outcomes. Data from this trial should be applicable to patients with chronic renal insufficiency in general. (C) 2001 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc. C1 Brown Univ, Sch Med, Div Renal Dis, Rhode Isl Hosp, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Tufts Jean Mayer US Dept Agr, Vitamin Bioavailabil Lab, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA USA. RP Shemin, D (reprint author), Rhode Isl Hosp, Div Renal, 593 Eddy St, Providence, RI 02903 USA. NR 21 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0272-6386 J9 AM J KIDNEY DIS JI Am. J. Kidney Dis. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 38 IS 4 SU 1 BP S91 EP S94 DI 10.1053/ajkd.2001.27412 PG 4 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA 477XG UT WOS:000171309100019 PM 11576930 ER PT J AU Angradi, T Hood, R Tarter, D AF Angradi, T Hood, R Tarter, D TI Vertical, longitudinal and temporal variation in the macrobenthos of an Appalachian headwater stream system SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID HYPORHEIC ZONE; MOUNTAIN STREAM; FAUNA; INVERTEBRATES; SUBSTRATUM; COMMUNITY; BENTHOS; RIVER; DISTURBANCE AB We examined vertical, longitudinal and seasonal variation in the abundance, taxa richness and community composition of the epibenthic and hyporheic macrobenthos at Elklick Run, a first- through fourth-order stream continuum in the central Appalachian Mountains in West Virginia. We sampled the macrobenthos at three levels (0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm) below the stream bed using baskets filled with natural substratum. We quantified environmental factors including interstitial organic matter, fine sediment, water velocity and dissolved oxygen. Abundance, taxa richness and the relative abundance of streamlined taxa decreased with depth into the substratum. Interactions between depth into the substratum and site and between depth and season, were caused by a winter spate that reduced the abundance and taxa richness of the benthos in the upper layer of the hyporheic habitat (0-10 cm), but only at downstream sites. There was broad overlap in community structure among depths into the hyporheos, and virtually no taxa increased in absolute abundance with depth into the substratum or were restricted to hyporheic habitat. Abundance and taxa richness varied more with depth into the substratum than among sites or among seasons. However, both epibenthic and hyporheic community structure varied much more among seasons than among sites or among depths. The hyporheic fauna resembled the epibenthic fauna less at downstream sites where there was a more specialized epibenthic fauna including more streamlined taxa, filterers and scrapers. Abundance and taxa richness of the macrobenthos was positively correlated with interstitial flow, especially at upstream sites in Fall when stream flow was lowest, water temperature was high and interstitial dissolved oxygen concentration was low. The coefficient of variation in hyporheic abundance, taxa richness and community composition decreased with increasing stream order, suggesting decreased spatial variability in interstitial habitat suitability at downstream sites. C1 US Forest Serv, Timber & Watershed Lab, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. Marshall Univ, Dept Biol, Huntington, WV 25755 USA. RP Angradi, T (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, 999 18th St,Suite 500, Denver, CO 80202 USA. NR 43 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 146 IS 2 BP 223 EP 242 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2001)146[0223:VLATVI]2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 478JA UT WOS:000171342200001 ER PT J AU Rossell, IM Rossell, CR Hining, KJ Anderson, RL AF Rossell, IM Rossell, CR Hining, KJ Anderson, RL TI Impacts of dogwood anthracnose (Discula destructiva Redlin) on the fruits of flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.): Implications for wildlife SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID WESTERN NORTH-CAROLINA; CONSUMPTION; MORTALITY; PATTERNS; FOREST; BIRDS AB Flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.) fruits are an important fall food-for many species of birds and mammals throughout the eastern United States. However, the rapid spread of the fungal disease dogwood anthracnose (Discula destructiva Redlin) has caused extensive mortality of dogwoods throughout the Appalachians. We examined the impacts of dogwood anthracnose on the production of inflorescences by flowering dogwoods in western North Carolina as an indication of fruit production. We also collected ripe fruits in the fall, weighed the pulps and analyzed them for protein, lipids, Ca, K, Mg and P. Only one-third of 173 live trees flowered. Large trees were significantly more likely to flower than small trees, and as disease severity increased, the probability of flowering decreased. Neither the mean number of inflorescences per tree nor mean pulp weight differed among two-size classes or three disease categories of trees. However, pulps from moderately infected trees contained significantly more Ca and P than pulps from lightly infected trees. Pulps from severely infected trees also contained higher levels of Ca than pulps from lightly diseased trees. A discriminant function analysis examining all six nutritional variables separated lightly diseased pulps from the other two categories along an axis represented by Ca, P and lipids. Moderately diseased pulps were separated from severely diseased pulps by K, P and protein. The most significant impact of dogwood anthracnose on frugivores will likely be the loss of flowering dogwoods from the landscape, with the concomitant loss of actual and potential fruit production. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Studies, Asheville, NC 28804 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Atlanta, GA 30367 USA. RP Rossell, IM (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Studies, Asheville, NC 28804 USA. NR 24 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 146 IS 2 BP 379 EP 387 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2001)146[0379:IODADD]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 478JA UT WOS:000171342200015 ER PT J AU Rexroad, CE Coleman, RL Martin, AM Hershberger, WK Killefer, J AF Rexroad, CE Coleman, RL Martin, AM Hershberger, WK Killefer, J TI Thirty-five polymorphic microsatellite markers for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article C1 ARS, Natl Ctr Cool & Cold Water Aquaculture, USDA, Leetown, WV 25430 USA. W Virginia Univ, Div Anim & Vet Sci, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Rexroad, CE (reprint author), ARS, Natl Ctr Cool & Cold Water Aquaculture, USDA, Leetown, WV 25430 USA. NR 1 TC 52 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 32 IS 5 BP 317 EP 319 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2001.0730b.x PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 486ZC UT WOS:000171848400015 PM 11683722 ER PT J AU Lulai, EC Freeman, TP AF Lulai, EC Freeman, TP TI The importance of phellogen cells and their structural characteristics in susceptibility and resistance to excoriation in immature and mature potato tuber (Solanum tuberosum L.) periderm SO ANNALS OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE cambium; meristematic; periderm; phellem; phelloderm; phellogen; potato; skinning; Solanum tuberosum L.; Otuber ID VASCULAR CAMBIUM; SEASONAL CYCLE; SUBERIN; WALL; HIPPOCASTANACEAE; ULTRASTRUCTURE; BIOCHEMISTRY; TAPROOTS; DOMAIN; TISSUE AB Potato tuber (Solanian tuberosum L.) periderm maturation is an important physiological process that directly affects the susceptibility and development of resistance to costly excoriation (skinning-type wounds) at harvest. The objectives of this research were to identify the specific types of cells and the cellular changes associated with susceptibility and resistance to tuber excoriation in immature and mature tubers respectively. Epifluorescent microscopic examination of immature tuber periderm (phellem, phellogen and phelloderm cells) from several genetically diverse cultivars has shown that the cellular damage resulting from excoriation occurs within the phellogen (cork cambium), a meristematic layer of cells that gives rise to neighbouring phellem and phelloderm cells. Tuber excoriation is the result of the fracture of radial phellogen cell walls linking the skin (phellem) to the phelloderm. As the tuber periderm. matures, phellogen cells become inactive and the radial walls of these cells become more resistant to fracture; resistance to excoriation develops. Ultrastructural studies of immature tuber periderm show that radial walls of active phellogen cells are thin and fragile. During periderm maturation, both radial and tangential phellogen cell walls thicken as they strengthen and become resistant to fracture, thereby providing resistance to excoriation. These results refute previous theories of the physiological changes responsible for the onset of resistance to tuber skinning injury. The combined results establish a paradigm whereby the thickening and strengthening of tuber phellogen cell walls upon periderm maturation are the determinant for resistance to tuber excoriation. C1 ARS, USDA, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. N Dakota State Univ, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Lulai, EC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, No Crop Sci Lab, POB 5677,Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 25 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0305-7364 J9 ANN BOT-LONDON JI Ann. Bot. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 88 IS 4 BP 555 EP 561 DI 10.1006/anbo.2001.1497 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 481ZA UT WOS:000171549300005 ER PT J AU Wesley-Smith, J Pammenter, NW Berjak, P Walters, C AF Wesley-Smith, J Pammenter, NW Berjak, P Walters, C TI The effects of two drying rates on the desiccation tolerance of embryonic axes of recalcitrant jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.) seeds SO ANNALS OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk. (jackfruit); autophagy; cryopreservation; desiccation-damage; drying rates; electrolyte leakage; endoplasmic reticulum; freeze substitution; recalcitrance ID HIGHER-PLANT CELLS; ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM; LANDOLPHIA-KIRKII; MOISTURE-CONTENT; SENSITIVE SEEDS; WATER STATUS; CRYOPRESERVATION; MEMBRANE; DEHYDRATION; GERMINATION AB This study compared the survival, electrolyte leakage and ultrastructural characteristics of embryonic axes of recalcitrant jackfruit dried rapidly (<90 min) or slowly (2-3 d). Axes dried slowly showed decreased viability at higher water content than those dried rapidly; this was mirrored by an increase in electrolyte leakage at approx. 0.8 and 0.4 g H(2)O g(-1) dry mass, respectively. Rapid drying conferred relatively greater tolerance to dehydration, as attested by the 100% survival attained at approx. 0.4 g g(-1) in contrast to the total mortality of axes dried slowly to this water content. Partially hydrated axes were processed for microscopy using freeze-substitution to prevent rehydration artefacts. Radicles of axes dehydrated to 0.7 g g(-1) were examined microscopically to assess their cellular morphology and appearance of membranes following rapid or slow drying. Measurements showed that drying rate affected the distribution of water within axes, which could be relevant to the extent of stress experienced by germinative cells. Membrane breakdown was not observed in cells dehydrated either rapidly or slowly to 0.7 g g(-1). Endoplasmic reticulum profiles were prominent in dehydrated cells. Autophagy was observed in axes of both treatments. The area occupied by vacuoles increased significantly only following rehydration, and was similar in axes dried rapidly or slowly. Desiccation damage became evident on rehydration, and was reversible following rapid drying but was more severe in axes dried slowly. Prolonged exposure to partial hydration may contribute to the greater sensitivity of vacuoles to damage during rehydration. (C) 2001 Annals of Botany Company. C1 Univ KwaZulu Natal, Electron Microscope Unit, ZA-4041 Durban, South Africa. Univ KwaZulu Natal, Plant Cell Biol Res Grp, ZA-4041 Durban, South Africa. ARS, USDA, Natl Seed Storage Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Wesley-Smith, J (reprint author), Univ KwaZulu Natal, Electron Microscope Unit, ZA-4041 Durban, South Africa. EM wesleysm@biology.und.ac.za RI Pammenter, Norman/E-9357-2010; Berjak, Patricia/E-9362-2010 NR 59 TC 51 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 8 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0305-7364 J9 ANN BOT-LONDON JI Ann. Bot. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 88 IS 4 BP 653 EP 664 DI 10.1006/anbo.2001.1519 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 481ZA UT WOS:000171549300016 ER PT J AU Kitta, K Day, RM Remeika, J Blumberg, JB Suzuki, YJ AF Kitta, K Day, RM Remeika, J Blumberg, JB Suzuki, YJ TI Effects of thiol antioxidants on hepatocyte growth factor signaling in cardiac myocytes SO ANTIOXIDANTS & REDOX SIGNALING LA English DT Article ID ACUTE MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; RAT HEPATOCYTES; C-MET; PROTEIN; KINASE; REPERFUSION; RECEPTOR; CELLS; HEART AB We describe here novel antioxidant-sensitive events in which activation kinetics are delayed, leading to inhibition of cell signaling. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) transiently phosphorylated p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) with a peak at 3-5 min in HL-1 adult cardiac myocytes. Pretreatment of cells with thiol antioxidants, N-acetylcysteine or a-lipoic acid attenuated MAPK phosphorylation induced by a 3-min incubation with HGF. However, kinetic analysis revealed that the apparent inhibition of HGF signaling was due to a delay in the activation because HGF phosphorylated MAPK with a peak at 5-7 min in cells treated with thiol antioxidants. This 2-min delay in HGF activation of MAPK resulted in >5-min delay in phosphorylation of MAPK targets such as p90RSK and GATA-4. Hydrogen peroxide did not mimic HGF signaling, and HGF did not induce reactive oxygen species production. Thus, in cardiac myocytes, thiol antioxidants delay HGF-mediated MAPK activation and suppress subsequent signaling events via reactive oxygen species-independent mechanism. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Antioxidants Res Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Cell & Mol Nutr Program, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Nutr Sci & Policy, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Div Pulm & Crit Care, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Antioxidants Res Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM ysuzuki@hnrc.tufts.edu FU NIA NIH HHS [AG-16121] NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1523-0864 EI 1557-7716 J9 ANTIOXID REDOX SIGN JI Antioxid. Redox Signal. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 3 IS 5 BP 911 EP 918 DI 10.1089/15230860152665064 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 532XA UT WOS:000174499300016 PM 11761336 ER PT J AU Kurtzman, CP Robnett, CJ Yarrow, D AF Kurtzman, CP Robnett, CJ Yarrow, D TI Two new anamorphic yeasts: Candida germanica and Candida neerlandica SO ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GENERAL AND MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE molecular systematics; new Candida yeasts; ribosomal DNA ID ASCOMYCETOUS YEASTS AB Descriptions are given for the two new anamorphic ascomycetous yeasts Candida germanica (type strain NRRL Y-27064, CBS 4105) and Candida neerlandica (type strain NRRL Y-27057, CBS 434). The species were isolated, respectively, from the atmosphere over Germany and from pressed yeast cake in The Netherlands. Phylogenetic analysis of 26S domain D1/D2 ribosomal DNA sequences places C. germanica near Pichia philogaea, whereas C. neerlandica is a member of the Lodderomyces elongisporus/ Candida albicans clade. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Properties Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Cent Bur Schimmelcultures, NL-3508 AD Utrecht, Netherlands. RP Kurtzman, CP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Properties Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 8 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 4 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-6072 J9 ANTON LEEUW INT J G JI Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek PD OCT PY 2001 VL 80 IS 1 BP 77 EP 83 DI 10.1023/A:1012218122038 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 483UZ UT WOS:000171655400008 PM 11761369 ER PT J AU Gardener, BBM Weller, DM AF Gardener, BBM Weller, DM TI Changes in populations of rhizosphere bacteria associated with take-all disease of wheat SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RHIZOCTONIA DAMPING-OFF; GRAMINIS VAR TRITICI; BARK COMPOST MEDIA; FLUORESCENT PSEUDOMONADS; GAEUMANNOMYCES-GRAMINIS; SUPPRESSION; 2,4-DIACETYLPHLOROGLUCINOL; PLANT; RHIZOBACTERIA; BIOCONTROL AB Take-all, caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, is one of the most important fungal diseases of wheat worldwide. Knowing that microbe-based suppression of the disease occurs in monoculture wheat fields following severe outbreaks of take-all, we analyzed the changes in rhizosphere bacterial communities following infection by the take-all pathogen. Several bacterial populations were more abundant on diseased plants than on healthy plants, as indicated by higher counts on a Pseudomonas-selective medium and a higher fluorescence signal in terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses of amplified 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Amplified rDNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) of the most abundant cultured populations showed a shift in dominance from Pseudomonas to Chryseobacterium species in the rhizosphere of diseased plants. Fluorescence-tagged ARDRA of uncultured rhizosphere washes revealed an increase in ribotypes corresponding to several bacterial genera, including those subsequently identified by partial 16S sequencing as belonging to species of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-proteobacteria, sphingobacteria, and flavobacteria. The functional significance of some of these populations was investigated in vitro. Of those isolated, only a small subset of the most abundant Pseudomonas spp. and a phlD(+) Pseudomonas sp. showed any significant ability to inhibit G. graminis var. tritici directly. When cultured strains were mixed with the inhibitory phlD(+) Pseudomonas strain, the Chryseobacterium isolates showed the least capacity to inhibit this antagonist of the pathogen, indicating that increases in Chryseobacterium populations may facilitate the suppression of take-all by 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol-producing phlD(+) pseudomonads. C1 Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Plant Pathol, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Root Dis & Biol Control Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Gardener, BBM (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Plant Pathol, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. RI McSpadden Gardener, Brian/C-9844-2009 NR 48 TC 53 Z9 56 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 67 IS 10 BP 4414 EP 4425 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 476PJ UT WOS:000171237700003 ER PT J AU Gonzalez-Cabrera, J Herrero, S Sayyed, AH Escriche, B Liu, YB Meyer, SK Wright, DJ Tabashnik, BE Ferre, J AF Gonzalez-Cabrera, J Herrero, S Sayyed, AH Escriche, B Liu, YB Meyer, SK Wright, DJ Tabashnik, BE Ferre, J TI Variation in susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins among unselected strains of Plutella xylostella SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIAMONDBACK MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; CRYSTAL PROTEINS; FIELD POPULATION; CABBAGE-LOOPER; BRUSH-BORDER; RESISTANCE; BINDING; MEMBRANE; RECEPTOR; TOXICITY AB So far, the only insect that has evolved resistance in the field to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins is the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella). Documentation and analysis of resistant strains rely on comparisons with laboratory strains that have not been exposed to B. thuringiensis toxins. Previously published reports show considerable variation among laboratories in responses of unselected laboratory strains to B. thuringiensis toxins. Because different laboratories have used different unselected strains, such variation could be caused by differences in bioassay methods among laboratories, genetic differences among unselected strains, or both. Here we tested three unselected strains against five B. thuringiensis toxins (Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Ca, and Cry1Da) using two bioassay methods. Tests of the LAB-V strain from The Netherlands in different laboratories using different bioassay methods yielded only minor differences in results. In contrast, side-by-side comparisons revealed major genetic differences in susceptibility between strains. Compared with the LAB-V strain, the ROTH strain from England was 17- to 170-fold more susceptible to Cry1Aa and Cry1Ac, respectively, whereas the LAB-PS strain from Hawaii was 8-fold more susceptible to Cry1Ab and 13-fold more susceptible to Cry1Da and did not differ significantly from the LAB-V strain in response to Cry1Aa, Cry1Ac, or Cry1Ca. The relative potencies of toxins were similar among LAB-V, ROTH, and LAB-PS, with Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac being most toxic and Cry1Da being least toxic. Therefore, before choosing a standard reference strain upon which to base comparisons, it is highly advisable to perform an analysis of variation in susceptibility among field and laboratory populations. C1 Univ Valencia, Fac CC Biol, Dept Genet, Valencia 46100, Spain. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Biol, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England. USDA ARS, US Agr Res Stn, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Entomol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Ferre, J (reprint author), Univ Valencia, Fac CC Biol, Dept Genet, Dr Moliner 50, Valencia 46100, Spain. RI Herrero, Salvador/J-5767-2013; Naqvi, Sayyed Hussnain Ali/I-7283-2015; Ferre, Juan/L-9426-2014; Gonzalez-Cabrera, Joel/B-2279-2013; OI Herrero, Salvador/0000-0001-5690-2108; Ferre, Juan/0000-0001-5535-0612; Gonzalez-Cabrera, Joel/0000-0002-8338-370X; Escriche, Baltasar/0000-0003-4889-793X NR 25 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 67 IS 10 BP 4610 EP 4613 DI 10.1128/AEM.67.10.4610-4613.2001 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 476PJ UT WOS:000171237700029 PM 11571163 ER PT J AU Cui, SH Meng, JH Bhagwat, AA AF Cui, SH Meng, JH Bhagwat, AA TI Availability of glutamate and arginine during acid challenge determines cell density-dependent survival phenotype of Escherichia coli strains SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TOLERANCE RESPONSE; ENTERIC BACTERIA; RESISTANCE; PH; O157-H7; RPOS; TYPHIMURIUM; CULTURES; O157/H7; GROWTH AB The cell density-dependent acid sensitivity phenotypes of Escherichia coli strains K-12 and O157:H7 were examined with reference to three possible mechanisms of acid resistance. There was no evidence of any diffusible substance released from dead cells which could influence the cell density-dependent acid survival phenotype. Instead, cell density-dependent acid survival phenotype was associated with induction of glutamate and arginine-decarboxylase acid survival pathways and concomitant availability of glutamate and arginine during acid challenge. C1 USDA ARS, Produce Qual & Safety Lab, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Nutr & Food Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Bhagwat, AA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Produce Qual & Safety Lab, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Bldg 002,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 24 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 67 IS 10 BP 4914 EP 4918 DI 10.1128/AEM.67.10.4914-4918.2001 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 476PJ UT WOS:000171237700068 PM 11571202 ER PT J AU Huang, WY Lu, YC Uri, ND AF Huang, WY Lu, YC Uri, ND TI An assessment of soil nitrogen testing considering the carry-over effect SO APPLIED MATHEMATICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article AB In order to evaluate the economic and environmental consequences of soil nitrogen tests, this paper combines a dynamic fertilizer use decision model with a crop production model. The pre-side-dress soil N-test is evaluated for a hypothetical farmer growing corn at the ARS Sustainable Agriculture Demonstration Farm site in southern Maryland. For a farmer not currently using a soil N-test, adoption of this technology can lead to the enhancement of net farm income and the reduction in nitrogen loss to the environment. This will transpire only if the farmer is currently underestimating nitrogen carry-over by more than 25% or applying nitrogen fertilizer based solely on an expected plateau-yield goal. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Econ Res Serv, USDA, Nat Res & Environm Div, Washington, DC 20005 USA. ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Uri, ND (reprint author), Econ Res Serv, USDA, Nat Res & Environm Div, 1800 M St,1301 New York Ave NW, Washington, DC 20005 USA. NR 27 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0307-904X J9 APPL MATH MODEL JI Appl. Math. Model. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 25 IS 10 BP 843 EP 860 DI 10.1016/S0307-904X(98)10001-X PG 18 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mathematics; Mechanics GA 471WQ UT WOS:000170952000004 ER PT J AU Caesar-Tonthat, TC Shelver, WL Thorn, RG Cochran, VL AF Caesar-Tonthat, TC Shelver, WL Thorn, RG Cochran, VL TI Generation of antibodies for soil aggregating basidiomycete detection as an early indicator of trends in soil quality SO APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fungi; basidiomycetes; homobasidiomycetes; russuloid clade; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) soil aggregation; water stable aggregates (WSA); agricultural management practices; no till management ID RIBOSOMAL DNA-SEQUENCES; ORGANIC-MATTER; STRUCTURAL STABILITY; MICROBIAL BIOMASS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; REDUCED TILLAGE; FUNGAL HYPHAE; CROP-ROTATION; POLYSACCHARIDE; NITROGEN AB Polyclonal antisera were raised against cell walls of a soil aggregating basidiomycete isolated in eastern Montana (isolate BB1) which has been identified as a member of the russuloid clade using molecular genetic techniques. In cross-reactivity tests using quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), polyclonal antisera to BB I cross-reacted significantly with fungal species representative of the russuloid clade and little or no reactivity was observed with fungal species of the polyporoid, euagaric, hymenochaetoid, bolete and gomphoid-phalloid clades of the Homobasidiomycetes. These results suggested that the cell walls of fungal species from the russuloid clade share common antigenic binding sites that are recognizable by the polyclonal antibodies and that these sites were not found or were present in small amounts in fungal species from the other clades. Experiments on the water stability of artificial aggregates amended with fungal species representative of these six homobasidiomycete clades indicated that many species of the russuloid clade were very efficient soil stabilizers. Fungal species from the other clades vary in their ability to aggregate soil particles but cross-react weakly with the antibodies. ELISA was used on water stable aggregates (WSA) from soil samples of three dryland locations under conventional tillage, no tillage and fallow management practices and on WSA from soil samples from grass barrier strips that were undisturbed for 30 years. Greater antigenic response was observed from WSA of undisturbed soils compared to cultivated soils and from WSA of soils under no till compared to till or fallow management practices. These results suggested that specific soil aggregating russuloids in WSA are sensitive to soil disturbance such as tillage. To our knowledge, this study is the first report of the detection and quantification of a taxonomic group of specific soil aggregating Homobasidiomycetes in dryland soils under diverse agricultural systems. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, No Agr Res Ctr, Sidney, MT USA. USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, State Univ Stn, Dept Bot, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Univ Western Ontario, Dept Plant Sci, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada. RP Caesar-Tonthat, TC (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Agr Res Ctr, Sidney, MT USA. EM caesart@sidney.ars.usda.gov RI Thorn, R Greg/I-3398-2012 NR 57 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1393 J9 APPL SOIL ECOL JI Appl. Soil Ecol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 18 IS 2 BP 99 EP 116 DI 10.1016/S0929-1393(01)00160-3 PG 18 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 471VD UT WOS:000170948600001 ER PT J AU Wuest, SB AF Wuest, SB TI Earthworm, infiltration, and tillage relationships in a dryland pea-wheat rotation SO APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE tillage; earthworm; infiltration ID CONSERVATION-TILLAGE; SOIL; POPULATIONS; MANAGEMENT; SYSTEMS; AUSTRALIA AB Dryland fanning in the Mediterranean climate of the Pacific Northwest, USA supports extremely low earthworm populations under conventional tillage. Increases in earthworm populations are being observed in fields under no-till cropping systems. A 30+ year experiment with four tillage levels in a pea (Pisum sativum L.)-winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation was evaluated for earthworm populations and ponded infiltration rates. Where tillage has been limited to 2.5 cm depth, Apporectodea trapezoides (Duges) mean population was 25 m(-2). Plots subject to tillage by plow (25 cm depth) or chisel (35 cm depth) averaged less than 4 earthworms m-2. The shallow tillage treatment also had the highest average infiltration rate of 70 mm h(-1) compared to 36 for chisel, 27 for spring plow, and 19 mm h(-1) for fall plow treatments. The highly variable nature of earthworm counts and infiltration measurements prevented conclusive correlation between the two, but increases in both can be attributed to minimum tillage. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Columbia Plateau Conservat Res Ctr, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. RP Wuest, SB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Columbia Plateau Conservat Res Ctr, POB 370, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. NR 19 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1393 J9 APPL SOIL ECOL JI Appl. Soil Ecol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 18 IS 2 BP 187 EP 192 DI 10.1016/S0929-1393(01)00145-7 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 471VD UT WOS:000170948600007 ER PT J AU Hendrickson, JR Wienhold, BJ Berdahl, JD AF Hendrickson, JR Wienhold, BJ Berdahl, JD TI Decomposition rates of native and improved cultivars of grasses in the Northern Great Plains SO ARID LAND RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review DE carbon; lignin; nitrogen; monocultures; litter ID NITROGEN; SOIL; GRASSLANDS; DYNAMICS; CARBON AB Decomposition is a critical process that links the above- and below-ground portions of the nutrient cycle. A sturdy was initiated in North Dakota, USA, to evaluate the decomposition rate between three genetically improved grass species monocultures, Agropyron desertorum, Bromus inermis, and Pascopyrum smithii, and two native perennial grass species occurring in area rangelands, Nassella viridula and Bouteloua gracilis. Standing litter of all five species was harvested in October 1996 and placed into litterbags. Litterbags were placed along transects in early November 1996 and randomly selected bags were sampled in June, July, August, September, and October, 1997. Carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and lignin were determined on all samples including the initial litter samples. The percent of dry matter decomposed across time ranged from 18.4% for B. gracilis to 26.8% for A. desertorum. The two native species, occurring in undisturbed rangeland, had significantly lower rates of decomposition than did the monocultures of the improved cultivars, including the monoculture of the improved native, P. smithii. Most decomposition occurred prior to the June 1997 sampling date, and from June to October 1997 decomposition was approximately the same for all species (7 to 8%). The N concentration of the initial samples had the strongest correlation (r = 0.78 P < 0.01) with decomposition rates. Lignin had a significant positive correlation (r = 0.49, P = 0.03) and the C: N ratio had a significant negative correlation (r = -0.67 P < 0.01) with decomposition. Traits, such as decomposition, that can affect ecosystem functioning need to be given greater emphasis in genetic selection of native and improved grass species. C1 USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. USDA ARS, Soil & Water Conservat Unit, Lincoln, NB, Canada. RP Hendrickson, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, Box 459, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 12 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 1532-4982 J9 ARID LAND RES MANAG JI Arid Land Res. Manag. PD OCT-DEC PY 2001 VL 15 IS 4 BP 347 EP 357 DI 10.1080/153249801753127633 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA 483PK UT WOS:000171644200003 ER PT J AU Gebhart, KA Copeland, S Malm, WC AF Gebhart, KA Copeland, S Malm, WC TI Diurnal and seasonal patterns in light scattering, extinction, and relative humidity SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE IMPROVE network; diurnal patterns; light extinction; scattering; seasonal trends ID UNITED-STATES; COEFFICIENTS; AEROSOLS AB Since 1988, several federal and state governmental agencies in the US have coordinated efforts to operate the interagency monitoring of protected visual environments (IMPROVE) network at sites in remote areas. Most IMPROVE sites are equipped with either a transmissometer to measure light extinction (B-ext) or a nephelometer to measure particle scattering (B-sp). Optical, temperature, and relative humidity (RH) measurements are made hourly at these sites. The diurnal and seasonal patterns in these data are examined and discussed here. At many IMPROVE sites the diurnal patterns in RH and therefore B-ext or B-sp are as expected based on average temperature. On average, RH is higher at night and during the winter than during warmer times of the day and year. Also as expected, based on RH alone, at many sites hourly mean B-ext or B-sp values are either in phase with RH or weakly dependent on time of day. Usually, the diurnal differences are not as large as the seasonal differences. Another group of IMPROVE sites have mean RH patterns similar to those described above but have a different diurnal pattern in measured scattering or extinction. At these sites, the highest mean B-sp or B-ext occurs during mid-day rather than at night. At several of these sites, especially those on ridge tops, it is hypothesized that this is because the diurnal shifts in mixing height only allow the surface laver of the atmosphere to reach the monitor during mid-day. Several other sites have unique diurnal or seasonal patterns in average B-sp or B-exp that can usually be linked to emissions in nearby source regions or local meteorology and terrain. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Colorado State Univ, Air Resources Div, Natl Pk Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, US Forest Serv, Lander, WY 82520 USA. RP Gebhart, KA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Air Resources Div, Natl Pk Serv, CIRA Bldg, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 19 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 35 IS 30 BP 5177 EP 5191 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00319-3 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 485VL UT WOS:000171776400019 ER PT J AU Huff, GR Zheng, Q Newberry, LA Huff, WE Balog, JM Rath, NC Kim, KS Martin, EM Goeke, SC Skeeles, JK AF Huff, GR Zheng, Q Newberry, LA Huff, WE Balog, JM Rath, NC Kim, KS Martin, EM Goeke, SC Skeeles, JK TI Viral and bacterial agents associated with experimental transmission of infectious proventriculitis of broiler chickens SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE proventriculitis; food safety; chickens; virus; bacteria; IBDV ID MALABSORPTION-SYNDROME; STUNTING SYNDROME; BURSAL DISEASE; VIRUS; RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS; PATHOGENESIS; VACCINATION; HERPESVIRUS; TISSUE; COPPER AB Proventriculitis of broilers can be reproduced ti oral inoculation of day-old chicks with a proventricular homogenate From affected 3-wk-old broilers. The objective of the following studies was to isolate from this homogenate viral and bacterial isolates that could produce proventriculitis. A monoclonal antibody to infectious bursal, disease virus (IBDV) was used to precipitate virus from the homogenate. A primary chicken digestive tract cell culture system was also used to isolate virus from a 0.2-mum filtrate of the homogenate, and a bacterium was also isolated from the homogenate. In trial 1, day-old birds were orally inoculated with either proventriculus homogenate or monoclonal antibody immunoprecipitated IBDV (MAB-IBDV). At 4, 7, 14, and 21 days Postinfection (PI), 12 birds from each treatment group were subjected to necropsy. In trial 2, day-old birds were orally inoculated with either infectious proventriculus homogenate, suspect virus isolated in cell culture a-nd propagated in embryo livers and spleens, or a bacterial isolate, Twelve birds from cacti treatment were subjected to necropsy at days 7, 14, 21, and 28 PI. In trial 3, treatments were maintained in negative pressure isolation chambers, and an additional treatment included virus plus bacterial isolate. Twenty-four birds from each treatment were subjected to necropsy at day 21 PI. In trial 1, infectious homogenate decreased body weight and relative gizzard weights at 4, 7, 14, and 21 days PI. Proventriculus relative weight was increased at days 7, 14, and 21 PI, a-nd provencriculus lesion scores,were increased at days 14 and 21 PI. Bursa/spleen weight ratios were decreased at day 14, and feed conversion was increased at days 4 and 21. The MAB-IBDV treatment decreased proventriculus and gizzard relative weights at day 4 PI, increased proventriculus lesion scores and bursa/spleen weight ratios at day 14, and decreased heterophil/lymphocyte ratios at day 21. In trial 2, all infected birds had significantly higher mean relative proventriculus weights at 21 days PI and had higher 4-wk mean proventriculus scores as compared with both control groups. In trial 3, birds treated with homogenate and birds treated with both suspect virus and the bacterial isolate had significantly higher proventriculus lesion scores; higher relative weights of proventriculus, gizzard, liver, and heart; lower body weights; and lower relative bursa weights compared with the saline control group. These studies suggest that infectious proventriculitis has a complex etiology involving both viral and bacterial infection. C1 Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Ctr Excellence Poultry Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Poultry Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Plant Pathol, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Huff, GR (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Ctr Excellence Poultry Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 52 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 2001 VL 45 IS 4 BP 828 EP 843 DI 10.2307/1592863 PG 16 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 506XZ UT WOS:000172998200007 PM 11785888 ER PT J AU Hudson, CR Garcia, M Gast, RK Maurer, JJ AF Hudson, CR Garcia, M Gast, RK Maurer, JJ TI Determination of close genetic relatedness of the major Salmonella enteritidis phage types by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and DNA sequence analysis of several Salmonella virulence genes SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Salmonella enteritidis; phage type; PFGE; RAPD; sequence; spaM; spaN; misL; clonal ID ENTERICA SEROTYPE TYPHIMURIUM; UNITED-STATES; POLYMORPHIC DNA; GENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; LAYER FLOCK; STRAINS; INFECTION; PATTERNS; EGGS AB Salmonella enteritidis (SE) is an important cause of egg-associated outbreaks in both Europe and the United States. Phage typing has become an important epidemiologic tool in identifying the source of outbreaks. Limitations of phage typing have become apparent with wholesale egg distributors that have multiple suppliers in an area where a particular phage type is endemic. Several different molecular typing methods were evaluated for their discriminatory power to identify genetic differences among different SE phage types isolated in Europe and the United States. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) identified a single DNA pattern among the different SE phage types. Comparison of the nucleotide sequence for several Salmonella virulence genes failed to identify a single nucleotide change in the gene sequences from most SE isolates, regardless of phage type, On the basis of these results, the different SE phage types appear to be genetically related or clonal. However, with primers 1283 and Opa4, it was possible to differentiate not only SE isolates from different geographic locations but those within a specific geographic locate as well by random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction. Any chance for discerning genetic differences among isolates will need to rely on molecular techniques other than PFGE. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Avian Med, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Maurer, JJ (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Avian Med, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 42 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 2001 VL 45 IS 4 BP 875 EP 886 DI 10.2307/1592867 PG 12 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 506XZ UT WOS:000172998200011 PM 11785892 ER PT J AU Craven, SE Stern, NJ Bailey, JS Cox, NA AF Craven, SE Stern, NJ Bailey, JS Cox, NA TI Incidence of Clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens and their environment during production and processing SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Clostridium perfringens; broiler chickens; hatchery; rearing house; processing plant; farm ID SALMONELLA; COLONIZATION; DIET AB During a calendar year, a study was conducted involving 16 broiler flocks on four different farms, two farms belonging to each of two major U.S. poultry integrators. As determined by the detection of Clostridium perfringens in fecal or cecal samples, 15 (94%) of the flocks, became positive for this bacterial enteropathogen, and only one remained negative throughout the 6-to-8-wk rearing period. Paper pads beneath chicks that were transported from the hatchery to the rearing house were contaminated with C. perfringens in 15 (94%) of the flocks. When sampled biweekly through grow out, 13 of the flocks were C perfringens positive at 2 wk of age. These results suggest that colonization of the intestinal tract of broilers by C. perfringens is an early event. Of the environmental samples, all but feed in the hopper were contaminated before placement for at least one of the rearing periods. All sample types were contaminated at some point during the 6-to-8-wk grow-out period. Of the on-farm environmental samples, the highest incidences (percentage positive) of C perfringens were detected in wall swabs (53%), fan swabs (46%), fly strips (43%), dirt outside the house entrance (43%), and swabs of workers' boots (29%). Birds were usually transported to the processing plant in coops that were already contaminated with C. perfringens. In the plant, C perfringens was isolated more frequently from samples of scald water than from those of chill water. Clostridium perfringens was recovered from broiler carcasses after chilling in 13 (81%) of the 16 flocks. The proportion of C perfringens-positive carcasses for the contaminated flocks ranged from 8% to 68% with a mean of 30%. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Craven, SE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, 950 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 17 TC 56 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 2001 VL 45 IS 4 BP 887 EP 896 DI 10.2307/1592868 PG 10 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 506XZ UT WOS:000172998200012 PM 11785893 ER PT J AU Kommers, GD King, DJ Seal, BS Brown, CC AF Kommers, GD King, DJ Seal, BS Brown, CC TI Virulence of pigeon-origin Newcastle disease virus isolates for domestic chickens SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE chickens; in situ hybridization; immunohistochemistry; sequence analysis; pigeon paramyxovirus-1; avian paramyxovirus-1; Newcastle disease; virulence ID AVIAN PARAMYXOVIRUS TYPE-1; FUSION PROTEIN GENE; RACING PIGEONS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; CLEAVAGE-ACTIVATION; GREAT-BRITAIN; PMV-1 VIRUSES; PATHOGENICITY AB The virulence of six pigeon-origin isolates of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was evaluated before and after passage in white leghorn chickens. Four isolates were defined as pigeon paramyxovirus-1 (PPMV-1) and two isolates were classified as avian paramyxovirus-1 (APMV-1) with NDV monoclonal antibodies. The four PPMV-1 isolates were passaged four times in chickens, and the APMV-1 isolates were passaged only once. Infected birds were monitored clinically and euthanatized. Tissues were collected fur histopathology, in situ hybridization with a NDV matrix gene digoxigenin-labeled riboprobe. and immunohistochemistry with an anti-peptide antibody to the nucleoprotein, Mean death time, intracerebral pathogenicity index, and intravenous pathogenicity index tests performed before a-rid after passage in chickens demonstrated increased virulence Of the passaged PPMV-1 isolates and high virulence of the original isolates of AFMV-1. Sequence analysis of the fusion protein cleavage site of all six isolates demonstrated a sequence typical of the virulent pathotype, Although the pathotyping results indicated a virulence increase of dl passaged PPMV-1 isolates, clinical disease was limited to depression and some nervous signs in only some of the 4-wk-old specific-pathogen-free white leghorns inoculated intraconjunctivally. However, an increased frequency of clinical signs and some mortality occurred in 2 wk Olds inoculated intraconjunctivally with passaged virus. Histologically, prominent lesions in heart and brain were observed in birds among all four groups inoculated with the PPMV-1 isolates. The behavior of the two pigeon-origin APMV-1 isolates when inoculated into chickens was characteristic of velogenic viscerotropic NDVs and included necro-hemorrhagic lesions in the gastrointestinal tract. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP King, DJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 48 TC 64 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 2001 VL 45 IS 4 BP 906 EP 921 DI 10.2307/1592870 PG 16 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 506XZ UT WOS:000172998200014 PM 11785895 ER PT J AU Qin, AJ Lee, LF Fadly, A Hunt, H Cui, ZZ AF Qin, AJ Lee, LF Fadly, A Hunt, H Cui, ZZ TI Development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to subgroup J avian leukosis virus SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE myeloid leukosis; broiler breeders; meat type; broilers; subgroup J avian leukosis virus; antibody; polymerase chain reaction; contact transmission ID ENV GENE; MYELOID LEUKOSIS; SARCOMA-VIRUSES; HPRS-103 STRAIN; INFECTION; SEQUENCE; ENVELOPE; CHICKENS AB In an attempt to develop a specific diagnostic test Cut avian leukosis virus (A-LV) subgroup J (ALV-J) strain Hcl, four monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), JE9, G2, I45, and J47, were generated that are specific for ALV-J envelope glycoprotein, gp85, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify, genomic pro-viral DNA of Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory (ADOL)-Hcl and ADOL-4817 envelope genes. Both open reading frames encoding glycoproteins gp85 and gp37 were cloned into baculoviruses. Abundant expression of gp85 and gp37 was detected in the recombinant viruses with specific antibody to Hcl strain of the ALV J. The expressed proteins were used For immunization of mice to produce hybridoma cell lines secreting MAbs specific to ALV-J envelope protein, A panel of MAbs was generated by fusing NS1 myeloma cells and spleen cells from mice immunized with the recombinant baculoviruses. With the use of all immunofluorescence assay, three MAbs (JE9, G2, I45) reacted with ALV-J but not with subgroups A, B, C, D, or E of ALV. MAb J47 reacted with all exogenous subgroups of ALV including A, B, C, D, and J but not with endogenous subgroup E viruses. Western blot analysis was pct-Formed With all four MAbs against recombinant baculovirus and Hcl-infected chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) lysates. A major band with a molecular weight about 90 kD corresponding to the size of ALV-J envelope was consistently obtained. With these MAbs, we detected the Hc I antigen ill CLI's infected with several ALV-J viruses isolated in the United States and also in tissue sections from chickens infected with Hcl strain of ALV-J. These MAbs will be useful reagents for the diagnosis of ALV-J infection because they recognize a common antigenic epitope in six isolates tested thus far. C1 USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Lee, LF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 26 TC 44 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 2001 VL 45 IS 4 BP 938 EP 945 DI 10.2307/1592872 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 506XZ UT WOS:000172998200016 PM 11785897 ER PT J AU Rimler, RB Brogden, KA AF Rimler, RB Brogden, KA TI Ultrastructural location of the cross-protection factor on in vivo and in vitro grown Pasteurella multocida SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Pasteurella multocida; fowl cholera; electron microscopy; cross-protection factor; CPF; vaccines; turkeys ID FOWL CHOLERA AB Pasteurella multocida from infected turkey tissues expresses a unique immunogen called cross-protection factor (CPF) that induces immunity to challenge by both homologous and heterologous serotypes. In this study, we used a monoclonal antibody (AMP MAb) to CPF and protein A-colloidal gold (PACG) to locate CPF on P multocida. After incubation with AMP MAb and PACG, CPF was detected at the bacterial surface and cell periphery of P multocida in infected turkey liver and P multocida isolated from infected turkey blood, CPF was not detected on P multocida incubated with control monoclonal antibody. Pasteurella multocida isolated from infected turkey blood and cultivated in the peptone-based medium did not express CPF consistently, and some cells contained more CPF than others. The location of CPF also varied, and CPF was detected both intracellular and extracellular on the cell surface. In the latter cells, CPF was heavily concentrated to a specific lateral site or detected sloughing from the cell surface. These results correlate with laboratory observations that CPF detected on P multocida from infected turkey tissues, P multocida isolated from infected turkey blood, and P multocida cultivated in peptone-based medium is associated with outer membrane fractions. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Resp Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Brogden, KA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Resp Dis Livestock Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 2001 VL 45 IS 4 BP 946 EP 952 DI 10.2307/1592873 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 506XZ UT WOS:000172998200017 PM 11785898 ER PT J AU Craven, SE Cox, NA Stern, NJ Mauldin, JM AF Craven, SE Cox, NA Stern, NJ Mauldin, JM TI Prevalence of Clostridium perfringens in commercial broiler hatcheries SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE broiler hatchery; Clostridium perfringens; eggshell; chick fluff ID SALMONELLA; CONTAMINATION; CHICKENS; EGGS AB Clostridium perfringens, a cause of human foodborne and poultry disease, has been isolated front the intestinal tract Of poultry and from the processed carcass. Little is known about the incidence and sources of this pathogen in the poultry production environment. To determine if the broiler hatchery is a possible Source of C. perfringens, we collected samples from three hatcheries, each operated by a different poultry integrator, and the presence of C perfringens in these samples was determined. For each sampling period, eggshell fragments, chick fluff from the hatcher, and paper pads stored in the hatchery before use with chicks and after placement beneath chicks fur I hr were evaluated. Clostridium perfringens was found in eggshell fragments, fluff, and paper pads in each of the three hatcheries. The percentages of C perfringens-positive samples from the three hatcheries ranged from 13% to 23%, with. an overall incidence of 20%. positive samples were consistently found, i.e., detected on each of die nine sampling days (three sampling days for each of three hatcheries). These results suggest that the hatchery is a potential source/reservoir for C perfringens in the integrated poultry operation. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Georgia, Extens Poultry Sci Dept, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Craven, SE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, 950 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 20 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 2001 VL 45 IS 4 BP 1050 EP 1053 DI 10.2307/1592887 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 506XZ UT WOS:000172998200031 PM 11785877 ER PT J AU Bacon, LD Witter, RL Silva, RF AF Bacon, LD Witter, RL Silva, RF TI Characterization and experimental reproduction of peripheral neuropathy in White Leghorn chickens SO AVIAN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MAREKS-DISEASE VIRUS; GUILLAIN-BARRE-SYNDROME; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; CAMPYLOBACTER-JEJUNI; INFECTION; HAPLOTYPE; EFFICACY; STRAINS AB A clinical neurological syndrome termed peripheral neuropathy (PN) that resembles Marek's disease (MD) occurred at low frequency in a commercial layer strain for several years. Study of chickens from six field cases showed that the PN syndrome could be distinguished pathologically from MD on the basis of several factors, including onset as early as 6 weeks, presence of B-type but not A-type lesions in peripheral nerves, and absence of visceral lymphomas. Serotype 1 MD virus could not be isolated from blood from any chicken or demonstrated in tissues by histochemistry or polymerase chain reaction assays. Moreover, the syndrome was not prevented by MD vaccination, either in the field or in laboratory trials. PN was induced in 3 to 54% of commercial line chickens inoculated at 1 or 6 days of age with whole blood or buffy coat cells from clinically affected donor chickens. Sonicated cells also induced PN, but plasma was ineffective. Chickens did not develop PN if reared in isolators without cellular transfer or when vaccinated solely against MD. However, PN was observed in 9% of 57 B*2/*19 commercial chickens reared in isolators following vaccination against MD, infectious bursal disease, Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis, suggesting that common vaccines may predispose chickens to PN. The data confirmed a strong influence of the major histocompatibility complex (B-complex) on both naturally occurring and experimentally induced PN with the B*19 haplotype conferring susceptibility compared with other alleles. It is postulated that PN may represent an autoimmune reaction to nerve tissue that may result from response to a combination of common vaccines. These studies confirmed that PN is distinct from MD, provided criteria for its differential diagnosis, identified strategies for its control, and established a model for its experimental induction. C1 ARS, USDA, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Bacon, LD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 47 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0307-9457 J9 AVIAN PATHOL JI Avian Pathol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 30 IS 5 BP 487 EP 499 PG 13 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 469UT UT WOS:000170835000008 PM 19184938 ER PT J AU Shukitt-Hale, B Casadesus, G Cantuti-Castelvetri, I Joseph, JA AF Shukitt-Hale, B Casadesus, G Cantuti-Castelvetri, I Joseph, JA TI Effect of age on object exploration, habituation, and response to spatial and nonspatial change SO BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MORRIS WATER MAZE; OLD RATS; PARIETAL CORTEX; YOUNG; HIPPOCAMPAL; REACTIVITY; DEFICITS; NOVELTY; MEMORY; DAMAGE AB To measure their ability to detect novel arrangements in a given environment, young (6 months old) and senescent (22-24 months old) male F344 rats were repeatedly exposed to a given spatial configuration of objects contained in an open field. After the rats were habituated to the novel environment (1 trial with no objects, followed by 3 trials with 5 salient objects), the spatial arrangement of the objects was modified (2 trials), and object novelty was tested (2 trials) by substituting a familiar object with a new one at the same location (nonspatial change). The results indicated that the senescent rats explored old objects less than young rats, particularly on Trial 2. On the Ist trial with displaced objects (Trial 5), the senescent rats explored the displaced objects less than the young rats. However, when a new object was placed in the field (Trials 7-8), there were no age differences in new object exploration. These results suggest that senescent rats have decrements in the ability to build spatial representations of the environment and to use this information to detect such changes, even though object recognition is not impaired with age. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA ARS, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Shukitt-Hale, B (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA ARS, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St,Room 919, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 17 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC PI WASHINGTON PA 750 FIRST ST NE, WASHINGTON, DC 20002-4242 USA SN 0735-7044 J9 BEHAV NEUROSCI JI Behav. Neurosci. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 115 IS 5 BP 1059 EP 1064 DI 10.1037/0735-7044.115.5.1059 PG 6 WC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences SC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 476PG UT WOS:000171237500009 PM 11584918 ER PT J AU Jordan, IK Bishop, GR Gonzalez, DS AF Jordan, IK Bishop, GR Gonzalez, DS TI Sequence and structural aspects of functional diversification in class I alpha-mannosidase evolution SO BIOINFORMATICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Georgia Tech-Emory International Conference on Bioinformatics-in Silico Biology: Bioinformatics after the Human Genome CY NOV 15-18, 2001 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA ID ASPARAGINE-LINKED OLIGOSACCHARIDES; N-GLYCAN MATURATION; ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM; HUMAN ALPHA-1,2-MANNOSIDASE; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; PROTEIN FAMILIES; GENE DUPLICATION; EXPRESSION; BIOSYNTHESIS; GLYCOSIDASES AB Motivation: Class I alpha -mannosidases comprise a homologous and functionally diverse family of glycoside hydrolases. Phylogenetic analysis based on an amino acid sequence alignment of the catalytic domain of class I alpha -mannosidases reveals four well-supported phylogenetic groups within this family. These groups include a number of paralogous members generated by gene duplications that occurred as far back as the initial divergence of the crown-group of eukaryotes. Three of the four phylogenetic groups consist of enzymes that have group-specific biochemical specificity and/or sites of activity. An attempt has been made to uncover the role that natural selection played in the sequence and structural divergence between the phylogenetically and functionally distinct Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus groups. Results: Comparison of site-specific amino acid variability profiles for the ER and Golgi groups revealed statistically significant evidence for functional diversification at the sequence level and indicated a number of residues that are most likely to have played a role in the functional divergence between the two groups. The majority of these sites appear to contain residues that have been fixed within one organelle-specific group by positive selection. Somewhat surprisingly these selected residues map to the periphery of the a-mannosidase catalytic domain tertiary structure. Changes in these peripherally located residues would not seem to have a gross effect on protein function. Thus diversifying selection between the two groups may have acted in a gradual manner consistent with the Darwinian model of natural selection. C1 Millsaps Coll, Dept Chem, Jackson, MS 39210 USA. Natl Lib Med, Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA. USDA, Aquat Anim Hlth Res Unit, Auburn, AL 36831 USA. RP Bishop, GR (reprint author), Millsaps Coll, Dept Chem, Jackson, MS 39210 USA. NR 55 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1367-4803 J9 BIOINFORMATICS JI Bioinformatics PD OCT PY 2001 VL 17 IS 10 BP 965 EP 976 DI 10.1093/bioinformatics/17.10.965 PG 12 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Computer Science; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 484LA UT WOS:000171690300014 PM 11673242 ER PT J AU Clark, SE Van Driesche, RG Sturdevant, N Elkinton, J Buonaccorsi, JP AF Clark, SE Van Driesche, RG Sturdevant, N Elkinton, J Buonaccorsi, JP TI Effects of site characteristics and release history on establishment of Agapeta zoegana (Lepidoptera : Cochylidae) and Cyphocleonus achates (Coleoptera : Curculionidae), root-feeding herbivores of spotted knapweed, Centaurea maculosa SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE biological control; Cyphocleonus achates; Agapeta zoegana; Centaurea maculosa; spotted knapweed; site characteristics; establishment correlates ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL AGENTS; NORTH-AMERICA; UROPHORA; PROPAGATION; DIFFUSE; COST AB We evaluated several factors to identify features or practices that might increase the probability of establishment following the release of two root-feeding insects (the cochylid moth Agapeta zoegana L. and the weevil Cyphocleonus achates Fahraeus) that attack the invasive plant, spotted knapweed (Cen. taurea maculosa Lamarck). At each of 99 sites where releases had been made in previous years, we assessed (1) the number of insects of each species released, (2) the number of years in which releases were made, (3) the number of years since the first release, (4) the size of the knapweed infestation, (5) its shape (linear, large single patch, many small patches), (6) the knapweed plant density, and (7-18) 12 physical site characteristics: habitat type, elevation, percentage slope, aspect, topographic type, forest structure at or by the site, disturbance factors, land use category, percentage forest canopy at or near site, percentage bare soil, annual precipitation, and soil type. We found that continuous, nonlinear patches of spotted knapweed on loamy soil that were surrounded by even-age forest stands had the highest rates of establishment for A. zoegana, but likelihood of establishment was not greater for larger releases (>200 adults). This suggests that roadside strips of knapweed should not be selected as release sites and that many, smaller releases (100-200 adults) are better than fewer, larger releases (300-500 adults or greater). For the weevil C. achates, we found that the probability of establishment was also greatest in continuous knapweed patches, rather than in strips, and that larger infestations (>2 ha) were better than smaller infestations. Establishment was also highest at mid-elevations (750-1500 m), compared to higher or lower locations. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Entomol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Math, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. US Forest Serv, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Clark, SE (reprint author), 2833 Timber Dr SE, Olympia, WA 98513 USA. NR 29 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD OCT PY 2001 VL 22 IS 2 BP 122 EP 130 DI 10.1006/bcon.2001.0960 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 479MK UT WOS:000171408000003 ER PT J AU Wheeler, GS Massey, LM Endries, M AF Wheeler, GS Massey, LM Endries, M TI The Brazilian peppertree drupe feeder Megastigmus transvaalensis (Hymenoptera : Torymidae): Florida distribution and impact SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Anacardiaceae; diapause; impact of biological control; nontarget effects; reproductive potential; Schinus terebinthifolius; weed biological control ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL AGENTS AB An introduced torymid wasp, Megastigmus transvaalensis, originally reared from Rhus spp. in South Africa, was recovered from drupes of the terrestrial weed Schinus terebinthifolius in Florida. Collections of S. terebinthifolius drupes in Florida during a 2-year period indicated that M. transvaalensis was present at all IS sites surveyed and this was the only insect that emerged from these drupes. Dissections of drupes collected during the winter fruiting period indicated that wasps damaged 23.5 +/- 2.8% of the drupes during 1997-1998 and 38.5 +/- 4.2% of the drupes during 1998-1999. During the spring fruit production period, 76.3 +/- 3.6% of the drupes were damaged by the wasp in 1998 and 74.8 +/- 3.4% during the same period of 1999. Germination tests of wasp-damaged drupes indicated that none of the infested seeds were viable. Purportedly diapausing wasps emerged more rapidly from rearing conditions that included a 12-h compared to a 14-h photoperiod. Utilization of alternate hosts was not detected despite attempts to rear the wasp from drupes of the native species within and outside the Anacardiaceae family found in the Florida range of S. terebinthifolius. C1 Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Invas Plant Res Lab, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. Nova SE Univ, Dept Occupat Therapy, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Tallahassee, FL 32399 USA. RP Wheeler, GS (reprint author), Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Invas Plant Res Lab, 3205 Coll Ave, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. NR 35 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD OCT PY 2001 VL 22 IS 2 BP 139 EP 148 DI 10.1006/bcon.2001.0968 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 479MK UT WOS:000171408000005 ER PT J AU Slavicek, JM Hayes-Plazolles, N Kelly, ME AF Slavicek, JM Hayes-Plazolles, N Kelly, ME TI Identification of a Lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus isolate that does not accumulate few-polyhedra mutants during extended serial passage in cell culture SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE baculovirus; Lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus; few-polyhedra mutant; cell culture; stable polyhedra production; Lymantria dispar; biological control ID AUTOGRAPHA-CALIFORNICA; FP MUTANTS; GYPSY-MOTH; VIRUS; BACULOVIRUS; REPLICATION; INSERTIONS; MUTATIONS; SEQUENCE; GENE AB During Lymantria dispar multinucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV) replication in cell culture, few-polyhedra (FP) mutants arise at a high frequency and become predominant after only a few serial passages. The formation of LdMNPV FP mutants was an impediment to successful production of polyhedra in cell culture bioreactors. We have isolated and characterized a strain of LdMNPV, termed 122b, that did not accumulate FP mutants after extended serial passage in cell culture. Wild-type virus strains exhibited decreased polyhedra production and increased budded virus (BV) release, and FP mutants were the predominant virus type present after only a few serial passages in L. dispar 652Y cells. In contrast, isolate 122b exhibited stable polyhedra and BV production through 14 serial passages. Isolate 122b produced more BV than wild-type virus and essentially the same amount of BV as FP mutants. FP mutants derived from isolate 122b were isolated and partially characterized. These mutants produced approximately 10-fold fewer polyhedra than 122b and essentially the same amount of BV as 122b. These results suggest that FP mutants will not become predominant during serial propagation of 122b because 122b FP mutants do not release more BV than 122b. Isolate 122b was also found to be capable of generating productive infections at higher cell:virus infection ratios than wild-type virus. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. RP Slavicek, JM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 359 Main Rd, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. NR 28 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD OCT PY 2001 VL 22 IS 2 BP 159 EP 168 DI 10.1006/bcon.2001.0969 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 479MK UT WOS:000171408000007 ER PT J AU Zeng, HW AF Zeng, HW TI Arsenic suppresses necrosis induced by selenite in human leukemia HL-60 cells SO BIOLOGICAL TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE selenium; arsenic; apoptosis; necrosis; HL-60 cell ID GLUCOCORTICOID MODULATORY ELEMENT; DNA-BINDING ACTIVITY; CANCER PREVENTION; PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; INDUCED APOPTOSIS; AP-1 ACTIVITY; KINASE; JUN; SELENODIGLUTATHIONE; SUPPLEMENTATION AB Selenium, an essential trace element for humans, has been shown to have anticancer effects. Arsenic, a possibly essential ultratrace element for humans, has been used in the treatment of leukemia. Anticancer effects of selenium and arsenic have been related to their ability to induce apoptosis. Because humans are exposed to diverse trace elements simultaneously, it is important to learn their interrelationship. In this study, we demonstrate that sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) causes apoptosis at 3 muM and necrosis at high concentrations (> 3 muM) in HL-60 cells. Similarly, both sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) at 50 muM and sodium arsenate (Na2HAsO4) induce apoptosis at 500 muM and necrosis at higher concentrations (> 50 muM and > 500 muM, respectively) in HL-60 cells. Arsenite/arsenate, but not selenite, enhances AP-1 DNA-binding activity. This finding indicates different mechanisms through which apoptosis is induced by these two elements. Interestingly, we observed that HL-60 cell necrosis induced by a high concentration (> 3 muM) of selenite was essentially inhibited by arsenic (50,um of NaAsO2 or 500 muM of Na2HAsO4), which resulted in a net effect of apoptosis. Because AP-1 DNA-binding activity was not induced in the presence of a combination of necrotic amount of selenite and apoptotic amount of arsenite/arsenate, the observed apoptosis apparently was through the mechanism used by selenite. Our results suggest, for the first time, that the toxic necrotic effect of selenite can be neutralized by arsenite/arsenate at the cellular level. C1 USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Zeng, HW (reprint author), USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 47 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 0163-4984 J9 BIOL TRACE ELEM RES JI Biol. Trace Elem. Res. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 83 IS 1 BP 1 EP 15 DI 10.1385/BTER:83:1:01 PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 483UG UT WOS:000171653800001 PM 11693998 ER PT J AU Samson, FB Knopf, FL AF Samson, FB Knopf, FL TI Archaic agencies, muddled missions, and conservation in the 21st century SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 US Forest Serv, Missoula, MT USA. US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Samson, FB (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Missoula, MT USA. NR 31 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD OCT PY 2001 VL 51 IS 10 BP 869 EP 873 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0869:AAMMAC]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 485VA UT WOS:000171783600011 ER PT J AU Handler, AM Harrell, RA AF Handler, AM Harrell, RA TI Polyubiquitin-regulated DsRed marker for transgenic insects SO BIOTECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID GREEN-FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; GENE-EXPRESSION; TRANSFORMATION; DROSOPHILA; VECTOR AB Genetic transformation of most insect systems requires dominant-acting markers that do not depend on reverting a mutant phenotype in a host strain, and for this purpose GFP has proven to be useful in several insect orders. However, detection of multiple transgenes and reporters for gene expression requires the development of new visible markers that can be unambiguously detected when co-expressed with GFP. The DsRed fluorescent protein has spectral characteristics that are most distinct from GFP and GFP variants, and we have explored the use of DsRed as a selectable marker for piggy-Bac transformation in Drosophila melanogaster and its use as a reporter when co-expressed with GFP. Transformants marked with polyubiquitin-regulated DsRed1 were detected throughout development at a relatively high frequency, and they exhibited brighter fluorescence than transformants marked with EGFP. The use of a Texas Red (R) filter set eliminated detection of EGFP fluorescence and autofluorescence, and DsRed expressed from a reporter construct could be unambiguously detected when co-expressed with EGFP. DsRed should prove to be a highly efficient marker system for the selection of transformant insects and as a reporter in gene expression studies. C1 USDA ARS, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Handler, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 22 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 3 PU EATON PUBLISHING CO PI NATICK PA 154 E. CENTRAL ST, NATICK, MA 01760 USA SN 0736-6205 J9 BIOTECHNIQUES JI Biotechniques PD OCT PY 2001 VL 31 IS 4 BP 820 EP + PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 482XD UT WOS:000171601800019 PM 11680713 ER PT J AU Gong, YP Toivonen, PMA Lau, OL Wiersma, PA AF Gong, YP Toivonen, PMA Lau, OL Wiersma, PA TI Antioxidant system level in 'Braeburn' apple is related to its browning disorder SO BOTANICAL BULLETIN OF ACADEMIA SINICA LA English DT Article DE antioxidant; 'Braeburn' apple; browning disorder; catalase; superoxide dismutase ID SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; SCALD SUSCEPTIBILITY; SUPERFICIAL SCALD; HARVEST DATE; PEROXIDASE; PEEL; PEAR; INVOLVEMENT; TEMPERATURE; OXIDATION AB Many factors related to the occurrence of browning disorder in 'Braeburn' apple were investigated, including harvest maturity, cumulative temperature in growing season, and different orchard locations. The incidence of browning disorder was related to the harvest time of fruit and the activity of superoxide dismutase. Superoxide dismutase activity was lower in late harvested 'Braeburn' apple fruit that had a higher disorder incidence. The risk of browning disorder was higher after growing seasons with lower cumulative temperature and lower activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in fruit. The fruit harvested from the orchard located in a colder area had lower catalase activity, lower lipid soluble antioxidant levels, and a higher risk of browning disorder. C1 Agr & Agri Food Canada, Summerland Res Ctr, Summerland, BC V0H 1Z0, Canada. Agr & Agri Food Canada, Okanagan Federated Shipper Assoc, Ind Res Program, Summerland, BC V0H 1Z0, Canada. RP Gong, YP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. OI Toivonen, Peter/0000-0001-8844-7445 NR 31 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACAD SINICA INST BOTANY PI TAIPEI PA NANKANG, TAIPEI 11529, TAIWAN SN 0006-8063 J9 BOT BULL ACAD SINICA JI Bot. Bul. Acad. Sin. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 42 IS 4 BP 259 EP 264 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 489RF UT WOS:000172004900004 ER PT J AU Walker, L Sirvent, T Gibson, D Vance, N AF Walker, L Sirvent, T Gibson, D Vance, N TI Regional differences in hypericin and pseudohypericin concentrations and five morphological traits among Hypericum perforatum plants in the northwestern United States SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE Hypericum perforatum; hypericin; St. John's wort; leaf glands; noxious weed; medicinal plant AB Geographic differences among Hypericum perforatum L. plants in concentration of two hypericins and five morphological characteristics were analyzed in plants collected from four sites each in northern California and western Montana and two sites in Oregon. Differences among regional collections of H. perforatum were assessed based on analysis of hypericin and pseudohypericin concentration in floral, leaf, and stem tissue; light and dark leaf gland density; leaf area; leaf length/width ratio; and stem height. Significant differences in morphological and biochemical traits were detected primarily between samples collected from California and Montana. California samples had higher concentrations of hypericins, greater leaf gland density, larger leaves, and taller stems than those from Montana. Overall, Oregon samples did not consistently differentiate from those of Montana and California. Seasonal differences in hypericins were analyzed in Oregon plants only. Mean floral concentration of pseudohypericin (0.29%) and hypericin (0.06%) were highest during anthesis coinciding with July and August sampling dates, whereas mean leaf concentrations (0.19 and 0.04%, respectively) were highest in August. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Portland State Univ, Dept Environm Biol, Portland, OR 97207 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. ARS, USDA, Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Vance, N (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 38 TC 36 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 79 IS 10 BP 1248 EP 1255 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 484PB UT WOS:000171697800015 ER PT J AU Chen, Z Kolb, TE Clancy, KM Hipkins, VD DeWald, LE AF Chen, Z Kolb, TE Clancy, KM Hipkins, VD DeWald, LE TI Allozyme variation in interior Douglas-fir: association with growth and resistance to western spruce budworm herbivory SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID PSEUDOTSUGA-MENZIESII; GENETIC DIVERSITY; ENVIRONMENTAL-STRESS; SOUTHWEST OREGON; FAGUS-SYLVATICA; POPULATIONS; HETEROZYGOSITY; PINE; PATTERNS; DIFFERENTIATION AB We used starch gel electrophoresis to investigate levels of genetic variation between trees of interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. glauca) that were phenotypically resistant versus susceptible to defoliation by the western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman). We also investigated the association between allozyme variation and tree growth traits. Overall, the phenotypically resistant trees had a lower allelic heterozygosity (p = 0.020) compared with susceptible trees. However, this difference between resistant and susceptible trees primarily occurred at the Buena Vista, Colorado, site rather than the Deckers, Colorado, and Jacob Lake, Arizona, sites. Among 25 loci we examined, the resistant trees also had a higher frequency of the most common alleles (p = 0.057) and a higher proportion of homozygous genotypes, especially at loci FEST-1 (p = 0.004), ACO-1 (p = 0.080), and 6PGD-1 (p = 0.084). The higher allelic heterozygosity in susceptible trees was mainly due to their higher proportion of uncommon and (or) rare alleles. Compared with susceptible trees, resistant trees had higher mean radial growth rates (p = 0.047) and less temporal variability in growth rate over 25 years (p = 0.037). Mean radial growth rate and average tree heterozygosity were not related at any site (p = 0.316). Relationships between temporal variability in growth rate and tree heterozygosity were inconsistent among sites. Our results suggest that phenotypic differences in resistance of interior Douglas-fir to western spruce budworm defoliation are partly caused by genetic differences among trees. C1 No Arizona Univ, Sch Forestry, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Natl Forest Genet Electrophoresis Lab, Camino, CA 95709 USA. RP Kolb, TE (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, Sch Forestry, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. EM tom.kolb@nau.edu NR 45 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 31 IS 10 BP 1691 EP 1700 DI 10.1139/cjfr-31-10-1691 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 481LF UT WOS:000171520200005 ER PT J AU Gilliam, FS Yurish, BM Adams, MB AF Gilliam, FS Yurish, BM Adams, MB TI Temporal and spatial variation of nitrogen transformations in nitrogen-saturated soils of a central Appalachian hardwood forest SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID FERNOW EXPERIMENTAL FOREST; EASTERN UNITED-STATES; SPRUCE-FIR STAND; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; LANDSCAPE PATTERNS; TEMPERATE FORESTS; ACIDIC DEPOSITION; N MINERALIZATION; HERBACEOUS-LAYER; NORTH-AMERICA AB We studied temporal and spatial patterns of soil nitrogen (N) dynamics from 1993 to 1995 in three watersheds of Fernow Experimental Forest, W.V.: WS7 (24-year-old, untreated); WS4 (mature, untreated); and WS3 (24-year-old, treated with (NH(4))(2)SO(4) since 1989 at the rate of 35 kg N.ha(-1).year(-1)). Net nitrification was 141, 114, and 115 kg N.ha(-1).year(-1), for WS3, WS4, and WS7, respectively, essentially 100% of net N mineralization for all watersheds. Temporal (seasonal) patterns of nitrification were significantly related to soil moisture and ambient temperature in untreated watersheds only. Spatial patterns of soil water NO(3)(-) of WS4 suggest that microenvironmental variability limits rates of N processing in some areas of this N-saturated watershed, in part by ericaceous species in the herbaceous layer. Spatial patterns of soil water NO(3)(-) in treated WS3 suggest that later stages of N saturation may result in higher concentrations with less spatial variability. Spatial variability in soil N variables was lower in treated WS3 versus untreated watersheds. Nitrogen additions have altered the response of N-processing microbes to environmental factors, becoming less sensitive to seasonal changes in soil moisture and temperature. Biotic processes responsible for regulating N dynamics may be compromised in N-saturated forest ecosystems. C1 Marshall Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Huntington, WV 25755 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Timber & Watershed Lab, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. RP Gilliam, FS (reprint author), Marshall Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Huntington, WV 25755 USA. EM gilliam@marshall.edu NR 95 TC 62 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 13 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 31 IS 10 BP 1768 EP 1785 DI 10.1139/cjfr-31-10-1768 PG 18 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 481LF UT WOS:000171520200012 ER PT J AU Lundquist, JE Lindner, LR Popp, J AF Lundquist, JE Lindner, LR Popp, J TI Using landscape metrics to measure suitability of a forested watershed: a case study for old growth SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID LAND MANAGEMENT PLAN; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; SPATIAL PATTERN; CONSERVATION; EXAMPLE; STANDS; MODEL AB Several metrics for spatial heterogeneity based on distribution of stands suitable for old growth were calculated for the actual and optimal conditions of a watershed in the Medicine Bow National Forest in Wyoming. Optimal conditions were based on expert opinions. The actual condition was compared with target conditions using a multivariate method called profiling, which develops profiles based on various spatial statistics and examines the similarity of these profiles using a multidimensional scaling (MDS) procedure. Profiles for various target landscapes clustered together in MDS space, and this space could be defined and quantified using a kernel density estimator. The distance from the centroid of the target space to the position of the actual stand is used as a measure of dissimilarity. By comparing the condition of a given watershed to that of what experts envisioned would be optimal, we argue that the relative condition of the watershed can be characterized. We make a distinction between stand-scale metrics and landscape-scale metrics. We propose that this method may be useful in quantifying changes in landscape conditions and could be useful as a monitoring method in forest plans. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Med Bow Routt Natl Forest, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. RP Lundquist, JE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 240 W Prospect Rd, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 32 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 31 IS 10 BP 1786 EP 1792 DI 10.1139/cjfr-31-10-1786 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 481LF UT WOS:000171520200013 ER PT J AU Englin, J Loomis, J Gonzalez-Caban, A AF Englin, J Loomis, J Gonzalez-Caban, A TI The dynamic path of recreational values following a forest fire: a comparative analysis of states in the Intermountain West SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID ENDOGENOUS STRATIFICATION; DEMAND; TRUNCATION; VALUATION; MODEL AB This analysis examines the dynamic path of recreational values following a forest fire in three different states in the intermountain western United States. The travel cost demand analysis found that annual recreation values after a fire follow a highly nonlinear intertemporal path. The path is S-shaped, providing a range of benefits and losses in the years following a fire. While the results discourage the use of a single value throughout the Intermountain West, they do provide a range of likely values that public land managers can apply to fire-affected areas in their jurisdictions. C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Appl Econ & Stat, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Forest Serv, Wildland Fire Management Res Dev & Applicat Progr, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Englin, J (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Appl Econ & Stat, Mail Stop 204, Reno, NV 89557 USA. NR 13 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 31 IS 10 BP 1837 EP 1844 DI 10.1139/cjfr-31-10-1837 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 481LF UT WOS:000171520200018 ER PT J AU Hu, ZM Wang, RRC Larson, SR Palazzo, AJ Asay, KH Chatterton, NJ AF Hu, ZM Wang, RRC Larson, SR Palazzo, AJ Asay, KH Chatterton, NJ TI Selection response for molecular markers associated with anthocyanin coloration and low-temperature growth traits in crested wheatgrasses SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Anthocyanin; crested wheatgrass; molecular marker; selection; vernalization ID BARLEY HORDEUM-VULGARE; WINTER-WHEAT; VERNALIZATION REQUIREMENT; GENETIC-CONTROL; COLD HARDINESS; RYE; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; ACCUMULATION; REGISTRATION; ENHANCEMENT AB Hycrest is an outcrossing tetraploid cultivar of crested wheatgrass developed from a hybrid between an induced tetraploid form of Fairway (Agropyron cristatum) and natural tetraploid Standard (A. desertorum). The CD-H cultivar was selected from cv. Hycrest on the basis of vigorous vegetative growth and green leaf coloration during early spring. This study examines the selection response of molecular markers associated with anthocyanin coloration (AC), growth habit (GH) and other traits in Hycrest, CD-II, and two second-generation polycross (PX(2)) populations derived from three purple-leaf selections and three green-leaf selections of Hycrest. AC was positively correlated with prostrate GH and inversely correlated with plant height and leaf width in the experimental PX(2) populations. Of the 578 AFLP markers surveyed, 13 showed pleiotropic effects on GH and AC in the PX(2) populations. In all cases, marker alleles associated with prostrate GH also enhanced AC. Four of these 13 markers also showed large selection responses in CD-II (i.e. 80th percentile or higher) relative to Hycrest, always favouring upright GH and low AC alleles. However, the upright GH in CD-II was not explainable solely by molecular marker alleles near the vernalization gene. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. RP Wang, RRC (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. EM rrcwang@cc.usu.edu OI Larson, Steve/0000-0003-2742-2134 NR 29 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AGRICULTURAL INST CANADA PI OTTAWA PA 280 ALBERT ST, SUITE 900, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1P 5G8, CANADA SN 0008-4220 J9 CAN J PLANT SCI JI Can. J. Plant Sci. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 81 IS 4 BP 665 EP 671 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 497RV UT WOS:000172470000012 ER PT J AU Jewett, JG Sheaffer, CC Moon, RD Lamb, JFS AF Jewett, JG Sheaffer, CC Moon, RD Lamb, JFS TI Field sampling strategies for studies of alfalfa forage quality SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE alfalfa; forage quality; Medicago sativa L.; field sampling; bootstrap AB Information is scarce on sampling techniques for field studies of alfalfa forage quality. Standard formulas are available for estimating the number of samples needed for reducing error in a study, but little is known about the impact of plot sampling on forage quality. Our objectives were to compare the strategy of manual harvesting from small areas within plots with that of grab sampling mechanically harvested forage, and to determine whether the within-plot location of sampling affected forage quality in any systematic way. Alfalfa forage was sampled from swaths of mechanically clipped forage (grab samples) and from hand-clipped areas within field plots (area samples). Systematic sample location within a plot had no discernable effect on forage quality. Calculations of predicted standard errors and required sample numbers indicated that one area or one grab sample per plot with three replicates would provide an acceptable standard error for comparison of alfalfa entries for protein and fiber concentration. Within-plot variability was greater at late-summer harvests than earlier harvests, but at all harvests one sample per plot with three replicates gave adequate precision for forage quality comparisons. Higher forage quality from grab samples than from area samples at spring harvests suggested the need for caution when comparing forage quality studies done with different harvest methods; however, there were few entry x sampling strategy interactions, which suggests that relative performance of entries would be similar regardless of the method of sampling. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Entomol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Sheaffer, CC (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, 1991 Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU AGRICULTURAL INST CANADA PI OTTAWA PA STE 1112, 141 LAURIER AVE WEST, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1P 5J3, CANADA SN 0008-4220 J9 CAN J PLANT SCI JI Can. J. Plant Sci. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 81 IS 4 BP 703 EP 712 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 497RV UT WOS:000172470000016 ER PT J AU Lee, IK Olsen, SC Bolin, CA AF Lee, IK Olsen, SC Bolin, CA TI Effects of exogenous recombinant interleukin-12 on immune responses and protection against Brucella abortus in a murine model SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE LA English DT Article ID ENDOGENOUS GAMMA-INTERFERON; IN-VIVO; INFECTION; IL-12; MICE; RESISTANCE; RB51; ADJUVANT; CELL; IMMUNIZATION AB This study determined if murine interleukin-12 (IL-12) would influence immunity in mice vaccinated with live or killed Brucella abortus strain RB51 (SRB51). Mice received live or gamma -irradiated SRB51 bacteria alone, or with IL-12 (0.5 or 1.0 mug, 2x or 3x), whereas other mice received saline or IL-12 alone. Post-vaccination antibody responses to live or killed SRB51 and clearance of live SRB51 from splenic tissue were not influenced by IL-12 treatments. Mice were challenged at 12 weeks with 4 X 10(4) cfu of B. abortus strain 2308 (S2308) and were euthanized 2 weeks later. The highest IL-12 treatment increased (P < 0.05) post-challenge antibody responses when co-administered with killed SRB51. Co-administration of 1.0 mug of IL-12 with live SRB51, but not killed SRB51, reduced (P < 0.05) 52308 colonization of splenic tissues. Our data suggest that although IL-12 may augment protective immunity induced by live SRB51, it does not influence protection induced by vaccination with killed SRB51. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Anim Hlth Diagnost Lab, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Olsen, SC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Res Unit, 2300 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU CANADIAN VET MED ASSOC PI OTTAWA PA 339 BOOTH ST ATTN: KIMBERLY ALLEN-MCGILL, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1R 7K1, CANADA SN 0830-9000 J9 CAN J VET RES JI Can. J. Vet. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. Vet. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 65 IS 4 BP 223 EP 228 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 484MW UT WOS:000171695000004 PM 11768128 ER PT J AU McKelvey, KS Pearson, DE AF McKelvey, KS Pearson, DE TI Population estimation with sparse data: the role of estimators versus indices revisited SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CAPTURE PROBABILITIES VARY; SMALL MAMMAL POPULATIONS; BOREAL SPRUCE FOREST; WHITE-FOOTED MICE; RECAPTURE ESTIMATORS; PEROMYSCUS-LEUCOPUS; ANIMAL ABUNDANCE; MARK-RECAPTURE; SIZE; ENUMERATION AB The use of indices to evaluate small-mammal populations has been heavily criticized, yet a review of small-mammal studies published from 1996 through 2000 indicated that indices are still the primary methods employed for measuring populations. The literature review also found that 98% of the samples collected in these studies were too small for reliable selection among population-estimation models. Researchers therefore generally have a choice between using a default estimator or an index, a choice for which the consequences have not been critically evaluated. We examined the use of a closed-population enumeration index, the number of unique individuals captured (Mt+1), and 3 population estimators for estimating simulated small populations (N = 50) under variable effects of time, trap-induced behavior, individual heterogeneity in trapping probabilities, and detection probabilities. Simulation results indicated that the estimators produced population estimates with low bias and high precision when the estimator reflected the underlying sources of variation in capture probability. However, when the underlying sources of variation deviated from model assumptions, bias was often high and results were inconsistent. In our simulations, Mt+1 generally exhibited lower variance and less sensitivity to the sources of variation in capture probabilities than the estimators. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. EM kmckelvey@fs.fed.us NR 52 TC 94 Z9 97 U1 2 U2 18 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 65 AURIGA DR, SUITE 203, OTTAWA, ON K2E 7W6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 EI 1480-3283 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 79 IS 10 BP 1754 EP 1765 DI 10.1139/cjz-79-10-1754 PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 494DF UT WOS:000172265900003 ER PT J AU Goodman, JE Lavigne, JA Wu, K Helzlsouer, KJ Strickland, PT Selhub, J Yager, JD AF Goodman, JE Lavigne, JA Wu, K Helzlsouer, KJ Strickland, PT Selhub, J Yager, JD TI COMT genotype, micronutrients in the folate metabolic pathway and breast cancer risk SO CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article ID CATECHOL-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE; S-ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE; PLASMA HOMOCYSTEINE; GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS; VITAMIN STATUS; ADENOSYLMETHIONINE; 5-METHYLTETRAHYDROFOLATE; INTERRELATIONS; ASSOCIATION; CONSUMPTION AB Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) catalyzes the O-methylation of catechol estrogens (CEs), using S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as a methyl donor. Several studies have indicated that the val108met COMT polymorphism, which results in a 3-4-fold decrease in activity, is associated with increased breast cancer risk. Folate, whose intake levels have also been associated with breast cancer risk, and other micronutrients in the folate metabolic pathway influence levels of SAM and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), a COMT inhibitor generated by the demethylation of SAM. Because these micronutrients have been shown to alter SAM and SAH levels, we hypothesized that they could also affect COMT-catalyzed CE methylation. Although measurements of SAM and SAH were not initially collected, a secondary analysis of data from two nested case-control studies was performed to examine whether serum levels of folate, vitamin B12 (B12), pyridoxal 5 ' -phosphate (PLP), cysteine and homocysteine, in conjunction with COMT genotype, were associated with breast cancer risk. COMTHH (high activity COMT homozygote) breast cancer cases had statistically significantly lower levels of homocysteine (P = 0.05) and cysteine (P = 0.04) and higher levels of PLP (P = 0.02) than COMTHH controls. In contrast, COMTLL (low activity COMT homozygote) cases had higher levels of homocysteine than COMTLL controls (P = 0.05). No associations were seen between B12, COMT genotype, and breast cancer risk. An increasing number of COMTL alleles was significantly associated with increased breast cancer risk in women with below median levels of folate (P-trend = 0.05) or above median levels of homocysteine (P-trend = 0.02). These findings are consistent with a role for certain folate pathway micronutrients in mediating the association between COMT genotype and breast cancer risk. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. NCI, Div Canc Prevent, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, James Mayer USDA, Dept Vitamin Bioavailabil, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Yager, JD (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA/ES62988, CA77550, R21 CA/ES66204]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES07141] NR 38 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0143-3334 J9 CARCINOGENESIS JI Carcinogenesis PD OCT PY 2001 VL 22 IS 10 BP 1661 EP 1665 DI 10.1093/carcin/22.10.1661 PG 5 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 480ZD UT WOS:000171492500011 PM 11577006 ER PT J AU Metting, FB Smith, JL Amthor, JS Izaurralde, RC AF Metting, FB Smith, JL Amthor, JS Izaurralde, RC TI Science needs and new technology for increasing soil carbon sequestration SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID TERRESTRIAL; ECOSYSTEMS; DYNAMICS; BALANCE; PLANTS; BARLEY; CYCLE; ROOT; CO2 AB Fossil fuel use and land use change that began over 200 years ago are driving the rapid increase in atmospheric content of CO2 and other greenhouse gases that may be impacting climatic change (Houghton et al., 1996). Enhanced terrestrial uptake of CO2 over the next 50 to 100 years has been suggested as a way to reclaim the 150 or more Pg carbon (C) lost to the atmosphere from vegetation and soil since 1850 as a consequence of land use change (Batjes, 1999; Lal et al., 1998a; Houghton, 1995), thus effectively 'buying time' for the development and implementation of new longer term technical solutions, such as C-free fuels. The ultimate potential for terrestrial C sequestration is not known, however, because we lack adequate understanding of (1) the biogeochemical mechanisms responsible for C fluxes and storage potential on the molecular, landscape, regional, and global scales, and (2) the complex genetic and physiological processes controlling key biological and ecological phenomena. Specifically, the structure and dynamics of the belowground component of terrestrial carbon pools, which accounts for two-thirds of global terrestrial organic C stocks, is poorly understood. Focusing primarily on forests, croplands and grasslands, the purpose of this chapter is to consider innovative technology for enhancing C sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems and address the scientific issues related to better understanding of soil C sequestration potential through appropriate and effective approaches to ecosystem management. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. ARS, USDA, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37849 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Washington, DC 20004 USA. RP Metting, FB (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RI Izaurralde, Roberto/E-5826-2012; El Husny, Chafic/G-5410-2012; Amthor, Jeffrey/F-2696-2016 OI Amthor, Jeffrey/0000-0002-1410-6100 NR 58 TC 42 Z9 54 U1 5 U2 15 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD OCT PY 2001 VL 51 IS 1 BP 11 EP 34 DI 10.1023/A:1017509224801 PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 471QW UT WOS:000170940900002 ER PT J AU Frenzen, PD AF Frenzen, PD TI Mortality due to gastroenteritis of unknown etiology in the United States, 1995-1997 SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD OCT 1 PY 2001 VL 33 IS 7 MA 849 BP 1233 EP 1233 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 476KU UT WOS:000171226900875 ER PT J AU Rangel, JM Sparling, PH Ying, M Griffin, PM Swerdlow, DL AF Rangel, JM Sparling, PH Ying, M Griffin, PM Swerdlow, DL TI Outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 infections in the 20th century, United States SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD OCT 1 PY 2001 VL 33 IS 7 MA 857 BP 1235 EP 1235 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 476KU UT WOS:000171226900883 ER PT J AU Olsen, SJ Evans, MC Hunter, S Reddy, V Kornstein, L Mackenzie, WR Lane, K Bidol, SA Stoltman, G Frye, DM Lee, I Hurd, S Gerber, D Jones, TF Laporte, TN Dewitt, W Graves, LM Wiedmann, M Schoonmaker-Bopp, DJ Huang, AJ Vincent, C Bugenhagen, A Corby, J Carloni, ER Holcomb, M Woron, R Zansky, SM Dowdle, G Smith, F Ahrabi-Fard, S Ong, AR Tucker, N Hynes, NA Mead, P AF Olsen, SJ Evans, MC Hunter, S Reddy, V Kornstein, L Mackenzie, WR Lane, K Bidol, SA Stoltman, G Frye, DM Lee, I Hurd, S Gerber, D Jones, TF Laporte, TN Dewitt, W Graves, LM Wiedmann, M Schoonmaker-Bopp, DJ Huang, AJ Vincent, C Bugenhagen, A Corby, J Carloni, ER Holcomb, M Woron, R Zansky, SM Dowdle, G Smith, F Ahrabi-Fard, S Ong, AR Tucker, N Hynes, NA Mead, P TI Multistate outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes infections linked to deli turkey meat SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. Georgia Dept Human Resources, Atlanta, GA USA. Michigan Dept Community Hlth, Lansing, MI USA. Los Angeles Cty Dept Hlth Serv, Los Angeles, CA USA. Los Angeles Cty Dept Hlth Serv, Los Angeles, CA USA. Connecticut Emerging Infect Program, Hartford, CT USA. Tennessee Dept Hlth, Nashville, TN USA. Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Boston, MA USA. CDC, NCID, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY USA. Westchester Cty Dept Hlth, New Rochelle, NY USA. New York State Dept Agr & Markets, Albany, NY USA. Utah Dept Hlth, Salt Lake City, UT 84116 USA. Ohio Dept Hlth, Columbus, OH 43266 USA. Wisconsin Dept Hlth & Family Serv, Madison, WI USA. USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RI Wiedmann, Martin/A-9683-2008; Mac Kenzie, William /F-1528-2013 OI Wiedmann, Martin/0000-0002-4168-5662; Mac Kenzie, William /0000-0001-7723-0339 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD OCT 1 PY 2001 VL 33 IS 7 MA 869 BP 1237 EP 1237 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 476KU UT WOS:000171226900895 ER PT J AU Chuenpagdee, R Knetsch, JL Brown, TC AF Chuenpagdee, R Knetsch, JL Brown, TC TI Coastal management using public judgments, importance scales, and predetermined schedule SO COASTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE coastal areas; damage schedule; importance scale; paired comparison method; resource losses ID VALUATION; PREFERENCES; IMPACTS; ISSUES AB A predetermined schedule of sanctions and regulations that reflect both scientific knowledge of resources and the preference and judgments of resource users in the community may provide a useful guide for management decisions involving complex coastal resource systems. Such a schedule can be implemented by constructing scales reflecting public judgments of the relative importance of adverse impacts on resources, or of activities causing such impacts. The importance scales can then be used to assess existing regulations and current management priorities and to serve as a guide for revisions and changes to current practice, for the design of new policy, for rationalizing regulatory controls, and for determining damage awards and other deterrence sanctions. The resulting evolution of a schedule can improve the consistency of resource use with community preferences by, for example, prescribing more severe restrictions on what are widely agreed to be more serious harms and lesser controls on less important ones. The application of this approach is demonstrated using Ban Don Bay, Thailand. C1 Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Econ, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO USA. Coll William & Mary, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Dept Coastal & Ocean Policy, Williamsburg, VA USA. RP Chuenpagdee, R (reprint author), Coll William & Mary, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, POB 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. NR 29 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0892-0753 J9 COAST MANAGE JI Coast. Manage. PD OCT-DEC PY 2001 VL 29 IS 4 BP 253 EP 270 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 473BB UT WOS:000171018500001 ER PT J AU Tissot, M Nelson, DR Gordon, DM AF Tissot, M Nelson, DR Gordon, DM TI Qualitative and quantitative differences in cuticular hydrocarbons between laboratory and field colonies of Pogonomyrmex barbatus SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cuticular lipids; harvester ants; mass spectrometry; methyl-branched hydrocarbons ID CAMPONOTUS-VAGUS SCOP; NESTMATE RECOGNITION; HARVESTER ANTS; RETICULITERMES ISOPTERA; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; MUSCA-DOMESTICA; SEXUAL-BEHAVIOR; SURFACE-LIPIDS; DIPTERA; AGE AB Ants held in the laboratory and field ants of the species Pogonomyrmex barbatus have quantitative differences in their cuticular hydrocarbons and a qualitative difference in their methyl-branched hydrocarbons. Laboratory-held workers showed twice the hydrocarbon content as field ants. This difference was mainly due to higher amounts of straight-chain alkanes and methyl-branched alkanes in laboratory ants, whereas the proportion of the alkenes remained the same for both groups. In addition to the absence of some hydrocarbons in the field colonies, one of the methyl-branched hydrocarbons differed in amount and branching pattern between the two groups of ants. Whereas, notable peaks of 2-methylalkanes were identified in ants kept in the laboratory, these compounds could not be identified in ants living in their natural habitat. However, a trace amount of 4-methyltriacontane was found in lieu of the 2-methyltriacontane counterpart in field ants. Possible explanations for both qualitative and quantitative differences are discussed. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, State Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Sci Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Nelson, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, State Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RI Marion-Poll, Frederic/D-8882-2011 OI Marion-Poll, Frederic/0000-0001-6824-0180 NR 50 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1096-4959 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS B JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B-Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 130 IS 3 BP 349 EP 358 DI 10.1016/S1096-4959(01)00436-5 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology GA 478QC UT WOS:000171356000008 PM 11567897 ER PT J AU McKinion, JM Jenkins, JN Akins, D Turner, SB Willer, JL Jallas, E Whisler, FD AF McKinion, JM Jenkins, JN Akins, D Turner, SB Willer, JL Jallas, E Whisler, FD TI Analysis of a precision agriculture approach to cotton production SO COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE precision agriculture; simulation; geographical information systems; decision support; crop management; crop model ID CROP MANAGEMENT; MODEL; SIMULATION; SYSTEM; GROWTH AB The hope of precision agriculture is that through more precise timing and usage of seed, agricultural chemicals and irrigation water that higher economic yields can occur while enhancing the economic production of field crops and protecting the environment. The analyses performed in this manuscript demonstrate proof of concept of how precision agriculture coupled with crop simulation models and geographic information systems technology can be used in the cotton production system in the Mid South to optimize yields while minimizing water and nitrogen inputs. The Hood Farm Levingston Field, located in Bolivar County, Mississippi, next to the Mississippi River, was chosen as the test sight to obtain a one hectare soil physical property grid over the entire 201 ha field. The 1997 yield was used as a comparison for the analysis. Actual cultural practices for 1997 were used as input to the model. After the 201 simulations were made using the expert system to optimize for water and nitrogen on a one hectare basis, the model predicted that an increase of 322 kg/ha could be obtained by using only an average increase of 2.6 cm. of water/ha and an average decrease of 35 kg N/ha. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Genet & Precis Agr Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. CIRAD CA, Mississippi State, MS USA. Mississippi Agr & Forestry Exptl Stn, Mississippi State, MS USA. RP McKinion, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Genet & Precis Agr Res Unit, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 29 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0168-1699 J9 COMPUT ELECTRON AGR JI Comput. Electron. Agric. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 32 IS 3 BP 213 EP 228 DI 10.1016/S0168-1699(01)00166-1 PG 16 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Agriculture; Computer Science GA 479BG UT WOS:000171383600004 ER PT J AU Artman, VL Sutherland, EK Downhower, JF AF Artman, VL Sutherland, EK Downhower, JF TI Prescribed burning to restore mixed-oak communities in southern Ohio: Effects on breeding-bird populations SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SHORT-TERM; FORESTS; HABITAT; PINE; UNDERSTORY; MOISTURE; WILDFIRE; FIRE; USA AB Fire is being experimentally reintroduced to the forests of southern Ohio to determine its effectiveness in restoring and maintaining mixed-oak (Quercus spp.) forest communities. We studied the effects of repeated burning (1-4 years of annual burning) and recovery (1 year after burning) on the breeding bird community. Burning resulted in incremental but temporary reductions in the availability of leaf litter, shrubs, and saplings, but it did not affect trees, snags, or understory vegetation cover. Of 30 bird species monitored, 4 were affected negatively and 2 were affected positively by burning. Population densities of Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapillus), Worm-eating Warblers (Helmitheros vermivorus), and Hooded Warblers (Wilsonia citrina) declined incrementally in response to repeated burning and did not recover within 1 year after burning, suggesting a lag time in response to the changes in habitat conditions. Densities of Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) fluctuated among years in the control units, but remained low in the burned units. Densities of American Robins (Turdus migratorius) and Eastern Wood-Pewees (Contopus virens) increased in response to burning, but these increases were apparent only after several years of repeated burning. In general, burning resulted in short-term reductions in the suitability of habitat for ground- and low-shrub-nesting birds, but it improved habitat for ground- and aerial-foraging birds. Overall, there were no changes in the composition of the breeding-bird community. Total breeding bird population levels were also unaffected by burning. Our results suggest that prescribed burning applied on a long-term basis or across large spatial scales is likely to have adverse effects on ground- and low-shrub-nesting bird species, but other changes in the composition of the breeding-bird community are likely to be minimal as long as the closed-canopy forest structure is maintained within the context of prescribed burning. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Evolut Ecol & Organismal Biol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. US Forest Serv, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. RP Artman, VL (reprint author), Kenyon Coll, Dept Biol, Gambier, OH 43022 USA. EM artmanv@kenyon.edu NR 43 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 18 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0888-8892 EI 1523-1739 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 15 IS 5 BP 1423 EP 1434 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.00181.x PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 481BY UT WOS:000171501100026 ER PT J AU Whitehead, TR Cotta, MA AF Whitehead, TR Cotta, MA TI Identification of a broad-specificity xylosidase/arabinosidase important for xylooligosaccharide fermentation by the ruminal anaerobe Selenomonas ruminantium GA192 SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BUTYRIVIBRIO-FIBRISOLVENS; GENETIC DIVERSITY; BACTERIA; XYLAN; RUMEN AB Strains of Selenomonas ruminantium vary considerably in their capacity to ferment xylooligosaccharides. This ability ranges from strain GA192, which completely utilized xylose through xylotetraose and was able to ferment considerable quantities of larger oligosaccharides, to strain HD4, which used only the simple sugars present in the hydrolysate. The ability of S. ruminantium GA192 to utilize xylooligosaccharides was correlated with the presence of xylosidase and arabinosidase activities. The production of these activities appears to be regulated in response to carbon source used for growth. Both arabinosidase and xylosidase were induced by growth on xylose or xylooligosaccharides, but no activity was detected in glucose-or arabinose-grown cultures. A genetic locus from S. ruminantium GA192 was cloned into Escherichia coli JM83 that produced both xylosidase and arabinosidase activities. Analyses of crude extracts from the E. coli clone and S. ruminantium GA 192 by using native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and methylumbelliferyl substrates indicated that a single protein was responsible for both activities. The enzyme expressed in E. coli was capable of degrading xylooligosaccharides derived from xylan. DNA sequencing of the locus demonstrated the presence of an open reading frame that encodes for a protein of 61,174 molecular weight. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Whitehead, TR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RI Whitehead, Terence/B-5235-2009; OI Cotta, Michael/0000-0003-4565-7754 NR 14 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 43 IS 4 BP 293 EP 298 DI 10.1007/s002840010304 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 465FM UT WOS:000170579000013 PM 11683366 ER PT J AU Ashwell, CM Richards, MP McMurtry, JP AF Ashwell, CM Richards, MP McMurtry, JP TI The ontogeny of leptin mRNA expression in growing broilers and its relationship to metabolic body weight SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ADIPOSE-TISSUE; RNA; HOMEOSTASIS; CHICKENS; PROTEIN; GROWTH AB The polypeptide hormone leptin is produced by both adipose tissue and the liver and has been shown to induce satiety in chickens. In this study we have investigated the developmental regulation of leptin mRNA expression in growing broiler chickens. Leptin expression generally increases in all tissues from 1-12 weeks of age. In the subcutaneous fat depot there is an apparent pattern of increased leptin mRNA expression occurring at 2, 6, and 10 weeks post-hatch. This pattern was not evident in the other tissues surveyed and may relate to the cycle of loading and unloading of adipocytes with lipid. No consistent gender differences in leptin expression patterns were detected in the tissues surveyed, as is often observed in mammals. Positive correlations between metabolic body weight and adipose leptin expression levels were observed. Leptin expression by the liver was highly correlated with metabolic body weight from 1-6 weeks of age, and uncorrelated from 6-12 weeks of age. This pattern of increasing liver leptin expression with increasing body weight during the early rapid growth phase of the bird may be due to limited fat storage during this period, which is followed by rapid body fat accumulation from 6-12 weeks. The characterization and tissue specific distribution of leptin mRNA expression in the growing broiler indicate similar patterns of leptin production to that of growing mammals. Leptin may be involved in lipid flux through the adipocyte as well as the shift in lipid metabolism to increased storage during pre-puberty. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, Growth Biol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Ashwell, CM (reprint author), ARS, Growth Biol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 23 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 21 IS 3 BP 161 EP 168 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(01)00113-8 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 497KN UT WOS:000172454700002 PM 11707362 ER PT J AU Kramer, MG Hansen, AJ Taper, ML Kissinger, EJ AF Kramer, MG Hansen, AJ Taper, ML Kissinger, EJ TI Abiotic controls on long-term windthrow disturbance and temperate rain forest dynamics in southeast Alaska SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE coastal temperate rain forests; forest succession; landscape pattern; logistic regression; natural disturbance; spatially explicit modeling; stand dynamics; Tongass National Forest, Alaska (USA); windthrow ID SPATIAL SCALES; CANOPY GAPS; LANDSCAPE; PATTERNS; HISTORY; STANDS; MODEL; BIODIVERSITY; HABITAT; REGIME AB We investigated the role of abiotic factors in controlling patterns of longterm windthrow in the pristine coastal temperate rain forests of southeast Alaska. Our objectives were to test the extent to which long-term patterns of windthrow can be predicted spatially at the landscape scale by using four abiotic factors (slope, elevation, soil stability, and exposure to prevailing storm winds), evaluate landform influence on windthrow, and compare stand age and structural characteristics in areas prone to and protected from windthrow. On Kuiu Island, southeast Alaska, we used field validation photo-interpretation procedures to identify forest patches likely to be of windthrow origin. A spatially explicit logistic model was then built from the windthrow data and other GIS data layers, based on slope, elevation, soil type, and exposure to prevailing storm winds. Landform influence on patterns of windthrow was examined by evaluating correct model classification by landform type. The model was cross-validated by extrapolating the Kuiu model coefficients to nearby Zarembo Island, and comparing model predictions to an independent large-scale windthrow data set. The model correctly classified 72% of both windthrown and non-windthrown forest. Field data collected in areas most and least prone to windthrow on Kuiu suggest that structural and age characteristics, as well as forest development stages, vary with the probability of windthrow across the landscape. We conclude that small-scale (partial-canopy) disturbance processes predominate in areas least prone to windthrow, and that large-scale stand-replacement disturbance processes predominate in areas most prone to windthrow. Our work suggests that a spatially predictable long-term wind-damage gradient exists on Kuiu Island. Before this research, gap-phase disturbances have been emphasized as the dominant disturbance process controlling forest dynamics in North American coastal temperate rain forests. We conclude that there is less naturally occurring old-growth forest regulated by gap-phase succession than previously believed, and that catastrophic windthrow is an important process driving forest development in southeast Alaska. To date, most timber harvest on Kuiu Island has been concentrated in storm-protected areas where gap-phase processes (old-growth forests) predominated future management activities could,ap se processes (old be tailored to consider long-term natural disturbance patterns to better maintain historical ecosystem function. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Biol, Bozeman, MT 59714 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Tongass Natl Forest, Petersburg, AK 99833 USA. RP Kramer, MG (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Peavy Hall 154, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 92 TC 73 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 10 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD OCT PY 2001 VL 82 IS 10 BP 2749 EP 2768 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[2749:ACOLTW]2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 487FN UT WOS:000171863100007 ER PT J AU Davis, DG Swanson, HR AF Davis, DG Swanson, HR TI Activity of stress-related enzymes in the perennial weed leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE glutathione S-transferase; glutathione reductase; ascorbic acid peroxidase; catalase; superoxide dismutase ID GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASES; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; CATALASE; PLANTS; ACID; OXYGEN; ANTIOXIDANTS; RESPONSES; MALONDIALDEHYDE AB The activities of several enzymes involved in plant protection against stress were assayed to determine physiological aspects of the perennial noxious weed leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) that might render the plant vulnerable to integrated pest management procedures. Stresses imposed on leafy spurge plants were heat (41 degreesC up to 48 h), cold (5 degreesC up to 25 days), drought (up to 5 days) and feeding by a flea beetle (Aphthona lacertosa), a biocontrol insect used for control of leafy spurge (1- and 2-day feedings). The effects varied with the stress imposed and the times of exposure. The effects on the specific activity of gluthathione S-transferase in plants exposed to the four stresses were: more than doubled in heat, remained at essentially control levels in the cold, increased by 50% during drought, and increased by 20% or less in flea beetle-fed plants. Glutathione reductase specific activity decreased slightly with heat, nearly doubled with cold, increased almost 60% during drought, and remained essentially unchanged in beetle-fed plants. Catalase-specific activity decreased in plants under all four stresses. The specific activities of superoxide dismutase remained essentially constant in plants exposed to heat, increased in the cold, increased very slightly during drought, and increased in beetle-fed plants. Ascorbate peroxidase specific activity increased with the high temperature, was significantly higher only at 3 days during drought but returned to control levels or below by 5 days, and was greatly inhibited in flea beetle-fed plants. The effects of cold on ascorbate peroxidase-specific activity are not well defined. Initial experiments indicated little change up to 24 days, but subsequent experiments resulted in a significant decrease at 25 days, with recovery closer to control levels in plants returned to 25 degreesC for 1 day. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, State Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Davis, DG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, State Univ Stn, POB 5674, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. EM dgdavis@prodigy.net NR 47 TC 49 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-8472 J9 ENVIRON EXP BOT JI Environ. Exp. Bot. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 46 IS 2 BP 95 EP 108 DI 10.1016/S0098-8472(01)00081-8 PG 14 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 472JP UT WOS:000170980800001 ER PT J AU Burr, BM Adams, GL Krejca, JK Paul, RJ Warren, ML AF Burr, BM Adams, GL Krejca, JK Paul, RJ Warren, ML TI Troglomorphic sculpins of the Cottus Carolinae species group in Perry County, Missouri: Distribution, external morphology, and conservation status SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE Cottidae; grotto sculpins; cave distribution; density estimate; cave adaptation ID FISHES AB The existence of cavernicolous sculpin (here allocated to Cottus carolinae, banded sculpin, and referred to as grotto sculpin), in the karst regions of Perry County, Missouri, first came to our attention in 1991. Examination of 35 caves in Missouri, 96 in Illinois, 17 in Tennessee, two in Indiana, and 11 in Arkansas revealed that banded sculpin are common in cave habitats; however, grotto sculpin are limited to two karst areas of Perry County, Missouri, where they are known from only six cave systems. These caves and their streams are extensive and apparently provide a unique habitat compared to other karst systems; this may be a critical factor in the present restricted distribution of the grotto sculpin. Grotto sculpin occupy pools and riffles of cave streams, and occur over a variety of substrates, from sediment to breakdown. Density estimates in Mystery and Running Bull caves were 0.29 and 0.63 individuals m(-2), respectively. Grotto sculpin have small eyes (1-6% SL vs. 6-10% SL in epigean samples), significantly reduced pigmentation (including nearly complete loss of dorsal saddles), a reduction in pelvic fin ray number (from 4+4 elements to often 4+3 , or 3+3), and enlarged cephalic lateralis pores (e.g., mandibular pores of cavernicolous samples are 2-3 times those of epigean stream samples). Multivariate analyses of body shape revealed statistically significant separation of epigean and hypogean samples, with eye size highly variable, but smallest in the Running Bull Cave population. We interpret these results as representative of losses associated with long-term cave habitation. Caves of Perry County provide ample habitat for grotto sculpin, but because the caves are located downgradient of the city of Perryville and an intensively farmed landscape, point and non-point source pollution threaten their continued existence. Escape of farm-pond fishes through the extensive sinkhole network in Perry County has increased potential predation pressure on grotto sculpin by channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, and other species normally excluded from cave environments. C1 So Illinois Univ, Dept Zool, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. So Illinois Univ, Ctr Systemat Biol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. Univ Texas, Sect Integrat Biol, Austin, TX 78712 USA. US Forest Serv, Ctr Bottomland Hardwoods Res, So Res Stn, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Burr, BM (reprint author), So Illinois Univ, Dept Zool, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. NR 41 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD OCT PY 2001 VL 62 IS 1-3 BP 279 EP 296 DI 10.1023/A:1011819922403 PG 18 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 472PV UT WOS:000170993700024 ER PT J AU Costa, SD Kennedy, GG Heagle, AS AF Costa, SD Kennedy, GG Heagle, AS TI Effect of host plant ozone stress on Colorado potato beetles SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Leptinotarsa decemlineata; potato; air pollution; ozone; Colorado potato beetle; host stress ID EPILACHNA-VARIVESTIS; FEEDING PREFERENCE; CROP YIELD AB Effects of ozone (O-3) stress of potato, Solanum tuberosum L, on fecundity, larval growth and survival of Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), were measured in greenhouse and field experiments. Chronic O-3 exposure caused moderate to severe foliar injury on an Q,3-sensitive cultivar ('Red Norland') but caused only minor injury an O-3-resistant cultivar ('Superior'). Foliar injury caused by O-3 was greater on old than on young leaves but feeding by adult beetles was greater on young leaves in all experiments. Foliar analyses of the five uppermost leaves (nodes. 1-5) showed higher carbon (C) and higher nitrogen (N) concentration in Superior than in Norland. There were no significant O-3 effects on C or N and no cultivar X O-3 interactions. Egg production by newly emerged adult beetles feeding on plants exposed to high O-3 levels was not significantly different from egg production on plants exposed to low O-3 levels, regardless of cultivar O-3 sensitivity. Feeding and energy conversion efficiency of neonates and survival of larvae, to the adult stage were not significantly affected by the O-3 treatment. Although present levels of tropospheric O-3 are high enough to significantly affect yield of sensitive potato cultivars, our results indicate no significant effect of ambient O-3 Concentrations on Colorado potato beetle populations. C1 USDA ARS, Air Qual Plant Growth & Dev Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27603 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Entomol, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. RP Costa, SD (reprint author), Univ Vermont, Entomol Res Lab, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, POB 53400, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. EM scosta@zoo.uvm.edu NR 40 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ANNAPOLIS PA 3 PARK PLACE, STE 307, ANNAPOLIS, MD 21401-3722 USA SN 0046-225X EI 1938-2936 J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 30 IS 5 BP 824 EP 831 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-30.5.824 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 486CW UT WOS:000171801700004 ER PT J AU Rappaport, NG Owen, DR Stein, JD AF Rappaport, NG Owen, DR Stein, JD TI Interruption of semiochemical-mediated attraction of Dendroctonus valens (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) and selected nontarget insects by verbenone SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE red turpentine beetle; Pinus ponderosa; plantations; semiochemicals; microencapsulation; Leptura obliterata ID BARK BEETLES; PINE-BEETLE; INHIBITORS VERBENONE; BREVICOMIS; PHEROMONE; RESPONSES; IPSDIENOL; ATTACK; FUNGI AB We tested two formulations of verbenone for efficacy in protecting ponderosa pine trees from attack by the red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens LeConte: (1) polyethylene bubblecaps filled with 800 mg of neat verbenone, and (2) a sprayable water suspension of microencapsulated verbenone. We baited artificial trees (cardboard cylinders coupled with Lindgren pheromone traps) with host kairomones and the verbenone formulations. Efficacy was measured by numbers of beetles captured in baited traps. Both release systems significantly reduced trap catch, and there was no significant difference between them. Both systems have promise for use in forest stands, depending on management objectives and land use. Verbenone was an interruptant for some nontarget insects, especially Coleoptera, and none were consistently attracted to verbenone. We report on verbenone as an interruptant to host attraction in the red turpentine beetle, and also on the efficacy of a micro encapsulated scolytid semiochemical. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Rappaport, NG (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 28 TC 40 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 30 IS 5 BP 837 EP 841 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-30.5.837 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 486CW UT WOS:000171801700006 ER PT J AU Wang, CL Strazanac, JS Butler, L AF Wang, CL Strazanac, JS Butler, L TI Association between ants (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) and habitat characteristics in oak-dominated mixed forests SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Formicidae; ants; habitat; forest ID DIVERSITY; AGROECOSYSTEM; COMMUNITIES; IMPACT; FAUNA AB The relationship between ants and their habitats was examined in oak-dominated mixed forests in the central Appalachian mountains. Ants were sampled using pitfall traps over the summers of 1995, 1996, and 1997. Principal component and correlation analysis indicated that ant diversity (Shannon's W), species richness, and abundance were closely correlated with habitat principal components. Fewer ants, lower number of species, and lower ant diversity were found at sites with higher elevation and soil moisture. Diversity (H ') of ants and species richness decreased by 0.1 (R-2 = 0.75) and 2.2 (R-2 = 0.57) when the elevation increased 100 m, respectively As the elevation increased, there were relatively less Formica neogagates Emery and more Aphaenogaster rudis (Emery). More ant species and individuals were found on ridges than in valleys. C1 W Virginia Univ, Div Plant & Soil Sci, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Wang, CL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Stoneville Res Quarantine Facil, MS 38776, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. OI Wang, Changlu/0000-0003-0214-7236 NR 28 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 9 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 30 IS 5 BP 842 EP 848 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-30.5.842 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 486CW UT WOS:000171801700007 ER PT J AU Yee, WL Phillips, PA Rodgers, JL Faber, BA AF Yee, WL Phillips, PA Rodgers, JL Faber, BA TI Phenology of arthropod pests and associated natural predators on avocado leaves, fruit, and in leaf litter in southern California SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Scirtothrips perseae; Oligonychus perseae; Franklinothrips orizabensis; Persen americana; population dynamics ID THYSANOPTERA AB Abundance of Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), Oligonychus perseae Tuttle, Baker & Abbatiello (Acari Tetranychidae), predators, and associations among their population trends on avocado leaves and fruit were determined in three untreated avocado orchards in Ventura and Santa Barbara Counties, CA, from 1998 to 2000. Objectives were to understand pest-predator dynamics and to assess which predators have potential as biological control agents. Numbers of S. perseae and predators from leaf litter/soil were also determined in one orchard from 1998 to 2000. On leaves, O. perseae was the most abundant pest, followed by S. parseue, and Oligonychus puniciae (Hirst) (Acad: Tetranychidae). Phytoseiid mites and spiders were the most abundant predators. The predatory thrips Franklinothrips orizabensis Johansen and Aevlothrips kuwanaii Moulton (Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae) were also relatively abundant compared with at least 13 other species of predators on leaves. On immature avocado fruit, S. perseae was the most abundant pest and phytoseiid mites, F arizabensis, and A. kuwanaii were the three most abundant predators. No consistent positive associations between pests and predators were seen on leaves, but F. orizabensis, A. kuwanaii, and phytoseiid numbers on fruit and S. perseae numbers on fruit were positively and significantly associated in all three orchards. In addition, there were significant positive associations between S. perseae and predatory thrips populations from leaf litter in two of the 3 yr. These pest-predator interactions may play a role in developing new control strategies and the importance of these relationships needs to be experimentally investigated. C1 Univ Calif, Ventura, CA 93003 USA. RP Yee, WL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 22 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 7 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 30 IS 5 BP 892 EP 898 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-30.5.892 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 486CW UT WOS:000171801700014 ER PT J AU Yee, WL Phillips, PA Faber, BA Rodgers, JL AF Yee, WL Phillips, PA Faber, BA Rodgers, JL TI Relationships between Scirtothrips perseae (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) populations on avocado leaves, fruit, and scarring damage on fruit SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Scirtothrips perseae; avocado; thrips numbers; thresholds; scarring on avocado fruit AB Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara causes significant scarring of avocado fruit and is the most serious pest of avocado in southern California. Because it was described only in 1997, no information that can be used for its control exists, including the relationships between its densities on leaves and fruit and scarring damage on fruit. To determine these relationships, percentages of scarring damage on avocado fruit were regressed against thrips numbers/leaf and numbers/fruit using data collected from three orchards in Ventura and Santa Barbara Counties, CA, from 1997 through 1999. Thrips population increases were positively related to leaf growth flushes. Numbers of first and second instars, total larvae, and adults/leaf were all predictive of scarring on fruit. Peaks of three to five larvae/leaf before and during fruit set predicted 6-15% economic scarring damage on fruit from October through December, whereas means of 0.5-1.5 larvae/small fruit predicted 22-51% scarring. Fruit were most susceptible to damage within a 2-wk period during and shortly after fruit set when they measured 0.53-1.42 cm long. Results suggest S. perseae numbers on leaves during fruit set can be used to predict scarring damage on fruit, and that damage thresholds may be less than or equal to5 larvae/leaf during this time. Because low numbers of larvae on fruit within a 2-wk period can result in high scarring damage, early treatments when thrips are on leaves, just before they move onto fruit, may help prevent damage to fruit. C1 Univ Calif, Cooperat Extens, Ventura, CA 93003 USA. RP Yee, WL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. EM wlyee@yarl.ars.usda.gov NR 6 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 30 IS 5 BP 932 EP 938 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-30.5.932 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 486CW UT WOS:000171801700020 ER PT J AU Balciunas, JK Villegas, B AF Balciunas, JK Villegas, B TI Unintentionally released Chaetorellia succinea (Diptera : Tephritidae): Is this natural enemy of yellow starthistle a threat to safflower growers? SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Centaurea solstitialis; Carthamus tinctorius; biological control of weeds; realized host range; choice tests; nontarget impact ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; HOST SPECIFICITY; EVOLUTION; RACES; APPLE; WEEDS AB In mid-1996, we detected an unintentionally introduced seed-head fly, Chartorellia succinea (Costa), destroying seeds of yellow starthistle, Centaurea solstitialis L., one of the worst weeds in the western United States. In overseas studies, Chaetorellia succinea had been considered as a potential biological control agent for yellow starthistle, but had been rejected because of fears that it might become a pest of safflower, Carthamus tinctorius L., in the United States. From mid-1996 through early 2000, we conducted both laboratory and field evaluations to determine whether this fly could cause significant damage to safflower, a widely planted crop in California. In laboratory no-choice host range evaluations, adult females would oviposit, and the larvae completed development, on all five varieties of safflower that we tested. However, in choice tests, only one head each of two varieties of safflower was attacked. No safflower was attacked at three sites in California and Oregon, with large populations of Chaetorellia succinea, where we grew five varieties of safflower as 'trap plants.' Our monitoring of possible Chaetorellia succinea attack on safflower growing in 47 fields in California detected a small, but persistent population of this fly infesting an uncommon safflower variety at one field. We feel that our results indicate a minimal risk to commercial safflower growers, and this fly continues to show promise in assisting toward the eventual biological control of yellow starthistle. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Exot & Invas Weed Res Unit, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Calif Dept Food & Agr, Biol Control Program, Sacramento, CA 95832 USA. RP Balciunas, JK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Exot & Invas Weed Res Unit, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 34 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 30 IS 5 BP 953 EP 963 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-30.5.953 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 486CW UT WOS:000171801700023 ER PT J AU Vanderpool, RA Reeves, PG AF Vanderpool, RA Reeves, PG TI Cadmium absorption in women fed processed edible sunflower kernels labeled with a stable isotope of cadmium, Cd-113(1) SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE apparent absorption; cadmium; stable isotope; sunflower kernels; women ID PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY; HUMANS; SOIL; BIOAVAILABILITY; ELEMENTS; COPPER; FOODS; DIETS; LEAD; IRON AB The apparent fractional absorption of cadmium (Cd) from sunflower kernels (SFK) was determined in women volunteers by using kernels labeled with a stable isotope of Cd (Cd-113) by injecting it into the flowering head. Fourteen women who were between the ages of 30 and 70 years, who did not use tobacco products, who were in good health, and who had been consuming a self-selected diet low in Cd content participated in the study. The volunteers were fed a breakfast composed primarily of cereal, milk, and fruit juice. The breakfast also contained a portion of Cd-113-labeled SFK processed into a buttery spread. Each volunteer collected individual stool samples for 21 days beginning immediately after they had consumed the labeled kernels. The total amounts of Cd and Cd-113 excreted in each stool were determined by isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Mean fecal Cd excretion was 14.1 +/- 4.1 mug/day and mean Cd-113 absorption was 10.6 +/- 4.4%. In agreement with previous studies, no significant (P > 0.3) correlation between Cd absorption and serum ferritin concentrations was found in women whose serum ferritin concentrations were > 25 ng/mL. These data suggest that the availability of Cd from highly processed sunflower kernels to humans is similar to that reported for other types of food. C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58203 USA. RP Reeves, PG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Box 9034,2420 2nd Ave N, Grand Forks, ND 58203 USA. NR 37 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 87 IS 2 BP 69 EP 80 DI 10.1006/enrs.2001.4288 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 482MQ UT WOS:000171580300002 PM 11683590 ER PT J AU Reeves, PG Nielsen, EJ O'Brien-Nimens, C Vanderpool, RA AF Reeves, PG Nielsen, EJ O'Brien-Nimens, C Vanderpool, RA TI Cadmium bioavailability from edible sunflower kernels: A long-term study with men and women volunteers SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE cadmium; sunflower kernels; food cadmium; cadmium excretion; erythrocytes; N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase; peanuts; women ID FDA TOTAL DIET; ZINC CONCENTRATIONS; URINARY CADMIUM; POLLUTED AREA; ELEMENTS; PESTICIDES; CHEMICALS; HAIR; INHABITANTS; EXCRETION AB Sunflower kernels (SFK) contain natural Cd in somewhat higher amounts than most other foods. This study was designed to determine if a change in the body burden of Cd could be measured in volunteers who consumed a controlled amount of SFK for 48 weeks. Healthy men and women between 23 and 59 years of age were divided into three groups each by age, sex, and weight. For 48 weeks, one group consumed 255 g (9 oz) of SFK/week, a second group consumed 113 g SFK and 142 g peanuts/week, and a third group consumed 255 g peanuts/week. SFK contained 0.52 mug Cd/g and peanuts contained 0.11 mug Cd/g. The consumption of 255 g SFK/week increased the average estimated intake of Cd from similar to 65 to similar to 175 mug/week. Although the consumption of Cd-containing SFK significantly increased the estimated Cd intake, there were no significant changes in Cd concentration in red blood cells, Cd excretion in the urine, or Cd concentrations in new hair growth. However, fecal Cd excretion significantly increased as the amount of SFK consumption increased. N-Acetyl-beta -D-glucosaminidase, a marker for kidney dysfunctions, was not significantly changed by consuming SFK-Cd. Overall, the results suggest that the consumption of Cd in the form of SFK at 9 oz (255 g)/week for 48 week had no adverse effect on the body burden of Cd. C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58203 USA. RP Reeves, PG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, 2420 2nd Ave N, Grand Forks, ND 58203 USA. NR 31 TC 6 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 87 IS 2 BP 81 EP 91 DI 10.1006/enrs.2001.4289 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 482MQ UT WOS:000171580300003 PM 11683591 ER PT J AU Haveman-Nies, A Tucker, KL de Groot, LCPGM Wilson, PWF van Staveren, WA AF Haveman-Nies, A Tucker, KL de Groot, LCPGM Wilson, PWF van Staveren, WA TI Evaluation of dietary quality in relationship to nutritional and lifestyle factors in elderly people of the US Framingham Heart Study and the European SENECA study SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE elderly; dietary patterns; HDI; Mediterranean diet; cluster analysis; nutritional status; lifestyle factors ID FOOD-FREQUENCY QUESTIONNAIRE; 20 YEAR MORTALITY; CLUSTER-ANALYSIS; CONSUMPTION PATTERNS; SURVEILLANCE-SYSTEM; MEDITERRANEAN DIET; LIFE-STYLE; VALIDITY; REPRODUCIBILITY; SURVIVAL AB Objective: To evaluate dietary quality of European and American elderly Subjects using different derivatives of dietary patterns (dietary scores and clusters) and to investigate the relationship or these approaches to nutritional and lifestyle factors. Design: Data from the cross-sectional SENECA baseline study and Framingham Heart Study (original cohort and offspring) were used for data analysis. Food intake data were summarised into dietary clusters and into dietary scores (Healthy Diet Indicator and Mediterranean Diet Score). These measures of dietary quality were then tested for associations with lifestyle factors and measures of nutritional status. Subjects/Setting: The study population, aged 70-77 y, consisted of 828 subjects from Framingham, MA (USA) and 1282 subjects from the following European centres: Hamme, Belgium, Roskilde, Denmark; Padua, Italy; Culemborg, The Netherlands; Vila Franca de Xira, Portugal; Betanzos, Spain, and Yverdon, Burgdorf and Bellinzona, Switzerland. Results: Dietary intake varied widely across the European and American research centres. In general, Southern European centres and Framingham had higher mean diet scores, indicating a higher dietary quality, than Northern European centres (MD-scores: 4.2-4.4 vs 2.7-3.5). Cluster analysis identified the following five dietary patterns characterised by: (1) sugar and sugar products; (2) fish and grain, (3) meat, eggs and flat; (4) milk and fruit; and (5) alcohol intake. The meat, eggs and fat pattern had significantly lower average dietary quality, as measured with all three diet scores than all other groups except the alcohol group. The fish and grain group had significantly better Mediterranean diet scores than all other groups. Conclusions: Dietary scores and dietary clusters are complementary measures to classify dietary quality, The associations with nutritional and lifestyle factors indicate the adequate categorisation into dietary quality groups. C1 Wageningen Univ, Div Human Nutr & Epidemiol, NL-6703 HA Wageningen, Netherlands. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Haveman-Nies, A (reprint author), Wageningen Univ, Div Human Nutr & Epidemiol, Dreyenlaan 1,Bode 154, NL-6703 HA Wageningen, Netherlands. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010; OI de Groot, Lisette /0000-0003-2778-2789; Tucker, Katherine/0000-0001-7640-662X NR 50 TC 56 Z9 58 U1 2 U2 9 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0954-3007 J9 EUR J CLIN NUTR JI Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 55 IS 10 BP 870 EP 880 DI 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601232 PG 11 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 478QU UT WOS:000171357500009 PM 11593349 ER PT J AU Tucker, KL Hannan, MT Kiel, DP AF Tucker, KL Hannan, MT Kiel, DP TI The acid-base hypothesis: diet and bone in the Framingham Osteoporosis Study SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE bone; acid-base; elderly; minerals; protein ID PROTEIN-INDUCED HYPERCALCIURIA; MINERAL DENSITY; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; ELDERLY MEN; CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTATION; PARATHYROID-HORMONE; AMERICAN MEN; RISK-FACTORS; METABOLISM; MAGNESIUM AB Background There continues to be considerable debate about the role of acid vs. basic components of the diet on the long-term status of bone mineral density. Aim In a set of two analyses, we examined the effect of components in the diet thought to have basic effects (magnesium, potassium, fruit, vegetables) and acid effects (protein) on bone mineral density in an elderly cohort. Methods Bone mineral density of participants in the Framingham Osteoporosis Study was measured at three hip sites and one forearm site at two points in time, four years apart. At the time of baseline measurement, participants ranged in age from 69-97 years. Dietary intake was assessed at baseline by food frequency questionnaire. Results As hypothesized, magnesium, potassium, fruit and vegetable intakes were significantly associated with bone mineral density at baseline and among men, with lower bone loss over four years. In contrast to the hypothesis, higher rather than lower protein intakes were associated with lower bone loss. Conclusion Together these results support the role of base forming foods and nutrients in bone maintenance. The role of protein appears to be complex and is probably dependent on the presence of other nutrients available in a mixed diet. A balanced diet with ample fruit and vegetables and adequate protein appears to be important to bone mineral density. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res, Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Hebrew Rehabil Ctr Aged, Div Aging, Boston, MA USA. RP Tucker, KL (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res, Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010; OI Hannan, Marian/0000-0002-9586-6928; Kiel, Douglas/0000-0001-8474-0310; Tucker, Katherine/0000-0001-7640-662X FU NIAMS NIH HHS [AR20613, R01 AR/AG 41 398]; PHS HHS [N01-38038] NR 52 TC 85 Z9 87 U1 2 U2 4 PU DR DIETRICH STEINKOPFF VERLAG PI DARMSTADT PA PO BOX 10 04 62, D-64204 DARMSTADT, GERMANY SN 1436-6207 J9 EUR J NUTR JI Eur. J. Nutr. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 40 IS 5 BP 231 EP 237 DI 10.1007/s394-001-8350-8 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 512WN UT WOS:000173346700006 PM 11842948 ER PT J AU Hall, MO Prieto, AL Obin, MS Abrams, TA Burgess, BL Heeb, MJ Agnew, BJ AF Hall, MO Prieto, AL Obin, MS Abrams, TA Burgess, BL Heeb, MJ Agnew, BJ TI Outer segment phagocytosis by cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells requires Gas6 SO EXPERIMENTAL EYE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE OS phagocytosis; Gas6; Mertk; photoreceptors; retinal pigment epithelium ID RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASE; ARREST-SPECIFIC GENE; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; K-DEPENDENT PROTEINS; SMOOTH-MUSCLE CELLS; RCS RAT; EXPRESSION ANALYSIS; APOPTOTIC CELLS; GROWTH-FACTOR; C-MER AB The function and viability of vertebrate photoreceptors requires the daily phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments (OS) by the adjacent retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). We demonstrate here a critical role in this process for Gash and by implication one of its receptor protein tyrosine kinases (RTKs), Mertk (Mer), Gash specifically and selectively stimulates the phagocytosis of OS by normal cultured rat RPE cells. The magnitude of the response is dose-dependent and shows an absolute requirement for calcium. By contrast the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat RPE cells, in which a mutation in the gene Mertk results in the expression of a truncated, non-functional receptor, does not respond to Gash. These data strongly suggest that activation of Mertk by its ligand. Gash, is the specific signaling pathway responsible for initiating the ingestion of shed OS. Moreover, photoreceptor degeneration in the RCS rat retina. which lacks Mertk, and in humans with a mutation in Mertk, strongly suggests that the Gas6/Mertk signaling pathway is essential for photoreceptor viability. We believe that this is the first demonstration of a specific function for Gash in the eye. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Med Ctr, Jules Stein Eye Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Scripps Res Inst, Dept Neuropharmacol CVN12, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lab Nutr & Vis Res, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Expt Med, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Scripps Res Inst, Dept Vasc Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Hall, MO (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Med Ctr, Jules Stein Eye Inst, 100 Stein Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. FU NEI NIH HHS [EY 00331, EY11735]; NINDS NIH HHS [NS37471] NR 63 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0014-4835 J9 EXP EYE RES JI Exp. Eye Res. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 73 IS 4 BP 509 EP 520 DI 10.1006/exer.2001.1062 PG 12 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 491HP UT WOS:000172103200009 PM 11825022 ER PT J AU Kahlon, TS Xu, RP Chow, FI AF Kahlon, TS Xu, RP Chow, FI TI Comparison of lipoprotein fractionation by sequential density gradient ultracentrifugation with precipitation or fast phase liquid chromatography SO FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE cholesterol; HDL; LDL; lipoproteins; methods; plasma; ultracentrifugation; VLDL ID PLASMA-LIPOPROTEINS; CHOLESTEROL; HAMSTERS AB Lipoprotein fractions, i.e. very low density (VLDL, rho =0.93-1.019), low density (LDL, rho =1.019-1.063), and high density lipoprotein (HDL, rho =1.063-1.21) were separated by sequential gradient density ultracentrifugation (SDGU) and their cholesterol values were determined and compared with values determined by fast phase liquid chromatography (FPLC) or HDL cholesterol by phosphotungstic acid-MgCl2 (PTMg) precipitation in hamsters fed diets containing various levels of cholesterol. The correlation coefficient (r) for LDL between the SDGU and FPLC methods in plasma from hamsters fed 0 3% cholesterol diets was 0.21-0.51, n=45. The FPLC method over estimated (+45%) LDL and the HDL values were under estimated (-18%). The agreement between FPLC and SDGU methods was also evaluated by plotting mean values against the differences between the values obtained by the two methods, FPLC method overestimated LDL 22-49% (mean 36%) and HDL was underestimated 14-27% (mean 20%). This was significant systematic bias with the FPLC method in VLDL, LDL and HDL values with the level of cholesterol in the diet. As FPLC is a fast method, it could be used in intervention type experiments to monitor the progress, however final results may need validation for research studies with the SDGU method. HDL determined by the SDGU method and phosphotungstic acid MgCl2 precipitation in hamsters (n=26) fed 0.25% cholesterol diets was represented by two significantly different (P less than or equal to0.05) divergent lines when a regression fitted model and a one-to-one relationship model by the two methods were plotted. The data su-cst that in hamsters fed either no added cholesterol or cholesterol-containing diets, lipoprotein fractions determined by the precipitation method or by FPLC need to be validated against a SDGU for critical samples. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Kahlon, TS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-8146 J9 FOOD CHEM JI Food Chem. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 75 IS 1 BP 115 EP 122 DI 10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00216-3 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 470RU UT WOS:000170885600014 ER PT J AU Sapers, GM AF Sapers, GM TI Efficacy of washing and sanitizing methods for disinfection of fresh fruit and vegetable products SO FOOD TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE fruit and vegetable products; washing and sanitizing treatments; pathogene detachment and inactivation ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; SCANNING LASER MICROSCOPY; PHASE HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; GASEOUS ACETIC-ACID; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; POSTHARVEST DECAY; SALMONELLA-MONTEVIDEO; CHLORINE TREATMENT; CUT VEGETABLES; TABLE GRAPES AB In recent years, as a consequence of the increasing number of produce-related outbreaks of food-borne illness, greater attention has been given to interventions that kill or remove human pathogens on fresh produce. A key goal of washing and sanitizing treatments, therefore, is removal or inactivation of such pathogens. However, published information suggests that conventional washing and sanitizing methods, even using newer sanitizing agents, are not capable of reducing microbial populations by more than 90 or 99%, although greater efficacy is required to assure product safety. The response of microorganisms to washing and sanitizing treatments will depend in part on the conditions of contamination that affect attachment and survival on produce surfaces. Major factors limiting decontamination efficacy include strength and rapidity of microbial attachment, inaccessibility of attachment sites, attachment and growth in cuts and punctures, internalization of microbial contaminants within plant tissues, and biofilm formation. The performance of conventional produce washing equipment and washing and sanitizing agents in reducing microbial loads is examined. Recent improvements in washing and sanitizing technology are described. New approaches to washing and sanitizing produce that overcome the barriers limiting human pathogen detachment and inactivation are examined. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Sapers, GM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 76 TC 121 Z9 127 U1 1 U2 49 PU FACULTY FOOD TECHNOLOGY BIOTECHNOLOGY PI ZAGREB PA UNIV ZAGREB, KACIECEVA 23, 41000 ZAGREB, CROATIA SN 1330-9862 J9 FOOD TECHNOL BIOTECH JI Food Technol. Biotechnol. PD OCT-DEC PY 2001 VL 39 IS 4 BP 305 EP 311 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 508WA UT WOS:000173111700005 ER PT J AU Bowe, SA Smith, RL Araman, PA AF Bowe, SA Smith, RL Araman, PA TI A national profile of the US hardwood sawmill industry SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB A nationwide survey of the hardwood sawmill industry was conducted in the fall of 1999. The objectives of the survey were to generate a current demographic profile of the hardwood sawmill industry and identify the preferred information sources for the hardwood sawmill industry. These objectives were chosen because timely information was not available for the hardwood sawmill industry. The survey consisted of a mail questionnaire that was sent to over 2,000 hardwood sawmills. The results from the mail survey found that the average yearly lumber production was 7.6 million board feet per sawmill. The most corm-non type of scanning and optimizing technology, headrig optimization, was only in use by 27 percent of the responding mills. Advanced scanning and optimizing technology such as edger-optimizers and trimmer-optimizers were only in use by 10 percent and 5 percent of the respondents, respectively. Regarding information sources, plant visits and peer conversations were rated the highest, and the Internet was rated last. Overall, the use of advanced technology within the hardwood sawmill was not common, production was a key issue, and hardwood sawmillers preferred hands-on or personal interaction for their information needs. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Sch Nat Resources, Russell Labs 120, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Virginia Tech, Dept Wood Sci & Forest Prod, Ctr Forest Prod Mkt & Management, Coll Nat Resources, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Sta, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. USDA, Natl Needs Fellowship Program, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Bowe, SA (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Sch Nat Resources, Russell Labs 120, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 11 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 51 IS 10 BP 25 EP 31 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 516BF UT WOS:000173531000003 ER PT J AU Krzysik, AM Muehl, JH Youngquist, JA Franca, FS AF Krzysik, AM Muehl, JH Youngquist, JA Franca, FS TI Medium density fiberboard made from Eucalyptus saligna SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The production of industrial wood from natural forests is predicted to decline in the future. Factors that will contribute to this decline include changes in land use patterns, depletion of resources in some parts of the world, and the withdrawal of forest areas from industrial production in order to provide for environmental, recreational, and other social needs. There is a shortage of information on the suitability of fiber from many plantation-grown species for alternative composite products. This research was conducted to determine the suitability of plantation-grown Eucalyptus saligna from Brazil as a raw material for medium density fiberboard (MDF). Test panels of varying thickness (6,13, and 19 mm) were made with 10 percent urea resin and 1.5 percent wax. Mechanical, water resistance, and dimensional stability properties were tested according to American Society for Testing and Materials standards (ASTM). The results showed that nearly all mechanical properties of the panels at all thickness levels were above minimum requirements for MDF as specified in the ANSI-AHA and Euro MDF standards. These results indicate that MDF-type panels can be made from wood fiber derived from Eucalyptus saligna. Additional work is needed to ascertain the performance of MDF panels from this species through pilot- and production-scale trials. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Votorantim Siderugica Barra Mansa SA, Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP Krzysik, AM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 51 IS 10 BP 47 EP 50 PG 4 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 516BF UT WOS:000173531000006 ER PT J AU Simpson, WT Wang, XP AF Simpson, WT Wang, XP TI Relationship between longitudinal stress wave transit time and moisture content of lumber during kiln-drying SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The relationship between longitudinal stress wave transit time and wood moisture content (MC) was examined as a potential means of estimating MC control points in dry kiln schedules for lumber. A linear relationship was found between the relative transit time and the average MC of sugar maple and ponderosa pine boards dried according to typical kiln schedules. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Simpson, WT (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 51 IS 10 BP 51 EP 54 PG 4 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 516BF UT WOS:000173531000007 ER PT J AU Kitta, K Day, RM Ikeda, T Suzuki, YJ AF Kitta, K Day, RM Ikeda, T Suzuki, YJ TI Hepatocyte growth factor protects cardiac myocytes against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE anthracycline; cardiac muscle; cardioprotection; HL-1 cells; MAP kinase; free radicals ID ACUTE MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; C-MET; RAT HEPATOCYTES; FACTOR RECEPTOR; MESSENGER-RNA; MAP KINASE; FACTOR HGF; CELLS; ACTIVATION; REPERFUSION AB Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been proposed as an endogenous cardioprotective agent against oxidative stress. The mechanism of HGF action in the heart, however, has not yet been elucidated. The present study demonstrates that HGF protects adult cardiac myocytes against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. HGF, at the concentrations which can be detected in the plasma of humans subsequent to myocardial infarction, effectively attenuated death of isolated adult rat cardiac myocytes and cultured HL-1 cardiac muscle cells induced by apoptosis-inducing oxidative stress stimuli such as daunorubicin, serum deprivation, and hydrogen peroxide. We identified expression of c-Met HGF receptor in adult cardiac myocytes, which can be rapidly tyrosine phosphorylated in response to HGF treatment. HGF also activated MEK, p44/42 MAPK, and p90RSK. To determine if MEK-MAPK pathway may be involved in the mechanism of HGF-mediated cardiac myocyte protection, effects of a specific MEK inhibitor, PD98059, were studied, Pretreatment of cells with PD98059 partially blocked HGF signaling for protection against hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death. Thus, HGF protects cardiac myocytes against oxidative stress, in part, via activating MEK-MAPK pathway. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Tufts Univ, Antioxidants Res Lab, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Nutr Sci & Policy, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Div Pulm & Crit Care, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Hokkaido Food Proc Res Ctr, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan. RP Suzuki, YJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Antioxidants Res Lab, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [AG-16121] NR 36 TC 73 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PD OCT 1 PY 2001 VL 31 IS 7 BP 902 EP 910 DI 10.1016/S0891-5849(01)00663-3 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 480HU UT WOS:000171456600007 PM 11585709 ER PT J AU Wolf, WR DeVries, J Ikins, W AF Wolf, WR DeVries, J Ikins, W TI Matching reference materials with AOAC International methods of analysis SO FRESENIUS JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Biological and Environmental Reference Materials (BERM8) CY SEP 17-22, 2000 CL BETHESDA, MARYLAND AB Proper implementation and use of validated analytical methodology with use of appropriate reference materials (RM) is a preferred means of helping to ensure equivalent analytical method performance in diverse laboratories. Choice of an appropriate RM that not only matches the analyte and matrix of the required determination, but also has been demonstrated to be within the applicability of a specific analytical method, are key factors. In response to numerous requests since its founding in 1993, the Technical Division on Reference Materials (TDRM), AOAC International is implementing a program for recognizing the matching of specific reference materials to specific AOAC methods of analysis. This recognition is accomplished by means of a thorough peer-reviewed selection system, under the auspices of the AOAC official methods board and the executive committee of the TDRM. Potential RM/method matching (RM/MM) proposals will be submitted to an RM/MM committee. After technical review of the suitability of the proposed RM by the RM/MM committee. acceptable matches are recommended for review by the current AOAC process responsible for review and recognition of new methods and modifications to existing AOAC methods of analysis. Several trial matches have been used to develop and test this system. The end product of this effort will ultimately be made available as either a stand-alone document, a section of the AOAC Official Methods of Analysis, or a site within the AOAC web site listing recognized matches. C1 USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Gen Mills, Minneapolis, MN USA. Silliker Labs, Chicago, IL USA. RP Wolf, WR (reprint author), USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0937-0633 J9 FRESEN J ANAL CHEM JI Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 371 IS 3 BP 300 EP 306 DI 10.1007/s002160100969 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 484WA UT WOS:000171711500003 PM 11688641 ER PT J AU Mathies, T Felix, TA Lance, VA AF Mathies, T Felix, TA Lance, VA TI Effects of trapping and subsequent short-term confinement stress on plasma corticosterone in the brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis) on Guam SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE invasive species; reproduction; reptile; snake; stress response ID ALLIGATOR-MISSISSIPPIENSIS; SPHENODON-PUNCTATUS; TESTOSTERONE; SEX; PROGESTERONE; HORMONES; TUATARA; LIZARDS AB The effects of capture in a live trap and subsequent handling stress on plasma concentrations of corticosterone and other sex steroids were examined in wild male and female brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis), an introduced species on Guam that has been implicated in the extirpation or decline of many of that island's vertebrate species. Males and females that spent 1 night in a trap had plasma levels of corticosterone about four and two times higher, respectively, than those of the respective free-ranging controls. Mean plasma levels of corticosterone of snakes that had spent 3 nights in a trap were intermediate between, but not significantly different from, those of snakes that had spent 1 night in a trap and free-ranging snakes, suggesting that some acclimation to capture occurred during this period. Snakes that were taken from traps and held in collecting bags for 10 min and 2 h prior to blood sampling had levels of corticosterone about two and three times higher, respectively, than those of control snakes that were taken from traps and bled immediately. Concentrations of plasma corticosterone in free-ranging females were about two times higher than those of males but were well within the range of basal levels observed in other reptiles. Few snakes of potential reproductive size were reproductive (males: 1 of 35; females: 2 of 33), and plasma concentrations of testosterone and progesterone in nonreproductive males and females, respectively, were accordingly low. The possible relationship between corticosterone and these sex steroids, therefore, could not be adequately assessed, although there was a positive relationship between plasma progesterone and corticosterone in the nonreproductive females. Nonetheless, as a prerequisite for studies on the seasonal hormonal cycles of this species on Guam, our observations raise the possibility that the stress caused by trapping could affect the levels of other sex steroids and that, therefore, such studies should use free-ranging individuals. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80532 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Clin Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80532 USA. Zool Soc San Diego, Ctr Reprod Endangered Species, San Diego, CA 92112 USA. RP Mathies, T (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80532 USA. NR 39 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 12 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 124 IS 1 BP 106 EP 114 DI 10.1006/gcen.2001.7694 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 484RE UT WOS:000171702700011 PM 11703076 ER PT J AU Brown, GR Kadel, EE Bassoni, DL Kiehne, KL Temesgen, B van Buijtenen, JP Sewell, MM Marshall, KA Neale, DB AF Brown, GR Kadel, EE Bassoni, DL Kiehne, KL Temesgen, B van Buijtenen, JP Sewell, MM Marshall, KA Neale, DB TI Anchored reference loci in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) for integrating pine genomics SO GENETICS LA English DT Article ID OUTBRED PEDIGREE; LINKAGE MAPS; MARKERS; CONSTRUCTION; RFLP; GENE; IDENTIFICATION; INHERITANCE; GRASSES; DNA AB Anchored reference loci provide a framework for comparative mapping. They are landmarks to denote conserved chromosomal segments,, allowing the synthesis of genetic maps from multiple sources. We evaluated 90 expressed sequence tag polymorphisms (ESTPs) from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) for this function. Primer sets were assayed for amplification and polymorphism in six pedigrees, representing two subgenera of Pinus and a distant member of the Pinaceae, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco). On average, 89% of primer sets amplified in four species of subgenus Pinus, 49% in one species of subgenus Strobus, and 22% in Douglas-fir. Polymorphisms were detected for 37-61% of the ESTPs within each pedigree. Comparative mapping in loblolly and slash pine (P. elliottii Englm.) revealed that ESTPs mapped to the same location, Disrupted synteny or significant disruptions in colinearity were not detected. Thirty-five ESTPs met criteria established for anchor loci. The majority of those that did not meet these criteria were excluded when map location was known in only a single species. Anchor loci provide a unifying tool for the community, facilitating the creation of a "generic" pine map and serving as a foundation for studies on genome organization and evolution. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Inst Forest Genet, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA,Forest Serv,Dept Environm Hort, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Hort, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Neale, DB (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Inst Forest Genet, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA,Forest Serv,Dept Environm Hort, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 36 TC 63 Z9 95 U1 0 U2 2 PU GENETICS PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202 USA SN 0016-6731 J9 GENETICS JI Genetics PD OCT PY 2001 VL 159 IS 2 BP 799 EP 809 PG 11 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 485GJ UT WOS:000171744900032 PM 11606554 ER PT J AU Milla, MAR Gustafson, JP AF Milla, MAR Gustafson, JP TI Genetic and physical characterization of chromosome 4DL in wheat SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE wheat; aluminum; mapping; AFLP; SSR ID TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L.; DISEASE-RESISTANCE GENES; ALUMINUM TOLERANCE GENE; K+/NA+ DISCRIMINATION; RFLP MARKERS; AFLP MARKERS; BREAD WHEAT; IDENTIFICATION; LOCATION; LOCUS AB The long arm of chromosome 4D in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has been shown in previous studies to harbor genes of agronomic importance. A major dominant gene conferring Aluminum (Al) tolerance (Alt2 in 'Chinese Spring' and Alt(BH) in 'BH 1146'), and the Kna1 locus controlling the K+/Na+ discrimination in saline environments have been mapped to this chromosome arm. However, accurate information on the genetic and physical location of markers related to any of these genes is not available and would be useful for map-based cloning and marker-assisted plant breeding. In the present study, using a population of 91 recombinant inbred lines segregating for Al tolerance, we provide a more extensive genetic linkage map of the chromosome arm 4DL based on RFLP, SSR, and AFLP markers, delimiting the Alt(BH) gene to a 5.9-cM interval between markers Xgdm125 and Xpsr914. In addition, utilizing a set of wheat deletion lines for chromosome arm 4DL, the Alt(BH) gene was physically mapped to the distal region of the chromosome, between deletion breakpoints 0.70 and 0.86, where the kilobase/centimorgan ratio is assumed to be low, making the map-based cloning of the gene a more realistic goal. The polymorphism rates in chromosome arm 4DL for the different types of markers used were extremely low, as confirmed by the physical mapping of AFLPs. Finally, analysis of 1 Mb of contiguous sequence of Arabidopsis chromosome 5 flanking the gene homologous to the BCD1230 clone (a cosegregating marker in our population coding for a ribulose-5-phosphate-3-epimerase gene), revealed a previously identified region of stress-related and disease-resistance genes. This could explain the collinearity observed in comparative mapping studies among different species and the low level of polymorphism detected in the chromosome arm 4DL in hexaploid wheat. C1 ARS, USDA, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Gustafson, JP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RI Rodriguez, Miguel/L-7340-2014 OI Rodriguez, Miguel/0000-0002-2640-5888 NR 38 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD OCT PY 2001 VL 44 IS 5 BP 883 EP 892 DI 10.1139/gen-44-5-883 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 472ZR UT WOS:000171015300017 ER PT J AU Mielnick, PC Dugas, WA Johnson, HB Polley, HW Sanabria, J AF Mielnick, PC Dugas, WA Johnson, HB Polley, HW Sanabria, J TI Net grassland carbon flux over a subambient to superambient CO2 gradient SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE canopy CO2 flux; CO2 gradient; grassland ID ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC CO2; WATER-USE EFFICIENCY; DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT; GAS-EXCHANGE; RESPONSES; ECOSYSTEM; AMBIENT; COMMUNITIES; BALANCE; CLIMATE AB Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations may have a profound effect on the structure and function of plant communities. A previously grazed, central Texas grassland was exposed to a 200-mu mol mol(-1) to 550 mu mol mol(-1) CO2 gradient from March to mid-December in 1998 and 1999 using two, 60-m long, polyethylene-covered chambers built directly onto the site. One chamber was operated at subambient CO2 concentrations (200-360 mu mol mol(-1) daytime) and the other was regulated at superambient concentrations (360-550 mu mol mol(-1)). Continuous CO2 gradients were maintained in each chamber by photosynthesis during the day and respiration at night. Net ecosystem CO2 flux and end-of-year biomass were measured in each of 10, 5-m long sections in each chamber. Net CO2 fluxes were maximal in late May (c. day 150) in 1998 and in late August in 1999 (c. day 240). In both years, fluxes were near zero and similar in both chambers at the beginning and end of the growing season. Average daily CO2 flux in 1998 was 13 g CO2 m(-2) day(-1) in the subambient chamber and 20 g CO2 m(-2) day(-1) in the superambient chamber; comparable averages were 15 and 26 g CO2 m(-2) day(-1) in 1999. Flux was positively and linearly correlated with end-of-year above-ground biomass but flux was not linearly correlated with CO2 concentration; a finding likely to be explained by inherent differences in vegetation. Because C-3 plants were the dominant functional group, we adjusted average daily flux in each section by dividing the flux by the average percentage C-3 cover. Adjusted fluxes were better correlated with CO2 concentration, although scatter remained. Our results indicate that after accounting for vegetation differences, CO2 flux increased linearly with CO2 concentration. This trend was more evident at subambient than superambient CO2 concentrations. C1 Texas Agr Exptl Stn, Blackland Res & Extens Ctr, Temple, TX 76502 USA. ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, USDA, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RP Dugas, WA (reprint author), Texas Agr Exptl Stn, Blackland Res & Extens Ctr, 720 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX 76502 USA. NR 32 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 7 IS 7 BP 747 EP 754 DI 10.1046/j.1354-1013.2001.00445.x PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 491FL UT WOS:000172097300002 ER PT J AU Ziska, LH Ghannoum, O Baker, JT Conroy, J Bunce, JA Kobayashi, K Okada, M AF Ziska, LH Ghannoum, O Baker, JT Conroy, J Bunce, JA Kobayashi, K Okada, M TI A global perspective, of ground level, 'ambient' carbon dioxide for assessing the response of plants to atmospheric CO2 SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ambient CO2; climate change; growth ID DARK RESPIRATION; GROWTH-RESPONSE; ELEVATED CO2 AB For most studies involving the response of plants to future concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), a current concentration of 360-370 mu atm is assumed, based on recent data obtained from the Mauna Loa observatory. In the present study, average seasonal diurnal values of ambient CO2 obtained at ground level from three global locations (Australia, Japan and the USA) indicated that the average CO2 (at canopy height) can vary from over 500 mu atm at night to 350 mu atm during the day with average 24-h values ranging from 390 to 465 mu atm. At all sites sampled, ambient CO2 rose to a maximum value during the pre-dawn period (03.00-06.00 hours); at sunrise, CO2 remained elevated for several hours before declining to a steady-state concentration between 350 and 400 mu atm by mid-morning (08.00-10.00 hours). Responses of plant growth to simulations of the observed variation of in situ CO2 were compared to growth at a constant CO2 concentration in controlled environment chambers. Three diurnal patterns were used (constant 370 mu atm CO2, constant 370 during the day (07.00-19.00 hours), high CO2 (500 mu atm) at night; or, high CO2 (500 mu atm) at night and during the early morning (07.00-09.00 hours) decreasing to 370 mu atm by 10.00 hours). Three plant species soybean (Glycine max, L (Merr.), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti L.) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) - were grown in each of these environments. For soybean, high night-time CO2 resulted in a significant increase in net assimilation rate (NAR), plant growth, leaf area and biomass relative to a constant ambient value of CO2 by 29 days after sowing. Significant increases in NAR for all three species, and significant increases in leaf area, growth and total biomass for two of the three C3 species tested (velvetleaf and soybean) were also observed after 29 days post sowing for the high night/early morning diurnal pattern of CO2. Data from these experiments suggest that the ambient CO2 concentration experienced by some plants is higher than the Mauna Loa average, and that growth of some agricultural species at in situ CO2 levels can differ significantly from the constant CO2 value used as a control in many CO2 experiments. This suggests that a reassessment of control conditions used to quantify the response of plants to future, elevated CO2 may be required. C1 ARS, Climate Stress Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Remote Sensing & Modelling Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Western Sydney Hawkesbury, Ctr Hort & Plant Sci, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia. Natl Inst Agroenvironm Sci, Rice FACE Project, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 30864, Japan. RP Ziska, LH (reprint author), ARS, Climate Stress Lab, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Ghannoum, Oula/0000-0002-1341-0741 NR 22 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 7 IS 7 BP 789 EP 796 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2001.00436.x PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 491FL UT WOS:000172097300005 ER PT J AU Pritchard, SG Rogers, HH Davis, MA Van Santen, E Prior, SA Schlesinger, WH AF Pritchard, SG Rogers, HH Davis, MA Van Santen, E Prior, SA Schlesinger, WH TI The influence of elevated atmospheric CO2 on fine root dynamics in an intact temperate forest SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE elevated CO2; Pinus taeda; root production; root turnover; root length; FACE ID GLOBAL CHANGE; ENRICHMENT; RESPONSES; TURNOVER; RHIZOSPHERE; GROWTH; GRASSLANDS; AMBIENT AB Root dynamics are important for plant, ecosystem and global carbon cycling. Changes in root dynamics caused by rising atmospheric CO2 not only have the potential to moderate further CO2 increases, but will likely affect forest function. We used FACE (Free-Air CO2 Enrichment) to expose three 30-m diameter plots in a 13-year-old loblolly pine (Pines taeda) forest to elevated (ambient +200 muL L-1) atmospheric CO2. Three identical fully instrumented plots were implemented as controls (ambient air only). We quantified root dynamics from October 1998 to October 1999 using minirhizotrons. In spite of 16% greater root lengths and 24% more roots per minirhizotron tube, the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on root lengths and numbers were not statistically significant. Similarly, production and mortality were also unaffected by the CO2 treatment, even though annual root production and mortality were 26% and 46% greater in elevated compared to ambient CO2 plots. Average diameters of live roots present at the shallowest soil depth were, however, significantly enhanced in CO2-enriched plots. Mortality decreased with increasing soil depth and the slopes of linear regression lines (mortality vs. depth) differed between elevated and ambient CO2 treatments, reflecting the significant CO2 by depth interaction. Relative root turnover (root flux/live root pool) was unchanged by exposure to elevated atmospheric CO2. Results from this study suggest modest, if any, increases in ecosystem-level root productivity in CO2-enriched environments. C1 ARS, USDA, Wind Eros & Water Conservat Res Unit, Big Spring, TX 79720 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, Auburn, AL 36832 USA. Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Agron & Soils, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA. RP Pritchard, SG (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Wind Eros & Water Conservat Res Unit, 302 W I-20, Big Spring, TX 79720 USA. NR 33 TC 29 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 7 IS 7 BP 829 EP 837 DI 10.1046/j.1354-1013.2001.00457.x PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 491FL UT WOS:000172097300008 ER PT J AU Murray, AK Nichols, RL Sassenrath-Cole, GF AF Murray, AK Nichols, RL Sassenrath-Cole, GF TI Specific degradation of cotton fibers by cellulases and proteases and the effect of protein cross-linking SO GLYCOBIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Glycozyme Inc, Irvine, CA 92614 USA. Cotton Inc, Cary, NC 27513 USA. USDA ARS, APTRU, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0959-6658 J9 GLYCOBIOLOGY JI Glycobiology PD OCT PY 2001 VL 11 IS 10 MA 199 BP 928 EP 928 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 480JG UT WOS:000171457800206 ER PT J AU Mendonca, S Johnson, GP French, AD Laine, RA AF Mendonca, S Johnson, GP French, AD Laine, RA TI Conformational analyses of permethylated and native disaccharides SO GLYCOBIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Chem, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. USDA, So Reg Res Lab, New Orleans, LA 70421 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0959-6658 J9 GLYCOBIOLOGY JI Glycobiology PD OCT PY 2001 VL 11 IS 10 MA 208 BP 931 EP 931 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 480JG UT WOS:000171457800215 ER PT J AU Mendonca, S Cole, RB Zhu, JH French, AD Johnson, G Laine, RA AF Mendonca, S Cole, RB Zhu, JH French, AD Johnson, G Laine, RA TI Incremented alkyl derivatives enhance collision-induced glycosidic bond cleavage in mass spectrometry of disaccharides SO GLYCOBIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract ID LINKAGE POSITION DETERMINATION; ATOM-BOMBARDMENT IONIZATION; INDUCED DISSOCIATION; OLIGOSACCHARIDES C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Chem, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. USDA, So Reg Res Labs, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Univ New Orleans, Dept Chem, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0959-6658 J9 GLYCOBIOLOGY JI Glycobiology PD OCT PY 2001 VL 11 IS 10 MA 207 BP 931 EP 931 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 480JG UT WOS:000171457800214 ER PT J AU Mahlberg, R Paajanen, L Nurmi, A Kivisto, A Koskela, K Rowell, RM AF Mahlberg, R Paajanen, L Nurmi, A Kivisto, A Koskela, K Rowell, RM TI Effect of chemical modification of wood on the mechanical and adhesion properties of wood fiber/polypropylene fiber and polypropylene/veneer composites SO HOLZ ALS ROH-UND WERKSTOFF LA English DT Article ID FEASIBILITY; PLASTICS AB The effect of acetic, maleic or succinic anhydride modifications of wood fiber on the mechanical properties and dimensional stability of differently bonded fiber boards was studied. The binders for the fiber boards used in this work were: powdered phenol formaldehyde resin of the novolak type (PF), polypropylene (PP) and a combination of the two. In the second part of the research, birch veneers modified with succinic or phthalic anhydride were laminated with PP films and the effect of the modifications on the interfacial bond between the two materials was studied. Significant improvement in the mechanical properties of the PP-bonded boards was generally observed as a result of the anhydride modifications. Modification of wood fibers with maleic anhydride resulted in a reduction in the modulus of rupture of the PF- and PF/PP-bonded boards, whereas acetylation and modification with succinic anhydride did not cause any significant changes in the modulus of rupture of the boards. The anhydride modifications improved the internal bond strength of the fiber boards regardless of the binder type used. Dimensional stability of the fiber boards was observed to increase significantly as result of the modifications. Adhesion between the PP films and wood veneer showed an increasing trend as function of the degree of modification. In addition, SEM micrographs of the fiber boards and PP-coated veneer revealed improved interaction between the two components due to the anhydride modifications. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 20 TC 48 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 18 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0018-3768 J9 HOLZ ROH WERKST JI Holz Als Roh-und Werkst. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 59 IS 5 BP 319 EP 326 DI 10.1007/s001070100232 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA 486RR UT WOS:000171831200002 ER PT J AU Salih, S Waterworth, H Thompson, DA AF Salih, S Waterworth, H Thompson, DA TI Role of plant tissue cultures in international exchange and quarantine of germplasm in the United States and Canada SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GERM PLASM; VIRUS; TRANSMISSION; CHEMOTHERAPY; ERADICATION; LEAFROLL; THERAPY C1 USDA ARS, Fruit Lab, Plant Quarantine Off, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Canadian Food Inspect Agcy, Ctr Plant Hlth, Sidney, BC V8L 1H3, Canada. RP Salih, S (reprint author), USDA ARS, Fruit Lab, Plant Quarantine Off, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM pgqoss@ars-grin.gov NR 49 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 2001 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1015 EP 1021 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 489PX UT WOS:000172001400001 ER PT J AU Carter, J Brennan, R Wisniewski, M AF Carter, J Brennan, R Wisniewski, M TI Patterns of ice formation and movement in blackcurrant SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE freezing injury; supercooling; deacclimation; Ribes nigrum ID BLACK-CURRANT FLOWERS; RIBES-NIGRUM L; FREEZING-INJURY; TOLERANCE; NUCLEATION; PLANTS; FROST AB Ice formation and movement in stems, leaves, and flowers of blackcurrant were observed by infrared video thermography. Stem sections bearing leaves and racemes were cooled slowly to as low as -6.4 degreesC and allowed to freeze without artificial nucleation. Ice formed in stems first, then moved from stems into leaves and racemes. Patterns of ice movement were complex and depended upon the temperature of the initial nucleation event. Individual flowers froze between -1.6 and -5.5 degreesC. Survival of flowers after a cooling treatment depended upon whether they froze and the amount of freezing that occurred in the peduncles to which they were attached. Some flowers survived the initial freezing treatments but later died because of peduncle damage. Movement of ice from stems into peduncles sometimes was observed to occur in discrete steps, separated by time and temperature. Several independent freezing events were often observed in a peduncle, rather than one continuous event. Pedicels attached to frozen peduncles. often remained supercooled for several minutes to over an hour before freezing. No consistent pattern was evident during freezing of individual flowers in an inflorescence. The range of temperature over which flowers in a single inflorescence froze was in some instances over 4 degreesC. Both mature and immature flowers supercooled. Barriers to movement of ice appeared to exist at certain anatomical junctions within the plant, notably where the peduncle of an inflorescence attaches to a stem and where a flower pedicel joins a peduncle. The time required for ice to pass through these barriers was inversely related to the degree of supercooling that had occurred prior to freezing. C1 Scottish Crop Res Inst, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland. Univ Minnesota, Dept Hort Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA ARS, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Brennan, R (reprint author), Scottish Crop Res Inst, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland. NR 10 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 2001 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1027 EP 1032 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 489PX UT WOS:000172001400003 ER PT J AU Lee, JS Roh, MS AF Lee, JS Roh, MS TI Influence of frozen storage duration and forcing temperature on flowering of oriental hybrid lilies SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Lilium hybrids; flower bud development; flower abnormality; year-round forcing; scanning electron microscopy AB The effect of long-term storage of lily bulbs at -2 degreesC (frozen storage) and of high forcing temperatures on plant height and floral abnormalities was investigated with Oriental hybrid lilies from 1998 to 2000. 'Acapulco' and 'Simplon' bulbs were stored frozen at -2 degreesC for various lengths of time and were forced in fan- and pad-cooled greenhouses with temperatures ranging from 11 to 31 degreesC, depending on the season. The same cultivars were also forced in greenhouses and maintained year-round under refrigerated air conditioning with day/night temperatures of 16/15.5 degreesC or 18.5/18 degreesC. Floral development immediately after storage and at different intervals thereafter was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The prolonged frozen storage reduced the number of flowers. High greenhouse forcing temperatures during summer significantly accelerated flowering, resulted in short plants, and increased the number of abnormal flowers. Forcing at a low temperature (15.5 degreesC) after planting the frozen stored bulbs resulted in longer cut stems than those forced at 25 degreesC for 30 days after potting. Bulbs can be stored up to 9 months and still produce high-quality Oriental hybrid lilies. C1 Chungnam Natl Univ, Dept Hort, Taejon 305764, South Korea. USDA ARS, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lee, JS (reprint author), Chungnam Natl Univ, Dept Hort, Taejon 305764, South Korea. NR 12 TC 23 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 2001 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1053 EP 1056 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 489PX UT WOS:000172001400009 ER PT J AU Rattanapanone, N Lee, Y Wu, TX Watada, AE AF Rattanapanone, N Lee, Y Wu, TX Watada, AE TI Quality and microbial changes of fresh-cut mango cubes held in controlled atmosphere SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE respiration; bacteria; yeast; shear; color; Mangifera indica AB The marketable period of fresh-cut 'Tommy Atkins' and 'Kent' mango cubes was 3 to 5 days at 10 degreesC and 5 to 8 days at 5 degreesC. The marketable period was extended by 1 to 2 days when cubes were held in a 4 kPa O-2 + 10 kPa CO2 or 2 kPa O-2 + 10 kPa CO2 (balance N-2) atmospheres, depending on cultivar and temperature. Variations in texture (shear force), pH, and soluble solids were greater among cubes from different mango lots than among cubes held at different temperatures or atmospheres. Yeast count increased more with time than did the total mesophilic aerobic count, and the increase was less under controlled atmosphere (CA) than in air at 10 degreesC. The CA was beneficial in maintaining quality of the cubes; however, low temperature was more effective than CA. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Watada, AE (reprint author), Chiang Mai Univ, Fac Agroind, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Doi Come Campus, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. EM yoal@earthlink.net NR 14 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 EI 2327-9834 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 2001 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1091 EP 1095 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 489PX UT WOS:000172001400019 ER PT J AU Levi, A Thomas, CE Wehner, TC Zhang, XP AF Levi, A Thomas, CE Wehner, TC Zhang, XP TI Low genetic diversity indicates the need to broaden the genetic base of cultivated watermelon SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Citrullus lanatus; Citrullus colocynthis; RAPD markers; germplasm evaluation; vegetable breeding ID POLYMORPHIC DNA RAPD; LANATUS THUNB MATSUM; CITRULLUS-LANATUS; RESISTANCE; CUCURBITACEAE; MARKERS; NAKAI; SEED AB Genetic diversity and relatedness were assessed among 46 American cultivars of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus), and 12 U.S. Plant Introduction accessions (PIs) of Citrullus sp. using 25 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers. These primers produced 288 distinct reproducible bands that could be scored with high confidence among cultivars and PIs. Based on the RAPD data, genetic similarity coefficients were calculated and a dendrogram was constructed using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA). The cultivars and C. lanatus var. lanatus PIs differentiated at the level of 92% to 99.6 % and 88 % to 95% genetic similarity, respectively. In contrast, the C lanatus var. citroides, and C colocynthis PIs were more divergent and differentiated at the level of 65% to 82.5% and 70.5% genetic similarity, respectively. The low genetic diversity among watermelon cultivars in this study emphasizes the need to expand the genetic base of cultivated watermelon. C1 USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Hort Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Syngenta Seeds, Woodland, CA 95695 USA. RP Levi, A (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, 2875 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 32 TC 69 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 2001 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1096 EP 1101 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 489PX UT WOS:000172001400020 ER PT J AU Reed, BM Schwanke, S Shala, R AF Reed, BM Schwanke, S Shala, R TI Pear seeds retain viability after liquid nitrogen immersion SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen (LN is relatively routine for many small, desiccation-tolerant (orthodox) seeds. Seeds of Pyrus species are considered orthodox but have not been evaluated for LN storage. Seeds of freshly collected P. communis L. ('Bosc') were evaluated for germinability and by TZ staining after exposure to four LN treatments: 1) direct immersion and direct removal; 2) direct immersion and I minute in LN vapor phase before removal; 3) 2 minutes in vapor phase before immersion and direct removal; and 4) 2 minutes in vapor phase before immersion and I minute in vapor phase before removal. Fresh 'Bosc' seed viability evaluated by TZ and greenhouse germination tests remained high (83 % to 100%) following four types of LN treatments, compared to the controls (77 % to 87 %). Differences in 'Bosc' seed viability were small and TZ results showed no significant differences among the LN treatments. Direct LN immersion and removal resulted in significantly more greenhouse-germinated 'Bosc' seeds than the other treatments and fewer control seeds germinated than any LN treated seeds. Fresh 'Bosc' seed cryopreserved at 7.9 % moisture exhibited high germinability by both TZ and germination tests. LN exposure caused no physical damage to the seeds. Chemical name used: 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TZ). C1 USDA ARS, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Reed, BM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, 33447 Peoria Rd, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. OI Reed, Barbara/0000-0003-0079-8473 NR 5 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 2001 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1121 EP 1122 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 489PX UT WOS:000172001400025 ER PT J AU Fordham, IM Clevidence, BA Wiley, ER Zimmerman, RH AF Fordham, IM Clevidence, BA Wiley, ER Zimmerman, RH TI Fruit of Autumn olive: A rich source of lycopene SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Elaeagnus umbellata; carotenoids; antioxidant; erosion control ID VEGETABLES; RISK AB Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.) has edible fruit with brilliant red or yellow pigmentation. An analysis of the pigment in fruit of five cultivars and six naturalized plants showed that the berries contain lycopene, alpha -cryptoxanthin, beta -cryptoxanthin, beta -carotene, lutein, phytoene, and phytofluene. The lycopene content per 100 g ranged from 15 to 54 mg in fresh fruit from the naturalized plants and from 17 to 48 mg in the four cultivars with red-pigmented fruit. A cultivar with yellow fruit had only 0.47 mg/100 g fresh fruit. In contrast, fresh tomato fruit, the major dietary source of lycopene, has a lycopene content per 100 g of approximate to3 mg. This newly identified source of lycopene may provide an alternative to tomato as a dietary source of lycopene and related carotenoids. C1 USDA ARS, Inst Plant Sci, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Phytonutrients Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Fordham, IM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Inst Plant Sci, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 14 TC 20 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 2001 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1136 EP 1137 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 489PX UT WOS:000172001400029 ER PT J AU Lin, YJ Stover, E Sonoda, R Rosskopf, E AF Lin, YJ Stover, E Sonoda, R Rosskopf, E TI Stigma and style necrosis is associated with postbloom fruit drop disease in citrus following artificial inoculation SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Colletotrichum acutatum; disease symptoms; PFD; disease mechanism; Citrus reticulata x C.sinensis C1 Univ Florida, Indian River REC, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. USDA, Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. RP Lin, YJ (reprint author), Univ Florida, Indian River REC, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. NR 6 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 2001 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1138 EP 1138 PG 1 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 489PX UT WOS:000172001400030 ER PT J AU Bohac, JR Dukes, PD Mueller, JD Harrison, HF Peterson, JK Schalk, JM Jackson, DM Lawrence, J AF Bohac, JR Dukes, PD Mueller, JD Harrison, HF Peterson, JK Schalk, JM Jackson, DM Lawrence, J TI 'White Regal', a multiple-pest and disease-resistant, cream-fleshed sweetpotato SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE vegetable breeding; Ipomoea batatas; nematode resistance; soil insect resistance ID SWEET-POTATO C1 USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. Clemson Univ, S Carolina Agr & Forestry Res Syst, Blackville, SC 29817 USA. Univ W Indies, Caribbean Agr Res & Dev Inst, Kingston 7, Jamaica. RP Bohac, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 13 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 2001 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1152 EP 1154 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 489PX UT WOS:000172001400037 ER PT J AU Finn, CE Lawrence, FJ Langford, G Moore, PP Yorgey, B Strik, BC AF Finn, CE Lawrence, FJ Langford, G Moore, PP Yorgey, B Strik, BC TI 'Lewis' red raspberry SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Rubus idaeus; fruit breeding C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, NW Ctr Small Fruit Res, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Hort & Food Res Inst New Zealand Ltd, Canterbury Res Ctr, Lincoln, New Zealand. Washington State Univ, Puyallup, WA 98371 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Food Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Hort, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Finn, CE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, NW Ctr Small Fruit Res, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 2001 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1155 EP 1158 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 489PX UT WOS:000172001400038 ER PT J AU Finn, CE Lawrence, FJ Yorgey, B Strik, BC AF Finn, CE Lawrence, FJ Yorgey, B Strik, BC TI 'Coho' red raspberry SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Rubus idaeus; fruit breeding C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, NW Ctr Small Fruit Res, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Food Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Hort, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Finn, CE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, NW Ctr Small Fruit Res, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 7 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 2001 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1159 EP 1161 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 489PX UT WOS:000172001400039 ER PT J AU Thompson, TE Grauke, LJ AF Thompson, TE Grauke, LJ TI 'Nacono' pecan SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Carya illinoinensis; cultivar; breeding; genetics C1 USDA ARS, Pecan Genet & Breeding Program, Somerville, TX 77879 USA. RP Thompson, TE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pecan Genet & Breeding Program, Route 2,Box 133, Somerville, TX 77879 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 2001 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1162 EP 1163 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 489PX UT WOS:000172001400040 ER PT J AU Takeda, F AF Takeda, F TI Proceedings of the workshop - Horticultural aspects of phytochemicals in small fruit sponsored by the ASHS Viticulture and Small Fruit Working Group presented at ASHS-2000 - 23-26 July - Disney's Coronado Spring Resort - Lake Buena Vista, Fla. - Introduction to the workshop SO HORTTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY; STORAGE; HEALTH C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Takeda, F (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 1063-0198 J9 HORTTECHNOLOGY JI HortTechnology PD OCT-DEC PY 2001 VL 11 IS 4 BP 522 EP 522 PG 1 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 519CA UT WOS:000173706300006 ER PT J AU Perkins-Veazie, P Collins, JK AF Perkins-Veazie, P Collins, JK TI Contributions of nonvolatile phytochemicals to nutrition and flavor SO HORTTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ascorbic acid; dietary fiber; folate; organoleptic; phytoestrogens; polyphenolics ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; VITAMIN-C; PHENOLIC ANTIOXIDANTS; CANCER PREVENTION; HOMOCYSTEINE CONCENTRATIONS; EPIDEMIOLOGIC EVIDENCE; ANTHOCYANIN CONTENT; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; DECREASED RISK; DIETARY-INTAKE AB Small fruit are rich in several types of phytochemicals, vitamins, and minerals. These compounds have health functional properties that may protect humans from cardiovascular disease and certain cancers. Several of these phytochemicals, such as dietary fiber, anthocyanins, and polyphenolics, also contribute to small fruit quality. Other components contribute to appearance and taste. Nonvolatile organic acids contribute to the perceived sourness of small fruit and changes in levels can alter visual color by affecting cellular pH and anthocyanin structure. The soluble sugars glucose, fructose, and sucrose contribute directly to the perceived sweetness of the fruit and provide carbohydrates for other metabolic functions such as phenolic and ascorbic acid synthesis. C1 ARS, USDA, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. RP Perkins-Veazie, P (reprint author), ARS, USDA, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Hwy 3 W, Lane, OK 74555 USA. NR 72 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 1063-0198 J9 HORTTECHNOLOGY JI HortTechnology PD OCT-DEC PY 2001 VL 11 IS 4 BP 539 EP 546 PG 8 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 519CA UT WOS:000173706300009 ER PT J AU Lester, GE Grusak, MA AF Lester, GE Grusak, MA TI Postharvest application of chelated and nonchelated calcium dip treatments to commercially grown honey dew melons: Effects on peel attributes, tissue calcium concentration, quality, and consumer preference following storage SO HORTTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cucumis melo; peel color; disease; firmness; soluble solids concentration; storage ID MUSKMELON FRUIT; APPLES; SENESCENCE; INJURY; DECAY AB Commercially grown honey dew fruit [ Cucumis melo (Inodorus group)] typically are harvested before abscission because fruit cut unripe have a longer storage life than fully ripe fruit. However, because fully ripe fruit contain higher concentrations of soluble solids (predominantly as sugars), an attribute that increases their preference among consumers, methods are being explored to extend the storage life of fully ripe fruit. In this study, fully abscised honey dew fruit were evaluated for tissue attributes and consumer preference following postharvest dipping in either chelated or nonchelated calcium (Ca) solutions. Calcium sources were an amino acid-chelated Ca, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)chelated Ca, or calcium chloride (CaCl2), with each provided at three different rates. Fruit were evaluated at harvest, and after 14 or 22 days commercial storage. Evaluations were peel surface changes (color and disorders), hypodermal-mesocarp tissue Ca concentration, flesh firmness, soluble solids concentration, and consumer preference of the edible flesh. Peel color became yellowed and lighter during storage for all fruit, with higher Ca rates resulting in more intensely yellowed fruit. Hypodermal-mesocarp tissue Ca concentration was 0.90 mg.g(-1) of fresh weight (900 ppm) at harvest, and declined in all fruit by 22 days storage. Peel disorders (disease and spotting) were none to slight for all fruit by 14 days storage, but by 22 days storage disease incidence ranged from none to severe, depending on the Ca source and rate. Fruit firmness declined in all fruit throughout storage, with the smallest declines measured in fruit treated with the amino acid-chelated Ca. Soluble solids concentration of fully ripe fruit was 12.3% at harvest, and showed either no decline or slight declines with storage among the treatments. Consumer preference was highest for freshly harvested fruit, but fruit were desirable even after 22 days storage across all treatments. Postharvest application of Ca at less than or equal to0.16 M Ca in an amino acid-chelated form, versus EDTA-chelated Ca or CaCl2, slowed honey dew melon senescence so that after 22 days of commercial and retail storage the fruit were of high marketable quality, and there was no detrimental effect on consumer preference for the edible flesh. C1 Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Lester, GE (reprint author), Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, 2413 E Hwy 83,Bldg 200, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 15 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 1063-0198 J9 HORTTECHNOLOGY JI HortTechnology PD OCT-DEC PY 2001 VL 11 IS 4 BP 561 EP 566 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 519CA UT WOS:000173706300012 ER PT J AU Drake, SR Elfving, DC Gix, RD AF Drake, SR Elfving, DC Gix, RD TI The influence of paper wraps on the quality of 'd'Anjou' pears after controlled atmosphere storage SO HORTTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE physiological disorders; black speck; scald; oil; infused paper AB Pears (Pyrus communis 'd'Anjou') were packed in six commercial paper wraps (dry; 3% oil; 3% oil with copper and ethoxyquin; 6% oil; 6% oil with ethoxyquin; 9% oil). After packing, the pears were placed in three different controlled atmosphere (CA) storage conditions in commercial CA rooms: 1) 1.5% oxygen (O-2) and 1% carbon dioxide (CO2); 2) 1.5% O-2 and 3% CO2; 3) 1.5% O-2 and 1% CO2 for 60 days, 4% 0, for 60 more days-and finally 6% O-2 for an additional 90 days. Pears were stored in CA for 120 and 210 days, with or without an additional 30 days in regular atmosphere (RA) storage to simulate shipping and handling. Objective quality evaluations were conducted after each storage period and sensory evaluations after 210 days of storage. Paper type influenced both the peel and flesh color of pears before and after ripening, but did not influence firmness, soluble solids or acid content. Subjective ratings of appearance and disorder incidence were unacceptable for pears stored in a variable atmosphere wrapped in dry or paper containing 3% oil. The disorder black speck was present only in pears wrapped in paper with 6% oil and stored in an atmosphere of 1.5% O-2 and 1% CO2. Pears stored in an atmosphere of 1.5% O-2 and 3% CO2 received acceptable subjective scores regardless of paper type. C1 USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. Washington State Univ, Ctr Tree Fruit Res & Extens, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. Blue Star Growers Inc, Cashmere, WA 98815 USA. RP Drake, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 1063-0198 J9 HORTTECHNOLOGY JI HortTechnology PD OCT-DEC PY 2001 VL 11 IS 4 BP 566 EP 570 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 519CA UT WOS:000173706300013 ER PT J AU Manning, GR Fennimore, SA AF Manning, GR Fennimore, SA TI Evaluation of low-rate herbicides to supplement methyl bromide alternative fumigants to control weeds in strawberry SO HORTTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Fragaria xananassa; herbicide selectivity; carfentrazone; cloransulam; flumioxazin; halosulfuron; imazamox; isoxaben; napropamide; rimsulfuron; SAN 582; sulfentrazone; triflusulfuron AB Methyl bromide has been the foundation of chemical weed control in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) in California for over 40 years. The impending phaseout of methyl bromide may leave strawberry producers dependent on less efficacious alternative fumigants for weed control. The use of herbicides to supplement fumigants is a potential weed control strategy for strawberry. A 2-year field study was conducted in California to evaluate 10 herbicides as possible supplements for methyl bromide alternative fumigants. Herbicides were applied immediately after transplanting (immediate posttransplant), and 3 weeks after transplanting (delayed posttransplant). Napropamide applied immediate posttransplant was included as a commercial standard. Immediate posttransplant treatments that were safe in strawberry include carfentrazone at 0.075 and 0.15 lb/ acre (0.084 and 0.168 kg.ha(-1)), flumioxazin at 0.063 lb/acre (0.071 kg.ha(-1)) and sulfentrazone at 0.175 and 0.25 lb/acre (0.196 and 0.28 kg.ha(-1)). Triflusulfuron at 0.016 lb/ acre (0.017 kg.ha(-1)) was the only delayed posttransplant treatment with acceptable selectivity. Among the selective herbicides applied immediate posttransplant, flumioxazin and napropamide provided the most consistent control of bur clover (Medicago polymorpha) and shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris). Triflusulfuron applied delayed posttransplant did not significantly reduce bur clover densities, but did reduce shepherd's purse densities. C1 ARS, USDA, Univ Calif Davis, Dept Vegetable Crops & Weed Sci, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. RP Manning, GR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Univ Calif Davis, Dept Vegetable Crops & Weed Sci, 1636 E Alisal St, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. NR 14 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 1063-0198 J9 HORTTECHNOLOGY JI HortTechnology PD OCT-DEC PY 2001 VL 11 IS 4 BP 603 EP 609 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 519CA UT WOS:000173706300021 ER PT J AU Andersen, CP Grulke, NE AF Andersen, CP Grulke, NE TI Complexities in understanding ecosystem response to ozone SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Symposium of EPA and the National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory CY JUN 06-08, 2000 CL TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA SP EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab DE ozone; ecosystems; multiple stresses; scaling; ponderosa pine ID PONDEROSA PINE-SEEDLINGS; SULFUR-DIOXIDE; ROOT-GROWTH; EXPOSURE; SOIL; SENSITIVITY; NITROGEN; FOREST; STRESS; COMMUNITIES AB Ecological risk assessment of O-3 impact requires consideration of many factors that, perhaps, are not of concern in human health risk assessment. The episodic nature of O-3 exposure, functional complexity of species assemblages, and the broad spatial and temporal scales characteristic of natural ecosystems make ecological risk assessment extremely difficult. The majority of exposure studies using plants have examined the sensitivity of individual species, growing under controlled conditions. Research has shown that individuals growing in plant mixtures may not respond the same way to O-3 as when growing alone. In addition, other naturally occurring stresses can modify plant response to O-3. Understanding the effect of O-3 on natural systems and protecting vegetation resources represent significant scientific and regulatory challenges. Here we review several factors that need to be considered when evaluating ecosystem response to O-3. Then we briefly present two examples of controlled seedling studies that were conducted to better understand mechanisms of tree response to O-3. In the first example controlled exposure studies revealed responses in tree roots that led to hypothesis testing in the field in ponderosa. pine ecosystems. Field experiments have confirmed a similar response in root biomass and carbohydrates across a natural O-3 gradient in S. California, suggesting at least a partial role for O-3 in the response. The second example illustrates the difficulty of understanding mechanistic interactions to O-3 stress even in controlled chamber studies. The second example also illustrates the difficulty of using chamber studies to understand responses in the field. While our knowledge of vegetation response to O-3 is extensive and compelling, important questions remain about how to quantify these effects in the field, assess their magnitude, and establish a suitable standard that is protective of ecosystems. C1 NHEERL, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Andersen, CP (reprint author), NHEERL, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 51 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 7 IS 5 BP 1169 EP 1182 DI 10.1080/20018091094925 PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 492CF UT WOS:000172149200016 ER PT J AU Stolte, KW AF Stolte, KW TI Forest Health Monitoring and Forest Inventory Analysis programs monitor climate change effects in forest ecosystems SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Symposium of EPA and the National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory CY JUN 06-08, 2000 CL TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA SP EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab DE Forest Health Monitoring; Forest Inventory and Analyses; climate change; indicators; forest sustainability ID UNITED-STATES AB The Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) and Forest Inventory and Analyses (FIA) programs are integrated biological monitoring systems that use nationally standardized methods to evaluate and report on the health and sustainability of forest ecosystems in the United States. Many of the anticipated changes in forest ecosystems from climate change were also issues addressed in sections of FHM's National Technical Report 1991 to 1998. The integrated FHM and FIA monitoring systems are currently establishing baseline conditions (status and change) in most States for many of the expected effects, and are projected to have full implementation for all States and Territories in 2003. These monitoring systems utilize a broad suite of indicators of key ecosystem components and processes that are responsive to many biotic and abiotic stressors, including those anticipated from climate change. These programs will contribute essential information for many decades for many of the anticipated changes in forest ecosystem from increasing carbon dioxide concentrations, changing climatic scenarios, and extreme weather events that are probable in the next 30 to 100 years. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Res Forest Hlth Monitoring Program, So Res Stn, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Stolte, KW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Res Forest Hlth Monitoring Program, So Res Stn, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 30 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 7 IS 5 BP 1297 EP U12 DI 10.1080/20018091095014 PG 24 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 492CF UT WOS:000172149200025 ER PT J AU Tamplin, ML AF Tamplin, ML TI Coastal vibrios: Identifying relationships between environmental condition and human disease SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Symposium of EPA and the National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory CY JUN 06-08, 2000 CL TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA SP EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab DE mathematical models; salinity; temperature; Vibrio vulnificus; Vibrio cholerae; Vibrio parahaemolyticus ID UNITED-STATES; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; WATER TEMPERATURE; VULNIFICUS; CHOLERAE; PARAHAEMOLYTICUS; SALINITY; OYSTERS; STRAINS; INFECTIONS AB Vibrio spp. cause frank and opportunistic infections of humans through exposure to seafood and seawater. Due to their natural occurrence in coastal environments, traditional indicator organisms, such as E. coli, do not predict their presence. This problem has complicated public health initiatives aimed at reducing the impact of illnesses from Vibrio spp. In the U.S., V vulnificus has received extensive study due to the severity of its disease in humans. Its numbers increase with warmer summer temperature, and decline to nondetectable levels in colder winter months. In environments with salinities greater than 20 ppt, V. vulnificus numbers decline to levels that do not pose human health risks. A similar response to temperature has been observed for pathogenic strains of V parahaemolyticus, where recent outbreaks of illness have been associated with El Nino weather conditions. In addition, temperature-induced plankton blooms have been linked to epidemic cholera in certain geographical regions of the world. New research shows that seawater temperature and salinity can be used to develop mathematical models of V. vulnificus incidence in coastal environments. Similar efforts might be extended to other Vibrio spp. to develop indicators that predict human health risk, as well as ecosystem integrity. C1 ARS, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Tamplin, ML (reprint author), ARS, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 42 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 7 IS 5 BP 1437 EP 1445 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 492CF UT WOS:000172149200035 ER PT J AU Senti, M Elosua, R Tomas, M Sala, J Masia, R Ordovas, JM Shen, HQ Marrugat, J AF Senti, M Elosua, R Tomas, M Sala, J Masia, R Ordovas, JM Shen, HQ Marrugat, J TI Physical activity modulates the combined effect of a common variant of the lipoprotein lipase gene and smoking on serum triglyceride levels and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in men SO HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Article ID ACUTE MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; DNA POLYMORPHISMS; RISK-FACTORS; LPL GENE; MORTALITY; ASSOCIATIONS; POPULATION; FITNESS; LIPIDS AB Physical activity has been identified as a protective factor against the occurrence and progression of coronary heart disease. The lipoprotein lipase (LPL) HindIII polymorphism has been associated with changes in triglyceride and high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterot levels. We have investigated whether the association between the LPL HindIII genetic polymorphism and lipid levels is modified by physical activity. We have also tested the hypothesis that physical activity may interact with smoking and the LPL HindIII polymorphism to determine an individual's plasma lipid concentrations. A total of 520 men were selected from a representative sample used in a population study conducted in Gerona, Spain. The median value (291 kcal/day) of energy expenditure in leisure-time physical activity of the studied sample was selected as a cut-off to define sedentary or active subjects. Serum HDL-cholesterol was positively and significantly associated with the amount of daily energy expenditure in physical activity, whereas inverse associations were seen between physical activity and triglyceride concentration and with the triglyceride to HDL-cholesterol ratio. These effects were consistent across LPL HindIII genotypes. There was a statistically significant interaction between LPL genotype and smoking on lipid concentrations. No statistically significant differences were observed in lipid levels of active or sedentary non-smokers between H- carriers and H+H+ homozygotes for the LPL HindIII polymorphism. In smokers, sedentary H+H+ homozygotes showed significantly higher triglyceride and lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations than sedentary H- carriers. These differences were smaller and not statistically significant when lipid values of active H+H+ homozygotes were compared with active H- carriers. Among all subgroups, sedentary smokers with the H+H+ genotype had the most adverse lipid profile, which was considerably less adverse in H+H+ smokers who were physically active. These findings suggest that the presence of the H+H+ genotype has a deleterious effect on lipid profile in an adverse environment such as smoking, and that the expenditure of more than 291 kcal/day in physical activity attenuates this effect. C1 Inst Municipal Invest Med, Lipids & Cardiovasc Epidemiol Unit, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain. Univ Pompeu Fabra, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain. Hosp Josep Trueta, Serv Cardiol, Girona, Spain. Hosp Josep Trueta, Unitat Coronaria, Girona, Spain. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Senti, M (reprint author), Inst Municipal Invest Med, Lipids & Cardiovasc Epidemiol Unit, Dr Aiguader 80, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain. RI Senti, M/D-4309-2014; OI ELOSUA, ROBERTO/0000-0001-8235-0095; Senti, Mariano/0000-0002-6983-3831; Marrugat, Jaume/0000-0003-3320-554X; Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL54776] NR 37 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 3 U2 5 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0340-6717 J9 HUM GENET JI Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 109 IS 4 BP 385 EP 392 DI 10.1007/s004390100584 PG 8 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 495PZ UT WOS:000172350700002 PM 11702219 ER PT J AU Nelson, SO AF Nelson, SO TI Measurement and calculation of powdered mixture permittivities SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IMTC 2000 Meeting CY 2000 CL BALTIMORE, MARYLAND SP IMTC DE coal; dielectric mixture equations; dielectric properties; limestone; permittivity measurements; powders ID MICROWAVE DIELECTRIC-PROPERTIES; KERNELS; GHZ AB The permittivities of pulverized samples of coal and limestone were measured over a range of bulk densities at 11.7 GHz and 20 degreesC. The measured values were used, along with particle densities, determined by pycnometer measurements, and the Landau & Lifshitz, Looyenga (LLL) dielectric mixture equation to determine the solid material permittivities. Subsequently, similar measurements were taken on a 35%-65% coal-limestone mixture, and the LLL equation and the complex refractive index (CRI) dielectric mixture equation were used to calculate the permittivities of powdered coal, limestone, and the 35%-65% mixture at various bulk densities. Results compared to the measured permittivities showed that the LLL equation provided much better estimates than the CRI equation, with errors of 0.15% in predicting the dielectric constants of powdered coal, 1.4% in predicting the dielectric constants of powdered limestone, and 0.5% in predicting the dielectric constants of the coal-limestone mixture. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Nelson, SO (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 11 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 9 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 50 IS 5 BP 1066 EP 1070 DI 10.1109/19.963159 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 489NN UT WOS:000171997900005 ER PT J AU Hodkova, M Okuda, T Wagner, RM AF Hodkova, M Okuda, T Wagner, RM TI Regulation of corpora allata in females of Pyrrhocoris apterus (heteroptera) (a mini-review) SO IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-ANIMAL LA English DT Article DE reproduction; photoperiod; feeding; brain; inhibition; stimulation ID JUVENILE-HORMONE BIOSYNTHESIS; NEUROENDOCRINE COMPLEX; LOCUSTA-MIGRATORIA; CORPUS ALLATUM; ADULT DIAPAUSE; ORTHOPTERA-TETRIGIDAE; NERVOUS INHIBITION; PLAUTIA-STALI; MANDUCA-SEXTA; L HEMIPTERA AB Mechanisms for the transduction of photoperiodic and food signals to the corpus allatum (CA) are described. The focus of this paper is on the control of the CA by the brain in adult females of the firebug, Pyrrhocoris apterus. By using surgical interventions to the neuroendocrine complex of brain-subesophageal ganglion-corpora cardiaca-CA (BR-SG-CC-CA) in vivo and in vitro we were able to identify two regulatory pathways. (1) Slow regulation of the CA activity (stimulation or inhibition) needs a relatively long period of time to be accomplished (several d) in vivo and is associated with changes of the gland cell volume and ultrastructure. The stimulated or inhibited activity of the CA is maintained during short-term incubation of the isolated CA in vitro. (2) Fast inhibition of the CA activity is reversible during short-term incubation in vitro; the CA can be switched from lower to higher activity and vice versa, depending on the presence or absence of the BR-SG in the medium. Both slow and fast regulatory factors originate in the pars intercerebralis of the brain and in intact neuroendocrine complex they reach the CA via nerves. A slow inhibitor, induced by short d, causes reproductive diapause. A fast inhibitor prevents ovarian maturation in starved nondiapausing females. A slow stimulator, induced by feeding under long d, overcomes the fast inhibition of the CA, thereby stimulating vitellogenesis. Food signals are transmitted to the brain via humoral pathways. C1 Acad Sci Czech Republic, Inst Entomol, CR-37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic. Japanese Minist Agr Fisheries & Forestry, Natl Inst Sericultural & Entomol Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. USDA ARS, Biol Control Insects Res Lab, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. RP Hodkova, M (reprint author), Acad Sci Czech Republic, Inst Entomol, Branisovska 31, CR-37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic. EM magda@entu.cas.cz NR 36 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1071-2690 J9 IN VITRO CELL DEV-AN JI In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Anim. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 37 IS 9 BP 560 EP 563 PG 4 WC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA 489NK UT WOS:000171997600003 ER PT J AU Jeyaseelan, S Kannan, MS Briggs, RE Thumbikat, P Maheswaran, SK AF Jeyaseelan, S Kannan, MS Briggs, RE Thumbikat, P Maheswaran, SK TI Mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxin activates a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase signaling cascade in bovine leukocytes, which induces biological effects SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID PASTEURELLA-HAEMOLYTICA; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; TARGET-CELLS; RTX TOXINS; INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM; ANTIGEN (LFA)-1; HUMAN MONOCYTES; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; NEUTROPHILS; PHOSPHORYLATION AB The leukotoxin (LktA) produced by Mannheimia haemolytica binds to bovine lymphocyte function-associated antigen I (LFA-1) and induces biological effects in bovine leukocytes in a cellular and species-specific fashion. We have previously shown that LktA also binds to porcine LFA-1 without eliciting any effects. These findings suggest that the specificity of LktA effects must entail both binding to LFA-1 and activation of signaling pathways which are present in bovine leukocytes. However, the signaling pathways leading to biological effects upon LktA binding to LFA-1 have not been characterized. In this context, several reports have indicated that ligand binding to LFA-1 results in activation of a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase (NRTK) signaling cascade. We designed experiments with the following objectives: (i) to determine whether LktA binding to LFA-1 leads to activation of NRTKs, (ii) to examine whether LktA-induced NRTK activation is target cell specific, and (iii) to determine whether LktA-induced NRTK activation is required for biological effects. We used a biologically inactive mutant leukotoxin (Delta LktA) for comparison with LktA. Our results indicate that LktA induces tyrosine phosphorylation (TP) of the CD18 tail of LFA-1 in bovine leukocytes. The Delta LktA mutant does not induce TP of the CD18 tail, albeit binding to bovine LFA-1. LktA-induced TP of the CD18 tail was attenuated by an NRTK inhibitor, herbimycin A; a phosphatidylinositol 3 ' -kinase (PI3-kinase) inhibitor, wortmannin; and a Src kinase inhibitor, PP2, in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, LktA induces TP of the CD18 tail in bovine, but not porcine, leukocytes. Moreover, LktA-induced intracellular calcium ([Ca2+] i) elevation was also inhibited by herbimycin A, wortmannin, and PP2. Thus, our data represent the first evidence that binding of LktA to bovine LFA-1 induces a species-specific NRTK signaling cascade involving PI3-kinase and Src kinases and that this signaling cascade is required for LktA-induced biological effects. C1 Univ Minnesota, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Maheswaran, SK (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, 1971 Commonwealth Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 48 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 69 IS 10 BP 6131 EP 6139 DI 10.1128/IAI.69.10.6131-6139.2001 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 474RR UT WOS:000171121100022 PM 11553552 ER PT J AU Pasquali, P Adone, R Gasbarre, LC Pistoia, C Ciuchini, F AF Pasquali, P Adone, R Gasbarre, LC Pistoia, C Ciuchini, F TI Mouse cytokine profiles associated with Brucella abortus RB51 vaccination or B-abortus 2308 infection SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID IMMUNE-RESPONSES; STRAIN RB51; T-CELLS; CATTLE; MICE; BRUCELLA-ABORTUS-2308; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; MACROPHAGES; MELITENSIS; PROTECTION AB This study indicated that mice immunized with Brucella abortus RB51 bacteria and subsequently challenged with B. abortus 2308 were protected from reinfection. After vaccination, both Th1 and Th2 cytokine patterns were observed, Of those, the early production of gamma interferon seems to have the prominent role in inducing an immunologically based protection. C1 Ist Super Sanita, Lab Vet Med, I-00161 Rome, Italy. ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Pasquali, P (reprint author), Ist Super Sanita, Lab Vet Med, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy. RI Pasquali, Paolo/C-1111-2008 NR 22 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 69 IS 10 BP 6541 EP 6544 DI 10.1128/IAI.69.10.6541-6544.2001 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 474RR UT WOS:000171121100073 PM 11553603 ER PT J AU Gonzalez-Aguilar, GA Wang, CY Buta, JG Krizek, DT AF Gonzalez-Aguilar, GA Wang, CY Buta, JG Krizek, DT TI Use of UV-C irradiation to prevent decay and maintain postharvest quality of ripe 'Tommy Atkins' mangoes SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Mangifera indica; organic acids; overall quality; polyamines; sugars; UV-C treatment ID INDUCED RESISTANCE; FRUITS; LIGHT; ACCUMULATION; TEMPERATURES; POLYAMINES; DISEASES AB Ripe mangoes 'Tommy Atkins' were exposed to UV-C irradiation for 10 and 20 min, prior to storage for 14 days at 5 or 20 degreesC and a shelf-life period of 7 days at 20 degreesC. UV-C-treated fruit maintained better visual appearance than unirradiated controls. UV-C irradiation for 10 min was the most effective regime in suppressing decay symptoms and maintaining firmness during storage at 5 or 20 degreesC. Such fruit (treated with UV-C for 10 min) showed greater levels of putrescine and spermidine after cold storage than controls and those treated with UV-C for 20 min. Higher levels of sugars and lower levels of organic acids were observed in mangoes treated with UV-C for 20 min. However, the most effective UV-C treatment (10 min) for reducing decay maintained sugar and organic acid levels similar to the controls. No UV-damage was observed on treated fruits after storage. These results indicate that UV-C irradiation could be used as an effective and rapid method to preserve the postharvest life of ripe mangoes without adversely affecting certain quality attributes. C1 ARS, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. AC Direcc Tecnol Alimentos Origen Vegetal, Ctr Invest Alimentac & Deserrollo, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico. ARS, Climate Stress Lab, Nat Resources Inst, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wang, CY (reprint author), ARS, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 26 TC 68 Z9 74 U1 3 U2 19 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-5423 J9 INT J FOOD SCI TECH JI Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 36 IS 7 BP 767 EP 773 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2621.2001.00522.x PG 7 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 477LT UT WOS:000171285600007 ER PT J AU Avery, ML Tillman, EA Laukert, CC AF Avery, ML Tillman, EA Laukert, CC TI Evaluation of chemical repellents for reducing crop damage by Dickcissels in Venezuela SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEST MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE anthraquinone; bird repellent; crop damage; Dickcissel rice; Spiza americana; Venezuela ID METHYL ANTHRANILATE; RICE SEED; ANTHRAQUINONE; BIRDS AB In Venezuela, lethal control of wintering Dickcissels (Spiza americana) is considered a threat to the species survival. To help farmers protect their rice and sorghum crops from depredations by Dickcissels and to minimize the killing of large numbers of these birds, alternative non-lethal crop protection measures are needed. To that end, the responses of captive Dickcissels to three bird-repellent chemicals applied to rice seed were evaluated. In one-cup feeding trials, treatments of methiocarb (0.05% g g(-1), applied as Mesurol((R)) 75% wettable powder) and anthraquinone (0.5%, applied as Flight Control((R))) reduced consumption of rice by 70% relative to pretreatment consumption. Other anthraquinone treatments (0.05, 0.1%) and methyl anthranilate (0.05%) were ineffective. In two-cup trials, with untreated millet as the alternative food, consumption of rice treated with 0.05 and 0.1% anthraquinone was reduced by 90% relative to pretreatment levels. Overall, Dickcissels responded to the repellents similarly to the red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus). Because Flight Control((R)) has been used successfully to reduce blackbird use of rice fields in the USA, the prospect is good for successful reduction of damage to ripening rice by Dickcissels in Venezuela, particularly if repellent use is coupled with the establishment of alternative feeding sites. C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32641 USA. RP Avery, ML (reprint author), USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 2820 E Univ Ave, Gainesville, FL 32641 USA. NR 17 TC 17 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 0967-0874 J9 INT J PEST MANAGE JI Int. J. Pest Manage. PD OCT-DEC PY 2001 VL 47 IS 4 BP 311 EP 314 DI 10.1080/09670870110065235 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 479HC UT WOS:000171398100013 ER PT J AU Love, JM AF Love, JM TI The outlook for US and world sugar markets in 2001/02 SO INTERNATIONAL SUGAR JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The paper discusses recent changes in the U.S. and world sugar markets. Forecast world ending stocks, relative to consumption, are expected to fall, continuing the downward trend since 1999/2000. World-traded sugar prices likely will be supported by import demand from Russia and China, with downside pressure coming from Brazil and possibly India. The high volatility of world-traded sugar prices is due to the highly inelastic demand for sugar, as well as general commodity market sentiment and exchange rate differentials. The outlook for 2001/02 U.S. sugar supply and demand is given in the context of an evolving U.S. sugar policy that operates on supply more than demand. Factors affecting the near-term and long-term outlook for U.S. raw and refined sugar markets are discussed. C1 USDA, World Agr Outlook Board, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Love, JM (reprint author), USDA, World Agr Outlook Board, 1400 Independence Ave, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU INT SUGAR JOURNAL LTD PI KENT PA 80 CALVERLEY, TUNBRIDGE WELLS, KENT TN1 2UN, WALES SN 0020-8841 J9 INT SUGAR J JI Int. Sugar J. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 103 IS 1234 BP 457 EP 461 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 482XG UT WOS:000171602100016 ER PT J AU Drake, SR Elfving, DC Fallahi, E AF Drake, SR Elfving, DC Fallahi, E TI Fruit quality of spur-type and nonspur-type 'Delicious' apple strains SO JOURNAL AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERE STORAGE; COLOR DEVELOPMENT; GALA APPLES; YIELD; ACID AB Six strains of 'Delicious' apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) were evaluated over four seasons for color (peel and flesh), flesh firmness, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), individual and total carbohydrate content and disorders. Fruit were evaluated at harvest and after controlled atmosphere storage. Strains were grouped based on spur-type ('Starkrimson', 'Starkspur Ultrared', 'Oregonspur II') vs. nonspur-type ('Early Red One', 'Topred', 'Classic') growth habit and compared. Spur-type apples as a group were more mature at harvest, but contained both less peel red color and less TA than nonspur-type apples. After CA storage, spur-type apples were firmer with a higher SSC/TA ratio despite significantly lower SSC and TA values. Spur-type fruit also displayed a More green-colored flesh and little or no peel color difference depending on storage term. Nonspur-type 'Delicious' apples from both WA and ID had higher sucrose content per gram of flesh than spur-type apples. The proportion of the total carbohydrate content made up of sucrose was consistently greater for nonspur-type vs. spur-type fruit in both locations. C1 ARS, USDA, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. Washington State Univ, Ctr Tree Fruit Res & Extens, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. Univ Idaho, Parma Res & Extens Ctr, Parma, ID 83660 USA. RP Drake, SR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER POMOLOGICAL SOC PI UNIVERSITY PK PA 103 TYSON BUILDING, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA SN 1527-3741 J9 J AMER POMOLOG SOC JI J. Amer. Pomolog. Soc. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 55 IS 4 BP 209 EP 215 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 494XA UT WOS:000172310100005 ER PT J AU Beier, RC Ripley, LH Young, CR Kaiser, CM AF Beier, RC Ripley, LH Young, CR Kaiser, CM TI Production, characterization, and cross-reactivity studies of monoclonal antibodies against the coccidiostat nicarbazin SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE broilers; coccidiostat; coccidiosis; DNC; 4,4 '-dinitrocarbanilide; ELISA; hapten; immunoassay; monoclonal antibodies; nicarbazin; p-nitro-cis-1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxanilic acid; p-nitrosuccinanilic acid ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; CHICKEN TISSUES; MOLECULAR-MODELS; FEEDS; ANTICOCCIDIALS; CONFIRMATION; EXTRACTION; RESIDUES AB A cELISA was developed for the coccidiostat nicarbazin. On the basis of previous computer-assisted molecular modeling studies, p-nitrosuccinanilic acid (PNA-S) was selected as a hapten to produce antibodies to 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide (DNC), the active component of the coccidiostat nicarbazin. Synthesis is described for the hapten [p-nitro-cis-1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxanilic acid (PNA-C)] used in a BSA conjugate as a plate coating antigen. Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) were isolated that compete with nicarbazin, having IgM(k) isotype. Because of the lack of water solubility of nicarbazin, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) (3%, v/v) and acetonitrile (ACN) (10%, v/v) were added to the assay buffer to achieve solubility of nicarbazin and related compounds. The Nic 6 Mabs had an IC35 value for nicarbazin of 0.92 nmol/mL, with a limit of detection of 0.33 nmol/mL. Nic 6 exhibited high cross-reactivity for PNA-S and PNA-C, and 3-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, and 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl) urea. However, Nic 6 had little or no cross-reactivity with 15 other related compounds. C1 USDA ARS, SPARC, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Biol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Beier, RC (reprint author), USDA ARS, SPARC, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 50 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 49 IS 10 BP 4542 EP 4552 DI 10.1021/jf010208j PG 11 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 483CA UT WOS:000171615100005 PM 11599986 ER PT J AU Gardner, DR Molyneux, RJ Ralphs, MH AF Gardner, DR Molyneux, RJ Ralphs, MH TI Analysis of swainsonine: Extraction methods, detection, and measurement in populations of locoweeds (Oxytropis spp.) SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE swainsonine; locoweed; Astragalus; Oxytropis; LC-MS2; solid phase extraction; cation exchange ID ALPHA-MANNOSIDASE INHIBITOR; QUADRUPOLE ION-TRAP; RHIZOCTONIA-LEGUMINICOLA; INDOLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS; ASTRAGALUS; LIVESTOCK; CANESCENS; SHEEP AB An analytical method has been developed to measure the locoweed toxin, swainsonine, in locoweed plant material. Dry ground plant samples were extracted using a small-scale liquid/liquid extraction procedure followed by isolation of the swainsonine by solid phase extraction with a cation-exchange resin. Detection and quantitation of the swainsonine were accomplished using reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS2), The limit of quantitation was estimated to be 0.001% swainsonine by weight in dry plant material, which corresponds to the lower threshold for toxicity of locoweeds. The method of analysis was applied to the analysis of Oxytropis sericea (white locoweed) and Oxytropis lambertii (Lambert locoweed) plant samples to measure the variability of individual plant swainsonine levels within populations and within species. Individual plant variability was found to be highly significant for both O. sericea and O. lambertii populations. The.,combined three-year mean swainsonine values taken, from three populations of O. sericea ranged from 0.046% in Utah to 0.097% in a New Mexico population. Sixteen individual populations of O. lambertii were sampled from eight different U.S. states. Swainsonine was detected at levels > 0.001% in only 5 of the 16 collection sites. Those populations of O. lambertii found to contain higher swainsonine levels were restricted to the most southern and western portion of its distribution, and all were identified as belonging to var. bigelovii, whereas var. articulata and var. lambertii samples contained swainsonine,at levels < 0.001%. C1 USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Gardner, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, 1150 E 1400 N, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 34 TC 85 Z9 101 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 49 IS 10 BP 4573 EP 4580 DI 10.1021/jf010596p PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 483CA UT WOS:000171615100009 PM 11599990 ER PT J AU Lehotay, SJ Lightfield, AR Harman-Fetcho, JA Donoghue, DJ AF Lehotay, SJ Lightfield, AR Harman-Fetcho, JA Donoghue, DJ TI Analysis of pesticide residues in eggs by direct sample introduction/gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE pesticide residue analysis; direct sample introduction; gas chromatography; tandem mass spectrometry; eggs ID SUPERCRITICAL-FLUID EXTRACTION; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; VEGETABLES; FRUITS; FOODS AB Direct sample introduction (DSI) or "dirty sample injection" is a rapid, rugged, and inexpensive approach to large volume injection in gas chromatography (GC) for semivolatile analytes such as pesticides. DSI of complex samples such as eggs requires a very selective, detection technique, such as tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS), to determine the analytes among the many semivolatile matrix components that also appear. In DSI, the nonvolatile matrix components that normally would contaminate the GC system in traditional injection methods remain in a disposable microvial, which is removed after every injection. For example, 3 mug of nonvolatile residue typically remained in the microvial after an injection of egg extract using the DSI method. This analytical procedure involves the following: W weighing 10 g of egg in a centrifuge tube and adding 2 g of NaCl and 19.3 mL of acetonitrile (MeCN); (ii) blending for 1 min using a probe blender; (iii) centrifuging for 10 min; and (iv) analyzing 10 muL (5 mg of egg equivalent) of the extract using DSI/GC/MS-MS. No sample cleanup or solvent evaporation steps were required to achieve quantitative and confirmatory results with < 10 ng/g detection limits for 25 of 43 tested pesticides from several chemical classes. The remaining pesticides gave higher detection limits due to poor fragmentation characteristics in electron impact ionization and/or degradation. Analysis of eggs incurred with chlorpyrifos-methyl showed a similar trend in the results as a more traditional approach. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. US FDA, Ctr Vet Med, Div Anim Res, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Lehotay, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM slehotay@arserrc.gov NR 21 TC 74 Z9 75 U1 3 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 49 IS 10 BP 4589 EP 4596 DI 10.1021/jf0104836 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 483CA UT WOS:000171615100012 PM 11599993 ER PT J AU Eller, FJ King, JW AF Eller, FJ King, JW TI Supercritical fluid extraction of fat from ground beef: Effects of water on gravimetric and GC-FAME fat determinations SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE supercritical fluid extraction; fat; ground beef; water content; fatty acid methyl ester; gravimetric; carbon dioxide ID CARBON-DIOXIDE EXTRACTION; CO2 EXTRACTION; CHOLESTEROL; PESTICIDES; OILS AB This study investigated the supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction of fat from ground. beef and the effects of several factors on the gravimetric determination of fat. The use of ethanol modifier with the SC-CO2 was not necessary for efficient fat extraction; however, the ethanol did increase the coextraction. of water. This coextraction of water caused a significant overestimation of gravimetric fat. Oven-drying ground beef samples prior to extraction inhibited the subsequent extraction of fat, whereas oven-drying the extract after collection decreased the subsequent gas chromatographic fatty acid methyl ester (GC-FAME) fat determination. None of the drying agents tested were able to completely prevent the coextraction of water, and silica gel and molecular sieves inhibited the complete extraction of fat. Measurements of collection vial mass indicated that CO2 extraction/collection causes an initial increase in mass due to the density of CO2 (relative to displaced air) followed by a decrease in vial mass due to the removal of adsorbed water from the collection vial. Microwave-drying of the empty collection vials removes similar to3 mg of adsorbed water, similar to 15-20 min is required for readsorption of the displaced wafer. For collection vials containing collected fat, microwave-drying effectively removed coextracted water, and the vials reached equilibration after similar to 10-15 min. Silanizing collection vials did not significantly affect weight loss during microwave-drying. SC-CO2 can be used to accurately determine fat gravimetrically for ground beef,, and the presented method can also be followed by GC-FAME analysis to provide specific fatty acid information as well. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Eller, FJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 26 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 49 IS 10 BP 4609 EP 4614 DI 10.1021/jf0103370 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 483CA UT WOS:000171615100015 PM 11599996 ER PT J AU Ou, BX Hampsch-Woodill, M Prior, RL AF Ou, BX Hampsch-Woodill, M Prior, RL TI Development and validation of an improved oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay using fluorescein as the fluorescent probe SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE fluorescein; ORAC; TEAC; FRAP; chain-breaking antioxidant; free; radical; hydrogen atom transfer; single electron transfer ID POLYPHENOL-PROTEIN INTERACTIONS; ABSORBENCY CAPACITY; NITRIC-OXIDE; ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY; DNA DAMAGE; ABILITY; POWER AB An improved method of oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay has been developed and validated using fluorescein (3',6'-dihydroxyspiro[isobenzofuran-1[3H],9'[9H]-xanthen]-3-one) as the fluorescent probe. Our results demonstrate that fluorescein (FL) is superior to B-phycoerythrin. The oxidized FL products induced by peroxyl radical were identified by LC/MS, and the reaction mechanism was determined to follow a classic hydrogen atom transfer mechanism. In addition, methodological and mechanistic comparison of ORAC(FL) with other widely used methods was discussed. It is concluded that, unlike other popular methods, the improved ORAC(FL) assay provides a direct measure of hydrophilic chain-breaking antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radical. C1 Brunswick Labs, Wareham, MA 02571 USA. USDA ARS, Arkansas Childrens Nutr Ctr, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA. RP Ou, BX (reprint author), Brunswick Labs, 6 Thacher Lane, Wareham, MA 02571 USA. NR 27 TC 1175 Z9 1222 U1 33 U2 280 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 49 IS 10 BP 4619 EP 4626 DI 10.1021/jf010586o PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 483CA UT WOS:000171615100017 PM 11599998 ER PT J AU Gembeh, SV Brown, RL Grimm, C Cleveland, TE AF Gembeh, SV Brown, RL Grimm, C Cleveland, TE TI Identification of chemical components of corn kernel pericarp wax associated with resistance to Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin production SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE mycotoxin; host resistance; Zea mays; wax ID COLI BETA-GLUCURONIDASE; MAIZE KERNELS; ALKYLRESORCINOLS; CONTAMINATION; REGISTRATION; GERMPLASM; STRAINS; GROWTH AB Kernel pericarp wax of the corn breeding population GT-MAS:gk has been associated with resistance to Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin production. GT-MAS:gk wax, previously compared to waxes of three susceptible genotypes, was presently compared to wax of A different, and more numerous, group of susceptible lines. Wax separation by TLC confirmed previous findings, demonstrating a unique GT-MAS:gk band and a unique "susceptible" band. Only GT-MAS:gk wax inhibited the growth of A. flavus; however, no association was established, as before, between kernel wax abundance and resistance. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis of kernel whole wax showed a higher percentage of phenol-like compounds in wax from GT-MAS:gk than in waxes from the susceptible lines. The GT-MAS:gk unique band contained phenol-like compounds and ethyl-hexadecanoate; butyl-hexadecanoate was preeminent in most of the "susceptible bands". Alkylresorcinol (phenolic compounds) content was dramatically higher in GT-MAS:gk wax than in the wax of susceptible lines. An alkylresorcinol, 5-methylresorcinol, also inhibited in vitro growth of A. flavus. These and other phenolic compounds may contribute to kernel wax inhibition of A. flavus infection/aflatoxin production. Further investigation is needed to confirm a role for them in. GT-MAS:gk resistance. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Brown, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. EM rbrown@srrc.ars.usda.gov NR 29 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 49 IS 10 BP 4635 EP 4641 DI 10.1021/jf010450q PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 483CA UT WOS:000171615100019 PM 11600000 ER PT J AU Kalt, W Ryan, DAJ Duy, JC Prior, RL Ehlenfeldt, MK Vander Kloet, SP AF Kalt, W Ryan, DAJ Duy, JC Prior, RL Ehlenfeldt, MK Vander Kloet, SP TI Interspecific variation in anthocyanins, phenolics, and antioxidant capacity among genotypes of highbush and lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium section cyanococcus spp.) SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE V. angustifolium; V. corymbosum; V. darrowi; southern highbush; ORAC ID RADICAL ABSORBENCY CAPACITY; FLAVONOIDS; BERRIES; FRUITS; ASSAY AB Recent interest in the possible protective effects of dietary antioxidant compounds against human degenerative disease has prompted investigation of foods such as blueberries (Vaccinium sp.), which have a high antioxidant capacity. Fruit obtained from genotypes of highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) and lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) were analyzed for their antioxidant capacity, their content of anthocyanins, and total phenolic compounds, to evaluate the intraspecific and interspecific variation in these parameters. The method of extraction influenced the composition of fruit extracts; the highest anthocyanin and total phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity were found in extracts obtained using a solvent of acidified aqueous methanol. Regardless of the method, lowbush blueberries were consistently higher in anthocyanins, total phenolics, and antioxidant capacity, compared with highbush blueberries. There was no relationship between fruit size and anthocyanin content in either species. C1 Agr & Agri Food Canada, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5, Canada. N Carolina State Univ Lib, Vet Med Lib, Raleigh, NC 27605 USA. USDA ARS, Arkansas Childrens Nutr Ctr, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA. USDA ARS, Rutgers Blueberry & Cranberry Res Ctr, Chatsworth, NJ 08019 USA. Acadia Univ, Dept Biol, Wolfville, NS B0P 1X0, Canada. RP Kalt, W (reprint author), Agr & Agri Food Canada, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5, Canada. NR 26 TC 145 Z9 155 U1 2 U2 23 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 49 IS 10 BP 4761 EP 4767 DI 10.1021/jf010653e PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 483CA UT WOS:000171615100037 PM 11600018 ER PT J AU Jordan, MJ Tandon, K Shaw, PE Goodner, KL AF Jordan, MJ Tandon, K Shaw, PE Goodner, KL TI Aromatic profile of aqueous banana essence and banana fruit by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE flavor; aroma; GC-MS; GC-O; volatile; banana essence; banana fruit ID VOLATILES AB Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) were used to determine the aromatic composition and aroma active components of commercial banana essence and fresh banana fruit paste. Totals of 43 and 26 compounds were quantified in commercial banana essence and fresh banana fruit paste, respectively. Five new components in commercial banana essence were identified as methyl. butyrate, 2,3-butanediol diacetate, 2-hydroxy-3-methylethylbutyrate, 1-methylbutyl isobutyrate, and ethyl 3-hydroxyhexanoate. A total of 42 components appear to contribute to the aromatic profile in banana. Isoamyl acetate, 2-pentanol acetate, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methylbutanal, acetal, isobutyl acetate, hexanal, ethyl butyrate, 2-heptanol, and butyl butyrate had high concentrations and were most detected by GC-O panelists in the commercial banana essence. Volatile components found only in fresh banana fruit paste that were detected by aroma panelists include E-2-hexenal, limonene, and eugenol. C1 USDA ARS, US Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. RP Goodner, KL (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, 600 Ave S NW, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. NR 18 TC 53 Z9 60 U1 3 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 49 IS 10 BP 4813 EP 4817 DI 10.1021/jf010471k PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 483CA UT WOS:000171615100046 PM 11600027 ER PT J AU Fontanini, D Jones, BL AF Fontanini, D Jones, BL TI Study of metallopeptidase isozymes from malted barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Morex) SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE barley; germination; hordein; Hordeum; malting; metallopeptidase; protease; protein hydrolysis ID SODIUM DODECYL-SULFATE; ENDOPROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES; POLYACRYLAMIDE GELS; GERMINATED BARLEY; GREEN MALT; CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASE; PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITIES; PURIFICATION; SEEDS; PROTEINASES AB It has been reported that germinated barley contains peptidases that are sensitive to metal-chelating agents; however, none of these enzymes have been isolated, nor have their roles in germinated barley been investigated. Anion-exchange chromatography and chromatofocusing have been used to isolate a group of peptidases from barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Morex) green malt that are sensitive to metal-chelating agents. Their activities were studied using one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When analyzed on two-dimensional PAGE gels that contained gelatin as substrate, the enzymes separated into three major and approximately six-minor activity spots with acidic pl values. The enzymes were optimally active against the gelatin substrate at pH 8.9 and were completely inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline and EDTA, indicating that they belonged to the metallopeptidase class (EC 3.4.24.x). After the enzymes were inhibited with EDTA, the activities were recovered in the presence of low concentrations of metal ions. The hydrolysis of gelatin substrate was also impaired by the presence of reducing agents. The metallopeptidases readily digested, in vitro, the barley prolamine D hordein, indicating that they may be involved in degrading storage proteins during barley germination. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA, ARS, Cereal Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Fontanini, D (reprint author), 501 Walnut St, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 33 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 49 IS 10 BP 4903 EP 4911 DI 10.1021/jf0104331 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 483CA UT WOS:000171615100061 PM 11600042 ER PT J AU Condo, AM Baker, DC Moreau, RA Hicks, KB AF Condo, AM Baker, DC Moreau, RA Hicks, KB TI Improved method for the synthesis of trans-feruloyl-beta-sitostanol SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE beta-sitostanol; trans-ferulpyl-beta-sitostanol; phytostanols; stanol esters ID EXTRACTION; STEROLS AB Phytosterols and phytostanols are known to lower low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in humans by up to 15%, and at least two products, Benecol and Take Control, are now on the market as naturally derived fatty acid esters of phytostanols (stanol esters) and phytosterols (sterol esters), respectively. A synthetic process was developed to synthesize gram quantities of transferuloyl-beta -sitostanol from ferulic acid and beta -sitostanol, with high purity and yields of similar to 60%. The process involves (a) condensation of trans-4-O-acetylferulic acid with the appropriate phytostanol or phytostanol mixture in the presence of N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine, (b) separation of the trans-4-O-acetylferuloyl products by preparative liquid chromatography, (c) selective deacetylation of the feruloyl acetate, and (d) chromatographic purification of the feruloylated phytostanols. The process was successfully applied to synthesize stanol trans-feruloyl esters from "Vegetable Stanols", a mixture of similar to 70:30 beta -sitostanol and beta -campestanol, in comparable purity and yield. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Myndmoor, PA USA. RP Baker, DC (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. NR 12 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 49 IS 10 BP 4961 EP 4964 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 483CA UT WOS:000171615100070 PM 11600051 ER PT J AU Wang, SY Zheng, W AF Wang, SY Zheng, W TI Effect of plant growth temperature on antioxidant capacity in strawberry SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE antioxidant; anthocyanin; phenolics; free radical; strawberry; Fragaria x ananassa ID HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; HYDROXYL RADICALS; SINGLET OXYGEN; FLAVONOIDS; FRUITS; ANTHOCYANINS; PHENOLICS; VEGETABLES; BLACKBERRY; ASSAY AB The influence of four day/night growing temperature combinations (18/12, 25/12, 25/22, and 30/22 degreesC) on phenolic acid, flavonol, and anthocyanin content and their antioxidant activities against peroxyl radicals (ROO.) superoxide radicals (O2(.-)), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radicals (OH.) and singlet oxygen (O-1(2)) in fruit juice of Earliglow and Kent strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa. Duch.) cultivars was studied. Pelargonidin-based anthocyanins such as pelargonidin 3-glucoside (291.3-945.1 mug/g fresh wt.), pelargonidin 3-rutinoside (24.7-50.9 mug/g fresh wt.), and pelargonidin 3-glucoside-suceinate (62.2-244.0,ag/g fresh wt.) were the predominant anthocyanins in strawberry fruit juice. The content of cyanidin-based anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-glucoside-suceinate, was much lower than that of pelargonidin-based anthocyanins. Strawberry growth in high temperature conditions significantly enhanced the content of p-coumaroylglucose, dihydroflavonol, quercetin 3-glucoside, quercetin 3-glucuronide, kaempferol 3-glucoside, kaempferol 3-glucuronide, cyanidin 3-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-rutinoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside-suceinate, and pelargonidin 3-glucoside-succinate in strawberry juice. Plants grown in the cool day and cool night temperature (18/12 degreesC) generally had the lowest phenolic acid, flavonols, and anthocyanins. An increase in night temperature from 12 to 22 degreesC, with the day temperature kept constant at 25 degreesC, resulted in a significant increase in phenolic acid, flavonols, and anthocyanins. These conditions also resulted in a significant increase in antioxidant capacity. The highest day/night temperature (30/22 degreesC) yielded fruit with the most phenolic content as well as ROO., O-2(.-), H2O2, OH., and O-1(2) radical absorbance capacity. Fruit of Kent cv. strawberry had higher values of phenolic acid, flavonols, anthocyanins, and antioxidant capacities than fruit of Earliglow cv. strawberry under all temperature regimes. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wang, SY (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 38 TC 209 Z9 220 U1 3 U2 37 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 49 IS 10 BP 4977 EP 4982 DI 10.1021/jf0106244 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 483CA UT WOS:000171615100073 PM 11600054 ER PT J AU Goffman, FD Bohme, T AF Goffman, FD Bohme, T TI Relationship between fatty acid profile and vitamin E content in maize hybrids (Zea mays L.) SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE fatty acid composition; oil quality; PUFA; tocopherol; tocotrienol; vitamin E; Zea mays ID E REQUIREMENT; TOCOPHEROL AB The balance between the vitamin E (tocochromanols) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents mainly determines the,susceptibility to lipid peroxidation and the storage stability of corn oil. In 1997, field experiments were conducted at two different locations to evaluate a collection of 30 corn hybrids for fatty acid profiles and tocochromanol contents. Hybrids differed significantly (p < 0.01) for major fatty acids, as well as for tocochromanol contents and composition. The major fatty acids were palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids, whose contents were in the ranges 9.2-12.1%, 19.5-30.5%, and 53.0-65.3%, respectively. The tocopherol contents ranged as follows: a-tocopherol, 67-276 mg (kg of oil)(-1); beta -tocopherol, 0-20 mg (kg of oil)(-1); gamma -tocopherol, 583-1048 mg (kg of oil)(-1); delta -tocopherol, 12-71 mg (kg of oil)-1; total tocopherol, 767-1344 mg (kg of oil)(-1). gamma -Tocopherol was the predominant derivative among all tocopherols. The tocotrienol contents were in the ranges 46-89, 53-164, and 99-230 mg (kg of oil)(-1) for alpha-, gamma-, and total tocotrienol contents, respectively. The tocotrienol profile was. not characterized by the predominance of any tocotrienol homologue. a-Tocopherol was positively correlated with PUFA (r = 0.41**) and with the vitamin E equivalent (vit E equiv) (r = 0.84**), and it was not correlated with gamma -tocopherol. gamma -Tocopherol was highly correlated with total tocopherol and tocochromanol contents (r = 0.93** and r = 0.90**, respectively), indicating that the contribution of this vitamer to the total tocochromanol content is the most important among all tocochromanols. The high positive correlation found between the vit E/PUFA ratio and the vit E equiv, as well as the absence of correlation between this ratio and PUFA indicates that a higher vit E/PUFA ratio can be easier achieved be increasing the vitamin E content than by modifying fatty acid profile in corn oil. C1 Univ Gottingen, Inst Agron & Plant Breeding, D-37075 Gottingen, Germany. Syngenta Seeds GMBH, D-32107 Bad Salzuflen, Germany. RP Goffman, FD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Rice Res Unit, 1509 Aggie Dr, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. NR 15 TC 47 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 49 IS 10 BP 4990 EP 4994 DI 10.1021/jf010156y PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 483CA UT WOS:000171615100075 PM 11600056 ER PT J AU Miller, DN AF Miller, DN TI Accumulation and consumption of odorous compounds in feedlot soils under aerobic, fermentative, and anaerobic respiratory conditions SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bacteria; cattle; feedlot; odors; volatile fatty acids ID SWINE WASTE; LIVESTOCK BUILDINGS; MANURE; SUBSTANCES; REDUCTION; IDENTIFICATION; METABOLISM; COMPONENTS; EMISSIONS; MANGANESE AB Agricultural odors present an increasingly difficult challenge to livestock producers, yet very little information is available on the microbiology of odor production or microbial factors that regulate the emission of odors. This study examined the microbial potential for odor production and odor consumption in two soils from a cattle production facility in central Nebraska. The two soils tested were collected from a feedlot pen and a runoff ditch below the pen and contained high- and low-fecal matter content, respectively. These soils were tested for their ability to produce and consume a mixture of VFA and aromatic com-pounds (phenols and indoles) under aerobic, fermentative, and anaerobic respiratory conditions, with NO3-, Fe(III), Mn(IV), and SO42- serving as anaerobic terminal electron acceptors, over a 6-wk incubation. The pen soil had greater (P < 0.05) initial total VFA content (40 mu mol/g soil) and produced more VFA during incubation than the feedlot ditch soil, whereas total aromatic compound concentrations were not significantly different between soils. The general pattern of odor compound accumulation and consumption did not differ between soils. Oxygen and nitrate treatments produced very little VFA and consumed acetate more rapidly than the other treatments, which produced,large quantities of short-chain VFA and consumed acetate only after all other VFA were consumed. When VFA and aromatic compound consumption was compared across all the treatments, aerobic incubation proved most effective, and all compounds were rapidly consumed by the second day of incubation. Of the anaerobic treatments examined, nitrate proved most effective, followed by Fe, with VFA consumed by d 5 and 21, respectively. Anaerobic incubation with sulfate produced more VFA than the fermentative incubation, and anaerobic incubation with oxidized Mn produced the largest quantities of VFA, which remained high throughout the six-wk incubation. Aromatic compounds were more easily consumed aerobically and were only slowly consumed in the anaerobic treatments. We conclude from this study that cattle feedlot soils possessed a varying, potentially exploitable capacity for odor consumption when alternate electron acceptors were available. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Miller, DN (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. OI Miller, Daniel/0000-0003-3476-487X NR 28 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 79 IS 10 BP 2503 EP 2512 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 491ME UT WOS:000172111600001 PM 11721828 ER PT J AU Klindt, J Yen, JT Christenson, RK AF Klindt, J Yen, JT Christenson, RK TI Level of dietary energy during prepubertal growth and reproductive development of gilts SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE gilts; growth; pregnancy; puberty ID PRIMIPAROUS SOWS; NUTRITION; PERFORMANCE AB Development of gilts that conceive early and continue to produce offspring is a primary objective of swine production. The objective of this study was to determine the degree of feed restriction during development required to optimize reproductive performance and efficiency in gilts. The effects that various patterns of growth had on reproductive development and performance of gilts through d 30 of gestation were investigated. At 13 wk of age and 41 kg BW, 192 white crossbred gilts were penned individually and assigned to receive 87.5%, 75%, 62.5%, and 50% of predicted ad libitum energy intake. The study was replicated in two seasons. At 25 wk of age, gilts were moved to group pens and allowed ad libitum access to feed, and estrous detection was initiated. Gilts were inseminated at first observed estrus and those recycling were remated. Post-mating gilts were fed 1.5x maintenance in stalls. Gilts that did not return to estrus 17 to 30 d after mating were slaughtered at 30 d of gestation. Reproductive tracts were collected and numbers of corpora lutea and live embryos were recorded. Feed restriction during development resulted in differences in BW and backfat thickness at the start of the breeding period and differences in feed intake during breeding. Gilts subjected to the greatest feed restriction during development consumed the greatest quantity of feed during breeding. Feed intake during breeding was associated with BW and backfat gain during breeding. The treatment group that entered breeding lightest and leanest (50% of predicted ad libitum intake) had the least number of days to first estrus, followed by the fattest, heaviest group (87.5% of predicted ad libitum intake). Treatment groups did not differ (P > 0.38) in ovulation rate or live embryo numbers. Significant relationships between quantity of GE consumed during development and variables considered important in reproductive development and performance were evident, such as BW and fatness at start of breeding and first detected estrus, and ovulation rate. Variation in dietary energy during the development period impacted many aspects of reproductive development and performance. However, coupling restricted energy intake during development with ad libitum intake during breeding negated many of the effects of feed restriction during the development period. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Klindt, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 5 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 79 IS 10 BP 2513 EP 2523 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 491ME UT WOS:000172111600002 PM 11721829 ER PT J AU Geary, TW Salverson, RR Whittier, JC AF Geary, TW Salverson, RR Whittier, JC TI Synchronization of ovulation using GnRH or hCG with the CO-Synch protocol in suckled beef cows SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE artificial insemination; beef cattle; GnRH; hCG; ovulation; synchronization ID HUMAN CHORIONIC-GONADOTROPIN; INDUCED CORPORA-LUTEA; ESTROUS-CYCLE; DAIRY-COWS; HORMONE AGONIST; CORPUS-LUTEUM; ESTRUS; PROGESTERONE; PROGESTOGEN; FOLLICLES AB The objectives of this study were to evaluate replacing GnRH with hCG and the effects of 48-h calf removal (CR) on pregnancy rates of cows synchronized with the CO-Synch protocol. Suckled beef cows (n = 467) at two locations were assigned to treatment by breed, age, and calving date. Treatment included either GnRH with (n = 121) or without CR (n = 117) or hCG with (n = 115) or without CR (n = 114) using the CO-Synch protocol. On d 0 and 9, cows received either hCG (2,500 IU, i.m.) or GnRH (100 mug, i.m.), and on d 7 all cows received PGF(2 alpha) (25 mg). At one location, blood samples were collected from all cows (n = 203) on d -14, -7, 0, 7, 9, and 16. Calves were removed on d 7 and returned on d 9 (48 h) from approximately half of the cows that received GnRH or hCG. Cows that were detected in estrus between d 6 and 9 were bred approximately 12 h later and received no further injections. Cows not observed in estrus by d 9 received a second injection of either GnRH or hCG and were timed-inseminated. The AI pregnancy rates for GnRH-treated cows with or without CR and hCG-treated cows with or without CR were 46, 49, 35, and 34%, respectively (P = 0.44). Pregnancy rates of cows differed by treatment x age interaction (P = 0.07), hormone (P = 0.09), and hormone x age (P = 0.01) but not by CR (P = 0.66) or CR x age (P = 0.33). Among 2-yr-olds, pregnancy rates were higher for cows treated with hCG without CR than for cows that received GnRH with calf removal, whereas cows treated with hCG with CR and GnRH without CR were intermediate. In addition hCG-treated 2-yr-olds had higher pregnancy rates than GnRH-treated 2-yr-olds regardless of calf presence, but the reverse was true for older cows. Overall, GnRH-treated cows (48%) had a higher (P = 0.09) pregnancy rate than hCG-treated cows (34%). Among anestrous cows, GnRH and hCG were similar (P = 0.40) in their ability to induce ovulation and corpus luteum formation after the first and second injections of GnRH (31 and 76%, respectively) or hCG (39 and 61%, respectively). More (P = 0.001) hCG-treated cows exhibited short estrous cycles following timed AL We conclude that hCG is not a suitable replacement for GnRH to synchronize ovulation with the CO-Synch protocol in multiparous cows, although further evaluation among primiparous cows is warranted using hCG with the CO-Synch protocol. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Geary, TW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Route 1,Box 2021, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. NR 29 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 79 IS 10 BP 2536 EP 2541 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 491ME UT WOS:000172111600004 PM 11721831 ER PT J AU Johnson, AK Morrow-Tesch, JL McGlone, JJ AF Johnson, AK Morrow-Tesch, JL McGlone, JJ TI Behavior and performance of lactating sows and piglets reared indoors or outdoors SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE behavior; environment; performance; piglets; sows ID GROUP-HOUSED SOWS; PREWEANING MORTALITY; PERINATAL MORTALITY; MATERNAL-BEHAVIOR; PLAYFUL BEHAVIOR; DOMESTIC PIGS; YOUNG-PIGS; ENVIRONMENTS; MANAGEMENT; BIRTH AB Two hundred eighty-seven lactating Newsham sows and their litters were used to, determine the effects of intensive indoor (n = 147) and intensive outdoor (n = 140) production systems on sow and litter productivity and behavior. All sows were of contemporary age and fed a completely balanced sorghum-based diet. Behavior data were collected by live observation on 40 sows and litters (20 indoor and 20 outdoor) using a 5-min scan sample over a 4-h period in the afternoon (1400 to 1800). The durations of lying (90.0 vs 72.1 2.76% of time observed) and drinking (4.42 vs 1.41 0.6% of time observed) were higher (P < 0.01) among indoor than among outdoor lactating sows. Nursing interval and feeding and sitting behaviors were not different (P > 0.05) between production systems. Piglets spent more (P < 0.05) time walking (10.1 vs 5.2 +/- 1.72% of time observed) and engaged in play activity (5.0 vs 1.7 1.26% of time observed) when housed outdoors than indoors. Outdoor piglets had more (P < 0.05) nursing behaviors directed toward the sow (27.5 vs 20.3 +/- 2.02% of time observed) but time spent in contact with the sow did not differ between environments (38.8 vs 39.2 +/- 2.78% of time observed). Treatments did not influence (P > 0.05) any of the sow or piglet production parameters. In conclusion, outdoor-kept Newsham sows and their piglets showed a richer behavioral repertoire, but the diverse environments did not influence production parameters. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Anim Sci & Food Technol, Pork Ind Inst, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Texas Tech Univ, USDA ARS, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP McGlone, JJ (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Dept Anim Sci & Food Technol, Pork Ind Inst, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RI Johnson, Anna/E-9319-2015 OI Johnson, Anna/0000-0001-7687-0465 NR 62 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 79 IS 10 BP 2571 EP 2579 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 491ME UT WOS:000172111600009 PM 11721836 ER PT J AU Mitchell, AD Scholz, AM Pursel, VG AF Mitchell, AD Scholz, AM Pursel, VG TI Total body and regional measurements of bone mineral content and bone mineral density in pigs by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bone density; bone mineralization; pigs; X-ray ID LARGE WHITE PIGS; KG LIVE WEIGHT; TISSUE DEVELOPMENT; GROWTH CHANGES; BIRTH; PIETRAIN AB Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to make total body and regional measurements of bone mineral content, bone mineral density, and bone area during the growth of pigs from 3 to 138 kg. In all, 1,053 total body scans were performed on 587 live pigs. Regional measurements consisted of the front legs, trunk, and back legs. In addition, bone mineral density readings were recorded for the head, pelvis, spine, and ribs. From about 5 to 75 kg, a greater percentage of the total body bone mineral content (BMC) was located in the trunk region. However, the percentage of BMC in the front and back legs continued to increase linearly whereas the percentage of BMC in the trunk region peaked at about 25 kg and then decreased logarithmically. Allometric analysis revealed that up to about 30 kg the BMC increased more rapidly in the trunk region compared to the front or back leg regions (P > 0.05), but after 30 kg the increase in BMC was more rapid in the leg regions (P < 0.05). Overall, the rate of increase in BMC in the back legs was slightly more than in the front legs (P > 0.05). Positive allometric growth of BMC was observed when compared with the increase in bone area for the same region. By far, the highest measured level of bone mineral density (BMD) was in the head region (P < 0.05), followed in order by the front legs, spine, back legs, pelvis, and ribs. Over the entire range of growth from 3 to 138 kg, the highest relative growth coefficient for the increase in BMD occurred in the pelvic and back leg regions and the lowest was in the ribs (P < 0.05). For pigs < 30 kg, the highest growth coefficient for BMD relative to BW was in the spine (P > 0.05). The growth coefficients for BMD in the back legs and total body increased in pigs greater than or equal to 30 kg and those of the front legs and trunk regions decreased. C1 USDA ARS, Growth Biol Lab, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Munich, D-85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany. RP Mitchell, AD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Growth Biol Lab, BARC E, Bldg 200,Rm 205, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Scholz, Armin Manfred/0000-0001-7075-0067 NR 22 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 7 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 79 IS 10 BP 2594 EP 2604 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 491ME UT WOS:000172111600011 PM 11721838 ER PT J AU Shackelford, SD Wheeler, TL Meade, MK Reagan, JO Byrnes, BL Koohmaraie, M AF Shackelford, SD Wheeler, TL Meade, MK Reagan, JO Byrnes, BL Koohmaraie, M TI Consumer impressions of Tender Select beef SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef; consumer attitudes; marketing; tenderness ID SHEAR FORCE; LONGISSIMUS; CLASSIFICATION; PALATABILITY AB With the recent development of technology to classify beef for tenderness, it is now possible for packers and retailers to market brands of beef known to be consistently tender. The present experiment was conducted to determine consumer impressions of Tender Select, a model beef brand comprised of cuts from tender U.S. Select carcasses. A telephone survey was conducted in metropolitan Denver, CO, to recruit consumers (n = 1,036) for this study. Consumers who met minimal limits for household income, age, and beef consumption were invited to participate in a beef shopping and usage study in a local supermarket. Point-of-purchase material was developed that described Tender Select as "the only steak guaranteed tender and lean." When shown a copy of the Tender Select concept card, 89% of participating consumers (n = 759) indicated that they would definitely or probably buy that product. Of those consumers that said they would buy the product, 35% indicated that their purchases of Tender Select would be in addition to their current fresh meat: purchases. Most consumers (54.1%) indicated that if Tender Select was available at their grocery store, 1 or 2 of their next 10 purchases of beef cuts would be Tender Select. Sixty-five percent of consumers indicated that if a grocery store carried a line of beef cuts guaranteed to be tender, they would buy all of their beef at that store. Both strip loins from 104 U.S. Select beef carcasses, representing a broad range (8.7 to 43.4 kg; CV = 42%) in slice shear force (SSF) at 14 d postmortem, were used to determine the effect of SSF classification on consumer satisfaction and the correlation among trained sensory panel descriptive attribute ratings and in-home consumer ratings of beef longissimus steaks. Both trained sensory panelists and consumers rated low-IS)SF steaks higher than the high-SSF steaks for all traits (P < 0.001). All consumer traits (like, tenderness, juiciness, flavor like, flavor amount, and overall satisfaction) were more highly correlated with SSF and trained sensory panel tenderness ratings than with sensory panel flavor or juiciness ratings. These data show that tenderness is the primary determinant of satisfaction among consumers of U.S. Select top loin steaks and that a segment of consumers would pay a premium to purchase guaranteed-tender U.S. Select steaks. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Natl Cattlemens Beef Assoc, Englewood, CO 80111 USA. Talmey Drake Res Strategy Inc, Boulder, CO 80306 USA. RP Shackelford, SD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 10 TC 89 Z9 113 U1 0 U2 18 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 79 IS 10 BP 2605 EP 2614 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 491ME UT WOS:000172111600012 PM 11721839 ER PT J AU Cassar-Malek, I Kahl, S Jurie, C Picard, B AF Cassar-Malek, I Kahl, S Jurie, C Picard, B TI Influence of feeding level during postweaning growth on circulating concentrations of thyroid hormones and extrathyroidal 5 '-deiodination in steers SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cattle; compensatory growth; deiodination; restricted feeding; thyroxine; triiodothyronine ID METABOLIC CHANGES; REVERSE-TRIIODOTHYRONINE; PLASMA-CONCENTRATIONS; COMPENSATORY GROWTH; ENERGY RESTRICTION; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; BODY-WEIGHT; BEEF-CATTLE; RAT-LIVER; THYROXINE AB An experiment was conducted with 42 growing Montbeliard steers to study the effect of feed restriction, followed by refeeding, on circulating concentrations of thyroxine (T-4) and triiodothyronine (T-3) and on hepatic and muscle activities of 5'-deiodinase (5'D). At 9 mo of age, 21 steers were diet-restricted for 3 mo (AUG, 641 g/d), prior to a 4-mo compensatory growth period with ad libitum access to the same diet (ADG, 1,240 g/d). They were compared to 21 control steers continuously gaining 1,100 g/d between 9 and 16 mo of age. Blood samples were collected every 14 d and samples of liver and semitendinosus and triceps brachii (triceps) muscles were obtained at slaughter at the end of the restriction and refeeding periods (12 and 16 mo of age, respectively). Compared to control steers, feed restriction decreased plasma concentrations of T-4 after 56 to 83 d of feed restriction (P < 0.05), whereas T-3 concentration decreased only after 83 d of feed restriction (P < 0.05). No differences in hepatic and muscle 5'D activities were observed after 87 d of feed restriction and decreased growth rate (12 mo of age). During the refeeding period (compensatory growth), circulating concentrations of T-4 and T-3 were restored to control levels within 14 d. Moreover, T-3 concentration rose above that of control steers after 56 d of refeeding and remained higher for the duration of the experiment (P < 0.05). Hepatic 5'D activity was higher (P = 0.07) in compensated than in control steers at the end of refeeding period (16 mo of age) and higher (P < 0.01) after compensation at 16 mo than during restriction at 12 mo. Activities of 5'D in semitendinosus and triceps muscles were, higher (P < 0.001) in 16-mo-old than in 12-mo-old steers, but no differences were observed due to feed restriction or compensatory growth. These results indicate that nutritional status regulates both thyroidal secretion and extrathyroidal T-3 production in cattle. The data also suggest that extrathyroidal T-3 production may be involved in the mechanism of compensatory growth in cattle. C1 INRA, Ctr Clermont Ferrand Theix, Unite Rech Herbivores, Equipe Croissance & Metab Muscle, F-63122 St Genes Champanelle, France. USDA ARS, GBL, ANRI, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Cassar-Malek, I (reprint author), INRA, Ctr Clermont Ferrand Theix, Unite Rech Herbivores, Equipe Croissance & Metab Muscle, F-63122 St Genes Champanelle, France. NR 36 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 79 IS 10 BP 2679 EP 2687 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 491ME UT WOS:000172111600021 PM 11721848 ER PT J AU Ibekwe, AM Papiernik, SK Gan, J Yates, SR Crowley, DE Yang, CH AF Ibekwe, AM Papiernik, SK Gan, J Yates, SR Crowley, DE Yang, CH TI Microcosm enrichment of 1,3-dichloropropene-degrading soil microbial communities in a compost-amended soil SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GRADIENT GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; SEQUENCE HETEROGENEITIES; DEGRADATION; INVOLVEMENT; GENES AB Aims: A microcosm-enrichment approach was used to investigate bacterial populations that may represent 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D)-degrading micro-organisms in compost-amended soil. Methods and Results: After 8 weeks of incubation, with repeated application of 1,3-D, volatilization fluxes were much lower for compost-amended soil (CM) than with the unamended soils, indicating accelerated degradation due to addition of compost, or development of new microbial populations with enhanced degradation capacity. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles of the PCR-amplified region of 16S rDNA genes were used to identify dominant bacterial populations in the fumigant-degrading soil. The DGGE results indicated that specific bacterial types had been enriched, and a more diverse fingerprint was observed in the community derived from the compost-amended soil compared with the unamended soil. Fragments from 16 different DGGE bands were cloned, sequenced and compared with published 16S rDNA sequences. Two clones, designated E1 and E4, were unique to all soils to which compost was added, and corresponded to strains of Pseudomonas and Actinomadura, respectively. Conclusions: The results show that the addition of compost to soil increases specific microbial populations and results in the accelerated degradation of fumigants. Significance and Impact of the Study: Application of compost manure to soil can help degrade soil fumigants at a faster rate. C1 ARS, USDA, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Ibekwe, AM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RI Crowley, David/C-1216-2014 OI Crowley, David/0000-0002-1805-8599 NR 25 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1364-5072 J9 J APPL MICROBIOL JI J. Appl. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 91 IS 4 BP 668 EP 676 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01431.x PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 477YZ UT WOS:000171315300016 PM 11576304 ER PT J AU Gibbens, RP Lenz, JM AF Gibbens, RP Lenz, JM TI Root systems of some Chihuahuan Desert plants SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE Chihuahuan Desert; root systems; shrubs; forbs; grasses; competition; soil resources ID CREOSOTEBUSH LARREA-TRIDENTATA; HARDWOOD FOREST ECOSYSTEM; AGRAVITROPIC PEA MUTANT; HYDRAULIC LIFT; WATER RELATIONS; GUTIERREZIA-SAROTHRAE; MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; FLOURENSIA-CERNUA; FINE ROOTS; SOIL AB Root systems of 11 shrub or shrub-like species, 11 grass species, 19 perennial forb species and four annual forb species were excavated on the Jornada Experimental Range in the northern Chihuahuan Desert in southern New Mexico, U.S.A. Maximum radial horizontal spread of shrub root systems usually occurred above calcic and petrocalcic horizons at depths above 1 m. With one exception, all shrub species roots were traced through calcic and petrocalcic horizons to depths down to 5 m. Upward growing roots reaching very shallow depths ( < 10 cm) were common for most shrub species. Thus, the shrubs can readily access soil water and nutrients from both surface and deep soil horizons. Grass root systems on sandy soils extended radially up to 1.4 m, perhaps an adaptation to capture more soil water from the frequent small rainfall events. Grass roots did not extend through calcic or petrocalcic horizons and none penetrated deeper than 1.6 m. Perennial forb root systems varied in depth of branching but often penetrated into or through calcic and petrocalcic horizons and, like shrubs, have an advantage over grasses during droughts. Root systems of the annual forbs, excavated at the end of a season of above average precipitation, reached depths of 0.5-1.2 m. At each of the 18 excavation sites the roots of all the plant life forms were highly intermingled in the upper soil horizons, indicating that competition for water and soil nutrients is intense. It is believed that the plasticity and architecture of the shrub root systems, enabling them to compete with the grasses for soil water in the upper soil horizons and also access soil water at depths beyond the reach of grass roots, has been a major reason for the increase of shrubs during the historical period in this and environment. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 NMSU, Jornada Expt Range, USDA ARS, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Gibbens, RP (reprint author), NMSU, Jornada Expt Range, USDA ARS, POB 30003,MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 94 TC 94 Z9 100 U1 6 U2 42 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 49 IS 2 BP 221 EP 263 DI 10.1006/jare.2000.0784 PG 43 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 481RG UT WOS:000171533000001 ER PT J AU Showler, AT AF Showler, AT TI Spodoptera exigua oviposition and larval feeding preferences for pigweed, Amaranthus hybridus, over squaring cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, and a comparison of free amino acids in each host plant SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gossypium hirsutum; cotton; Amaranthus; pigweed; beet army-worm; Spodoptera exigua; host plant selection; oviposition; free amino acids ID BEET ARMYWORM; CRUCIFEROUS FOODPLANTS; HUBNER LEPIDOPTERA; PIERID BUTTERFLIES; TOBACCO BUDWORM; NOCTUIDAE; INSECTS; VIRUS; WATER; IDENTIFICATION AB The beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), can utilize a number of different host plants for oviposition and larval development, but some host plants are preferred over others. This study, using cage choice tests and olfactometer assays, demonstrates the beet armyworm's preference for pigweed, Amaranthus hybridus L., over cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. Cage and olfactometer choice assays indicated that olfaction plays an important role in host selection by ovipositing females. First instars exhibited no feeding preference, but the more mobile third instars showed a significant feeding preference for excised pigweed leaves. The higher quantities and more diverse accumulations of free amino acids in pigweed might, in conjunction with other physiochemical and mechanical attractant and deterrent factors in the two-plant species system, play roles in the tendency of the beet armyworm to select pigweed over cotton and in providing a superior array of easily absorbed amino acids as compared to cotton. C1 USDA ARS, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Showler, AT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, 2413 E Highway 83,Bldg 201, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 78 TC 26 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 19 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 27 IS 10 BP 2013 EP 2028 DI 10.1023/A:1012238803311 PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 489CX UT WOS:000171975400008 PM 11710608 ER PT J AU Lee, J Horton, R Noborio, K Jaynes, DB AF Lee, J Horton, R Noborio, K Jaynes, DB TI Characterization of preferential flow in undisturbed, structured soil columns using a vertical TDR probe SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE TDR (time domain reflectometry); preferential flow; solute transport; mobile/immobile model ID TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY; MONITORING SOLUTE TRANSPORT; 2-SITE 2-REGION MODELS; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; WATER-CONTENT; DEGRADATION; CALIBRATION; MOVEMENT AB Rapid movement of agricultural chemicals through soil to groundwater via preferential flow pathways is one cause of water contamination. Previous studies have shown that time domain reflectometry (TDR) could be used to characterize solute transport in soil. However, previous studies have only scarcely addressed preferential flow. This study presents an extended application of TDR for determining preferential flow properties. A TDR method was tested in carefully controlled laboratory experiments using 20-cm long and 12-cm diameter undisturbed, structured soil columns. The method used a vertically installed TDR probe and a short pulse of tracer application to obtain residual mass (RM) breakthrough curves (BTC). The RM BTC obtained from TDR were used to estimate mobile/immobile model (MIM) parameters that were compared to the parameter estimates from effluent data. A conventional inverse curve fitting method (CXTFIT) was used to estimate parameters. The TDR-determined parameters were then used to generate calculated effluent BTC for comparison with observed effluent BTC for the same soil columns. Time moments of the calculated and observed BTC were calculated to quantitatively evaluate the calculated BTC. Overall, the RM BTC obtained from TDR were similar to the RM BTC obtained from effluent data. The TDR-determined parameters corresponded well to the parameters obtained from the effluent data, although they were not within the 95% confidence intervals. Correlation coefficients between the parameters obtained from TDR and from effluent data for the immobile water fraction (theta (im)/theta), mass exchange coefficient (alpha), and dispersion coefficient (D-m) were 0.95, 0.95, and 0.99, respectively. For three of the four soil cores, theta (im)/theta ranged from 0.42 to 0.82, indicating considerable preferential flow. The TDR-calculated effluent BTC also were similar to the observed effluent BTC having an average coefficient of determination of 0.94. Time moments obtained from calculated BTC were representative of those obtained from observed BTC. The vertical TDR probe method was simple and minimally destructive and provided representative preferential flow properties that enabled the characterization of solute transport in soil. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. Iwate Univ, Dept Agr Engn, Morioka, Iwate 0208550, Japan. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Horton, R (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI LEE, JAEHOON/D-9758-2014 NR 42 TC 24 Z9 30 U1 3 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 51 IS 3-4 BP 131 EP 144 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(01)00131-0 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 473UB UT WOS:000171065500001 PM 11588822 ER PT J AU Capuco, AV Wood, DL Baldwin, R Mcleod, K Paape, MJ AF Capuco, AV Wood, DL Baldwin, R Mcleod, K Paape, MJ TI Mammary cell number, proliferation, and apoptosis during a bovine lactation: Relation to milk production and effect of bST SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bromodeoxyuridine; cell renewal; lactation curve; somatotropin ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY KI-67; NUCLEAR ANTIGEN; GROWTH-HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; TISSUE; PROTEIN; GOATS; COWS; CATTLE; GLAND AB This investigation evaluated mammary cell loss and replacement during lactation and the impact of administration of bST on these processes. During lactation, a gradual decrease in number of mammary epithelial cells within the mammary glands occurs and largely accounts for the decline in milk production with advancing lactation. This decrease is not appreciably impacted by the loss of viable epithelial cells in milk. Rather, the net decline in cell number (similar to 50% during the entire lactation) results from continual death by apoptosis. Accompanying the decline in mammary cell number by apoptosis is a degree of cell renewal. Approximately 0.3% of mammary cells in lactating, nonpregnant cows were labeled by a 24-h in vivo treatment with the thymidine analog, bromodeoxyuridine. During the entire lactation, the number of new cells amounts to approximately 50% of the number of cells initially present. By the end of lactation, most cells present in the mammary gland were formed after calving. Increasing cell replacement or decreasing apoptosis during lactation may provide a means to increase persistency of lactation. Indeed, administration of bST to Holstein cows during midlactation increased the proportion of mammary epithelial cells expressing the nuclear proliferation antigen, Ki-67, from 0.5 to 1.6%. Bovine somatotropin appears to increase the rate of cell renewal in the lactating mammary gland. Knowledge of molecular regulation of apoptosis and cell proliferation should provide a means to modulate cell turnover in the mammary gland. A change in the ratio of epithelial proliferation to cell death during lactation will affect the persistency of lactation. C1 USDA ARS, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Nutrient Conservat & Metab Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Capuco, AV (reprint author), USDA ARS, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 37 TC 177 Z9 187 U1 4 U2 34 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 84 IS 10 BP 2177 EP 2187 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 487QY UT WOS:000171887800009 PM 11699449 ER PT J AU Wu, Z Massingill, LJ Walgenbach, RP Satter, LD AF Wu, Z Massingill, LJ Walgenbach, RP Satter, LD TI Cracked dry or finely ground high moisture shelled corn as a supplement for grazing cows SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pasture; corn; grazing; milk production ID DAIRY-COWS; HOLSTEIN COWS; PASTURE; DIGESTION; LACTATION; FERMENTATION; PERFORMANCE; NITROGEN; GRASS; DIETS AB Feeding shelled corn as the primary supplement in cracked dry form or ground high moisture form to grazing cows was studied in an experiment using 32 cows in late lactation. Each of the two forms of corn accounted for 74.7% of the concentrate supplement, which was fed at 9 kg/d (DM). The experiment was 13 wk, during which cows grazed permanent native pasture containing mostly grasses and some clover. Milk yield was 2.4 kg/d higher for cows fed ground high moisture shelled corn than for those fed dry cracked shelled corn. Milk fat content was lower (3.28 vs. 3.67%), but protein content was higher (3.26 vs. 3.15%) for the high moisture corn supplement. Results suggest that high moisture corn can serve as a better supplement for grazing cows than dry corn, likely by providing more metabolizable energy and microbial protein due to more fermentable and digestible starch. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Dairy Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Satter, LD (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 84 IS 10 BP 2227 EP 2230 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 487QY UT WOS:000171887800014 PM 11699454 ER PT J AU Follett, PA McQuate, GT AF Follett, PA McQuate, GT TI Accelerated development of quarantine treatments for insects on poor hosts SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bactrocera dorsalis; Cryptophlebia; alternative treatment efficacy; quarantine treatment; pest risk management ID FRUIT-FLIES DIPTERA; CODLING MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; MAXIMUM PEST LIMIT; FLY DIPTERA; TEPHRITIDAE; INFESTATION; TORTRICIDAE AB The probit 9 standard for quarantine treatment efficacy (99.9968% mortality) was originally recommended for tropical fruits heavily infested with fruit flies and it centers on high mortality to achieve quarantine security, This standard may be too stringent for quarantine pests in commodities that are rarely infested or are poor hosts. The alternative treatment efficacy approach measures risk as the probability of a mating pair, gravid female, or parthenogenic individual surviving in a shipment. This will be a function of many factors including infestation rate and shipment volume. Applying the risk-based alternative treatment efficacy approach to pests on rarely infested or poor hosts will lower the number of required test insects needed for developing quarantine treatments; hence data for a quarantine treatment could be generated by testing 10,000 or fewer insects with no survivors, compared with 90,000 -100,000 insects to demonstrate the traditional probit 9 efficacy. Several commodity/quarantine pest systems where this approach could be applied are discussed. This approach would save time and resources, and help farmers export their crop on a more-timely basis. C1 USDA ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RP Follett, PA (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, POB 4459, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. NR 27 TC 25 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 94 IS 5 BP 1005 EP 1011 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-94.5.1005 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 481XD UT WOS:000171545000001 PM 11681659 ER PT J AU McGuire, MR Tamez-Guerra, PT Behle, RW Streett, DA AF McGuire, MR Tamez-Guerra, PT Behle, RW Streett, DA TI Comparative field stability of selected entomopathogenic virus formulations SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lepidoptera; AcMNPV; AfMNPV; formulation; solar stability; field activity ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; GYPSY-MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; OPTICAL BRIGHTENERS; BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; RADIATION PROTECTANTS; STARCH-ENCAPSULATION; BACULOVIRUS ACTIVITY; ACTIVITY ENHANCEMENT; LYMANTRIIDAE; HELIOTHIS AB Nucleopolyhedroviruses originally isolated from Anagrapha falcifera (Kirby) and Autographa californica (Speyer) were formulated with various ingredients using a spray dry method and tested for residual field activity in Illinois and Mississippi. In Mississippi, field tests were conducted on cotton in 1997, whereas in Illinois tests were conducted on cabbage in 1997 and 1998. Within 24 h, significant differences were observed among formulations in all tests. Unformulated virus had significantly less insecticidal activity than formulated virus and formulations containing lignin retained activity significantly longer than other formulations. Relatively small-amounts of Blankopbor BBH, when encapsulated within the formulation, did not greatly enhance (> IOX) insecticidal activity based on LC50 determinations nor prolong insecticidal activity based on field evaluations. In most tests, > 50% activity remained in formulations containing lignin, whereas unformulated virus retained < 50% activity within 24 h after application. C1 USDA ARS, REE, Bioact Agents Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Behle, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, REE, Bioact Agents Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 26 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 94 IS 5 BP 1037 EP 1044 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-94.5.1037 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 481XD UT WOS:000171545000005 PM 11681663 ER PT J AU Dowd, PF AF Dowd, PF TI Biotic and abiotic factors limiting efficacy of Bt corn in indirectly reducing mycotoxin levels in commercial fields SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bacillus thuringiensis; Ostrinia; Helicoverpa; Fusarium; fumonisin ID BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS CORN; AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION; ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS; INDIRECT REDUCTION; MAIZE HYBRIDS; INFECTION; GRANULES; KERNELS; PESTS; BORER AB Incidence of insect damage, and association of insect damage with mycotoxigenic, corn ear molds and mycotoxins was examined in commercial fields of Bt and non-Bt hybrids of different backgrounds in Illinois in 1998 and 1999. Nearly 50% Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) infestation sometimes occurred in Bt hybrids that express high levels of the protein in silks and kernels. Damage by European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner, was uncommon, even in non-Bt ears. Levels of total fumonisins were generally less (15- to 1.8-fold) in Bt versus non-Bt hybrids at the same site, with some significant differences. There were several instances where there were no significant differences in fumonisin levels between low/no Bt kernel hybrids and Bt hybrids that produced high levels of the protein in the kernel and silk tissue. However, significant correlations were often noted between numbers of insect-damaged kernels and total fumonisin levels, especially in 1998, suggesting in these cases that reducing insect damage was still reducing fumonisin levels. There was variability between the correlation coefficient for numbers of insect damaged kernels and fumonisin levels at different sites for the same year, different hybrids at the same site, and the same hybrid for different years. Although reductions in fumonisins in Bt hybrids were more limited than reported in the past, planting the Bt hybrids still appears to be a useful method for indirectly reducing mycotoxins in corn ears. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Crop Bioprotect Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Dowd, PF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Crop Bioprotect Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 27 TC 48 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 94 IS 5 BP 1067 EP 1074 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-94.5.1067 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 481XD UT WOS:000171545000009 PM 11681667 ER PT J AU Yee, WL Phillips, PA Faber, BA AF Yee, WL Phillips, PA Faber, BA TI Effects of aerial spray volume, coverage, and sabadilla on Scirtothrips perseae (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Scirtothrips perseae; avocado; sabadilla; spray volumes; helicopter application AB Helicopter applications using sabadilla (27-57 g [AI]/ha and 11.1-23.7 kg/ha sugar bait) in different volumes of water were made on avocado against Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara in Ventura County, CA. On small (2.8 m tall) trees, volumes of 374 and 795 liter/ha resulted in 3-18% and 19-43% spray coverage, respectively, on water-sensitive papers. On large (6.9-8.4-m tall) trees, these volumes resulted in only 1-3% and 6-11% coverage, respectively. On small trees, sabadilla in 374 liter/ha significantly reduced numbers of larvae 3 and 6 d after treatment (DAT). In contrast, on large trees, 374 liter/ha did not reduce larval numbers and was less effective than 561-1,964 liter/ha from 3-11 DAT. However, volumes of 1,543 and 1,964 liter/ha did not increase efficacy compared with 1,169 liter/ha. The results indicate that large trees require sabadilla in higher spray volumes for control of S. perseae, making applications on large trees more costly. The extra costs may not result in larval control beyond 11 d, making it especially critical to properly time applications on large trees. C1 Univ Calif, Ventura, CA 93003 USA. RP Yee, WL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 7 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 94 IS 5 BP 1085 EP 1089 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-94.5.1085 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 481XD UT WOS:000171545000011 PM 11681669 ER PT J AU Yee, WL Phillips, PA Faber, BA AF Yee, WL Phillips, PA Faber, BA TI Effects of aerial spray volume, coverage, and abamectin on Scirtothrips perseae (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Scirtothrips perseae; avocado; abamectin; spray volumes; helicopter application ID SPIDER-MITE ACARI; TRANSLAMINAR ACTIVITY; TETRANYCHIDAE; FOLIAGE AB Helicopter applications using abamectin indifferent spray volumes were made against Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara in Ventura County, CA. On small (2.2 m tall) trees, spray coverage on water-sensitive papers was 24-48% and 43-97% for 468 and 935 liter/ha volume treatments, respectively. On large (6.2-8.1 in tall) trees, spray coverage was lower and quite variable, from I to 28% and 10 to 70% for 468 and 935 liter/ha treatments, respectively. On small trees, 468, 701, and 935 liter/ ba with a high abamectin rate (26 g [AI]/ha) were equally effective against larvae from 13 to 27 d after treatment (DAT). On medium (4.2 m tall) trees, 468 and 935 liter/ha with the high rate were equally effective from 23 to 113 DAT. On large (6.5-8.1 m tall) trees, 468 and 935 liter/ha with a low abamectin rate (13 g [AI]/ha) were ineffective in three tests. In a fourth large (6.8 m tall) tree test, 468 and 935 liter/ha with the high rate were effective at 3 and 37 DAT. In a fifth large (6.2 m tall) tree test, 468-1,403 liter/ha with the high and 935 liter/ha with the low rate were equally effective 2-22 DAT. After all effective treatments, thrips numbers were lower than in controls for 1-3 mo. However, stable and highest reductions in populations were sometimes delayed until 20-23 DAT even when coverage was high. The variability in spray coverage on the lower levels of large trees and the delayed effect may explain inconsistencies in the reporting of or in actual aerial application results. C1 Univ Calif, Ventura, CA 93003 USA. RP Yee, WL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 14 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 94 IS 5 BP 1090 EP 1096 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-94.5.1090 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 481XD UT WOS:000171545000012 PM 11681670 ER PT J AU Erbilgin, N Szele, A Klepzig, KD Raffa, KF AF Erbilgin, N Szele, A Klepzig, KD Raffa, KF TI Trap type, chirality of alpha-pinene, and geographic region affect sampling efficiency of root and lower stem insects in pine SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Pinus; Hylobius; hylastes; Dendroctonus; root insects; chemical ecology ID WEEVIL HYLOBIUS-ABIETIS; PACHYLOBIUS-PICIVORUS COLEOPTERA; PISSODES-NEMORENSIS COLEOPTERA; CHRISTMAS TREE PLANTATIONS; BLACK TURPENTINE BEETLE; EASTERN WHITE-PINE; BARK BEETLE; FOREST COLEOPTERA; HOST VOLATILES; DENDROCTONUS-TEREBRANS AB Root and lower stem insects cause significant damage to conifers, vector phytopathogenic fungi, and can predispose trees to bark beetle attacks. The development of effective sampling techniques is an important component in managing these cryptic insects. We tested the effects of trap type and stereochemistry of a-pinene, in combination with ethanol, on catches of the root colonizing weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Hylobius spp. [mostly Hylobius pales (Herbst)], and Pachylobius picivorus (Gen-nar), the root colonizing bark beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Hylastes porculus Erickson, and the lower stem colonizing bark beetle Dendroctonus valens (LeConte). We tested for inter-regional differences by conducting similar fleld assays in the northern (Wisconsin) and southern (Louisiana) United States. The more effective trap type varied with region. Root weevils were caught primarily in pitfall traps in Wisconsin, whereas they were caught mostly in lower stem flight traps in Louisiana. In Wisconsin, root colonizing bark beetles were also caught primarily in pitfall traps, but lower stem colonizing bark beetles were caught primarily in lower stem flight traps. The root feeding weevils preferred (-) over (+)-alpha -pinene in both regions. Some exceptions relating to trap type or gender occurred in southern populations. The two root and lower stem colonizing bark beetles in Wisconsin showed no preference between (+) and (-)-alpha -pinene in combination with ethanol, No bark beetles were caught in the south. Our results suggest that modifying trap type and enantiomeric ratios of monoterpenes for different insect groups and in different regions can improve sampling efficiency for these important pests. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Entomol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. RP Erbilgin, N (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Insect Biol Environm Sci Policy & Management, 201 Wellman Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Erbilgin, Nadir/F-3675-2014 OI Erbilgin, Nadir/0000-0001-9912-8095 NR 58 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 12 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 94 IS 5 BP 1113 EP 1121 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-94.5.1113 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 481XD UT WOS:000171545000015 PM 11681673 ER PT J AU Nowak, JT McCravy, KW Fettig, CJ Berisford, CW AF Nowak, JT McCravy, KW Fettig, CJ Berisford, CW TI Susceptibility of adult hymenopteran parasitoids of the Nantucket pine tip moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) to broad-spectrum biorational insecticides in a laboratory study SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Rhyacionia frustrana; parasitoids; indoxacarb; pyrethroids; spinosad; insecticide toxicology tests ID RHYACIONIA-FRUSTRANA COMSTOCK; TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE AB Currently, there is an elevated interest in reducing feeding damage caused by the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyaclonia frustrana (Comstock), a common regeneration pest of loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L. The toxicity of several insecticides was tested in a laboratory against four common R. frustrana parasitoids. There were no differences in parasitoid mortality between the control and indoxacarb, treatments. However, the pyrethroids, permethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin, caused significantly more mortality initially (up to 240 min exposure time) than other insecticides. Spinosad was less toxic than the pyrethroids initially, but the spinosad related mortality increased with time until it reached a level similar to the pyrethroids, For the most part, spinosad and the pyrethroids caused more mortality than the control and indoxacarb, treatmtents within the 1-d sample period. These results may have important implications for decisions concerning which insecticides are best suited for reducing pest damage while conserving natural enemies in timber and agricultural systems. Large-scale field trials are required to further define the impacts of these insecticides on natural enemies. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Entomol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Nowak, JT (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, 2500 Shreveport Highway, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. NR 32 TC 20 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 7 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 94 IS 5 BP 1122 EP 1127 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-94.5.1122 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 481XD UT WOS:000171545000016 PM 11681674 ER PT J AU Scheffer, SJ Wijesekara, A Visser, D Hallett, RH AF Scheffer, SJ Wijesekara, A Visser, D Hallett, RH TI Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment-length polymorphism method to distinguish Liriomyza huidobrensis from L-langei (Diptera : Agromyzidae) applied to three recent leafminer invasions SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Agromyzidae; polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment-length polymorphism; molecular identification; pea leafminer; introduced species; invasive species AB A molecular method is presented for differentiating the morphologically cryptic leafminers Liriomyza langei Frick and L. huidobrensis (Blanchard). This method requires polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a 1031-bp region of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase DNA followed by restriction fragment analysis using the restriction enzymes SpeI and EcoRV. SpeI cuts the mitochondrial fragment of L. langei into two fragments, but does not cut the L. huidobrensis fragment. EcoRV cuts the L. huidobrensis fragment into two fragments, but does not cut the L. langei fragment. This PCR-restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) method is faster and less costly than DNA sequencing, which is currently the only other way to differentiate these two species. We apply the method to samples from recently introduced leafminer populations in Sri Lanka, Canada, and South Africa and find that the invasive leafminer in all three locations is L. huidobrensis. C1 USDA ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, BARCW, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Hort Crops Res & Dev Inst, Div Entomol, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka. ARC Roodeplaat Vegetable & Ornamental Plant Inst, ZA-001 Pretoria, South Africa. Univ Guelph, Dept Environm Biol, Ontario Agr Coll, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. RP Scheffer, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, BARCW, Bldg 005,Room 137,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM sscheffe@sel.barc.usda.gov NR 11 TC 34 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-0493 EI 1938-291X J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 94 IS 5 BP 1177 EP 1182 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-94.5.1177 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 481XD UT WOS:000171545000023 PM 11681681 ER PT J AU Sanchez-Arroyo, H Koehler, PG Valles, SM AF Sanchez-Arroyo, H Koehler, PG Valles, SM TI Effects of the synergists piperonyl butoxide and S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate on propoxur pharmacokinetics in Blattella germanica (Blattodea : Blattellidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Blattella germanica; German cockroach; propoxur metabolism; pharmacokinetics; cuticular penetration; synergists ID COCKROACH DICTYOPTERA; HELICOVERPA-ARMIGERA; RESISTANCE; CYTOCHROME-P450; MECHANISMS; METABOLISM; PERMETHRIN; TOXICITY; STRAINS AB Effects of the synergists piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) on propoxur pharmacokinetics were examined in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). Treatment of adult male German cockroaches with the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase inhibitor, PBO, or the esterase inhibitor, DEF, increased propoxur toxicity by 2- and 6.8-fold, respectively, implicating hydrolysis as a major detoxification route of propoxur in the Gen-nan cockroach. However, significant hydrolytic metabolism could not be demonstrated conclusively in vitro resulting in a conflict between in situ bioassay data and in vitro metabolic studies. In vitro propoxur metabolism with NADPH-fortified microsomes produced at least nine metabolites. Formation of metabolites was NADPH-dependent; no quantifiable metabolism was detected with cytosolic fractions. However, microsomal fractions lacking an NADPH source did produce a low, but detectable, quantity of metabolites (1.6 pmol). PBO inhibited NADPH-dependent propoxur metabolism in a dose-dependent fashion, implicating cytochrome P450 monooxygenases as the enzyme system responsible for the metabolism. Interestingly, DEF also inhibited the NADPH-dependent metabolism of propoxur, albeit to a lower extent. Treatment with PBO or DEF also caused a significant reduction in the cuticular penetration rate of propoxur. The data demonstrate that unanticipated effects are possible with synergists and that caution must be exercised when interpreting synergist results. C1 IFIT CP, Montecillo 56230, Mexico. Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Valles, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1600 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 23 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 20 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 94 IS 5 BP 1209 EP 1216 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-94.5.1209 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 481XD UT WOS:000171545000028 PM 11681686 ER PT J AU Osbrink, WLA Lax, AR Brenner, RJ AF Osbrink, WLA Lax, AR Brenner, RJ TI Insecticide susceptibility in Coptotermes formosanus and Reticulitermes virginicus (Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Coptotermes formosanus; Reticulitermes virginicus; termite; insecticide susceptibility; resistance ID SUBTERRANEAN TERMITE ISOPTERA; BLATTELLIDAE; TERMITICIDES; FLORIDA AB Lethal time to mortality responses were established for eight insecticides against workers and soldiers of the Formosan subterranean termite, Captotermes formosanus Shiraki, and workers of Reticulitermes virginicus (Banks). There were significant differences in the tolerance ratios between workers of C. formosanus colonies to all toxicants tested except fipronil. One colony was 16 times more tolerant than another to deltamethrin. C. formosanus soldiers had significant differences in tolerance ratios among colonies exposed to all toxicants except chlorpyrifos. Methoxychlor, permethrin, deltamethrin, and fipronil did not kill soldiers from two, one, one, and three colonies, respectively, within 8 h. Seventy-five percent of R. virginicus colonies were significantly less susceptible than the most susceptible colony to chlordane, methoxychlor, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, and Fipronil, with 50% of the colonies less susceptible to permethrin and bendiocarb. In 50% of C. formosanus colonies the worker lethal time curves displayed substantial flattening in response to permethrin, and deltamethrin. Lethal time curves for C.formosanus soldiers exposed to chlordane, chlorpyrifos, permethrin, cypermethrin, deltarnethrin, and bendiocarb showed substantial flattening, R. virginicus workers demonstrated substantial curve flattening when exposed to chlordane, methoxychlor, chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, and fipronil. These findings indicate substantial intercolony and intra-colony differences in susceptibility to insecticides. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Osbrink, WLA (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 27 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 94 IS 5 BP 1217 EP 1228 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-94.5.1217 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 481XD UT WOS:000171545000029 PM 11681687 ER PT J AU Follett, PA Sanxter, SS AF Follett, PA Sanxter, SS TI Hot water immersion to ensure quarantine security for Cryptophlebia spp. (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) in lychee and longan exported from Hawaii SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cryptophlebia; quarantine pest; heat treatment; disinfestations AB We determined whether immersion in 49 degreesC water for 20 min, a quarantine treatment developed for disinfestation of fruit flies in lychee, Litchi chinensis Sonn., and longan, Dimocarpus longan (Lourd.) Steud., exported from Hawaii, would also disinfest fruit of two species of Cryptophlebia. The pattern of tolerance to heat in Cryptophlebia illepida (Butter) was generally eggs < neonates < early instars = late instars < pupae. No C. illepida survived immersion for 16 or 20 min. Late fourth and fifth instars were determined to be the most tolerant stage that occurs in harvested fruit. Late instars of Cryptophlebia ombrodelta (Lower) were more tolerant of hot-water immersion than those of C illepida, but no C. ombrodelta late instars survived immersion for 16 or 20 min. The hot water immersion quarantine treatment for fruit flies should effectively disinfest lychees and longans of any Cryptophlebia. C1 USDA ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RP Follett, PA (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, POB 4459, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. NR 11 TC 17 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 94 IS 5 BP 1292 EP 1295 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-94.5.1292 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 481XD UT WOS:000171545000038 PM 11681696 ER PT J AU Riddick, EW AF Riddick, EW TI Effect of cold storage on emergence, longevity, fertility, and survival of Cotesia marginiventris (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cold storage; mass rearing; parasitoids; Cotesia marginiventris; fertility ID DIADEGMA-INSULARE HYMENOPTERA; DIAMONDBACK MOTH LARVAE; CHRYSOPERLA-CARNEA; PARASITOID WASPS; APHELINIDAE; LEPIDOPTERA; TEMPERATURE; HOMOPTERA; DIAPAUSE; ICHNEUMONIDAE AB The effect of short-term cold storage on non-diapausing pupae and adults of Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) was evaluated for developing protocols for the mass production of this parasitoid. When stored at 10 degreesC, successful emergence of adults from cocoons occurred within 6 d and was not affected by storage time (0 d, 4 cl, 12 d, or 20 d). Longevity of males and females was not affected by cold storage, but fewer males and females remained alive per consecutive 8 d interval after emergence at 27 degreesC. A fertility experiment revealed that fewer progeny (F-1 cocoons, F-1 females) were produced by parental females previously cold-stored as pupae in cocoons for 20 d rather than 4 d. A within-storage adult survival experiment demonstrated that males and females were not affected by any of the storage times (8 d, 16 d, 24 d, 32 d). This survival rate was achieved by removing the adults from the cold at 8 d intervals, placing them at 23 +/- 1 degreesC for similar to 2 h and providing honey. Another fertility experiment revealed that more F-1 males, but fewer F-1 females, were produced when the parental females (which had been cold-stored as adults) were stored for 32 d rather than for 16 d. This study suggests that adults are more amenable to short-term storage than pupae if the adults are periodically removed for feeding. Nevertheless, cold storage of cocoons (pupae) for 20 d or adults for 32 d can limit the production of female progeny. C1 USDA ARS, REE, MSA, Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Riddick, EW (reprint author), USDA ARS, REE, MSA, Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. OI riddick, eric/0000-0002-4795-961X NR 47 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 36 IS 4 BP 366 EP 379 PG 14 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 484QQ UT WOS:000171701400005 ER PT J AU Farrar, RR Martin, PAW Ridgway, RL AF Farrar, RR Martin, PAW Ridgway, RL TI A strain of Serratia marcescens (Enterobacteriaceae) with high virulence per os to larvae of a laboratory colony of the corn earworm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Serratia marcescens; virulence; corn earworm; Helicoverpa zea ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUSES; CELERY LOOPER; POTENCY AB An unpigmented strain of the bacterium Serratia marcescens Bizio that is highly virulent when fed to larvae from a laboratory colony of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), was found as a contaminant in a sample of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the celery looper, Anagrapha falcifera (Kirby), that also infects H. zea. High rates of mortality (> 70%) were obtained by feeding doses of less than 100 bacterial cells per larva. Previous reports indicated that when insects could be killed with S. marcescens administered orally, doses on the order of 10(5) to 10(6) cells per insect were required to obtain comparable levels of mortality. Its virulence may have been increased through unintentional selection during the in vivo production of the virus in corn earworm larvae. The insect colony with which high mortality was obtained was compared with another colony, and the S. marcescens strain was compared with other strains. Results indicate that the highest levels of mortality are associated with a particular combination of insect colony and bacterial strain. While the potential of this organism as a biological control agent has not been evaluated, these apparently unique interactions could make this system an interesting and potentially useful model for the study of host-pathogen virulence factors. C1 USDA ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Farrar, RR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Bldg 011A,Rm 214,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 25 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 36 IS 4 BP 380 EP 390 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 484QQ UT WOS:000171701400006 ER PT J AU Pingel, RL Behle, RW McGuire, MR Shasha, BS AF Pingel, RL Behle, RW McGuire, MR Shasha, BS TI Improvement of the residual activity of a cucurbitacin-based adult corn rootworm (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) insecticide SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cucurbitacin; corn rootworm; adjuvant; formulation; insecticidal bait; natural enemies AB Areawide management of the corn rootworm, Diabrotica spp., focuses on managing adult beetles to decrease egg deposition. The primary management tool for this approach is a commercial bait composed of a feeding stimulant (cucurbitacin), inert ingredients, and a small quantity of insecticide. Cucurbitacin-based baits have had poor residual insecticidal activity that decreases efficacy and economic practicality. These studies were designed to extend the residual activity of 2 commercial bait formulations, Slam Prader (R) and Slam SD (R) (MicroFlo Co., Lakeland, FL), by adding materials as a tank-mixed adjuvant or as a part of the formulation to prevent wash-off by rain. Initial assays with Slam Prader identified low pH gluten and sodium lignate to have the greatest potential to provide rainfastness with a trend for less residual activity with higher concentrations (>2% of spray volume) of adjuvant. An additional assay demonstrated that low pH gluten was effective for resisting wash-off by natural rain when added to the Slam SD as a formulation ingredient. Large-plot experiments conducted over 2 yrs in growers' fields in northwestern Illinois failed to show a statistically significant advantage of gluten and lignin additives. For both years, all bait treatments provided adequate management of the adult corn rootworm for 3 wks after application. Based on sticky trap counts, insecticide treated plots maintained beetle populations below the economic threshold of 5 corn rootworms/trap/day and significantly below the corn rootworm density in the untreated plots. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Pingel, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, TARS, 2200 Ave Pedro Albizu Campos, Mayaguez, PR 00680 USA. NR 9 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 36 IS 4 BP 416 EP 425 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 484QQ UT WOS:000171701400010 ER PT J AU Kaiser, WM Huber, SC AF Kaiser, WM Huber, SC TI Post-translational regulation of nitrate reductase: mechanism, physiological relevance and environmental triggers SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Physiology and Ecology of Plants Under Stress of the Sonderforschungsbereich-251 CY OCT 10-13, 2000 CL UNIV WURZBURG, RETZBACH, GERMANY HO UNIV WURZBURG DE nitrate reductase; nitrite; nitric oxide; regulation; protein phosphorylation; 14-3-3-binding; signalling; sugars ID IN-VITRO; SPINACH LEAVES; NITRIC-OXIDE; PHOSPHORYLATION SITE; PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE; ACTIVATION STATE; RAPID MODULATION; 14-3-3 PROTEINS; HIGHER-PLANTS; BARLEY ROOTS AB Assimilatory nitrate reductase (NR) of higher plants is a most interesting enzyme, both from its central function in plant primary metabolism and from the complex regulation of its expression and control of catalytic activity and degradation. Here, present knowledge about the mechanism of post-translational regulation of NR is summarized and the properties of the regulatory enzymes involved (protein kinases protein phosphatases and 14-3-3-binding proteins) are described. It is shown that light and oxygen availability are the major external triggers for the rapid and reversible modulation of NR activity, and that sugars and/or sugar phosphates are the internal signals which regulate the protein kinase(s) and phosphatase. It is also demonstrated that stress factors like nitrate deficiency and salinity have remarkably little direct influence on the NR activation state. Further, changes in NR activity measured in vitro are not always associated with changes in nitrate reduction rates in vivo, suggesting that NR can be under strong substrate limitation. The degradation and half-life of the NR protein also appear to be affected by NR phosphorylation and 14-3-3 binding, as NR activation always correlates positively with its stability. However, it is not known whether the molecular form of NR in vivo affects its susceptibility to proteolytic degradation, or whether factors that affect the NR activation state also independently affect the activity or induction of the NR protease(s). A second and potentially important function of NR, the production of nitric oxide (NO) from nitrite is briefly described, but it remains to be determined whether NR produces NO for pathogen/stress signalling in vivo. C1 Julius von Sachs Inst Biowissensch, Lehrstuhl Mol Pflanzenphysiol & Biophys, D-97082 Wurzburg, Germany. N Carolina State Univ, USDA, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Bot, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Kaiser, WM (reprint author), Julius von Sachs Inst Biowissensch, Lehrstuhl Mol Pflanzenphysiol & Biophys, Julius von Sachs Pl 2, D-97082 Wurzburg, Germany. NR 42 TC 184 Z9 218 U1 1 U2 24 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-0957 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 52 IS 363 BP 1981 EP 1989 DI 10.1093/jexbot/52.363.1981 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 478XA UT WOS:000171372300005 PM 11559733 ER PT J AU Tomasula, PM Yee, WCF AF Tomasula, PM Yee, WCF TI Enriched fractions of alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-LA) and beta-lactoglobulin (beta-LG) from whey protein concentrate using carbon dioxide. Functional properties in aqueous solution SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION LA English DT Article ID PILOT-SCALE PROCESSES; THERMAL-DENATURATION; EMULSIFYING PROPERTIES; FOAMING PROPERTIES; CHEESE WHEY; CALCIUM; GELATION; BINDING; IONS AB Seven percent solutions (w/w) prepared from a low-fat whey protein concentrate (WPC) containing approximately 80% protein were treated with CO, to prepare a-lactalbumin (alpha -LA) and beta -lactoglobulin (beta LG) enriched fractions. Compositional data, solubility, foam stability, % overrun, viscosity, emulsion stability index and emulsion stability of the fractions were determined and compared to that of a reference WPC The alpha -LA fraction was soluble at pH > 5, while the, beta -LG fraction and reference WPC were soluble over the entire pH range studied. In most cases, the functional properties of the fractions were significantly different from that of the WPC feed. The beta -LG fraction showed enhanced emulsion stability, emulsion activity, viscosity, and gelling properties relative to the WPC reference. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Engn Sci Res Unit, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Tomasula, PM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Engn Sci Res Unit, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 34 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0145-8892 J9 J FOOD PROCESS PRES JI J. Food Process Preserv. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 25 IS 4 BP 267 EP 282 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4549.2001.tb00460.x PG 16 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 489CT UT WOS:000171975000004 ER PT J AU Farrington, LA Harvey, RB Buckley, SA Droleskey, RE Nisbet, DJ Inskip, PD AF Farrington, LA Harvey, RB Buckley, SA Droleskey, RE Nisbet, DJ Inskip, PD TI Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonellae isolated from market-age swine SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE; INFECTIONS; EMERGENCE; BACTERIA AB Antimicrobial resistance levels were examined for 365 Salmonella isolates recovered from the lymph nodes (n = 224) and cecal contents (n = 141) of market-age swine at slaughter. Antimicrobial resistance testing was performed by disk diffusion using 13 antibiotics common in the treatment of disease in human and veterinary medicine. Although none of the antibiotics tested were used subtherapeutically within the last 5 years on the farms sampled, resistance to chlortetracycline, penicillin G, streptomycin, and sulfisoxazole was common. Penicillin G resistance was significantly more frequent (P = 0.03) and sulfisoxazole resistance was significantly less frequent (P < 0.01) in lymph node versus cecal isolates. Multidrug resistance was observed among 94.7% of the lymph node isolates and 93.5% of the cecal isolates. The most frequent multidrug resistance pattern included three antibiotics-penicillin G, streptomycin, and chlortetracycline. Isolates in somatic serogroup 13, and more specifically, Salmonella Agona and Salmonella Schwarzengrund isolates, were often resistant to a greater number of antibiotics than were isolates in the other serogroups. Streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, ampicillin (lymph node isolates), and nitrofurantoin (cecal isolates) resistance levels differed significantly between somatic serogroups. The prevalence of penicillin G-, streptomycin-, and sulfisoxazole-resistant isolates differed significantly between serovars for both lymph node and cecal isolates. Results of this study suggest that a correlation exists between the somatic serogroup or serovar of a Salmonella isolate and its antimicrobial resistance status, which is specific to the antibiotic of interest and the source of the isolate (lymph node versus cecal contents). C1 ARS, USDA, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Anat & Publ Hlth, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Harvey, RB (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 23 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 64 IS 10 BP 1496 EP 1502 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 484CP UT WOS:000171672900007 PM 11601696 ER PT J AU Bischoff, KM Pishko, EJ Genovese, KJ Crippen, TL Holtzapple, CK Stanker, LH Nisbet, DJ Kogut, MH AF Bischoff, KM Pishko, EJ Genovese, KJ Crippen, TL Holtzapple, CK Stanker, LH Nisbet, DJ Kogut, MH TI Chicken mim-1 protein, p33, is a heterophil chemotactic factor present in Salmonella Enteritidis immune lymphokine SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID AVIAN INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE; POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES; ADP-RIBOSYLTRANSFERASE; BROILER CHICKS; CELL GRANULES; IN-VIVO; RESISTANCE; MYB; LIVER; P-33 AB Lymphokine (ILK) secreted from concanavalin A-stimulated T cells from Salmonella Enteritidis-immune chickens is an undefined mixture of proteins that confers protection against Salmonella infectivity when administered to day-old chicks. It has previously been shown that polyclonal antibodies raised against human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) can neutralize the heterophil activation that is responsible for ILK's protective effect. Western blot analysis of ILK probed with anti-GCSF antibodies detects a prominent protein of mass 33 kDa. We have sequenced the first 20 amino acids of this protein and found it to be identical to residues 24 to 43 of P33, a 326-amino acid protein of unknown function encoded by the chicken mim-1 gene. The primary structure of P33 consists of two 140-residue imperfect repeats that are each homologous to a mammalian neutrophil chemotactic factor termed leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 (LECT2). We have expressed mim-1 in Escherichia coli and demonstrated in vitro that recombinant P33 is chemotactic for heterophils, the avian equivalent of mammalian neutrophils. We have also constructed a derivative of P33 that consists of residues 33 to 165 (P33([33-165])), the first repeat sequence of P33 that is homologous to LECT2. P33(33-165) is chemotactic for heterophils both in vitro and in vivo, inducing an influx of heterophils into the peritoneum in a response similar to that observed with ILK. These results suggest that P33 functions as a chemotactic factor in chickens and that it plays an active role in ILK-mediated protection against Salmonella infection. C1 ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, USDA, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Bischoff, KM (reprint author), ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, USDA, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 34 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 64 IS 10 BP 1503 EP 1509 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 484CP UT WOS:000171672900008 PM 11601697 ER PT J AU Novak, JS Tunick, MH Juneja, VK AF Novak, JS Tunick, MH Juneja, VK TI Heat treatment adaptations in Clostridium perfringens vegetative cells SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY; SOLUBLE SPORE PROTEINS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SHOCK PROTEINS; THERMAL INACTIVATION; MOLECULAR CHAPERONES; BACILLUS-SUBTILIS; STRESS-RESPONSE; ACID; SPORULATION AB Vegetative cells of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxigenic strains NCTC 8679, NCTC 8238, and H6 were grown at 37 degreesC followed by a 60-min exposure to 28 degreesC or 46 degreesC. D-10-values, as a measure of thermal resistance at 60 degreesC, were significantly lower for 28 degreesC exposures as compared with cultures given 37 and 46 degreesC exposures. Following refrigeration at 4 degreesC for 24 h, D10-values for the 37 and 46 degreesC samples could not be differentiated from 28 degreesC samples. Western immunoblot analyses of lysates from heat-adapted cells also detected the increased expression of proteins reacting with antiserum directed against the molecular chaperonins from Escherichia coli; GroEL, DnaJ, and the small acid soluble protein from Bacillus subtilis, SspC. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) identified thermal transitions corresponding to ribosomal protein denaturations at 72.1 +/-0.5 degreesC. Any cellular heat adaptations in the DSC profiles were lost following refrigeration for several days to simulate minimally processed food storage conditions. Further analyses of high-speed pellets from crude cell extract fractions using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis detected the differential gene expression of at least four major proteins in heat-adapted vegetative cells of C. perfringens. N-terminal amino acid analyses identified two of the proteins as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and rubrerythrin. Both appear to have roles in this anaerobe under stressful conditions. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Novak, JS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RI Tunick, Michael/C-9761-2010 NR 45 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 64 IS 10 BP 1527 EP 1534 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 484CP UT WOS:000171672900012 PM 11601701 ER PT J AU Fan, XT Thayer, DW AF Fan, XT Thayer, DW TI Quality of irradiated alfalfa sprouts SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID VITAMIN-C CONTENT; ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY; RADIATION; POTATOES; STRAWBERRIES; VEGETABLES; STORAGE; FRUITS; CROPS AB Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) sprouts were irradiated with gamma rays at doses of 0, 0.85, 1.71, and 2.57 kGy at 5 degreesC, then stored at 6 degreesC for 14 days. Antioxidant power, total ascorbic acid (TAA) (ascorbic acid plus dehydroascorbic acid), carotenoid, chlorophyll, and color were measured at 1, 7, and 14 days of storage. Antioxidant power increased linearly with radiation dose at both 1 and 7 days of storage. Irradiation had minimal effect on TAA content when compared with the decrease in TAA content during storage. Carotenoid content of sprouts irradiated at 1.71 and 2.57 kGy was higher than that of control at 7 days of storage. Irradiation did not have a consistent effect on chlorophyll content or color. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Fan, XT (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 36 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 64 IS 10 BP 1574 EP 1578 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 484CP UT WOS:000171672900018 PM 11601707 ER PT J AU Kang, DH Barkocy-Gallagher, GA Koohmaraie, M Siragusa, GR AF Kang, DH Barkocy-Gallagher, GA Koohmaraie, M Siragusa, GR TI Screening bovine carcass sponge samples for Escherichia coli O157 using a short enrichment coupled with immunomagnetic separation and a polymerase chain reaction-based (BAX) detection step SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID IN-GROUND BEEF; FOOD; OUTBREAK; FECES AB A bovine carcass sponge sample screening protocol for detecting Escherichia coli O157:H7 was composed of a short selective enrichment followed by an immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and target detection using the BAX E. coli O157 polymerase chain reaction assay. This screening protocol was compared to a culture-based method for detection of the organism in carcass sponge samples. Enriched samples were subjected to IMS; the bead suspension was divided and plated on selected media or stored at -20 degreesC, then subjected to BAX analysis. The results showed a high degree of agreement between the plating method and the BAX system. Fifty-two of the 59 culture-positive samples were also positive using the BAX system (88.1% sensitivity). Of the 76 samples that appeared negative for the presence of E. coli O157:H7 by the culture method, 66 were determined as negative using the BAX system (86.8% specificity). Four of the 10 samples found negative by the initial culture method and positive by the BAX method were subsequently found to be culture positive upon reanalysis. Based on these data, the BAX system combined with a short, selective enrichment and IMS may be a rapid, reliable, and simple method to screen for E. coli O157:H7 in carcass sponge samples. Our data indicate that optimization and subsequent testing of this protocol for use as a carcass screening tool are warranted. C1 ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Koohmaraie, M (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 12 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 64 IS 10 BP 1610 EP 1612 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 484CP UT WOS:000171672900025 PM 11601714 ER PT J AU Thayer, DW Boyd, G AF Thayer, DW Boyd, G TI Effect of irradiation temperature on inactivation of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 and Staphylococcus aureus SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID IDENTIFICATION AB The resistance of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus in ground beef to gamma radiation was significantly (P<0.05) higher at subfreezing temperatures than above freezing. Ground beef was inoculated (ca. 2 x 10(8) CFU/g) with five isolates of either E. coli O157:H7 or S. aureus and subdivided into 25-g samples, vacuum packaged in barrier pouches, and tempered to 20, 12, 4, 0, -4, -12, -20, -30, -40, or -76C before gamma irradiation. The studies were repeated twice. The D-10-values for both of these pathogens increased significantly at subfreezing temperatures, reaching maxima at approximately -20 degreesC. The D-10-values for E. coli O157:H7 at 4 and -20 degreesC were 0.39 +/-0.04 and 0.98 +/-0.23 kGy, respectively. The D-10-values for S. aureus at 0 and -20 degreesC were 0.51 +/-0.02 and 0.88 +/-0.05 kGy, respectively. C1 USDA ARS, Food Safety Res Unit, NAA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Thayer, DW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Safety Res Unit, NAA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 8 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 64 IS 10 BP 1624 EP 1626 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 484CP UT WOS:000171672900029 PM 11601718 ER PT J AU Kadan, RS Bryant, RJ Boykin, DL AF Kadan, RS Bryant, RJ Boykin, DL TI Rice fry texture as affected by gum application and mechanical perforation SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE rice fries; texture; amylose; long-grain rice; waxy rice ID AMYLOSE AB This study was designed to evaluate the effects on rice fries with respect to lipid and moisture contents, as well as instrumental texture characteristics as a result of either coating with a water-soluble gum solution or processing with a mechanical pinhole. The rice fries were formulated from 2 different rice flour mixtures. Statistical analyses showed that gum application significantly decreased fat absorption during frying and retained more moisture. The incorporation of a pinhole decreased moisture and increased fat contents. Increasing gum application lowered hardness and fracturability values. Gum application improved the overall appearance, as well as decreased popping and blistering of fries during final frying. C1 ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Kadan, RS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 66 IS 8 BP 1084 EP 1088 PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 489YZ UT WOS:000172022000006 ER PT J AU Bai, JH Saftner, RA Watada, AE Lee, YS AF Bai, JH Saftner, RA Watada, AE Lee, YS TI Modified atmosphere maintains quality of fresh-cut cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.) SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cantaloupe; fresh-cut; modified atmosphere packaging; storage quality ID VEGETABLES; FRUITS AB Fresh-cut cantaloupe cubes were placed in film-sealed containers in which the internal gas mixture was attained naturally (nMAP), was flushed with 4 kPa O-2 Plus 10 kPa CO2 (fMAP), or was maintained near atmospheric levels by perforating the film (PFP). While both nMAP and fMAP maintained the salable quality of melon cubes for 9 d at 5 degreesC, fMAP maintained quality better than nMAP. The benefit of fMAP was indicated by better color retention, and by reduced translucency, respiration rate, and microbial population compared with nMAP. Shelf life of cubes in PFP was only 5 to 7 d at 5 degreesC, and its rapid decline was due to tissue translucency and/or off-odor development. C1 ARS, Produce Qual & Safety Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Dist Columbia, Dept Biol & Environm Sci, Nutr & Food Sci Program, Washington, DC USA. RP Saftner, RA (reprint author), ARS, Produce Qual & Safety Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 16 TC 64 Z9 69 U1 2 U2 10 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 66 IS 8 BP 1207 EP 1211 PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 489YZ UT WOS:000172022000027 ER PT J AU Hollenstein, K Graham, RL Shepperd, WD AF Hollenstein, K Graham, RL Shepperd, WD TI Biomass flow in western forests: Simulating the effects of fuel reduction and presettlement restoration treatments SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE fire; modeling; silviculture; thinning ID PONDEROSA AB Fuel treatment silviculture and the resulting long-term flow of biomass were examined using data from selected western stands. An uneven-aged management regime with reserve trees was modeled, using a canopy closure of 40 percent for the dominant trees as a target and a harvest cutting cycle of 20 years. Fuel reduction treatments in currently overstocked stands resulted in an initial peak of removal for the first and second cutting cycles. Yields stabilized in subsequent cutting cycles. Removal of some large reserve trees was crucial for maintaining stand structure and fire resilience. C1 Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Forest Engn Dept, Zurich, Switzerland. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Ecosyst & Plant Sci Sect, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Hollenstein, K (reprint author), Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Forest Engn Dept, Zurich, Switzerland. NR 19 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 99 IS 10 BP 12 EP 19 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 475XK UT WOS:000171195000004 ER PT J AU Wisdom, HW Brooks, DJ AF Wisdom, HW Brooks, DJ TI International forest resources agreements: A primer SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE industry; policy; trade AB International agreements have become a favored instrument for addressing large-scale, complex natural resource issues. Not only has the number increased, but recent agreements tend to be multilateral instead of bilateral, and the scope of agreements has broadened from protection of groups of species and boundary waters to encompass habitat protection and, more recently, protection of entire ecosystems. With the recent increase in state and local government participation in foreign affairs comes the risk that agreement provisions may not reflect the full scope of domestic interests, or that subsequent agreements are difficult to implement for technical or political reasons. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Forestry, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR USA. RP Wisdom, HW (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Forestry, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 99 IS 10 BP 29 EP 33 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 475XK UT WOS:000171195000006 ER PT J AU Huang, Q Hartung, JS AF Huang, Q Hartung, JS TI Cloning and sequence analysis of an infectious clone of Citrus yellow mosaic virus that can infect sweet orange via Agrobacterium-mediated inoculation SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID TUNGRO-BACILLIFORM VIRUS; SWOLLEN SHOOT VIRUS; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION; MOTTLE VIRUS; PLANT PARARETROVIRUS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; STREAK VIRUS; FRAME-III; RICE; DNA AB Citrus yellow mosaic virus (CYMV), a member of the family Caulimoviridae, genus Badnavirus, causes citrus mosaic disease, a disease that occurs commonly in India. The CYMV genome has been cloned and its complete nucleotide sequence determined. Its DNA genome is 7559 by in length and contains six putative open reading frames (ORFs), all on the plus-strand of the genome and each capable of encoding proteins with a molecular mass of greater than 10 kDa. ORF 3, the largest ORF, encodes a putative polyprotein for functions involved in virus movement, assembly and replication. The other ORFs encode proteins whose exact functions are not completely understood. The genome also contains a plant tRNA(met)-binding site, which may serve as a primer for minus-strand DNA synthesis, in its intergenic region. Phylogenetic analysis of the badnaviruses revealed that CYMV is most closely related to Cacao swollen shoot virus. It was demonstrated that a construct containing 1.4 copies of the cloned CYMV genome could infect sweet orange via Agrobacterium-mediated inoculation. C1 USDA ARS, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hartung, JS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Fruit Lab, Bldg O1OA,BARC W,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 52 TC 31 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AE, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 82 BP 2549 EP 2558 PN 10 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 476ME UT WOS:000171230200024 PM 11562547 ER PT J AU Wosten, JHM Pachepsky, YA Rawls, WJ AF Wosten, JHM Pachepsky, YA Rawls, WJ TI Pedotransfer functions: bridging the gap between available basic soil data and missing soil hydraulic characteristics SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Review DE soil process modelling; simulation; regression; neural network; accuracy; reliability; functional evaluation ID PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION; WATER-RETENTION CURVES; PEDO-TRANSFER FUNCTIONS; HIGHLY VARIABLE SOILSCAPE; BULK-DENSITY; ORGANIC-MATTER; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; NEURAL-NETWORK; BROOKS-COREY; LIMITED DATA AB Water retention and hydraulic conductivity are crucial input parameters in any modelling study on water flow and solute transport in soils. Due to inherent temporal and spatial variability in these hydraulic characteristics, large numbers of samples are required to properly characterise areas of land. Hydraulic characteristics can be obtained from direct laboratory and field measurements. However, these measurements are time consuming which makes it costly to characterise an area of land. As an alternative, analysis of existing databases of measured soil hydraulic data may result in pedotransfer functions. In practise, these functions often prove to be good predictors for missing soil hydraulic characteristics. Examples are presented of different equations describing hydraulic characteristics and of pedotransfer functions used to predict parameters in these equations. Grouping of data prior to pedotransfer function development is discussed as well as the use of different soil properties as predictors. In addition to regression analysis, new techniques such as artificial neural networks, group methods of data handling, and classification and regression trees are increasingly being used for pedotransfer function development. Actual development of pedotransfer functions is demonstrated by describing a practical case study. Examples are presented of pedotransfer function for predicting other than hydraulic characteristics. Accuracy and reliability of pedotransfer functions are demonstrated and discussed. In this respect, functional evaluation of pedotransfer functions proves to be a good tool to assess the desired accuracy of a pedotransfer function for a specific application. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Alterra Green World Res, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wosten, JHM (reprint author), Alterra Green World Res, POB 47, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. RI Poggio, Matteo/D-8973-2011; OI Pachepsky, Yakov/0000-0003-0232-6090 NR 188 TC 360 Z9 398 U1 25 U2 145 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD OCT 1 PY 2001 VL 251 IS 3-4 BP 123 EP 150 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00464-4 PG 28 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 469PK UT WOS:000170823900002 ER PT J AU Nemes, A Schaap, MG Leij, FJ Wosten, JHM AF Nemes, A Schaap, MG Leij, FJ Wosten, JHM TI Description of the unsaturated soil hydraulic database UNSODA version 2.0 SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE soil hydraulic database; unsaturated soils; water retention; hydraulic conductivity; soil water diffusivity; particle-size distribution ID PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; WATER-RETENTION; CONDUCTIVITY; PREDICTION; MODEL AB Quantifying water flow and chemical transport in the vadose zone typically requires knowledge of the unsaturated soil hydraulic properties. The UNsaturated Soil hydraulic DAtabase (UNSODA) was developed to provide a source of unsaturated hydraulic data and some other soil properties for practitioners and researchers. The current database contains measured soil water retention, hydraulic conductivity and water diffusivity data as well as pedological information of some 790-soil samples from around the world. A first MS-DOS version of the database was released in 1996. It has been applied in numerous studies. In this paper, we describe the second version (UNSODA V2.0) for use with Microsoft Access-97((R)1). The format and structure of the new database have been modified to provide additional and more convenient options for data searches, to provide compatibility with other programs for easy loading and downloading of data. and to allow users to customise the contents and look of graphical output. This paper reviews the structure and contents of the database as well as the operations that can be performed on the different data types in UNSODA V2.0, The use and application of the new database are illustrated with two examples. The retrieval of data is briefly illustrated, followed by a more detailed example regarding the interpolation of soil particle-size distribution data obtained according to different national definitions of particle-size classes, The interpolation procedure, which is based on finding similar particle-size distribution curves from a large European data set, also performed well for soils that originate from other geographical areas. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Alterra Res Inst Green World Res, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. Hungarian Acad Sci, Res Inst Soil Sci & Agr Chem, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary. USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Nemes, A (reprint author), Alterra Res Inst Green World Res, POB 47, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. NR 21 TC 104 Z9 108 U1 5 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD OCT 1 PY 2001 VL 251 IS 3-4 BP 151 EP 162 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00465-6 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 469PK UT WOS:000170823900003 ER PT J AU Schaap, MG Leij, FJ van Genuchten, MT AF Schaap, MG Leij, FJ van Genuchten, MT TI ROSETTA: a computer program for estimating soil hydraulic parameters with hierarchical pedotransfer functions SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE soils; hydraulic conductivity; retention; neural networks; computer programs ID PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION; WATER-RETENTION CURVES; NEURAL NETWORKS; BULK-DENSITY; CONDUCTIVITY; MODEL; PREDICTION; TEXTURE AB Soil hydraulic properties are necessary for many studies of water and solute transport but often cannot be measured because of practical and/or financial constraints. We describe a computer program, ROSETTA, which implements five hierarchical pedotransfer functions (PTFs) for the estimation of water retention, and the saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. The hierarchy in PTFs allows the estimation of van Genuchten water retention parameters and the saturated hydraulic conductivity using limited (textural classes only) to more extended (texture, bulk density, and one or two water retention points) input data. ROSETTA is based on neural network analyses combined with the bootstrap method, thus allowing the program to provide uncertainty estimates of the predicted hydraulic parameters. The general performance Of ROSETTA was characterized with coefficients of determination, and root mean square errors (RMSEs). The RMSE values decreased from 0.078 to 0.044 cm(3) cm(-3) for water retention when more predictors were used. The RMSE for the saturated conductivity similarly decreased from 0.739 to 0.647 (dimensionless log(10) units). The RMSE values for unsaturated conductivity ranged between 0.79 and 1.06, depending on whether measured or estimated retention parameters were used as predictors. Calculated mean errors showed that the PTFs underestimated water retention and the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity at relatively high suctions. ROSETTA's uncertainty estimates can be used as an indication of model reliability when no hydraulic data are available. The ROSETTA program comes with a graphical user interface that allows user-friendly access to the PTFs, and can be downloaded from the US Salinity Laboratory website: http://www.ussl.ars.usda.gov/. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Schaap, MG (reprint author), USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RI van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013 OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858 NR 35 TC 797 Z9 832 U1 26 U2 186 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD OCT 1 PY 2001 VL 251 IS 3-4 BP 163 EP 176 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00466-8 PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 469PK UT WOS:000170823900004 ER PT J AU Rawls, WJ Pachepsky, Y Shen, MH AF Rawls, WJ Pachepsky, Y Shen, MH TI Testing soil water retention estimation with the MUUF pedotransfer model using data from the southern United States SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE pedotransfer functions; MUUF; clay activity ratio; STATSGO ID HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; EFFECTIVE POROSITY; BROOKS-COREY; PARAMETERS; RELIABILITY; ACCURACY AB Soil hydraulic properties have often been estimated rather than measured. Such estimates are made using pedotransfer functions (PTFs), i.e. regression equations relating soil hydraulic properties to soil basic properties. PTFs were developed from about 18,000 samples from the national soil characterization database that used the clay activity ratio along with texture to characterize the effect of soil minerals on soil hydraulic properties. With those PTFs, the Map Unit User File (MUUF) software was developed to use soil series name and textural class of the uppermost soil horizon to estimate soil water retention. Objectives of this study were: (a) to test the MUUF with a database from Southern Plains, and (b) to see whether the MUUF PTFs will be more accurate with actual soil texture data as compared with the soil texture data for the representative pedon of the soil series. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the MUUF estimates of water content at -33 kPa in the uppermost horizon was about 0.04 m(3) m(-3), when only textural class and soil names were used. The accuracy did not change when the actual soil texture was entered in PTFs. In deeper horizons, the RMSE was about 0.065 m, m- when only soil name and textural classes were used. The accuracy improved significantly as the actual texture was used instead of the texture derived from the representative pedon. Using actual texture halved the RMSE in estimates of water contents at -1500 kPa. The worst estimates were obtained for silt texture. As compared with PTFs found in literature, the MUUF algorithms provide an average or better accuracy of water retention estimates in the uppermost soil horizons from the soil series name and textural class. For deep soil horizons, the MUUF pedotransfer algorithms are capable of the same degree of accuracy provided the information on texture of the deeper soil horizons is available. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Alternate Crops & Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Pachepsky, Y (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Bldg 007,Room 104,BARC W,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Pachepsky, Yakov/0000-0003-0232-6090 NR 30 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD OCT 1 PY 2001 VL 251 IS 3-4 BP 177 EP 185 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00467-X PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 469PK UT WOS:000170823900005 ER PT J AU Schaap, MG Lebron, I AF Schaap, MG Lebron, I TI Using microscope observations of thin sections to estimate soil permeability with the Kozeny-Carman equation SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE soils; conductivity; permeability; thin sections; correlation; microscopic methods ID PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION; SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; 2-POINT CORRELATION-FUNCTIONS; NEURAL-NETWORK ANALYSIS; POROUS-MEDIA; LIQUID RETENTION; CLAY SOILS; MODEL; PORE; PREDICTION AB In this study we used the Kozeny-Carman (K-C) equation as a semi-physical model for estimating the soil permeability using data derived from microscope observations. Specific surface areas and porosities were obtained from two-point correlation functions derived from scanning electron microscope images of thin sections using a magnification of 50 and a resolution of 1.88 mum pixel(-1). Permeabilities were predicted using two published ('Ahuja' and 'Berryman') and one generalized variant of the K-C equation. The latter model was similar to the Berryman variant, but used a free parameter C rather than a porosity dependent formation factor. All K-C model variants were optimized on measured permeabilities. The Ahuja and Berryman KC models performed relatively poorly with R-2 values of 0.36 and 0.57. respectively, while the generalized model attained R-2 values of 0.91. The parameter C was strongly related to texture and, to a lesser extent, particle density. The general model still required measured surface area and porosity. However, we showed that it was possible to estimate these parameters from texture resulting in an R-2 of 0.87. A fully empirical model that did not assume K-C concepts performed slightly worse (R-2 = 0.84). The results indicate that after developing the model using microscope information, only macroscopic data are necessary to predict permeability of soils in a semi-physical manner with the K-C equation. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science BN. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Schaap, MG (reprint author), USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RI lebron, Inma/A-4762-2013 OI lebron, Inma/0000-0001-8610-9717 NR 34 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD OCT 1 PY 2001 VL 251 IS 3-4 BP 186 EP 201 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00468-1 PG 16 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 469PK UT WOS:000170823900006 ER PT J AU Yu, LSL Uknalis, J Tu, SI AF Yu, LSL Uknalis, J Tu, SI TI Immunomagnetic separation methods for the isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from ground poultry meats SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE immunomagnetic separation; Campylobacter jejuni; ground poultry meats; dynabeads; capture efficiency ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157; CHICKEN PRODUCTS; MILK; DNA; HYBRIDIZATION; COLONIZATION; FOOD AB Campylobacter jejuni is now recognized as a leading foodbome pathogen, for which poultry products constitute the main transmission route. Two alternative immunomagnetic beads (IMB) were tested for direct detection of C jejuni ATCC 35918 in artificially inoculated ground poultry meats and culture suspension. Polyclonal anti- Campylobacter antibodies were used to coat tosylactivated Dynabeads. The same antibodies conjugated with biotin were used to label streptavidin-coated beads. After these beads were incubated with inoculated poultry slurry or culture suspension, Campylobacter-bead complexes were separated from other components with a magnet. The capture efficiency was tested by plating bead-captured cells and unbound cells in the supernatant onto Karmali agar. The effects of different coating procedures, incubation time (60, 90, 120 min), numbers of immunomagnetic beads (10(6) to 10(7) /ml) and innoculum levels (10(3) to 10(7) CFU/g or ml) were determined. Without pre-enrichment, this approach could detect 10(4) CFU/g of ground poultry meats. These methods represent a new approach to extracting, concentrating and isolating Campylobacter spp. directly from foods. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science BN. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Yu, LSL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 24 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1759 J9 J IMMUNOL METHODS JI J. Immunol. Methods PD OCT 1 PY 2001 VL 256 IS 1-2 BP 11 EP 18 DI 10.1016/S0022-1759(01)00372-6 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Immunology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Immunology GA 469WR UT WOS:000170839500002 PM 11516751 ER PT J AU Saha, BC AF Saha, BC TI Purification and characterization of an extracellular beta-xylosidase from a newly isolated Fusarium verticillioides SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE beta-xylosidase; Fusarium verticillioides; xylobiose; xylooligosaccharides; xylan ID MAIZE BRAN; XYLANASES; FIBER AB An extracellular beta -xylosidase from a newly isolated Fusarium verticillioides (NRRL 26518) was purified to homogeneity from the culture supernatant by concentration by ultrafiltration using a 10,000 cut-off membrane, ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE Bio-Gel A agarose column chromatography and SP-Sephadex C-50 column chromatography. The purified beta -xylosidase (specific activity, 57 U/mg protein) had a molecular weight (mol. wt.) of 94,500 and an isoelectric point at pH 7.8. The optimum temperature and pH for action of the enzyme were 65 degreesC and 4.5, respectively. It hydrolyzes xylobiose and higher xylooligosaccharides but is inactive against xylan. The purified,beta -xylosidase had a K-m value of 0.85 mM (p-nitrophenol-beta -D-xyloside, pH 4.5, 50 degreesC) and was competitively inhibited by xylose with a K-i value of 6 mM. It did not require any metal ion for activity and stability. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biotechnol Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Saha, BC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biotechnol Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 24 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1367-5435 EI 1476-5535 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 27 IS 4 BP 241 EP 245 DI 10.1038/sj.jim.7000184 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 484YG UT WOS:000171716700009 PM 11687937 ER PT J AU Dien, BS Nichols, NN Bothast, RJ AF Dien, BS Nichols, NN Bothast, RJ TI Recombinant Escherichia coli engineered for production of L-lactic acid from hexose and pentose sugars SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE lactic acid production; Escherichia coli; fermentation; pentoses ID FERMENTATIVE LACTATE-DEHYDROGENASE; STREPTOCOCCUS-BOVIS; ETHANOL-PRODUCTION; GENE; CLONING; PH; COMPLEMENTATION; INHIBITION; TOXICITY; SEQUENCE AB Recombinant Escherichia coli have been constructed for the conversion of glucose as well as pentose sugars into L-lactic acid. The strains carry the lactate dehydrogenase gene from Streptococcus bovis on a low copy number plasmid for production of L-lactate. Three E. coli strains were transformed with the plasmid for producing L-lactic acid. Strains FBR9 and FBR11 were serially transferred 10 times in anaerobic cultures in sugar-limited medium containing glucose or xylose without selective antibiotic. An average of 96% of both FBR9 and FBR11 cells maintained pVALDH1 in anaerobic cultures. The fermentation performances of FBR9, FBR10, and FBR11 were compared in pH-controlled batch fermentations with medium containing 10% w/v glucose. Fermentation results were superior for FBR11, an E. coli B strain, compared to those observed for FBR9 or FBR10. FBR11 exhausted the glucose within 30 h, and the maximum lactic acid concentration (7.32% w/v) was 93% of the theoretical maximum. The other side-products detected were cell mass and succinic acid (0.5 g/l). C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Dien, BS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. OI Dien, Bruce/0000-0003-3863-6664 NR 37 TC 67 Z9 76 U1 1 U2 11 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1367-5435 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 27 IS 4 BP 259 EP 264 DI 10.1038/sj.jim.7000195 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 484YG UT WOS:000171716700012 PM 11687940 ER PT J AU Oi, DH Becnel, JJ Williams, DF AF Oi, DH Becnel, JJ Williams, DF TI Evidence of intracolony transmission of Thelohania solenopsae (Microsporidia : thelohaniidae) in red imported fire ants (Hymenoptera : formicidae) and the first report of spores from pupae SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Thelohania solenopsae; Microsporidia; Solenopsis invicta; fire ant; biological control ID INFECTION; INVICTA AB Red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, colonies were infected horizontally by introducing live brood (mainly larvae and pupae) infected with Thelohania solenopsae. Live, infected brood introduced into uninfected colonies were adopted and raised to adulthood instead of being executed by the recipient colony. Introductions of infected larvae with uninfected pupae, which eclose into adult worker caste fire ants, resulted in an 80%, infection rate of the inoculated colonies. Infections from introductions of infected pupae with uninfected larvae resulted in a 37.5% infection of inoculated colonies. Infections were also detected in 11.6 and 3.7% of the adult worker caste ants that eclosed from uninfected large larvae and pupae, respectively, that were held with infected adult workers. Microscopic examination of infected brood revealed sporoblasts and large numbers of spores of T. solenopsae in S. invicta pupae. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Oi, DH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1600 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 14 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 78 IS 3 BP 128 EP 134 DI 10.1006/jipa.2001.5053 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 517JY UT WOS:000173608400002 PM 11812115 ER PT J AU Altre, JA Vandenberg, JD AF Altre, JA Vandenberg, JD TI Comparison of blastospores of two Paecilomyces fumosoroseus isolates: In vitro traits and virulence when injected into fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Paecilomyces fumosoroseus; Spodoptera frugiperda; Hyphomycete; injection; insect mycosis; bioassay ID ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGUS; BEMISIA-ARGENTIFOLII; BEET ARMYWORM; CONIDIA; DEUTEROMYCOTINA; GERMINATION; CULTURE; GROWTH; HYPHOMYCETE; EXIGUA AB Blastospores of two isolates of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus were compared to determine their productivity in vitro and their relative pathogenicity after injection of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. Blastospores of less virulent P. fumosoroseus isolate 1576 are smaller than those of isolate 4461, and they germinate and proliferate more slowly in vitro. The pathogenicity of injected blastospores of isolate 1576 against S. frugiperda varies with larval size. In small larvae, percentage mortality was lower among those injected with isolate 1576 than among those injected with isolate 4461. Large larvae were equally susceptible to both isolates. Survival times were higher for isolate 1576 and were higher at lower doses for both isolates. Those larvae injected late in development that ultimately died, regardless of treatment, did not lose weight typical of developing pupae. Injection of large larvae with isolate 4461 resulted in a significantly longer time to pupation among apparently uninfected larvae. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Entomol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Plant Protect Res Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Vandenberg, JD (reprint author), Tompkins Cortland Community Coll, POB 139,170 N St, Dryden, NY 13053 USA. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 78 IS 3 BP 170 EP 175 DI 10.1006/jipa.2001.5059 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 517JY UT WOS:000173608400007 PM 11812120 ER PT J AU Poulos, SP Sisk, M Hausman, DB Azain, MJ Hausman, GJ AF Poulos, SP Sisk, M Hausman, DB Azain, MJ Hausman, GJ TI Pre- and postnatal dietary conjugated linoleic acid alters adipose development, body weight gain and body composition in Sprague-Dawley rats SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE conjugated linoleic acid; gestation; lactation; adipogenesis; imprinting; rats ID ADIPOCYTE INSULIN ACTION; GROWTH-FACTOR-I; BINDING-PROTEIN; 3T3-L1 PREADIPOCYTES; FATTY-ACIDS; GLUCOSE-METABOLISM; IGF-I; TISSUE; DIFFERENTIATION; EXPRESSION AB Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a control diet (7 g/100 g soybean oil) or a conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) diet (6.5 g/100 g soybean oil and 0.5 g/100 g CLA) beginning on d 7 of gestation to determine whether pre- and postnatal CLA affects short- and long-term growth and adiposity. At weaning (d 21), progeny were assigned control or CLA diet and fed until 11 wk of age. At birth, litter size and weight were not different between treatments. There were age- and sex-dependent changes in inguinal adipose fatty acid composition at birth and weaning, whereas there were no differences in lipid accretion or adipocyte proliferation. At weaning, CLA did not alter inguinal adipocyte proliferation but increased (P < 0.01) CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha expression in inguinal adipose tissue from females, whereas there was no difference in expression in males. Significant differences in size distribution of inguinal adipocytes at weaning and retroperitoneal adipocytes at 11 wk of age were observed. In general, CLA increased the proportion of smaller cells and decreased the proportion of larger cells. The main long-term effect of the dams' diet was the significantly heavier gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, and significantly longer tail lengths, an indication of skeletal growth, of male pups whose dams were fed CLA. Postweaning diet reduced fat pad weights in female but not male pups fed CLA. This response was due to differences in cell size rather than number. Response to CLA treatment may depend on the sex and age of the animal as well as duration of feeding. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Food & Nutr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Hausman, GJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RI Wilkinson, Stuart/C-2802-2013 NR 59 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 131 IS 10 BP 2722 EP 2731 PG 10 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 481DF UT WOS:000171504100019 PM 11584096 ER PT J AU Lichtenfels, JR Pilitt, PA Gibbons, LM Boomker, JDF AF Lichtenfels, JR Pilitt, PA Gibbons, LM Boomker, JDF TI Haemonchus horaki n. sp (Nematoda : Trichostrongyloidea) from the grey rhebuck Pelea capreolus in South Africa SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CUTICULAR RIDGE-PATTERNS; DOMESTIC RUMINANTS; NORTH-AMERICA; KEY; SYSTEMATICS AB In the course of a revision of species of Haemonchus Cobb, 1898 (Nematoda), commonly referred to as large stomach worms and significant pathogens of ruminants, a new species was discovered in the grey rhebuck Pelea capreolus, and the bontebok Damaliscus pygarthus, in South Africa. The new species, Haemonchus horaki, was previously reported as a long-spicule form of H. contortus (Rudolphi, 1803) Ransom, 1911. The new species, compared with H. contortus, can be distinguished by significantly longer spicules (555-615 mum vs. 383-475 mum); a synlophe with fewer ridges (26 vs. 30 in the region of the posterior part of the esophagus) that extend more posteriorly (within 1 mm of the copulatory bursa in males and postvulvar in females, vs. 2/3 to 3/4 of prebursal and prevulvar lengths); and an asymmetrical dorsal lobe with a long dorsal ray divided for more than half of its length, forming 2 branches of unequal length (vs. a dorsal ray divided for less than half of its length and forming 2 equal branches in H. contortus). C1 ARS, Biosystemat Unit, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, USDA,Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lichtenfels, JR (reprint author), ARS, Biosystemat Unit, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, USDA,Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 87 IS 5 BP 1095 EP 1103 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[1095:HHNSNT]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 485UK UT WOS:000171782300027 PM 11695372 ER PT J AU Rhoads, ML Fetterer, RH Urban, JF AF Rhoads, ML Fetterer, RH Urban, JF TI Cuticular collagen synthesis by Ascaris suum during development from the third to fourth larval stage: Identification of a potential chemotherapeutic agent with a novel mechanism of action SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS; HAEMONCHUS-CONTORTUS; CUTICLE COLLAGEN; 4TH-STAGE LARVAE; CROSS-LINKING; IN-VITRO; 3RD-STAGE; GENES; SEQUENCES AB The dominant proteins released by Ascaris suum during development in vitro from the L3 to L4 stage were identified as collagenous cuticular proteins by sequence analysis and susceptibility to digestion by collagenase. Under reducing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), the colla.-en proteins separated into 3 groups with molecular weights estimated at 32 kDa, 54-60 kDa, and 71-91 kDa. The 32-kDa protein represents monomeric collagen; the 54-60- and 71-91-kDa components represent dimeric and trimeric forms, respectively, polymerized by nonreducible cross-links. Furthermore, the release of these forms of colla.-en was developmentally regulated, as exemplified by a sequential temporal progression from monomeric to dimeric to trimeric forms in association with the in vitro transition from L3 to L4. The data suggest that collagen released in vitro during development of A. suum L3 to L4 reflects the increased translation of collagen gene products and their initial assembly into higher molecular weight molecules associated with the synthesis of the L4 cuticle. A biotinylated dipeptidyl fluoromethylketone cysteine protease inhibitor (Bio-phe-ala-FMK) bound specifically to the 32-kDa collagen Ind, to a lesser extent, to a 30-kDa protein; binding was dependent on the presence of dithiothreitol (DTT) and was prevented by iodoacetamide. Because cysteine residues play an essential role in the initial assembly of the collagen monomers into the higher molecular weight oligomers present in the mature nematode cuticle, inhibition of molting of A. suum L3 to L4 by the cysteine protease inhibitor Z-phe-ala-FMK might be due to its binding to thiol groups of collagen monomers during a critical phase of collagen assembly. Prevention of cystine cross-links during this critical period of cuticle assembly by peptide-FMK inhibitors may represent a potential control mechanism having a novel mechanism of action. C1 ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Rhoads, ML (reprint author), ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Urban, Joseph/0000-0002-1590-8869 NR 26 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 87 IS 5 BP 1144 EP 1149 PG 6 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 485UK UT WOS:000171782300036 PM 11695381 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Lindsay, DS Kwok, OCH Shen, SK AF Dubey, JP Lindsay, DS Kwok, OCH Shen, SK TI The gamma interferon knockout mouse model for Sarcocystis neurona: Comparison of infectivity of sporocysts and merozoites and routes of inoculation SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS; OPOSSUM DIDELPHIS-VIRGINIANA; N-SP PROTOZOA; FALCATULA; MICE AB The dose-related infectivity of Sarcocystis neurona sporocysts and merozoites. of 2 recent isolates of S. neurona was compared in gamma interferon knockout (KO) mice. Tenfold dilutions of sporocysts or merozoites were bioassayed in mice, cell culture, or both. All 8 mice, fed 1,000 sporocysts, developed neurological signs with demonstrable S. neurona in their tissues. Of 24 mice fed low numbers of sporocysts. (100, 10, 1), 18 became ill by 4 wk postinoculation, and S. neurona was demonstrated in their brains; antibodies (S. neurona agglutination test) to S. neurona and S. neurona parasites were not found in tissues of the 6 mice that were fed sporocysts and survived for >39 days. One thousand culture-derived merozoites of these 2 isolates were pathogenic to all 8 mice inoculated subcutaneously (s.c.). Of the 24 mice inoculated s.c. with merozoites. numbering 100, 10, or 1, only 3 mice had demonstrable S. neurona infection; antibodies to S. neurona were not found in the 21 mice that had no demonstrable organisms. As few as 10 merozoites. were infective for cell cultures. These results demonstrate that at least 1,000 merozoites are needed to cause disease in KO mice. Sarcocystis neurona sporocysts were infective to mice by the s.c. route. C1 ARS, USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Ctr Mol & Infect Dis, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Bldg 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016 OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321 NR 16 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 87 IS 5 BP 1171 EP 1173 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[1171:TGIKMM]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 485UK UT WOS:000171782300043 PM 11695388 ER PT J AU Hoberg, ER Abrams, A AF Hoberg, ER Abrams, A TI Synlophe in Ostertagia cf. kasakhstanica (Nematoda : Ostertagiinae), the minor morphotype of O-bisonis from western North America SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DOMESTIC RUMINANTS; SYSTEMATICS; KEY AB Ostertagia cf. kasakhstanica, the putative minor morphotype of the polymorphic ostertagiine O. bisonis, is reported in Bison bison from South Dakota. Descriptions of the synlophe and details of other diagnostic characters useful in identification and differentiation of this minor morphotype from other ostertagiines in wild and domestic ruminants from western North America are presented. Laterally, the cervical synlophe is consistent with Type lb pattern among, ostertagiines and is within the range of variation previously described for O. bisonis. Among recognized minor morphotypes of ostertagiines in wild and domestic ruminants from North America, O. kasakhstanica is distinct from O. kolchida, O. dikmansi, and O. arctica based on a tapering lateral synlophe. It is further distinguished from O. lyrata by the pattern of the cervical synlophe in the lateral field, structure of the genital cone and spicules, and dimensions of the esophageal valve. Although morphologically similar to T. davtiani/T. trifucata and T. boreoarcticus f. minor, it can be readily distinguished by the 2-1-2 bursal pattern, the structure of the spicules and genital cone, and the length of the esophageal valve. Ostertagia bisonis/O. cf. kasakhstani. ca circulates among pronghorn, mule deer, bison, and cattle in west-central North America. C1 ARS, Biosystemat Unit Parasite Biol, Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hoberg, ER (reprint author), ARS, Biosystemat Unit Parasite Biol, Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, USDA, BARC E Bldg 1180, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 87 IS 5 BP 1181 EP 1184 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[1181:SIOCKN]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 485UK UT WOS:000171782300047 PM 11695392 ER PT J AU Labelle, P Dubey, JP Mikaelian, I Blanchette, N Lafond, R St-Onge, S Martineau, D AF Labelle, P Dubey, JP Mikaelian, I Blanchette, N Lafond, R St-Onge, S Martineau, D TI Seroprevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in lynx (Lynx canadensis) and bobcats (Lynx rufus) from Quebec, Canada SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FELIS-CONCOLOR; SEROLOGIC SURVEY; PREGNANT-WOMEN; NOVA-SCOTIA; PREVALENCE; CALIFORNIA; INFECTION; OUTBREAK; OOCYSTS; ALASKA AB The seroprevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii was investigated in trapped lynx (Lynx canadensis) and bobcats (Lynx rufus) from Quebec, Canada. Forty-seven of 106 (44%) lynx and 4 of 10 (40%) bobcats had positive titers for T. gondii (greater than or equal to 25) by means of the modified agglutination test incorporating mercaptoethanol and formalin-fixed tachyzoites. Seroprevalence was significantly higher (P<0.0001) in adult lynx than in juvenile lynx. The presence of antibodies to T. gondii in lynx and bobcats suggests that this organism is widespread in the wild and that exposure to wild felids and game animals from Quebec may represent a potential source of infection for humans. C1 Canadian Cooperat Wildlife Hlth Ctr, St Hyacinthe, PQ J2S 7C6, Canada. Ctr Quebecios Sante Anim Sauvages, St Hyacinthe, PQ J2S 7C6, Canada. ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. DEXX Vet Serv, W Sacramento, CA 95605 USA. Faune & Parcs Quebec, Quebec City, PQ J9X 1N9, Canada. Faune & Parcs Quebec, Quebec City, PQ G1R 5V7, Canada. RP Labelle, P (reprint author), Canadian Cooperat Wildlife Hlth Ctr, 3200 Sicotte, St Hyacinthe, PQ J2S 7C6, Canada. NR 25 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 87 IS 5 BP 1194 EP 1196 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[1194:SOATTG]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 485UK UT WOS:000171782300052 PM 11695397 ER PT J AU Lambourn, DM Jeffries, SJ Dubey, JR AF Lambourn, DM Jeffries, SJ Dubey, JR TI Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in southern Puget Sound, Washington SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INFECTION; DOLPHIN; SOWS AB As part of the Puget Sound Ambient Monitoring Program of the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, serum samples from 380 harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) were tested for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in the modified agglutination test (MAT) incorporating formalin-fixed tachyzoites and mercaptoethanol. Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 29 of 380 (7.6%) seals with titers of 1:25 in 13, 1:50 in 14, and greater than or equal to1:500 in 2 seals. Results indicate natural exposure of these wild marine mammals to T. gondii oocysts. C1 ARS, USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Marine Mammal Invest, Tacoma, WA 98498 USA. RP Dubey, JR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Bldg 1001,BARC-E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 15 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 87 IS 5 BP 1196 EP 1197 PG 2 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 485UK UT WOS:000171782300053 PM 11695398 ER PT J AU Santin-Duran, M Alunda, JM de la Fuente, C Hoberg, EP AF Santin-Duran, M Alunda, JM de la Fuente, C Hoberg, EP TI Onchocercosis in red deer (Cervus elaphus) from Spain SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Onchocercosis, caused by Onchocerca flexuosa, was observed in red deer (Cervus elaphus) from Spain for the first time. Adult specimens of O. flexuosa were found in nodules in subcutaneous tissues in 42 of 125 (33%) red deer between October 1994 and September 1995; intensity of infection +/- SD was 3.93 +/-5.26 nodules per infected host. A clear seasonal pattern in the distribution of nodules was observed, with higher values of prevalence and intensity in fall and winter in contrast to spring and summer. Significant differences were found among age groups in prevalence, but not in the mean intensity. No differences in infection were apparent between male and female adult red deer. C1 Univ Complutense, Fac Vet, Dept Patol Anim Sanidad Anim 1, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. ARS, Biosystemat & Natl Parasite Collect Unit, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Santin-Duran, M (reprint author), Univ Complutense, Fac Vet, Dept Patol Anim Sanidad Anim 1, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 87 IS 5 BP 1213 EP 1215 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[1213:OIRDCE]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 485UK UT WOS:000171782300060 PM 11695405 ER PT J AU Abrams, SA Griffin, IJ Davila, P Liang, L AF Abrams, SA Griffin, IJ Davila, P Liang, L TI Calcium fortification of breakfast cereal enhances calcium absorption in children without affecting iron absorption SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID NONHEME-IRON; STABLE ISOTOPES; GIRLS; MASS; SUPPLEMENTATION; HUMANS; RATES; TRIAL; MILK AB Objectives: Provision of calcium-fortified foods may represent an important component of improving the calcium intake of children. We sought to determine whether the addition of calcium to cereal would have a net positive effect on calcium absorption without decreasing iron absorption. Methods: Twenty-seven children, 6 to 9 years of age, were provided two servings per day (30 g of cereal per serving) of either a low (39 mg/serving) or fortified (156 mg/serving) calcium-containing cereal product for 14 days. Calcium absorption was measured by using stable isotopes added to milk (extrinsically labeled) and to the calcium-fortified cereal (intrinsically labeled). Results: Fractional calcium absorption from the fortified cereal was virtually identical to that from milk. Fractional absorption of calcium from milk did not differ significantly when given with enriched or low-calcium-containing cereal. Total calcium absorption increased from 215 +/- 45 mg/d to 269 +/- 45 mg/d with the addition of the calcium-fortified cereal (P < .001). Iron absorption was similar when children received the calcium-fortified cereal or unfortified cereal. Conclusions: The addition of a moderate amount of calcium to a cereal product was beneficial to calcium absorption and did not interfere with iron absorption. Use of calcium-fortified food products may be considered a practical approach to increasing the calcium intake of children. C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Abrams, SA (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. OI Abrams, Steven/0000-0003-4972-9233 NR 24 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 5 PU MOSBY-ELSEVIER PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0022-3476 EI 1097-6833 J9 J PEDIATR-US JI J. Pediatr. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 139 IS 4 BP 522 EP 526 DI 10.1067/mpd.2001.116936 PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 484MZ UT WOS:000171695300010 PM 11598598 ER PT J AU Chapman, GB Buerkle, EJ Barrows, EM Davis, RE Dally, EL AF Chapman, GB Buerkle, EJ Barrows, EM Davis, RE Dally, EL TI A light and transmission electron microscope study of a black locust tree, Robinia pseudoacacia (Fabaceae), affected by witches'-broom, and classification of the associated phytoplasma SO JOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY-PHYTOPATHOLOGISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT LA English DT Article DE black locust; electron microscopy; phytoplasma ID 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; MYCOPLASMALIKE ORGANISMS; GRAPEVINE YELLOWS; AMPLIFICATION; SEQUENCES AB Light and transmission electron microscopy of phloem sieve-tube elements, companion cells, and parenchymal cells in thin and ultrathin sections of small and medium: rachises and small, medium and large leaflets of a black locust tree, Robinia pseudoacacia L., affected by witches'-broom disease revealed (in the small and medium rachises and leaflets) structures that were characteristic of phytoplasmas, and crystal-like inclusions in the phloem sieve-tube members. A crystal-like inclusion was also seen in a companion cell. Paracrystalline arrays were seen only (and very rarely) in phloem sieve-tube elements of medium rachises. Some elements contained several crystal-like inclusions and each inclusion had fracture planes. The crystal-like inclusions and paracrystalline arrays apparently have not been previously reported in the black locust. The paracrystalline arrays and crystal-like inclusions may merely be by-products of the plant's metabolic activity. Extensive additional work would be required to establish the precise relationship (if any) of the arrays and inclusions to the black locust, witches'-brooming and/or phytoplasmas. Results from analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences amplified by the polymerase chain reaction indicated for the first time that the phytoplasma associated with black locust witches'-broom is a member of group 16 SrIII (peach X-disease) phytoplasma group. This raised the question of whether black locust may be a significant source of the phytoplasma for infection of other plants, especially agricultural crops. C1 Georgetown Univ, Dept Biol, Washington, DC 20057 USA. USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Chapman, GB (reprint author), Georgetown Univ, Dept Biol, Washington, DC 20057 USA. NR 24 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-1785 J9 J PHYTOPATHOL JI J. Phytopathol.-Phytopathol. Z. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 149 IS 10 BP 589 EP 597 DI 10.1046/j.1439-0434.2001.00673.x PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 505WF UT WOS:000172938000005 ER PT J AU Urbanik, T AF Urbanik, T TI Effect of corrugated flute shape on fibreboard edgewise crush strength and bending stiffness SO JOURNAL OF PULP AND PAPER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE corrugated boards; fiber boards; flutes; optimization; profiles; mathematical models; geometry; crush resistance; bend strength AB The influence of corrugated fibreboard fluting geometry on strength and stiffness is modelled and a method to optimize flute profile is presented. The fluted medium in a corrugated fibreboard is modelled as a connection of curved arc and straight flank segments, Flute pitch, flute height, flank length, arc radius and angle of wrap are normalized to form a set of non-dimensional parameters, two of which can be chosen as independent. Strength and stiffness data from fibreboard with representative flute profiles are used to predict average stress-strain properties of the containerboard components. The strength and stiffness models are then extrapolated to predict theoretically how mechanical properties and material savings change for other flute profiles. The results quantify how an optimum flute profile balances cost, runnability, strength and stiffness. C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Urbanik, T (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RI Urbanik II, Thomas/B-5982-2008 NR 15 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU PULP & PAPER TECHNICAL ASSOCIATION CANADA PI MONTREAL PA 740 NOTRE DAME WEST, STE 810, MONTREAL, QC H3C 3X6, CANADA SN 0826-6220 J9 J PULP PAP SCI JI J. Pulp Pap. Sci. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 27 IS 10 BP 330 EP 335 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA 485BK UT WOS:000171733500002 ER PT J AU Ranich, T Bhathena, SJ Velasquez, MT AF Ranich, T Bhathena, SJ Velasquez, MT TI Protective effects of dietary phytoestrogens in chronic renal disease SO JOURNAL OF RENAL NUTRITION LA English DT Review ID POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY-DISEASE; PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR-BETA; VEGETARIAN SOY DIET; IN-VITRO; SECOISOLARICIRESINOL DIGLYCOSIDE; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; LUPUS NEPHRITIS; SOYBEAN FOODS AB Phytoestrogens are naturally occuring plant compounds that are present primarily in soybeans as isoflavones and in flaxseed as lignans. Because of their structural similarity to endogenous estrogens, phytoestrogens bind to both estrogen receptors (ER)-alpha and beta (but more strongly to ER-beta) and exert estrogen-like effects. There is increasing evidence that dietary phytoestrogens have a beneficial role in chronic renal disease. Nutritional intervention studies have shown that consumption of soy-based protein and flaxseed reduces proteinuria and attenuates renal functional or structural damage in animals and humans with various forms of chronic renal disease. It is not clear which component(s) of the soybean or flaxseed is (are) responsible for the protective effects observed in experimental animals and in limited studies in humans. Vegetable protein has been shown to have a beneficial effect on renal disease in animals and humans. Thus, the role of soy and flaxseed cannot be ruled out. Isoflavones and lignans are readily absorbed from the gut and converted to active metabolites, which may be partly responsible for the beneficial renal effects of soy protein and flaxseed. In addition, an interaction between type of protein and phytoestrogens is also possible. The biological actions of isoflavones and lignans have been well defined in different cell types in vitro and also in vivo, but how these compounds might reduce renal injury remains to be elucidated. Possible mechanisms include inhibition of cell growth and proliferation via ER-mediated mechanisms or non-ER-mediated pathways through inhibition of tyrosine protein kinases, modulation of growth factors involved in extracellular matrix synthesis and fibrogenesis, inhibition of cytokine-induced activation of transcription factors, inhibition of angiogenesis, antioxidative action, suppression of platelet activating factor and platelet aggregation, and immunomodulatory activity. To date, clinical trials in humans are few, of relatively short duration, and involve a small number of patients. Prospective randomized trials are needed to evaluate the long-term safety and effectiveness of dietary phytoestrogens on renal disease progression in patients with chronic renal failure. (C) 2001 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc. C1 George Washington Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Renal Dis & Hypertens, Washington, DC 20037 USA. United States Dept Agr, Agr Res Serv, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Phytonutrients Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. RP George Washington Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Renal Dis & Hypertens, 2150 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20037 USA. NR 93 TC 41 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 5 PU W B SAUNDERS CO-ELSEVIER INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1600 JOHN F KENNEDY BOULEVARD, STE 1800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-2899 USA SN 1051-2276 EI 1532-8503 J9 J RENAL NUTR JI J. Renal Nutr. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 11 IS 4 BP 183 EP 193 DI 10.1053/jren.2001.26975 PG 11 WC Nutrition & Dietetics; Urology & Nephrology SC Nutrition & Dietetics; Urology & Nephrology GA 519KL UT WOS:000173725400003 PM 11679998 ER PT J AU Dwyer, J Ellwood, K Moshfegh, AJ Johnson, CL AF Dwyer, J Ellwood, K Moshfegh, AJ Johnson, CL TI Integration of the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Food Survey Res Grp, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD USA. CDC, Natl Hlth & Nutr Examinat Survey, Div Hlth Examinat Stat, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat,US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Dwyer, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Survey Res Grp, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD USA. OI Dwyer, Johanna/0000-0002-0783-1769 NR 0 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 USA SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 101 IS 10 BP 1142 EP 1143 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(01)00279-6 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 499BT UT WOS:000172551700007 PM 11678482 ER PT J AU Novotny, JA Rumpler, WV Judd, JT Riddick, H Rhodes, D McDowell, M Briefel, R AF Novotny, JA Rumpler, WV Judd, JT Riddick, H Rhodes, D McDowell, M Briefel, R TI Diet interviews of subject pairs: How different persons recall eating the same foods SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID PORTION SIZES; VALIDATION AB Objective To compare qualitative descriptions of the same food items eaten by different persons using 24-hour dietary recall interviews. Design Eleven pairs of subjects were interviewed twice using 24-hour dietary recalls such drat each member of the pair described the same day's foods. Each hair shared a home and ate at least 2 meals together daily. After each interview, subjects were asked to identify the foods reported during the interview that they observed tale other member of their pair consuming and to note when a particular food was the only item of that type available in the house. Qualitative descriptions of the foods were compared, differences in descriptions were noted, and calculations were made of the potential energy error produced if a subject: erred in reporting a food item. Subjects/setting Subjects were randomly selected from a database of persons who have participated in other studies at the Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center. Ten pairs were husbands and wives and 1 pair was sisters. Each pair reported eating at least 2 meals per day together. Dietary recall interviews were done at the Research Center and were conducted by a trained dietitian in a quiet room free of distractions. Results Discrepancies in qualitative food descriptions were identified for every subject pair interviewed. Men were found to be more likely to omit food items than women, snack items were more likely to be omitted than meal items, meat items were likely to be described inaccurately, and first interviews were likely to contain more errors than second interviews. Applications/conclusions Thus analysis shows which types of food items are most likely to be omitted or inaccurately described, and that dietetics professionals may improve the accuracy of dietary intake interviews by asking questions related to meat, milk, and snacks very carefully. The analysis also showed reductions in recall inconsistencies from the first recall to the second recall, suggesting that the learning associated with repeated interviews may be helpful in accurately identifying what a person consumes. C1 USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Diet & Human Performance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Hlth Interview Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Hlth Examinat Stat, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Novotny, JA (reprint author), US Dept Agr Diet & Human Performance Lab, Bldg 308, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 19 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 USA SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 101 IS 10 BP 1189 EP 1193 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(01)00291-7 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 499BT UT WOS:000172551700018 PM 11678490 ER PT J AU Liu, CK Latona, NP DiMaio, GL AF Liu, CK Latona, NP DiMaio, GL TI Degree of opening-up of the leather structure characterized by acoustic emission SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 97th Annual Meeting of the American-Leather-Chemists-Association CY JUN 17-21, 2001 CL MCAFEE, NEW JERSEY SP Amer Leather Chemists Assoc ID RESISTANCE AB Liming is one of the key steps in the leather-making process - to remove hair and non-collagenous materials from the hide and, more importantly, to open up the fibrous structure for tanning and lubrication. However, the leather industry lacks an effective means to identify proper liming conditions that produce a sufficient degree of opening-up. As part of our effort to investigate the applications of acoustic emission technology to leather manufacture, we have examined the feasibility of using the acoustic emission (AE) technique to measure the degree of opening-up of leather produced with various liming times. Leather samples were stretched and contacted with an acoustic sensor to collect various acoustic quantities. Observations showed that a change in the degree of opening-up of the fiber structure associated with the increase of liming time can be detected by a history plot of acoustic emission counts. The samples with less than 24 hours liming show a relatively smooth history plot, whereas the samples with a liming time greater than 24 hours produce a pronounced saw-shaped pattern, and the longer the liming time, the more erratic the pattern becomes. This behavior mirrors the change in the extent of opening-up of the fibrous structure engendered by the lime action. We have concluded that a qualitative association exists between the degree of opening-up or leather and the acoustic counts patterns measured by an AE analyzer. The results of this work may provide a route to monitor the degree of opening-up of leather. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Liu, CK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 11 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI LUBBOCK PA TEXAS TECH UNIV, BOX 45300, LUBBOCK, TX 79409-5300 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 96 IS 10 BP 367 EP 381 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 596DP UT WOS:000178149100001 ER PT J AU Bailey, DG DiMaio, GL Gehring, AG Ross, GD AF Bailey, DG DiMaio, GL Gehring, AG Ross, GD TI Electron beam irradiation preservation of cattle hides in a commercial-scale demonstration SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 96th Annual Meeting of the American-Leather-Chemists-Association CY JUN 17-21, 2000 CL WHEELING, WEST VIRGINIA SP Amer Leather Chemists Assoc AB In 1999, the USDA approved the use of electron beam and gamma ray irradiation for the cold pasteurization of red meat including the elimination of E. coli O157-H7 in hamburger. Titan, Incorporated, of San Diego has contracted with a major red meat producer to construct the first electron beam irradiation facility dedicated to this purpose. This opens up the possibility of applying electron beam technology to preserve cattle hides in order to eliminate environmentally hazardous brine curing in these same packing plants. With this in mind, Titan entered into a Memorandum of Understanding with the Agricultural Research Service to conduct an industrial-scale evaluation of the use of electron beam irradiation for cattle hide preservation. We have conducted a one-hundred-and-fifty-hide matched-side experiment to evaluate preservation, leather quality and yield of electron-beam-preserved cattle hides as compared to brine-cured hides. The hides in this study were individually identified immediately after slaughter in Schuyler, NE, trucked to a tannery in St. Joseph, MO, to prepare them for irradiation, trucked to Cranbury, NJ, for irradiation and then returned to St. Joseph to be tanned. A total of three weeks elapsed between hide removal and tanning. After storage at room temperature, all of the hides appeared to be as fresh and clean as they were just after flaying. Weight, area and visual quality were measured at various stages throughout the process. With the exception of draw, which was considerably better on the irradiated sides compared to the brine sides, all of the parameters measured were equivalent for both preservation treatments. An analysis of the results obtained will be presented along with the potential impact of cattle hide irradiation on the tanning and packing industries. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA USA. Ionizing Energy Co Canada Ltd, Fredericton, NB, Canada. RP Bailey, DG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA USA. NR 3 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI LUBBOCK PA TEXAS TECH UNIV, BOX 45300, LUBBOCK, TX 79409-5300 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 96 IS 10 BP 382 EP 392 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 596DP UT WOS:000178149100002 ER PT J AU Mozersky, SM Iandola, SK Marmer, WN AF Mozersky, SM Iandola, SK Marmer, WN TI Leather made from the hides of double-muscled cattle has satisfactory physical characteristics SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID MYOSTATIN GENE; DECORIN; MICE AB Because of the relatively high efficiency with which they produce lean meat, two breeds of cattle which exhibit a high frequency of muscle hypertrophy (mh, commonly referred to as "double muscling"), viz., Piedmontese and Belgian Blue, are being considered for commercial breeding as beef animals. Double muscling results from a genetic deficiency of myostatin, the protein which normally regulates, i.e., limits, muscle growth. Since "double-muscled" animals have a somewhat larger than normal physique, and since the effect of myostatin deficiency is reasonably presumed to include hypertrophy of muscle tissue in the hide, it became important to determine whether the hides of such animals are affected by the condition and would yield leather with unusual, e.g., deficient, physical characteristics. To address this question the physical characteristics of leathers made from the hides of homozygous normal (+/+), homozygous myostatin deficient (mh/mh), and heterozygous (+/mh) cattle were compared to each other. No significant differences between the groups were found, except that leather made from mh/mh cattle had a slightly greater stiffness than leather made from +/+ cattle. Double muscling thus poses no threat of harm (or promise of substantial benefit) to the leather manufacturer which would require monitoring hides from animals endowed with this condition. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Mozersky, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI LUBBOCK PA TEXAS TECH UNIV, BOX 45300, LUBBOCK, TX 79409-5300 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 96 IS 10 BP 393 EP 397 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 596DP UT WOS:000178149100003 ER PT J AU Knothe, G AF Knothe, G TI Determining the blend level of mixtures of biodiesel with conventional diesel fuel by fiber-optic near-infrared spectroscopy and H-1 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE biodiesel; biodiesel blends; diesel fuel; fiber-optic probe; methyl soyate; near-infrared spectroscopy; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ID TRANSESTERIFICATION AB Biodiesel, defined as the alkyl esters (usually methyl esters) of vegetable oils, is miscible with conventional diesel fuel at all blend levels. Until the present time, no rapid and reliable analytical method has existed for determining the blend level of biodiesel in conventional diesel fuel. in the present work, near-infrared (NIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies were used to determine the blend level of biodiesel in conventional diesel fuel. Several regions in the NIR region (around 6005 cm(-1) and 4800-4600 cm(-1)) are suitable for this purpose. The method is rapid and easy to use, and does not require any hardware changes when using the same instrument for monitoring the biodiesel-producing transesterification reaction and determining biodiesel fuel quality. In H-1 NMR spectroscopy, the integration values of the peaks of the methyl ester moiety and the aliphatic hydrocarbon protons in biodiesel and conventional diesel fuel were used for determining blend levels. The results of NIP, and NMR blend level determinations are in good agreement. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Knothe, G (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 11 TC 119 Z9 119 U1 0 U2 18 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 78 IS 10 BP 1025 EP 1028 DI 10.1007/s11746-001-0382-0 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 494VX UT WOS:000172307500008 ER PT J AU Asadauskas, S Erhan, SZ AF Asadauskas, S Erhan, SZ TI Thin-film test to investigate liquid oxypolymerization of nonvolatile analytes: Assessment of vegetable oils and biodegradable lubricants SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE biodegradable lubricants; drying oils; frying oils; hydraulic fluids; rnicro-oxidation; oxidative degradation; oxidative gelation; oxidative stability; oxypolymers; polyunsaturation ID OXIDATION AB A thin-film oxidation test was developed to investigate liquid oxypolymerization of nonvolatile analytes. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) showed that the test delivered the required degree of oxidation with better than +/-5% accuracy. The following oils were ranked according to their decreasing resistance to oxypolymer formation at 150 degreesC: 90% oleic sunflower oil, triolein, meadow foam oil, castor oil, canola oil, lesquerella oil, and soybean oil. Higher degrees of oxidation demonstrated the occurrence of oxidative gelation. Oxypolymerization tendencies of hydraulic fluids based on canola and rapeseed oils were comparable to those of canola oil without additives. The relative amount of C-C polyunsaturation present in the fatty acid chain was a major differentiating factor. However, oxidation inhibitors also reduced the rates of oxypolymerization, as demonstrated by sunflower oil-based hydraulic fluid. Canola and rapeseed lubricants needed better oxypolymerization control. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Oil Chem Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Erhan, SZ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Oil Chem Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RI Asadauskas, Svajus/A-6766-2010 OI Asadauskas, Svajus/0000-0001-9267-5280 NR 19 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 78 IS 10 BP 1029 EP 1035 DI 10.1007/s11746-001-0383-z PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 494VX UT WOS:000172307500009 ER PT J AU Kenar, JA Erhan, SZ AF Kenar, JA Erhan, SZ TI Synthesis of Delta(2)-isoxazoline fatty acid ester heterocycles SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE aldoximes; 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition; hydroximic acid chlorides; Delta(2)-isoxazolines; methyl 10-undecenoate; nitrile oxides ID ISOXAZOLINE; PRODUCTS AB Fatty ester Delta (2)-isoxazoline heterocycles were prepared in good yields and excellent regioselectivity from 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions between methyl 10-undecenoate and nitrile oxides. This methodology provides convenient access to the methyl esters of margaric (4b) and stearic (4c) acids in 63-66% yield that contain the isoxazoline heterocycle between C-10 and C-12. These fatty heterocycle compounds are synthesized in a one-pot sequence in which methyl 10-undecenoate is used to trap the reactive nitrile oxide intermediates that are generated by reacting aldoximes with aqueous sodium hypochlorite and a catalytic amount of triethylamine or by directly reacting hydroximic acid chlorides with a stoichiometric amount of base. The fatty ester Delta (2)-isoxazoline heterocycles represent a versatile synthon that may be useful to obtain oleochemicals with potentially new and interesting properties not easily accessible by other methods. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Oil Chem Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Kenar, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Oil Chem Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 78 IS 10 BP 1045 EP 1050 DI 10.1007/s11746-001-0386-9 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 494VX UT WOS:000172307500012 ER PT J AU Shih, F Daigle, K AF Shih, F Daigle, K TI Supercritical fluid extraction of encapsulated oil products SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE diatomaceous earth; encapsulated oil; encapsulation; freeze-dry; oil extraction; spray-dry; supercritical fluid extraction ID PESTICIDES AB Standard methods of oil analysis, for example, Soxhlet extraction and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), were ineffective for recovering oil from encapsulated food products. Efforts were made to enhance SFE of the oil for these products. Samples were hydrated and heated, which helped to break down the encapsulating structure. In addition, extra diatomaceous earth was needed to absorb and disperse the added water. Optimal extraction conditions were established, and quantitative extraction of oil was achieved for various laboratory-prepared and commercially encapsulated food products. C1 USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Shih, F (reprint author), USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 78 IS 10 BP 1057 EP 1059 DI 10.1007/s11746-001-0388-7 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 494VX UT WOS:000172307500014 ER PT J AU Haas, MJ Cichowicz, DJ Dierov, JK AF Haas, MJ Cichowicz, DJ Dierov, JK TI Lipolytic activity of California-laurel (Umbellularia californica) seeds SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE biosynthesis; California-laurel; enzyme; Lauraceae; lipase; Umbellularia californica ID FATTY-ACID SELECTIVITY; LIPASE AB The lipid content of dormant mature seeds of the California-laurel (Umbellularia californica) was 74% (mass basis) and decreased upon germination, reaching 43% 5 wk after germination. Dormant seeds contained only barely detectable lipase activity. Lipase activity rose upon germination, peaking 2 to 3 wk after the onset of visible germination. The combined addition of three detergents, 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propane-sulfonate (1 mM), taurocholic acid (1 mM), and Tween-20 (0.05%, vol/vol) during homogenization increased the lipolytic activity of total seedling homogenates by about 60%. Following centrifugation of homogenates from seedlings of various ages, ca. 80% of the recovered lipolytic activity was located in the fat-free supernatant, with the remainder in the floating fat pad. The crude seed lipase did not show hydrolytic specificity for glycerol esters of lauric acid (the predominant fatty acid of the seed triglycerol): comparable lipolytic activities were seen toward olive oil, trilaurin, tripalmitin, and tristearin. Maximal lipolytic activity occurred at pH 8.5. This activity was stable over the pH range 6 to 9, and unstable at > 40 degreesC in a fashion that suggested the presence of multiple enzymes with different substrate specificities. Two lipolytic species, one of which showed some selectivity toward lauric acid esters, were partially separated from one another by ion-exchange chromatography. C1 USDA ARS, ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. La Salle Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Philadelphia, PA 19141 USA. RP Haas, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, ERRC, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 78 IS 10 BP 1067 EP 1071 DI 10.1007/s11746-001-0390-0 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 494VX UT WOS:000172307500016 ER PT J AU Friedman, AN Bostom, AG Selhub, J Levey, AS Rosenberg, IH AF Friedman, AN Bostom, AG Selhub, J Levey, AS Rosenberg, IH TI The kidney and homocysteine metabolism SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY LA English DT Review ID PLASMA TOTAL HOMOCYSTEINE; RENAL-TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS; PROTEIN-BOUND HOMOCYSTEINE; GLOMERULAR-FILTRATION RATE; NORMAL SERUM CREATININE; HEMODIALYSIS-PATIENTS; N-ACETYLCYSTEINE; AMINO-ACIDS; FOLIC-ACID; METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE AB Homocysteine (Hcy) is an intermediate of methionine metabolism that, at elevated levels, is an independent risk factor for vascular disease and atherothrombosis. Patients with renal disease, who exhibit unusually high rates of cardiovascular morbidity and death, tend to be hyperhomocysteinemic, particularly as renal function declines. This observation and the inverse relationship between Hcy levels and GFR implicate the kidney as an important participant in Hcy handling. The normal kidney plays a major role in plasma amino acid clearance and metabolism. The existence in the kidney of specific Hcy uptake mechanisms and Hcy-metabolizing enzymes suggests that this role extends to Hcy. Dietary protein intake may affect renal Hcy handling and should be considered when measuring Hcy plasma flux and renal clearance. The underlying cause of hyperhomocysteinemia in renal disease is not entirely understood but seems to involve reduced clearance of plasma Hcy. This reduction may be attributable to defective renal clearance and/or extrarenal clearance and metabolism, the latter possibly resulting from retained uremic inhibitory substances. Although the currently available evidence is not conclusive, it seems more likely that a reduction in renal Hcy clearance and metabolism is the cause of the hyperhomocysteinemic state. Efforts to resolve this important issue will advance the search for effective Hcy-lowering therapies in patients with renal disease. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Div Nephrol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Mem Hosp Rhode Isl, Div Gen Internal Med, Pawtucket, RI 02860 USA. RP Friedman, AN (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St,Room 829, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 74 TC 157 Z9 169 U1 2 U2 9 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1046-6673 J9 J AM SOC NEPHROL JI J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 12 IS 10 BP 2181 EP 2189 PG 9 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA 474JU UT WOS:000171104000022 PM 11562419 ER PT J AU Lindsey, BD Gburek, WJ Folmar, GJ AF Lindsey, BD Gburek, WJ Folmar, GJ TI Watershed scaling effect on base flow nitrate, valley and ridge physiographic province SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE water quality; agricultural hydrology; surface water hydrology; modeling/statistics; nonpoint source pollution; nitrate ID PATTERNS; QUALITY AB A study of stream base flow and NO3-N concentration was conducted simultaneously in 51 subwatersheds within the 116-square-kilometer watershed of East Mahantango Creek near Klingerstown, Pennsylvania. The study was designed to test whether measurable results of processes and observations within the smaller watersheds were similar to or transferable to a larger scale. Ancillary data on land use were available for the small and large watersheds. Although the source of land-use data was different for the small and large watersheds, comparisons showed that the differences in the two land-use data sources were minimal. A land use-based water-quality model developed for the small-scale 7.3-square-kilometer watershed for a previous study accurately predicted NO3-N concentrations from sampling in the same watershed. The water-quality model was modified and, using the imagery-based land use, was found to accurately predict NO3-N concentrations in the subwatersheds of the large-scale 116-square-kilometer watershed as well. Because the model accurately predicts NO3-N concentrations at small and large scales, it is likely that in second-order streams and higher, discharge of water and NO3-N is dominated by flow from smaller first-order streams, and the contribution of ground-water discharge to higher order streams is minimal at the large scale. C1 US Geol Survey, New Cumberland, PA 17070 USA. USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Lindsey, BD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 215 Limekiln Rd, New Cumberland, PA 17070 USA. NR 23 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 37 IS 5 BP 1103 EP 1117 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03625.x PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 492FZ UT WOS:000172158900002 ER PT J AU Stone, MC Hotchkiss, RH Hubbard, CM Fontaine, TA Mearns, LO Arnold, JG AF Stone, MC Hotchkiss, RH Hubbard, CM Fontaine, TA Mearns, LO Arnold, JG TI Impacts of climate change on Missouri River Basin water yield SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE global climate change; surface water hydrology; Missouri River Basin; meteorology/climatology; regional circulation model; water resources; reservoir modeling ID MODEL; CATCHMENTS; HYDROLOGY; RUNOFF; US AB Water from the Missouri River Basin is used for multiple purposes. The climatic change of doubling the atmospheric carbon dioxide may produce dramatic water yield changes across the basin. Estimated changes in basin water yield from doubled CO2 climate were simulated using a Regional Climate Model (RegCM) and a physically based rainfall-runoff model. RegCM output from a five-year, equilibrium climate simulation at twice present CO2 levels was compared to a similar present-day climate run to extract monthly changes in meteorologic variables needed by the hydrologic model. These changes, simulated on a 50-km grid, were matched at a commensurate scale to the 310 subbasins in the rainfall-runoff model climate change impact analysis. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) rainfall-runoff model was used in this study. The climate changes were applied to the 1965 to 1989 historic period. Overall water yield at the mouth of the Basin decreased by 10 to 20 percent during spring and summer months, but increased during fall and winter. Yields generally decreased in the southern portions of the basin but increased in the northern reaches. Northern subbasin yields increased up to 80 percent: equivalent to 1.3 cin of runoff on an annual basis. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Albrook Hydraul Lab, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Dodsons & Associates, Houston, TX 77069 USA. SD Sch Mines & Tech, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Rapid, SD USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. USDA ARS, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RP Stone, MC (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Albrook Hydraul Lab, POB 642910, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 26 TC 57 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 37 IS 5 BP 1119 EP 1129 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03626.x PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 492FZ UT WOS:000172158900003 ER PT J AU Jensen, ME Goodman, IA Bourgeron, PS Poff, NL Brewer, CK AF Jensen, ME Goodman, IA Bourgeron, PS Poff, NL Brewer, CK TI Effectiveness of biophysical criteria in the hierarchical classification of drainage basins SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE aquatic ecosystems; forest hydrology; hydrogeology; hydrologic regionalization; land use planning; water resources planning; watershed management/wildland hydrology ID LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; PERSPECTIVE; ECOREGIONS; FRAMEWORK AB A subwatershed base map of 84 hydrologic subregions within the Columbia River Basin (approximately 58,361,000 ha) was developed following hierarchical principles of ecological unit mapping. Our primary objectives were to inspect the relations between direct and indirect biophysical variables in the prediction of valley bottom and stream type patterns, and to identify hydrologic subregions (based on these results) that had similar aquatic patterns for which consistent management practices could be applied. Realization of these objectives required: (1) stratified subsampling of valley bottom and stream type composition within selected subwatersheds, (2) identification of direct and indirect biophysical variables that were mappable across the basin and that exerted primary control on the distribution of sampled aquatic patterns, and (3) development of hydrologic subregion maps based on the primary biophysical variables identified. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that a core set of 15 direct variables (e.g., average watershed slope, drainage density, ten-year peak flow) and 19 indirect variables (i.e., nine subsection groups, four lithology groups, and six potential vegetation settings) accounted for 31 and 30 percent (respectively) of valley bottom/stream type composition variability and 84 and 80 percent (respectively) of valley bottom/stream type environmental variability within subsamples. The 19 indirect biophysical variables identified were used to produce an ecological unit classification of 7,462 subwatersheds within the basin by a hierarchical agglomerative clustering technique (i.e,, hydrologic subregions were identified). Discriminant analysis indicated that 13 direct biophysical variables could correctly assign 80 percent of the subwatersheds to their indirect biophysical classification, thus demonstrating the strong relation that exists between indirect biophysical based classifications (ecological units) and the direct biophysical variables that determine finer-level aquatic patterns. Our hydrologic subregion classifications were also effective in explaining observed differences in management hazard ratings across all subwatersheds of the basin. Results of this research indicate that ecological units can be effectively used to produce watershed classifications that integrate the effects of direct biophysical variables on finer-level aquatic patterns, and predict opportunities and limitations for management. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Landscape Ecol Branch, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Jensen, ME (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, POB 7669, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RI Poff, Nathan/C-1239-2009 NR 45 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 37 IS 5 BP 1155 EP 1167 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03629.x PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 492FZ UT WOS:000172158900006 ER PT J AU Santhi, C Arnold, JG Williams, JR Dugas, WA Srinivasan, R Hauck, LM AF Santhi, C Arnold, JG Williams, JR Dugas, WA Srinivasan, R Hauck, LM TI Validation of the swat model on a large river basin with point and nonpoint sources SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE watershed management; total maximum daily load; erosion; sedimentation; phosphorus loading; dairy manure management ID QUALITY; EROSION; BALANCE; FLOW AB The State of Texas has initiated the development of a Total Maximum Daily Load program in the Bosque River Watershed, where point and nonpoint sources of pollution are a concern. Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was validated for flow, sediment, and nutrients in the watershed to evaluate alternative management scenarios and estimate their effects in controlling pollution. This paper discusses the calibration and validation at two locations, Hico and Valley Mills, along the North Bosque River. Calibration for flow was performed from 1960 through 1998. Sediment and nutrient calibration was done from 1993 through 1997 at Hico and from 1996 through 1997 at Valley Mills. Model validation was performed for 1998. Time series plots and statistical measures were used to verify model predictions. Predicted values generally matched well with the observed values during calibration and validation (R-2 greater than or equal to 0.6 and Nash-Suttcliffe Efficiency greater than or equal to 0.5, in most instances) except for some underprediction of nitrogen during calibration at both locations and sediment and organic nutrients during validation at Valley Mills. This study showed that SWAT was able to predict flow, sediment, and nutrients successfully and can be used to study the effects of alternative management scenarios. C1 Texas Agr Expt Stn, Blackland Res Ctr, Temple, TX 76502 USA. USDA ARS, Temple, TX 76502 USA. Blackland Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77840 USA. Texas Inst Appl Environm Res, Stephenville, TX 76402 USA. RP Santhi, C (reprint author), Texas Agr Expt Stn, Blackland Res Ctr, 720 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX 76502 USA. EM csanthi@brc.tamus.edu RI Srinivasan, R/D-3937-2009 NR 34 TC 466 Z9 508 U1 26 U2 193 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1093-474X EI 1752-1688 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 37 IS 5 BP 1169 EP 1188 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03630.x PG 20 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 492FZ UT WOS:000172158900007 ER PT J AU Haggard, BE Storm, DE Stanley, EH AF Haggard, BE Storm, DE Stanley, EH TI Effect of a point source input on stream nutrient retention SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE aquatic ecosystems; phosphorus; nitrogen; nutrient retention; sediments; point source pollution ID MEDITERRANEAN STREAM; PHOSPHORUS RETENTION; UPTAKE LENGTH; SEDIMENTS; RIVER; SORPTION; NITROGEN; DYNAMICS; LIMITATION; TRANSPORT AB We examined the effect of a point source (PS) input on water chemistry and nutrient retention in Spavinaw Creek, Arkansas, during summer baseflows in 1998 and 1999. The nutrient uptake length (S-W) concept was used to quantify the impact of nutrient inputs in the receiving stream. We used an artificial injection upstream of the PS inputs to estimate background Sw and used the natural decline in nutrient concentrations below the PS to estimate the net nutrient uptake length (S-net). S-W for soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in the upstream reference section was 0.75 km, but S-net ranged from 9.0 to 31 km for SRP and 3.1 to 12 kin for NO3-N in the reach below the PS. S-net-SRP was significantly correlated with discharge whereas S-net-NO3-N was correlated with the amount of NO3-N enrichment from the PS. In order to examine specific mechanisms of P retention, loosely exchangeable P and P Sorption Index (PSI) of stream sediments were measured. Sediments exhibited little natural P buffering capacity (low PSI) above the PS, but P loading from the PS further reduced PSI. Loosely exchangeable P in the sediments also increased three fold below the PS, indicating sediments removed some water column P. The physical process of flow and sediment sorption apparently regulated P retention in Spavinaw Creek, whereas the level of N enrichment and possibly biotic uptake and denitrification influenced N retention. Regardless of the mechanism, Spavinaw Creek demonstrated little ability to retain PS-added nutrients because net nutrient uptake lengths were in the kin range. C1 Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Haggard, BE (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, 203 Engn Hall, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. OI Stanley, Emily/0000-0003-4922-8121 NR 35 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 37 IS 5 BP 1291 EP 1299 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03639.x PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 492FZ UT WOS:000172158900016 ER PT J AU Wu, YV AF Wu, YV TI Emulsifying activity and emulsion stability of corn gluten meal SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE corn gluten meal; emulsifying activity; emulsion stability ID FUNCTIONAL-PROPERTIES; PROTEINS AB Corn gluten meal with good emulsifying activity and emulsion stability may have potential in food uses. Commercial corn gluten meal from various producers had a pH around 4 and showed no emulsifying activity. Reducing the particle size to below 15 mum or increasing the pH to 6.6 (with particle size above 53 mum) did not improve the emulsifying activity. When the particle size was reduced to below 44 mum and the pH was adjusted to 6.6 or above, good emulsifying activity and good emulsion stability could be obtained. The emulsifying activities of corn gluten meals (< 44 mum) from four different producers at around pH 8 ranged from 49.3 to 51.5 and the corresponding emulsion stabilities ranged from 39.7 to 49.5. There was no significant variation in emulsifying activity between pH 6.9 and 7.8 when NaOH, LiOH and KOH were used to adjust the pH, but LiOH- and KOH-adjusted meal at around pH 7.8 showed better emulsion stability than NaOH-adjusted meal. Good emulsifying activity of corn gluten meal could be obtained in NaCl solutions at sufficiently high pH. Published in 2001 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Wu, YV (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 16 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 7 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 81 IS 13 BP 1223 EP 1227 DI 10.1002/jsfa.934 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 474HU UT WOS:000171100900002 ER PT J AU Gonzalez-Aguilar, GA Buta, JG Wang, CY AF Gonzalez-Aguilar, GA Buta, JG Wang, CY TI Methyl jasmonate reduces chilling injury symptoms and enhances colour development of 'Kent' mangoes SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE methyl jasmonate; Mangifera indica; sugars; organic acids; chilling injury; decay ID ACID; IDENTIFICATION; GRAPEFRUIT; ETHYLENE; QUALITY; STORAGE; DECAY; FRUIT AB Treatment of mango (Mangifera indica cv 'Kent') fruits with methyl jasmonate (MJ) vapour for 20h at 20 degreesC reduced chilling injury (CI) symptoms and enhanced skin colour development. Ali at 10(-4)M was the most effective concentration for reducing CI and decay in fruits stored at 5 degreesC followed by 7 days at 20 degreesC (shelf-life period). The use of 10(-5)M Mi enhanced yellow and red colour development of mangoes stored at 20 degreesC. These fruits possessed higher L*, a* and b* values than untreated fruits and those treated with 10(-4)M Mi. Ripening processes were inhibited by cold storage (5 degreesC) in control fruits. After cold storage and shelf-fife period, fruits treated with 10(-5)M MJ ripened normally and contained the highest total soluble solids (TSS). These fruits also maintained higher sugar and organic acid levels than fruits subjected to other treatments. We concluded that MJ treatment could be used to reduce decay and Cl symptoms and also to improve colour development of mango fruits without adversely affecting quality. (C) 2001 Society of Chemical Industry. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Ctr Invest Alimentac & Desarrolo, Direcc Tecnol Alimentos Origen Vegetal, AC, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico. RP Wang, CY (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Qual Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 32 TC 44 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 11 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 81 IS 13 BP 1244 EP 1249 DI 10.1002/jsfa.933 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 474HU UT WOS:000171100900005 ER PT J AU Kutz, SJ Veitch, AM Hoberg, EP Elkin, BT Jenkins, EJ Polley, L AF Kutz, SJ Veitch, AM Hoberg, EP Elkin, BT Jenkins, EJ Polley, L TI New host and geographic records for two protostrongylids in Dall's sheep SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Mackenzie mountains; Northwest Territories; parasite; Parelaphostrongylus odocoilei; Protostrongylidae; Protostrongylus stilesi; Ovis dalli; subarctic ID PARELAPHOSTRONGYLUS-ANDERSONI NEMATODA; UMINGMAKSTRONGYLUS-PALLIKUUKENSIS; ODOCOILEI; LARVAE; CANADA AB Biodiversity survey and inventory have resulted in new information on the distribution of Protostrangylidae in Dall's sheep (Ovis dalli dalli) from the Northwest Territories (NT, Canada) and from Alaska (AK, USA). In 1998, Parelaphostrongylus odocoilei adults were found for the first time in the skeletal muscles of Dall's sheep in the Mackenzie Mountains (NT). Adult P. odocoilei were associated with petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages and localized myositis; eggs and larvae in the lungs were associated with diffuse granulomatous pneumonia. Experimental infections of the slug Deroceras laeve and Deroceras reticulatum with dorsal-spined first-stage larvae assumed to be P. odocoilei, from ground-collected feces from Dall's sheep in the Mackenzie Mountains, yielded third-stage larvae by at least 28 (in D. laeve) and 48 (in D. reticulatum) days post-infection. Third-stage larvae emerged from D. laeve between days 19 and 46 post-infection and emergence occurred both at room temperature and at 10 to 12 C. Protostrongylus stilesi were definitively identified from the lungs of Dall's sheep collected in the Mackenzie Mountains, NT in 1998. Specimens collected from sheep in the Mackenzie Mountains, NT in 1971-72, and the Alaska Range, AK in 1972 were also confirmed as P. stilesi. Lung pathology associated,vith adults, eggs, and larvae of P. stilesi was similar to that described in bighorn sheep (Ovis Canadensis). Concurrent infections with P. odocoilei and P. stilesi in a single host have not been previously reported. C1 Univ Saskatchewan, Western Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Microbiol, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada. Govt NW Terr, Sahtu Reg, Dept Resources Wildlife & Econ Dev, Normal Wells, NT X0E 0V0, Canada. USDA ARS, Biosystemat Unit, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Govt NW Terr Dept Resources Wildlife & Econ Dev, Wildlife Hlth Program, Wildlife & Fisheries Div, Yellowknife, NT X1A 3S8, Canada. RP Kutz, SJ (reprint author), Univ Saskatchewan, Western Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Microbiol, 52 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada. NR 51 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 3 U2 7 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 37 IS 4 BP 761 EP 774 PG 14 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 491XH UT WOS:000172135000012 PM 11763740 ER PT J AU Knowlton, FF Roetto, M Briggs, D AF Knowlton, FF Roetto, M Briggs, D TI Serological responses of coyotes to two commercial rabies vaccines SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Canis latrans; coyote; immunization; rabies; vaccination AB Between August 1993 and September 1994 we documented serological responses of coyotes (Canis latrans) vaccinated with two commercial rabies vaccines licensed for use in domestic dogs. Serologic responses were documented by testing for rabies virus neutralizing antibodies vith the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) at 30, 90, 180, 270, and 365 days post-vaccination. All coyotes vaccinated with Imrab 3(R) (Rhone-Merieux, Inc.), and 75% of those vaccinated with Dura-Rab 3(R) (Immunovet, Inc.) seroconverted, as evidenced by the presence of antirabies antibody titers greater than or equal to1:5 in one or more of the five post-vaccination samples. The percent of coyotes showing a titer greater than or equal to1:5 was generally greater and titer levels appeared higher and more persistent among animals vaccinated with Imrab 30 than Dura-Rab 30. Presence of titers via RFFIT tests demonstrates the antibodies produced in coyotes by these rabies vaccines functionally bind and neutralize rabies virus in vitro, but these results do not constitute a demonstration of protection required for licensure for use in coyotes. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA APHIS WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Kansas State Univ, Vet Diagnost Lab, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Knowlton, FF (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA APHIS WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 37 IS 4 BP 798 EP 802 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 491XH UT WOS:000172135000016 PM 11763743 ER PT J AU Farley, JM Romero, CH Spalding, MG Avery, ML Forrester, DJ AF Farley, JM Romero, CH Spalding, MG Avery, ML Forrester, DJ TI Newcastle disease virus in double-crested cormorants in Alabama, Florida, and Mississippi SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE double-crested cormorants; eggs; Newcastle disease virus; Phalacrocorax auritus; serology; serum ID GROWTH AB In order to understand the epidemiology of Newcastle disease (ND) outbreaks in double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus), a study was conducted on wintering migratory cormorants (P. a. auritus) in Alabama and Mississippi (USA) and non-migratory cormorants (P. a. floridanus) that breed in Florida (USA). Antibodies against ND virus were detected by the hemagglutination-inhibition method in sera from 86 of 183 (47%) migratory cormorants over-wintering in eight roosting sites in Alabama and Mississippi between November, 1997 and April, 1999. Titers ranged from 5 to 40. Antibody prevalences in sera collected from females in early winter (November and December) (26%) and late winter (February and March.) (56%) were significantly different (P = 0.0007). None of 45 serum samples from 1- to 7-wk-old nestlings from 11 colonies in Florida during the 1997-98 and 1998-99 breeding seasons was positive. However, antibodies were detected in yolk samples from 98 of 126 (78%) eggs collected in these same colonies. Titers ranged from 4 to 256. The prevalence of antibodies in eggs collected from fresh-water colonies (63% prevalence, n = 30) and salt-water colonies (82% prevalence, n = 96) was significantly different (P = 0.041,). ND virus was not isolated from tissues of 18 cormorants and cloacal and tracheal swabs from 202 cormorants collected in Alabama and Mississippi; virus was also not isolated from cloacal and tracheal swabs from 51 nestlings from Florida. C1 Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Florida Field Stn, Gainesville, FL 32641 USA. RP Forrester, DJ (reprint author), Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, POB 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 16 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 37 IS 4 BP 808 EP 812 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 491XH UT WOS:000172135000018 PM 11763745 ER PT J AU Blackwell, BF Dolbeer, RA AF Blackwell, BF Dolbeer, RA TI Decline of the red-winged blackbird population in Ohio correlated to changes in agriculture (1965-1996) SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Agelaius phoeniceus; habitat; hay; Ohio; population decline; red-winged blackbird ID CONSERVATION RESERVE PROGRAM; GRASSLAND; HABITAT; BIRDS; ILLINOIS AB Based on North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data since 1966, Ohio has traditionally hosted I of the highest breeding season densities of red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) of any U.S. state or Canadian province. However, from 1966 through 1996, breeding Populations of red-winged blackbirds in Ohio showed a marked decline ((x) over bar% change/yr in birds per route -3.9), with breeding population indices decreasing by over 53%. Because the red-winged blackbird successfully adapted to habitats created by agricultural expansion over the last century, and became a recognized pest of crops such as corn (Zea mays), understanding the decline of this species in Ohio is important front both ecological and damage control perspectives. We examined 35 crop and climatic factors relative to their relationship with the observed breeding population trend for the red-winged blackbird in Ohio 1966 to 1996. Each year, we found that the area of non-alfalfa (Medicago sativa) hay harvested, the combined area of corn and soybeans (Glycine max) harvested, the area of non-alfalfa hay, cut by 30 May of the index year (1966-1996), and the area of hay (all types) cut by 30 May of the year prior to the index best explained the variance in the breeding population trend of the red-winged blackbird in Ohio. given our findings, we suggest that a long-term population trend for this abundant bird in Ohio is negatively associated with the efficiency and expansion of modern agriculture. C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr,Ohio Field Stn, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. RP Blackwell, BF (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr,Ohio Field Stn, 6100 Columbus Ave, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. NR 39 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 15 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 65 IS 4 BP 661 EP 667 DI 10.2307/3803017 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 485FQ UT WOS:000171743200006 ER PT J AU Woodward, AA Fink, AD Thompson, FR AF Woodward, AA Fink, AD Thompson, FR TI Edge effects and ecological traps: Effects on shrubland birds in Missouri SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Cardinalis cardinalis; Dendroica discolor; ecological traps; edge effects; field sparrow; Icteria virens; indigo bunting; Missouri; nest predation; northern cardinal; Passerina cyanea; prairie warbler; Spizella pusilla; yellow-breasted chat ID REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; NESTING SUCCESS; MIGRATORY BIRDS; REMINGTON FARMS; HABITAT QUALITY; BREEDING BIRDS; FOREST; DENSITY; HYPOTHESIS; LANDSCAPES AB The effect of habitat edge on avian nesting Success has been the focus of considerable debate. We studied relationships between habitat edges, locations of nests, and predation. We tested the ecological trap hypothesis for 5 shrubland bird species in the Missouri Ozarks. We compared habitat selection and daily nest predation rates among 3 distance-to-edge categories. Edge effects were species specific. Indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea) and northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) preferred nest sites that were close (less than or equal to 20 m) to habitat edges. Yellow-breasted chat (Icteria virens) and prairie warbler (Dendroica discolor) preferred nest sites >20 in front the edge. Field sparrow (Spizella pusilla) used habitat in proportion to availability. Daily nest predation varied by as much as 200-300% among distance-to-edge categories but did not decrease monotonically with distance front edge. The nest predation models without distance-to-edge categories were ranked the best models based on Akaike's Information Criterion: however, Akaike weights indicated some support for alternative models with distance-to-edge categories. Edges did not act as ecological traps for shrubland birds in this study because habitat preference was not positively correlated with nest predation across the 3 distance-to-edge categories. Researchers and land managers should not assume that shrubland birds respond to edges in the same way that forest species respond to edges. Furthermore, species with similar nesting ecology do not necessarily have similar nest-site preferences or nest predation rates in relation to distance to habitat edges. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Woodward, AA (reprint author), Arizona Game & Fish Dept, Nongame & Endangered Wildlife Program, 2221 W Greenway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85023 USA. NR 53 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 22 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 65 IS 4 BP 668 EP 675 DI 10.2307/3803018 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 485FQ UT WOS:000171743200007 ER PT J AU Carey, AB Wilson, SM AF Carey, AB Wilson, SM TI Induced spatial heterogeneity in forest canopies: Responses of small mammals SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE biocomplexity; biodiversity; ecosystem management; forest management; Pacific Northwest; small mammals; variable-density thinning ID AGED SHELTERWOOD SYSTEMS; OLD-GROWTH FORESTS; BOREAL SPRUCE FOREST; DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; WESTERN OREGON; CONIFEROUS FORESTS; CASCADE MOUNTAINS; POPULATIONS; WASHINGTON AB We hypothesized that creating a mosaic of interspersed patches of different densities of canopy trees in a second-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forest would accelerate development of biocomplexity (diversity in ecosystem structure, composition, and processes) by promoting spatial heterogeneity in understory, midstory, and canopy, compared to typical managed forests. In turn, increased spatial heterogeneity was expected to promote variety in fine-scale plant associations, foliage height diversity, and abundance of small mammals. Three years following treatment, understory species richness and herb cover were greater with variable-density thinning than without. Midstory and canopy species did not have time to develop significant differences between treatments. Variable-density thinning resulted in larger populations of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), a species associated with understory shrubs; creeping voles (Microtus oregoni), a species associated with herbaceous vegetation, and vagrant shrews (Sorex vagrans), a species usually associated with openings but common in old growth. No forest-floor small-mammal species, including those associated with old-growth forest, declined in abundance following variable-density thinning. Annual variation in population size was not related to treatment. Variable-density thinning may accelerate the development of biocomplexity in second-growth forest by promoting spatial heterogeneity and compositional diversity in the plant community, increasing diversity and abundance of small mammals, and similarly affecting other vertebrate communities. When combined with long rotations, legacy retention, and management for snags and coarse woody debris, variable-density thinning has broad applicability to enhance biodiversity, in managed Douglas-fir forests across the Pacific Northwest. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. RP Carey, AB (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3625 93rd Ave SW, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. EM acarey@fs.fed.us NR 81 TC 60 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 65 IS 4 BP 1014 EP 1027 DI 10.2307/3803050 PG 14 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 485FQ UT WOS:000171743200039 ER PT J AU Amarantos, E Martinez, A Dwyer, J AF Amarantos, E Martinez, A Dwyer, J TI Nutrition and quality of life in older adults SO JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES A-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND MEDICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID OF-LIFE; HEALTH SURVEY; DISEASE; PROFILE; SF-36 AB Good nutrition promotes health-related quality of life (HRQOL) by averting malnutrition, preventing dietary deficiency disease and promoting optimal functioning. However, definitions of quality of life also encompass life satisfaction and both physical and mental well-being. Nutrition and diet have not been a part of mainstream research on quality of life and are not included among key quality of life domains. This article explores connections between diet and nutritional status in relation to HRQOL measures and overall well-being among older adults. C1 Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Frances Stern Nutr Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Nutr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Dwyer, J (reprint author), Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Frances Stern Nutr Ctr, 750 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. OI Dwyer, Johanna/0000-0002-0783-1769 NR 49 TC 99 Z9 109 U1 8 U2 14 PU GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1275 K STREET NW SUITE 350, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4006 USA SN 1079-5006 J9 J GERONTOL A-BIOL JI J. Gerontol. Ser. A-Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 56 SI 2 BP 54 EP 64 PG 11 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 489LK UT WOS:000171992700007 PM 11730238 ER PT J AU Cutter, CN Willett, JL Siragusa, GR AF Cutter, CN Willett, JL Siragusa, GR TI Improved antimicrobial activity of nisin-incorporated polymer films by formulation change and addition of food grade chelator SO LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BEEF SURFACES; BACTERIA; EFFICACY; MEAT AB Aims: The following polymers were developed: polyethylene (PE), a PE and polyethylene oxide (70% PE and 30% PEO; PE + PEO) blend, PE and nisin (PE + nisin), PE, nisin, and EDTA (PE + nisin + EDTA), and PE + PEO with nisin (PE + PEO + nisin). Methods and Results: Of the polymers tested, PE and PE + PEO did not exhibit any antimicrobial activity against Brochothrix thermosphacta (BT); however, PE + nisin, PE + nisin + EDTA, and PE + PEO + nisin did. Beef surfaces were experimentally inoculated with 3.50 log(10) cfu/cm(2) of BT, vacuum packaged with each of the five polymers, and held at 4 degreesC for 21 d. After 3 d at 4 degreesC, BT was reduced > 1.70 log(10) by PE + nisin and > 3.50 log(10) with PE + nisin + EDTA or PE + PEO + nisin. By 21 d at 4 degreesC, BT was reduced to 0.30 log(10) cfu/cm(2) when treated with PE + PEO + nisin. Conclusions: It appears that PE + PEO + nisin or PE + nisin + EDTA were more effective for reducing BT, as compared to polymers composed of PE + nisin. Significance and Impact of the Study: Nisin-incorporated polymers may control the growth of undesirable bacteria, thereby extending the shelf life and possibly enhancing the microbial safety of meats. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Food Sci, Borland Lab 111, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Cutter, CN (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Food Sci, Borland Lab 111, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 11 TC 65 Z9 65 U1 2 U2 15 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-8254 J9 LETT APPL MICROBIOL JI Lett. Appl. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 33 IS 4 BP 325 EP 328 DI 10.1046/j.1472-765X.2001.01005.x PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 477ZA UT WOS:000171315400015 PM 11559410 ER PT J AU Brown-Brandl, TM Eigenberg, RA Nienaber, JA Kachman, SD AF Brown-Brandl, TM Eigenberg, RA Nienaber, JA Kachman, SD TI Thermoregulatory profile of a newer genetic line of pigs SO LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pig; thermoregulation; temperature; respiratory quotient; calorimetry ID HEAT-PRODUCTION; FEED-INTAKE; FINISHING SWINE; ENVIRONMENT; STRESS AB Researchers and producers alike have noted the increased susceptibility to heat stress exhibited by the newer genetic lines of pigs. A study was conducted to gather baseline information on the effects of acute heat stress on total heat production (THP), respiratory quotient (RQ). respiration rate (RR), and rectal temperature (T-rectat) and to investigate the dynamic interaction of these parameters in growing-finishing barrows. Sixteen moderate-lean growth barrows were randomly assigned to a set of treatments as dictated by a repeated 4 x 4 Latin square crossover design. Pigs were moved from an individual pen to an indirect calorimeter where one of four environmental treatments (18, 24, 28, 32 degreesC) were applied for 20 h. During the treatment exposure RR, THP. RQ and T-rectat were measured. For the 2-week period between treatments, pigs were housed at thermoneutral (22 degreesC). THP was found to be 17-20% higher than the published standards but comparable with other contemporary studies. Respiration rate was found to be a leading indicator of stress. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Univ Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Brown-Brandl, TM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. OI Kachman, Stephen/0000-0003-0506-513X NR 22 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-6226 J9 LIVEST PROD SCI JI Livest. Prod. Sci. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 71 IS 2-3 BP 253 EP 260 DI 10.1016/S0301-6226(01)00184-1 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 481HF UT WOS:000171513300014 ER PT J AU Casadesus, G Shukitt-Hale, B Joseph, JA AF Casadesus, G Shukitt-Hale, B Joseph, JA TI Automated measurement of age-related changes in the locomotor response to environmental novelty and home-cage activity SO MECHANISMS OF AGEING AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE open-field activity; aging; age-related changes; novelty; exploration; fischer 344 rats ID ELEVATED PLUS-MAZE; RODENT MODELS; RATS; YOUNG; EXPLORATION; REACTIVITY; MEMORY; OLD AB The likelihood to explore in an open-field environment decreases with age. Older animals tend to be less active and explore less both in novel and home-cage environments. The locomotor performance (fine movements, ambulatory movements, and rearing) of male Fischer 344 (17344) rats that were 6 (n=6) or 22 (n=6) months of age was evaluated by continuous automated counting of photobeam interruptions, every 30 min, during 60 consecutive hours, in standard polycarbonate cages. Novel environment performance was determined by photobeam interruption counting during the first hour in the new cage. The remaining 59 h were evaluated as home-cage activity. A significant age-related decrease in ambulatory and fine motor activity was seen during the first hour of testing (novel environment). In addition, aged rats showed a decreased number of ambulatory and fine movements in home-cage activity, predominately during the dark portion of the light cycle and during or around both light-switch periods (05:00 and 17:00). No differences were seen in rearing behavior. These findings provide a more detailed analysis and additional evidence of the activity decreases and rhythmic changes seen in aged F344 rats under uninterrupted testing conditions. Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. C1 Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA ARS, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Shukitt-Hale, B (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA ARS, Room 919,711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 17 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0047-6374 J9 MECH AGEING DEV JI Mech. Ageing Dev. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 122 IS 15 BP 1887 EP 1897 DI 10.1016/S0047-6374(01)00324-4 PG 11 WC Cell Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Cell Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 479BY UT WOS:000171385100017 PM 11557287 ER PT J AU Carlson, SA Meyerholz, DK Stabel, TJ Jones, BD AF Carlson, SA Meyerholz, DK Stabel, TJ Jones, BD TI Secretion of a putative cytotoxin in multiple antibiotic resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium phagetype DT104 SO MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS LA English DT Article DE Salmonella; antibiotic resistance; cytotoxin; DT104 ID INFECTION; SCHOTTMULLERI; ABOMASITIS; PROTEASE; MURINE; CALVES; CELLS AB Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium phagetype DT104 (DT104) is a multiple antibiotic-resistant pathogen. DT104 infections have been reported in a multitude of hosts including humans, companion animals, livestock and wildlife. Recently, several isolates of DT104 were recovered from veal calves exhibiting abomasitis, a finding that is inconsistent with classic salmonellosis. One of these isolates was used in murine ligated loop experiments where it was observed that multiresistant DT104 can elaborate a putative cytotoxin. Thus it appears that DT104 has the ability to evade pharmacologic interventions, via antibiotic resistance, and elaborate a toxin that can damage cells. C1 ARS, Preharvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Microbiol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Carlson, SA (reprint author), ARS, Preharvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 16 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0882-4010 J9 MICROB PATHOGENESIS JI Microb. Pathog. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 31 IS 4 BP 201 EP 204 DI 10.1006/mpat.2001.0461 PG 4 WC Immunology; Microbiology SC Immunology; Microbiology GA 479CP UT WOS:000171386600005 PM 11562173 ER PT J AU Bhaduri, S Cottrell, B AF Bhaduri, S Cottrell, B TI Sample preparation methods for PCR detection of Escherichia coli O157 : H7, Salmonella typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on beef chuck shoulder using a single enrichment medium SO MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR PROBES LA English DT Article DE sponge-swabbing; enrichment; polymerase chain reaction; detection; pathogens; beef ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; FOOD PATHOGENS; CLOSTRIDIUM-PERFRINGENS; YERSINIA-ENTEROCOLITICA; CENTRIFUGATION; SENSITIVITY AB To improve the utility of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for food samples, methods for preparing template DNA were developed to remove PCR inhibitors. Beef chuck shoulder medallions, artificially contaminated, individually or in combination, with Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 strain FSIS 45753-35, Salmonella typhimurium DT104 strain 13HP, or Listeria monocytogenes strain Scott A at concentrations of 10, 1 and 0.5 cfu/cm(2) were swabbed with a sponge, and the sponges were enriched for 18 h at 37 degreesC in universal pre-enrichment broth (UPB). Enriched broth cultures (EBC), cell pellets (CP), or phosphate-buffered saline-washed cell pellets (PBSCP) from enriched sponge samples were compared for detection of E. coli O157:H7, S. typhimurium DT104, or L. monocytogenes by the PCR using the BAX(TM) system. Recovery of the three organisms was effective for detection of each pathogen at initial levels of 10, 1 and 0.5 cfu/cm(2) when inoculated separately, or in combination, onto the beef samples. Use of EBC, CP, or PBSCP of sponge-swabbed samples eliminated problems associated with inhibition of the PCR by food components, time-consuming extraction of DNA, and inhibition due to large amounts of nontarget DNA derived from the food. The procedure involving enrichment of sponge-swabbed beef samples in UPB followed by PCR amplification using EBC with the BAX(TM) system is the most efficient and simple method for detection of E. coli O157:H7, S. typhimurium DT104, and L. monocytogenes. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 ARS, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Bhaduri, S (reprint author), ARS, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 21 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0890-8508 J9 MOL CELL PROBE JI Mol. Cell. Probes PD OCT PY 2001 VL 15 IS 5 BP 267 EP 274 DI 10.1006/mcpr.2001.0370 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Cell Biology GA 489FT UT WOS:000171981900004 PM 11735298 ER PT J AU Vande Weghe, JG Ow, DW AF Vande Weghe, JG Ow, DW TI Accumulation of metal-binding peptides in fission yeast requires hmt2(+) SO MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CADMIUM-SENSITIVE MUTANTS; SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES-POMBE; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; PHYTOCHELATIN SYNTHASE; GLUTATHIONE-DEFICIENT; THIOL PEPTIDES; IN-VITRO; TOLERANCE; SULFIDE; GENE AB The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe detoxifies cadmium by synthesizing phytochelatins, peptides of the structure (gamma -GluCys)(n)Gly, which bind cadmium and mediate its sequestration into the vacuole. The fission yeast protein HMT2, a mitochondrial enzyme that can oxidize sulphide, appears to be essential for tolerance to multiple forms of stress, including exposure to cadmium. We found that the hmt2(-) mutant is unable to accumulate normal levels of phytochelatins in response to cadmium, although the cells possess a phytochelatin synthase that is active in vitro. Radioactive pulse-chase experiments demonstrated that the defect lies in two steps: the synthesis of phytochelations and the upregulation of glutathione production. Phytochelatins, once formed, are stable. hmt2- cells accumulate high levels of sulphide and, when exposed to cadmium, display bright fluorescent bodies consistent with cadmium sulphide. We propose that the precipitation of free cadmium blocks phytochelatin synthesis in vivo, by preventing upregulation of glutathione production and formation of the cadmium-glutathione thiolate required as a substrate by phytochelatin synthase. Thus, although sulphide is required for phytochelatin-mediated metal tolerance, aberrantly high sulphide levels can inhibit this pathway. Precise regulation of sulphur metabolism, mediated in part by HMT2, is essential for metal tolerance in fission yeast. C1 ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Ow, DW (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, USDA, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 32 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-382X J9 MOL MICROBIOL JI Mol. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 42 IS 1 BP 29 EP 36 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02624.x PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 482PY UT WOS:000171585500004 PM 11679064 ER PT J AU Anderson, JE Matteri, RL Abeydeera, LR Day, BN Prather, RS AF Anderson, JE Matteri, RL Abeydeera, LR Day, BN Prather, RS TI Degradation of maternal Cdc25c during the maternal to zygotic transition is dependent upon embryonic transcription SO MOLECULAR REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE quantitative RT-PCR; porcine; embryo; pig ID CELL-CYCLE; IN-VITRO; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; GENE-EXPRESSION; FISSION YEAST; TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE; PORCINE EMBRYOS; MITOTIC INDUCER; MOUSE EMBRYOS; PIG EMBRYOS AB To gain a better understanding of the molecular differences that may contribute to cleavage arrest and the poorer development associated with laboratory produced embryos, a series of experiments were conducted to quantitate the message levels of the cell cycle controller cdc25c, over the maternal to zygotic transition (MZT) in 4-cell in vivo- and in vitro-derived porcine embryos. The experiments were designed to measure both maternal and embryonic derived cdc25c transcripts by quantitative reverse transcription-competitive polymerase chain reaction (RT-cPCR), determine the point of the transition to zygotic genome activation, and study the interaction between initial embryonic transcription and maternal cdc25c degradation. Analysis of in vivo- and in vitro-derived embryos revealed no difference in cdc25c message level for any of the times P4CC (P > 0.05). Comparison of control embryos from 5- to 33-hr P4CC revealed a reduction in transcript quantities in the 10-hr P4CC group that was maintained at later time points (P < 0.05). Embryos cultured in the RNA polymerase inhibitor, -amanitin, from cleavage to 5-, 10-, 18-, 25-, or 33-hr P4CC displayed no difference in cdc25c levels when compared to controls at similar time points (P > 0.05). However, if embryos were first exposed to alpha -amanitin after 18-hr P4CC with this treatment continuing to 33 hr, the levels of cdc25c transcript were reduced (P<0.04) when compared to those embryos that were first exposed to the inhibitor at either 5- or 10-hr P4CC. This finding and the comparison of these same embryos to the 0-33-hr -amanitin and control groups allowed us to conclude that cdc25c transcription began between 10- and 18-hr P4CC, with the degradation of maternal cdc25c message dependent on transcriptional initiation. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 60: 181-188, 2001. (C) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Anim Sci, Anim Sci Res Ctr 162, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. ARS, USDA, Columbia, MO USA. RP Prather, RS (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Anim Sci, Anim Sci Res Ctr 162, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. OI Prather, Randall/0000-0002-6012-4035 NR 45 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1040-452X J9 MOL REPROD DEV JI Mol. Reprod. Dev. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 60 IS 2 BP 181 EP 188 DI 10.1002/mrd.1075 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology GA 471FH UT WOS:000170917500006 PM 11553916 ER PT J AU Lodge, DJ Ryvarden, L Perdomo-Sanchez, OP AF Lodge, DJ Ryvarden, L Perdomo-Sanchez, OP TI Studies in neotropical polypores 11: Antrodia aurantia, a new species from the Dominican Republic, Greater Antilles SO MYCOTAXON LA English DT Article DE Antrodia radiculosal; Diplomitoporus; Polyporaceae; Pinus; Hispaniola AB Antrodia aurantia Lodge, Ryvarden & Perdomo-Sanchez is described as new. It has bright orange resupinate basidiomes that lack rhizomorphs and has pores that are deep, soft, large, and angular to sinuous; it is associated with a brown rot on Pinus occidentalis. A key to all American Antrodia and Diplomitoporus species is provided. C1 US Forest Serv, Ctr Forest Mycol Res, USDA, Luquillo, PR 00773 USA. Dept Bot, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. Secretaria Estado Medio Ambiente & Recursos Nat, Direcc Gen Vida Silvestre & Biodiversidad, Santo Domingo, Dominican Rep. RP Lodge, DJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Ctr Forest Mycol Res, USDA, POB 1377, Luquillo, PR 00773 USA. NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU MYCOTAXON LTD PI ITHACA PA PO BOX 264, ITHACA, NY 14851-0264 USA SN 0093-4666 J9 MYCOTAXON JI Mycotaxon PD OCT-DEC PY 2001 VL 80 BP 261 EP 266 PG 6 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 507ZQ UT WOS:000173061900014 ER PT J AU Schoene, NW AF Schoene, NW TI Vitamin E and omega-3 fatty acids: Effectors of platelet responsiveness SO NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE thrombosis; cardiovascular disease; diet; platelet aggregation; signaling mechanisms ID PROTEIN-KINASE-C; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; E CONSUMPTION; AGGREGATION; RISK; SUPPLEMENTATION; ANTIOXIDANT; FISH; ACTIVATION AB This overview focuses on recent evidence in support of vitamin E and omega -3 fatty acids as positive effectors of cardiovascular health through their ability to influence signaling processes in platelets. Special emphasis is placed on vitamin E actions independent of antioxidant activity. The sometimes discordant findings among observational studies, clinical trials, and in vitro cellular studies have been scrutinized for clues to explain possible mechanisms of actions and suggest strategies for future work to define appropriate intakes of these two nutrients. Nutrition 2001;17:793-796. (C) Elsevier Science Inc. 2001. C1 ARS, USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Schoene, NW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, Bldg 307,Room 215,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 34 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0899-9007 J9 NUTRITION JI Nutrition PD OCT PY 2001 VL 17 IS 10 BP 793 EP 796 DI 10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00644-X PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 486TK UT WOS:000171832900002 PM 11684381 ER PT J AU Sacheck, JM Blumberg, JB AF Sacheck, JM Blumberg, JB TI Role of vitamin E and oxidative stress in exercise SO NUTRITION LA English DT Review ID HUMAN SKELETAL-MUSCLE; INDUCED LIPID-PEROXIDATION; SERUM CREATINE-KINASE; ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE; DNA-DAMAGE; ECCENTRIC EXERCISE; ENDURANCE EXERCISE; ANTIOXIDANT STATUS; PHYSICAL EXERCISE; E SUPPLEMENTATION AB Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role as mediators of skeletal muscle damage and inflammation after strenuous exercise. These ROS arise largely from increases in mitochondrial oxygen consumption and electron transport flux. Bouts of intense exercise are associated with increases in lipid peroxidation, generating malondialdehyde and F-2 alpha-isoprostanes, and the release of muscle enzymes like lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase. Dietary and enzymatic antioxidant defenses appear to play a protective role in muscle cells by reducing associated oxidative damage to lipids, nucleic acids, and protein. However, studies of the use of dietary antioxidants like vitamin E to reduce exercise-induced muscle injury have met with mixed success. The equivocal nature of these results appear to reflect a diversity of factors including the antioxidant(s) tested, the nature and timing of the exercise, the age and fitness of the subjects, and the methodology for assessing oxidative stress. Nutrition 2001;17:809-814. (C) Elsevier Science Inc. 2001. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Antioxidants Res Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Blumberg, JB (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Antioxidants Res Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 109 TC 67 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0899-9007 J9 NUTRITION JI Nutrition PD OCT PY 2001 VL 17 IS 10 BP 809 EP 814 DI 10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00639-6 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 486TK UT WOS:000171832900006 PM 11684385 ER PT J AU Krinsky, NI AF Krinsky, NI TI Carotenoids as antioxidants SO NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE prooxidant; LDL; DNA damage ID OXIDATIVE DNA-DAMAGE; LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; BETA-CAROTENE; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; CYSTIC-FIBROSIS; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; MEDIATED OXIDATION; HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL AB Larry Machlin had many and varied interests in nutrition in general and antioxidants in particular. Although he was interested primarily in vitamin E, he shared a curiosity about the,actions of carotenoids that most nutritionists have. He served on the Organizing Committee of the 8th International Symposium on Carotenoids that was held in Boston in June 1987. In that role, he was an active participant in helping to select sessions and then identifying the speakers who spoke at those sessions. As part of that Organizing Committee, I had the opportunity to grasp his breadth of science and his knowledge about the most current work, even in fields in which he was not directly involved. His loss has been felt, not only for his scientific contributions but also the warmth and kindness of his personality. Nutrition 2001;17:815-817. (C) Elsevier Science Inc. 2001. C1 Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Krinsky, NI (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 47 TC 169 Z9 176 U1 1 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0899-9007 J9 NUTRITION JI Nutrition PD OCT PY 2001 VL 17 IS 10 BP 815 EP 817 DI 10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00651-7 PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 486TK UT WOS:000171832900007 PM 11684386 ER PT J AU Taylor, A Hobbs, M AF Taylor, A Hobbs, M TI 2001 assessment of nutritional influences on risk for cataract SO NUTRITION LA English DT Review DE aging; antioxidants; lutein; zeaxanthin; vitamin C; vitamin E ID UBIQUITIN-DEPENDENT PROTEOLYSIS; LENS EPITHELIAL-CELLS; BEAVER DAM EYE; GALACTOSE-INDUCED CATARACTS; OPACITIES CASE-CONTROL; ASCORBIC-ACID; OXIDATIVE STRESS; VITAMIN-C; ANTIOXIDANT VITAMINS; NUCLEAR CATARACT AB It is clear that oxidative stress is associated with compromises to the lens. Recent literature indicates that antioxidants may ameliorate that risk and may actually decrease risk for cataract. This article will briefly review,the etiology of cataract. It will also review the epidemiologic information with emphasis on roles for vitamins C and E and carotenoids. More thorough recent reviews are available. Nutrition 2001;17: 845-857. (C) Elsevier Science Inc. 2001. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Dept Nutr Biochem & Ophthalmol,Lab Nutr & Vis Res, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Dept Nutr Biochem & Ophthalmol,Lab Nutr & Vis Res, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM ataylor@hnrc.tufts.edu NR 122 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0899-9007 EI 1873-1244 J9 NUTRITION JI Nutrition PD OCT PY 2001 VL 17 IS 10 BP 845 EP 857 DI 10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00655-4 PG 13 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 486TK UT WOS:000171832900013 PM 11684392 ER PT J AU Brennan, EB Hrusa, GF Weinbaum, SA Levison, W AF Brennan, EB Hrusa, GF Weinbaum, SA Levison, W TI Resistance of Eucalyptus species to Glycaspis brimblecombei (Homoptera : Psyllidae) in the San Francisco Bay area SO PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE insecta; red gum lerp psyllid; resistance; Eucalyptus; Glycaspis brimblecombei; glaucousness ID PEAR AB The resistance of 21 cultivated Eucalyptus species to Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore was assessed from 1998 to 2000 in the San Francisco Bay area of Northern California. Based on the presence of eggs and nymphs, and the occurrence and severity of tree defoliation, the majority of the species were rated as resistant or tolerant including E. cinerea E Muell., E. cladocalyx E Muell., E. ficifolia F. Muell., E. globulus Labill., E. grandis Hill ex Maiden, E. paniculata Smith, E. platypus Hook, E. polyanthemos Schauer, E. pulverulenta Sims, E. robusta Smith, E. saligna Smith, E. sideroxylon A. Cunn ex Woollis, and E. viminalis Labill. Four species (E. diversicolor E Muell., E. leuco. Ion F Meull., E. macrandra F Muell, ex Benth and E. nicholii Maiden & Blakely) were rated as tolerant to moderately susceptible. Only three species (E. camaldulensis Dehnh., E. rudis Endl. and E. tereticornis Smith) exhibited heavy defoliation and were rated as moderately to highly susceptible. Leaf epicuticular wax appears to be involved with resistance because all glaucous species or glaucous leaf types within a species were resistant. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Pomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Brennan, EB (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Stn, 1636 E Alisal St, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. NR 20 TC 25 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 7 PU PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOL SOC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA CALIFORNIA ACAD OF SCIENCES GOLDEN GATE PARK, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94118 USA SN 0031-0603 J9 PAN-PAC ENTOMOL JI Pan-Pacific Entomol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 77 IS 4 BP 249 EP 253 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 502FR UT WOS:000172733500005 ER PT J AU Satchivi, NM Stoller, EW Wax, LM Briskin, DP AF Satchivi, NM Stoller, EW Wax, LM Briskin, DP TI A nonlinear dynamic simulation model for xenobiotic transport and whole plant allocation following foliar application. III. Influence of chemical properties, plant characteristics, and environmental parameters on xenobiotic absorption and translocation SO PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE computer simulation; model; allocation; foliar-applied xenobiotics; cuticular penetration; phloem translocation ID PHLOEM MOBILITY; MOLAR VOLUMES; CUTICLES; PERMEABILITY; METABOLISM; HERBICIDES; TEMPERATURE; PENETRATION; SETHOXYDIM; EFFICACY AB Computer simulation modeling studies were conducted to examine the influence of xenobiotic chemical properties, plant characteristics, and environmental parameters in determining xenobiotic absorption and translocation. When the effect of the partition coefficient for a xenobiotic was examined it was found that absorption increased as the partition coefficient increased from -5 to 5. On the other hand, xenobiotic translocation from the site of application first increased when the partition coefficient increased from -5 to 2 and then declined with any subsequent increases in the partition coefficient. For xenobiotic compounds considered hydrophilic (log K-ow = -2.0), intermediate (log K-ow = 2.0), or hydrophobic (log K-ow = 4.0), variation in the acid dissociation constant (pK(a)) from 2 to 10 yielded a complex pattern for an effect upon translocation. Whereas it was found that xenobiotic absorption deceased as the molar volume and thickness of the leaf cuticle increased, both xenobiotic absorption and translocation increased as the relative humidity and air temperature increased. Increases in phloem sap velocity and transpiration rate were also found to increase xenobiotic translocation rates. These results are discussed in terms of interactions between chemical parameters for the xenobiotic, characteristics of the plant, and influence of environmental parameters on xenobiotic absorption and translocation processes. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Plant Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Satchivi, NM (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 36 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 12 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0048-3575 J9 PESTIC BIOCHEM PHYS JI Pest. Biochem. Physiol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 71 IS 2 BP 77 EP 87 DI 10.1006/pest.2001.2558 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 487DJ UT WOS:000171858100002 ER PT J AU Hirase, K Molin, WT AF Hirase, K Molin, WT TI Effect of flurazole and other safeners for chloroacetanilide herbicides on cysteine synthase in sorghum shoots SO PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE; ZEA-MAYS; ACETANILIDE HERBICIDES; METABOLISM; ANTIDOTES; CORN; BICOLOR; METOLACHLOR; DETOXIFICATION; PURIFICATION AB The effects of selected herbicide safeners on shoot growth inhibition and on cysteine synthase [CS; EC 4.2.99.8] activity of sorghum were examined. Seed treatment (1.25 g/kg seed) of flurazole [phenylmethyl 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-5-thiazolecarboxylate] protected seedlings from growth inhibition by alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide]. Flurazole seed treatment (1.25 g/kg) increased the specific activity (mu mol/min/mg protein) and total activity (mu mol/min/g fresh weight) of CS from 1.13- to 1.41-fold and from 1.40- to 1.75-fold at 48 and 72 h after planting, respectively. CS activity at 48 h after planting increased as the dosage of flurazole increased from 0.01 to 2.5 g/kg seed. Protection from growth inhibition by alachlor (100 muM) also increased as the flurazole dosage increased from 0.01 to 0.625 g/kg seed. Flurazole had little inhibitory effect on CS activity between 3 and 30 muM in the in vitro enzyme assay, suggesting that increased CS activity by this safener was not due to the activation of constitutive CS. Protection from growth inhibition by alachlor was also observed for the seed treatments of fluxofenim. [O-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-4 ' -chloroacetophenone-oxime; 0.1-0.4 g/kg seed], naphthalic anhydride [1H, 3H-naphtho(1,8-cd)-pyran-1,3-dione; 0.625-2 5 g/kg seed], benoxacor [4-(dichloroacetyl)-3,4-dihydro-3-methyl-2H-1,4-benzoxazine; 0.625-2.5 g/kg seed], and dichlormid [2,2-dichloro-N-N ' -di-2-propenylacetamide; 0.625-2.5 g/kg seed]. The safening efficacy of dichlormid was the lowest for the compounds tested. Fluxofenim (0.4 g/kg seed), naphthalic anhydride (2.5 g/kg seed), benoxacor (2.5 g/kg seed), and dichlormid (2.5 g/kg seed) increased CS activity (mu mol/min/g fresh weight) by 36, 38, 61, and 22%, respectively at 48 h after planting. However, the safening efficacy by these compounds and the increase in CS activity were not clearly correlated. These results suggest that safener treatments increase the extractable CS activity in sorghum shoots. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Hirase, K (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, POB 350, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 36 TC 7 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0048-3575 J9 PESTIC BIOCHEM PHYS JI Pest. Biochem. Physiol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 71 IS 2 BP 116 EP 123 DI 10.1006/pest.2001.2567 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 487DJ UT WOS:000171858100006 ER PT J AU Wayman, JP Wynne, RH Scrivanl, JA Reams, GA AF Wayman, JP Wynne, RH Scrivanl, JA Reams, GA TI Landsat TM-based forest area estimation using iterative guided spectral class rejection SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID THEMATIC MAPPER DATA; COVER MAP; CLASSIFICATION; RESOURCES; ACCURACY; IMAGERY; SYSTEM AB In cooperation with the USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station, an algorithm has been developed to replace the current aerial-photography-derived FIA phase I estimates of forest/ non-forest area with a Landsat Tm-based forest area estimation. Corrected area estimates were obtained using a new hybrid classifier called Iterative Guided Spectral Class Rejection (IGSCR) for portions of three physiographic regions of Virginia. Corrected area estimates were also derived using the Landsat Tm-based Multi-Resolution Land Characteristic Interagency Consortium (MRLC) cover maps. Both satellite-based corrected area estimates were tested against the traditional photo-based estimates. Forest area estimates were not significantly different (at the 95 percent level) between the traditional FIA, IGSCR, and MRLC methods, although the precision of the satellite-based estimates was lower. Map accuracies were not significantly different (at the 95 percent level) between the IGSCR method and the MRLC method. Overall accuracies ranged from 80 percent to 89 percent using FIA definitions of forest and non-forest land use. Given standardization of the image rectification process and training data properties, the IGSCR methodology is fast, objective, and repeatable across users, regions, and time, and it outperforms the MRLC; for FIA applications. C1 Forest Technol Grp, Summerville, SC 29485 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Forestry, Coll Nat Resources, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Forestry, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, FIA, Asheville, NC 28803 USA. RP Wayman, JP (reprint author), Westvaco Corp, 180 Westvaco Rd, Summerville, SC 29483 USA. NR 27 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 67 IS 10 BP 1155 EP 1166 PG 12 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 478RR UT WOS:000171359600006 ER PT J AU Levy, L Castlebury, LA Carris, LM Meyer, RJ Pimentel, G AF Levy, L Castlebury, LA Carris, LM Meyer, RJ Pimentel, G TI Internal transcribed spacer sequence-based phylogeny and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism differentiation of Tilletia walkeri and T-indica SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID KARNAL BUNT; BROMI COMPLEX; UNITED-STATES; WHEAT; IDENTIFICATION; PCR AB A polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay to distinguish Tilleita walkeri, a rye grass bunt fungus that occurs in the southeastern United States and Oregon, from T indica, the Karnal bunt fungus, is described. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA repeat unit was amplified and sequenced for isolates of T. indica, T. walkeri, T. horrida, and a number of other taxa in the genus Tilletia. A unique restriction digest site in the ITS1 region of T. walkeri was identified that distinguishes it from the other taxa in the genus. Phylogenetic analysis of the taxa based on ITS sequence data revealed a close relationship between T. indices and T. walkeri, but more distant relationships between these two species and other morphologically similar taxa. C1 USDA ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA, APHIS PPQ, Natl Plant Germplasm Quarantine Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Castlebury, LA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 26 TC 22 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD OCT PY 2001 VL 91 IS 10 BP 935 EP 940 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.10.935 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 477JA UT WOS:000171279300002 PM 18944119 ER PT J AU Huang, JZ Huber, SC AF Huang, JZ Huber, SC TI Phosphorylation of synthetic peptides by a CDPK and plant SNF1-related protein kinase. Influence of proline and basic amino acid residues at selected positions SO PLANT AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CDPKs; phosphorylation motif; protein kinase specificity; SNF1-related protein kinase; Spinacia oleracea ID SUCROSE-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE; NITRATE REDUCTASE; IN-VITRO; SUBSTRATE-SPECIFICITY; IDENTIFICATION; LEAVES; SITE; DETERMINANTS; METABOLISM; MECHANISM AB Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaf sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) can be inactivated by phosphorylation of Ser-158 by calmodulin-like domain protein kinases (CDPKs) or SNF1-related protein kinases (SnRK1) in vitro. While the phosphorylation site sequence is relatively conserved, most of the deduced sequences of SPS from dicot species surrounding the Ser-158 regulatory phosphorylation site contain a Pro residue at P-4 (where P is the phosphorylated Ser); spinach is the exception and contains an Arg at P-4. We show that a Pro at P-4 selectively inhibits phosphorylation of the peptide by a CDPK relative to a SnRK1. The presence of a Pro at P-4, by allowing a tight turn in the peptide substrate, may interfere with proper binding of residues at P-5 and beyond. Both kinases had greater activity with peptides having basic residues at P-6 and P+5 (in addition to the known requirement for an Arg at P-3/P-4), and when the residue at P-6 was a His, the pH optimum for phosphorylation of the peptide was acid shifted. The results are used to predict proteins that may be selectively phosphorylated by SnRK1s (as opposed to CDPKs), such as SPS in dicot species, or may be phosphorylated in a pH-dependent manner. C1 Zhejiang Univ, Dept Sci Biol, Hangzhou 310029, Zhejiang, Peoples R China. N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Bot, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Huang, JZ (reprint author), Zhejiang Univ, Dept Sci Biol, Hangzhou 310029, Zhejiang, Peoples R China. NR 24 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 11 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0032-0781 J9 PLANT CELL PHYSIOL JI Plant Cell Physiol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 42 IS 10 BP 1079 EP 1087 DI 10.1093/pcp/pce137 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA 484LW UT WOS:000171692700008 PM 11673623 ER PT J AU Demeke, T Chang, HG Morris, CF AF Demeke, T Chang, HG Morris, CF TI Effect of germination, seed abrasion and seed size on polyphenol oxidase assay activity in wheat SO PLANT BREEDING LA English DT Article DE Triticum aestivum; abrasion; preharvest sprouting; polyphenol oxidase activity; assay ID HARD RED WINTER; CULTIVARS; COMMON; ENZYMES; QUALITY; DURUM AB Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is one of the major enzymes responsible for browning of wheat food products. Wheat cultivars differ in PPO activity and plant breeders wish to select germplasm and cultivars with low PPO activities. Prior to harvest, seeds may be exposed to conditions conducive to preharvest sprouting and mechanical damage may occur during harvesting and subsequent handling. Sprouting, mechanical damage and seed size may affect PPO assay activity and therefore impinge upon the breeder's ability to accurately select low PPO genotypes. The effects of incipient germination, mechanical abrasion and seed size on PPO assay activity were investigated using the cultivars 'Klasic' (hard white spring, high PPO), 'Penawawa' (soft white spring, high PPO) and 'ID377s' (hard white spring. low PPO). The influence of embryo vs. distal portions of the seed on PPO assay activity was also examined. PPO activity was assayed with constant mixing using L-3.4-dihydroxyphenyl alanine (L-DOPA) substrate at pH 6.5 at room temperatures absorbance of the reaction solution was measured at 475 nm. There was no change in PPO assay activity for seeds imbibed in water for up to 8 h. PPO assay activity increased in seeds imbibed from 8 to 16 h, and then gradually declined with increasing imbibing time. PPO assay activity initially increased as a result of mechanical abrasion but then gradually declined with increasing abrasion time. Large seeds had a higher total PPO assay activity than small seeds, but the difference in activity was not proportional to seed weight. There was only a slight difference in PPO assay activity between half-seeds with or without the embryo. Overall, PPO assay activity in dry seeds was stable and exposure of seeds to injury and moisture did not make any significant change in PPO assay activity among the cultivars or their relative rankings. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Western Wheat Qual Lab, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Kyungwon Univ, Dept Food & Bioengn, Sungnam 461701, South Korea. RP Morris, CF (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Western Wheat Qual Lab, E-202 Food Sci & Human Nutr Facil E,POB 646394, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 21 TC 20 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0179-9541 J9 PLANT BREEDING JI Plant Breed. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 120 IS 5 BP 369 EP 373 DI 10.1046/j.1439-0523.2001.00625.x PG 5 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 509XR UT WOS:000173175900001 ER PT J AU Woeste, KE Beineke, WF AF Woeste, KE Beineke, WF TI An efficient method for evaluating black walnut for resistance to walnut anthracnose in field plots and the identification of resistant genotypes SO PLANT BREEDING LA English DT Article DE Juglans nigra; anthracnose; truncation selection; disease resistance AB Black walnut is native to the eastern USA and prized for its high-quality timber. Walnut anthracnose, the most important foliar disease of black walnut. is caused by Gnomonia leptostyla. There is no germplasm available that is resistant to the disease. Ramets of 42 black walnut clones, comprising about one-third of the Midwestern USA black walnut timber breeding stock, were rated for susceptibility to walnut anthracnose from 1974 to 1982. Significant differences in susceptibility were identified among clones. A method of truncation selection was able to identify the most resistant clones in less time and with a smaller commitment of resources than methods based on means. Truncation selection permitted the identification of the most susceptible clones even in years when the severity of anthracnose was low. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Hardwood Tree Improvement & Regenerat Ctr, N Cent Res Stn,Dept Forestry & Nat Resources, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Forestry & Nat Resources, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Woeste, KE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Hardwood Tree Improvement & Regenerat Ctr, N Cent Res Stn,Dept Forestry & Nat Resources, 1159 Forestry Bldg, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 7 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0179-9541 J9 PLANT BREEDING JI Plant Breed. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 120 IS 5 BP 454 EP 456 DI 10.1046/j.1439-0523.2001.00632.x PG 3 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 509XR UT WOS:000173175900016 ER PT J AU Cousins, PM Walker, MA AF Cousins, PM Walker, MA TI A technique for screening grape germplasm for resistance to Meloidogyne incognita SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE resistance screening; rootstock breeding ID PEANUT AB A technique to evaluate the root-knot nematode resistance of grape seedlings was developed. Seedlings of rootstock crosses and nematode-susceptible Vitis vinifera cvs. Colombard and Carignane were inoculated with Meloidogyne incognita juveniles. Reproduction of nematodes on individual plants was measured by counting the number of egg masses stained with eosin and the number of eggs present. Egg mass counts were highly correlated with egg counts. Resistant and susceptible cultivars could be clearly distinguished by the number of egg masses produced on vegetatively propagated cuttings. It is concluded that egg mass counting can substitute for the more laborious and time-consuming methods of counting nematode eggs or juveniles in the evaluation of root-knot nematode resistance in Vitis. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Viticulture & Enol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Cornell Univ, New York State Agr Expt Stn, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Resources Unit, Geneva, NY 14456 USA. RP Walker, MA (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Viticulture & Enol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 15 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 85 IS 10 BP 1052 EP 1054 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.10.1052 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 474TY UT WOS:000171124000002 ER PT J AU Bradley, CA Hartman, GL Nelson, RL Mueller, DS Pedersen, WL AF Bradley, CA Hartman, GL Nelson, RL Mueller, DS Pedersen, WL TI Response of ancestral soybean lines and commercial cultivars to Rhizoctonia root and hypocotyl rot SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID SOLANI; DISEASE; VIRULENCE; FUNGI; BEANS AB Rhizoctonia root and hypocotyl rot is a common disease of soybean caused by Rhizoctonia solani. There are no commercial cultivars marketed as resistant to Rhizoctonia root and hypocotyl rot, and only a few sources of partial resistance to this disease have been reported. Ninety ancestral soybean lines, maturity groups (MGs) 000 to X, and 700 commercial cultivars, MGs II to IV, were evaluated for resistance to R. solani under greenhouse conditions. Most of the ancestral lines and cultivars evaluated were susceptible; however, 21 of the ancestral lines and 20 of the commercial cultivars were partially resistant. Of the 21 ancestral lines, CNS, Mandarin (Ottawa), and Jackson are in the pedigree of cultivars previously reported as being partially resistant to R. solani. In an additional study, dry root weights of 21 soybean cultivars were evaluated after inoculation with R. solani. Variation in dry root weight occurred among cultivars, but there was not a significant (P = 0.05) correlation between dry root weight and disease severity. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Natl Soybean Res Lab, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Pedersen, WL (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Natl Soybean Res Lab, 1101 W Peabody Dr, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 27 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 85 IS 10 BP 1091 EP 1095 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.10.1091 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 474TY UT WOS:000171124000009 ER PT J AU Shen, QX Gomez-Cadenas, A Zhang, PG Walker-Simmons, MK Sheen, J Ho, THD AF Shen, QX Gomez-Cadenas, A Zhang, PG Walker-Simmons, MK Sheen, J Ho, THD TI Dissection of abscisic acid signal transduction pathways in barley aleurone layers SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ABA signal transduction; ABI1; alpha-amylase; barley aleurone layer; PKABA1; VP1 ID PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2C; ALPHA-AMYLASE GENE; RESPONSE COMPLEX; NEGATIVE REGULATOR; SEED MATURATION; HIGHER-PLANTS; EXPRESSION; GIBBERELLIN; PROMOTER; MAIZE AB Abscisic acid (ABA) induces genes that are highly expressed during late embryogenesis, but suppresses gibberellin (GA)-responsive genes essential for seed germination and seedling growth. Promoter elements necessary and sufficient for ABA up- and down-regulation of gene expression have been previously defined in barley aleurone layers. We have studied the effect of a protein phosphatase 2C, ABI1, an ABA-inducible protein kinase, PKABA1, and a transcription factor, VP1, on ABA action in a barley aleurone transient expression system. The observations have allowed us to dissect ABA signal transduction pathways leading to either induction or suppression of gene expression. The ABA induction of embryogenesis genes is highly inhibited in the presence of a mutated protein phosphatase 2C, encoded by the abi1-1 dominant mutant gene that is known to block ABA responses in Arabidopsis. However, the abi1-1 gene product has no effect on the ABA suppression of a GA-responsive alpha -amylase gene. On the other hand, PKABA1 suppresses the expression of alpha -amylase genes, but has little effect on ABA up-regulated genes. Therefore, it appears that ABA induction and suppression follow two separate signal transduction pathways with the former inhibited by ABI1 and the latter modulated by PKABA1. The presence of VP1 enhances the ABA induction of late embryogenesis genes, but also suppresses germination specific genes. A schematic model based on these observations is presented to explain the effect of these regulatory proteins on ABA-mediated gene expression. C1 Washington Univ, Dept Biol, Div Biol & Biomed Sci, Plant Biol Program, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02114 USA. RP Ho, THD (reprint author), Washington Univ, Dept Biol, Div Biol & Biomed Sci, Plant Biol Program, Campus Box 1137, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. RI Gomez-Cadenas, Aurelio/K-6084-2012 OI Gomez-Cadenas, Aurelio/0000-0002-4598-2664 NR 51 TC 28 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 47 IS 3 BP 437 EP 448 DI 10.1023/A:1011667312754 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 468ZE UT WOS:000170787400009 PM 11587514 ER PT J AU Kolmer, JA Liu, JQ AF Kolmer, JA Liu, JQ TI Simple inheritance of partial resistance to leaf rust in two wheat cultivars SO PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE adult plant resistance; partial resistance; Puccinia triticina; slow-rusting resistance; Triticum aestivum ID F-SP TRITICI; ADULT-PLANT RESISTANCE; PUCCINIA-RECONDITA; LATENT PERIOD; PHYSIOLOGICAL SPECIALIZATION; SPRING WHEAT; CANADA; GENERATIONS; VIRULENCE; NUMBER AB The wheat cultivars Westphal 12A and BH1146 were characterized in previous studies as having partial resistance to the leaf rust pathogen Puccinia triticina. In the present study, genetic analysis showed that Westphal 12A has three genes that condition resistance in seedling plants, and the gene Lr34, which is optimally expressed in adult plants. The three seedling resistance genes in Westphal 12A may be new leaf-rust resistance genes. BH1146 was shown to have the adult plant resistance genes Lr13 and Lr34. Many wheat cultivars with partial resistance to leaf rust may have Lr13 and/or Lr34, or other previously described Lr genes. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Pioneer Hi Bred Int Inc, Johnston, IA 50131 USA. Agr & Agri Food Canada, Cereal Res Ctr, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. RP Kolmer, JA (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 25 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-0862 J9 PLANT PATHOL JI Plant Pathol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 50 IS 5 BP 546 EP 551 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00607.x PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 482QD UT WOS:000171586000002 ER PT J AU Vance, CP AF Vance, CP TI Symbiotic nitrogen fixation and phosphorus acquisition. Plant nutrition in a world of declining renewable resources SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MYCORRHIZAL SYMBIOSIS; WHITE LUPIN; ROOTS; ARABIDOPSIS; TRANSPORT; CELL; GENE; EXPRESSION; PHYSIOLOGY; CITRATE C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Vance, CP (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, 411 Borlaug Hall,1991 Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 62 TC 288 Z9 334 U1 11 U2 112 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD OCT PY 2001 VL 127 IS 2 BP 390 EP 397 DI 10.1104/pp.010331 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 492AY UT WOS:000172144500006 PM 11598215 ER EF